Tet Material Corrected

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Practical English grammar Full English material for tet and dsc

Useful for all competitive examinations

Prepared by P.Vinayadharraju M.A. (lit). M.Sc., B.Ed.

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PAPER I&II ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. Types of Sentenc Sentences es 2. Parts of speec speech h 3. Prepositi Prepositions ons and articles articles 4. Verb Verbss a. Auxili Auxiliary ary verbs verbs b. Main Main verbs verbs 5. Tens Tenses es 6. Transform Transformation ation of Sentences Sentences a) Active voice and passive voice b) Direct and indirect Speech c) Degrees of comparison d) Simple complex and compound sentences e) Questions and question tags 7. Phrases Phrases – uses of phrases phrases 8. clause clausess 9. Conjunctions:- co-coordinating conjunction Sub-coordinating conjunction 10.Synthesis of sentences 11.Composition:– letter writing – précis writing 12.vocabulary a. Antonyms b. Synonyms c. Spelling 13.Comprehension Passages CHAPTER I TYPES OF SENTENCES INTRODUCTION English: - English is the language of the people of England. Grammar: - It is an art of putting the right words in the right place. Letters: - There are 26 letters in English language. These are divided in to three groups. They are 1. Vowels: Vowels: - A, E, I, O, U are called Vowels. 2. Consonants: - B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, called consonants. 3. Semi vowels: - W, Y are called Semi Vowels. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com


V, X, Z are


Word: - A word is a group of letters which gives complete meaning. Eg:- a book, a river, a flower Sentences:- A sentence is a group of words, which give complete meaning. Eg:-1. She sings a song. 2.I am teaching English grammar. TYPES OF SENTENCES There are four types of sentences in English language. They are 1. Asse Asserti rtive ve Sent Senten ence ce.. 2. Interro Interrogat gative ive Senten Sentence. ce. 3. Impe Imperat rativ ivee Sent Senten ence ce.. 4. Exclam Exclamato atory ry Senten Sentence. ce. 1) Assertive Sentence:These Sentences are general statements. They end with full stop. They contain subject, verb, object in order. Assertive Sentence is known as “Declarative” or Affirmative Sentence. Note: - A sentence begins with noun or pronoun, ends with full stop is called Assertive Sentence. Eg:-

1.Sita Sings Sings a Song. 2. Raju eats a banana. 3. They are my friends. 4. She is a doctor.

2) Interrogative: Sentence:These sentences sentences are questions. They end with question mark. These are divided into two groups:1. General questions (leading questions) 2. Interrogative Sentences 1. General questions: - These questions get ‘yes’ or ‘No’ answers .They start with the following helping verbs. HELPING VERBS Be forms:-am, is, are, was, were, Do forms:-do, does, did, Have forms:- have, has, had, Model Auxiliaries:-shall, should, can, could, will, would, may, might, must,

Eg:1. Am I right? 2. Is your father at home? 3. Are you going to College? 4. Was he absent yesterday?

S aturday? 5. Were you in Tirumala last Saturday? Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com


www.facebook.com/vinayadharraju 6. Do you come with me? 7. Does she get up early? 8. Did Raju attend the class yesterday? 9. Have you finished your home work? 10. Has she two daughters? 11. Had they gone to Hyderabad? 12. Shall I bring you a cup of Coffee? 13. Should you take rest? 14. Can you play Cricket? 15. Could you please give me your pen? 16. Will you come to my house tomorrow? 17. Would you please give the news paper? 18. May I help you? 19. Might he have come here?

2. Interrogative questions:- These questions seek lengthy answers. They start with the following interrogative question words (wh. Words) who which

whose where

whom when

what why how

Eg:1. Who is your your father father?? 2. What are you doing? doing? 3. Where are you going? going? 4. When is your birthday? birthday? 5. Why are you late today? today? 6. Which is your native place? 7. Who do do you you like like the the best best in your family family?? 8. Whose book is this? this? 9. How How are are you? you? 3) Imperative Sentence:These sentences are requests, orders, commands, advice, suggestions, are called imperative sentence.

Instructions

Every sentence begins with first form of verb and ends with full stop. E.g.:1. Please Please give give me me your your pen. pen. 2. Take Take this this fil file. e. 3. Open Open the the doo door. r. 4. Bring Bring me a glass glass of of water water.. 5. Clos Closee the the Wind Window ows. s. 6. Stay Stay here. re. 7. Take Take Medi Medici cine nes. s. 8. Attend Attend the the examin examination ation without without fail. 4) Exclamatory Sentence: - These sentences give our feelings about any incident, These sentences start with “what, How” and end with exclamatory mark ( !). Eg:1. What What a Sur Surpr pris ise! e! 2. How How noti notice ce it is! is! 3. What What a stup stupid id you you are are!! 4. What What a beau beautif tiful ul bird bird it is! is! Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



5. Oh! Oh! He He is is dead dead

CHAPTER II PARTS OF SPEECH There are eight parts of speech in English language. They are:1. Noun (నమవచక౦) 2. Pronoun

(సరనమ౦)

3. Verb

(  య)

4. Adjective

(శషణ౦)

5. Adverb

( శషణ౦)  శషణ౦

6. Preposition

(భ య౦) త త ప  య౦

7. Conjunction

( సచయ౦)

8. Interjection

(ఆ ర దర క౦)

English Family ___________________________ __________________________________________ __________________ ___ Noun (Father) ___________________________ Pronoun (Elder son)

Adjective (Younger)

Preposition (Brother in law)

Conjunction (Family Friend)

Verb (Mother)

Adverb (Daughter)

Interjection (Neighbour)

1. NOUN 1. Noun: - A Noun is word, used to indicate the names of persons, places, and things . (నమచక౦

అగ  అగ  ల,   ల.) త త ల, ప  ల త త  ర Eg:- 1. Raju Raju is a clever student. clever student. 2. Bangolore 2. Bangolore is beautiful City. City. 3. The book is on the table.

Types of Nouns: - They are 5 types of Nouns They are 1. Prop Propeer nou noun n 2. Comm Commo on nou noun n 3. Coll Collec ecti tive ve noun noun 4. Mate Materi rial al noun noun 5. Abst Abstra ract ct noun noun 1.

Proper noun: - Proper noun noun denotes denotes particular particular names of persons, persons, Places and things. Eg:- 1.Hari 1.Hari is a good dancer. 2. Delhi 2. Delhi is a big city. 3. Rajampet 3. Rajampet is is my native place. 4. John 4. John goes to church every Sunday.




2.

Common noun :- A Common noun denotes commonly used the names of persons, places and things Eg:- man, woman, woman, girl, girl, boy, tree, flower, bird, animals, book, student, teacher, city, village.

3.

Collective noun :- Collective noun denotes a group of persons animals Eg:- People, Mob, gang, crowd, army, team, Police, herd, Cattle, bundle

4.

flock, fleet, bunch,

Material noun:- Material noun denotes the names of materially used to make things Eg:- Gold, plastic, silver, iron, steel, wood, cotton, rice, wheat, oil,

5.

and things

water, clay.

Abstract noun: - An abstract noun is usually, the names of quality, action, or state. Quality: - Kindness, happiness, greatness. Action: - Laughter, anger, movement. State: - Truth, youth, childhood.

Observe the following tables:-

adjectives

abstract nouns curiosity happiness obedience urgency

curious happy obedient argent verb advice achieve develop inform behave punish strong

abstract abst ract nouns nou ns advice achievement development information behavior punishment strength

noun child friend market judge

abstract abst ract noun nou n childhood friendship marketing justice

2. PRONOUN 2. Pronoun: - Pronoun is word which is used instead of a noun . (Nouns

 బలగ ఉప౦ బలగ ఉప౦ ప సరనమ౦ ప సరనమ౦ అ౦ట.)

Ex:- Sita Ramu Book Students

-

Sh e He It They

Kind of Pronouns: - There are mainly nine kinds of pronouns. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



They are:1. Personal Pronouns. 2. Reflexive or Emphatic. 3. Possessive Pronouns. 4. Demonstrative Pronouns. 5. Interrogative Pronouns. 6. Relative pronouns. 7. Indefinite pronouns. 8. Distributive pronouns. 9. Reciprocal pronouns. 1. Personal pronoun: - Personal pronouns which are related to persons are called personal pron pronou ouns ns.. Thes Thesee are are thre threee type types. s. They are:1. Firs Firstt pers person on 2. Seco Second nd Pers Person on 3. Third hird Pe Person rson LIST OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS:Person Number Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive Pronoun Pr. pronoun Adjective pronoun pronoun – 1 pr. – 2 Pr.3 Pr.4 Pr.5 I Singular I me my mine myself Plural we us our ours ourselves II Singular you you your yours yourself Plural you you your yours yourselves I II Singular he him his his himself she her her ours herself it it its its itself Plural they them their theirs themselves

Reflexive/Emphatic Pronoun:- myself , ourselves, yourself, yourselves, 2. Reflexive/Emphatic himself, herself, itself, themselves are called reflexive or Emphatic Pronouns. Eg: - 1.I will do it myself. 2. She hurt herself. 3. You can explain it yourself. 4. They admit themselves t hemselves.. Emphatic pronoun:Eg:1. I mys mysel elff wil willl do do it it 2. I mys mysel elff hea heart rt 3. You yourse yourself lf can can expla explain in it it 4. They They the thems msel elve vess admit admit 3. Possessive Pronoun: - mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs

are called possessive pronouns.

4. Demonstrative Pronoun :- Pronouns which are used to show the objectives, are called demonstrative pronouns. Eg:- This, These, that, those 1. This This is a book. book. 2. Thes Thesee are are my book books. s. 3. That That is my bag. bag. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



4. Those Those are mangoes. mangoes. 5. Interrogative Pronouns: - Interrogative Pronouns Pronouns refer to asking questions. questions. Whose, what, which, when, where, why, How. Eg:1. Whose Whose is this? this? 2. What are you doing? doing? 3. Which is your native native place? place? 4. Where are you going? going? 5. When When is is your your bir birth th day day?? 6. Why are you late? late? 6. Relative Pronoun:- A relative pronoun “relates” or refer to noun, which has gone before Who, What, Whose, which, what, that whom etc. Eg: Eg:- 1. Raju is my friend who tells me stories. 2. This is the bag which I bought yesterday. 3. This is the man, whom you sent to me. 4. This is the house that my father built. Note:- Who, whose, whom refer to human beings and and persons persons what, which, which, that refer to things. 7. Indefinite pronouns:- Pronouns which do not refer to any particular person or thing are called Indefinite pronouns Eg: - Someone, S omeone, anyone, everyone, noone, something, anything, everything, nothing, somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody

8. Distributive Pronoun:Each, either, neither are called distributive pronouns. Eg:- 1. Each Each of the boys is qualified 2. Neither of Neither of students is true 3. Either of Either of the two must have it. 9. Reciprocal Pronoun:- Each other, one another are called reciprocal pronouns. Note: - Each other, one another denote a mutual or reciprocal relationship, each other is usually used to refer to, two persons or things. One other is used to refer to more than two persons or things. Eg:1. The The two two girl girlss hel help p each other 2. All the the members members of the the staff staff quarrele quarreled d with with one other .

3. VERB Verb: - The word verb comes from the Latin word: “Verbatum” which means an action. Verb denotes the work done. (  , కఉ౦డ య.)  య అ ప, థ They are mainly two kinds of verbs. They are:1. Auxi Auxili liar ary y Verb Verbss 2. Mai Main Verb Verbss Eg:1. I am a teacher(state) 2. I have two children (Possessive) 3. I teach English grammar ( action)

4. ADJECTIVE Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Adjective:- Adjective is a word to add Something to the meaning of noun .(నమచక౦ క 

య శషణ౦) Eg:1. It is a black board 2. She is a good girl good girl 3. Ash Ashoka oka was was a great man great man Kinds of Adjectives: There are mainly nine kinds of Adjectives. They are:1. Adje Adject ctiv ivee of qual qualit ity. y. 2. Adject Adjective ive of quanti quantity. ty. 3. Adje Adject ctiv ivee of num numbe ber. r. 4. Demons Demonstra trativ tivee adje adjecti ctive. ve. 5. Emphas Emphasizi izing ng adject adjective ive.. 6. Posses Possessiv sivee adject adjective ive.. 7. Interro Interrogat gative ive adject adjective ives. s. 8. Distri Distribut butive ive adject adjective ive.. 9. Exclam Exclamato atory ry adject adjective ive..

1. Adjective of quality : - These words describe the quality quality of the nouns. To which they refer. Eg:1. This This is a beaut beautifu ifull flowe flower. r. 2. He is an hone honest st man. man. 3. Rani Rani is a good good girl girl.. Adjective of quantity:- These words describe the quantity of the nouns, To which they refer. 2. Adjective

(Some, much, little, enough, all, few.) Eg:-

1.I have Some money in my pocket 2. There is a little water in the tank

3. Adjectives of number : - These words give the number of nouns to which they refer These are two types namely 1. Cardinal numbers, 2. Ordinal numbers. Cardinal Eg:1. There are sixty re sixty students in the class. 2. She got first rank first rank in civil services. 4. Possessive adjective:- These words indicates the person or thing, to whom the nouns refer to here having position my, our, your, his, her, its, their. their. Eg:1. This is is my book. 2. That is his house. 5. Interrogative adjectives:- These words indicate a question while describing the noun to which they refer Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Eg:- 1.What class are you stu 1. dying? 6. Emphasizing Adjectives:- possessive adjective  emphasize  త త  emphazing adjective

అ౦. Eg:-He saw the accident with his own eyes. 7. Distributive adjectives:- each, either, neither, every are called distributive adjectives. They indicate one thing or person taken separately out of a w hole group or clause. Eg:- 1.Every man must do his duty. 2. I have neither a pen. 8. Demonstrative adjectives:- these adjectives point out the nouns refered to these, that, those. Eg:-1. Eg:-1. This book is mine. 2. These books are yours. 3. That house That house is my uncle’s. 9. Exclamatory adjectives:- what  ఆ ర క వక౦ ౦ వడ దర క వక౦

 Exclamatory adjective అ౦. 5. ADVERB Adverb: - Adverb is a word used to qualify a verb and adjective and another adverb. Eg:1. Raj Raju rea reads well . 2. Ice is very cold. 3. The The old old man man wal walks ks very slowly . Kinds of Adverbs:1. Adverbs of time 2. Adve Adverb rbss of pla place ce 3. Adve Adverb rbss of of num numbe berr 4. Adve Adverb rbss of mann manner er 5. Adverb Adverbss of degr degree ee or or quant quantity ity 6. Adverb Adverbss of Affirm Affirmati ation on / Negati Negation on 7. Adve Adverb rbss of reas reason on 8. Interro Interrogat gative ive adverb adverbss 1. Adverbs of Time: - These answers the question “when” Now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, before, late, after, early, all ready, after, then. . Eg:1. He wil willl com comee any any time time now. 2. I will will tel telll you you abou aboutt it tomorrow. tomorrow. 3. They ha have already finished the homework.

2. Adverbs of place:- These answers, the question “ where” Here, there, everywhere, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere, behind, forward, inside, outside, in, out come, in , get out, far, far , near. Eg:1. Ple Please ase sit sit here. 2. I hav havee loo looke ked d everywhere. 3. Come forward . Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



3. Adverbs of number: - These answers, the question “How often” (Once, twice, thrice, firstly, secondly, lastly, finally) Eg:1. I have have you told told you you abou aboutt it twic twicee 2. He ofte often n make makess mist mistak akes es 3. I go to temple temple once once a week week 4. Adverbs of manner : - These answers, the question “How” (well, slowly, quickly, sadly, loudly, foolishly f oolishly Eg:1. My friend friend speaks speaks fluent fluently ly 2. She She walk walkss slow slowly ly

5. Adverbs of degree are quantity:- These answers the questions “ How much” , How long , How much-----,? How long--.

( almost, always, sometimes, quite, enough, too, very) Eg:1. This his gi girl is too late 2. The sea is is very ferocious 3. you are quite wrong 6. Adverbs of Affirmation / Negation: - These answers word of negation yes or no. Affirmation: Affirmation: - surely, certainly, suddenly, readily Nega Negati tion on : No, No, not not,, not not at all all Eg:1. She is certainly right 2. He is not willing not willing to do the work 3. No I can’t speak English fluently 7.Adverbs of Reasons :- These are the answers the question “ why” (So, therefore, Hence, because of) Eg:1. when when does does he come? come? 2. How can you reach reach the top? top? 3. where where do you you liv live? e? 6. PREPOSITION Preposition: - Pre means before Position means state A preposition is a word, which is placed before a noun or pronoun and it shows relation between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.(preposition అగ ౦ ఉ౦డ

అ అర థ ౦. Pre అ౦ ౦ position అ౦ ఉ౦డ. ఒక వక౦ noun  గ ఉ౦ ఇర ప ఇర ప   స౦భ౦ ల౦ స౦భ౦ ల౦.) List of important prepositions:-



pronoun

 గ ౦


By, at, in, of, on, to, up, for, off, out, from, with, in to, down, over, up on, about, before, behind, along, between among, across, beside, out, upon, since, under, into etc. Eg:1. The book book is is on the table, table, 2. Someone Someone is is knocki knocking ng at the door door 3. I have have been been living living in Rajampe Rajampett since since 1989 1989

7. CONJUNCTION అ ౦డ Conjunction :- A conjunction is word which joins two words or two sentences sentences . (అ ౦డ

ప గ, ౦డ   జ గ  ౦డ  ౦డ వ   గ క  conjunctions అ౦ట.) Eg:1. Rama Rama and Laks Lakshma hmana na were were brothe brothers rs 2. Vimala or Kamala Kamala make make at at the rank in TET TET 3. If you work hard hard you you can can get a rank in TET. TET. List of important conjunctions:If, unless, though, all though, even though, as, since, because, as soon as when, while, but, yet, or, otherwise, so, and, therefore, not only, but also, as well as, both and, either or, Neither nor.

8. INTERJECTION Interjection: - An interjection is a word which w hich expresses sudden feeling of mind.

మ మ కల కల స౦ష౦, ర౦, ఆర౦  వ ల  (మ మ ై   వ

Interjection

అ౦.) Ex:Ex:- oh! he is dead. Alas! The old man was passed away last night. Hurrah! We have won the match.

EXERCISES I. Choose the correct parts of speech the underlined word in the following sentences

1. He is a wise man ( ) 1) Adverb 2) Verb 3) Preposition 4) Adjective 2. Iron is more useful than any other metal ( ) 1) Adjective 2) Verb 3) Pronoun 4) Noun 3. Alas ! What a bad news ( ) 1) Pronoun 2) interjection 3) Noun 4) Verb 4. We played an excellent Match ( ) 1) Noun 2) Pronoun 3) Adjective 4) verb 5. You can choose either this bat or that bat. ( ) 1) Noun 2) pronoun 3) Verb 4) Adjective 6. The Prisoner hanged himself ( ) 1) Preposition 2) Verb 3) Noun 4) Pronoun 7. Everest is the highest peak in the world ( ) 1) Adverb 2) Preposition 3) Pronoun 4) Noun 8. The bird is making itself a nest, here the word itself ( ) 1) Personal pron ronoun 2) Pos Possessive pronoun 3) Reflexive pron ronoun 4) An impersonal pron ronoun 9. Lavanya is my daughter who is studying second standard ( ) 1) Pe Perso rsonal nal pro pron noun oun 2) In Interr terrog ogat atiive prono ronoun un 3) Ref Refle lecctiv tive pro prono noun un 4.Di 4.Dist stri rib bute ute pronoun 10. Mr. Rao has two houses. ( ) 1) Preposition 2) Verb 3) Noun 4) Pronoun Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



11.Tajmahai is a beautiful building. ( ) 1) Noun 2) Pronoun 3) Adjective 4) verb 12. ‘As you like it’ is a very good drama. 1) Noun 2) Pronoun 3) Adjective 4) verb 13.Oh! We lost the match again. ( ) 1) Pronoun 2) interjection 3) Noun 4) Verb 14. You will get good marks if you study hard. ( ) 1) Pronoun 2) interjection 3) conjunction 4) Verb 15.How do you do? ( ) 1) Pe Perso rsonal nal pro pron noun oun 2) In Interr terrog ogat atiive prono ronoun un 3) Ref Refle lecctiv tive pro prono noun un pronoun 16. She is not old enough to go to college. ( ) 1) Adverb 2) Verb 3) Preposition 4) Adjective 17. He often makes mistakes 1) Adverb 2) Preposition 3) Pronoun 4) Noun 18.Unless you work hard, you will not pass. ( ) 1) Pronoun 2) interjection 3) conjunction 4) Verb 19. Ramya likes sweets besides vegetables. ( ) 1) Adverb 2) Verb 3) Preposition 4) Adjective 20.You ought to respect your parents. ( ) 1) Adverb 2) Preposition 3) Pronoun 4) Noun 21.Ravi reached this morning to Bombay. ( ) 1) pronoun 2) Verb 3) Preposition 4) Adjective 22.He teaches us English. ( ) 1) Pronoun 2) Verb 3) Preposition 4) Adjective 23. Either o Either of you must have it. ( ) 1) Pronoun 2) Verb 3) Preposition 4) Adjective 24.He is very good police man. ( ) 1) Adverb 2) Verb 3) Preposition 4) Adjective 25. My mother hasn't been too well. ( ) 1) Adverb 2) Verb 3) Preposition 4) Adjective

4.Di 4.Dist stri rib bute ute

CHAPTER III ARTICLES AND PREPOSITIONS A.ARTICLES There are two articles in English. They are 1. Indefinite articles: - ‘A’ and ‘An’ are called Indefinite articles 2. Definite Articles: - ‘The’ is called definite articles

USE OF ARTICLE ‘A’ :Rules:1. ‘A’ is used before a singular common noun beginning with consonantal sound. Eg:-

a boy, a flower, a box, a man a book a pen a car a table 2. Some words start with a vowel letter letter (A, E, I, O, U) but having a consonant consonant sound then indefinite articles “ a” is used before them. Eg:- a University a European a unite a uniform a universal a useful animal Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



3. ‘A’ is used before a singular common noun, beginning with a vowel letter which has ‘w’ sound (Consonantal sound ) Eg:g:- a one one rupe rupeee note note a one eyed beggar 4. ‘A’ is used before the collective nouns:Eg:a group of people a bunch of flower a bundle of papers a bunch of keys 5. ‘A’ is used before the quantities:Eg:- a few, a lot of, a little, a dozen 6. To make a common noun of a proper noun:Eg: - This is a Shakespeare of India A Denial comes to Judgment EXERCISES: Fill in the blanks with with suitable articles:1. India India is a great great coun country try.. 2. Rani Rani is a nurse nurse in in hospi hospital tal.. 3. Gita Gita has has a lon long g hai hair. r. 4. Raju Raju wrot wrotee a letter letter to me. 5. Mr. Frank Frank is a Europe European. an. 6. I have have found found a one one Rupee Rupee coin coin in the the basket. basket. 7. He is is a Unive Universit rsity y Profes Professor sor.. 8. John John is is a hand handso some me boy boy.. 9. Englis English h is a diffic difficult ult lang languag uage. e. 10.What a beautiful painting.

USE OF ARTICLE ‘AN’:Rules:1. ‘An’ is used before a singular common noun beginning with vowel sound. Eg:- an apple, an intelligent, an orphan, an elephant, an umbrella, an orange, an incident 2. ‘An’ is used before a singular common noun beginning with consonants but having vowel sound Eg:- an hour, an honest man, an heir, an honorable teacher 3. An is used before before abbreviations, abbreviations, which begin begin with F, I, R, M, N, L, S, H, X or pronounced an an individual letters. Eg:- an FIR, an MLA, an SBI, an ISI, an NCC, an HP Gas, an RMP an LLB an X-ray EXERCISES:1. Kaly Kalyan anii is an intelligent girl. 2. we will will leav leavee aft after er an hour. 3. Chinni is is an MA English. 4. The girl irl is an orphan . 5. He ma married an American lady. 6. Kalyan is an extraordinary man. 7. man is a social animal. 8. Jaya is an innocent girl. 9. Pavan is an MLA. 10.I met with an accident.

USE OF ARTICLE ‘THE’:Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Note:- ‘THE’ is used before DR. O SUMA IRON SPOT D = Direction R = Rivers O = oceans S = Superlative adjectives U = uniqueness in the universe M = Mountains A= Adjectival nouns I = instruments R = Religious O = Ordinal Numbers (first, second) N = News papers. S = sacred books P = political parties O= organizations T = Trains. Rules:1.’T'he’ is used before the names directions:Eg:- The east , The west, The North, The South 2. ‘The’ is used before the names of rivers:Eg:- The Thapathi, The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Godhavari 3. ‘The’ is used used before the the names of Oceans:Eg:- The Indian Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean The red sea The Pacific 4. ‘The’ is used before superlative adjectives:Eg:- The tallest, The highest The greatest The shortest 5. ‘The’ is used before unique in the universe. Eg:- The Sun, The Sky, The Star, The moon, The earth 6. ‘The’ is is used before before the names of Mountains:Eg:- The Himalayas, The Aravalis, The Vindhya 7. ‘The’ is used before adjectival nouns. Eg:- The poor, The deaf, the rich, the dumb 8. ‘The’ is used before Instruments(musical instruments):Eg:- Th The Ve Veena, The Dr Drum, the Vi Violin, The fl fluet, The Th Thabala, 9. ‘The’ is used before Religious. . Eg:- The Hindu, The Muslim, The Christian 10. ‘The’ is used before ordinal numbers:Eg:- The first, the third, the second, the fourth 11. ‘The’ is used before the names of news papers:Eg:- The Hindu, The Vaartha, The Eenadu 12. ‘The’ is used before Sacred S acred books (Holy Book). Eg:- The Ramayana, Ramayana, The Bible, The The Bhagavathgeetha, Bhagavathgeetha, The Quran 13. ‘The’ is used before the names of political parties Eg:- The congress, The YSR Congress, The BJP 14. ‘The’ is used before the names of Organizations. Eg:- The UNO, The UNICEF, The UNESCO, The W.H.O 15. ‘The’ is used before the names of trains. Eg:- The Shathabdhi, The Kanyakumari Express, The Rayalaseema Express, 16. ‘The’ is used before the names of plural numbers:Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Eg:Eg:- The The news news pape papers rs,, The The Play Player ers, s, The The stud studen ents ts,, The The book bookss 17. ‘The’ is used before before a historical construction. Eg:- The Charminar, The Re Red fort, The Thajmahal, The gate way of India. 18. ‘The’ is used before national festivals. Eg;- The Ghandhi Jayanthi, The Independence Day, The Children’s Day, The Republic Day 19. ‘The’ is used before a head of the Institutions :Eg:- The Head Master, The Principal, The Manager, The Post Master 20. ‘The’ is used before repetation r epetation of a common noun:Eg:- I saw a boy in the park, the boy was crying, we met a stranger at the seashore The stranger was an American 21. ‘The’ is used before a Particular place, thing or person. Eg:- I saw this book in the Library last Sunday. Went to the Beach. The criminal was hanged. 22. ‘The’ is used before the secondary purpose of a place. Eg:- I went to Hospital to consult consult the Doctor. ( primary) I went to the Hospital H ospital to see my sick friend. (secondary) I go to college. (primary) My father goes to the College. 23. ‘The’ is used in comparative construction before the both adjectives. Eg:- The more your work the more you gain. The faster you run the quicker you reach. The Higher the colder. OMISSION OF ARTICLES Rules:a. Any article cannot be used before the names of person. Eg:- X Raju, X Githa X Sita, X Jaya b. Any article cannot be used before the names of Country. Eg:- X India, X Japan, X Sri Lanka, X America c. . Any article cannot be used before the names of games. Eg:- X Cricket, X Tennis, X foot ball, X chess d. Any article cannot be used before the names of Disease. Eg:- X Cancer, X Ma Maleria, X Fe Fever, e. . Any article cannot be used used before the names of Metal. Eg:- X cotton, X Gold, f. Any article cannot cannot be used before before the names of language. . Eg:- X English, X Sa Sanskrit , X te telugu, X hi hindi g. Any article cannot cannot be used before the names of a meal. Eg:- X Lu Lunch, X Su Supper , X Di Dinner, X Br Break fast h. Any article cannot be used before the names of a day or month. Eg:- X Ma March, X Su S unday , i. Any article article cannot cannot be used before before the Abstract Noun. Eg:- X ho honest, X Ch Child hood, X Kn Knowledge, X lo love 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable Article:1. He was the first man to arrive. 2. The Nile is the river 3. My grandmother reads the Bible regularly Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



4. The Sun rise in the east 5. The Hindu is a popular news paper 6. Mr. Rama is the most experienced in our College. 7. The Himalayas are to the North of India 8. The Pacific is an Ocean 9. She is playing the Thabala 10. The Earth revolves round the Sun 11. Vijayavada is on the Krishna

EXERCISES 1. Choose the suitable article:1) ______ Ganga is a holy water. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 2) He is ________ honorable man. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 3) I met him _____ year ago. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 4) Hindi is ____ easy language. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 5) Mr. Brown is _____ European. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 6) _____ Sun raises in the east. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 7) __ _____ Elephant is a wild animal. ( ) 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 8) He is _____ honest man. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 9) Will you come back in ____ hour? ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 10) ____ Gold is a precious metal. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 11) She is _____ Australian lady. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 12) Don’t go without _____ umbrella. It is raining. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 13) India is ____ great country. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 14) H Hee is ______ university student. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 15) John is ______ handsome boy. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 16) I found _____ one rupee note. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 17) Abdul kalam is _____ extraordinary man. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 18) _____ Nile is a long river. ( Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com


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1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 19) Vijayawade is on _____ Krishna river. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 20) I saw _____ snake in the river. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 21) Let us form ____ union. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 22) My mother reads _____ Ramayana every day. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 23) When I was was co coming to to th the co college, I saw __ ___ ac accident.( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 24) I saw _______ orphan in the ashram. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 25) It It is ________ interesting story. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 26) Robert Forst is _______ American. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 27) ______earth revolves around the sun. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 28) You are _____ student. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 29) Honest men speak _____ truth. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 30) His father is ______ M.P. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 31) She got ______ first prize in English subject. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 32) May is ______ hottest month of the year. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 33) ______ Mahabharatha is a great epic. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 34) Kalidas is _____ Shakespeare of India. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 35) Th T he rich should help ______ poor. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 36) Bangalore is _______ beautiful city. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 37) A dollar is _____ unit of currency. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 38) He reads ________ Bible every day. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 39) Frank is ______ African. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 40) Th The Ramayana is _______ Epic. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com


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41) Go Gold is ______ precious metal. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 42) Bi B indu is _______ intelligent girl. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 43) __ _______ cow is a useful animal. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 44) ______ Pacific is the deepest ocean. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 45) Ksishna went to _______ rescue of Arjuna. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 46) He He has________ ulcer on his leg. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 47) Sheela is ______ M.L.A. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 48) La L atin is _____ classical language. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 49) He He is _______ heir to the throne. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article 50) ______ Himalayas are to the north of India. ( 1) a 2)an 3)the (4 No article

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B.PREPOSITION Definition: - The Preposition is a word which is placed a noun or a pronoun and it shows relation to some other words in a sentence. Eg:- I am am Intereste Interested d in painting painting She is fond of music He is applied for a Job Raju is good at English Kinds of Prepositions: There are mainly three kinds of preposition They are:1. Simpl Simplee prepo preposit sition ionss 2. Co Compo mpound und prepos prepositi itions ons 3. phra phrase se prepo preposi siti tion onss 1. Simple Preposition: - In, at, on, by, for, from, of, off, up, with, to 2. Compound prepositions: - Before, between, among, behind, beside. 3. Phrase prepositions:prepositions:- In spite of, owing to, in front off, instead off, because of ,on account of, In case of etc. USES OF SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS 1. Use of ON:1. ‘on’ is used with the names of week days and dates .(వర ర  ౦ మ 

౦ ‘on’ ఉప త ౦.) Eg: - My friend will come on Tuesday My birth day is on 15 th August 2. ‘On’ is used to show the position of something above something with connect in resting position.(మసమయ౦ ఒక మసమయ౦ ఒక    ఆ ఉ౦, ఆ  ై  ఆ త త   త త  ౦ ‘on’ ఉప త ౦.) Eg:- 1.The book is on the table 2. She sat on the chair 3. The cat is on the wall Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



౩.‘On’ is used to show the direction of something. (ఒక  ఒక  ఉ  ౦చ ‘on’  త త  ఉ  ఉప త ౦.) Eg:- 1. a man sat on the left of Krishna.

2. The girl who sat on your right is clever.

2. Use of ‘IN’:1. ‘IN’ is used before the names of months and years.(  ర  మ స౦ర ర 

౦ ‘in’ ఉప త ౦. Eg:- 1.We got freedom in 1947. 2. Examination will be conducted in July. 3. Mangoes are during in summer season. 4. He came here in the morning. 2. ‘In’ is used before the name of countries, big cities, and towns.( ల మ  ద ప  

ర  ౦ ‘in’  ఉప త ౦.) Eg:- 1.They are lived in Delhi. 2. My friend lives in H Hyderabad. yderabad. 3. They have been living in Hyderabad since 2000. 4. I have been working here in Rajampet for 17 years. 3. ‘In’ is used before the times of the day.(  ర  ౦ general గ ‘In’  ఉప త ౦) Eg:- 1.He came here in the morning. 2. She saw me in the evening. 3. Use of “At”:1. At is used before small towns and Villages, streets.(  ప  ప  ౦  ణల మ  ర ‘at’  ఉప త ౦)

Eg:- 1.Sita is living at Pullampet at Pullampet 2. My parents work at Utukur. at Utukur. 2. At is used to express exact time.( ఖమ సమయ౦ ఖమ సమయ౦ ౦ ‘at’ ఉప త ౦) Eg:- 1.The Principal comes to college at 7o at 7o clock daily. 2.The train leaves at the station at 8. at 8. p.m. 4. Use of with:ఒక ప య మ ఉప౦  ఉప౦  1. ‘With’ is used with things (instruments )(ఒక ప త త  

ధన ౦ ధన ౦ ‘with’  ఉప త ౦) Eg:- 1.Raja killed his wife with a knife. 2. The thief broke the door with a hammer’ 3. She cut the vegetables with a knife. 4. They killed the snake with a stick. 5. Use of “By”:1. “By” “By” is used used in the the passi passive ve voice voice.. 2. “By” is used used to show the mode mode of of travel. travel. Eg:- by bus, by car, by train, by Jeep 3. ‘By’ ‘By’ is used used to refer refer the the future future time. time. Eg:- 1.We can get a TET certificate by next July 2. We will go to market by next Wednesday 3. Pandavas were helped by Krishna Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



4. The Principal comes to College by car

6. Use of ‘For’:1. ‘For’ is used to indicate a period of time and purpose .(  ౦ ‘For’ 

ఉప త ౦) Eg:- 1. Hari has been been waiting here here for 2 for 2 hours. 2. My uncle has been living in Hyderabad for 10 for 10 years. 3. We applied for Job. for Job. 7. Use of ‘since’:1. “Since” indicates point of time used in present perfect and present perfect continuous tense. (since  perfect tenses  ఖ  ఖ సమయ సమయ ౦ ౦ ఉప త ౦) Eg:- 1.I have been working as teacher of English Since 1990. 2. It has been raining Since 6o clock. 8. Use of ‘Between’: ౦డ  1. ‘Between’ is used to indicate two persons or thing and places.( ఎ ద   త త ల  ౦డ త త ల

ఉడ between  ఉప త ౦.) Eg:- 1.Rani Sat between Uma and Suma 2. The Office work between 10 am and 5 pm 3. The war took place between India and Pakisthan Eg:-1.There is no comprehension between Rama and Lakshmana. 9. Use of among:1. ‘Among’ is usedwhen there are more than two persons or things.( ఇ ద  క౦ ఎ ఉడ among  ఉప త ౦.)

Eg:- 1.The teacher sat among her students 2. The Principal distributed the Prizes among the students. 3.The four brothers shared the property among themselves. 10. Use of Beside:క అ అర 1. Beside is used by the side of. ( by the side of అ౦ ప  క అ థ ౦ beside  ఉప త ౦.) ) Eg:- 1.My house is beside hospital. 2.I stood beside my wife in the photograph. 11. Use of Besides:గ అ 1. Besides is used in the meaning of “in addition to”.( in addition to అ౦ అ౦ గ అ

అర థ ౦ besides  ఉప త ౦.) Eg:-1.I prepare Chapathi Besides Chapathi Besides Puri. 2. I know Telugu besides English. 3. I take Coffee besides milk, Tea. 4. She plays chess besides caroms. 12. Use of upon:ఒక ఉప౦  1. ‘Upon’ is used to indicate movement of item .(ఒక ఉప౦ ై ఒక ఒక  త త  కక

౦ upon  ఉప త ౦.) Eg:- 1.The tiger is jumped upon the deer. 13. Use of To:1. ‘To’ is used to indicate direction and after (before) the following (words) adjectives junor, senior, superior, inferior, prefer. Eg:- 1.They walked to the west 2. Raju is Junior to Rani Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



3. I prepare Coffee to Tea

14. Use of Into:1. ‘Into’ is used to show the movement of something from one medium to another .( into  ఒక

మ౦౦ ఇ౦క మ౦ చన ౦చ చన ౦చ ఉప త ౦.) Eg:- 1. She jumped into the well. 2. They went deep into the forest. 3. The The cat ran ran into the kitchen. EXERCISES Choose the suitable prepositions:prepositions:1. I am waiting _______ my friend. 1)on 2) to 3)for 4)from 2. He He is suffering _______________ fever. 1)on 2) to 3)for 4)from 3. The old man died ________ cancer. 1)of 2) to 3)for 4)from 4. He H e rubbed the black board _________ a duster. 1)with 2) by 3)of 4)from 5. He He is not ashamed _________ his conduct. 1)on 2) at 3)of 4)from 6. We W e must go to our house_________7’o clock. 1)at 2) to 3)above 4)by 7. she is afraid _________ snake. 1)off 2) of 3)in 4)from 8. I prefer coffee ________ tea. 1)at 2) to 3)above 4)between 9. Rahul lives ____________ Agra. 1)at 2) in 3)above 4)over 10. He will go home __________ Sunday. 1)on 2) from 3)with 4)in 11. What had been accused ________? 1)of 2) for 3)in 4)by 12. Arjuna is cousin _______ mine. 1)at 2)for 3)of 4)by 13. Raju goes to school __________ foot. 1)on 2) to 3)with 4)at 14. The office is open __________ 10a.m and 5 p.m. 1)at 2) to 3)among 4)between 15. The boys quarreled _____________ themselves. 1)at 2) to 3)among 4)between 16. I congratulated __________ his success. 1)on 2) from 3)with 4)in 17. They have been working here _______ 1989. 1)for 2) from 3)since 4)in 18. I am angry _________ you. 1) upon 2) of 3)with 4)against 19. Sheela is interested __________ music. 1)on 2) from 3)for 4)in 20. She was born _________2009. 1)for 2) in 3)at 4)from 21. she is fond _________ music. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

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1)of 2) for 3)in 4)by 22. Listen ___________ the story. 1)on 2) to 3)with 4)at 23. Prakash knows English ___________ Telugu. 1)beside 2) besides 3)behind 4)from 24. I don’t agree _________ your proposal. 1)by 2) to 3)with 4)from 25. He was accused _________ murder. 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)at 26. Raju is a man ____________ principles. 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)for 27. Hyderabad is the capital __________ A.P. 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)for 28. The headmaster is looking _________ complaint. 1)at 2) through 3)into 4)to 29. He gave __________ smoking. 1)of 2) off 3)up 4)at 30. Don’t laugh __________ others. 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)at 31.Th .The se secret __ _________ su success li lies __ ________ ha hard work. 1)of 2) in 3)with 4)for 32. The tables are made ___________ wood. 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)for 33.The school remains open __________ 12 th June. 1)in 2) at 3)on 4)for 34. I am searching ____________ my lost book. 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)for 35. I reached the station __________ bus. 1)by 2) at 3)with 4)from 36. The baby fell ____________ river. 1)in 2) into 3)upon 4)over 37. My house is __________ the temple. 1)besides 2) beside 3)at 4)in 38. She is fond _______ music. 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)for 39. Ramya comes to school _______ foot. 1)of 2) on 3)with 4)for 40. Let us go ___________ walk. 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)for 41. Ravi is good _______ English. 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)at 42. He lives _________ Balaji nagar. 1)at 2) in 3)with 4)by 43. He jumped ___________ the river. 1)into 2) in 3)out 4)for 44. The book is ____________ the table. 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)on 45. I have been living here__________ 19 years. 1)of 2) at 3)since 4)for 46. Rama sat ___________ his friends. 1)between 2)beside 3)among 4)from Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

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47. He killed the snake ___________ a stick. ( ) 1)of 2) to 3)with 4)for 48. I will come there ___________ 5 p.m. ( ) 1) on 2) at 3)by 4)from 49. The dog is ________ the tree. ( ) 1) under 2) upon 3)from 4)in 50. 50. The They y hav havee bee been n con const stru ruct ctin ing g the the buil buildi ding ng ____ ______ ___ _ a lon long g tim time. e. ( 1) for 2) since 3)from 4)at

CHAPTER IV VERBS Verbs are two types in English language: They are 1. Auxi Auxili liar ary y verb verbss 2. Mai Main verbs erbs 1. Auxiliary Verbs: - They are 24 auxiliary Verbs in English language. They are: Helping Verbs Be forms:-Am, is, are, was, were Do forms:-do, does, did Have forms:- have, has, had Model Auxiliaries:-shall, should, can, could, will, would, may, might, must .

TABLE 1 Be forms: - am, is, are, was, were, are called be forms Subject Present verb past verb past participate I am was been We a re were been You a re were been He is was been She is was been It is was been They a re were been Ex:1. India is ( be) be) a bog country. 2. There are (be) seven continents in the world. TABLE 2 Have forms (Possession): - Have, Has, had, are, called have forms Subject Pr Present verb past verb past participate I have had had We have had had You have had had He has had had She has had had Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com


)


It They

has have

had had

had had

Ex:- I have (have) a scooter She has (have) three saries We have (have) a class today They had ( have) a lot of property last year TABLE 3 Do forms: - do, did, does Subject I We You He She It They Ex:-

Present verb do do do does does does do

past verb did did did did did did did

past participate done done done done done done done

I do (do) my home work She does (do) her duty He did (do) his M.A at S.V.U in 2007

TABLE 4 Model verbs Subject Present verb I Shall We shall can will All may subjects must

Past verb Should should could would might had to

2. Main Verbs:These are two types 1. stro strong ng verb verbss 2. weak eak verb erbs 1. Strong Verbs: - These are divided into three groups 1. Present verb (v 1) 2. Past verb (v 2) 3.Past participate (v 3)

List of Irregular(strong) Irregular(strong) Verbs Note: - Verbs of present tense form, past, past particle are different



S.l S.l.no .no Prese resent nt ver verb( b(v v1)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

am is are awake arise bear beat become begin befall beget below break choose come cleave crow dive drink drive eat fall fly freeze forget forgive forsake get give go grow


Past verb(v2) www.facebook.com/vinayadharraju

Past Participle (v3)

was was were awoke arose bore beat became began befell begot blew broke chose came clove c re w dove drank drove ate fell flew froze forgot forgave forsook got gave went grew

been been been awoken arisen borne beaten become begun befallen begotten blown broken chosen come cloven crown dived drunk driven eaten fallen flown frozen forgotten forgiven forsaken gotten given gone grown

Past verb(v2)


32. know knew known 33. li l ie lay lain 34. overcome overcame overcame 35. overtake overtook overtaken 36. oversee oversaw overseen 37. ride rode ridden 38. rise rose risen 39. ring rang rung 40. run ran run 41. see sa w seen 42. shake shook shaken 43. shrink shrank shrunk 44. sing sang sung 45. sink sank sunk 46. speak spoke spoken 47. spin span spun 48. spring sprang sprung 49. steel stole stolen 50. strive strove striven 51. swear swore sworn 52. swing swang swung 53. take took taken 54. ourteBlog: ar www.feltap.blogspot.com tore Email: [email protected] torn Visit 55. throw threw thrown


Note : Verbs that have the the same form in their past tense and and past participle tense.




1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

abide have has bend behold breed bring bite bleed bing build burn buy catch cling creep deal dwell dig dream feed f e el fight find flee fling grind hang hear hide hold keep kneel lay


Past verb(v2) www.facebook.com/vinayadharraju


abode had had bent beheld bred brought bit bled bound built burnt brought caught clung crept dealt dwelt dug dreamt fed felt fought found fled flung ground hung heard hid held kept knelt laid

abode had had bent beheld bred brought bit bled bound built burnt brought caught clung crept dealt dwelt dug dreamt fed felt fought found fled flung ground hung heard hid held kept knelt laid

Past verb(v2)


35. learn learnt learntt 36. lead led led 37 light lit lit 38 lose lost lost 39 make made made 40 mean meant meant 41 misspell miss spelt miss spelt 42 misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood 43 rend rent rent 44 repay repaid repaid 45 say said said 46 seek sought sought 47 sell sold sold 48 send sent sent 49 shine shone shone 50 shoot shot shot 51 sit sat s at 52 sleep slept slept 53 slide slid slid 54 oursBlog: ling www.feltap.blogspot.com slung slung Email: [email protected] slung Visit 55 smell smelt smelt


Regular(weak) Verbs. S.l. S.l.no no Pres Presen entt ver verb( b(v v1)

Past verb(v2)


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

ask announce agree accept admit appear advise arrange aim appoint arrive argue attack a ct admire advance a f f e ct achieve acquire acquaint advertise allow answer arrest associate attend attempt abscond borrow

asked announced agree accepted admitted appeared advised arranged aimed appointed arrived argued attacked acted admired advanced affected achieved acquired acquainted advertised allowed answered arrested associated attended attempted absconded borrowed

asked announce agreed accepted admitted appeared advised arranged aimed appointed arrived argued attacked acted admired advance affected achieved acquired acquainted advertised allowed answered arrested associated attended attempted absconded borrowed

S.l.no

present verb(v1)

past verb(v2)

past participle (v3)

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

believe blame bother bluff call cancel change cheat continue close consult chase count cook collect complete convergent check commence cr y criticize

believed blamed bothered bluffed called cancelled changed cheated continued closed consulted chased counted cooked collected completed converted checked commenced cried criticized

believed blamed bothered bluffed called cancelled changed cheated continued closed consulted chased counted cooked collected completed converted checked commenced cried criticized




51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

consider challenge communicate ca rr y clean consist deliver discover disturb decide drop dance damage divide

consider challenged communicated carried cleaned consisted delivered discovered disturbed decided dropped danced damaged divided

consider challenged communicated carried cleaned consisted delivered discovered disturbed decided dropped danced damaged divided

S.l. S.l.no no Pres Presen entt ver verb( b(v v1)

Past verb(v2)


65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

desired discussed departed dismissed dashed decreased depended delayed decorated destroyed explained expected enjoyed enquired expressed escaped encouraged enclosed entered excused estimated examined faced formed failed framed feared frightened followed finished flowed gathered guided guessed helped

desired discussed departed dismissed dashed decreased depended delayed decorated destroyed explained expected enjoyed enquired expressed escaped encouraged enclosed entered excused estimated examined faced formed failed framed feared frightened followed finished flowed gathered guided guessed helped


Past verb(v2)


100 101

hated happened

hated happened

desire discuss depart dismiss dash decrease depend delay decorate destroy explain expect enjoy enquire express escape encourage enclose enter excuse estimate examine face form fail frame fear frighten follow finish flow gather guide guess help hate happen




102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134

hesitate harass hatch hi r e honor hop inform impress interest indicate instruct invent increase insist interrupt introduce invite improve injure irritate illuminate imitate illustrate identify import inaugurate include inquire insert inspect insult involve isolate

hesitated harassed hatched hired honored hopped informed impressed interested indicated instructed invented increased insisted interrupted introduced invited improved injured irritated illuminated imitated illustrated identified imported inaugurated included inquired inserted inspected insulted involved isolated

hesitated harassed hatched hired honored hopped informed impressed interested indicated instructed invented increased insisted interrupted introduced invited improved injured irritated illuminated imitated illustrated identified imported inaugurated included inquired inserted inspected insulted involved isolated


Past verb(v2)


135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153

jumped joined killed kidnapped kicked knock kissed liked loved listened looked leaned lifted limited listed lived locked moved murmured

jumped joined killed kidnapped kicked knock kissed liked loved listened looked leaned lifted limited listed lived locked moved murmured

jump join kill kidnap kick knock kiss like love listen look lean lift limit list live lock move murmur




154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169

miss melt murder mend migrate measure neglect notice observe occupy o we open order occur o ffe r oppose

missed melted murdered mended migrated measured neglected noticed observed occupied owed opened ordered occurred offered opposed

missed melted murdered mended migrated measured neglected noticed observed occupied owed opened ordered occurred offered opposed


Past verb(v2)


170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204

obeyed obtained operated originated passed proved performed pulled pushed permitted prevented presented preferred presided proceed punished placed practiced provoked played possessed posted postponed poured praised prepared preserved printed produced prohibited promised protected published purchased paid

obeyed obtained operated originated passed proved performed pulled pushed permitted prevented presented preferred presided proceed punished placed practiced provoked played possessed posted postponed poured praised prepared preserved printed produced prohibited promised protected published purchased paid

Past verb(v2)


obey obtain operate originate pass prove perform pull push permit prevent present prefer preside proceed punish place practice provoke play possess post postpone pour praise prepare preserve print produce prohibit promise protect publish purchase pa pay





205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239

participate quarrel qualify question refuse receive return remain remark report recall reflect release require reject reach remove recommend reduce receive remind repair repeat reply request respect respond reveal revise revolt reward stare spoil sa say suggest

participated quarreled qualified questioned refuse received returned remained remarked reported recalled reflected released required rejected reached removed recommended reduced received reminded repaired repeated replied request respected responded revealed revised revolted rewarded stared spoiled said suggested

participated quarreled qualified questioned refuse received returned remained remarked reported recalled reflected released required rejected reached removed recommended reduced received reminded repaired repaired replied request respected responded revealed revised revolted rewarded stared spoiled said suggested


Past verb(v2)


240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256

supported suspected suffered seized searched stopped seem selected scolded surprised showed sacrificed sanctioned satisfied saved scattered secured

supported suspected suffered seized searched stopped s e em selected scolded surprised showed sacrificed sanctioned satisfied saved scattered secured

support suspect suffer seize search stop s e em select scold surprise show sacrifice sanction satisfy save scatter secure




257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303

shape shift slip solve smile stay struggle submit supply start turn transfer travel tr y treat trust train trouble touch threaten thank terminate trace translate twist us u se utilize vow vex verify visit vacate vanish want walk waste warn worry wait wish wash watch wonder work worship absorb abuse

shaped shifted slipped solved smiled stayed struggled submitted supplied started turned transpired traveled tried treated trusted trained troubled touched threatened thanked terminated traced translated twisted used utilized vowed vexed verified visited vacated vanished wanted walked wasted warned worried wait wished washed watched wondered worked worshiped absorbed abused


shaped shifted slipped solved smiled stayed struggled submitted supplied started turned transpired traveled tried treated trusted trained trouble touched threatened thanked terminated traced translated twisted used utilized vowed vexed verified visited vacated vanished wanted walked wasted warned worried waited wished washed watched wondered worked worshiped absorbed abused



CHAPTER V TENSES The word tense comes from the Latin word “Tempus” which means “time”. Tense denotes the time of an action Tenses are root of the grammar There are three main tenses they are 1. Pres Presen entt ten tense se 2. past past tens tensee 3. Futu Future re tens tensee Each tense is divided in to four groups S. Present tense Past tense Future tense No. 1 Simple Present Simple past Simple Future 2 Present Continuous Past continuous Future Continuous 3 Present perfect Past prefect Future prefect 4 Present perfect Past perfect continuous Future perfect continuous continuous

There are 12 types of tenses in English. They are:1. Simple present 2. Present Continuous 3. Present perfect 4. Present perfect continuous 5. Past simple 6. Past Continuous 7. Past perfect 8. Past perfect continuous 9. Simple Future 10. Future (simple) continuous 11. Future perfect 12. Future perfect continuous

OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING TABLE:Give 1. Simple present 2. Present Continuous 3. Present perfect 4. Present perfect continuous 5. simple Past 6. Past Continuous 7. Past perfect 8. Past perfect continuous 9. Simple Future 10. Fut Future (simple) continuous 11. Future perfect 12. Future perfect continuous Take Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

give, gives is giving am giving, are giving have given, has given have been giving, has been giving gave was giving, were giving had given -had been giving Shall give, will give shall be giving, wil will be giving Shall have given, will have given shall have been giving, will have been giving Email: [email protected]


1. Simple present 2. Present Continuous 3. Present perfect 4. Present perfect continuous 5. simple Past tense 6. Past Continuous 7. Past perfect 8. Past perfect continuous 9. Simple Future 10. Fut Future (s (simple) co continuous 11. Future perfect 12. Future perfect continuous Go 1. Simple present

Take, ta takes am taking, is taking, are taking have taken, has taken have been taking, has been taking took was taking, wore taking had taken had been taking shall be taking, will be taking shall be be ta taking, wi will be taking Shall have taken, will have taken Shall have been taking, will have been taking

go, goes am going , is going, are going have given, has given have been giving, has been giving -went was went, were went had gone -had been going shall go, will go shall be going, will be going shall have gone, will have gone shall have been going, will have been going

2. Present Continuous 3. Present perfect 4. Present perfect continuous 5. simple Past tense 6. Past Continuous 7. Past perfect 8. Past perfect continuous 9. Simple Future 10. Future (simple) continuous 11. Future perfect 12. Future perfect continuous

Find the tenses in the following sentences:sentences:1. I teach English Simple present 2. You are writing something Present continuous 3. We passed 10 th class last year Simple past 4. You You wer weree stu study dyin ing g fir first st year year last last year year -Pas -Pastt Con Conti tinu nuou ouss 5. Sita got a prize Simple past 6. I have completed Graduation Present perfect 7. We had reached the Station Past perfect 8. Sita sings many songs Simple present 9. I wil will come to you house tomorrow row simple Future 10.They will have completed their work by this time tomorrow. Future perfect 11. My has been living in Hyderabad for 10 years - Present perfect perfect continuous 12. We were watching T. T .V Past continuous 13. We shall be writing a novel Future continuous 14. Joh John goe goess to to Chu Churc rch h ever every y Sund Sunday ay-Simp Simplle pre prese sent nt 15. Latha Drink coffee Simple present 16. You made a mistake in the class Simple past 17. 17. They They will will visi visitt Tiru Tiruma mala la tomo tomorr rrow ow Simp Simple le Futu Future re 18. Columbus discovered America Simple past 19. I saw a film last might Simple past 20. 20. I hav havee bee been n tea teach chin ing g gra gramm mmar ar for for 15 15 daydayPres Presen entt per perfe fect ct cont contin inuo uous us TENSE THROUGH STRUCTURES 1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE A. Affirmative sentence:Formula:- sub+v 1 es + object Eg:- I write a letter. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



You drink coffee. He goes to college daily. Sita sings songs. They read the Hindu daily. Note:- If the sentences begin with third person singular (He, she, it) “S” or “es” can be add to the first form of the verb (V 1) B. Negative Sentence :Formula:- sub + do not/does not + v 1 + obj Eg:- I do not write a letter letter . You do not drink coffee. He does not go to college daily. Sita does not Sing songs. They do not read the Hindu daily. C. interrogative sentence :Formula:- Do + sub+v 1 +obj? Ex: - Do I write a letter ? Does he go to college daily? Does Sita sing songs? Do they read the Hindu daily? D.Negative interrogative:Formula:- Do not/does not/does not not + sub + v1 + obj. Eg:- I Don’t I write a letter? Don’t you drink Coffee? Doesn’t he go to college daily? Doesn’t Sita sing songs? Don’t they read the Hindu daily? Use of simple present tense:This tense is used for the following cases:1. Habi Habitu tual al acti action on 2. dail daily y acti activi viti ties es 3. facts 4. univ univer ersa sall trut truths hs 1. Habitual actions and daily activities:Indications:Always, often, seldom, sometimes, daily, everyday, generally, occasionally, frequently, rarely, usually, regularly Eg:1. I go (go) to College daily 2. They come (come) to party ready 3. Ran Rani ofte ften makes (make) mistakes 4. I al always help (help) the poor 5. sita sita usef useful ul,, sits (sit) in the first row 6. we do (do) our home work regularly 7. She drinks (drink) milk daily 8. The They ofte ften visit (visit) Tirumala 9. You tell (tell) lies some times Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



10.He comes (come) here every morning 2. Universal truths:1. The Sun Sets Sets (set (set ) in in the the west west 2. The Sun shines shines during during the day 3. The eart earth h moves moves (move (move)) round round the the Sun Sun 4. The earth earth revolves revolves (revolves (revolves)) the sun 5. The moon shines shines (shine) (shine) during during the night 6. The moon moon give givess (give) (give) us cool cool nigh nightt 7. The earth earth rotates rotates (rotate) (rotate) round the Sun 8. The summer summer comes comes (come) (come) after after the winte winterr 9. The stars stars appear appear (appear) (appear) during during the night 10. Birds fly (fly) in in the Sky 11. Children like (like)Sweets 12. Bees make (make) (make) Honey 13. People speak speak (speak) English all all over world o 14. Water boils (boil) at the 100 c 15. The Indian Rivers flow (flow) (flow) Bay of Bengal 16. The them of the Novel reflects (reflect) (reflect) our couture 17. Fish live (live) (live) water 18. River water do not fast fast (not fast ) Salty 19. English is spoken (speak) all over the world. world.

3. Facts:1. Suga Sugarr is is (be) (be) Sweet Sweet 2. Hone Honey y is is (be (be)) Swee Sweett 3. Man is (be) mortal 4. Moun Mountt Eve Evere rest st is (be) the height peak in the World 5. India is be a big Country 6. Sunitha is (be) a wise girl 7. What is (be) a Prize of the book 8. There are (be) 11 members in the cricket 9. We are (be) a big nation 10.Gold melts (melt) at 100 o C 11.Salt dissolves (dissolve) in water

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE A. Affirmative sentence:Formula:- sub + am/is/are + v 1 +ing +obj) Eg:- I am writing a letter. You are eating a Mango. She is is reading reading the paper.

B .Negative Sentences:Formula: sub +am/is/are not+ v 1 + obj Eg:1. I am not writin writing g a letter letter.. 2. You are not eating eating mango. mango. 3. She is is not not readin reading g the the paper paper.. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



C. Interrogative sentence:Formula:- Am/is/are + sub+v1+ sub+v1+ obj Ex:1. Am I wri writi ting ng a lett letter er?? 2. Are you you eat eatin ing g a mang mango? o? 3. Is she she read reading ing the paper paper ? D .Negative interragative:interragative:Am/is/are not + sub+v1+ obj Eg:1. Amn’t Amn’t I writi writing ng a lett letter? er? 2. Aren’t Aren’t you eating eating a mango mango?? 3. Isn’t Isn’t she she read reading ing the paper? paper?

Uses of present continuous tense:This tense is mainly used to express real action which is going at the time of speaking. Eg:1. I am teachi teaching ng Engli English sh gramma grammarr now. 2. Sita Sita is doing doing home home work work now. now. 3. They are making making chapathis chapathis at present present.. Near Future: - This tense is used for the actions that has already been arranged to take place near future. Eg:1. The C.M is is coming coming to to Kadapa Kadapa next next Sunda Sunday. y. 2. we are are meetin meeting g with with them them tomorr tomorrow. ow. 3. My uncle uncle is visiting visiting Tirumala Tirumala next month. month. Indications ::- now, at, present, present, listen, see, look, look, don’t disturb disturb

Examination model:model:1. I am writing (write) a letter now 1) will write, 2) a writing 3)am writing 4)None 2. They are doing (do) H.W at present. 3. See! Somebody is calling by her name. . 4. Look! Somebody is breaking (break) the glass. 5. Don’t disturb me I am reading (read) the paper. 6. Don’t disturb him he is doing (do) his home work. 7. Listen somebody is knock (knock) at the door. 8. Leela is reading (read) a novel now. 9. They are playing (play) tennis at present . The following verbs are not used in present continuous tense:1. Verbs Verbs of perceptio perception n :See, hear, smell, notice, recognize 2. verbs verbs of appearan appearance ce :appear, look, seem 3. verbs verbs of emotion emotion :what, wish, desire, fed, like, love, hate, hope, r efuse, prefer Verb s of thinking thin king :4. Verbs Think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know, mean, understand. 5. Verbs Verbs of possession possession :have, own, possess, belong, consist, contain. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE This tense is used for the actions just completed in the past. A.Assertive sentences :Formula:- sub+have/has +v 3+obj Eg:1. I have have writte written n a letter letter.. 2. You have have done done your your home home work. work. 3. He has has sun sung g a song song.. 4. Sita Sita has has sent sent a gift gift.. B.Negative Sentence:Formula:- sub+have/has+not+v 3+obj. Eg:1. I have have not not writ written ten a lette letter. r. 2. you have have not done done your your home home work. work. 3. Sita Sita has has not not sent sent a gift. gift. 4. He has has not not sun sung g a son song. g. C. Interrogative sentence:Formula:- have/has + sub+ v 3+obj Eg:1. Have Have I writ writte ten n a lett letter? er? 2. Have Have you you done done your your home home work? work? 3. Has He sung sung a son song? g? 4. Has Sita Sita sent sent a gift? gift? D. Negative interrogative:interrogative:Formula:- have/has +not+ sub+ v 3+obj Eg:1. Have Have not not I writ written ten a lette letter? r? 2. Have Have not you done done your your home home work work?? 3. Has Has not not he sung sung a song song?? 4. Has not not Sita Sita sent sent a gift? gift?

Examination pattern:Indications: - just, just, now, just, before, al ready, so far, yet, recently 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I have have written written (write) (write) a story just now a) wrote b)have written c)am writing d) have wrote He has has gone gone (go) (go) to Kadap Kadapaa just just befor beforee She ha ha seen seen (see) (see) the the film film recent recently ly They have left (leave) (leave) for Bangalore Bangalore just now My friend friend has not not come come (come) (come) here here so far Rani has joined joined (join) (join) in the the College College just just now.

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE This tense is used for the actions already started in the past and continuing up to the present. Formula:- sub + has/have + been+ ing+obj Eg:1. I have been teaching teaching English English grammar grammar for 20 days Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



2. She has has been been studyi studying ng Psychol Psychology ogy for for 2 day 3. He has has been been workin working g here here since since 2002 2002 4. She has been been livin living g in in Rajam Rajampet pet since since 2005 2005 Indications :- since, for  Since: For

it refers to point of time

:- it refers to to period of time

Since Since Monday Since June Since 8o clock Since morning Since 1998 Since yesterday

For for 3 hours for 10 days for a long time for 5 months for 3 weeks for half an hour

Examination Model:1. He has been waiting (wait) here for her for two years 2. I have been living (live) in Rajampet since 1990 3. They have been waiting (wait) at the bus stand stand for an hour hour 4. It has been raining (rain) here Since 8o clock 5. The ch child has been sleeping (sleep) here since 4 o clock 6. India has been facing (face) many problems for a long time 7. The bo boy has been reading (read) the novel for 2 hours 8. We have been taking (take) for T.E.T for 20 days

5. SIMPLE PAST TENSE A. Affirmative Affirmative sentence:Formula: - sub+ v2 + obj. Eg:1. I wrot wrotee a let lette ter. r. 2. You You boug bought ht a sco scoot oter er.. 3. He dra drank nk cof coffe fee. e. 4. She She san sang g a son song. g. 5. They They buil builtt a hou house se.. B. Negative sentence:Formula: - sub+ did not + v 1 + obj. Eg:1. I did did not not write write a letter letter.. 2. You did not buy a scoot scooter. er. 3. He did not drink drink coffee coffee.. 4. She did not sing sing a song. song. 5. They They did did not not build build a house house.. C. Interrogative sentence :Formula: - D id+sub+v1+obj. Eg:1. Did I writ writee a let lette ter? r? 2. Did you you buy buy a Sco Scoot oter? er? 3. Did he drin drink k cof coffe feee 4. did did she she sing sing a son song g 5. did did he buil build d a hou house se?? D. Negative sentence:Formula: - Did+not+sub+v1+obj. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Eg:1. Didn’t Didn’t I write write a lett letter? er? 2. Didn’t Didn’t you buy a scoo scooter ter?? 3. Didn’t Didn’t he drink drink coffee coffee?? 4. Didn’ Didn’tt she she sing sing a son song? g? 5. Didn’t Didn’t they they build build a house house??

Uses of simple past tense:This tense is used for the actions at any time in the past. Indications:Ago, long ago, last week, last night, last month, m onth, last year, last century, last decade, in 1947 ( any previous year), yesterday. 1. I wrote (write) a letter to here yesterday. 2. India won (win) the freedom in 1947. 3. The trai rain left (leave) left (leave) the plat form an hour ago. 4. He returned (return) returned (return) from the College yesterday. 5. John went (go) went (go) to the Church last Sunday. 6. Akhbar ruled (rule) ruled (rule) India long ago. 7. Suneel visited (visit) visited (visit) Tirumala last week. 8. I bought (buy) bought (buy) scooter in 2010. 9. They did (do) did (do) their work last week. 10.My friend come (come ) to my house yesterday.

6. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE This tense is used for the actions continuing in the past. Formula:Formula:- sub + was/were +v 1+ ing + obj Ex:1. I was was writ writin ing g a sto story ry.. 2. You were were doing doing your your work. work. 3. She She was sin singi ging ng son songs gs.. 4. They They were were build building ing a house house.. 5. He was playin playing g cric cricket ket.. Note:-When two works mentioned in a sentence one work is in simple past the other work will be be in past continuous tense. Note:- Shorter action (simple past) , longer action (past continuous ) Indications: - when, while 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

when when the the bell bell rang, rang, you were watching (watch) T.V When I saw here, she was playing (play) chess The gi girl fell asleep while she was watching (watch) T.V While He He was going (go) to college, he saw an accident. Rani was singing (sing) songs, I visited her. When I was crossing (cross) the road, I saw an accident. When When my daug daught hter er was going (go) to college, she saw a snake. My broth rotheer was sleeping (sleep) when I reached home. While I was going (go) to school, I saw a procession.

7. PAST PERFECT TENSE This tense is used for the actions just completed in the past A. Assertive sentence:Formula:- sub+had+v 3+obj Ex:1. I had had writt written en a stor story. y. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



2. You had finish finished ed your your work. work. 3. He had had left left the the villag village. e. 4. They They had had built built a hous house. e. B. Negative sentence:Formula:- sub+ had+not+v 3+ obj Ex:1. I hadn’t hadn’t writte written n a story story 2. you hadn’t hadn’t finish finished ed your your work 3. He hadn hadn’t ’t left left the villag villagee 4. They They hadn hadn’t ’t buil builtt a house house Uses:Rule:- 1. when two works are mentioned in a sentence the first work is in past perfect tense, the second work will in simple past. Indications :- Before, after, when, as soon as, until Ex:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Before I reached the station, the train had left (leave) the flat form He had had written written (write) (write) a letter letter before before he arrived arrived Jyothi Jyothi had left (leave) (leave) the the party before sheela sheela arrive arrived d there He (leave) (leave) the party before sheela sheela arrived arrived there He had had finish finish (finish) (finish) the the work work before before we reached reached the garage garage When I reache reached d the meeting meeting hall hall the the present present all ready ready had had started started (start) (start) his lecture lecture

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE This tense tense is used for the actions actions all all ready started in the past and and Formula:-sub+had+been+v1+ing+obj Ex:1. I had had been been writin writing g a story story 2. They They had had been been writ writing ing a story story 3. They They had had been been repai repaired red in the house house

9. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE A. Assertive sentence:Formula:- sub+ shall/will +v 1+obj. Ex:-

1. I shal shalll writ writee a let lette terr 2. you will will learn learn Englis English h 3. we will will join join in in a Colleg Collegee 4. He will will buy buy a car car B. Negative sentences :Formula:- sub+ shall/will +not+v 1+obj Ex:1. I shall shall not write write a letter letter.. 2. You will will not not learn learn Englis English. h. 3. We will will not not join join in a Coll College ege.. 4. He wil willl not not buy buy a car car.. C. Interrogative sentence:Formula:- shall/will + sub+ sub+ v1 +obj. Ex:1. Shal Shalll I writ writee a lett letter er?? 2. Will Will you learn learn Engli English sh gramm grammar? ar? 3. Will Will we join join in a colle college? ge? 4. Will Will he buy buy a car? car? Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com


continuing up to to the past.


D. Negative question:Formula: - Shall n’t, willn’t + sub+v 1+obj. Eg:1. Shall Shall n’t n’t I writ writee a let letter ter?? 2. Won’t Won’t you you learn learn Englis English h gramma grammar? r? 3. Won’t Won’t we we join join in in a Coll College ege?? 4. Won’ Won’tt he he buy buy a car car?? Uses: - This tense is used for the actions at day time in the future Indications: Indications: - tomorrow, the next day, next week, next month, next year. Eg:1. I shall write (write) a letter to her tomorrow 2. He will visit (visit) visit (visit) Tirumala next Saturday 3. Raju will visit (visit) visit (visit) zoo next year 4. My uncle will go (go) to America next month 5. The The Nove Noveli list st will finish (finish) the Novel next month 6. We Shall complete (complete) our Syllabus next week

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE This tense is used for the actions continuing in the future. Formula:-sub+ shall/will + be +v 1+ing+obj Eg:1. I shall shall be writin writing g a story story 2. you will will be doing doing your your job 3. He will will be constr construct ucting ing a house. house.

11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE This tense is used for the actions just completed in the future Formula:- sub+ shall have/will have + v 3 +obj Ex:1. I shall have finished finished my work by next week 2. she will have completed completed her work by next day 3. The will will have have constructed constructed their their house house by next year year Indications: - by the time, by next week, by next month, by the year 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

you will will have finished finished (finish) (finish) you you examinatio examination n by next July July The Novelist Novelist will will have finish finished ed (finish)the (finish)the book book by next next month month She will will have built built (build (build)) a house by by the end end of the the next year year By the end end of the next next week the Noveli Novelist st will have have written written (write) (write) the book book I shall shall have completed completed (complete) (complete) my my work by the the

S. No. Tense 1

2

3 4 5 6 7

Indications Alwa Alway ys, ofte ften, seldom, some time, daily, every day, generally, occasionally, frequently, readily, usually, regularly Simple past Ago, long, ago, last, week, last month, last night, last year, Last century, last decade, in 1947 (any previous year) yesterday Simple Future Tomorrow, the next day, next week, next month, next year Present continuousNow, at present, listen. See! look!, Don’t disturb Past Continuous When, while Pre Present perfec fect Just, just now, just before, re, alrea ready, so far, yet, recently Past perfect Before, after, as soon as (when) until




8

Future perfect

Tomorrow, the next day, next week, next month, next year CONDITIONAL TENSES There are three conditional tenses, they are preferable conditions 1. open open cond condit itio ion’ n’ 2. Improbable Improbable condition condition (Imaginary (Imaginary condition condition)’ )’ 3. un full full filled filled condit condition ion;; TYPE 1 1. Open condition (type – I)

IF clause If + sub+vI

Main clause Sub + will, shall, can, may + v 1+ obj

+obj

Eg:1. If you you work work hard, hard, you you will will get get a rank. rank. 2. if you you play play well, well, you you will will win the match. match. 3. If I go to Hyderaba Hyderabad, d, I shall shall met the the C.M. C.M. 4. If he teaches teaches well, well, I will will get get a good name. Exercises:1. If you break break the the glass, glass, the police police will will punish punish (punish) (punish) you you Punished 2. had punished 3. will punish 4. punishment 2. If you you ask me, me, I shall shall help help (hel (help) p) you you 3. If he he leaves leaves (leave) (leave) early, early, he can can catch the train 4. If you you get a rank in T.E.T T.E.T the the Principa Principall will give you a prize prize TYPE 2 Improbable condition or Imaginary Imaginary conditions:If clause If+sub+v2+ob

Main clause Sub+would/could+v 1+ obj

Formula

Eg:1. If you worked worked hard, hard, you would get a rank 2. If you played played well, well, you you would would win win the match. match. 3. if I went went to Hyderabad, Hyderabad, I should should met the C.M 4. If I were a bird , I would would fly in the the sky a)will fly, b) c)flown d) flying 5. If I were you, I would work well 1. worked 2. would work 3. working 4. will work 6. If I were the C.M, I would abolish the reservation of women 1. wil will abolish 2. abolished 3. 3. would abolish 4. abalishing

CHAPTER VI TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES A.ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE Active Voice:- Active voice gives about the work done by the subject and object directly .(Active

గ య Voice అ కర త ,కర ౦ ప గ య త త ౦.అగ A.V వక౦ కర త , య,కర క ఉ౦౦.)   ఉ౦౦ Ex:- Krishna helped pandavas.

ఇ౦ Krishna – subject Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Helped – verb Pandavas – object

Passive Voice:- Passive Voice gives about the verb received object from the subject.(P.V

అ

కర,కర త ౦ ౦ ప య త త ౦.) Ex:- Pandavas were helped by Krishna.

ఇ౦ pandavas – object Were – helping verb Helped – main verb By – preposition Krishna – Subject

Rules for changing from A.V into P.V:-

గ ౦) 1. Object becomes Subject (A.V  Object P.V  subject గ ౦ Ex:- I eat a mango A mango _______ 2. Helping verb is used according to the tense of the verb in the passive voice. ( A.V tence 

బ  helping verb  ఉప.) Ex:- A mango is __________ S.NO

TENSE IN ACTIVE HELPING VERB IN PASSIVE VOICE VOICE 1 Simple present tense Am, is , are 2 Present continuous tense Am being, is being, are being 3 Present perfect tense Have been, has been 4 Simple past tense Was were 5 Past continuous tense Was being, were being 6 Past perfect tense Had been 7 Simple future tense Shall be, will be 8 Future perfect tense Shall have been, will have been 3. Pronouns in Active voice are changed as in passive voice. A.V  pronouns, passive

    ౦ ౦ ధ౦గ ర ధ౦గ ర.

Active voice I We you He She Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

Passive voice Me us you him Her Email: [email protected]


it they Ex:- I eat a mango

It Them

A mango is ___________ me. 4. The main verb should be written in past participle (v3) main verb  p.v  v3 ఉ౦. Ex:- A mango is ________ 5. The preposition ‘by’ is used after the past participle. Ex:-A mango is written _______ me.

AS FOR THE TENSES THE VOICE IS CHANGED AS FOLLOWES : 1.

2.

3.

Simple Present tense

A.V.

Structure Sentences

P.V.

Structure Sentences

Present A.V. Continuous Tense P.V.

Structure Sent Senten encces

Present Perfect Tense

A.V.

Structure Sentences

P.V.


A so song has has bee been n su sung by Sita Sita Songs have been sung by Sita.

A.V.

Structure Sentences

P.V.

Structure Sentences

Past A.V. Continuous Tense P.V.


Past Perfect Tense

A.V.

Structure Sentences

P.V.


A.V.

Structure

Subject+v2+Object Sita sang a song Sita sang songs Object+was/were+v3+by+subject A so song wa was su sung by by Si Sita Songs were sung by Sita. Subject+was/were+v+ing+Object Sita Sita was was sing singin ing g a son song Sita was singing songs Object+was/were+being+v3+by+subject A so song was was bei being ng sun sung by by Sit Sita. a. Songs were being sung by Sita. Subject+had+v 3+Object Sita had sung a song Sita had sung songs Object+had+been+v3+by+Subject A so song had had bee been n su sung by Sita Sita Songs had been sung by Sita Subject+will/shall+v1+Object

4.

Simple Past Tense

5.

6.

7.


Sub+v1 /v /v1+s/es+Obj Sita si sings a song Sita sings songs Object+am/is/are+v3+by+Subject A so song is is sung by by Sit Sita Songs are sung by Sita. Subject+am/is/are+v+ing+Object Sita Sita is sin singing ging a song song.. Sita is singing songs Object+am/is/are+being+v3+by+Subject A so song is bei being sun sung by by Si Sita Songs are being sung by Sita. Subject+Has/Have+v3+Object Sita has su sung a song Sita has sung songs Object+Has/Have+been+v3+by+Subject

Simple





Future Tense

8.

Sentences

Future Perfect Tense

P.V.


A.V.


P.V.

Structure Sent Senten ence cess

Sita will sing a song Sita will sing songs Object+will/shall+be+v3+by+Subject A so song will will be sun sung by by Sit Sitaa Songs will be sung by Sita. Subject+will/shall+have+v3+Object Sita Sita will will hav have su sung a son song. g. Sita will have sung songs Object+will/shall+have+been+v3+by+Sub

A son song g wil willl hav havee bee been n sun sung g by by Sit Sitaa Songs will have been sung by Sita.

1. Simple Present Tense Passive structure:- Object+am/is/are+v3+by+Subject Ex:- I play chess

(A.V)

Chess is played by me

(P . V )

2.Raju likes sweets

(A.V)

Sweets are liked by Raju.

(P . V )

3.He invites me to the party.

(P . V )

I am invited by him to the party. 4.People speak English all over the world.

(P . V ) (A.V)

English English is spoken spoken by people people all over over the world world (P.V) 5. They sing songs.

( A . V)

Songs are sung by them.

(P . V )

2. Present continuous tense:Passive structure:- Object+am/is/are+being+v3+by+Subject Ex:- 1.He is teaching grammar.

(A.V)

Grammar is being taught by him. 2. They are repairing roads.

(P . V ) (A.V)

Roads are being repaired by them.

(P . V )

3. The gentleman is opening an account in our bank.

(A.V)

An account is being opened by the gentleman gentleman in our bank. bank. (P.V) 4. I am writing a good essay on pollution. A good essay is being written by me on pollution. 3. Present perfect tense:Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com


(A.V) ( P . V)


Passive structure:- Object+Has/Have+been+v3+by+Subject Ex:-1. He has eaten a mango.

(A.V)

A mango is eaten by him.

(P . V )

2 They have advertised our products. Our Our prod produc uctts has been een adver dverti tise sed d by them them.. 3. Police have arrested the thieves. The thieves have been arres rested by police.

(A.V) (P.V (P.V)) (a.v) (P.V)

4.Simple past tense:Passive structure:- Object+was/were+v3+by+subject Ex:-1.I wrote a story.

(A.V)

A story was written by me.

(P . V )

2.They built a house in their town.

(A.V)

A house was built by them in their town.

(P . V )

3.Wa 3.Wate term rman an inve invent nted ed a foun founta tain in pen pen in 1884 1884..

(A.V (A.V))

A founta fountain in pen pen was was invent invented ed by Wate Waterma rman n in 1884. 1884. (P.V) (P.V) 4.R.K Narayan wrote many games. Many novels were written by R.K.Narayan. 5. She taught us English grammar. We were taught English grammar by her.

( A . V) ( P . V) ( A . V) ( P . V)

5. Past continuous tense:Passive structure:- Object+was/were+being+v3+by+subject Ex:-1.I was eating a mango.

( A . V)

A mango was being eaten by me. 2. The The wat watch chma man n was was cutt cuttin ing g the the tree treess in the the gar garde den. n.

(p.v) (A.V) (A.V)

The trees were being cut by the watchman in the garden.(P.V) 3. The boy was buying notebooks. Note books were being bought by the boy. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

( A . V) ( P . V)



6. Past perfect tense:Passive structure:- Object+had+been+v3+by+subject Ex:-1.I had finished my work.

( A . V)

My work had been finished by me.

( P . V)

2. She had made many mistakes in the class.

( A . V)

Many Many mist mistak akes es had had bee been n mad madee by by her her in the the cla class ss.. 3. She had sent a gift.

(P.V (P.V)) ( A . V)

A gift had been sent by her.

( P . V)

7. Simple future tense:Passive structure:- Object+ will/shall+be+v 3+by+Subject Ex:-1. They will help us.

( A . V)

We shall be helped by them. 2. I shall write a story.

( P . V) ( A . V)

A story will be written by me. 3.They will announced the results next week. The The res resul ults ts will will be anno announ unce ced d by by the them m nex nextt wee week. k.

( P . V) ( A . V) (P.V (P.V))

8. Future perfect tense:Passive structure:- Object+will/shall+have+been+v3+by+Sub Ex:-1.I shall have written a novel by this time next year. A novel novel wil willl have have been been writt written en by me me by this this tim timee next next year year.. 2. They will have completed his work. His work will have been completed by them.

(A.V) (P.V) (P.V) (A.V) (P.V)

DOUBLE OBJECTS IN A.V AND P.V

వక౦ ,me,us,him,her,them గ  ౦చ. ,me,us,him,her,them ఉడ వ indirect objects గ  త త ౦చ (direct objet+ helping verb+v3+to+indirect object+by+subject) or (Indirect object+ helping verb+ v3+direct object +by + subject.) Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com


www.facebook.com/vinayadharraju Ex:-1.She gave me a book.

(A.V)

A book was given to me by her.

(P.V)

I was given a book by her,

( P . V)

2. Ramarao has taught us English.

( A . V)

English has been taught to us by Ramarao.

(p.v)

We have been taught English by Ramarao.

( P . V)

3.My grand mother told us a story.

( A . V)

A story was told to us by my grandmother.

( P . V)

We were told a story by my grandmother.

( P . V)

IMPERATIVE TYPE

Passive structure:- (Let+obj+be+V3) Ex:-1.Open the door.

( A . V)

Let the door be opened.

( P . V)

2. Show the picture.

( A . V)

Let the picture be shown. 3. Finish the work.

( P . V) ( A . V)

Let the work be finished.

( P . V)

4. Post this letter.

( A . V)

Let this letter be posted.

( P . V)

5. Sing a song.

( A . V)

Let the song be sung.

( P . V)

REQUEST TYPE Passive structure:- ( you are requested to+ v1+obj) (వక౦ please

       ర౦బ౦ ర౦బ౦ అడ passive voice  you are requested to    ర౦౦ ర౦౦.)

Eg:- 1.please shut the door.

( A . V)

You are requested to shut the door.

( P . V)

2. Plese post this letter.

( A . V)




You are requested to post this letter.

( P . V)

WITH OUT USING ‘BY’ IN P.V

 స౦ by ఉప౦చసర౦ .) ( స౦ EX:-1.Someone stole the box.

( A . V)

The box was stolen.

( P . V)

2. The police arrested the thief. The thief was arrested.

( A . V) ( P . V)

3. Someone has seen the wind.

( A . V)

The wind has been seen.

( P . V)

4.Someone serve the food.

( A . V)

The food is served.

( P . V)

INERROGATIVE TYPE 1.Passive structure :- (helping verb+obj+V3+by+Sub) Eg:-1.Does Sita sings a song?

( A . V)

Is a song sung by Sita?

( P . V)

2. Did they repair the radio?

( A . V)

Was the radio repaired by them? 3. Shall I write a story?

( A . V)

Will a story be written by me? 4. Are you making kites?

( P . V) ( A . V)

Are kites being made by you? 5. Has Sita sung songs?

( P . V) ( A . V)

Have songs been sung by Sita? 6. Shall you have made kite?

( P . V) ( A . V)

Will a kite have been made by you? 7. Must we pay this bill? Must this bill be paid by us? 8. Are you reading this book? Is this book being read by you? 9. Will Rama have written a novel? Will a novel have been written by Sita? Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

( P . V)

( P . V) ( A . V) ( P . V) ( A . V) ( P . V) ( A . V) ( P . V)



10.Had Chitra sung songs? ( A . V) Had songs been sung by Chitra? ( P . V) 2. ‘WH’ WORD QUESTIONS:Passive structure :- (‘Wh’ question word +helping verb+obj+V3+by+Sub) Eg:- 1) How can you solve the problem. How can the problem be solved by you? 2) Why did he buy that watch? Why was that watch bought by him? 3) Who bought that watch? By whom that watch bought? 4) When did they accept all demands? When were al all demands ac accepted by by th them? 5) Who gave you this book? By whom was this book given to you?

( A . V) ( P . V) ( A . V) ( P . V) ( A . V) ( P . V) ( A . V) ( P . V) ( A . V) ( P . V)

EXERCISES 1. The carpenter is making a chair. ( ) a) A chair is made by the carpenter. b) The making of chair is done by the carpenter. c) A chair is being made by the carpenter. d) The carpenter is being made by the chair. 2. I shall return your books in a week. ( ) a) Your books books shall shall been returned returned in a week. week. b) Your books books will be returned returned by me in a week. week. c) Your books books will have been returned returned in a week. d) Your books books will be returning returning by me me in a week. 3. He painted his house all by himself. ( ) a) His house has been painted all by himself, b) His house was painted by him all by himself. c) His house were painted by him all by himself. d) His house is being painted by him all by himself. 4. I hate her.

(

a) She has been hated by me. b) She is hated by me. c) She was hated by me. d) She is being hated by me. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com


)


5. He is writing a letter to his father.

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

a) A letter is being written by him to his friend. b) A letter has been written by him by his friend. c) A letter is written by him to his friend. d) A letter was written by me to his friend. 6. I will do that work. a) I will not do that work. b) That work will not done by me. c) Let that work be done by me. d) None of these. 7. Please write the letter. a) Let the letter be written. b) You are requested to write the letter. c) You should write the letter. d) The letter should be written. 8. Who will bring a piece of chalk? a) By whom would a piece of chalk be brought? b) By whom will a piece of chalk be brought? c) By who would a piece of chalk brought? d) By whom will a piece of chalk bring? 9. They have started business. a) Business has started by them. b) Business has been started by them. c) Business has being started by them. d) They have been started a business. 10. Ramya gives me a book. a) A book was given to me by them. b) A book was being given to me by them. c) A book is given to me by them. d) A book is being given to me by them. 11. We chose Ravi leader of our group a) Ravi was chosen leader of our group. b) we were chosen the leader of our group.. c) Ravi was being chosen the leader of our group. d) Ravi is chosen the leader of our group. 12. What can you do for me? a) What can be done by you for me? Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



b) What could be done by you for me? c) What could be done with you for me? d) None of the above. 13. She is singing a song. a) A song is being sung by her. b) A song is sung by her. c) A song was being sung by her. D) A song has been sung by her. 14. The mess serves lunch at 12noon. a) Lunch is served by the mess at 12noon. b) Lunch is being served by the mess at 12noon. c) Lunch was served by the mess at 12noon. d) Lunch has served by the mess at 12noon. 15. I hate her. a) She is being hated by me. b) I am hated by her. c) She is hated by me. d) I am being hated by her.

(

)

(

)

(

)

B.DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Direct speech:- Direct speech is the conversation between between two persons about each other. other. E.g.:-Vani said to Rani “I am going to college now”? Indirect speech: - Indirect speech is the conversation between two persons about third person. This is also called reported speech. E.g.:-Vani told Rani that she was going to college then. Rules for changing direct speech (D.S) in to Indirect speech (I.D.S):While changing changing a sentence sentence from D.S in to I.D.S certain rules have to be followed as follows. 1. Quotation marks “”must be removed. 2. There are four types of sentences in reported part so the conjunctions should be used as follow:S.No S.No Sen Sentences Direct speech Indirect conjunctions speech 1 Assertive sentence said said that 2

3

said to

told

Interrogative sentence

said

asked

if/whether

(helping verbs + w.h )

said to

questioned

wh words

said to

enquired

Imperative sentence

said

requested

positive(to)/

(positive +negative)

said to

ordered

negative(not to)

commanded instructed warned suggested 4

Exclamatory sentence

said

exclaimed

that

said to




3.Change of tense:-

Direct speech 1. Simple present Am, is, are, have, has 2. Present continuous 3. Present perfect 4. Present perfect continuous 5. Simple past (ate V 2)

Indirect speech simple past was, were, had past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous past perfect (had eaten V 3)

4.Change of model verbs:D.S Shall Should Can Could

I.D.S should should could could

D.S will would may might Must

I.D.S would would might might had to

5. Change of pronouns:- Pronouns and possessive possessive adjectives in in first person, and second person person should be into third person. Observe the following table I, we, you ఎ  డ he, she it

s.no 1.speaker

2.listener

Person I(sub) (obj) my (sub) my self me you(sub) you(obj) your

Singular he,she him/her his/her himself/herself him/her he/she him/her him/her

3.we us our our selves

.

Plural

they them their they them their them selves

6.Change of (adverbs) nearness to distance (or) time and place indicators

Direct Speech Indirect speech this that these those now then here there today that day yesterday the previous day tomorrow the next day, the following day last night the previous night tonight that night thus so Model-I ASSERTIVE SENTENCE (D.S to I.D.S) Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



1. He said “I am busy today” that he was busy that day.

(D.S)

2. Raju said to to rani “I “I wi will come to your ho house to tomorrow”.

(D.S)

Raju Raju tol told d rani rani tha thatt he woul would d come come to to her her hous housee the the next next day day.. 3. My uncle said “I take the idlies this morning”.

(I.D (I.D.S .S)) (D.S)

My uncle said that he took idlies. 4. Sita said to her husband “I like sweets”.

(I.D.S) (D.S)

Sita told her husband that she liked sweets. 5. My grandfather said “I drank coffee”.

(I.D.S) (D.S)

He said

(I.D.S)

My grandfather said that he had drunk coffee. (I.D.S) 6. A wife wife said said to to her her husba husband nd “I “I have have seen seen this this film film twic twice”. e”. (D.S) (D.S) A wife told her husband she had seen that film twice. 7. The porter said that “The train will be late by tomorro rrow”. The The por porte terr sai said d tha thatt the the trai train n wou would ld be late late by the the nex nextt day day.. MODEL -2

(I.D.S) (D.S) (I.D (I.D.S .S))

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES a) YES OR NO TYPE QUESTIONS : Interrogative sentence  report య ౦గ yes or no question న  న  wh question న అ మ౦. 

Yes or no type question

 report డ interrogative sentence   statement 

change    త ౦. 

Reporting verb  reported speech  కప conjunction ‘if’  whether  ఉప త ౦.



D.S  వక౦  వక౦ do, does, did      ర౦భ౦ అ I.D.S  డ వ ౦చ.

1. The girl asked him, “Can you sing with me?”

(D.S)

The girl asked him if he could sing with her. (I.D.S) 2. The teacher teacher asked asked the students, students, “Are you all all going to the the picnic?”(D.S picnic?”(D.S)) The teacher asked the students if they were all going to the picnic. (I.D.S) 3. She said to me, “Do you like music?” ( D .S ) She asked me if I liked music. 4. The The tea teach cher er said said the the boy boys, s, “He “Henc ncee you you fini finish shed ed your your work work”? ”?

(I.D.S) (D.S (D.S))

The The tea teach cher er aske asked d the the boys boys if they they had had fin finis ishe hed d the their ir work work.. 5. He asked me, “Do you know English”?

(I.D (I.D.S .S)) (D.S)

He asked me if I knew English. (I.D.S) 6. The stranger stranger said said to me, “Can “Can you tell tell me the way to railway railway statio station”? n”? (D.S) The stranger asked me if I could tell the way to railway station. (I.D.S) 7. John said to Ram, “Will you play chess with me?” (D .S ) Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



John asked Ram if he would play with him. b). “WH” QUESTIONS:1. She said said to to me, “Where can we buy samosas samosas?” ?”

(I.D.S)

She asked me where they could buy samosas. 2. Latha Latha said, said, “when “when are you you going going to to college?’ college?’ Latha asked when they were going to college. 3. She said said to to them, them, “What “What shoul should d we do do now?” now?” She asked them what they should do then. NOTE:- When “Do, does and did” are used used as auxiliary verbs in direct direct speech, they are omitted in indirect speech. Ex:-1.He asked me, “Where does your father live?” He asked me where my lived. 2. He said to me, “how many brothers do you have?” He asked me how many brothers you had. 3. The doctor said to the patient, “What did you eat yesterday?” The doctor asked the patient what he had eaten the previous day. NOTE:-If the direct speech begins with who, what or which followed by a form of ‘be’ as the main verb, the verb is placed at the end of the sentence. Ex:- 1.He said to her, “Who is your English teacher?” He asked her who her English teacher was. 2. She said to me, “what is your name?” She asked me what my name was.

MODEL 3 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES Imperative sentences అగ orders, requests, suggestions, permissions, commands   వ ల ల వ D.S ౦ I.D.S  డ వక౦ positive అ conjunction ‘to’ ఉప త ౦. వక౦ negative అ ‘not to’ ఉప త ౦.The change of tense is not applicable for imperative sentences. Ex:-1.She said to me, “Please shut the door” She requested me to shut the door. 2. The lecturer said to the students, “Use the Oxford dictionary.” The lecturer advised the students to use the Oxford O xford dictionary. 3. The teacher said, “Keep your clothes clean.” The teacher advised to keep your clothes clean. MODEL 4 EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES ఒక వక౦ ఒక వక౦ D.S ౦ .I.D.S  డ ఆ వక౦  statement గ  గ . Eg:- He said, “How beautiful picture it is!” He said that it was very beautiful picture. He said, “How nice it is!” He said that it was very nice. EXERCISES 1. Rama said, “I am going to kadapa.” Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

( D .S ) (I.D.S)

(


)


a. Rama said said that he was was going to kadapa kadapa.. b. Rama said that I was going to kadapa. c. Rama said said that if he going going to kadap kadapa. a. d. Rama said that we were going to kadapa. 2. I said, ‘I shall help you.” ( ) a. I said that that I will will help you. you. b. I asked that that I will help help you. c. I said that that I would would help help you. d. I said that that he will help help you. you. 3.He said to her, “I hate you.” ( ) a. He told told that he he hated hated her. b. He told that that he would hated hated her. c. He asked asked that he he hated her. d. He told that that she hated hated him. 4. She said to me, ‘please open the door.” ( ) a. She requested requested me please please open the door. door. b. She requested me to open open the door. c. She told told me that opened opened the the door. d. She requested me not to open open the door. 5. They said, “We will help you.” ( ) a. They said said that they they would would help me. b. They asked that they would help me. c. They said said that we would would help help me. d. They said that that they would have helped me. 6. He said to me, “Do you play chess?” ( ) a. He asked asked me if I had played played cricket. cricket. b. He asked asked me if I played cricke cricket. t. c. He asked asked me if he had played played cricket. cricket. d. He asked me if he play played ed cricket. cricket. 7. He said to her, “Who is your English teacher?” ( ) a. He asked asked her who was my English English teacher teacher was. was. b. He asked her who my English English teache teacherr was. c. He asked her who was was her English English teacher teacher was. d. He asked her who her her English teacher was. 8. He asked me, “Where does your father live?” ( ) a. He asked asked me where my my father father lived. lived. b. He asked me where where my father did lived. lived. c. He asked asked me where his father father lived. lived. d. He asked me where where that my father father lived. 9.He said to me, “ How many brothers have you?” ( ) a. He asked asked me how many brothers brothers he had. had. b. He asked me how many many brothers brothers that I had. c. He asked asked me how many brothers brothers I had. had. d. He asked asked me how many brothers brothers I had. had. 10. Teach Teacher er said said the boys, boys, “you “you have have to comple complete te this this home home work work righ rightt now?” now?”(( ) a. Teacher told the boys boys that they had to complete complete this home work right now. now. b. Teacher told the boys boys that they had to complete complete that home work right then. then. c. Teacher told the boys boys that they had had to complete that home work work right then. d. Teacher told the boys boys that he had to complete complete that home work right then. then. 11. He said, “I saw your purse here on the table yesterday.” ( ) a. He told that he had seen my purse there on the table table the day before. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



b. He told that he had seen my purse there on the table table yesterday. c. He told that he had seen his purse there on the the table the day before. d. He told that he had seen his purse here on the table table the day before. 12. Sreenu said to Ramu, “ I will come tomorrow.: ( ) a. Sreenu told Ramu Ramu that I would would come the next next day. b. Sreenu told Ramu Ramu that he would would come tomorrow. c. Sreenu told Ramu Ramu that he would would come the next day. d. Sreenu told to Ramu that that he would come the next next day. 13. His sister said to him, “I have never seen a tiger.” ( ) a. His sister told him that she had never seen a tiger. b. His sister told him that I had had ever seen a tiger. c. His sister sister told him that that she saw saw a tiger. d. His sister told to him that she had never never seen a tiger. 14.The girl asked him, “ can you sing with me?” ( ) a. The girl asked asked him if he could could sing with her. her. b. The girl told him if she could could sing with her. c. The girl asked asked him if he could have sung sung with her. d. The girl asked asked him if he could sing with me. 15. She said to me, “Do you like music?” ( ) a. She asked asked me whether whether I had liked liked music. music. b. She asked me whether whether I have been been liked music. c. She asked asked me whether whether he liked liked music. d. She asked asked me whether I liked liked music.

C.DEGREES OF COMPARISON There are three kinds of degrees of comparison in English. They are 1). Positive Degree 2). Comparative Degree 3). Superlative Degree 1). Positive degree (P.D):(P.D ):- Positive degree is used to denote the equality or inequality between the

ల,  ఉ స , two persons, places, and things .(P.D ಅ ఇ ద   త త ల, త సత ల త త ల మ ఉ స అస య  త త ౦). Ex:- 1.Rohith is as tall as Rahim. 2. Loke Lokesh sh is not not as tall tall as Rohi Rohith th

(Equality) (ine (inequ qual alit ity) y)

2).Comparative deree(C.D) deree(C.D) :-Comparitive :- Comparitive degree is used to denote the superiority or inferiority

సల, between two persons, places and things. (C.D అ ఇ ద   త త ల,థ త త ల మ    య  య త త ౦.) Ex:-1. Rohith si taller than Lokesh. 2. Rajampet Rajampet is larger than Pullampet. 3). Superlative degree(S.D):- Superlative degree is used to denote the uniqueness of a person among the all others .(S.D అ అ ఉమ అ ఉమ అ డ     ఉమ ఉమ అ

డ ఉప త .) Ex. 1. America is the richest country in the world. 2. Sita is one of the cleverest girls in the class. POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE


SUPERLATIVE


www.facebook.com/vinayadharraju RULE : Single syllable adjectives are added by ‘er’ ‘est’. & ‘est’.

high tall bold kind hard sweet small clever young great thick

positive RULE : The brave adjectives, sure end with ‘e’, able are simply fine added by ‘r’ wise & ‘st’ white large noble dense pure ra r e RULE : When hot an adjective slim ends with a f at ‘consonant’, thin preceded by a sad ‘vowel’, the big consonant

higher taller bolder kinder harder sweeter smaller cleverer younger greater thicker

highest tallest boldest kindest hardest sweetest smallest cleverest youngest greatest thickest

comparative braver surer abler finer wiser whiter larger nobler denser purer rarer hotter slimmer fatter thinner sadder bigger

superlative bravest surest ablest finest wisest whitest largest noblest densest purest rarest hottest slimmest fattest thinnest saddest biggest

easier holier happier merrier wealthier heavier worthier sillier lovelier jollier drier gayer grayer

easiest holiest happiest merriest wealthiest heaviest worthiest silliest loveliest jolliest driest gayest grayest

more beautiful more difficult more handsome more famous more learned more proper more popular more sincere more diplomatic

most beautiful most difficult most handsome most famous most learned most proper most popular most sincere most diplomatic

must be doubled and then write ‘er’ & ‘est’

RULE : When an adjective ends with ‘y’ preceded by a ‘consonant’ ‘y’ is replaced by ‘ier’ & ‘iest’

easy holy happy me r r y wealthy heavy worthy silly lovely jolly dry Some gay exceptions to gray the above RULE : The adjectives of two or more syllables must be preceded by ‘MORE’ & ‘MOST’

beautiful difficult handsome famous learned proper popular sincere diplomatic




fruitful intelligent ideal modest honest

more fruitful more intelligent more ideal more modest more honest

most fruitful most intelligent most ideal most modest most honest

MODEL 1 Structure Positive Degree Comparative Degree Obj+verb+not+so+P.D+as+sub C.D+than

Superlative Degree

X

Changing from C.D into P.D Ex:-1. Raju is taller than Hari (Change into Positive Degree) Hari is not so tall as Raju. 2. Nellore is larger than Kadapa. Kadapa is not so large as Nellore. 3. Bindu is cleverer than sindu. Bindu is not so clever as Sindu. 4. America is richer than India. India is not so rich as America 5. A deer is runs faster than a horse. A horse doesn’t run so fast as a deer. Changing from P.D. into C.D:Ex:-1.S arala is not so tall as Deepika.(P.D) Deepika is taller than Sarala. 2. Silver is not so precious as Gold. Gold is more precious than silver. 3. India is not so rich as America. America is richer than India. MODAL 2 Structure Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree …….as+P.D+as Obj+verb+ not+C.D+than

X

Changing from P.D to C.D Ex:-1. Raju is as tall as Ravi. Ravi is not taller than Raju. 2.Sheela is as strong as Leela. Leela is not stronger than Sheela. 3. Ravi is as intelligent as Vani. Vani is not more intelligent than Ravi. Changing from P.D. into C.D:Ex:-1.Hari is not older than Giri. Giri is as old as Hari. 2.America is not richer than Kuwait. Kuwait is as rich as America. 3. Silver is not more precious than Steel. Steel is as precious as Silver. MODAL 3 Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Structure Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree No other C.D+ than+any other The +S.D ---------so+P.D+as Exercises:1. Raju is the tallest boy in the class. ( S . D) Raju is taller than any other boy in the class. (C.D) No other boy in the class is so tall as Raju. ( P . D) 2. Asoka was the greatest king in the world. ( S . D) Asoka was greater than any other king in the world. (C.D) No other king in the world was so great as Asoka. ( P . D) 3.R.K. Narayan is the greatest novelist in India. ( S . D) R.K. R.K.Na Nara raya yan n is gre great ater er tha than n any any othe otherr nove noveli list st in in Indi India. a. (C.D (C.D)) No other novelist in India is as great as R.K. Narayan. 4. Kolkata is the oldest city in India. ( S . D) Kolkata is older than any other city in India. (C.D) No other city in India is so old as Kolkata. ( P . D) 5. Shakespeare is the greatest dramatist in the world. ( S . D) Shakespeare is greater than any other dramatist in the world.(C.D) No othe otherr dra drama mati tist st in the the world world as grea greatt as as Sha Shake kesp spea eare re.. (P.D (P.D))

MODEL 4 Structure Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree Very few/few C.D+than+many One of +the+ S.D other+as+P.D+as other/most other 1. Tagore is one of the greatest Indian writers. ( S . D) Tagore is greater than many other Indian writers. (C.D) Very few Indian writers are as great as Tagore. ( P . D) 2.Srilaka is one of the biggest Islands in the world. ( S . D) Sril Srilan anka ka is bigg bigger er than than many many othe otherr Isl Islan ands ds in the the wor world ld.. (C.D (C.D)) Few ot other Is Islands in in th the wo world ar are as as bi big as as Sr Srilanka. ( P . D) 3.Chiranjeevi is one of the best actor in India. ( S . D) Chiranjeevi is is be better th than ma many ot other ac actors in in In India. (C.D) Very few actors in India are as good as Chiranjeevi. ( P . D) 4. The Fox is one of the most cunning animals. ( S . D) The Fox is more cunning than many other animals. (C.D) Few other cunning animals are as many as the Fox ( P . D) 5. The rose is one of the prettiest flowers. ( S . D) The rose is prettier than most other flowers. (C.D) Very few flowers are as pretty as the rose. ( P . D)

MODEL 5 Structure Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree Some of the +as+P.D C.D+than+ many other ----not+the + S.D + of all 1. Some of the students in the class are as tall as Raju. ( P . D) Raju is not the tallest of all students in the class. ( S . D) Raju is taller than many other students in the class. (C.D) 2. Some of the girls in the class are as wise as Rani. ( P . D) Rani is not the wisest of all girls in the class. ( S . D) Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Rani is wiser than many other girls in the class. 3. Some of of th the cri criccketers in in the wo world are as as go good as Sac Sachin. Sachin is not the best of all cricketers in the world. Sachin is better than many other cric ricketers in the world.

(C.D) ( P . D) ( S . D) (C.D)

EXERCISES 1. The Arabian nights is the most popular story book. ( ) a. No other story book is as popular popular as The Arabian Nights b. No other story books are so popular as The Arabian Nights c. Very few other story books are as popular popular as The Arabian Arabian Nights d. No other story book is as more more popular as The The Arabian Nights 2.The fox is one of the most cunning animals. ( ) a. The fox is more cunning cunning than many other animals. b. The fox is the most cunning cunning than many other animals. c. The fox is more cunning cunning than any other animals. d. The fox is most cunning than than many other animals. 3.Rama is not taller than Krishna. ( ) a. Rama is is not as tall tall as Krishna Krishna.. b. Rama is as tall as Krishna. Krishna. c. Rama is is the tallest tallest as Krishna Krishna.. d. None of the the above above 4.Ravi is smarter than many other students in our school.. ( ) a. Ravi is one of the smartest students in our our school. b. Ravi is the smartest of all students in our school. c. Ravi is not one of the smartest students in our school. d. Ravi is one of the most smartest students in our school. 5.No other country in the world is as rich as America. ( ) a. America is richer than than many other other countries in the the world. b. America is richer than than any other country in the the world. c. America is more richer richer than any other other country in the world. d. America is the richest richest than any other country in the world. 6.Few other cities are as congested as Mumbai. ( ) a. Mumbai is more congested congested than many many other cities. b. Mumbai is more congested than any other city. city. c. Mumbai Mumbai is congested congested than many other other cities. d. Mumbai is the most congested than than many other cities. 7.Vinod is cleverer than Rajesh. ( ) a. Rajesh Rajesh is so cleverer cleverer as vinod. vinod. b. Rajesh Rajesh is the clever clever as vinod. c. Rajesh Rajesh is so clever clever as vinod vinod.. d. Rajesh Rajesh is not so clever clever as vinod. 8.A deer runs faster than a horse. ( ) a. A horse doesn’t doesn’t run as fast fast as a deer. deer. b. A horse not not run as fast as a deer. deer. c. A deer doesn’t doesn’t run run as fast fast as a horse. horse. d. A horse horse runs as fast fast as as a deer. 9. Mount Everest is higher than any other peak in the world. ( ) a. No other peak in the world is so high as the Mount Everest. b. Few other peaks in the world are so high as the Mount Mount Everest. c. Very few peaks in the world are so high as the Mount Everest. d. No other peak in the world world is as higher as the Mount Mount Everest. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



10.The elephant is not as tall as the gi giraffe. a. The Giraffe Giraffe is the tallest tallest than the elephan elephant. t. b. The Giraffe is not taller than the elephant. c. The elephant elephant is taller taller than the giraffee giraffee.. d. The Giraffe is taller than the elephant. elephant.

(

)

D.SIMPLE, COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES There are three types of sentences in English. They are 1.Simple sentence 2. Compound sentence 3. Compound sentences Before going to know about the above sentences, we should know phrase and clause. Phrase:- A phrase is a group of words which gives gives meaning. It gives some meaning but not completing meaning. It has no subject and no verb. Ex:-1.On seeing a snake. 2. In the middle of the garden. 3.Incase of working hard. Clause:- A clause is a group of words which gives some meaning. It has subject and verb. These are divided into two types namely. Main clause:-A main clause is a group of words which gives complete meaning. It has subject and verb, Ex:-1. I saw a snake. 2.He is very poor. Subordinate Subordinate clause:- It has a group of words which gives some meaning with subject and verb. It is always connected by subordinate conjections.. Ex:-1.As he was ill 2.Although he worked well

TYPES OF SENTENCES:1. SIMPLE SENTENCE:A sentence which consist of only one main clause is called simple sentence. Ex:-1.I saw a film yesterday. 2. Inspite of working hard, he failed. 3. On seeing a snake, he ran away. 2. COMPLEX SENTENCE:-A SENTENCE:-A sentence that consists of one or more subordinate clauses is called complex sentence. These sentences start with subordinate conjections.

Subordinate conjunctions:Though, although, even though, even if, As, since, because, when, as soon as, If, unless, which, where, who, whom, that, till, until etc. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Ex:-1.Though he worked hard, he failed. 2. Unless you leave from here now, you can’t catch the train. 3.Since it was holiday, we stayed at home. 3. COMPOUND SENTENCE:-A SENTENCE:-A sentence that consists of two or more main clauses is called compound sentence. These sentences are connected by co-ordinate conjunctions. They are in the middle of the sentence. Co-ordinate conjunctions:But, yet, still, however, and, and so, so, therefore, not only_ but also, either _ or, neither_ nor, or, otherwise, both__ and, as well as. Ex;-1.He is poor but he is honest. 2.She is rich yet she is unhappy. 3.He was ill so he didn’t attend the class. TYPE 1 Simple sentence(ss)

Complex sentence(cx)

In spite of + present participle(v1+ing)

Though Although Even though Even if

Compound sentence(cd) But Yet Still

1. He worked hard. He failed. In spite of working hard, he failed. (ss) Though he worked hard, he failed. (cx) He worked hard but he failed. (cd) 2. Ravi is poor. He is honest. In spite of being poor, Ravi is honest. (ss) Although Ravi is poor, he is honest. (cx) Ravi is poor but he is honest. (cd) Exercises:1.Although he was ill, he attended the meeting. (cx) Inspite of being ill, he attended the meeting. (ss) He was ill but he attended the meeting. (cd) 2.She played well but she did not win the match. (cd) In sp spite of of pl playing we well, sh she di did no not wi win th the ma match. (ss (ss) Although he played well, TYPE 2:Simple sentence(ss) Complex se sentence(cx) Compound se sentence(cd) Too__to So __that Very __and so Very___ and therefore Exercises:1. The coffee is very hot. We can’t drink it. The coffee is too hot to drink it. (ss) The coffee is so hot that we can’t drink it. (cx) The coffee is very hot and so we can’t drink id. (cd) 2. The old man is very poor. He can’t buy a car. The old man is too poor to buy a car. (ss) The old man is do poor that he can’t buy a car. (cx) The The ol old man man is very very poo poor and and so he can can’t buy buy a car. car. (cd (cd) 3. Sita is very weak. She can’t walk. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Sita is too weak to walk. Sita is so weak that she can’t walk. Sita is very weak and so she can’t walk.

Simple se sentence(ss) In addition to(or)Besides +present participle

(ss) (cx) (cd)

TYPE 3 :Complex se sentence(cx) Compound se sentence(cd) x Not only___ but also As well as Both and

Exersices:1. He speaks English. He also speaks Hindi. Besides speaking English, he also speaks Hindi. (ss) He speaks not only Englsh but also Hindi. (cd) He speaks English as well as Hindi. (cd) He speaks both English and Hindi. (cd) 2. She is a teacher. She is a home maker. Besides being a teacher, she is ahome maker. (ss) She is not only a teacher but also ahome maker. (cd) She is a teacher as well as a home maker (cd) She is both a teacher and a home maker. (cd) TYPE 4:Simple sentence(ss) Complex sentence(cx) Compound sentence(cd) On account of (or) As So because of +present Since therefore participle because Exercises:1. Rani is very tired. She went to bed early. On acco account unt of being being very very tire tired, d, she went went to to bed bed early. early. (ss) As Rani is very tired, she went to bed early. (cx) Rani is very tired so she went to bed early. (cd) 2. He was ill. He stayed at home. Because of being ill, he stayed at home. (ss) As he was ill, he stayed at home. (cx) He was ill so he stayed at home. (cd) TYPE 5:Simple sentence(ss) Complex sentence(cx) Compound sentence(cd) In case of + present Unless-----not Or +not participle If do/does+not otherwise + not 1. You work hard. You will pass. Incase of working hard, you will pass. (ss) Unless you work hard, you won’t pass. (cx) If you do not work hard, you won’t pass. (cx) You work hard or you won’t pass. (cd) 2. We play well. We can’t win the match. In case of playing well, we can’t win the match. (ss) Unless you play well, you can’t win the a match. (cx) If you do not play well, you can’t win the match. (CX) Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



We play well or we can’t win the match. Type 6:Simple sentence(ss) On +present participle(v1+ing)

Complex sentence(cx) when

(cd)

Compound sentence(cd) and

1. She saw a snake. She ran away. On seeing the snake, she ran away. When she saw a snake, she ran away. She saw a snake and she ran away. 2. I heard the noise. I wake up. On hearing the noise, I wake up. When I heard the noise, I wake up. I heard the noise and I wake up.

(ss) (cx) (cd) (ss) (cx) (cd)

E.QUESTION TAG Definition :- The part of a sentence, which which serves the purpose of confirming confirming the given statement is called question tag . Ex:- 1. She is a doctor, doctor, isn’t she? The question tag is fallowed short form Long form Short form Am not aren’t Is not isn’t Are not aren’t Was not wasn’t Were not weren’t Do not don’t Does not doesn’t Did not didn’t Has not hasn’t Have not haven’t Had not hadn’t Shall not shan’t Should not shouldn’t Will not won’t Would not wouldn’t Can not can’t Could not couldn’t May not mayn’t Might not mightn’t Before knowing the question tag we should follow the following points:1. Question Question tag tag is used used at the the end end of the the question question 2. Question Question mark mark is used used after after the question question tag. tag. 3. Only the short form “ n’t ” is used (in the positive positive question question ) in the question tag.. The subject noun in the given statement will be converted in to a relarint pronoun in the question tag. Model: I Question tag with Auxiliary verbs:-




Helping Verbs Be forms:-Am, is, are, was, were, Do forms:-do, does, did, Have forms:- have, has, had, Model Auxiliaries:-shall, should, can, could, will, would, may, might, must, dare, need, ought to.

Positive statement 1. Raju is a lawyer, 2. we are studying well, 3.I am a teacher , 4. They were in Tirumal, 5. Latha can speak English, 6.We have finished our lunch, 7. They will come to our college, 8. Sheela has many friends, 9. Karna was a great warrior, 10. Today is Wednesday, 11. Tiger is a Crual animal, 12. Apples are sweet, 13. Sita write a letter,

Negative question isn’t he? aren’t we? aren’t I? weren’t they? can’t she? haven’t we? won’t they? hasn’t she? wasn’t he? isn’t it? isn’t it? aren’t they? don’t she?

3. If the statement is in negative, the question tag should be in positive. Negative statement 1. Raju is not a lawyer 2. We are not studying well 3. I am not, teacher 4. They were not in Tirumala 5. Latha can not speak English 6. You are not living in Rajampet 7. I a not your survent 8. Suneel has not paid the bill 9. They are not poor 10. Rani will not stay her

Positive question tag is he? are we? am I? were they? can she? are you? am I? has he? are they? will she?

4.when ‘am’ is used in positive statement statement “aren’t’’ is used in the question question tag. Ex:- I am a teacher teacher I am a teacher, are n’t I? 5. When ‘I am’ is used in the negative statement the question tag is ‘am’ Eg:- I amn’t a teacher. I amn’t a teacher, am I? Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Model II Question with do, does, did:Note: - 1. If the statement is in positive positive and the main verb verb is in present tense (v 1) we use ‘don’t’ to from the question tag. Eg:- eat (v 1) don’t Write (v1) don’t 2.If the statement is in positive and the main verb is in present tense (v 1) with ‘s’ or ‘es’ we use ‘doesn’t” to frame the question tag. Eg:1. He write writess a lette letter, r, does doesn’t n’t he? he? 2. John goes Church Church every every Sunday Sunday,, doesn’t doesn’t he? 3. If th statem statement ent is positive positive and and the the main verb (v (v 2) is in past tense (v 2), we use didn’t to from the question tag. Ex:- I wrote a letter , Didn’t I? Raju went to Karimnagar Yesterday, didn’t he? Exercises :1. We play Cricket Don’t we? 2. She cooked food didn’t she? 3. They make kites don’t they? 4. Sita sings songs doesn’t she? 5. My uncle sold the House didn’t he? 6. My sister wrote the examination didn’t she? 7. My sister wrote the examination didn’t she? 8. The tiger eats me doesn’t it? 9. They live in Rajampet don’t they? 10. we bought mangoes didn’t we? Some important points:1) If the statement statement begins with let us us (let’s), we use “shall we”, to frame the question tag. tag. Eg:- Let’s go for a walk, shall we ? Let’s have a cup of Coffee, shall we? 2) If the Statement Statement is is a request request we use “will you” you” to frame frame the questio question n tag. Eg;-Please come to my house, will w ill you? 3) If the statement is is imperative and begins either ‘do’ or don’t we use use ‘’ will you’’ to to frame the question tag? Eg:- Open the door, will you? Don’t do that work, will you? 4) If ‘this’ or ‘that’ as subject in the given statements statements we use ‘it’ to frame the question question tag. Eg: - This is the map of India, isn’t it? This story is not interesting isn’t? That is my house, is not it. 5) If “these “these or or those” those” are are subjects the given statement we use use “ They” to from the the question question tag Eg:- These are my books, are n’t they ? Those are mangoes, aren’t they? 6) If “there” is as subject in the given statement we use “there” to frame the question tag. Eg:- There is something strange isn’t there? neither, never, never, little, seldom, 7) If the sentence has the following following words like no, none, neither, hardly, few the question tag should be in positive. Eg:- Hari never goes to College, does he? Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



They seldom go to movies, do they? No body helped her, did they? EXERCISES Find the correct question tag to the following: 1. You are students, __________? 1)Are you 2) aren’t you 3)were you 2. He is a boy, _________? 1)isn’t he 2)is he 3) was he 3. Sh She was my friend, _________? 1)wasn’t she? 2) was she? 3) didn’t she? 4. I am a teacher, _____________? 1) am I? 2) are I? 3) amn’t I? 5. Th There is no money, __________? 1)is there? 2) isn’t there? 3) aren’t there? 6. I am not a singer, ___________? 1) aren’t I? 2)are I? 3)am I? 7. Le Let’s go and play,___________? 1)don’t we? 2) shall we? 3)does we? 8. I won’t teach you, _____________? 1)will I? 2) can I? 3)won’t I? 9. Nobody is present, ___________? 1)is he? 2)isn’t he? 3)are they? 10. This story is very interesting, ________? 1)is it? 2)isn’t it? 3) aren’t it? 11. He likes me,_______________? 1)does he? 2) doesn’t he? 3) did he? 12. Your brother is an engineer,________________? 1)has he? 2)hasn’t he? 3) is he? 13. Rani goes to her native place,_________________? 1)doesn’t she? 2)does she? 3)do she? 14. They don’t play tennis,____________________? 1)do they? 2)don’t they? 3)is they? 15. You are not going to school now,_____________? 1)weren’t you? 2)were you? 3) are you? 16. Kiran is a doctor, ________________? 1)is he? 2)isn’t he? 3)do he? 17. Raju draws pictures,_________________? 1)does he? 2) doesn’t he? 3) did he? 18. The minister made a good speech,______________? 1)did he? 2)didn’t he? 3)does he? 19. The chief minister came by car,_______________? 1)did he? 2)didn’t he? 3)does he? 20. I have a house,__________________? 1)have I? 2)hasn’t I? 3)haven’t I? 21. Sita has danced well,_______________? 1)have I? 2)hasn’t I? 3)haven’t I? 22. Please give a book,______________? 1)did you? 2)didn’t you? 3)shall we? 23. The match was very cxciting,_______________? 1)weren’t it? 2)were it? 3) was it? 24. She performed very well,____________? 1)does she? 2) doesn’t she? 3) did she? 25. We play games,_______________? 1)don’t we? 2) shall we? 3)do we? Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

( ) 4) haven’t you ( ) 4) wasn’t he ( ) 4) did she? ( ) 4) aren’t I? ( ) 4) has there? ( ) 4) amn’t I? ( ) 4) didn’t we? ( ) 4) shall I? ( ) 4) aren’t they? ( ) 4)don’t it? ( ) 4)didn’t he? ( ) 4) isn’t he? ( ) 4)don’t she? ( ) 4)isn’t they? ( ) 4)aren’t you? ( ) 4)don’t he? ( ) 4)didn’t he? ( ) 4)don’t he? ( ) 4)don’t he? ( ) 4)hasn’t I? ( ) 4)hasn’t I? ( ) 4)don’t we? ( ) 4)wasn’t it? ( ) 4)didn’t she? ( ) 4) didn’t we?



CHAPTER VII COMPREHENSION COMPREHENSION PASSAGE Comprehension means the ability to understand before answering the questions. Observe the following steps:1. Read the passage passage first rapidly and read the questions. 2. Read through the passage passage for second time to catch catch gist(idea) 3. Take each question and confirm the answers. 4. Eliminate the answer choices choices that don’t go with your your conformed answer. 5. Find the on line answers.(on the line) 6. Between Between the lines.(con lines.(connect nected) ed) 7. Beyond the the lines.(more than than the information) 8. Personal Personal involvement involvement question. question. 9. Inferential questions.( questions.( out of the passage) TYPES OF QUESTIONS

Verbal questions (yes/no type) who Whom whose When Which What Where why How How long How much How far How old

ఎ ఎ ఎ ఎడ ఏ ఎ ఎక ఎ౦ ఎ ఎ౦ ౦ ఎ౦ ఎ౦ ర౦ ఎ౦ య

non verbal questions (WH word questions)

persons Time Choice/option Matter/ information Place/location Reason/cause Manner/ procedure Period Quantity Age

1. Read the following following passage to to answer the questions:questions:Once there lived two crows on a tree in a forest. forest. Many animals often came there and took rest under the tree. There was a black cobra in the hole of the tree. The crow couple built a nest on the tree. The female crow laid eggs in the nest. Later four crows came out of the eggs. One day the crows went out to bring food for their children. At that time the snake came up to the nest and ate the little crows. The crows after returning with food saw the snake going in to the hole and found their nest empty. They felt very sad. The same thing happened after a few months. The crows thought that the snake would eat their children every time if they continued to live there. They decided to leave the place and go to another place. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:1. The crows built nests to ________. a. Live Live happ happil ily. y. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

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b. Lay eg eggs. c. Protec Protectt eggs eggs from from enemie enemies. s. d. Keep Keep smal smalll bir birds ds.. 2. The snake went to the nest when the crows were away to a. Protec Protectt the childr children en of the the bird birds. s. b. Eat the childr children en to to the the bird. bird. c. Give Give food food to the the child children ren of of the bird bird.. d. Play Play with with the chil childre dren n of the the bird. bird. 3. The crow couple felt sad because a. They They could could not not harm harm the the snak snake. e. b. There There was was none none to help help them. them. c. They They felt felt the the nes nest. t. d. They They lost lost their their chil childre dren n 4. The birds decided to go to another place because a. The The tree tree bec becam amee very very big big.. b. Other animals animals took took rest under under the tree. c. They They were were not not safe safe ther there. e. d. The snak snakee often often ate thei theirr childr children. en. 5. The birds in the story are a. Timid b. Afra Afraid id of futu future re.. c. Enem Enemie iess to the the sna snake ke.. d. Desire Desiress of the the changi changing ng the the place. place.

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CHAPTER VIII LETTER WRITING Letter means a message, which is send to somebody. Letter is written communication. TYPES OF LETTERS

There are mainly two types of letters. They are:1. Formal letters letters (official and business business letters) 2. Informal letters (personal (personal letters) FORMAL LETTERS

These are divided into two groups. 1. Official Official letters letters::These letters are written to officers, teachers, head masters and officials. Formal letters may be brief and short. 2. business business letters: letters:-These letters are written to business people and strangers. INFORMAL LETTERS

These are known as personal letters. These are written to family members, friends, relatives and well wishers. Personal letters may be long and detailed, familiar and intimate. PARTS OF THE LETTER Every letter has five parts:1. Heading Heading (writer’s (writer’s address) address) 2. Salutation. 3. Body of the letter. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



4. Sub scription. (leave taking) taking) 5. Super scription. scription. (address on the envelope)

1. Heading: Heading

is known as writer’s address.

 It is written at the top  Date  The  At

right hand corner of the page.

should come after address.

date should be writing like 12 th June, 2011.

the end of the every line in address we should put comma.

 Full

stop is used after the date. 2. Salutation: The

position of the salutation is at the left hand of the first page at lower level than the heading.

 A comma is put after

the salutation.

To the family members:My dear father, Dear father, Dear brother, Dear mother, Dear sister, Dear uncle, Dear aunt, Dear cousin, To friends:Dear Rama, To officers:Sir, Madam,

Door No: 5/79, Usman Nagar, Rajampet, 12th June,2011.

To business people:Sir, Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Sirs, Dear Madam, 3. Body of the letter: It

is written below the salutation and middle of the page.

 The

simple style is used in the body.

 If the body of the  It

letter is lengthy, it should be divided into paragraphs.

should contain brief and short sentences.

4. Subscription (leave taking): It

is written at the bottom of the letter either on the left side or on the right side.

 A comma is put after

the subscription.

 Don’t put apostrophe

your’s.

To family members and friends:Yours lovingly, Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Your affectionately, Yours sincerely, Yours loving friend, Yours loving son,

To officers:Yours faithfully, Yours truly, 5. Super scription (address on the envelope): It

is written either right hand top corner of the page or bottom of the page.

 It

is written below the subscription don’t put the full stop after the signature.

EXERCISES 1. Every letter contains a. Head Headin ing g b. Subscripti Subscription on c. Message Message or or informatio information n d. Body Body 2. Letter is ____________ communication. a. Verb Verbal al b. Writ Writte ten n c. Non Non verb verbal al d. None of of the above. above. 3. Th The British style of writing date is_______ a. 12/06/ 12/06/201 2011. 1. b. 12th June,2011. c. June June 12th ,2011. d. 12-06 12-06-20 -2011 11 4. After date is ________ needed. a. Comma omma b. Colo Colon n c. Full Full stop stop d. None None 5. After salutation it is necessary. a. Comma omma b. Colo Colon n c. Full Full stop stop d. None None 6. On One of the following subscription is correct. a. Yours’s Yours’s faithfully faithfully,, b. Yours faithful faithful c. Your’s Your’s lovingl lovingly, y, d. yours yours faithfull faithfully, y, 7. The body of the letter contains _______. a. The saluta salutatio tion, n, b. The messa message, ge, c. An acknowledg acknowledgement ement.. d. None of of the above. above. 8. An official letter begins with a. Dear Dear sir, sir, Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

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b. Dear Dear sirs, sirs, c. Sir, d. My dear dear sir, sir, 9. The style of personal letter should be a. Form Formal al b. Bombas Bombastic tic c. Familiar Familiar and and intimat intimatee d. None of of the above. above.

CORRECTION

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OF SENTENCES

Rules related related to Nouns Rule1:-Some nouns are used only as singular. They have no plural forms:They are advice,alphabet,abuse,furniture,inf advice,alphabet,abuse,furniture,information,fuel,news,poe ormation,fuel,news,poetry,bread,soap, try,bread,soap, scenery, business, issue, issue, repair, luggage, machinery, stationary, stationary, the wicket. Eg:-

1. He has given advice (wrong) He has given advice (Right) a 2. where are my luggages? luggages? (wrong) Where is my luggage? (Right) Rule2:- Some nouns are plural in form but they are used as singular s ingular Branches of learning: - economics, politics, physics, statistics, linguistics, g mathematics. sports :- billiards, gymnastics, athletics diseases :- mumps, measles Eg:-1. Economics are his favourite subject (W) Economics is his favourite subject (R) 2.Measles have broken out in our area (W) Measles has broken out in our area (R) Rule3:- Some nouns are used only as plurals. They have no singular forms:Shoes, trousers, shorts, scissors, spectacles, alms, binoculars, savings, innings, goods, premises, stockings etc. Eg:-1.where is my scissors (w) where are my scissors (R) 2.spectacles is now a costly item. (w) spectacles are now a costly item. (R) Rule4:- The following words don’t take plural when preceded by a numerical(number) like dozen, hundred, thousand, lakh, million, and score Eg:-1. I have ten thousands rupees( rupees(w) I have ten thousand rupee (R) 2.My friend bought ten dozens bananas (w) (w) My frie friend nd boug bought ht ten ten doz dozen en bana banana na (R) (R) Rule5:- Plurals of compound nouns are formed by adding ‘s’ to the main word( Brother-in-laws, sister-in-laws, father-in-laws, son-in-laws, mother-in-laws) Eg:-1. I have two father-in-laws (w) I have two fathers-in-law (R) 2. Passer by (w) passers by (R) 3. He has one brother-in-laws (w) He has one brothers-in-law (R) Rule6:- Do not add brother brother or sister sister to the word word cousin. Eg:Ramya is my cousin sister (w) Ramya is my cousin (R) Rule7:-Running is not used with age Eg:Ravi is running sixteen (w) Ravi is sixteen. (R) Rule8:- The words ‘male’ and ‘female’ are used as adjectives but not nouns. Man and woman are used as nouns – Eg:-There are twenty females in the class There are twenty girls in the class. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

(w) (R)



Rule9:- When the nouns are in apposition‘s’ is add the second noun.:Eg. It is my friend’s Kiran’s car. car. (w) It is my friend Kiran’s car. (R) Rule10:- We should not say 20 years. We should say 20 years old or 20. Eg:- He is 40 years. years. He is 40years old.(or) He is 40.

(w) (R)

RULES RELATED TO TO PRONOUNS Rule1:- The serial order of personal pronouns in a good sentence is 2 nd person, 3rd person and 1st person. Eg:-1. Ram,I Eg:-1. Ram,I and you have finished our homework. (w) You, Ram and I have finished our homework. (R) 2.I and Ravi went to the exhibition. (w) Ravi and I went to the exhibition. (R) Rule2:-A pronoun must agree with its antecedent Eg:-1.One must love his parents. (w) One must love one’s parents. (R) Rule3:- If the sentence starts with reflexive reflexive pronoun, we write subjective pronoun pronoun in its place Eg:- Myself Eg:- Myself d do this work. (w) I do this work (R) Rule4:-Enjoy, apply, resign, drive, avail, absent etc, when used as transitive verbs, always take reflexive pronouns after them (enjoy, avail, apply అ verbs డ వ

వ reflexive pronoun వ  య.) eg:- He applied for a job. (w) kHe applied himself for a job. (R) They enjoyed the T.V. show (w) They en enjoyed themselves the T.V show (R) Rule5:- Apostrophe‘s’ is not add to pronouns:Eg:- 1.That book is your’s (w) that book is yours (R) 2.This house is our’s (w) This house is ours (R) Rule6:- Each of, one of, none of, either, neither, everybody, every should always treated as    వక౦ are బల is, were బల was, singulars( వక౦  ై ప ప  ై న న వక౦

య) : have బల has వ  య Eg- 1.Nither of the books are interesting Neither of the books is interesting. 2. Each of the boys were given a book. Each of the boys was given a book. ౩.one of the girls have good knowledge of English

(w) (R) (w) (R) (w)

one of the girls has good knowledge of English.

(R)

Rule7:-’Each other’ is used when there are two subjects or objects and ‘one another’ is used when there are more than two subjects and objects.

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Eg:- 1.Romeo and Juliet loved one another. Romeo and Juliet loved each other. 2.All the students loved each other. iAll the students loved one another.

Rule8:- Use of relative pronouns:who = persons which = places and things Eg:1.Rama Rao, that works in this office, is my friend. Rama Rao, who works in this office, is my friend. 2. The dog, who ,bites people, is my friend’s dog. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com

(w) (R) (w) (R)

/ ii

that = places and things (w) (R) (w)



The dog, that ,bites people is my friend’s dog.

(R)

RULES RELATED TO VERBS Rule1:-Simple present tense is used to express a habit(వక౦ daily,regularly,rarely, daily,regularly,rarely, occasionally, generally, usually, frequently, often, always Eg:-1.I am going to college daily. (w) I go to college daily. (R) 2.Sita is taking milk rarely. (w) Sita takes milk rarely. (R) Rule2:-present perfect continuous tense is used is used with since and for:Eg:-1.I am working here for six months. (w) I have been working here for six months (R) 2.It is raining since 6’0 clock. (w) It has been raining since 6’0 clock (R) Rule3:- love, like, hate, smell, feel, taste, hear, own, belong, know, want, have, possess, think, and understand. If we find anyone among them in a sentence we should not put ‘ing’ form. Eg:-1 Eg:-1.I am knowing his address. I know his address. 2. They are having a problem. They have a problem 3. She is belonging to Rajampet. She belongs to Rajampet. 4.You are liking this college. You like this college. 5.The apple is tasting good. The apple tastes good.

(w) (R) (w) (R) (w) (R) (w) (R) (w) (R)

Rule4:-Simple past is used to denote past action.( ago, yesterday, last month, last year etc. etc. Eg:-1.They have gone to Kadapa Yesterday. (w) They went to kadapa yesterday. (R) 2. They have played a match last week. (w) They played a match last week. (R)

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Rule5:-there are two works in a sentence one work is in simple preset, other work will be in simple future tense. Eg:-If you will ask me, I shall clearify your doubts. (W ) If you ask me, I shall clarify your doubts. (R) 2.If he will work hard, he will get first class. (w) If he work hard, he will get first class. (R) Rule6:-If the reporting verb is in the past tense the other verbs should be in past tense. Eg:-1.She knew that her brother is coming by train. (w) She knew that her brother was coming by train. (R) 2.She told us that her mother is busy. (w) She told us that her mother was busy. (R) 3.She said that she is going to Madras. (w) She said that she was going to Madras. (R) Rule7:- Hanged means caused death, hung means to display Eg:- The criminal was hung two days ago. The criminal hanged two days ago.

(W ) (R)

RULES RELATED TO ADVERBS Rule 1:Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Eg:- 1.He drives fastly. He drives fast. 2.the train does not run on the track. The train does not run on the track.

(w) (R) (w) (R)

RULES RELATED TO TO PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITIONS prepositions; Rule 1:1:- The following words followed by certain prepositions; Suffering ___ from, searching searching ____ for, waiting ___ for, apply ____ for, fond ___ of, afraid afraid ___ of, died ____of, congratulate congratulate ___ on, angry ___ with, good ___ at, at, bad__ at, accused____ accused____ of etc. Eg:-1.Sarala is suffering with fever. (w) Sarala is suffering from fever. (R) 2. Rama is fond in ice-cream. (w) Ramu is fond 0f ice- cream. (R) 3.I congratulate for his success. (w) I congratulate on his success. (R) 4. Radha is waiting to her sister. (w) Radha is waiting for her sister. (R) 5.Saloni is good in English. (w) Saloni is good at English. (R) Rule 2:2:- We should not use any preposition after these words. Awaiting, ordered, discussed, returned, entered, Eg:-I am awaiting for your reply. (W ) I am awaiting your reply. (R) 2.We discussed about the matter. (w) We discussed the matter. (R) 3.The stranger entered into the building. (w) The stranger entered the building. (R) 4.The minister returned back this evening. (w) The minister returned this evening, (R) 5. They ordered for coffee. (w) They ordered coffee. (R) Rule3:-‘ing’ form is used after certain verbs and phrases: Avoid, imagine, enjoy, finish, miss, practise, look forwardto. Eg:-1.I avoid to speak to her. (w) I avoid speaking to her. (R) 2. We enjoy to play the cricket. (w) We enjoy playing the cricket. (R) 3.He practices to sing songs. (w) He practices singing songs. (R) RULES RELATED TO ADJECTIVES Rule 1:-Adjectives like prefer, like prefer, prior, prior, junior, senior, senior, superior, inferior, inferior, interior, interior, exterior, elder are elder are followed by ‘to’ instead of ‘than’ Eg:-I Prefer coffee than tea. (w) I prefer coffee to tea. (R) 2.He is not superior than you. (w) He is not superior to you. (R) Rule 2:-Double comparatives or double superlatives are not used. Eg:-S Eg:-Sita is more cleverer than Gita (w) Sita is cleverer than Gita (R) 2.R 2.Rama is the most tallest boy in the class. (w) Rama is the tallest boy in the class. (R) Rule3:-Elder refers to the members of the family. Older refers to out of the family. Eg:-1. Rama is older than her sister. (w) Rama is elder than her sister. (R) 2. Rama is elder than all the boys in the class. (w) Rama is older than all the boys in the class. (R) Rule 4:-Superlative degree cannot be used when the comparison is only between the two. Eg:-This story is the best of the two. (w) This story is better of the two. (R) Rule5:-“A” is used before the words beginning with a consonantal sound. The words like University, union, European, one rupee coin. Visit our Blog: www.feltap.blogspot.com



Eg:-1. Mr.David is an European. (w) Mr.David is a European. (R) 2. Let us form an union (w) Let us form a union. (R) 3.He is an University professor. (w) He is a university professor. (R) Rule6: “An” is used before the words beginning with a vowel vowel sound. The words like hour, honour, honorable, honest, heir Etc. Eg:- I waited for her a hour. (w) I waited for her an hour. (R) 2.Gandhiji is a honest man. (w) Gandhiji is an honest man. (R) Rule7:-“THE” is used before the names of rivers, oceans and hollybooks. Eg:- Vijayawada is on Krishna river. (w) Vijayawada is on the Krishna river. (R) 2. My uncle reads Ramayana every day. (w) My uncle reads the Ramayana every day. (R) Rule8:-“The” is used before the superlative s uperlative adjectives. Eg:-The Mount Everest is a biggest peak in the world. (w) The The Mount ount Evere verest st is the bigg biggeest pea peak in the the workl orkld. d. (R) (R) Rule9:- In certain comparison ‘that ‘ that of’ should be used. Eg:-1.The cl climate of of Ba Bangalore is is be better th than of of Hy Hyderabad. (w) The clim limate ate of of Ban Banga gallore ore is is bet bettter than tha that of of Hyd Hyder erab abad ad.. (R) Rule10:- Further refers refers to something additional, Farther refers to distance. Eg:-1.I went to America for farther studies. (w) I went to America foe further studies. (R)

RULES RELATED TO CONJUCTIONS Rule 1:-Double conjunctions cannot be used in a whole sentence. Eg:-Though he is poor, but he is honest. (w) Though he is poor, he is honest. (R) 2.Although he is rich yet he cannot buy a car. (w) Although he is rich, he cannot buy a car. (R) Rule 2:-If the sentence begin begin with ‘As’, ‘Since’ ‘Since’ we should remove remove ‘So’, ‘Therefore’ ‘Therefore’ in a sentence. sentence. Eg:-1.As I am poor so I cannot buy a car. (w) As I am poor, I cannot buy a car. (R) 2. Since ince the door doorss ar are ope opene ned d the there refo fore re the the thi thief ef enter tered the the ho house. use. (w) (w) Since the doors are opened, the thief entered the house. (R)

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