少林功夫文集
"
The Evolution of Shaolin Hand Combat Israel > Tel Aviv Universitv
Martial
Meir Shahar
tel' hniqu凹 m"￥叫 Ulfe
centuries 10 evolve ,
~h川 Ìn
had been pral'ticing the staff for several hundred years before it
monh
w国 lauJ"d
in late - Ming lileralure as an outstanding fighting mt" thod. Sirnilarly their ~川 e
bare - handecl techniques - now famo\l s the woclJ O\T f -
Leen un
folding for some four hund 陀d 斗'ears: As t' arly as the sixtl、 enth - l'吧ntury ， 60日】e
Shaolin
lTI onks
enteenth , they
pracliced unarmed
dewloped 倒lphisticated
fightin阳 in
the ‘ :ourst' of the
emply - handed
te(.hnÌ(jll 帖，
~e 毛
ancl
by the mid - Qing period (tt肥 eight四 nth ， and eady nin创e..nth ， eenluries) , hand combat (quan) had erlipsed the staff as the dO Tl IÎn8nl form of ShaoJin martial train川gi The teml quan , which 1
rε阳:!er
" hand comna\ ," m..ans literal\v "
fi !:òt." During the lale - imp t>r iaJ period it fÌ esignated unarmed fighting lechniques , all of wbieh made USP - in addilion to aπns -υf Jegs; kic king figures prominenlly in al! quan styles , in 执 hich senS f" is misleading.
1:.>
r，1主磁襟语言
"Boxin笆
which
。娘费撒雄辩如
"
hälld ('01ηhat"
has al50 been used to translate
c海幽幽雄也罐罐醋棋如
qua口，
j)", E""lul; ，川，，1 刊 IJaoJil1 H 时啊1
s l! ffer~ from the add t> d di 叫ilvanla!!e that it C{ )Jl no lt's
39
Comha•
speeifi( 飞l-estern spo Ji, 1 have opl('d
II
Ih 俨『俨仇'"民汀 "hand c(川 1hat ，" but where il sound但 too uwkward 一俨~~pecia l! y
dividlllll
，;Iyl('~
- 1 Io u\ l '
re叹orled
10 111<" likr <1 1 "fì 叫"
<1;;
\\,
Itl
tfw m也 mp~ i>f in
pll
The earJi e币1 rt'ft' re 们 ee ， 1 arn awu 陀 of ， to Sh 1川 Hl hand combllt OCCUI5 in T川吕 Shunzhi 's (1507-1560) J川t"'rlI "Song of llw Emei Motlk:~ Fi ,; l" ("Ernf'i dao陀 n lols /l(此。nh th t' Emei nlO na、 len阳 en巧"、
(j uan
ge" ), w > ich e\
hand('d 们在hling ， hl川自 Iso the Shaolin
s.
However
in hi~ 口)mpreh t' nsive 1'realise on l\'li!itar} Affair,; (Wll !Jl1 tn) , wh f' re he lists conkrul'ora!)' 1 削" hand t'd 圳、 !t'S ~tj(' h 出" [恼'吨F. rnperor
ehallg quan " )
al叶 "\Y(' l!
Famth
Fist 刊
I
Zh削 Tn山';; Iρ吨- Range ri~t" (Zhao T￥ !ZU
quan) , tlw same author does lwt lllludt, to
(\ii t'njia
Shaulin , indiealiug Ihal Ihe mona~ler~ had 阳)1 d('\(:'!(鸣叫 aS\' f'tar仅:ognized t' lllpt飞- handed sty \c. ln thc mililary
f'
n('y eJ upedill , Tang - lik f'
allude~ 10 tlw Shao!in ~taff instead. :-i e\'eral de( 时凹 later ， em~
0(" lat t'
-
WPll Xian g{eng
Nai(jinshi 1601)
,
Hnwever , it 15
Curi饥lsly ，
Ihp
…
1610)
,
(who f' xptoæJ it
anJ Yua lJ
IfOllgd削，
JI)
158l ), Gong
(whn \"Îsi it'd the mon
to gauge Ll te importan('e of unarmed fightitlg il1 Sh aolin s which
Wf' r f' Illeanl
10 {'mlVf' y the
mnna吨\('1\';" ambiafl('e 守
te(:hniqlles ,
附 provided
Exposil阳川f
staff 叫 pe Ji
(j Ìl恼 hi
h凶 rd
\\i al 哨 Shixing
lhe d f' aH'st indieatiou Ihat lat f'
linn 10 hand eumhal ouln his
sllch as
í灿el !C凹mposJt川}时，
i 臼 military
C f"时 ury l1l ililw 飞 experls
,)
SI剧 Jlin
a 、"巧，" 1 配 9).
not analyze
-
allusiolls 10 har!(l ("ombat bf' gan 10 叩 pf' ar in the lra叶。阴阳 and po
Ming visitnrs 10
regim f' n from !heir
(叫 llE' r ~ixteellth
b) thc
-
Mill Shaolin lIl onks were luming their atten ll,"
O vocal f' xpOllcn\ of their staff melhod.
J1t ,;\
Ih t' Original Shao!in
~taff 1配 thod
has u hypothptical Înterloeutor ask;
U川 19
Zongy
(Shaolill gunfa ("han ZOllg) (('u. (610)
Why 巾 Shaolin
ffiOllks
f肌 tdi('e
hafe
hUllded fìghting? 山附 g; answer aeknowledW'H that 50111 f' mOllks wer铲 ~i-fiously t'llga阳 1 il1 halld comhal , even as it lean-s nn doubt that , for tl附 m ， ltwa~an俨 wly → acq\l1 f叫"民hling 过 vly Furthennore , Clwng explains thal throughllul China e叫 Jty - hand叫 teehniqu归 11ft' not yel widely pntclieed , whieh i自 P陀ci5ely why Shanlin monks explofe jhem - they wisl > 10 develop hand comhat lo the same level 01' l' t'rff'l.tion as thpir
arlcienl 到 aff
th 町 Ruddhi:;l v{)('abula阿 of enlighlenm但 01ωdescrilJt'
nlt'lhod.
Cheng 向 rep!yemploJ's
Ilte exeellell('!-' jo whieh Shuolin
monks 出
pire in their nowl fìghting metlwd Somer川 e rn
many 剑 1aolin monks who pradiee hand eO Jll h
, and do
IH此 pracn附
少林功夫文集
40 The Hand Combat 1月/hÎch 自hape
Clas~ic
und Xuanjis ACUpUl){'ture -
rOÎ 时片
dirl seventeenth - centu巧 Shanlin hand 山rnbat take? A possibl!' an喃喃 1;::'
provided by !wo Qin在 -perio，-j (1644-1911) manu 曲， ...hi l'h 阳甲川 10 ret咽 1 it. The two trea tÎ ses , which share Huch strikin只 similarities thal the\' hav俨 been treated bv ~cholar~ as two versiolls of ()nc w创k ， cin咀 l 创I:'d in Qing manuseript editiOl恼， before being publi;;hed in st刷g hai during the Republican 俨阳 (1912-1949). Th eyare; lIandComhat Cl耐isic ， Hand - Com bat Method (slyle:
(ρJl eetion
Zaidon刑，
(Quan jing; Quan fa
aml
Xua町 i
1月 iyao) ,
with a prefac f' ()f 1784 hy Cll! l Huandou
's Secret Transrnission of
A l' upu 配 ture
Fonnulas (Xuanji mi shou XUpdll() quan jue) , which carries an Minge
Purnts' Hand - Combat
undal时 p陀阳 t'
hv one
Zha吨
也
The Hand Comhat ClassÎe and Xuanji :'l Acupullcture l'oÎnts traee Iheir milit 'd ry leιhniquefi - Ihrough an almost iJentical linpage of lay praetit Î(mers 1784
p陀face
to Hand Combat Classi(' , Cao
Huandou 俨xplain5
tυIhe
Shaolin Monllsten;. In
h凶
thal lhe manllal he mJll otated had
been authored over a century earlier hy one Zhang Kongzhao
(styl!"; Hengqiu
). He fur
ther note5 that Zhang Kongzhao studied his Shaoli l! method with Zhang Minge , who is given
118
author of Ihe preface to Xuanji '5 Acupunclum Points. The latter manllal al:;o m!"nlinn5 Zhang Kongzhao 5 name 也 Finally ， preeeding these lay dÎsópl凹， Ihe Iwo manuals irl(~lllifv the Shaolin deric as the source of their teachings. This is the monk Xuanji ,
wh回!"
narne
S Ii!llf'
appea 陀 m
Ihe litle Xuanjis Acupuncture Poinls (see illustration no. 1) 在 The Hand Combat Clas哑 cs and Xuanji 包 Acupu rJιlure Points'daims of conlmO Jl origins ar rhome out hy their teaehings. The two nmnuals an identical martial vocahularv.
The陀 is
.~x严JUnd
the 5ame fi þ;1>ting
principl r-s 川ld r-mplo、
also texlual conv!"fgence - almost half the text , as
weH as some illu5trations , are identical. The时 is no doubt th f'" ll , that Ihe two Iwoks afe merely rellective of the same oraltradition , but afe also derivative fmm the sanw wrÎlh'll tex t. Jud~ing
1I 0t ,')
by ιao Huandous dating of ZhHng Kongzhao , this original manual of thc Shaolir> slvl E'
must have been authoreù in the 日evenh~enth centu l) The Repuhlican period witnessed the puhli!'ation of numenJUs
treatise~ ，
wh Ì(.h just like
Hand Combat Cla55ic and Xllanji s Acupuncture Points ('Iaim to record the origÎl泊 I Shaolin Fist The m05t famous is Seeret Formulas of the Shaulin
Hand 斗。πbat
Method
(Sh 削 lin
quanshu
mijue) (1915) , which i5 still regarded hy some as an authenti(' eumposilion. Howt' ver ，时 001 ars have shown that mos址。f these publications have nuthing 10 do with the
夺过滋滋滋达赖磁撞撞敬，注例如品品脑耀章草撤换:
1'1，俨 l 、'01"11" ，，
41
"f Sh~oli" H~ncl Co ", bal
少林寺玄域和尚体校月法国
法大问扶
理L 带扁-"~
.ll ~tr 吨
Ar:"I'",,,, rure
tau民
hy
th" Shaol in _ Mona时町
刘且呻
Xu~nji~
thod
民阳南剧
Xuanji ," from
lIlf'
和盟则问
羔于回吼靠她
Illu
oJ\'
M ，叫
p"j ，巾
\\'hereas mt 创 Repuhliean Shaolin manuals derive from la!e - Qing 10陀， the Haml Combal C!assic and Xuanji 's Acupunelure Poinls share a sevent阴 nth - rentury referem'p frame. The martial techniques th町 mentwn \H're. praeh回d during the !ate Ming , Itlltl even tht三 1，伊r 电 thev pllraphrase dBle from thal period. COllsider , for e咄 mple ， the opening paragraph u( Hand Com
少林功夫立集
42
b" ιJas~i( The hisl川ì' 01" hand eombat 乱 )rÎginate(j al th!' ShaoJin Monasleη
F: ver since Emperor Son在
Taizu studied there , the monash'ry 约 {am俨 spre，j{j througl川Jt the land. Thereafter , there hωe been " Well FamiJy Seventy - two Posture MO\川g Form ," "Thi 川y - six Pos!ure Lo cking fonn." "Twenty - four Throws Pat on Horse ," "Eight Evasivp Maneuvers ," aml t阳 u ，"臼s
tt
Tw h 扒 、w守何时 由 dlve 川p气'0;; θ 附一
CJose - Ha皿n，区萨号衍沪 F 日"盹 t七" Lu 胁 H 0ω 川 吨n】哨宵 hn 】'"时，1 '刊!叩Ei胁在曲卢 灿I Thr. h
nu 坷 qu阴. Eagd Cla 且w \Xian】宵毡 gra 句"ψp】 jing t阴chni 】uq 甲u附 e ， am< I Zha 拟n咱 g 且 J mg 纠}月 i slrikin庆 h~('hlliil U1"
techniques are 311 famous throughout the land , each having its OWH
onderful
\l'
Tlwse
a叮》创刊
Howev
er , they a陀 all guilty of either emph龄 izing the t叫】 10 the negleel of the I灿Uo阳，川 the hoUom lu the neglect nf the top. Even jf one 叫时 essfully rdi!' ,; on them 10 ()ven:m1W an oppollenl , they eannol h". l' onsidered penect in e\cry rcspect 饥 The entirf' paragraph ha'l been bOITOwed from the sixteenlh - cenlury gelWfa! Qi Jiguang's Essenlials of 让 e Haml Combat CJassic (Quan jing ji凹 ao) (叫 J浏阳
clJ ncems the Shaolins role in the evolution of dirl nol
as脱Jciate
handed 且 ghting.
Tlre lale -
the monastery with empty - hanrled teehn Í(jues , mentioning
instead. Furthermore , Qi Jigtlang did not "，(陀."，】 ed
J562).:!zn忧 UJ1 Jv differenc(>
960 -975) , to the
relat俨 thf'
!llona"tery.
Song Dyna ",ty Founder ,
Ming - period lore
altrif.川 led to
lar bare - handed technique known as "Zhao Taizu s L lO g - Hange quan) , A!'. befitting a Shaolin manual , IIand Combat emperor study his method at the monastery. The Jate - Ming con!ext of Hand
Cla臼ic
们的t"
twisted the
Min饵 gen f'rul
tltl'lr 由Iff
~mpemr
ntethod
Zhao Tai-
the enJ [lf' ror a popu (Zlwo Tnizu chang legend 守 h山 ing
1:1
Comba此川剧sic
Cao Huandous 1784 e1 aim that th f' manual he
and
at口lUlaled
Xuanji 筒 Acupunctuft>
had been
authon~(l
Poi 1l 1H
over u
sup严Hts
('f'Jt tu町f'arli
er. It would "eem that Ihe two manuals (lerived from an earlier text that had he t'1l ull\hored rouncl the Ming - Qing trallsition , Further support for Ihis lime Í:l
Shao !i n 严刀venance ，
the
fJ百me.
