The Crimean Crisis

POLITICS II 2014-2015 SPRING SEMESTER

SUBJECT : THE CRIMEAN CRISIS: ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

 JANINE LEYLA SALI

Ank!"2015-04-01

CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION

I-GENERAL PRESENTATION OF CRIMEA II-CAUSES OF THE CRISIS III-CONSEQUENCE III-CONSEQUENCE OF THE CRISIS I#-RESOLUTIONS OF THE CRISIS #-FURTHER THINGS ABOUT CRIMEA

 CONCLUSION

THE CRIMEAN CRISIS: ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

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INTRODUCTION

 The Crimean crisis was an international international crisis in 2014 on a dispute involving Russia and !raine a"out the control of the Crimean peninsula# $arch 1%& 2014& after several months of  tugging the Crimea and the city of Se"astopol were de facto attached to Russia#Thus is the culmination of a crisis that could also originated at the time when Russia was still the SSR and the the Crim Crimea ea &a Sovi Soviet et ter territo ritory ry 'uto 'utono nomo mous us Soci Social alis istt Sovi Soviet et Repu" epu"li lic# c#Th Thus us we se see e a nati nation onal alis istt inte interres estt as the the Crim Crimea ean n peninsula was former Russian property that had "een lost then gained "ac! through this crisis#This wor! will consist on showing how this crisis is fed "y a nationalist motivation& present the results and impacts on a nationalism point of view#

I-

GEN ENER ERAL AL PRES RESEN ENT TATION ION OF CRIME RIMEA A

(efore tal!ing a"out the causes of the crisis one need to !now at least some geographic& historical and political information a"out the Crimea# Crimea Crimea & is the small small peninsu peninsula la located located in )aster )astern n )urope )urope and washed "y (lac! Sea and Sea of '*ov#+t has 2, 100 !m2 territory "orders with -herson district.!raine in the north and separated from -rasnodars!y -ray.Russia "y -erch strait in its east# Control of Crimea has shifted many time through its history& 'fter the Russi ussian an Revol evolut utio ion n of 11& Crimea "ecame a repu"lic within the Russi ussian an Sovi Soviet et eder ederat ativ ive e Soci Social alis istt Repu"lic in Repu"lic in the SSR#Th SSR#Then en in in 11 11 +t "ecam "ecame e the the 'utonomous THE CRIMEAN CRISIS: ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Repu"lic of Crimea within Crimea  within newly independent !raine in !raine in 11& with Sevastopol  Sevastopol  having its own administration& within !raine "ut outsid tside e of the the 'uton utonom omou ouss Repu"l u"lic# ic# in $arch arch 2014 2014 Repu"lic of Crimea& Crimea & anneed to Russian ederation #

)thnically )thnically Crimea is composed of Russians5%&32 ussians5%&326 6 &!rainians &!rainians  24&46 24&46 &Cri &Crime mea a tata tatars rs 12& 12&1 16 and 7the 7thers rs 42 426 #T #The he o8 o8ci cial al languages are  !rainian and Russian# The capital of 'utonomous Repu"lic of the Crimea is Simferopol# Crim rimea is a repu"l u"lic wit with adm adminis inisttrat rative ive and and ter territo ritori rial al auto autono nomy my with within in !rai !raini nian an stat state e 9 that that mean meanss it has has the the freedom freedom to govern itself or control its own a:airs9 )ample  The Crimean Tatars have their own uno8cial parliament& the $e;lis& which states its purpose as "eing to promote the rights and interests of the Crimean Tatars#(ut it is "etter to say was a !rainian property "ecause it "elongs to Russia now# rom a nati nation onal alis istt pers perspe pect ctiv ive& e& Crim Crimea ea can can "e se seen en as a poli politi tica call community rather than a cultural community#irst "ecause of its auto autono nomy my&& citi citi*e *ens nshi hip p has has grea greate terr sign signi< iuest# II-CAUSES OF THE CRISIS

 There are many causes of the !rainian or Crimean crisis and some are motivated "y a nationalist will9 THE CRIMEAN CRISIS: ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

