IN&lING
m . o U d b aaCC kkw war
tb!1l ~ tm tm $ ~o ~ o n b ii11 l d ~ ~ s ~ t@ t@ d .-md it d i . e a , p p ] ~ e s p r e : s S l I D r e Q l i J i Im b J U ~ ( . e l ! l!l ! W r , s~,e. , mv o n a ia ia e a s o w n , F : i , g , 25;,].1. E h mtn. o p m i n , g in th dillre me m em em 1 n o w : s , dillreOO OO on opposite opposite lO ~~t :m m o l i o : n r u ~ ,MId (in. f o n v m d he,ncc thename oocbi/(],rd extru~io~:.Here H ere tbelimlOWlit scrap ~sredl.!l:oedto~t it is a lb ,00OOlil e~s~on lb ou ou ~ 8 : o : Z O O% % ) o f Ia.e b i llll IIee " w e , jp jp t , wd t h e e llll :t:t m s : .i.i .o .o I l.l. ~ o [ fC fC l eis ~ o 3O%,.l)ue to he oompl design design oftie-l oftie-looJ ooJs, s, it "!!Ids ooruy.llimted! a p p i c 8 1 t i o l l . Bac; Bac;/r /r;w ;wat attl tl ,~xJ ,~xJru rusl sl(Ju (Ju
Hea ed
O O Ia l b m e t
FII •. 25.18 25.18
Fo.
eX'lruiSicn. cn . , o r dime
ati
H o I s pl p l nnnn J n ::gg :
~pb!:!1Ii!:lgissJ:miLM'n~ 'oo~d s p i ! l m i U ! ~ g , ~~:I: ~e~31i!li,ifir.st, eaJ~ed m i d . ~gai.t: l'he rul3ti rul3ti!ng !ng chilll chilllck ck of
shapethkbr
Rl,eta11ic:
H l l I t df'awing; p e~ e~ om 1 e whe Ollt
·kI· $ w w _ k e
o ~. ~. d !
sheeu,
~ t i ~ ~ ~s~d to make c t l ( p - s b a : p e d
~ i1 i1 . m e m a l w: b~
h e b lu l u !k !k : < I
1fua(:~n b ( ) l ~ p i ! l ! l ] n : g lw sheet prooessisquil.e !cQ.r.IIDlon1:yu,ed ame Th
~:!l
eorud ( ( I f : J : m t m o : l 1 , .
b 1 a . k : p llaa oo oo o
h l.l. l!l! sp sp u _ s t b e mt mt l e r ia ia l
]w b from b e m e t b ]w U s u a 1 y d ra r a w in in g bM w h U C m e h o t , dril.w:i:!IDg c a r rir i e m:ickl:lessismoli'e;, h e ;p;p :r: r es es s sa Qw ~d ~ m . o o i : I 1 ' o n o ve v e r ~ h e d i , e I m J i I ~'pul1c;h Gom~J1iel:lilS
o to to '
die,
a r ~ .t.t I.I. ecornd worlti:1lig andh.O!I, wurki.lruf,'!:r-ocesse:s:?
Di
a t ~ tw tw e
ExpJain. with , 4 1 , . .Ex;plruitilRe S bO bO A
b o w l d dn d n g 8 i o d . c o l d " W O rk r k in i n ggoo f m e ta ta l
'1Jl'e hclp
of !l~t$tetche !l~t$tetche.'.')~ )~ ~tly lWoco!.d 'WQrki!~g,!Uld ~J~y
h C D t eMr\lsioflp~oces;seSi. w : i ~ t 1 .nell~: ste~cl1es,. foUowLrrug~
Ot 11
Ctild s p , j n l 1 l , t l l g
C 'Q ' Q J d ~~iQJl
(d):lDrawi~
$prullni~
6. Desc be Mgh
~i .H e l[l [ ie ie ~ ig ig h
ooU:i[l~lIIa~Il!nlcl dtfferelHllllt.e
.E;li;;pl~i!ld .E;li;;pl~i!ld ~ ii,, :::: re re sp sp e cl cl iw iw : e ff ff ee- c LiS:1
~e
'Wo:rklling precesses,
e sp sp e c v e
adv,an.~3i.ge'.s
hOl W ! O . r ' k ; l n g ,
h o w : od od t n g
or C l l I p p i l m g . be l'io'l' l'io'l'ee ee :mJ:le : le tW~ th;,gh. [i()ru~irlgm i .n .n i J :l:l d t llll le le - t b r e e -
a ;~ ;~ d c o~ o ~ d WGlfikj~~!i!l.
oorud orlW tg.
I.n."
. . • . . . . . .
OD P l( l c s , w h ic h h c d~s,ired :~i~ arid s b ~ p e ;M Qb~l1ed (hIwugh dle' plMti~ Formiilg 'cat! ' b e : d e f in e d .a . d e f o m 1 a t l o n of ilicmale.ri;ul sttesses ~nduccdduring l h e p r o c e ~ s ate.grc:a.mf!hIWI ilhcYlcild S ' ~ n g d ] , ; 'bu~ d ln g m i l ) ! betensile, compres~iy,c,. b e n d i n g ; iS~gth tilite. m a 1 c c i a L .f v er y e ce n o m ic a !IJOOI!e'Ss~ finish mb ml ~T it os of mat W .M .oooo\iier, ~.panof ~~pl,l!le n g y ut in w i t h o u t any s]~if]cant fmpl'o'ri'ing fire:
W\hQn g~Yeill
wh
i.
p:mdIlC![
m ~ t a ~ is deformed
~8h
s'train h~ell~ng,.
t o t a l w 'O t p e
tliloou!facrnriQg.
n l~ .
une don.
dJ.e m e i m l is
ib
W~
the i d e i l 1 w o i k o f
WI is
. _ , * , \ V / ' . ,of
r-
deJOm:lOlU,OIl:
¢r ~·
o n at th~ .m~tm-tool_~UtrfB:c¢,~
th
i!iCdnntffiaruw o st a n tr i b u t the: It d u e n e bi o w nb e Q r Q :m p r ~nrncffao~, the grid w i : n remain
:oou ..:a!i\'if'O '!. de:fonnatinn. w o i n \ ! ' Q l \ ~ d i n the:t!loomal s h e . ! l l r i l ! ' ! g p r o c e s s ; shape mge nl b o d y . fth: : C f i i i c e , p l expi.ained iii1J F i g . 26.,1. W h e R : i oompres-s[on, ~ jQ : n d a f P ¢d " ~h:tbricadon . w; m~,nflil~~ooll s q u a r e .grid b e f o r c oO m p re S S [ OH ) w U l b e c o. m e .r e c! 1 a n S u la r l!J:lild~sloned, 633
Copyriphted materia'
>.
.-.~.r..:'~..:....=;~';_ . . .
es ,q3!fte:rcO"mp.re~lOIl). D . b e ,~be!foreoompooss~oll) w i l l b e e o m e :re.ctMagui,m:(af~cr (lO!illP~SS:iOll). be~.gffi1i1: Mo s l £ ! w i l ge~11lI:c:re.8ised.. S u e h ,ca.il~ed gel, sbonem.ed. a n w H l beeeme . u n i j o · r m : dif/omltJtro.ll. Ho.wevel;.~f flic,tlOl1 is preSUI. 'It tlle m ~ t a l . - t o o l interfUioe, then th h e s id es . D e e - X t r o w o r k . w ~ i c h g o o s initIO d~SliQrti[lg di s, e d .a c c o m . p ru :d e d b y ~ - e ~ n ~ ! o r b u lg in g g r i < !I n d al ~ Q ~ t u. o( fO O t in g b u lg e i s W a s IE l l U l( ! c a U e d rnllile re.iJmdanl work.
Wiltl ~riclion (b), Ahr~:;;(mlp~$$rQ.rl
,{~ 8I;lf(l~Q 'OOf!i"lp'~~if;$t'Q~
Rg
me
The.
6 .1 1
M: de
'Oit
clefonnatlon.
a na ! y s $ , o f m e a l o rm in g p ro c
fo·],
~;
. • S 1 < i m e t he d
z, Up.pe-:r~ooHdl1H:~lOO 3 . S H p · . !! l, e m e t l o d . ~ot f O i r i i: I " D J g "wilh difference Q l l i r n y ~I!I.flow a : n c d . m ru m m I T h e a n ir l y s~ s i s b a sk :I lI H y L l1 e s am e Q r fri'cl~on clM racte :rili~~cs.T h a na l y s ~ f b e m e a t f o nn i tl g :p l 'O O o s s e b : y th aJoove methods is onrnyapproximrue:,
dl
cro heli aJil
a s s u m , p L i o : n s nlade :reg;u:dJng
~.~e C h a l w O o maieri,alln1d ~:ll,em e d e de.fo:r.ma!~o~. o ff rk : 1 lO l l Thus th oom:~ill:icnilI better w~tb cold workintg
bd~:e[ ;Ei!t lo o ~ J d : : l 't t il l: g , h ~ g l i l . - f t i . c ~ l C i l l : p!fOCesse:s. o w~ : o l p ro o o o ~ ~ W ~ b .h O o t IIlI thIs ,CMpter,we s ha l d ea W w i t Q n W yt h s l~ b m e tb O O l . : ,S lO l !l H lf l~ lY s ~s ~: ec ~ :r If l J ue ' r · e l e m e m : u . l C ) 'theO'l:Y'
The appm.li:milltiOmJ
m a e : .s , th e F o J ! o w i l
a s s u :m p ~ i
s~
I..Tbe .nlaJ~eri!al ~s~s:otr,opfficmd mooMp'mss~bl~, and theelasti SI1'l!li!M B! n('lg~~~bl~. e f (l !: Jl 1 l . . ~iol'l h i h om o ge ! l1 0 ou s lb r- ou g h , u t t h de:fO:fl1I1ii:IliS m a e r a l a de r study. S~S('lS p'I~J1i(;:lll:ml:J!l the: dir~ctilJl'laa:-e p r i , m : : : i r a i suesses, In~ i
s }a b ' o f w n h cs , m 8 t c km - :s s c om i id co o d o o da f r c b aJ !3 lI lo o ma nr al ua on of aa u i~ ~b r solved w ~ ( (l .e :resuhillg d i l J l" u : l a r y OOlild]i~iQrnJs a m d J e c -n te r a .
na'ysi
me od
et
ill.
'ormin
H b rh l e qu a t o n } he appr.oiPri:!ii!le
echanics
DU
n g h e p ro c es s of metll] fol:T:tl~rlg" . ; ' 1 . ~~L~ri:!' ~sdiefQjrl!Ded l:nelasdcam~,y. CO iltside:ri:ll!l! a.letl;S~~e. e s mspecilmen,. p1;ast;ic le;[ 1 . b e ;l ih e :iNJitillill g:aIlS: ]e:nlgth...D U l i E I ! ~t1e p : r o o e S 5 ~ . e c k i 1 i l i g . thegalllg:e:len~]hc i k a l 1 g e s i l s . v.rune O O ! u J ~ u o l l s L y . H O ' w , e . v , c l D ' : . cQ.ntSlderi~gdi~.coote ~ o o p ' s weean . r I. o o •••••
.=
whe~
ltiS L h e l 1 ~ ~ e n g ~b a i i d J S i n c 1 le v o~ um e : V '
is
I ' ~ f .'d..
~.( = l r I -
t·
~~j~io\'lile ; n . g l h .
CM:Ma..'I1U,. th
eqmni,oll
ca
be W n O O n O I ¥ O ~ m .
oo[lstmcy
y==.A.
Copyr'ghtcd materi
T h d sb : 1 !
strain
Tm
="' .~
""'=
(AJ..... t.
Th wo
me IV Tm.
h o m o g en e o u s
d !e ~ o m . a o :
,1m,
=0":"
[lot a c o o ! . m ~ e d n ea x o r s ~ ~ p p l~ ! :! e 10 [1 ~e :r.rn.a]eta llic : s l l i r e a r i n g :f b 1 ! t ~ m a J friction o r a n , e l i J e m a J ] frieli!on al no QO! $i de Cd above rO:m1:Iil!I~lca:~·be a p p n e d ~(!lp r o b l e m s sll'Cb ·as·e - x t m : s : i K : l n J ,~tnJ$ioil'!. 'CQ!1!sJd.~ri!)g ( h : ra m p:res:Sll~ W l O O ;d ra w in g ILh~ ! ' ! : _ m .a t u!1!it V{l~!ml.e ~l T. o r :9 d~splacem~nl lb., bj]]~llb 1 : 1 : ! 1 i ~ t d i £ iU m C l 1 l g iv e n by ~ h eiects
pxl= A : ! ! a r e s lJ I
!T.,XIn(~] f~ 8 5 ) , . J.Oh~5Qfl
o f : m e t a ] 'W (!i!l'!t _g . g
others ~ a v e ;:fQIJ~dfluu
a!Ild S('l~
P=l++bl"(~)l w h er e a = ~ 1 7 , lliatil.tCotlJillliS
a c~ :Q r ~ } a ( a o o l ~ l a i t h e : fC>d!lnd,a~u w o l : k o r o o l lt
2 )6 .3 , F O :R G I N G A .N A L Y :S I Jmru
and
bi
Forging
l.5:" faelOf
S L A E !1 IM E T H O D
~ on , o m a . D l J ~ I D y s i s m w m y devetedte tw ll diies. Ohviol!llsJy,
iii
F Ig tu .
JS NI
n J~ m3 1 n'!~larunc: shear. a m i d w31l.
m a x im u m
dlete:mti:rniDg
it
.a
fo re
e .q u~ r e d o r
o rg in g
.s ri
Oipen d i! e fo rg i R J g . .
strip'
6.
.slQw.sa [ypJcal o p
d i fo:rg;i~~
natsuip,
s:i:mpruify ou
a m a l. Y '8 ~s , w e
a l make:lhe
f Q l 1 : o w i n g assUilln~Hi.QlJis: ( ~ ) ' T h e ~ o r g L n g f o r c .F I:I!ttilruns i t a m u x i r r m m T h e : c ( Jo d f ic J e n ~ ,o f fijC!l:iOfl /1 b ~ l W ~ n
(i~~) b i k n s s o . b e: w o r kp ] o e th stres:sfje~d a ID o n g h e y.di:recuo.llJ
(~v) T h
~e
g t oil"Il.e : S ! ~ r i p is
'!!'aillJlC
o;perodon;
It tbe,
workpiec~ a n m a l a s compared
h e d i e s ( p ru i I J n s } ~ so o o s t: m t ; land itbe I R : e w d i m e l ls i o i l S ,
~s tnl:eg~rug~ iO.l.e:; w ~d ~ m ru d ! he ;p [ o b le m i s l li .u i h m e r e t h a n
' (\ , T h e ; , e~ : I 1 il ir eQ r k p ~ o o e ~ ~ :~ ~ t h e D ~ a c 5~ i c t~ ] e d ~ r i fl S
var:lalLion
.f
mJ
1 i l 1 ! ~ ;pt'g~e1l:f;,
. F i g . 2 6 . :2 ( a ) ~ h e l h ~ c b : e- s s i . l . T h d h e w : id tb ~ s .l.et tlle: .lostatn1: s b o w n w a ik p c Q ! l i L s i o o rMil e le m e ;r J l .o f dth <.lit d~&taill.oe o m . h e origin. e : g t o f tblll .tak0 , O U I analy8iiS~. \ l i o r k p : i . e c e .ilSlInhy { i b e . : ' : : - d h i e C t l Q I l ) . . ] F lp r 6 . b ) s a m e ele:m.e:Jilit~milU. t h , e s . t r : e s s e s actmg b .o w s 1: >e bd ml ~ L~ r ~ ! ~ e -:r-dir;eolio:o. w e L ' it, C o ns ld er jn g hdO"x
w ~ e t :e ; d a ; ! ; ;; : (Uk) dx·ris ~J:iem . c t i o n a ~ s l l : r e s : i l . 'F m a k e ; tbeMia~ysi.s :S~i:tip.le[. p r c ip a l s t e s s e s T h e , ! p ro b ~ e l m lb e i l o f . p ]3 : ne .. . ~rnjn ~y;pe"Eq, (26. 1) ntiliy be Thus
O'~
re cOmwdcfed It.e t h e ; yield c:ri:~ri:on.
CopyJ gh ed mater
{ < l i ~ :D~r~ o 1 f Q ~ g [ n g l
F [g lu r
( b ' } 1 :St~
p ; E ! a t io o
2 fk 2
FOiI'C8
QI)
~~m~n~
a ~ d s , ~ r e s s e s du~rng o:~'ging.
(216.2)
Le~,wil1enx
bein : s , y m m e m c a b o u i I : the midphme. w , e : are~c , o s d er im g o o i o n e- - b a lU o . our maly.."is,. Le.• 1 [ 1 1 l), srn~dj[Jg betwee th W i o r k p i o o e . m d d : d i e - m u s t ~ a k e p]acel.O, ;.dlrnvlol' teql!lired e x p 3 J T h S ~ O f i tile w or kpr er e. l I o w , e N e f , beyond aCe:rt:aJ]IDl : 8 3 y ~x~, a lu e o . (ito d i r eg i :o .l lO ~ X 'Wlorkpiooe s l i d i n g ootween. ithe. dies. 'Ehi:s ~o
n c a sM g
small ( a m d . a J l ! s o .all.)
..
21;.
proble
mc,ti.olllal stress wbJiclru1eadls to Ire. m a x l : m 1 l ! D l vaIDue,.eqa)J.
8illdre~llii:llls so'ill t!he
x::::
Xi ;S
:0 ® k s ~ e W " y~eld!stress,
: II : ~ .
x~
;S Xj
1 ~ ' 2 6.3)
JJp
(26,.4) H o w ev e r. ~
s . o mf l be
ed
assumpLi.ol1 s i n cC I . 'f :e C [. i ! l h e s t re s s f f e t s o n t b e p ~ ! } mJ e sn., w~.eb,
at
~ s a ;c li ~ g ( o o ~ F j . .2 6 ., 2 . . For,the 8~~dj~!gwQIls;tid,:j~g) Z(!r!Il1.
t!8~!lgEq,.
(26.3).
(26.4) ~f!d i!!!~eg~ting.w h~v~
· d p _ =2# I~ Il
I f ! ! P= ' . 4 J D t + It
N ; o w . a t ,. x " "
G~""
e,
~.e.,p'"" 2K (LfomLhe ) ,] e l
c r i; ~ e ri o ~ . ). .S o ·
=ln2K
P~2K~P(2:) Pm
~ t C :k ~ g . m .n e , u s
(26.4) 'lr=
:lnEq. (26.2) ,m'Id j n r o g r a t i m . g , w~ '..w,t
(:';2
Copyrighled material
( 26 .1 1 ' th e f cr e
VS~D:g
p e~ rw r i e [
:= 2,.',., 8.OSe '(
ge~tis
,,-....
"tlr
48
,,8.~().6M
+1
]-
O.16'x}dt.
NJmm
""36(}25 Nlmm
S in o
ng
o f th
strip is 1 5 0 n w l . th
3602.5
total fOfgi:ngfoICe
O( N.
tb coefficient offrictlion j,l- flUS. Solution
'Us,in,g
{2!6.9)"we ,"t~
Since
X.IS
mor
obuoo.
-,
.'--,-, ln~::;37.;:5
a n 1 . 1 l l l i l e . entiFc:wneis
1.83= 68.74
n o n i S , t ic k i i c .
8J}S e C ! . m x N / m m 2 S
mm
F · ~ : 2 ~ i ! J 8 ,0 8 o m h d
l;5;48
1 $ 88 .
mm)
N/ nm
c:::=
ANALVSII,S; U S I N G · SILAB, I M l E , T I H O D ' T h t yp i ca l !
a t T O U i n o f p la i
'o strips
s ~n l a U y
1 lI 10 01 ! - 5 r i
~r:a(~OtlJ,
s in c
Ul
W~de;llfullg.of
d e f on rn u io n r on t s h o , w n in h e w o r k p ie c r es u ll s T h i can, expJained examining lle shape Rg;.l6. ],The 1 ~ n g l h ( ) f OODtact.L b et w ee n h e : ro l~ sa n d t h e · w o r k p ie c ~ s l i su id ly m u c l s :m a l fe ; h an , h e w . d ~ h c o m p . r c : : s h l, es t re s s u.... plu."itic r o ~ e i~thj~!:!ed ~!:!d f r e e to c"~pand.i the o f t h ~bect. J j, th e r o ll in g d i re ct io n .x . bull '11I!_'aJj n r p a n s i o n jp th 00ili s.Me'S ofdJe o l g ap . T h . n e e f e c f si l h e e d g ,e s :
Fig. 26. 3
~tio
cffectiivcb!' restrained by th undefot':! ni og mOltmal c oo d l d o D . o f p l a n e : s t m i n . w h er ee " , ( i l l 1 ! d e,"'",e~,C~a!p~
.sctiemalilcdiaglramofdefo:rIii.Ii.Ia1ion
z on e n f a t lI'on'lng..
'The e,l'fec'lso ro geometry a n d f c l o n o n lbe : ro . 1 1 i n 8p r o ;c . e s s ;e s n 0 0 f r c t! ,o o . .j;lill e J l e c t C o m ,s rd e r ~iIlcmmnggeo:m,{lU, w he i a t Fig.
rs 1t
in
the terms li"Oll pp th
Copyriphted materia'