'iI
aH wt' JJ as for Ihe rnanual
is provided by Ihe name "Xuanji ," 10 whi C' h 1川 hm诅nuul" ullribul俨 Ih t: ir
teaching;; , A 1631 Shaolin
s枪1e in咄咄 ion
alJ udes 10 a monk named Xuanji as a dutidiau(" su
perinlcndent") , wbich tenn was commonly applied 10 mililary appointees in tlw
mona号lery :S tn
ternal administration , It is likely , therefore , that Xuanji was a seventeenth - cenlury Shaolin fighting monk , as asserted hy the Ireatises that pu甲odtomoxd hls teaeh$11gs d If Ihe Shaolin melhod
(古籍撞撞摇撞才滋滋滋草总能 J硝也蹲在如A幽斟-";i-o:
Tlw
b"lu!川汗，
4}
01 Sha"lin Hanol Combal
cunw I川 Ig - nmg!' hllnd ('ombal" (duan da shengζhang quan) , for "short - nmg f' makes it easl~r to n~a【 h the adversar飞虫}州 h. Ji" The Hand Cnmbat Classic in c! uJes an t> nlin. text - iL
IS 1111制 n g: from theυl 扣r mutl \l ul - titled "Cumprellf'lI sive aml Original 'frpatisp o( the Shaolin Mona叶俨叮包 Close - Rall i2P Fi~t Hod) M川 hod" (" Shaolin si rll l(Hl da shen fa lon在 zon~ qmlll pu) 涡 For its pal1 , Xuanjis Aeupundure Pl) inls elaborates another short - rang f' style ealled "
Yue Ffunil} C! os证
Rangt> Fisl" (Ìuejia dllanda).
'fhe emphasis hoth mallua ],; plac t> on "
!7
d阳 p - range hand comhat" 凶 typK飞al of lal(' - \1 ing am] earl} - Qing military literature , whith "叫13 l! y distingu附 herl hetwCC Jl tWH tvp t>" of haml eombat: "long - runge" (ehang quall) and "
dose -
range" 们luanda).
Sixlt 川11h
and seV f' II It)enlh
e创 ltUry
mi Ji tury
expe 巾 allud t>
to varioll>'
slu川- ran阵各tv! ps indudi 吨 "Cotton Zhungs Close - Hunge F' ist" (Mian Zhang duand叫"
H" t) F'umily Clos~ - Ranl!，e 日创" (Henjia ,luanda) and " Liu [ family J Close - Run悖Fi st" (I.iu duan,!a). Jð A 约 sug也-es \t(]
the
tedllliqm弛，
t l1 fe 阳 ints ，
hv
it向 tille ，
Xuanji ~~ Aeupunetur t' Poinls , th t'
auributed 10 the ShaoJin
(xuedao)
JJl
s伐。nd
unk , of stúking th f' oppo l1fmt i;
白四川 neept W2脑 b"πDwed
manual al50 expoumls r: aviti阳，
or
a川 punc
lfum traditiona! medicine , wherf' it de
以 ribed 附 nsilJve spnt民 along the body s ÍnlernaI ciITuit5 of en f> rgy (qi). Aeupun e\ ure treatment
is applied tn
these 户)ints ，
ry. 11 is 10 them , Ihe
which
lIl anllal
f' xplil阳，
lhe aul l! o( empJnys Ihe Zhuatl !!J i a巧 ('ook 响 avs
s
knife 陀 maiw.d
followed the
f阳ncture
!l (!!ural
ill 肝 nul
only
recepl 川 e
to trealment Iml also
Ihal the ueeu lIl pIislwd Shaolin wamor
!l> etHphor
of Cook Oing
10 曰 plain
d川 ets
Ih f-' technique:
as good as new , eV t' n after [l ineteen years of ea~ities
sw快:f' ptible IυIIIJII
butche 巾 19 ，
in Ih t' oxens hodv. Hand eomhat shollld
his
T/ w
hJo阳
legend
for it had al
similarl、 1 矶gel
acu
pomt!>
The hook l Zhuan g;叫崎)'剖 rib. in the hig hollo啊，阴性 the kn川 l penm 吨 gs. 'Wh} 刊、 d 巾oe 臼"川t 盹v 割s剧妇划 υ? B，町"削'"衍， 时 w h阳 臼 e骂 e" ~n Cook 川 D'"吨 g cul 叩 0 旧xen he 把 e no lon 吨巨 F 俨 er 削、w 111 趾 E陀， 时 w hole
ο旧λ 扮a-~ 1 崎 s a町) ，此， ，阳s lh崎e 峭盯 'w 阳"由h hanJ ('川、 combat 飞w 飞Why? Be飞川1U Sf' 1 am looking for my oppo时nt;' 创，ft pOilIl S, acupundure poinls , and those furbidden to ~trike anJ 1 engrave them in my F'or this reason , the moment 1 lif! mr halld
,
lIl ind s
eye
1 am able to target m ~ opponel四、t' lllpty plJl nls ,
ilnd strike at his acupuncture p()int~ 叼 1\(1 1o l1 g巳:r se f' Ìng the whol t' w'rson. >l The manual identifi臼 acupundure points tlw striking of which wiIl叫U 忧Ìt umediate or postponed dellth , as well
a~
those !ea
远了
.,
ν.~jIJ 人正钗
此乃迪臼卢 勾八远不可 部牲精吁白费人精忍不省 省垫军侮人则局害
宋渎。但
辛í..!t.
-
-L 翻
γfHF HN AA打
孔、g 叫hA TAd平 tM -千 斗 R -耳A人李二4 火冉早玲
RI 正
A h地 H扣 fh 剖
一
M
F 麟甜工叮
一
-咀 A万可打
忍，， -4
卢λ何 、
牵且在
A-
圆
"、
问
,
E‘ pounrltn& 勘 Ih t") \!'1 011 ..1111 " , n ht lOg !'!H!!刷 Illh ) 协执俨 11 峰、， t5 t!1\t'r-. ' J IlI)I"'Ii I'口'协， 'I lìnd LUlllh.l l UKl\II h dlll l 、 U OIII' '" \.UpUlll' W..... I\lirtl售 r，创刊 .....arichk叶J' hn tl'!l 1 \， (~.;t hul ，jrv. <1' Ilw 1!(1"'r i; I' rt(HC f> J~rt刷刷 mte~
111 t'fl" uw van lJlL;j j ，ω...1 1" 11川川训 i吨，出 j. J( w IllI 州 ~ UWI1叫 rrn~h: !,oIl\P , 'wd
lIt
11011111
mrd ,od { 忍 1Utnll. l; nl t' " 、 川"时1Il ~ l'a1 m~ (~ I仙I1 l11dng J. " f111JI 川'以 Palrn" I 仙 111 1 山II Ii 1. ..刊i仁 rl'nn~ p川 In " t IU..thω1.1'， ). ~吨。 IUlm严 PKll11" ( I m lZhll 叩). .. ÙI""nltling Plllm" (h .li恼川萨，. "
川w
F、 ol \l t; ，川，， 1
4;
::'Io aollll ~"md (丁ω 川民"
Sweepul只 Pu!m" (础。 7h 乱 ngl ， "、"咱!t' I'allll" (danzhan严) ，川Il o\l bl 俨 Palm" (...hWI11gzIHl11 g)
allJ "Mundarin - [)uek Piilm" (\11<\1> yang zl11mg) a !l di 仔凹 知 Hnf' f' X( 叫 in fi\咱 tm俨，"刷I (quHn): TI1f~" A川。 rdin在 Fist" (~hU n{lUall) ， "Flipplll民日叫"
( f'anqlllHll , "SU1耳 )ortin f! Fi~l" (dlf' ngquan) , "ln';PI1ing f'i 咕" (..haqllan) , "I'llHill!! Fist"
(qian {j u1!/J), "钊 f"冠川时 Fi~l" (hmg(1υ 1H 1) ， "A('('orrl r-础 nied Fisl" (jUql附Il)， and "Jì t'H'rc; iug +比1" (kmqu1咽)
a l1 di f!ιr
Some exee( in ellH 川 meth 叫( ZhOll ) : The " Fl ipping EJho叭" (f'allzho \l 1 ，们仙飞 onling U hO\\." (~hunzhou) ， "Horizonlal Elho叭" (h t-'lI g~holl )
, "刊 lraighl E lI的叭川
(~1 lI7 holl) ， "Angl t' d
E lI H阳" (xiezhou) , "Da 咄'"在 Elhow" (du !l ehnn严z1\1川) , and "Hack Flbow'i" (、川 ngzl lOl1 )
a Jl varv Sorne excel 川队川、Il ldhoù (sllf'n): '1'11<' Bodv" (tuishen)
,
.\dvaneing R(川d\' 川( jinslwH )
"
"Stret('hing /1 0 1l\'"" (剖 I!f' n~herl
),
"Contradi J]在/1 ody"
, " H t'l r俨，It 11平
(目1I 0~lt t' 11 ),
~l1 re(1 ß( l{ ly" ({'hang~hen) ， "D叫织 i Jlg H叫 y" (shanshl'n) , "、ìlirr /1 oJy ,?" (，.hellg~I H'1I "1 呵 )l !l铠 Rod飞"
(~ueHh (，!l)
(yollpiexi)
ωnd
)
are all di~~imilar
Son>e eXI' e) in kn时 method (xi): Tlw, Thrusli吨 K ，附"
"I .-t' i
"
I kfl - lhru;;li 吨 K 时 e
, "Kneelin自 Krlf'e"
(~uÎxi) ，
lrarting KfWt'" (slloxi) , aml "H 问 :eÎvÎng Krw('" (yingxi )
(m 叩 iexi)
,
"
"HäCk Knee'!" (xi i1 llg\I)
j{ i在hl , "C(川
11)1 clÎslincl
M t:'
Smne exeel jfl lq;: method ( 1υ 忡。 rh f> "Sin p: le LI:'''''们 laullll) , "Twü I k'g~" (~llllangtui) "Changing Lt'.g s" (huantlli) "Splnning 11' g" (xuanlul) "Ðri()lng Lt' g" ('1 Wllllui) Le 民"
(pÎetui)
"Follov..ing l .e凉" (genLui)
,
bu)
, "
ex(' e] in 艳 tep method (1旧): Hw "Lo!】民汽 qJ"
Angl!'d Step" (hengbu)
(shandian bu) (huanbu) Cur、 ed
"Fa('ing r kg 川( mianlui)
,
, m叫川"时 ul!'
- llo\' 1I
a陀 a !l differe 悦
Leg" (dianlui) 出Jrne
,
, "Tllru~I'1 叩
,
,
(川langhll) ， "Sho川、 h'p"
"Slrai !ð> I Sk,p ( zhibll ), "。叫 ge - Ikan -
"R t' verse Slep" (fanhu)
"Traeing SL t' p" (zonghu)
,
,
"A( ‘、ordillg
、i \t' p"
(ShUllhu)
lI u('k
(tlllall SLep"
, "Ew l! all扫 i l1 A SIt' 1 川
"Full St吓，"自 hibu) ， "F. lllply Step" (xuhu)
, "
Step" (qubu) , "Dir 刷、 1 Slep" (tingbll) , aml "Cy Ji ndrÎ("al S廿 p" (J:!."l川 nhll) art' all
Jistingui9hahle. ~ The Xuauji s Aeupu阳 I lI re - I'oinls 气l恼川rssion of varÎow吨 p:dlll Jloslurf'片 IS il( 吁I>IlI pmli f' d 1 叭 an jlJ uslratioll thal fwlravs Buddhisl ill J1l1 enCe ((例 IIpare i!l uslratioll'" 3 aml 4)
飞1
lt'<1 st ill Îb
grapbu: 世m伊 , if not in ils 叩 eCl白 l' finger positior帖 , Ihe ，-刊arH 川 f州州圳阳』川~ 阳 1 圳 lm 叫s盹山 la i归 山t呻吃响ion of飞 s钊y阳Jl川 u 川山，/阳 n 叫 '0 0/ 如陀c hand 甲 g萨 田s剖1m β 圳 肘'f'S (San】s达krit: 川 11 H川川Ira; Chi!时】陀阳 归民附 e r
lure!;.
育归刊 Hη 川】队川 浏a旧""氧肘) ill> HII川t山If川川吗咐t 川W x 削 C川I叫 1刊i】
T~
飞
z 峦t，.<
少林 J)1 )::.文集
46
点
使这
慧与
专b
飞
t 1"
机、营销岛
也
宇札
掌闸
忖斗机飞
才F 神
颜 M 怕也叫 颜"俨纱品带知音
一问『消役退却 也芳切身撇搀着
-来 F榆 A稽可相视 't 冒成
.,.
品
也 沪 后乡 1~守
f 非+
商鱼⑩⑩ 飞
ll1 u约\ratioll
~}'lllblJ\ic
llO. 3: I'alm
hand
I")~巾lr"，~ bet川、 mg 山.. inl1时眈θof B 叫.J hist
g..~tllr"-' (m毗'âs)
, from Xuanji 's
A附阳ncture
l'oi川s
Followìng theìr exposìtion of fi自htìng ~句les ，
ha 阳fωmual prineipl时，
firsl of which ìs the "Drunken
Ei~;-ht
the two nl1t nuaLs d t'l ail specìfi(
- Immortals Fìsl" (Zui haxian quan )
(树e
ilJ ustratio /J nn. 5). n The eìghl DaoÎsl immortals hav t' 1附n horrowed from late - Ming 10陀)
which Ihey were depieted as riate each "f the
ins 川 ant
earefrel、
often la阳~ivi{)us ，
drunks. Nov e1s and plays
sainls with a given emblem: a flute)
fl。附r
-
1I 1
Il sually 由四
basket ，酬时，
whisk , etc. The martial artist mimieH wielding the icon în Ilis training routine , which , even as
E 豪感襟善~" ~毯摇撼梅兰总
-l:(若"键时毒害撞机回蹦黝~
川lC /.飞。 /u(j州T "j'月"， 1 1'】 I I>"，d
Co ", h;J 1
47
ÎI appears Înloxi('aled , is pprlédlv ~υI H' L ., Drunkpn Ei~ht - ImmoI1 als FÎ~t 、"向'"忖 tlln t"~ rt"ft~rred
10 shoI1!v制 "Dnlllken Fi~t ，" is sl iJ l praduTd loday. (n ree t" nt dt'('lHl t" s il !nlo. b t" ('om t"
intpmationally fP nll\VI 附~1 through .I a‘ ky Challs (Cht, ")!."lol!!;l (b. 1954) tlwat 阳 al rPllditillll in hi ,; blockhus[('f /J川 i t" DJl mkt' Jl ~a~lt"f (Zui f(Un 巳) (J 叨 g). 2; Thp ,; Ivle:" m'(' UlTPI J(" e in Hallt] Comhal Clns~咐('
1lllfl
Xuanjis >\eupU\ \('luH. I'oints mi~JII indjeute Ihal it has l)et~n pnJcti( 川] al jlu
Sh‘\O l;n ，""lona约1俨fV a~ eurlv a~ the ';
大悟刀
(_~Xfl:
4
日讪 h叫叭 1111川i<.
haml
牵制
除精且
llluHlralion no.
11:;
m
g. 剖 Un'"
( llludrIìs)
Another ~tyle uepid t> d in thp two manuals!s !lw "Confoumling Fi;;t" (Miqwl!l)削 nam...d beeause its quick and unexppcted m 川剧" ar吧 impo.;
()]I(
t帆 entieth - century e ll. pe I1 tI陀 "Confounding - Trurk t 叫" i~ ,,0 ealled " l附川 use ItH u JlI qu俨 fuot wor北 deceiv阳 th f' a(h- PJ"~a 川、t'Vt'~.
"
r.
Tlw modern 剖ty!e iH al 削阶仇 rrpd to h\" variol时 other Il a盯凹， ~ome of 川lich
3rt'
homοplrυ
nous with Mizong quan ( " ConfoulH Jing - Traek Fist") bul di fTer fmm it semantieally , beir邬
少林功大支集
48
wrillen in otlu:r d l1:Haders. It is known as thp 11 TalllrÎ(' Belisl FÎsl" (Niw呻 quan)
F 址 11
(Mizong quan) a((d Ihe
出川 H 阳 "Yan-Vingtïsl" (Yanqi 吨 quan)
The~f'
11 而i! d
diverse ti
lJ(-s 叩惧"约 t lhat th俨[e(.II!! Îqu俨 klS e \"O ln"d , al ]('asl partially , within an Î I! i 仲1'al l"' en 川 ronment
B 、 the IÉmp 巾 pradJI10Uers 创l\Jght 10 write iI d O\\Jl, th肝、rariously interpret t' d ils phonetic pro-
MIZOHK13
胁·思想拣到 儿仙醉步圃式 换机赋予皆戎
执 且M在、 A， W 校参放A 尸久鹊J忌
1H1I1 ('(Ut lO l>
J\
JFAi
乱叫法熬得旁人
难称要忌'耳可
坏智锹地丽圃息.
llJ ustralion no. 5 胁 "Ei!(ht -lm nJ nrtal , IJrunken 如p ， Comhal Cl assi(
grew
fmltl Ih(' Hm川
From another al地le ， the techn Ít lues diverse appellatiω11;; refleet the la咆;e bod l' ()f 10re t}Ja I IifO uncl it Mizung quan is sum)uncled by Jegemls ，凹 any of which a凶;suciule ÎI with the
;在滋滋滋，- :J草除撞躏黠锵
才2必;继斟斟翻附疆醋锺锺iiUciγ
l' 飞 ..luI.""
111<' 日}川。 HH Mona川的飞 lIl
Ac{'onling to
()!\f',
o[ Sh"oli"
llw hcdlllÎq\H 川时('ff'Cl lpd jJì
(l
T川职
pp r! od ShaolÎJI
onk - În some n.. rt;i 川队 11<' lS th f' muna~terl 主 lutt' lary t!f> ll\ \ajrn 阳川(.I inhalt川、) hÎ !ll ~I ，1f
whu wa~ "0 Îrnprt' ~~{'d 的 th tlw agilil 、 ()f ,1Il al 附 I1
""
1/"...忖"川川
likp
ÎIIIII' af卡 r JJl rtl. "\Vild- 1l♂丛 ~l F 叫， (Nlzo lIg- qUWI)
puln l'f' Ih ,,( 11<' nam刷 I hi同 Ilghllll f! 1刷 h
飞/1 0th，刊"‘川"们fIl l a同 Sl lC lah问 tlw h i 均lυn
('al m{)na~l~ry wilh Ih(.. fidional prola剪刀li~l~ 01 Ihe \lin严t} oveJ Wält'f I\hrgin. Tlw h俨 rυi" 1.11 J lIJl
VI I~ 叩 1 10 ha \ f ' dt 川 o [lt' d lhis dp('ppli\"e nwlho(l 川 Iht' Sh叫 in Monaskrv alld lakr lnul" lTl it
If' d it 10 his di 吗 '1让e Yan Qing. \\ \1(川 t\ w lath、 r W ，I~ e~(飞吨)11l在 from 真:()\， enlllWlll Inrpp~ 10 tlll harlllil自 hav f'JI 且 1
I. langshan. he rt' l 时 OJl it 10 hi飞JI' hi~ roolprinlS > 11 the sn()w , I'a !l ill乒 il 1111" "
COllliH Hl ding - Traek Fi ~t" (Mizl川 g qu叫). ):tln Qil 阳、 disl' ipl归 nauwd 1111:' I f' dullqu俨 ill hω川 of Iheir ma"t t> r , ,. Yan Qing Fi 呐" 1凡11 ill del'c n:rt('ι1011月 Buddhi:>1 provell(! lI( 'e rl' ll" l1'l'd 10 il al ~U
[11俨 "Tanlri l' FÎ~I"
tlS
(Mizong qlla!l)
r!lI' n:peal l'd a Jl usio )l" T，趴:k Fisl) 制用psl 叫川 J()rl
10 民 haollll În 11 11' legt'Jl(I~ 同 IJrrOUndlrl在 \1Î 7.011 在fJ uan ( Cll lI ll Jl llldlllg
lhal lhe n>onaskry migl川It (!V~ pl 的例 1 ~()mt， rol 俨 III ils e\"olulÎIH\. Fllrlher
f(J r lhis h) pothc~i~ is
su川"时间J
b\ tlw jilll f'
\\-f'
lI!odern 山 1 ，吗"叫 mi('al
krJO \I' ahml! Ilw
lineagt': Seholars usually Ifll l' e Ihe kchnique to a l1 ~i只hleellth - eenlurv Shandollg 111 <1巾。 I m1i ,,1 nameò Sun Tong ( styl e-; Li Kuan) 叶川 might ha 、【 S吨山，"川川 ιdi 川1叫 a挝I tlw >" 忖川山 h 川!i n 1\1 川0川" 刊"峭R盯ihl ψ
f竹}陀r陀 .~foυr陀 e， 巾 t h】 al the Mizu川ng Qu匈刷刷 n (Lr川 fi) 川峭 u川n 【巾 hm 口呻 l哩乒
m>l i!iar today , derive - at le，川严1!1iall 、
T ，刷 k 盯 F 1叫、叶t川). 附 w"山 h 川】H 阳Îl' h 飞叭、 良 ζ孔"陀专?且 J'nt
from t! w MÎquan ((onfOllmllll在于 1叫)
l't'l'
ordl'd ÎII
Hand CornIJat Cl a fJ sie and Xuanji" A‘咀 pW I(' IU fP Pninl 、 A third fighting 由 k. dpscrilwd Íl I J I川 I Clllllbal Cl assir' 1 川川】削"日 f川11 \1I
I'
Ili1 n ll' lt' rized I 州 a Ille
t! w 110、~t' rs fiv t' pdal~ 栩 F 飞t'1l lhough il figllre~ I't"olllir川 \th
in loday i-冉h ，叫 În regirtwn , llw Plum -
n
lJ\ \N
Fisl pfl叶 Jah h- did )1 01υ门问阳11' al llt" 111川 l :1 sl 川、
rhat il 附 rnenlÎoneu in Hand Coml陆 1 C1 a气、 i(' on!y (and nol in Xwmji S .\"llfHl lll'l lIl"t' 1'oÎIII ,,) m Ì!-;-ht indical l' that it was I川 part of Ihe ori阳 mtl IW \ I 'nl f'f' ntll - ， :pnlllll 叭haoliu 11"\ 1, 州rvecl a~ lllf~ rnar >uals' ~州 rt:e. a;电 the
h l1 iltermorl' , stlldie~ ()fωh~r Qìn严
I fI 'rilld manual~
'hil , h h 川
\I-
加 w t>lI
Plum - Flowef pracliLimlt' f筒 'famil 飞 genealogies - ~U 在e.:('st Ihul Ihe t刷 h T1 ique \\川 O T1 ~llm!
!y develuped in Xuzhυu ， Jiangsu , by mP lTl hl'rS of Ilw Zou
吃苦
「琼 A
少件均犬定自t
50 r巳.><川 5
of fl:' be Jl i()ll~ lll'l i\'iti(~S 川 tb俨 prü飞 in(' t': Members of the fa i! ed 1813 Eight 'I' rigrarr附 Upn5
in p: in HuaCount布， tlorthern H巳I!
"
飞守'剧III 、
Hua11
SHANXif
@飞/，
!!.....-I
",_.1/"'1 SH刷∞NG
r飞.，，、、 ..""-' "、_.._
_r
.L..
t，
Chenjiagou
七.
主出眨巳LrLHf'
Sìshui
.一、飞、，
Kaifeng
Luoyan 91 ,-"
i'
Neihua吱e
\
，，--_....-、~"'
.. HENAN Shaolin Monsstory
:1'、哈d V
some Hanan s幅..篇幅啪18d_1he曲咱1l8r1Od m副也l 甸甸: 1lIJJlqu剧。"91闹闹d al ch钳制Fω，恤ng Zo吨Y睛. .u曲。( of Talj阳翩翩翩翩 8 ，恤咽u •• L_咱剧111 剧协咽;四18I1g N自国刷刷币-阳..._.回出..
SI9h咄 Yana 曲111
at
COI四川剧嗣同1m_睛，阳翩翩跑.. N捕、 uang 曲回ty;剧1118崎蛐 P础"向阳'回 In Ihe B崎幽
呻幽幽唱"陆且
Orre reason for the rf' lative wealth üf information orr Plum
Flρwer histü町，
assoeiutiorr with the late - nin f' leenth cf' ntury Boxer lipri5irrg ( Yih(' quan ).
i" the
ß飞 thal
rnethod 剖
tirne , th f'
lerm "Plum - Fïsl" J t' bignated rwt unly a tedmique , !lul al ;;o aT\ organ Ì1.ation; Tlw North - Chi na plain5 witrressed th t' 瓢'"创 imes refe町 eJ
spre部1
()f
10 us "Plum -
whieh comhirred martial pradice tl陀\\'P.5!S
Flm~er
Fist -
Il el叩 UII"
times as " Plum - FIOIwr Fist to
militaηbrolherhoods
A~suôati()ns"
with 陀 ligious 飞 eneration
aroll创 ng
e吼叫 hecl Qing - period 创】U陀回 on Plll ll1
-
of valiant deities
Shaolill praetitiorrer
w ，拙 bom
Jou Hl e\"
ellrl\，叫ages
of
f'I O\wr Fist 提
,
hi5 町lcial haekgroUl时，
the
!he altenliofl of scholarH , whose fieldwurk has 1111-
Puinls wilh Cao Huandous 1784 irrtmdudÎoll to 111-' la !t er. IIf r
11川f 启川'p'
sw.h 旧 the
impt川 anl rol俨 in
We may corrdude our brief corn ll1ents on lI aJl(1 Cornbat Classie
light
which wen'
(Meihuu quanhur) and smllt
(M t> ihua quanjiao ). Mp n!],ers of
heroi t: Sun \Vllkong (Monkey) - played an
the anti - Christian Roxer rcvoll ,
r护 ligious ()飞 erl川1 式，
with
a时 Xuanji ;.气 eupund lJ rt
Cao 豆 autubiographic
"h.-:d"
whieh was probabl} shared by uther literate martial artÌsts. The
irrto a family of sma]] landowners belünging lo
of the loeal gentry. The dan was promÌrrent enuugh 10 have
its 仆wn
tht、 lower 肘hd(川
sehool , whi("h Cuo
deJ , and the immediate family was 5uffieienlly aff1 uent fur his father !o hife hirn a priyate mar h且I ~
art
ill~trud()r ，
with WhOlll
tlle 拙ly
practiced after sehool.
Neverthele喘，
Cao
rf'peatedl~
failed the licerrtiate (~xams ， and henee he could nol (1叮lÌre to an educational , lel alOllt' a gnvern melll
, cart 时
H
, 正如悦肝，
,
thereIore the martial arts as his \'ocation
Hand combat is arr excellenl 口 ethod f()r prott t:t ing ones body und p陀 venting humiliation
，罐罐路
撇撇蜘:削础晶晶心曲曲酷主川?
1川】俨 t 川 IUli ，川川 "ha"liJl
写i
11 ,, 1101 COlllha•
1I urigin创刊 1 allb f' Sh川 lin MOl丑川f' 1"'- ， -'1、仆Ilow hn\ Il ~n】 an Lharr p: KU11 p: zhao Ol w t' Il wt a rn~喻的 i OU~ pe r;; o t] ()'J 陀 n ) \\'1 11) InH门】U 萨 l 问叫"口 ，.;Jx灿川 1阳1川帕帕"卡 11 4←俨，叶》
At the tÎmt" 川t i、m俨r叶 电 r 叭'PH硬 川，n、 叭 ho 川υ 卅呻11川 d.怦俨刊叫d iLo 111川川" ，削川川t队 h、 l山hn附俨 who 阿附、r付"川v刊t'rI ‘a刷i机"川』川川tIleε;n】巾"阳 11‘ I阳口阳11川lI ~mission; Cheng .l in同aυ 守 111 1 飞、 叮 lall京 hranιhed into num f' roUH ~ub
州、 11'''; ，庐 radllall 、 looHing
aml Zhan民 Zlwll p; llw
气。刊 'ward it
t! w original m刑 h时!. Si川 11山 IIli、叼 gi Ct刊 i
pn以 :tltJOner~ ns l' to prorrunell(T ，川.1守 for a whil t"川、('()!TI f faln( 贝 JS. J 地此， tfwy stm l!l th刷 r musdl 鸭山1( 1.λjlOH(' 111刷 r h附IIe 吨
i Mι川俨pr 川 Z:h山 a创川11眼 K豆问l
How f' Yt' r , f'JI" tlw mo~t
wask !h归 r .'Jl盯即( qil 山 H! 11 电 fm飞 4
NO Jlt' 01 them has beanl of \lasÌt' Jχh a lJ前 !f'dmiq lJl'目川~l' nl()U 同 appli l'!ltionH ， of tlw ~llbtl l'l、 o f' its
1i mitlt'，柑 Irans f'1 Jrlllal i. 川 1"
Pradicing Ihe Mas!er 钩 h出ld - ('011让泊 1 1lll'1 hod hro、~H ， a阳 1 dir阴阳 hi~ qi Iυthe low!'r llf' lh.
Fi民hti Jl严
ωw g归ards his spirit helw. t'll !hc O
('."1:'-
il i~ likf~ a 1 1[">11山 ful WOlllnll plueking
flowers. Re 叶 l 吨， II r，时 mhles a lil f' mlu川川 ng down hi~ hru"h. lt 川 lld !Jt 们川川l'I， d 10 Zhu)!:1:' Liang 日 (Hìl
-234)
s(.h川盯ly
cap and
f('ath 何制 jJall ， toYan♂ y，川、 (221
- 278)
d t"ga Jl t 州白h
and dignified robes. 11 川 eould il p Oi;,.; ibl) hav t' ~harp ('dgcs? W'I~ are four brolfH' r~ in my famil) ,
Il le
beillg lhin l. \-1:: e!巾 ~1 hroth肝 is )
1
HlH' 1I1II
, 81vl('
I'eiY lJ. Jn ollr nalive 川 lla前 Ihe weak 阳同 insult t"d and tJw few IJIIllied. 1 \\'斟 ah~H\.~ afraid 1)1'
being ahm同时，"】 d tlwrl' ('ore 1 "'a~ devolt'd 10 tht" martiuJ HrtS. -'1:;- ('ather did not ol , j!'d to lll~ Iramm区
。 II the l" olllrar飞， 111: ilwit叭 1 f]'(J ll> afur un 川川叫 dlldillg mu川 ial art!st 10 lea('h IllP
timc 1 \HJ.::; thirteen
, ll
I!
气 t tJu
d 1 WIlS :-;ludying tlw dass川 '"οu ， εlclJJ玩 h(){)l. \'í Jwn J 川 uld 附turH
from ::;dH用 I 1 would praιtiee wilh hlln. W'hell J wus eighk f' IJ 1 obtaitlell Masler Zh川平K.oll {{Zh剧 's Halld Colllbal Cb~~u' (QL阳 H J' n日)， wl lJ ch h<，" ιompilα1 whil <," _~I:' n in!< umJer my clan 鸣 r<'"nlotl:'在f<'"al - lIJl d俨 in HII严1Il 1 !l ("ol!l川、
( in 位川 Ihea，乌lern Shunxi , near Henan 豆 l 川 rder). 1 took il wilh nw to sl' ho(】 1m叫 11\\ (革 tigalt'd it day and nighl , 1 刊 ating il as i(' I hme ohtain叫 u rar.. tl它a~llre. \\I lf:' llJa盯iv..d 1011 11' 11 l SIIaolill
Close - Range
rI
and Comhal J 1'<'"11 - I-' rirwiples ()f Strikin g-" (da shi ze) 盯 m、 n:~ollllion wa~
firm and my spiril l明】 centralt~d. 1 阳 lldered il slrelluousJy , ulltil ~Udl扣 nlv J dreamt Il l< il IWO old mell explain it to me. Thereafter 1 dreamt abtλ11 tJ lt" m s t' veral lin 削
My hody 民 e\\' ~lJ ppJer and
my lwnds oeeal附 livelie r. My mind grasp f' d llle suJ 此 lel)' 1)( "euhivalin在 ({i" (lia l\ qi) 1比 hell J reaehed tw肝 nty eighl , h叭 ause I J】以 1" 严， aledly laken the lic l:' ll
少林功 k 文 it
" the lI ulH! Conlhat Cl a~~i ‘
MOreOH' l" I illustrated f' lH' h position with a drawing By
II glarwe th 俨 rf' ad t'f t 肌 llnd俨rsland il , making it
JlJ
Illt'
rely casling
osl ~uitahle f()f praetice
However , the subtle吨v of th俨 m俨th阳 ls applieuti01I df'pf' nd日俨 ntirl:' lv on "川l'r1l ul 峰 rength" (neili ). It can not bf' exha卧kdJ阿 won!". Lik t' an old hUllChha('k who ealches eÎ(门ada~抖， likt urcher Yung yt川 Iji;Ç who 5hol li<: t'. V/hen olle"s I'f' solulion 临"让 distrad刷 1 ， wlwn h附~，川 nt (巾t> n) 1'; ('mH'f' ntr川例 1 ， ht' will I附在m 10 a叫uire the agilit、 ()f "mir叫‘ onet'Îvillg ， hands rt''1 川lding" (d l'X În yi 吨s l! ou). .-\1 lhis point there is sur t' 10 h f' 110 ~Lraining of mu悦 le，; nor expo
忖 ure ()f hune吨 !1l 1SS10n
10
Would nol th 萨 1)(> illm ，时 lik t' lraciJ 昭J\ihlSler~ ZhangJ K阳市..:haos aull lt' u!ie llilll~-
I\>' 归川 )"('{"I
1 h 出(' fl' sp f' (.tfu 11￥ prefaeed 11忧阳 tl lJ aJs nr阴阳; the time: QianlongS 陀明白 r"由 jÎa('flt' n y俨 lr ( 17 民4) ， ，Hl ~1阳 l创刊 mid -I f' nth monlh
ninth ,
Cau Iluandnu , , 5t yl E': Zωd 川咆得
Cao Huandos prt' tiw!' 町、wals Ihe multifarious rol ，肯 Ihat the martial arl!; h川 e plaY f' d in his life. I hs
川 ilial inkr阳 I
wen' IJUlli E' l]
,l!l(! hurnillal E'd , hul lw alHo pntclir E'd for
llt' a1f'"dJ~ fn 币 illnes叶
lial
pm川 ice f(汀 whal
for c l"l Hl" bones.
in hi".
Jl(l
IÎve vîllagE', wherr- Ihe weak
!IlNlical 陀 aSOIl S ， (fw had sufTr-red
fI'
anJ a':\ a foml nf ;wlr - eultivution. ln atldilion , Cao a~pired in his mar
could hp
1 叭 hniqu仲 Ihal Th附ωarl:"
tt
dl陀 10 the 飞 io1f. nl (l I IlH 附 phere
waH
rt'
dpsnil阳]
(川 ly
ly 01 > forel'
infE'rÎυ ， tυhis
far
as ar1 islie pE' rfedioH: lI e does not hid('
heauliful woman plu l' king f1 owcn;... a
and invol Vf'
tt
':\tntinillg mu.wl l:"':\
fll sωlltem严 ul> d
f'
xposin!!
own sophisli("ated fighting sysl E' m , whi('h rps E' mbles a lit E'rutu~ 1 盯 mg
down
hi自 bnl 自 h.
tt
" Fioally , rl' ligious uv t" r
tones are Iwl laek ing either: Zhang Kongzhao 陀("E' iH'S hi<; leu("hing'" fronl u "mystt 川)l! S person" (yiren) , and Cao Huandou 叩 iphany
C剧)
teacher臼 appf' ar
- vl:" uerable
all([ his hands Iw(:ome
i忡 iH~tru('\ed
liveli肘，
lI uandou aUlhored his
in
th俨坦 rl
of lhe Shaolin Cl oS E'
-
Rang E'
in his dr t" am , following whirh "his
as his mÌm] pn'[;剑ICf'
gra叩同 IhE'
Fi向 I
hv
(livi 附
h叫飞阳附有 suppler
suhtlely of qi - lraining ( lialll]!). "
10 Hand Combat
Cla附 ic
in 1784. Four de('ad E's IlI ter ,
in 1828 , 11 prominent Mam'hu ofTi("ial naID叫 Lin Qi 吨 (1791 -184的) visited th!~ 灿 aolin Tem ple. By tht泪， [)(.I re - ha 阳1e!1 leehniques have ('咆ml】 letdy edipsed lhe monastl:"r:.<~ anrient stafT method毡，
and , insteaJ of
au 鸪 m叭1
display , Ihe dîslingui;;hed guesl was
E'川ertairwd
bv
d 吨"气
ring demonstralÎo rl ln Ihe evening
W f'
relurned 10 tl lE' Shaulin Monastery , and paid our respe<"'ts 1I t Ih E' Jin Í1 aluo
HalI. The deitys imagE' ìs musl awesnme. Ik
WP aT
S thin gannents ,
a时 wields a 的"附
pok r-r
( huo 阳 11). Tr 臼 Jition has il thal on('(~ lle display刷 1 hìs divin Ìl v and 阳 rded off ha lH lils. Toda、 tw is lhe mona约 l"可毡 g"'时时 n spirit (
a~k
th t" monks ahoul th f' ir hand -
(恻 bal
method (quan
fa) 守 1m!
they
f(
fuser! 10 utler a w，叫， 1 阳1I it. I made it ('lear that I huve h f' ard about th f' Shaolin Fisl long 咕;n , and J k[)ow ît famOlls
lem陀
ha~、 bee[)
relîe(] U[l nn
solel、 for
Theref，附 th t'y 附 ed Iwl
guanling monasli('
regulatio[)日 and jl fI州 ecting
the
make prde[)('E'
fhe ahhnl laugllf"d and aSS E' ntcl 1. He
sE' led例[
s E'\"E' ral sturd:y monks 10
llP d 川 II
in [ronl 01'
th E' hal l. Thf,ir" bear - hallgings 11町1 binl streld> illgS" :J防 were ind 问.J artfu l. Afìer the perform
;3籍善撞撞~， x谶跑单路边远
础蜘品结挫罐罐斟嗤
1'..
"" ，巾 .mlll~ -. 0"'''';.1'- I '川 1.. ，， 1
i.. 忡.".
1..1 叫， -
Jw 11 ,11;1
、d L..:: 1 阳灿、 1" ，..， 1".. ， 1 ，，;喻刊咽~.
执时， 1111 ，1' 1111" ..11ll.; 1响 I 1". 妈 ι. ，也'机4 、川，叫川'"~
1",1 "" ",,' 1\，....叫It lll‘ ,1 ,...,., 叭 .101 ， ..1....1
II!
1 ::; ""叫
fl'"
", 1.1. 1 ..叫'1' 1". •
,,, .1.. 1. 1 :.m" " 111. ，1.. .1 、. 11+) I~"h
1.1.. 川.，.1 1" -1 ,1" .内川 11111.1"
"., 11.
", ÎI..".I
州川 ..1 ， 1.1. 蝴 _11 11"- ，，川"川、"，川
'"叫 01'
•
11.. 1制川1.， 1 ，叫 1..1. \"" .h. 州 l' '11101 ,., IIn一 L:. I
、 ".1 1'.111 川 .1." '''1 0I. ! 11.. "、íJ川 ".. 1 .... 1 .州 1'11 咐 11 协川φ
.1" .1 11 。如 101. ， 11111 11 ,1 11.. \1"" 1". , .Ih. 1. ,1 叫咱" ......"
ω叫
\\1", h
1 .，~ \'"1 )1' ,. ，，".， 1ι1 I ，，~ .~，.响，- .，.川州巾 111....1 It\ ...协 ''''111 ,1,. " ， 111 卜
11' ， 1 制It ..1 、 11 ， ...1111 111"1' 1...
.'111 川 1M霉'
4马'
1 崎川、ρ
'1' 11 ,. 1'1' 11.仲
111 .叫， l' '''1 忡 .1 ， .'1' '1 ,, 1 ".1...... 11川、""川川 .1111 七、 1" ..
'"、 01 1.
飞! '1"'"
胸 1- 1:.....，川。 1 . .1 1 .飞
1111 \ 1,.
11.;,
1~'rl"ul.
11"'" .飞、 1"'1 内胁 11 ，0." 1. 1.1.- .11 ..j >l,..1 11"" ， 1.""， 1 鲁 \1111'巳 ttl" ,. I , 11' 1 ，..11." 内. ~ 1 111 1,1" ,…."",. 111 ." , 1" .. 叫川，，，梢 ..".11
11 ,<,
111.111/..1
川川'川
1"、，
，、.
,.
1111 ，叶"， 11" ，..."
h1
1 tt
4~、 'Y
t
使:4A IU"州刷唰."， " t ‘叫翩翩 10" 阳"'~" .I""~"'.l'''' I!"
'-..'
，/咽..， ..11.1.. ~
,11" "",, d"~t .1 "..1
11" ,,,
I时守扣。币--..
'11' 1). ,.1/, ," 1>,""11 ,'... ~ .ll ,...h1 1t"" 1.....1. '1 " 11 , ún. .t I"1 III.h ,'
叫"十 il""
川 w.t. 'f' ltlt，
r.. ,.Itf.,
啡，仙，hu ‘ 飞飞
• ."'"....川r.l I ..,
川、，-，."鸣 .hl'1I lt.fr.. 民
\,,"
、 I! lr，'I!
li仙，，，恨 ，，，.m、
",
.h. 、而..~
1." ..111.
，~I
I~ψ
Ih lJ •
时，
".lf
n. lI\I
t.'
1 1. .1 崎 .1.... 电，仆"."l，、仆..1'1.， 1 ， ...
11",, 1 , ,.. ;!.-"IIhlB' ,1 ,,, 41 , 111 1...,1‘
用 d，陆画，川，巾 II!'!.
1"'"时的 1." ~，巾 n"忡川『而'"川、
11 "" 1=1叫'‘
,h" 1r ",,"'
"t.
h... 川， ..I.. l， .lh
nlth...t 川， "ι If '1""'" 、-
" • • 1.1"1'" fI" .1 I 叭 11" ,1.1"., 1111 "'+!rdl }).,\l IIt""‘ 1<1 .11 t,.. .11 ,."""... ,t 1.、 11 1< ,,, ， 1"11"" 咱川川 、 叫 .. ， IIII~U ， .I ，.""
""
'J
川"
川"川 ~I" 怀 /!r... 刷刷‘"叭\l lr ， t
1.1111 !-u,'h 1111. "".."
.".1叶。川
''';本 JIJ
气;
t t4
tIωl 叫 11110" mnd ,>rl! l'阳 d i!!O I !I'户 m.
-
IU Ll III‘，1，则叫'"川 11" 、 prw'lu"
t叫h、
ril 3
1111-1 ，划州 11 11".
•
叫伽，Iin t""'l~、』川 r"""ill!'- ，，，、 '-1111吧。 h剧阳 rw，: "'11 I 、 IUllt巾 1 川"
川唰川、、，Im"h"
fh唱，'0
1111 川 hll"'1I川" K 、1 ，，11.1111 UI叫，1..._ 1" 01 ，咐'川'萨川、 l叶。"岖oI')1'11 I<1 n ，‘ 111..... 、h川 IU 1 1"<吨吁，
01 <'1.，， 1 ，叶 1'， 1111 """响叮叮 Irh - '-"11
I'l w
ho]nlio" or Shao];"
s:写
H川 Ld Corn]ω
~'l ill日 FOUlld(lti( O)]>、
H\' 1 阳 InJlf:' spvenl俨t' nlh - c t'nlur斗 Slläolitl !IIυIIb w俨T俨 I lI min!! tl lf'ir attenlioll 10 il , ha阳i 川?让)<1 1 had alr叫dy lw t'1l higld~ dp\ f:' IOI阳1.