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 The will of !raine to "e closer to the )uropean )uropean nion which was not well seen "y Russian then leads to the increase in gas price# 's !raine was a former soviet territory territory it was paying gas at a low price "ut as they started "eing closer to )uropean nio nion& n& Russi ussia a incr increa ease sed d the the pric prices es that that crea create tess de"t de"tss that that !raine could not pay leading to gas con?icts "etween Russia and !raine& another factor of this crisis9 !raine is not united& there is a cultural and religious heterogeneity in !raine and Russia wants to !eep its in?uence on the international stage "y ta!ing "ac! its formers territories# 'mongst the multiple causes of the crisis stated a"ove& Two need our attention "ecause they carry a nationalist interest  @!raine is not united& the )astern part of !raine is pro@Russia & the Aestern part Bro@occidental .)uropean& 'nd the centre pro@ !rainian# urthermore& there are di:erent ethnics !rainian& Russians& Crimean Tatars which are not always in good terms# @ Russia wants to !eep its in?uence on the international stage this this thro through ugh the rec recon> on>ues uestt of her her forme formers rs colo colonie nies9 s9 this this a chara charact cteri eristi sticc of nation nationali alism sm## The Crime Crimean an penin peninsu sula la was a territory of RSS& as we stated "efore& most of the population that live in Crimea are Russian or Russopho"e# Ae stated that the crisis had a nationalist motivation& now let=s see how and which variety of nationalism it is a"out# +n this Crisis we can tal! a"out epansionist and li"eral nationalism# nationalis m# E$%n&'(n'&) n)'(n*'&+ 'n C!'+,n C!'&'&

)pansionist nationalism is an aggressive and radical form of  nationalism that incorporates autonomous& patriotic sentiments with with a "eli "elief ef of epan pansi sion onis ism9 m9 )pan )pansi sioni onist st nation national alism ism is particularly particularly characterised characterised "y its chauvinistic chauvinistic nature& # +t is often associated with the irrational "elief in the superiority& and thus need for dominance& of a particular group of people& who are generally de
former property of Russia &it want to ta!e it "ac!&   wan want it to reintegrate the territory of the former Soviet states and this "y all means&"y interfering in crimean political a:airs&"ecause in fact Russia had nothing to do there in Crimea& it was even an !rainian pro"lems that had nothing to do with russia "ut as Russia see itself li!e crimea=s nannyD it always feels concern with its pro"lem and use any way to ta!e it "ac!# Russia=s sentiment of intense even hysterical nationalist enthsiasm is seen#Russian feels superior & and "y having crimea& its empire will epand and thus Russian will "e powerfull9 #  Then&Crimean Then&Crimean crisis was used also to epend its territory and thus to increase the national glory of a country# L',!* n)'(n*'&+ 'n )., C!'&'&

Ae can tal! a"out li"eral nationalism in the sense that the Crimean declared their independance through the referendum& "ut it is not a general will&"ecause others ethnic groups don=t aggr ag gree ee wi with th th this is an anne nea ati tion on an and d it co coul uld d ha have ve "e "een en rea eall lly y li"eralism nationalism if Crimea had declared its independance without "een "ound to any state#

III-CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRISIS

 The collapse of !rainian economy# economy# +n Crimea& !rainian currency9 Eryvna will "e a"andone oned "it "y "it in aid of  Ru"le#!raine removes to Russian its status of o8cial language in 13 regions#  The international international isolation of Russia "ecause the F don=t recog recogni* ni*e e the the refer referend endum um orga organi* ni*ed ed "y Russia& ussia& it is illeg illegal# al# Russia also su:ers from an ecomic crisis# (ut as a positive conse>uence for them we can tal! a"out national reinforcement "ecause "y anneing Crimea& Russia reuni
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'nother important conse>uence in this crisis is the linguistic pro"lem that Crimean may face especially non@russophone#+t is undenia"le undenia"le that language has a great importance in the nation & it is even one of the !ey element on which nations are often "uilt# +t is real that Russian& Russian& !rainian and Crimean Tatar Tatar will "e the o8cial languages in crimea& according to a relevant clause in the agreement "etween Russia and the Repu"lic of Crimea& which which was posted posted on the -reml -remlin= in=ss o8cial o8cial we"si we"site te#Eo #Eowev wever er Russia is "anning !rainian language from schools in Crimea# (ut "eing a part of state& Russia& this means that they.Crimea=s popu popula lati tion on are are goin going g to comm commun unic icat ate& e&th this is invo involv lves es so some me inter nterac acti tion on "etw "etwee een n Russi ussian an in
I#-RESOLUTION OF THE CRISIS

' referendum has "een organised !raine lost Crimea and Se"astopol Crimea was anneed "y the Russia federation  The F don=t don=t recogni*ed recogni*ed the +ndependence +ndependence of Crimea Crimea