Tf w
Min在 pf' n阳 1 \\illl f:' ~~ed Ihe enwrgf' l lI俨 ()f indi
VHlual hUH' - ha叫刊 J M\l f'~， \\hi(.h \\'cr‘ id f' nll 阳l 叫 ch bv ils 0\\'11 training roulin t' ()f fixed PO~ilion~ (~fll ). I.ul!' - l\1 il咱 mihlar、 (~ru 、 ("Iopedia恼。"、I' ry !:'anw compilatHm~ (lI al Ja lH Jl:' d t!lf'
SIHiOlill 吨.!;lff - ('IllHT 凹 \le O\rf ‘川(，附 11 lJUall 内 lð ，川 Judil陪"'，' SongJ E lI1 p{'ror 刀l(I(l Tai-
lII:' J.，c m京→ Rangt'川叶" "C(川川 Zhan宵同C! ose - Hang f' Fi~l ，川" \colyt守 \Voßhiping Guanyin
~lifilt' ulou~ Fi 、 1" (To lI但 zÎ Lai gml1】、 in
,, 1lf'11
qlla !l ), "Zhall;< Fei lHjraculoll~ Fi.~t" (.'-hang Ft' i
she Jl qIJH fI). "Sun Fallli I~ Annon.d Fi~l" (SUII jia plgua ljuall) , "Ruler '" Fi"l" l Hawang q lJ a fl )
,
"付 lX -约i 们P ri~l" (Lillbll qllan
),
"J)仅'OY Fi~l" (F quan
),
and " \1 川， k问 Fi~l"
(Il川J quan)')'. H￥ Ihp parl 斗 ~ixh'enlh (肘""川， al l f' a'-I SOlllP fighting SdH削I吨 alrf' ad 、 had ha D( l-
writlen - if 1川 Pllbhshed - malluak ln his 1'fl:'创刊1:' 011 Milil，盯气 ffalrs. Tang Shu 川 hi (1507 →i5削) quolps frorn a han晶。"k 叫t! w " Wl:' n Family Fi"I." ).1 nu~ IIU叫 rωmprt'hrn .si\ 1'山川lIl t ~
of Ming - per lOd unarmed fi g- hül >g is Qi J阳旧Il g~~ ( 1528
1588) Es~{'nlials 0 1' tf附 Hand Combul Cl as ,; i(' (Vu丛盯 Jlll Jr J If'YBυ ), inelud!'d in his New
rH'ali~走。 f ~iJila r，' E fTi{"H~ lI(飞( Ji'\i 川 xinshu).
()i wus alllo叩 thr
J\1
osl S !l ce f'阳 ful aud inllo~a
Ilve gel >erals ()f 旧 x(eenlh - cenlur)' U lI na. He play t' d u rnaJor rolt: in Ih f' suppn 川 1011 !)f 阴阳t" V along Chinas 州 )uthea~krn 1:0 元"飞 ωwell a约 i Jl the paeification 01 11 日 nOlthern horders. In hi .s N们w Treali.~t~
of Mililm、 Effi川 f'IIC飞 11Jt' H-'!IOwn eJ gen f' wl t: overt'Jθ\' t'f)' asp f' d o[ rfHl~~ warhm
/'r om Ih町忧 Jectioll and training of In 叫时 10 di~t: jpli 肘， ωmmund ， 11:l dies , logi~li( 吨 uu町阳 e
book did nol r咱U 嗯ilalr f' a r! il:' r
mande的 hard
11I ililary
('01 l1
alld weap
piJations - it w出 based UpOll the 川m
- won {')，，!附 nene归川山 e baltl t' firld. Cornpleted in la \e 1561 or ‘丛 dy 1562 , Nt,W
I'r俨 alise allud 削怡 ιalllp(lI gn~ \\'川 1 by Qi onlv a f!~w 1II 0ntl恬 !'arli刊抖
Vi f; Esselllials 0 1' llw Hand C(町】 bal Ua崎 Î l' i~ 1101 onh a suπ 叫 of ('on \t' mponuy baw han{l!~d I f'chniqu时，
hut al回 Ilw !'adiesl
I:'
xtanl
lII
anuaJ 0 1' any. 'J" lw general .~un('y(~d ~i 耻的】
spamnι~tyles ， a Jl 0 1' wh H' h , he eoneluded , were "guilty of eilher emphωlZ IIl严 111" 10μlu Ihe
neglecl of Ihe h川 10m ， or Ihe 1川10m 10 [11 f' neglecl ()f 11附 lop.
., ."
Tn order [0 1I m"l 川 thr d f' fi
elenel f'!吨。f i m li\， idual 向 t~'I f'S ， ()i e]'!阳 ted a 剖 ntl lf';;is. H肘 chuse wllitt 11护 ('onsiclered WI' fC t \i e hest ，"时 y
- two poslure~ of all ml:'lh叫 s ‘ pxph l' aling eaeh with an illu ,; lra !i oll a Jl d a rh可 millg fom lU
la. Hi.~ Ir代alist' i~ tlwft' fuH:' a ImndlJOok nf IJÍ~
(J
wtJ ~ld [J dardizf'd hand - com !Jal tf' chnique
HU1 HJ
,.
"
,
1:;;
4仁林功 λt 1，/:、
写的
pmdicing tlw rnarll 川江 rt~
(l
nl- ~h()llld IW l! lll \\ ÎtI! Iwnd ('(l ml 川1
lIlI d
prOIT~ 仆川、lι11 1' 1I 山 Illn旦
飞飞 hpn th~ ， nwll)(川、 or li~1 川 \(1 ~I丛忏 arp υIId俨 r"lood. II Jt 、恼。川、 ~ppar and all ull ll' r kl'hnÎljlll 、 11('ι 、1"咒 Îalh 川村、 lυιU"lu'rt'
MmJd
仆 1 \\'<1、l'I' Îtic lI J υ1 nllWpn 刊叫 \U"P叫 Î llI pIÎ('utÎOII~" LHï( 川川、"】 battlt'
IIIO n'
Hl
叭 hwh 1IIOIIgh 削叫 J lI' tÎ('all 飞1' 1('出川职
III lJl"P si乒 nÎfÎc lIlI 1 Ihm】 1 ，俨 ml\、 ()f
\\<1"
!w\ lJ al 川 n l"n 川 lalH 川川、、根"川 V川 l r\ I lJ川 lw\()w! Ilw lï\('d II1l Îlilll 1! I( 川剧
且 1 ([11 川 pd a ('(川 lmO I1 mn 巾 al - a 叫叫飞 ill p:. a("("nrdill p: 10 whi ， -h: IpC'!川I( [ue飞
\"011 will be t"fft飞"、 t 飞、 illl
pmm>g. yOll
",
I'I IC 1!~'1If' 1
飞，\ Îlhl归 1υi 川 I' Jl I~ [l oHlu!('"吨{汀
d \"O lJ do m;l k(' Iltf' mi!>take
0]1(' tll O\(,
(""lII bat
FurtJwr-
,,
1 po~tllrill严"lIl d
illlu"" jlwff",o:t iVt" \\ilh lt' n mIJ\e~" rt 1,: [llJllgl1lS 轧 t 仆 l、 a~ demOll~\rakd t lH-11 Ihj"~ \"1('\、
wa，、 shared h飞出 10th川、 j"j俨叫 llh rf'a~"n
Iwd 110
[H:' rj(ll"ItI
("t'
nlu l"\ militar、奇、1"川、 rU Il饵川 hu 川~hi (1507 - 1560): "'1' 111
for [J o:-.!t u 作 ill tlw rna 叫 ial arl 喝川叭fJ lt 吨 rung.
I~
10 fil("ilil 刊 1(. tγall"叭 lúrm川 Î"ll"'"
川，，'屹立 111 fix l:" d P()~lllfl'~ ， hlJ l 111 a !"1 ual pradic l:" t/ wn. ilW 1m fixnl poslun'" l 附州 w nuid ‘ b lJ l 山 11
Form 、
飞飞 )WII appli( 吨 J Ihp\
~lrlH 'tllral <"hara("\('ri 吨，，，喝
mainl
EV f" 11 Ihou只h rrwrLial - a 叫 hi~I Ul i 剖忖Ul I Hl lllllO川、 pranw il. Vi Wll~ uml ， i乒忡忡川、 山。111 III~ I咽，enlia)s
0 1" tlw Il and
Con让 lal U 旧川
\s
,
!av in wp吓}O1l~ În"lruclinn f()r rna~" 1n 叫'但 not UH signifi(门êlnl. 衍情 h】1陀S
(jrl(
t!w 川 lll111êlJu !t 'r 川 T俨在 ular
Tlw har t'
-
Vi 、川。 III lllkn. ，~1
hand('d ~kill 民。 f indi 、 idlliil a 川川、阳'"
l mighl ha、 l' Iw t-'Il ev俨" 吼叫 K气 1 lor II lf' ir uss< l(" i
{巾 )i i; 叩 a PI严汗附俨呻IlI' 阳 n 叫川川"f飞 S阳 rrm 吨只 阳 咄、川刊川 ]χ-)()U 盯 l怕5 fn 川"川 1
N( 叭 r，附e圳a"怕伟崎， "川I川1 1\"li山litu内 F们{拙凶 ‘ '"铲、"阳" 、
h 叶 ('h ，叩 I f"r ， )ln'('ed叫 by
}川" 销 ha 山 1川川'"叶 d -{川吨呐1m】i 川川al 川"】 11 凶川川 1们lllal 、M、 aωS !川1 1-'吗，~('俨、2叫，，-叫d ，川 1川11011](' ))(川k 、
a di "，('laÎlll问 "B
rna~s wmfarl:"" How f"\ 时 • ex t"ITI阳川 N川'"在
"
-
h;lIl dl'd le("hniq lJt"~附叫"盯俨 1 ，、 111110 tl 1/.、 a l" l ,, 1
陀 lim巾 h刊F忖;a Jl(川 d川kω 飞U 川 》川j tml 川1m】扭 t山 1，】 (， II(川》川川dv 仰 1ο f 叫i仙 TOI"川 I川t ;11 飞 1山l七11' fOI 川"川川 H L!
IÍon of 阴 p 1门川'"旧 Wfη-y IlI J山 h】 larv 叫5血，，，ιd "fl 怔1 【川川Jr ml讨lil aJ川、 rm才 h，仆州"川 tdl 1HI 币。 1 、.H'll竹 、俨四 rs lulε ， - 树 JI/'n Ihe hit lt"l 归
Ill'
rill
,
W! lOl llad 1W(' 1l r叫"、叫
from offi 时， sal duwn 10 revi~e h刊 writingi'， lw (lpcid 时 10 ('x('i ,,(. hand 们)mh
mn llwm alto
J"l"
gelher , ln 1584 , 111' deleted t1\t' EHHI-' ll!ω15 of t/lt' Hllnd Comhal 仁 1 ，灿 Í(' from t!w ~
lI owaduv"
rareJ y 陀 ad ~ fou 川 Pf" n - ehll[ 阳.rs
可
\"f"
rsÌoll of tlu飞、咱们、 Treali;w on Mililan I<:ffi('i('IH 飞
电局 Ma MÎII 俘 la ha、旧』盹啊!刷l
t ;1磁摇撞在;t;
1;滋差多滋路拟可
i 心\h:J:ìtd如蛐收蹦脑;Ùl..，
"
'1'11<' E\'olution of 另h8nli Jl Ha川1 (:，川，bat
the \\/ csl ( 1592) ha 吨!:'\'("Il the quillL户~:3e 川 ial staff -帆 aITH汀民uu 轧 "k川咯自 ).!;hl wilh IllS fists. In t川(' jnstanc(' , lh ", valiu lJ l monkl 、 j~ d 叮川、f'd of lt比 weapoll b飞 u demoll
,
who sna h' hes it ‘川 uy
wjth a ma用r: filk l. The u l1 urtned SU Il \Vukong res (I1 is !o hand (吨lmhut 叮 giving ttw iluthor an op严内lH1i h [0 di 吁 .I Il Y hi" familiarit飞 with tlw l" on[l' mpo rHl)' jar在on of "postures" (~hi at叶 jiazi )、
" LO lJ!;
Ruug<" ~川"们 hangl]lHill )守旧 ld "Uost'
-
Op t' lling wid f' the Four Levt' l~ !'o5Iure~: The doubl(' -
-
Hange FisL" (duanquan)
(J
ki("kin~ fed 丑￥\l p
r、斗 'fu
Tfwy 剖 ab 川只阳all" 丛口 d hea叫 h
'I' he hmno叫且I pointing the \\'a飞，
t 1l0
川 Ridil毕 the Crarn、'
A Hungrv Ti冉、 r I'ou !lein在 ml 111(' I汁?飞 18 11]( 的t hurtful; A
])ragl 川 Playing
l' hl'
u冉冉
demoll king
rhe Great Sage
with
l'l1I
Sprinkling
Lo ose
i 忖J-I oms
Earth with heds upturned; flea￥ pn 包 hag
lun阵.
A green lion S up f' n • mouthed ~n叫吁民 d
vi('iollS
T川 lillg
ploys a Deer
The wrist twiHts am l1 nd to seize A carps
q Ul te
a Serpelll Turnin p; Arolllld ';
plungl 约 10
rhe dragon
tn' i的
\\/(l
- back flip
flowel宵1)H~r th(可 h('ad;
Tying a ropp aro l1 nd the waisl; A fan moving \o\.ilh lhe wind; fhe rain driving 巾 Iwn the flower吨 The rnonster - f\ pirit the l1 AnJ pil p; rin> counlerH The LJ 呗
\'i
\l ses
Ihe Cuanyin Palm , ,
ith the :-\rhal
Fe时'
Range Fist', strekhi 吨， is muæ slack
Ho\'i川I1 ld
it comp
The !w() ()f them fought for
of lale - Ming E肘陀s 饨s阳 刨叫刊吐 e d
the
cleare同 t indi ，况lioll
阴 mef.鸣 gellc 町 eofanew ι ♂‘ n阳
of
al韧 for
of edueation: women , merchants ,
jabs?
matched
月
that bare - ham !t'd techniques be r: ame all inlegral dellwnl
('叫 川ltur凹'(: 怕J>， pr。肝"挝 u de 刨叫 d 怡 hv 俨川"川【 l叮叩】edi阳as
the male IJUfeaucratie dite , Lut
Fi.~ts'sharp
rou J\t I"
None was the strunger , for they are evenlv Pu >ò sibly Ihe
of eOUfse
,
for
da 创t叶h'
hou 旧"优叫 由 dho 叫 old manual飞s吗
,
use.
1η 川 E陀 e SIX 叫 刘1怡 x 阴们叩自川川 e I川1山 h wp陀
which
othcr scgmellb of society thal
art臼ans ，町 1(1
Ih f' like. Sometirne f\
-
t'e 付叩 n】刊'uη 、叭 阳v凹飞 w !吁1
inlellded nol only for
had 陀ce1V阳1
ref.εrred
a modicum
!o Ly tlw generÌ(
title CIJJ Jl plete Hook of Myriad Treasures (Wanhau quanshu ). Ihey covered ev t' ry aspect of knuwledg e- neC f' ssary f(lr maîntaining a I> ousehold: f rorn pra r:t i‘ "1
副 I\'iee
on maki l1l' a
li川 叽阳 v m 吨 1珞， Iω 0
阳川10 川咄咀咀1<川【 (:a 0ω3 忧川1\， ntua让l. 副 a u】叫，1 ω 阳" 川r 吐 0 s咄 h阳 m川t怕 ha 创n】叶 d chara 献-[忙阶~呜 (s 咀 ul<归皿 囚i z
), the encyclopediai'
leatu陀 d"刊 n伏 S
, J川剧配问幽幽且每叫"皿问叫叫叫"咀甲
on such diversp tnpics as
-圄·器问战略过如是飞
己仁林功 J、文集
58
fannÎng , li Vf> s!o('k bre臼 li Jl g ， tradl、， arithnwl陀、 di 川 rlllliOIl， nulrilion , h!:' !l lth , ('ulli在 raph斗，
IIl U
苗 ie ， j{)ke~ ， and even rnmalle!-'羊
HouseholJ enqdopedîa i' ll] 怕 devoted SP
w 飞轧 元布f、 町y (W a 即a盯O 阳"咆"址~h f' n !，wn区
), 岛j "' 咀 叫 m 呵 n 3刊pJ!:' ， Ji 、剑;ts 川1肾e hv Oll f' th>w 缸 f;an阳 U贝l仙S Ullrl' - handed teeh <
Il ique~ of the day sueh af气" Emp('ror 、叫 mg Tai :m '5 Long - RHn p; e Fist ," \V t' ll Family 'Vl OV Hl g
Fist ," "Sand - W'ashing -矶山t's Fi" t" (l .an gl 阳 osha quun ) , and "Spear - S f'i-t. i 咱们旷 (Qingqiang quan ). I"or their real!ers'benefit , the 俨 d巾r污 sdet'lPd ehoi阳 pnsitio[]s from t1 H~，.;!:' "可 ing 5lyles , explieating each with
(l
rhyming !(Jrmu!a and an i1!lJ slflltion. '"卡飞 id!:'lltlv ， SIJ(, 1>
manuaJs as All - PU巾'附 Cnnecl 矶时 mirror the gmwing popularity of bare - halldpd fighlÎn区， cvenωthev 口， ntribu tt-u
10 il;; di i>5e minatinn
Ming - pt'ri时 unanr 吐 techniques ， which ar t" recorded in ;;íxteenth - e t" lltll r; literatun. served as the foundation for new hare - handed slyles , which Some of t1 w most preme -
im拟)rtant
Ultíma配 Fisl)
martial
5v~tems
""iL h whieh \w
f'
l'IIHII IIl属 centur飞
merged in lhe
a陀 familiar
today - Taijj Quan (Sn
, XinF;yi Qnun (}'orm - und - fnl俨川 Fi ;>, t) , a时，
lI
f
l'OU 川
飞}uan → origínatt'd 111 Ihe sev t' nlf>enth - century \1 in在。 ing trunsition pt' riod ,
pose , it is signifieant thal nlueh 01" thiH npvelopmellt took plaee within rangl' of
Shaolin
For
(>
ur pur
tllP叫}凶 )Iin
Mor >
嗣"η
Other Fighling Styles In Ihe winter of 1930 ,
pi川附 ring l1I artial
- m1
h 州 tori !l n Ta吨 Hao
to Chen FamiJy Village (Chcnjiagou) in 'Ve!l
Cou 川 y
comhined texlual scholarsbip wiL ll field work ,
W2凶蛇arching
(IR97 -1959) trav f' led
of northern Hl:' nan. Tang , WhllH I:' f()r malerials on
r阳县 reh
the 川-i gills
of Taiji
Quan. which was known to hu\"e I)een deyeloped at 出 e villagt' , He un曲同 hed tlwre two Qin p: documents whieh suggelltclj that Ihe fnundatinns ()f the world - renowneJ te < Imiqup had lo t' t'n laid in
the 附 venteenth l:enturv
过 fnmily
history (jiupu ), which attril Jll ted 111<' C/ Wil harf'
handed slyle to the cl扫a皿口 S I1I】n时th - J!严‘ n附era ‘-atioωn' 山r and a r酣 ~mb 问Y 即 th 趾， 阳I 础甜附 t怦忻铲付 'T ， 由 di怡 阳挝盯，;1副 e n吨 hi 山剖 川 m 阳￥H'n n 削 m 凹 川 n'"刷 川 0ω I川1 nf a 帆l'阳 【qψl旧础山削 n 阳 t 刊 hni 叫 1肌q 叫u 时 e. Mo 耐 s引t ，刨ehn 川 仙 0 lar川~ 旧 h av t' aceepted Tang Haos \.iew thal Chen
，民 all l--，.-f ings martial 川轨制 eith e-r
diate aneeslor o[ - the Taiji Quan \\.ith which we aæ famìliar
the sam e- Il S -
Cb描昌都始
啤守法
4 庐 i
).."'.
th(:'
imn附一
day , even \houg\ > ill Chens 、.\lf
[lI
viving writìngs the tenn "1
C
tlf
"昼，'，~呐，.，..:.:;μ
jiif;
当9
1'1,.. t 、。i 川 i"" (lf 叫u叫 in HUlld ü , mhat
号
I Dll州的 '1
1川队飞 elll川 Court 川 to k f' ep
hand ('mnl 泊 t
(!j uan)
,,
("咆m Jl llll."'. \\:ht旧j，Of叫‘ 1 inV f' lll t ，"t'hniquf 吨。f
; d \l rîn军 th俨 1" 附V ~f' llSO([ ， 1 till Ih~ land; lèlkin严 Hd 、 fmta~t'" (11" my l f'i阳时，
1 im;lrucl a few di~t" ipl f''' anJ t! esc t' ndatlls , and li 民t'rs.
(J\(>
t'
nabling Ih f'1II 10 he{'olllP
f"
15ilo,.' H筑业 ron区划 (lmg01附
"1
Chen W'lH1 glÎn民 S nali l"f' villa~I' ， Ch f'1可'"在:011 ， WH.，、 1(1(' al俨 d approximatelv 主 5 rnilrs nnrth of
thl~ Sh 川 lin 肌 ma"kry (附萨 tllap). H O\w\' 时，肝 k 川 w th~!1 tlu、 Taiji Quan fuund t' r~ 叫附 r ha r1 bHJught 111( 11
t'
wn CI 帆 r 10 the tll(H1 u"h叮
‘
D..I\旷阳在 C川 mh landlord narn .1 Li J 川 u
engagf' d
III
I部门，，'、
(YIJlhai) -
tlw
( d川 U 阳托 r th f' •
afll
,
W]IO durin f!" lIw Min j!: Dyna，，!、 s wan 口'在 y(~ar向 wa.;;
l.i I11-HI f 的时 llishe(忖 1i" bas f' 111叩 tbe Song \1ountain's " l Jllp" rial Forl"
\"e
Jl)
Chen I ， ad 阳 rticlllil.ted in an ('XI阳Ii tioll against a
r) place Wh f'fI'，副 (:ording t价 Jq;川 ld ， Sh 拟， Ii l\'~ I\l telary d 削，"、、 alraparJl
(lah"r 叫llf'd Ji l1 nal \lIl), had rerealed his dimul)" as a slaIÎ 一川俨Jding gi-
101
窗台?步.八扭太姐夫
片商妥。像变朝
二
夕
-"
! 11.. ， 1 ，州州悦。
f'()L lI th' !1:1 wl
电飞
,
飞机络组酷
nμ~UI山Illt'
- IJl iU nut c-
r: i .c如!刊孙('J'"iJi
!'il l> U)
,"
-1.:，川 h~1 Cl~"啡【
K川、 !;>ff
;:1
the
"川
A 自乱斗 句 Z
队 65322 归叫庐叫
少林功夫义集
60
Chen \\'an伴 m但(Tf'a l!刊 1 his I旧 n" - handed st Y}俨 in th f' corr山 a t. 11 巾，川 Id
nol
C01l1 P 丛 s
sha陀d comn川 n Ira 写乱"川Is - ~阳uch a.~川 丛川 n ω 们 『阳叫 川，，什l11 a怜圳a怕约 叮叩'"川川"> N w，此lh 、纣J 旭υ 叫lin Quan , 1'h>, ，廿俨问111 卫n "taiψjμi" (S 仙毛叽"1山
'..dl~n
-
th俨划Jaolin mOl1 ks 飞ww lurmll严
s叫，rist'，
a
1 1I~ '1 叫 i ()u础。
ther t" fo ff', thal
到M 这始写 EFA
their Il tt f' ntinn to hand
the se\'enleenth cenlu fI
ih of the SI】川 lill M川川由 O.
3
ùuring Ihe sallw peri叫
V H'Hl
川l
1ilti川m旧"忧e) fì尽g"山z陀它忖 m> 忖haoli口m 、 H‘川"】K川d ιomhal
IIl t'
4UYU山 K创 zaM咱 叮P 叮 AM J吼叫3号 ZLt鼠W院mgdw洁白阳 rh 叮吩总如在萨市川 苦恼阳WVJ V 呻 h Ju
Classie (5肘 i Jl ustration no , 9) , lusl as th f' mon邮作叮 s le l!;end of th俨 staff - wieldi l1).!: Vajrapani found its way into the Chen Family's military wrilings 悟 "Mo的t rwople 守" write~ -"1ιltsuda Bv'/ chi , "believe Ihat Taiji Quan a Jld Aeluall)'
in
,
11附 ir ba~ic
SII剧 Ilin
QUHn
a 陀 ι'Ornpl 俨tdv
method，、，
postures , hand -
l f' g -
dilferent
m叫hωI~ ，
an!1
form约川l1 alld
eombal
!咣 Iwr 们目 hling
aspeets
,
:he iwe bdyies ame tBxdv allke"" T"ψQ"且n
,
was
n创 the
nnl) hMe -
handt'J 同 tyle
whi('h emerged at the Shaolin
\1 onaf吗t f'rv ;.，
vicinity , BegÎuuÎng in Ihe sevent f'f' nth eentury , and all Ihnlugh Ihe Qing - period , Il f' nan was a hotbe!1 01' mmtial m1s. Along the Ydlow - TIiver basin (from Shan :>..Í, thmugh I It:mlll , to Shan (!ong) 啊1e
I1 U/IIt" fOU5
,
intimatf'
plains is
fighting styles
ponn刷 lion
many of th f'/II in the
hetween martial arl
atte~ted h斗 comlllon
name of a bare -
emergt~d ，
hand叫 styJe
J\
【 onteλt of 吨t'dariH Il
aml 陀 li 自IOU!; 5eelanan凶 m
( (!lI1I11) as
weU 凶 a
rdigÎ()JJ
(j i阳)
and our
,
1\1 川 h
in t! w
omendature: \\'e hav t> s t" en aIH)\T lhat Plu f1l
-
of
its 叫 ptured Illt' mber窗口luny
that 白'"陀d
Il
N 川 1 1I-'rtl
allle Henan
of whom came from Hua CO \lIl!\, lI emm
provide is wÍl h the earli帖 t ac们川剧~ of the ha陀- hanued slvle of that Ilalllt Another unarmeJ style
th俨
earli t'"，叭 idellet 叫
1786 , and again in 1813 , the Eighl-Trigrams sect rebelled!n H('bei und confe旧iOlls
- Chillll
Flow t' f was
Eigh! - Trigram;号 PaJ m (Bagua Zhar 但). eomes from t1 w rel吃 IOll剖 upn 归 fl!!: o f' lhal The
reh f'J1 ion
in Qing - perÎOIj
Henan 附 Xin何yi
川
QU!l.ll
(
Fnrn > ( l nd
lnlent Fi;;t) , also known 副 Xinyi I.iuhe Quun (1\'li [l( 1 - und - Inlent Six - Halllmllies 盯>òt)
路 1KT在响可 γZJf执b Jf123 wh 盲 M点和防协仙譬h 如u 妇b "υ 川ur2
Qing - period manuals and family hislories su四川 tha! il was createfl hv Ji Jikd 11. 1650) 吁 who
wa 电 a
native of
Henru凶 neighboring 约 lUllXl
pruv lIl ce. Ji i" ,.aid 10
h 川!'ft' al 叫 his
f'
mpfy
handed 5tyle on the lJa呗自 of a 5pear method , in wll Î! :h he had 俨引俨lIed. FoIIO\\il以!l w Malwhll conqu酬，
he wa5 reported to havt:
~aitl
lhat bart"
-
hand时 fighting w出/11 tH刑叩 propriate
anned combat for peaedul time5. By the eighle f'lI lh -
!'，卅，，， ηat
any rat t",
Ji 、 \illgyi
than Quall
had been lransmitt阳d to Henan , where a local suh - style em t' rge!L One of tlw t'arlie5t extant Xingyi
treati盹5 ，
Mind - and - Inlent
创x
- Ilarllluni t'&
Fi"t 毡 Mallual
(Xillyi Liul l<' Q lI an pU)
wa5 likely authon凹J in Henan , WfWft , il was di5covere , 1 by Tang Hao m llw ear il' 1\"'<-' l1 lielh I'entury. The manuaJ CaJTÎes four prefac f'吨
d"叫 1733 ， 1735 ， 1754 ， and 177Y 一山 11 hy I\ en !Hl
authors 惊
Aceording to 50me Xingyi malluals , 1i Jike had spent over ten year将 al 11 1(叫 l i1 0lin Monastery , wht~r俨 he studied - and
'n taught - fighting. 'ψHowev f'r ， this daim slmBld be trealed
f'\'t
cautious1y: Wi> ereas the fighting 叫 les IIeuan eonneetion i5 undoubted , its fO lJlI d ,'r:" pe l"5onal
a.ffiliation wîth the
mona5teηshoul!1
hc
question叫
if
for no
oth俨 r
reason than !wl'a IlSf' il
怕
斗民
~
!d 一
叫
J
现
tf
Duriflg-
u~d?
5u5piciously recurring mo Li f in the hagiographies of numerous martial - aπpalriarch~
isω
Z J
Tf lt'
F 、 olulion ..f 业1aoli"
61
C"n让川
Ha..d
the Qing p t" fiod , a 宫 h 叫 in ('O !l nf:'t'l wn 呵 )Iwars tυbaH. be们川 lt" II pn: r<叫".州 I t" i11 maltial - a r1 mythoiop:y ，勘 th t'
iJlVt"
nlors 0 1' J\{'Wι p:hling slyl t" s
r ~uPf附叫 to have trav t" l t" d 10 Ilw
\\'t' t'
fl)
onas-
len and 凹 aslf:' wd ib t川 Jtrlique~ !川()feιrpuling th!' Jr ()wn sup t" rior on!'s. The 1‘，eo川 lary fou 叫" of tbe "lnterllaJ Sehonl" (Neijia ), ZhU11g Sa11rl 。在 (11. 14CX1 ,?). i~ sai{l to haH' thofoughl) studied the Sbao Ji n ~t~lt" fwfore "w\ersin旷 ÎIs prlll('\pl t' s. "何imiJarly ， '\1/ang Laug (11. \7, 1,
5
口 uluη) ， pfe叩 mcd (陀 ator of 11](' I'mying - Ma Il ti;; Fi 叫( Tan民 1 an g: Quan ) ，、\'a~ J 附 lie\ed tO havl号 re~ided at the Sbaolin Mona附凹， wh俨 rt' he \\'a~ rep!'at何lJy defeal t" d hy it筒。ut~tandillg
ma r1 ial a巾约t~
ι
L!'aving the rnona、\e ry in d!'~pair ，飞~':ang ‘ p!'Tl t s俨 w'ral ~.ear飞 O!l \h t' IlJðd , until
ht" happ l' w:Il OTl e day
1J[lon
‘
a prayî 川在
ηHl1l tis ('atdling a ei('ada. Imitating th
in~t' d;' l'o relimbs
6
he invl河 lted his IIniqll !, ~ty!t"， WI l l ' ft' UpO )l hp retuflwd to Shaolin , and fìna \1 y (川lTam!' his ad versanes 圳
lf we lum our a1tention frorll \11t' ('onsi(lemtion 01 individual 圳 1. 吨 \0 th俨 ~xamill - hand时 机'a 1i8e.~ were a180 written elsewhne
- tlw Inlt:nml … Sd川1 F'i ,;1 Methml (NI'ijia quan fa )
( 1676) , for t" xarnple , in Zhejinag -创 )me ()f t!](' n帆寸 in l1 uential Qin j!:
-
period 11怯lIl uaJs wt" re
authored within a dav or two '.'; mule rid t" fro 响 \he ~haolifl J\.lonH叫 l~ry. Chang Nιlizhou (11 1740)
(K: flned
his l川 rtial - art lreuti;;e" at Si"hui , ~"'ne thirty )nÎI t";; north of th!' l1lonasteη ‘
andWall~ZtJllgyue
(0.1780) , alheita 灿 anxi nativt: , probabl~' auth 刊 J his theo fl' lieal Taiji
Quan essays either in J. uoynag or 1n Kaifeng , wh f"f e he
'sided in t\w 1790s 制 Likl'wi仰， Cher>
f{
Changxing (1771 -1853) anrt Chp J\ Xin (1849 -1929) 川口lpiled their THÎJi manual民'"
H ，雪nan号1) and ，出 we haVf~ seen ，、 ang Bîng (h. 1672) au\ l!o ff' d hi" P!um - Flow ( ' f Ot1t" in province Í; Neihuang County (SI'(' map)
,
Th俨 Xin阴. "地 nual
\Ì w
Mind - and 一 Jnt创刊 Six - Harmo
nies Fist was pmhabi)' written in the pr川口付 a5 wdL \\/t"口 'Y .吁mdude ， llwr山附叼 lhat Shaolin hand comhal pro5pt'1" ecl 111 a r它庐ion lhat had (l la、 e(! a majnr role ill lhe evolutiofl of Chine剖 bare - handed fi~hling 'fhe lale - Min在 alul early - Qing \\'e陀 plY创 al fwriod约 in the histoη 。 f Chir lt' HI' hand {'omDrawing on ear\ ier , Ming - p!'riod , quan t刺 Imiqlles ， th l:' 、，ev t"nteellth
bat
Ihe 仙lf:rgence
()f
时w
bare -
hand叫 st"II:~ ， whi巾，
three - hundr r- d
付 ntll1飞、~itne55ed
H"U阳 lat r-\"，
\\"'W
all over the world , The ori伊n刊 of 1、'aiji Quall , Xin l!:yi Qllan m>d Shaolin Quall V四tiges
()f which ar(' fl'corded in Hand Comhat Cl assÌI' alld
Xumljis 气 cupun l"lllr('
10 叩ft'ad
th t' earli t'..\
I'"inls - ('an
be traeed equaUy 10 the Ming - Qing transition !'ra NOleó (f) On lbe e、."olulioll of 业130lin slafT t t'dl叫川，"" Mt' j[' 'i h"har "Ming:"" Pni叫 E\'idcll"" 川、l凶叫 ill Ma!tial I二nK'tÎc，，"
Jianqin , 川
Harvard lournal o[ Asiati,. "Mir耶阳 Shaoli" Wl山 II
2003 )问).
kao" ,
61: "0. 2
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in 叫酬li" goι1.. 协'"""J'
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i" Jingchuan
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ff
Wanli 吨川，内叫酬5舶仲
头沪、
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i 兰奇
苦
少林功夫又集
62
print in SilHl川咄an (Shanghai: Shang川， 1922) , 2.81 , @Tang Shunzhi , \\'u hian '1 ia叩， 5.37丛
5.3%
(4) 鸭 a吨 Shixi吨 a l1 ud，'" to ShωJi n M川 k~} - ~t).le fight川Lg (H川川， ~cr his "Song you ji"
川 hiH Wl1 n Lt"
V川《阳( 1593 e.J it川')， 1. 2h - 3a; , ee a180 Gongnai , "'i haolill gu回附】但 i川 hi g..ρ(" \V Il I,.!o in)'; 1灿灿 aol川
r. O
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p,.t,." ) • ,..盯 1 W'en Xian!'f..，屯"、 ouSbaolinji" ("AJ 町ne ，' to Sbaolin 门川崎 aolin 8i zhi
5
( prefar 俨 174!!) ， mmpil"d hy y" F..叩川 a 1. , r..vis" rJ hy Shi Yizao 1 (r. opy ..t th 俨 HarvaTII - 'r俨川 hing Li ], mr}}.， 7.2aa阳 13.23" ''(''I-''.'<"I i ，'屿
aml 川 S
盼山 Ji 川("盯 lbl
Al'l"uunl uf a juurn町 lu So，，~ ~Iou"lai ，，") i"
Yuan Hongdao , Yuan Hon醉创 J' J山 jiao , a""ollll..d !川 ()iarr H 灾 h..ng (Shanghai: Sha吨刷刑 i ， 1981) 5 1. 1475 (.5)CI，.."区 7""岛四，
Shaolin gUl úa ('hanω吨， in hi川 .e咔}" sb.. ，，1ti i(T，凹， b"iqll"~ fo甲 After -- FannÌ!唱 Pa5
time) (1621 ..diliorr) , 3. 7h 值~，， ()uan jjng: ~)u
(Shanghai: Chanyin ln , 1936) ,
兑阳 u [，ia an (T血 b 础 阮凹 ei:
(lJ
lso ",'ailllbh. in
忡。阳在呻怡陀 prinl
in vo l.
•
in \l iaoyuan
101 川 t川."吨巾巾" 川 ljid 叶ILt"ng
Xin
hai: Clloji xn{'sh" , 1927) (川'1')' ~司"吨hai T.ibra盯) (Jy如 Qllarr jl 吨， Qι"" 也 kivω
I'wfar 俨
1a - 2a , 1. 1 , and 1. 7 , wh..rf' Cao expl创 n ， IJwl ZI胞吨 K川职
zhaos manual hωhpen transmitted in hi时阳lily 阳例臼 a ('f'ntu巧 preface 1a , and 1. 14a. Two olher lllm1ial nrtisls wlou aw W叩a昭 {'Ol11pil陀 Quan jin饵，
阳 manual
a11udes
Qllan fa
aJ附 to ~nothcr
teacher; see Xuanji
bt'i}'~阳，
prt' fa f' c 1a , and
milila1)' exp..rt
xU l': d liO qllan jup ,
mi 臼hOll
l11f'nlωned
仁 hen
prefa，'~
Cmη阳怦 Xua叩刷 6holl 立lI "dno
in [,(1 ),
manual纳 are CI]('n~ Jir刷刷 and
Xna叩阳的 hou X lJ时 HO
Songquan
quan ju俨
后f
N
把
Hu
quan jut', j. 3a. '0,,, jut
叶剧， 7.hal唱 Ming'e 叫山川，阳约!o is
2a
也 Com飞pare Qua Jl jin饵 QUHn fa IIl': i)'山，2. 4a ， 2.15a , and Xllmψm ，州 hou xuedau qnau j ,w. illuslration ,;
1.
1. 4a ,
1 侃，
(⑩ 9丁》冶阳肘 Tang Ha.剖3 缸川时 Cu I.iuxi
15
盹 Isud 血. Ry 归 uchi ， ZJlI川"川"川"叩 t咿严照 J且民l附 10 川"由 Wl ho 封shi诅10 盼 e (1恤"，0 刑Nι!阳翩刷l仰 "叫 .fZm忧"恒"" 口η 仰】此"阳 "ωtυ"叫u 川t阳 W s队 忱川'"呻hi) (Ta 丛吁，.. i: [)a 沁"叫 1吁'l1H~ and Mal ，"，川s阳， 198 陋 6) ， pp.34-3 始 5，
57
-曲
(5e e Tang Hao , Shaolin qllanslm rniju" kaozhe吨 (目叫hai ， Sha吨hai (;lI oshu 川咐 nhlli ， I94I) ，，，"1' pp. 70 -74 , 99 - 138. The Shaolin 'l uanshn mijlle
r叫 ~r"
jo
Ilnng'l nan 刮目飞、山l'地川
@Qulln jing; Quan fa heiyω1. 1a. This is larg..lv 1川军las Wi!I': S llanslatinn of l l1 e Qi Ji~ lI a 叩民阳叫p that had 附rverl ，."仇俨 Quan阳吨。 S()l!l\'r; c,,'C Douglω \\， il ，，_ T旧 Cllis A肘 fsl"Jb T怜!tlaking "f 川 I lJ lernaJ Arl ιtv ， Swe<川 Ch\ Pre"~ ， 1999)
,
in Qi
Jigllan~
,
阿).
1H - 19
Jixiao xinshll: "hilm juall hen (('a. 1362) , ann刷刷 I hv (齿。 \Ven山咔川! l.ii 'r; >";..", bi
yanjill congshu
(B..iji 。在刀川ghull ， 2∞ 1) ，
14.227 -22'>; Douglas '>\'il ..<_
In"，~刑 1师斗 T 山
Chi 毡 Ancestor毡， pp.18--19
( Ming - perind 1附 attrihutedωSong Taizu also 由何阳 hniques ，川山 i ， 'h th.. histo lÌ elll ,'mperor mighl
飞弘引m 忠rbk
( In Qi Jigu~ng
ZK
(New
have be四 V('f!
So ng Taizu
p贸部地』附 Y俨仁川 irl
Chj (F "hmary 2 闹剧，阳
K
Ka~h ，
"T1... Original
F.lllperur~
L:mg FiHl
S、叫r 旷.
Kung Fu
'L丛l
10 ← 19
@!'h e 附"协 titled .. Chongxill I \t-n阴山 ng ji ( " H... 叫，，[即 SUSI-"， nd..， I-
E''''' l"H ld
'>'n ,lI i"n" He"()ll
stmclÌon" 1. Thc 1677 刽町 a Insc lÌ pti f1 n "f Sha峭的山 hot Nirr严ran (叫川旦( " Ni"Wan C"i~，川职 taming l,.. il)
radical: xuan 1h. 1 am
gr冠 leful
to
A，/俨 for
both
lrm椒 n1此J()tl 飞
;;
汇
allude. lo Xu!!'呗叮 edfiωLlI)' a, a "fighti吨 monk" (WUS"" I< aZ 1 ). Hρ" t"\t"r ， ， t 恼 rite8 his U8 1t1 t' "ilh 1/'" ""'1"/
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巾M 川川1> fa 怡 1w 川l川\'U(ω'. 附 pp ，
101七， -1 页ha
何 X阳"" 川 i ， hou .\U丧气 !UO ljUdll j仙 呻 Stt ~)i J 阳叫
(纠 huug-h拍
1. 11h-12a
Ji\i ，lO ~jll恰hu; , Idha j阳!Jell ， 14.229; H俨 L;ul' g:(.h，'n Cougsllll in'h.. Jl g , .d;lion
Sh" 咱'"'11. 1939\.2_ 26: Ch..川~ Z"" I-"OlJ，叫， ~oli" 严 m fa. 3_ 11 ,,: ""'\ Ta'哝吗'1I 1"hi. W" hiall
'l ianji.5.3
n,
日伴 "Iso "duanrlu 叫 '"χIwng停刊 \\w.hu 1川 k.. 'l uun岳阳， (/kij >n g-, ZhOllg-得Jt) dahaik俨 quall ， lm
1998) , p_ 171 t~如 Bll川飞恪划川 f'I'P ".196R)
弓 50
\ran" , '['1 ,.. (;0"' 1'1 巾叽 ork ， 01 ChUIIllg Tw (N 号"、创k ， C ，山 ""I ， ia [I "i\，川t、
号l
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~dυ"'11'θ I:! tt' ikr
Manu"l ,
山町、 u. lI.叫 Fu 协""~I吐_<， \\'ushu Train;ng
_ \\ 11
⑧Xuur可; ", i sh"u X l1俨 ao q l1 an )11俨
Llan!\
a阳! \1/"11
(I':a~!
P""'id.. ,,,.,., Way o[ th <,
Il"，)!:，川，， 200 川，
M ;o内， 1 ，-\rl~ 忡
p. .1 63
1. la - h; ", I,.. r(' IIw l~'nl~ ar.. sli lJ 1,<, iHA 1I"<,d 1 \'，川"，， 11叫、市川
)"
- Ching \l/lI
@、坠槌吧啊 凹e .，出刷 e 1川 ri 巾 ，. krna k 町'"， 陪 肌f仨恤且"皿川屋川，"【ras M 耐?骑斗 d 业i咱t 、 驰'"川川 bri W 町皿 ri05' rR H川 巾 d仙 11仙 !h，刊，~'"引'" 丁 Tar 川川川 n川"盯q 阳， μ，. .. ,." 口山llllf、 (川 p" 、'"胁 i~ ， Gω 圳 d 赳 1;，川"川 I
串航 ι se~
llb;
p阳a阳 Q山川川唱肌; 胆 1J讪u山""臼}协 bpi 削l川"叭、1. 川 2 911 - 31a , awl X lI aoji 阳川 ~updao quun 刊"， 1. 1010
also "wi
q山川"川:r.hon阻帕叭1J~!o ll
balk..
qUHn~I Il'， 1'1'.
131 - 132
a亏、仍在 S!ud~ of [如 Hooj!， "叩笋 Mllrtial i\ rt~ Film (I! tln['. K川j!，: (山川(峭川 1.1 相)) . 1'. 216
(() ..皿扒吨; Quan Ja kiyao , l. 16 [,; ('o"' I'
127
精到<'~ Malsιa Ih'! ,.h>, pp. 123 - 125; 附俨 111 ，0 "、阳''lin l' quan in /JH>"~飞1'\'" "'!l "I'lll'lI i~ ，. oJ"",,, hll , 1'1' 122-123 ， a叫 Hoo
Chi
1 肘。"Th俨 fi<，ul ri白 of
K.
(1'吨 ruarv 2剧的
48
t 1Jr\': Tlw
.-\r1 i~b
alld ..\rL川r\ of
MiztlI驭。WII" K"叩 Fu
Tui
-53
⑧写..." Mals 1I u Ry? ehi. 1'. 129
( See Qu札 JI jing; Qu~o fa b"i }'U o , 1.181人2. 19a; s..~ also Yih叫 M 川ldoH民 qiYlllln 1副川， ，刊1. (Jinan: Shandon!( d""ue , 1990) , p. 89; "M f' ihuH 'l uan" in Ch恤 11011ιS 叫】 o
quall
Luolll 阳巾吨，叫
Zhon阳"阳山 IJ
I ，u
Hai ,'hao '1 H '/ i1
pp
盯
baik.'
quan~h". 1"
W 刊 1"阳h川!J，. "an I...., i.
1,\1 'r d"
122;ω叫
1994) , 1
409 -453 f刷刷， y 忡罕 lan yundûoll qiyllao lall 川 Ga刷j~ng ji部 'yu ，
jing:
88
川1 Zhotl W <，il 叫， Zhol 聊阳"， "~hu 喝hi (lki
2(K13) , pp , 86 -88
晤fJw 阳 nM 川川川 1川a叫i 阳 叫， r<)d 归u阳时1 ;0 Yilwq 川叫E阳 刊川"阳"川"川 i
en>俨"k τ 山 e Ori区悍'"附s of币 t胁b俨 l:Iûx对('f l!pri 吗别'"呻g (B，'rk，'什1 ，.\ 吨
l. nl川1 、\'<，'，， '1竹v ,,1' ( 臼州lifo， ω丁w 讪, 冉 p n 附 , 1987) , 1"
1 --1抖 9
，J;:Þ~f'.f'. SUßafl Naquin , Mill f' flHrian !l ~bdlion 川川ina ( N.. ", Hav~n: ì' al ,' r "ivrr~it\' P"'''' 1976). f'
31
;把t.
also
Esh臼
k，
jbid
:!þS明 Yihf'quao y l1ndor咯 q!) uan 13ωIJO ， pp. 83 - 102: bh"ri ,'k , pjJ. 14R - 155: and 刀 μIII Wt' ;lian~ 7JHJf 陀 Uo
wushu
，巾 i ，
pp. 86-88
⑧ 11，时恼。，...It' rem'e 10 th ,' l..n prlm'I"I，.~ of Shωliud肘俨叫 rik;n~ (叫lAoljn dum' 巾)
le .J ;11
lh，.归an
jing Quan f" h,.iyao.
pp_
咄呻 "ft. ..Iaf"川
阳J.'''''
~"fhi >i is an aI!u~ion j{)仙 Zhuan四"、"/h~r' C"nh l(' ;u ,; \，泊 on hj~ 川、，，，川 Û. h.. ]J叫 ~S<'气1 "川 I)(h " 1", 叫 wh俨，... 1,.. ~a飞向 u h lJ""iJIoH("k 叶\l" hing 川叫挝、.， ;lh a 刑 j(.~ "凹I~ a" t"a~il\" ，轩山。此Jgh h.. n ，训鼠叫山jng rlwm
Wllh h; ‘ ha" .J, "吗 e H ，川 011 Watson , l ， an怜， TI... Compl ,.1l' \\ "rk~ of Chu
196R) , 19.199
l 扛蜡蛙黯&
瑞如主必胁。~.~州越晦淄黝精描酶盒5指 .K(
@'Yan l\ Yo"ji "'"'" fahuloll鸣"川，，-r ，址 tlw 冲ring - and - A川 umn 1-气叩川、lal" "f Chu: S" ,. ( 甜。川】 J' 吨
Quan f1l h"i}'ao , IJl ~1 趴-'e. 111 - 2扭
曲 rhi~ Î 川内 re"，'~ tυthe ZhuallgZÎ: "T" I四川， '"阳忏
dmw i" 仙'"川， pradÎ"Îng b"ar - hanging , anrl hird
-‘ ll<' h i~
Iv CO I](.t' m
*)
to hail. to 呻
to ~pll 唰山 olrl breath and
叫川 hir盼 (xiong jin在 niao ~h""
) , longf'v山 hi ， (l n
lhp lil" lavo ff' lll l\' the sl' h( 帕础。 pra川U'PS i\yrnlli叫川 (rllloyin
), llw 11111 1\ II' bn 川 n
~1H'S hωhody ， who h叫附 10 li ",- 10 h.. a~ 叫d as I'l'!咆Z比" Se'- Allrl"" WalH'川， trans. , The C""'plet.. Wnrh of
Chuang '['zu , 15.167 -168 iJl H.in Qi吨
{~jighll}'
t咱'"'山 w 叫 .r;nl，
H..iji 吨
H"iji且在 guji ， 1 州41 ，曾 clion
p~ri(xl
(1 ó4 4 -1(12)
的飞飞 m 、 llch"ng 附I'p('ulate， flaihua 耻"νi ，
lhose fonns lhal shown in
lhal I.1Il
Qi吨川 IS11 川川"，，，d
se..
R协， han;;
Gene Chlllg ,
{1849;Phc
1 : 011 I.in Qing 时 Art!to!' Hun川萨1 ， ,..-1., Eminent
(\\.'a~hin伴。们I. ibrary ofιongrp巾， 1943 -44)
1999) , p_ 355 , 1.111 the 缸川
Trm'"s in llw 仙川)
Taguo
"13 酬)
Lh..
S(
mural 民阳inting: ~e..
川，，
506-507
hi , Sh 1l0lin
fall阳l
'h(k,1 of Shao!i n lïghting , .]"i"" Lo t,,
Warrio ]1; "r T.咱川
KUllg
F" T"i Chi (
号也
C"in" ",,- 01' Lh ,- Chíng
(Tillnjill:
ah <'1'e
11m驭 X附"，，，， uan 1町 i (Ill ustral叫 Hecoro of 山~，. I.ir.."
京h 革 F若 J 以向汗 id 棋院ZJN ?-也盐 EK 民zb飞KZEAif
少林 J)J 夫义算是
64
on)~
D... 付l护
ber 2C朋)， p. 49 Ii!~Cor叩叶。i 1iI
Zheng Hurw"ng , bian qianji , 5.
Ji"'l阴阳 n Jl吨，
37b; 阳 al~
(pr..liJ"" 15(8) Siku
Cheng Dllli , n Mingdai
14.227-230; H俨 tiangdlen ， Zlwllji , 2.26 - 27;
q l1an~hEJ
wu~l ， u n ,
"diLion , 8a in
Zhon陀 EJ()
丐[，
-4 ,,;
wushu
山 ul 'j'ml~
SllU nzhi , W"
baike 明创 hhu
民 。
怦曲
70 ￠白争肝 T副'"驭庐 Sh "，叩 l~hi. ~鄂\:11 hi制 c叩pμ 阳 削"叩 aω 1 ⑩~盯 C削飞嚼昆 cnn 川""吨 萨s int g 川】咀'ro 咆d 也IW 川附 h川 ωllüQψiJ且'g 凯""吨毡 Ji川 λ川t削凡川 川】冉卅巾h】lU: 圳 μ ~h hi且blljuanben ， pp. 4-5 、 础。 Jiguang ~e" C-"刷 Iri"h ，
1 :220 - 24 , and Huang. 1587 A Year of
串 Wile ， Tâi-ehi" A"""sLor钩，
1'.
~o Si伊lificance.
pp. 156 -188
19; th" O){伺 nal is Qi J耶E呵， Jixian ~ill巾，圳阳川 "ben.14.229
@Wile , Tãi -chis Ancestors , p. 19; lh.. nriginal i~ Qi Ji民旧吨扒出l 川川h
油iI，，， ju
-230
S E白
勘 H" Lillng"hen , Zhenj >, 2.26 母W， le ， Tãi - chi 毛 A ，附川师， pp. 12 , 18: th" original is Qi Jiguan~ ， Jlxiao xinshu: Rhi lo., juan hen , 14
227 晤 Wil.. ， T Íl i -chi 毡 Anceslors ， p. 12; the 叫inal i~ Ta ，，~ Shunzhi , \'f u hian '1叫 5 号 7"
母Qi Jiguang , Jixiao ~inshu: shiha juωl 刷， 14.227; 川叩ar.. also Wi!.., Irans]"t川
I'IÎ
山 l 主 A "，...，
ω内，
p. 18. EW I1 1Ually , the general 副Ided four Ch3 附 rS I() his buok , hul h.. ke~此 lhis l'lJI mJl~1I 1 ， i "， li""IÎ吨 lhal
Quan
j时只eyao
was
。吨inally
inlendftl
f，时 lhl'
la
@缸t" QiJ且!gl.l an 吨 gι， Jix 肌 m 别 Xl llO 川 XlllS由hl.l: ls-由1 阳 jURn ben , 酬 a m川a划1叫 bv F川 Z 刀hOllj!:yi (ß飞叫 m 吨 吨 n g χ 刀l川乒灿内 h，阳附， 20 帕恻 刷1) : O M t吨d 血 a， 铀 S h"ω 阳 J'恤 an ， p. 31ωO 削川1叫 d Wil ",. T 创 see a1 &ωo Ma 阳
叮 hi i; An何叩"'切 0""
仰
16 -17
@明.M吨血， Shuojian ， p, 311
等
晤See Jin Ping Mei eihu鸣， 90.1244 ~tmle 刷l<'our -l,e,'els" (siping) poslure 自 gured in Illt f'
Cheng ~hu:
ZOIl防 01.1，
Shaolin
shiha jURn b咽
gll~ 缸， 2. I 卜剖
14.234-35 ，
Tang
-
Mi吨 armed ， and unanned , f:】 ~hti 吨 lllike ，
Shllnzhi , WII bian q
叫， 5.37 抖。 Jipwll饵，
8 1'1'
Jixiao xin
Rnd Wile. Tài-Chi ‘也 neestors. 27 - 30
(!)A"出ony Yu , Iran~l lItor ， Th e JOllm..y 10 lhe West (Chle吨。
llni" l'rsity of Chicagu Pr..~~ ， 1977 - 83)
3 :1 4-15 @\'f u Hllifan饵， 肘， 2凶 1
V/anhao quamhu: Ming Qîng sh叩<1(' mi叮 ian ~henghuo shilu , (Tai !J ei , 7，hω19zhi da、
)
声
E ￡
k f
ιL
j气
咬
PC
rS~s..，，. Sar山 i W~川侧目才，，.ng~川严 (15 9'J ，.t! ili川)
μlnl ，，!，r叩 hi( 叫川川川叭l]um"s 3
气 ()I Ch ,! goku
ni("hiv'i ruisho 、h'/ 'f 】例 lil代 1 hv Sak~i 1'，1( 1ω~akade y"时hil!!!o ， a阳 10μW州 Y'! iehi (K\ ,? l... 2创)0)， 14
,
1
Ih; H"d \Vu Iluifang , 1' .34陷 and n..tc 4 lJ 1. (The" S~lld -
•
Fi , t" HW
rnent川n， 'd
in th('
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1 飞色剧， pp. 149 一 155
WQ川剧1 in Tauf! H~() 创ld Gu Li u\in
机 180
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曲
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号
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Zh<>，，~uo '\ll~hu shi , p. 89 >
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37; and "Ji J;ke" in Zhonggω 川~hu haik l' qw肌气hu ， p , 538 即rhe legen.1 fiffit appea 叫 in Huan启 Baijia<' (1643
hieji
, p.
门. N 叫 ia quanla ( 1676)
I~; 忧 e al~o Douglas 币 a的 lranslatÎoll i" hi冉l" ãi - Chi 只 A"，-esIOJ有
, i" Zhaod~i "0'非ho
p. 58
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汇 M 吨圳叫 t 巾.
",1. 1川 Xu Zh"n (1932. Re阳川
rHip..i: Y 阳 t1. 1996)
]ated and analyz" ,j h~' Dougla阴离i!..， Tâi - ，'h刊 An('p归自川 j. 71 -188. Wall但/例吆
, Lmus
PS W rJ ll!阳、丛1'1" inrlurl
ed itl Taiji阴阳凹， pp ， 24 -39. A叭 'jrdi ，，!\ to TlI ng H刷刷，C:I Gu Lim..in (p_ 1R3 ).. \\' Htl事 !)[ol ，，， hh' "ludi..d Chen - Family T叫 i Qu剧.
.,.,.
h", n h" residρd iH ""u J"h}' LUOyH叩 and KHif..ng
⑩Theic 刷刷als are in<"luded in THijiquan pu ，即
245 -275 aud 276 -339 附 pe('lj ，'，..ly
等
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