#- FURTHER THINGS ABOUT CRIMEA AND THE CRISIS

 The Crimean referendum referendum can "e seen as the one made during the rench revolution "y the third estates in the sense that  Crim rimea=s a=s popul opulat atiion is a terr erritor itory y wit with an ethn thnic Russia sian ma;ority &the minorities are those Crimean tatars an Crimean !rainian and it is evident that the result would "e in favor of  THE CRIMEAN CRISIS: ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

the Russ Russian ian Crimean Crimean "ecaus "ecause e they are are more than than the order order group so this referendum was not fair even if there was no other way to ma!e them choose to which they want to "e attached9  The o8cial result result from the 'utonomous Repu"lic Repu"lic of Crimea was a ,# ,#  per percent cent vote vote for for inte integr grat atio ion n of the the regio egion n into into the the Russia ussian n ederat ederation ion #Hurin #Huring g the rench rench revol revoluti ution on &The &The third third )states wanted a num"er of representatives e>ual to that of the other two orders ta!en together&"ecause together&"eca use they !new that if their votes were counted "y heads and not "y orders they would have won #  C!'+, : n)'(n (/ n)'(n& ').'n  &)),

Crimea is a nation "ecause "ecause people living there there share the same past&and they consider themselves as a political communities . they can rule themselves they have political institutions&they are are an auto autono nomo mous us repu" epu"li lic c nati nation on of nati nation onss "eca "ecaus use e in Crimea the are many ethnic groups  Crimean Tatars &!rainians&Russians others and each of them are "ound "y a special thing& now + tal! a"out a state "ecause their political activities were limited & "eing a property of !raine.a state& "ut as they have "een set free they are no more !raine=s property "ut Russian=s one#

CONCLUSION

Fati Fation onal alis ism m has has "een "een playi playing ng an impo import rtan antt role ole in these these events events&& es espec pecial ially ly the the multi@ multi@eth ethnic nicit ity y of !rain !raine#T e#The he ethn ethnic ic groups are the one which pay the conse>uences of this crisis and ethnic minorities have more reason to worry a"out their future under new rulers 9 the Crimean tatar language is not even even ta! ta!en in consi onside dera rati tion on it se seem emss as if they they are are eve even ignored# I thin! that this rattachment to Russia is in great part "ene
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not all crimean were in favour of this attachment to Russia #Crimea statue had changed more than once through time & it passed from a soviet &to repu"lic# (ut there is an apt >uestion we should as! to ourselves when will Crimea will really "e autonomous& stands on its own &"e a real stateJ To aspire to a total independence or autonomy&Crimea need to "e united& which is not the case and Russia need to respect the act of interfering& "ecause what it did in Crimea wasn=t right&;ust "eca "ecaus use e ther there e is a Russi ussian an popu popula lati tion on in Crim Crimea ea&& they they feel feel concern will their internal pro"lem& this even put in >uestion the sovereignty#Therefore + dare thin! that Crimea will "e independent independent one day unless a unitedCrimea unitedCrimea eercis eercises es self@ self@ determination#

R,/,!,n,

 @'""K  @'""K )mmanuel Loseph SieyMs& SieyMs & Qu’est ce que le Tiers-Etat (What Is the Third EstateJ @'ndrew Eeywood & Politics& Fations and nationalism# @Nwendolyn

Sasse&

Crimea question: .200& Identity,T Identity,Transition,and ransition,and Confict & Earvar Earvard d niver niversit sity y Bress Bress&B &Bart art one & 13@349 %3@10,# Ethnicity and Territory in @Lames Eughes and Nwendolyn Sasse& Ethnicity and the Former o!iet "nion: #e$ions in Confict  THE CRIMEAN CRISIS: ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

@$i!hail @$i!hail '# $olchanov $olchanov&& Political Culture and %ational Identity in #ussian "&rainian relations& Chapter 5# @F@Ea"itat& 'ousin$,and and )ro)erty in Crimea&.200& @13& +S(F Fum"er %@2@113@120@0 INTERNET LINS

@Canceled language law in !raine spar!s concern among Russian and ) diplomats & Bu"lished time e"ruary 2& 2014 132% )dited time e"ruary 2%& 2014 0,31&http//rt#com/news/minority@language@law@u!raine@035/ 0,31&http//rt#com/news/minority@language@law@u!raine@035/ @Russia and theCrimeanTatars theCrimeanTatars http//religionandpolitics#org/2014/05/2%/russia@and@the@crimean@ tatars/Osthash#PnB;>1r#dpuf 

@Crimean tatars Aave of russian nationalism increases repression of minorities http//unpo#org/article/1553 @Crimea& in Ai!ipedia&from http//en#wi!ipedia#org/wi!i/Crimea @'"out num"er and composition population of 'utonomous Repu"lic of Crimea from Qhttp//2001#u!rcensus#gov#ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea @'nneation of Crimea "y the Russian ederation&+n wi!ipedia& http//en#wi!ipedia#org/wi!i/'nneationofCrimea"ytheRussi anederation&

THE CRIMEAN CRISIS: ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

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THE CRIMEAN CRISIS: ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES