Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com Test Bank Chapter 1: Psychology and Scientific Thinking Multiple Choice
1. When students begin to read through their introductory psychology psychology textbook, they are often surprised to learn that A) commonsense explanations abound in the field of psychology. psychology. Incorrect. Incorrect. Commonsense Commonsense explanations are are frequently frequently accurate, but they are not consistent with with the science science of psychology unless they have been appropriately appropriately researc researched. hed. B) many of their beliefs about the causes of thoughts and behaviors are incorrect. Correct. Correct. Popular psychology has led many people to have incorrect impressions about many psychological phenomena. C) psychologists do not study peoples everyday behaviors. !) psychology is a uni"ue field of study separate from philosophy and biology. Ans#er$ B !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ % (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense %. According to the the authors, psychology is a method method for A) determining simple ans#ers to complex "uestions. B) ac"uiring more insight into the ho#s and #hys of human behavior. C) kno#ing ho# to turn people from maladaptive to adaptive actions, feelings, and thoughts. !) restating commonsense findings in a more convoluted manner. Ans#er$ B !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ % (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense 0. According to the authors, much of the kno#ledge kno#ledge from popular psychology sources A) is consistent #ith the results of psychological research. B) is contradicted by #hat psychological research has demonstrated. Correct. Many of the popular beliefs are demonstrated to be incorrect when they are appropriately researched. C) is not able to be studied empirically. Incorrect. Incorrect. Most of the information that that you will see see in a psychology psychology course is capable capable of being examined examined empirically empirically in one form of research or another. Not all questions, however, can be explored experimentally. his means that cause and effect relationships relationships cannot always be adequately demonstrated. !) is of no or very little interest to psychologists. Ans#er$ B !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ % (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense . !r. 2ones is offering a course this semester in popular psychology. 3is coverage of topics #ill likely be focused on the A) history of modern psychology. psychology. B) use of scientific theory in psychological practices. Incorrect. Incorrect. he science science of research research in psychology psychology is often often omitted when when discussing popular psychology C) production of material and kno#ledge to be used by the general public. Correct. Correct. he popular psychology industry is described as !a sprawling networ" of everyday sources of information about human behavior.# !) diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Ans#er$ C
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ % (kill$ Applied *+ -$ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense 4. According to your authors, the discipline discipline of psychology is best thought of as A) a field of self5help principles to eliminate mental problems. B) a mixture of anecdotes and personal intuition about human behavior and mental processes. C) a process for encouraging people to reach their ultimate potential. !) the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior. Ans#er$ ! !iff !iff$$ 1 &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 0 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 6. A psychologist psychologist is often skeptical of claims suggesting suggesting that A) people are influenced by others thoughts and behaviors. B) a particular behavior is the result of a single causal variable. Correct. Most behaviors are the result of multiple factors. $ single%variable explanation is very rarely accurate. C) a persons culture is a strong influence on his or her everyday thoughts and behaviors. Incorrect. Incorrect. &ecent years have seen enormous enormous increase increase in psychology's psychology's recognition recognition that that the impact of culture on behaviors must always be considered. considered. !) a persons future behavior is often difficult to predict accurately. accurately. Ans#er$ B !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 0 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense 7. he variations that people sho# in their thinking, emotions, personalities, and behaviors are referred to as 8888888888. A) idiosyncratic distracters distracters B) idiographic anomalies C) individual differences differences !) confounding variables Ans#er$ C !iff !iff$$ 1 &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense 9. :ichelle constantly tells her boyfriend ;iccolai that he doesn. !r. ?at=opoulis #ants to study the population of a recently discovered tribe of natives #ho live deep in the Ama=on forest. 3e #ants to kno# if their personalities develop in a manner that is similar to people #ho live in more #esterni=ed societies. 3e takes a popular personality inventory @ the 165pf @ and translates it into the language
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ % (kill$ Applied *+ -$ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense 4. According to your authors, the discipline discipline of psychology is best thought of as A) a field of self5help principles to eliminate mental problems. B) a mixture of anecdotes and personal intuition about human behavior and mental processes. C) a process for encouraging people to reach their ultimate potential. !) the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior. Ans#er$ ! !iff !iff$$ 1 &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 0 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 6. A psychologist psychologist is often skeptical of claims suggesting suggesting that A) people are influenced by others thoughts and behaviors. B) a particular behavior is the result of a single causal variable. Correct. Most behaviors are the result of multiple factors. $ single%variable explanation is very rarely accurate. C) a persons culture is a strong influence on his or her everyday thoughts and behaviors. Incorrect. Incorrect. &ecent years have seen enormous enormous increase increase in psychology's psychology's recognition recognition that that the impact of culture on behaviors must always be considered. considered. !) a persons future behavior is often difficult to predict accurately. accurately. Ans#er$ B !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 0 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense 7. he variations that people sho# in their thinking, emotions, personalities, and behaviors are referred to as 8888888888. A) idiosyncratic distracters distracters B) idiographic anomalies C) individual differences differences !) confounding variables Ans#er$ C !iff !iff$$ 1 &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense 9. :ichelle constantly tells her boyfriend ;iccolai that he doesn. !r. ?at=opoulis #ants to study the population of a recently discovered tribe of natives #ho live deep in the Ama=on forest. 3e #ants to kno# if their personalities develop in a manner that is similar to people #ho live in more #esterni=ed societies. 3e takes a popular personality inventory @ the 165pf @ and translates it into the language
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com of the tribespeople he is studying. /rom a scientific point of vie#, !r. ?at=opoulis ?at=opoulis is studying these natives from an) 888888 approach. A) naturalistic B) emic Incorrect. Incorrect. In an emic approach, approach, the the study of a behavior behavior of a culture culture is conducted conducted from from the perspective perspective of a !native# !native# of an insider. C) experimental !) etic Correct. Correct. In an etic approach, the study of a behavior of a culture is conducted from the perspective of an outsider. Ans#er$ ! !iff !iff$$ 0 &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense 1. uis believes in an old southern tradition that eating clay #ill help his #ife deliver a healthy baby. 3is tendency to believe he sees the #orld correctly is called A) popular psychology. B) naive realism. Correct. Naive realism refers to a person's belief that he or she accurately and ob*ectively sees the world as it is. C) common sense. Incorrect. Incorrect. It is an unfortunate truth that the way we want the world world to be is infreque infrequently ntly the way the world is. Common sense would tell us not to expect things to come out *ust the way we want them to. !) a single5variable single5variable explanation. Ans#er$ B !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 4 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 11. 8888888888 refers to the belief belief that #e see the #orld precisely precisely as it is. A) Common sense B) Confirmation bias C) (ingle5variable explanation !) ;aive realism Ans#er$ ! !iff !iff$$ 1 &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 4 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 1%. :odern psychology is is best considered considered to be a A) collection of pieces of folk #isdom. B) series of contradictions to be sorted out. C) science. Correct. Correct. he study of psychology is a science, which means that there are specific methods for as"ing questions, gathering data, and and answering questions. questions. !) therapeutic process. Incorrect. Incorrect. Psychotherapy is a small part part of the larger larger field of psychology. psychology. Modern psychology psychology is best considered considered to be a science. Ans#er$ C !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 6 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 10. A science is defined by A) kno#ledge. Incorrect. Incorrect. +cience may be considered considered the quest for "nowledge, "nowledge, but this this is not how science is defined. defined. B) its concern #ith solving real5life practical problems.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com C) its popularity among the general public. !) its processes for gathering evidence. Correct. Correct. he way in which evidence is gathered gathered is what defines a science. hese data, when properly gathered, can be used to answer questions and generate theories. Ans#er$ ! !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 6 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 1. n science, science, a scientific theory theory is is defined as an) A) educated opinion about the natural #orld. B) explanation for a large number of findings in the natural #orld. Correct. In order for a premise to be considered useful, it must provide an explanation for a large number of findings that occur in the natural natural world, including including the psychological psychological world. C) personal understanding of natural la#s. !) testable prediction about the natural #orld. Incorrect. Incorrect. $ testable testable prediction prediction about the natural world is is a hypothesis, not a theory. theory. Ans#er$ B !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 7 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 14. When a psychologist psychologist mentions the the term scientific term scientific theory theory,, he or she is referring to something that A) explains a single event. B) explains a #ide range of observations. C) is no better an explanation than another persons opinion. !) refers to an educated guess. Ans#er$ B !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 7 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 16. f a psychologist #ere to develop a theory of cognitive development, he or she #ould #ant his or her theory to explain 88888888 observations. A) a moderate number of B) a small number of Incorrect. Incorrect. he smaller smaller the number of observations a theory theory explains, the the less useful it becomes. becomes. C) a substantial number of Correct. heories are used to explain multiple behav behaviors iors in the natural world, not *ust a single behavior. !) very fe# Ans#er$ C !iff !iff$$ 0 &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 7 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 17. !r. 'ashad offers offers the class an explanation for an extensive group of research findings connecting emotionality and nonverbal communication. 3er explanation for this group of findings is an) A) hypothesis. Incorrect. Incorrect. $ hypothesis is a testable testable prediction prediction an educated educated guess that is based on an existing existing theory. theory. B) empirical conclusion. C) operational definition. !) scientific theory. Correct. Correct. $ scientific theory is an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world. Ans#er$ ! !iff !iff$$ % &age &age 'ef$ 'ef$ 7 (kill$ Applied
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 19. &rofessor Clark gives her students an assignment to develop hypotheses on global #arming. o be consistent #ith a scientific method, students should develop their hypotheses based on A) their o#n existing beliefs about the issue. Incorrect. In fact, for research to be as !clean# and accurate as possible, researchers have to be very careful N( to let their own beliefs or biases influence their research. B) reports discussed on television. C) untestable predictions. !) a #ell5supported scientific theory. Correct. $ hypothesis is a testable prediction derived from a scientific theory. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 7 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 1>. !r. 'ichburg
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com %%. F#en has posted a "uestionnaire on :y(pace asking her friends to support her idea of cell phones in the classroom. (he ignores anyone opposing her beliefs, #hich is an example of A) naGve realism. Incorrect. Nave realism suggests that we believe that we see the world precisely as it is. he best answer to this question is the confirmation bias. B) conunctive fallacy. C) confirmation bias. Correct. he confirmation bias is the tendency to see" out information that supports our point of view and ignore evidence that contradicts our point of view. !) attribution bias. Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 9 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases %0. !r. Faronski is testing his hypothesis that people use hand gestures more in communication #hen emotionally aroused than #hen calm. When his results #ere revie#ed, it #as noted that !r. Faronski sometimes missed seeing small gestures in the calm condition. his is an example of A) conunctive fallacy. B) confirmation bias. Correct. Confirmation bias is the tendency to see" out information that supports our point of view and ignore evidence that contradicts our point of view. C) attribution error. !) a single5variable explanation. Incorrect. he tendency to only consider information that is consistent with our views is called the confirmation bias. Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 9 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases %. &olice interrogators often assume that persons brought in for "uestioning have important kno#ledge about the crime in "uestion. f this leads an interrogator to ask "uestions that assume the guilt of a particular individual rather than asking "uestions that #ould exonerate him or her, 88888888 may occur. A) the anchoring and adustment heuristic B) the availability heuristic C) belief perseverance Incorrect. /elief perseverance occurs when we cling to a belief even after we0ve been shown evidence that it is wrong. !) confirmation bias Correct. If the interrogator is only as"ing questions that confirm her belief and ignores questions that disprove her belief, then she is falling prey to the confirmation bias. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 9 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases %4. !ouglas believes that females are more polite and respectful than males. 3e easily recalls examples of this and constantly points out situations to others that support this belief. 3o#ever, he often ignores evidence to the contrary. !ouglass belief about gender differences in socially appropriate behavior is maintained through A) belief perseverance. B) the confirmation bias. Correct. he confirmation bias is the tendency to see" out information that supports our point of view and ignore evidence that contradicts our point of view. C) the hindsight bias.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com Incorrect. he hindsight bias occurs when we are certain that we "new what was going to occur only after the event too" place. !) the representativeness heuristic. Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 9 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases %6. When people #atch a debate, they often point out the internal contradictions, fla#s in logic, and hypocrisy in positions they oppose #hile glossing over the same shortcomings for positions they support. his is an example of A) the availability heuristic. B) belief perseverance. Incorrect. /elief perseverance occurs when we cling to a belief even after we0ve been shown evidence that it is wrong. C) the confirmation bias. Correct. he confirmation bias is the tendency to see" out information that supports our point of view and ignore evidence that contradicts our point of view. !) healthy skepticism. Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 9 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases %7. Freggs nose itches as he is #alking to#ard his telephone to call someone. Fregg phones his friend :aurice #ho tells him, H:an, #e #ere ust talking about you. hats freakyIH Fregg takes this as support for the folk #isdom Hyour nose itches #hen people are talking about you.H n reality, this is an example of the confirmation bias because A) Fregg failed to consider the times #here his nose itched and no one #as talking about him. Correct. /ecause 1reg did not loo" at the times when his belief was not supported, and only consider times when his belief was supported, this demonstrates the confirmation bias. B) Fregg continues to believe this even though no evidence for it exists. C) Fregg is not a scientist and therefore cannot ans#er the "uestion. Incorrect. (ne need not be a scientist in order to accurately and effectively answer questions. 2sing the scientific method, however, is essential if the answers are to have any validity. !) the folk #isdom Hyour nose itches #hen people are talking about youH is an unfalsifiable "uestion. Ans#er$ A !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 9 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases %9. (tudents at a local high school are opposing restrictions the administration has placed on students interacting on social net#orking #ebsites. he administration believes that the sites promote aggressive behavior among students. he students have offered research findings that sho# social net#orking sites do not increase aggression. hey believe the administrators are only seeking out evidence that supports their vie#, #hich is an example of A) critical thinking. B) scientific skepticism. Incorrect. (ne of the "eys to scientific s"epticism is the willingness to be open to all evidence, not *ust bits of information that support one0s own view. C) disinterestedness. !) the confirmation bias. Correct. he confirmation bias is the tendency to see" out evidence that supports our preexisting beliefs and to neglect contradictory evidence. he example shows both pieces. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 9 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com %>. (ome traditions dating back hundreds of years believe in psychic phenomena and use it to explain occurrences in nature. hese groups actively seek evidence that supports the ideology and discredit any form of scientific information that is opposed to their beliefs. nstead of asking "uestions that may redefine their traditions, 88888888888888888888 occurs and the traditions continue. A) selective thinking B) confirmation bias Correct. he confirmation bias is the tendency to see" out evidence that supports our preexisting beliefs and to neglect contradictory evidence. he example shows both pieces. C) analytical thinking !) scientific skepticism Incorrect. (ne of the "eys to scientific s"epticism is the willingness to be open to all evidence, not *ust bits of information that support one0s own view. Ans#er$ B !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 9 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 0. According to your authors, 88888888 is the Hmother of all biases.H A) the availability heuristic B) belief perseverance C) the confirmation bias !) the hindsight bias Ans#er$ C !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ > (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases
01. Because none of us #ants to believe #e are #rong, #e are usually reluctant to give up cherished notions. his phenomenon is kno#n as A) belief perseverance. Correct. /elief perseverance is the tendency to stic" to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them. B) the confirmation bias. Incorrect. he confirmation bias is the tendency to see" out evidence that supports our preexisting beliefs and to neglect contradictory evidence. C) the availability heuristic. !) the fundamental attribution. Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ > (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 0%. 'ona believes that #omen make better elementary school teachers than men because #omen are more nurturing and less legalistic. When you present her #ith data that indicate male teachers perform very #ell at the elementary level, she tries to discredit the information. 'ona is a victim of A) the confirmation bias. Incorrect. he confirmation bias is the tendency to see" out evidence that supports our preexisting beliefs and to neglect contradictory evidence. B) naive realism. C) belief perseverance. Correct. /elief perseverance is the tendency to stic" to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them. !) critical thinking. Ans#er$ C !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ > (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com 00. :ilo and (hirley are taking a trip on a cruise ship for their %th #edding anniversary. hey believe they made it to this milestone because they kno# each other so #ell. !uring the trip, they take part in a game sho# #here they find out they dont kno# each other as #ell as they thought. 3o#ever, they still maintain they are very much in tune #ith the others needs and thoughts. his is an example of A) the availability heuristic. B) belief perseverance. Correct. /elief perseverance is the tendency to stic" to our original beliefs even when evidence contradicts them. C) the hindsight bias. Incorrect. he hindsight bias occurs when we are certain that we "new what was going to occur only after the event too" place. !) the representativeness heuristic. Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ > (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 0. 'ecall from your text that researchers gave students false feedback about their abilities to distinguish bet#een false and real suicide notes. At the conclusion of the study, the researchers informed the students that their feedback #as in no #ay related to their actual performance. 3o#ever, on a subse"uent task #here the students had to estimate their performance on a similar task, they used this false feedback to guide their estimates. his is an example of A) belief perseverance. B) the confirmation bias. C) the hindsight bias. !) overconfidence. Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ > (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 04. Barry believes that male dogs are better at protection than female dogs. 3e does research on training exercises that he believes proves males are better in ?> training. When presented #ith evidence that sho#s female dogs are ust as competent as male dogs, he continues to stick to his original opinion, thus demonstrating A) belief perseverance. Correct. /elief perseverance is our tendency to continue believing what we currently believe, despite convincing evidence to the contrary. he example shows /arry's tendency. B) naive realism. C) analytical thinking. !) scientific skepticism. Incorrect. (ne of the "eys to scientific s"epticism is the willingness to be open to all evidence, not *ust bits of information that support one0s own view. /arry's unwillingness to consider that his original opinion might have been wrong belies scientific s"epticism. Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ > (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 06. A local mental health facility looks for extra employees for their crisis line on the night of a predicted full moon. &ast experience has led them to believe that a full moon increases levels of suicidal behavior. *ven though the employees #ere presented #ith evidence sho#ing there is no link bet#een suicide and full moons, they focus on their o#n evidence of past behavior and ignore the current scientific evidence by exhibiting A) scientific skepticism. Incorrect. (ne of the "eys to scientific s"epticism is the willingness to be open to all evidence, not *ust bits of information that support one0s own view.he employees' reliance on their own experiences contradicts the concept of scientific s"epticism. B) belief perseverance.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com Correct. /elief perseverance is our tendency to continue believing what we currently believe, despite convincing evidence to the contrary. he example shows the employees' tendency. C) critical thinking. !) hindsight bias. Ans#er$ B !iff$ % &age 'ef$ > (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 07. (andi is an art maor #ho believes that color affects everything, from ho# people communicate to their moods. At a recent art sho#, (andi discussed this issue #ith fello# artists #ho told her that no scientific evidence supported her statements. (andi still holds to her belief that color affects everything, especially personality, thus demonstrating A) belief perseverance. Correct. /elief perseverance is our tendency to continue believing what we currently believe, despite convincing evidence to the contrary. he example shows +andi's tendency. B) the confirmation bias. Incorrect. he confirmation bias is the tendency to see" out evidence that supports our preexisting beliefs and to neglect contradictory evidence. C) analytical thinking. !) naive realism. Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ > (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 09. Which of the follo#ing categories involves claims that are al#ays unfalsifiableJ A) :etaphysics B) &seudoscience C) (cience !) &opular psychology Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ >, 1% (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 0>. !r. (immons teaches philosophy and discusses several topics in the course, including religion. &aulo, a student in the class, believes that #hen he dies, he #ill be resurrected. &aulo (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases . (cientist (tephen 2ay Fould made #hich of the follo#ing contentions about the relationship bet#een science and religionJ A) 'eligion and science can coexist, but are generally antithetical to each other. B) 'eligion and science are inextricably linked and can never be separated from each other. C) Where religion exists, science cannot. Where science exists, religion cannot. !) 'eligion and science are entirely different and nonoverlapping realms of understanding the #orld.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 1 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases 1. Which of the follo#ing statements is most consistent #ith the notion that science should be a Dprescription for humilityJE A) D:y data are fla#lessE B) DBut might be #rong.E Correct. he willingness to accept that one0s findings might be incorrect is "ey to the idea that science should be an exercise in humility. C) D
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com 4. 8888888888 refers to a claim or statement that superficially appears to be scientific but is not. A) :isinformation B) Anecdotal evidence C) &seudoscience !) Common sense Ans#er$ C !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 11 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 6. magine that you see the textbook authors on television talking #ith arry ?ing about popular psychology. What point are you most likely to hear them makeJ A) All information from popular psychology andKor self5help is useless B) Be#are of claims of miracle cures #ithout supporting evidence Correct. &emember that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, and miracle cures are the pinnacle of extraordinary claims. C) &sychology and medicine often marginali=e those #ith ideas that differ from conventional #isdom !) (elf5help therapies are rigorously tested before people can #rite books about them Incorrect. 4hile some self%help programs are probably effective, a ma*ority of them have not been supported by scientific research. Ans#er$ B !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 11, %4 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 7. Which of the follo#ing statements #ould your authors find the most #orrisomeJ A) Being open5minded about topics associated #ith pseudoscience is no big deal. B) he maority of Americans do not believe in the existence of ghosts or #itches. C) &seudoscience seems to be so much more interesting and engaging than science. Correct. If people believe that untested claims, found in pseudoscience, are more interesting than regular science then they will be li"ely to follow unproven and untested courses of action. !) (cience cannot ans#er all of the "uestions am interested in, such as HWhy am hereJH or HWhat is my lifes purposeJH Incorrect. he recognition that science is imperfect and cannot answer every question is part of the humility that is required to be a scientist. Ans#er$ C !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 1% (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 9. Which sin of pseudoscience is synonymous #ith stating an unfalsifiable hypothesis or theoryJ A) *vasion of peer revie# B) ack of self5correction Incorrect. $ lac" of self correction is a serious problem with pseudoscience, but it is not directly related to the requirement of falsifiability in a theory. C) -verreliance on anecdotal evidence !) -veruse of ad hoc immuni=ing hypotheses Correct. he ad hoc immuni)ing hypothesis is one that insulate itself from being proven wrong. In order for a hypothesis or theory to be useful, it must be capable of being falsified. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 1% (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com >. Which of the follo#ing is one of the classic #arning signs of a pseudoscienceJ A) evasion of peer revie#. B) underreliance on anecdotal evidence. C) an abundance of self5correction. !) an absence of ps ychobabble Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 1%51 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 4. A key characteristic of a pseudoscience is that incorrect theories are A) discarded. B) formulated and revised as needed. C) never corrected or changed. !) seldom believed by the general public. Ans#er$ C !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 10 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 41. Which of the follo#ing is found in science but ;- in pseudoscienceJ A) Ama=ing, counterintuitive claims B) he presence of difficult5to5understand argon or technical information Incorrect. In fact, the more psychobabble *argon that is used, the more pseudoscientific a claim is. C) 'eliance on anecdotal evidence to support ones theory of human behavior !) (elf5correction of incorrect hypotheses and theories Correct. In pseudoscience, hypotheses that are not supported by the data are rarely ad*usted. In a science, theories are adapted to the evidence that is gathered about them. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 10 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 4%. -ne evening, #hen he couldnt sleep, :r. Bradley turned on the television and sa# an infomercial for a ne# sleep aid. As a critical thinker, :r. Bradley should be most cautious about this ne# product if A) the product had been subected to an experimental study and the scrutiny of a peer5revie# process. B) its makers claim it has been HprovenH to induce sleep in 9 percent of test participants. Correct. &emember that extraordinary claims without extraordinary evidence are one of the "eys to identifying a pseudoscience. C) its makers discuss the scientific investigations that have compared it to other effective sleep aids rather than relying on testimonials of those #ith insomnia. !) the results of research connect the efficacy of the sleep5aid to other #idely accepted scientific findings. Incorrect. Providing properly gathered scientific evidence is a "ey for supporting extraordinary claims. Ans#er$ B !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 10 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 40. 'ecently, ads have appeared on the radio for some natural herbs that #ill calm you, increase your sense of #ell5 being, and make you happier in a month
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com !) hypothetical. Ans#er$ B !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 10 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 4. A group of animal behaviorists has discovered several ne# species of insects in the Ama=on ungle. hey collect the ne# species for later study back at the camp. !ue to advances in computer technology, they are able to transfer their findings immediately to other researchers studying insects. heir #illingness to share these findings #ith other scientists sho#s their commitment to A) critical thinking. B) falsifiability. Incorrect. he willingness to let other people examine your research is called peer review, and it is essential in a science. C) peer revie#. Correct.Many warning signs help us to recogni)e pseudoscience, including lac" of peer review. Peer review is necessary for a truly scientific process. !) pseudoscience. Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 10 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 44. A key issue in science is providing methods to help people distinguish bet#een accurate, helpful claims and those that are inaccurate and unhelpful. his problem is exacerbated by #hich of the follo#ing sins of pseudoscienceJ A) ack of revie# by other peer) scholars Correct. he willingness to let other people examine your research is called peer review, and it is essential in a science. B) *xaggerating claims beyond the available evidence C) :istaking correlation for causation !) he use of highly technical terms and information Incorrect. he use of highly technical terms and psychobabble does not necessarily suggest that somebody0s findings are incorrect. It is, however, commonly used in a pseudoscience to mas" the lac" of true science. Ans#er$ A !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 10 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 46. According to the authors, one reason to be #ary of programs that promise to teach you speed reading techni"ues in return for money is that such claims do not fit #ith the available data on information processing and memory. his is consistent #ith the pseudoscience sin kno#n as A) absence of connectivity. Correct. Collectivity refers to a consistency between different research findings. B) evasion of peer revie#. C) exaggerated claims. !) psychobabble. Incorrect. he use of psychobabble refers to using complex *argon and terminology that most people would not understand. It is used to mas" the absence of true science in a finding. Ans#er$ A !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 10 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 47. Curtis is considering buying a ne# #orkout machine that promises #eight loss at t#ice the rate of other machines. When Curtis "uestioned such a claim #ith the manufacturer, the customer service representative stated
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com this #as a ne# system and previous research on #eight loss #as not applicable. his example illustrates #hich #arning sign of pseudoscienceJ A) *vasion of peer revie# Incorrect. he lac" of connection between existing research and the product being peddled demonstrates a lac" of collectivity, not an evasion of peer review. B) Absence of connectivity Correct. (ne of the warning signs of pseudoscience is lac" of connectivity to other research 6i.e., findings that are vastly different than those of previous research on the same topic7. C) -verreliance on anecdotes !) ack of self5correction Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 10 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 49. (teve and 2ulie have purchased a program that promises to drastically improve marital relationships in ust t#o #eeks. Although the program has not been tested scientifically, they #ere impressed by the use of scientific phrasing such as Dco5dependency,E Eholistic healing,E and Dsubective #ell5being.E his example illustrates #hich #arning sign of pseudoscienceJ A) &sychobabble Correct. o recogni)e pseudoscience, one should ta"e care not to be persuaded by fancy terms that don't really mean anything 6psychobabble7. B) Absence of connectivity C) *xaggerated claims Incorrect. 4hile this program does ma"e some extraordinary claims, its biggest failure is the use of psychobabble to confuse potential consumers. !) ack of self5correction Ans#er$ A !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 10 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 4>. What is an important limitation of anecdotal evidence in developing scientifically sound treatments or proceduresJ A) Anecdotes cannot help to establish cause5effect relationships B) Anecdotes effectively address the issue of representativeness of the cases C) Anecdotes are extremely too easy for others to /alsify !) Anecdotes are generali=able to the population from #hich the individual giving the anecdote came. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 1051 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 6. !r. :c!onald uses only the testimonies of parents and teachers as support for his treatment of A!3!M this illustrates #hich #arning sign of pseudoscienceJ A) *xaggerated claims Incorrect. 3r. Mc3onald0s claims that his treatment wor"s are not necessarily exaggerated, but in this case they are only supported by anecdotal evidence coming from parents and teachers. B) ack of self5correction C) -verreliance on anecdotes Correct. (verreliance on anecdotes involves ignoring large%scale studies and instead using testimonies from people who support the researcher's claim. !) *vasion of peer revie# Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 1051 (kill$ Applied
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 61. &inker 1>>7) and others have demonstrated that humans display an adaptive predisposition to make order out of disorder and sense out of nonsense. his tendency can account for A) reliance on confirmation bias. B) skepticism. Incorrect. In fact, scientific s"epticism often helps us reali)e that there is no order in disorder, and there is no sense in nonsense. C) the popularity of pseudoscience. Correct. Pseudoscience helps us simplify the world in which we live. It helps us find order in disorder and ma"e sense out of the senseless. !) belief perseverance. Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 1 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 6%. iffany spends a great deal of time reading self5help books on relationships. (he has had several failed relationships and is be#ildered by the events. *ven though she kno#s most of these books are pseudoscience, iffany is attracted to them because A) she is comforted by the reali=ation she is not alone. Incorrect. 4hile iffany may in fact be comforted by the fact that she is not alone, what she is trying to do is come up with a rational explanation for things that don0t ma"e sense to her. his is an example of ma"ing order out of disorder. B) she is trying to make order out of disorder. Correct. Pseudoscience helps us simplify the world in which we live. C) she suffers from apophenia. !) she is experiencing pereidolia. Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 1 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 60. Which principle of critical thinking does anecdotal evidence /A to addressJ A) /alsifiable claims about the phenomena Incorrect. 4hile some anecdotal evidence may in fact be falsifiable, it is rare for that to occur. he best answer to this question however is ruling out rival hypotheses. B) he rules of extraordinary claims C) &arsimonious explanation of the phenomena !) 'uling out rival hypotheses Correct. $necdotal evidence does not give us the opportunity to consider alternate interpretations of an event. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 1, %15%0 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 6. he term 8888888888 refers to the tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena. A) apophenia B) confirmation bias C) parsimony !) interconnectivity Ans#er$ A !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 1 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com 64. We experience the phenomenon of apophenia #hen #e A) accept anecdotal evidence in place of scientific evidence. B) fall victim to erroneous information given to us b y others. C) see a connection bet#een related events. !) see a pattern #here none really exists. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 1 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 66. he phenomenon of apophenia is an example of an illusory correlation because A) #e accept anecdotal evidence in place of scientific evidence. B) #e fall victim to erroneous information given to us by others. C) #e see a connection bet#een related events. Incorrect. 4hen apophenia occurs, we tend to see connections between two unrelated events. !) #e see a pattern #here none really exists. Correct. $pophenia is the tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 1 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 67. According to the discussion about &residents incoln and ?ennedy, #e often A) actively seek out parsimonious explanations for complicated problems. Incorrect. In fact, the most parsimonious explanation for the similarities between 8incoln and 9ennedy is that they were coincidences. B) chalk up coincidences as being due to chance rather than to supernatural events. C) overestimate ho# unusual certain patterns of coincidental information really are. Correct. /ecause there were several commonalities between these two presidents, we tend to believe that those commonalities suggests some underlying meaning that does not exist. 4e also tend to ignore all of the differences between them. !) prefer skepticism to conspiracy theory explanations about presidential assassinations. Ans#er$ C !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 1514 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 69. -nce a guest appeared on he onight +how, #ith former host 2ohnny Carson, and sho#ed her collection of potato chips that resembled famous celebrities or historical figures. -ne example #as a potato chip that #as said to resemble Abraham incoln. n actuality, this guest #as providing an example of A) apophenia. Incorrect. $pophenia is the tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena. B) belief perseverance. C) the confirmation bias. !) pareidolia. Correct. Pareidolia occurs when we see something in an ambiguous figure that is not really there. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 14 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 6>. Will and ?ristyn are laying on a hill looking up at the stars. ?ristyn looks over and sees the face of a man appearing on the moon. (he fails to consider that this face is really a combination of craters on the moons surface and her o#n perceptual abilities creating meaning. (he has fallen victim to A) apophenia. Incorrect. $pophenia is the tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com B) belief perseverance. C) the confirmation bias. !) pareidolia. Correct. Pareidolia occurs when we see something in an ambiguous figure that is not really there. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 14 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 7. (cientific investigation has identified that Hhe 3ot 3andH in basketball is A) dependent on the players skill level. B) an illusion C) a "uestion that cannot be ans#ered through science. !) a reality. Ans#er$ B !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 16 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 71. !espite the fact that scientific research has found no support or basis for the belief of Hthe hot handH in baseball, basketball, or golf, the idea still persists among athletes, sports commentators, and fans. his is a classic example of A) belief perseverance. B) gullibility. C) the hindsight bias. !) scientific illiteracy. Ans#er$ A !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 16 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 7%. According to the tenets of terror management theory, #hy do #e often adopt beliefs in the paranormalJ A) :ortality salience encourages experiential and other forms of illogical reasoning B) :ortality salience encourages higher levels of belief in the unkno#able C) :ortality salience encourages reassuring cultural perspectives, like the existence of heaven or the afterlife Correct. Mortality salience helps insulate us from the fear of that which we do not "now, specifically what happens to us after we die. !) :ortality salience encourages religious faith or spirituality Incorrect. $lthough religious and spiritual doctrine does give us some indication of what we should believe about the afterlife, mortality salience is not specifically lin"ed to a particular religious or spiritual doctrine. Ans#er$ C !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 17 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 70. raps in thinking that can lead to mistaken conclusions are called A) confirmation biases. B) experiential thought patterns. C) logical fallacies. !) systematic information biases. Ans#er$ C !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 17 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 7. alk sho# pundits often take extreme positions and use language that is designed to anger and upset persons #ho AF'** #ith the pundits position. hese strong, negative feelings are likely to encourage the
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com A) band#agon fallacy. B) either5or fallacy. Incorrect. he either%or fallacy is the erroneous belief that there are only two possible answers to a given question. C) emotional reasoning fallacy. Correct. he emotional reasoning fallacy occurs when we use our emotions as guides for evaluating the validity of a claim. !) not me fallacy. Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 17519 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 74. magine that a researcher conducts a study in #hich the participants are either strongly for or strongly against allo#ing openly gay soldiers to serve in the military. he researcher presents participants #ith a policy that is supposedly endorsed by an authority #ith vie#s similar to their o#n. What are the results of such a study likely to indicateJ A) &articipants are most likely to be convinced by a policy that is dissimilar to their o#n ideas Incorrect. In fact the authority figures tend to lose their ability to persuade us of things when they present us with views that contradict our own. his tends to occur whether or not our views are accurate. B) &articipants are most likely to be convinced by a policy that is similar to their o#n ideas Correct. Consistent with the concept of the confirmation bias, we tend to put a better faith in authority figures who tell us views that are consistent with our own beliefs. C) &articipants are most likely to be convinced only by a policy #ith strong evidence !) &articipants are unlikely to be convinced on the basis on authority alone Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 19 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 76. Lou are asked by a friend to tell him #hether a color is either black or #hite. When you look at it, you think it is neither of these t#o extremes but is more a shade of gray. Lour friends "uestion is an example of the 88888888 fallacy. A) band#agon B) either5or Correct. he either%or fallacy is the erroneous belief that there are only two possible answers to a given question. C) emotional reasoning Incorrect. he emotional reasoning fallacy occurs when we use our emotions as guides for evaluating the validity of a claim. !) not me Ans#er$ B !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 19 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 77. Assuming that something is so simply because a teacher or religious authority said it is so, is an example of A) appeal to authority fallacy. B) circular reasoning fallacy. C) hasty generali=ation fallacy. !) naturalistic fallacy. Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 19 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 79. Which of the follo#ing logical fallacies is like a self5serving bias because #e assume they apply to other peoples information processing more often than our o#nJ
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com A) Band#agon fallacy B) *ither5or fallacy Incorrect. he either%or fallacy is the erroneous belief that there are only two possible answers to a given question. C) *motional reasoning fallacy !) ;ot me fallacy Correct. he not me fallacy is the error of believing we are immune from thin"ing errors that affect others. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 1> (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 7>. An important point from the authors discussion on #hy people need to care about the dangers of pseudoscience is that A) harm rarely results from pseudoscientific beliefs or treatments. B) a lack of critical thinking may lead to poor decisions that affects ones personal life, community, andKor their childs schooling. Correct. $ lac" of critical thin"ing and reasonable valuation of a claim can have effects that impact multiple levels of society. C) people are often "uite accurate and unbiased in their day5to5day decision making. Incorrect. In fact your chapter presents quite a few examples of how people tend to be very inaccurate and biased in their decision%ma"ing. !) "uackery and pseudoscience are especially easy to detect #ithout exposure to critical thinking or skepticism. Ans#er$ B !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 1>5% (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 9. 8888888888 is the approach of evaluating all claims #ith an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them. A) :etaphysics B) &seudoscience C) (cientific skepticism !) *mpiricism Ans#er$ C !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ % (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 91. (cientific skepticism re"uires that any claim is met #ith A) an open mind. B) regard for authority. C) healthy resistance to persuasion. !) hypothetical aptitude. Ans#er$ A !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ % (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 9%. A s"eptic is one #ho A) accepts claims on the basis of persuasive scientific evidence. Correct. +cientific s"epticism is mar"ed by the demand for supportive evidence of a claim. B) accepts claims only from trusted authority figures. Incorrect. +cientific s"epticism requires us to question even authority figures' claims, but to do so with an open mind. C) accepts claims only on the basis of logical reasoning. !) accepts claims only on the basis of their popularity #ith the public.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ % (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 90. According to the authors, a s"eptic is someone #ho A) is close5minded #hen evaluating evidence. B) evaluates all claims #ith an open mind and insists on evidence before accepting a claim. C) is dismissive of any evidence that contradicts his or her beliefs. !) seeks out evidence that is inconsistent #ith a theory he or she doesnt believe in. Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ % (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 9. An individual #ho accepts claims only on the basis of supportive scientific evidence is an) A) scientific skeptic Correct. +cientific s"epticism involves evaluating claims with an open mind, but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them. Claims should not be accepted on the basis of authority or popularity, and our logical reasoning is often erroneous. B)authority figure Incorrect. +cientific s"epticism requires us to question even authority figures' claims, but to do so with an open mind. C) peer revie#er !) pseudoscientist Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %5%1 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 94. !r. Wolpe designs an experimental test of his theory of aggression against a competing theory. After conducting the appropriate statistical tests, he finds that the data are better explained by the competing theory. 3is #illingness to accept the evidence that another theory is superior is a characteristic of A) dogmatism. Incorrect. $ dogmatic view of the world is not open to alternate explanations for various phenomena. B) gullibility. C) pathological skepticism. !) scientific skepticism. Correct. +cientific s"epticism requires us to be open to all possibilities, including the possibility that our own theories are not accurate. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ %5%1 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com 96. After recently revie#ing her research results, !r. 2unger is #illing to keep an open mind about her results and other research results on the same evidence. (he is displaying an attitude of 88888888888888888 #hen evaluating claims. A) closed5mindedness B) pathological skepticism C) scientific skepticism Correct. +cientific s"epticism involves evaluating claims with an open mind, but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them. 3r. :unger does both. !) belief perseverance Incorrect. If 3r. :unger is willing to accurately evaluate evidence that shows her as the errors of her hypotheses, then she has not fallen prey to the danger of belief perseverance. Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %5%1 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 97. According to the authors, one reason #e must sometimes look to authorities is because #e have difficulty evaluating claims of human behavior due to A) lack of time. Correct. he general population often doesn't possess the expertise, time, or resources to evaluate claims on our own. B) biases. C) susceptibility to pseudoscience. !) an inability to think hypothetically. Incorrect. It0s not our inability to thin" hypothetically that causes us to loo" to authority figures. It is often our lac" of time, resources, and expertise. Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %1 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 99. ime, expertise, and resources are all obstacles that A) diminish skepticism. B) diminish metaphysical claims. C) increase reliance on authorities. Correct. he general population often doesn't possess the expertise, time, or resources to evaluate claims on our own. !) increase reliance on empiricism. Incorrect. hese obstacles actually decrease our reliance on empiricism. Ans#er$ C !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ %1 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 9>. A key aspect of scientific skepticism is A) critical thinking. B) dogmatic belief. C) narro#5mindedness. !) reliance on authority. Ans#er$ A !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ %1 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism >. n the natural #orld, there often are many different factors associated #ith the occurrence of a particular outcome. herefore it is important that #e as critical thinkers 88888888 #henever possible.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com A) create unfalsifiable theories Incorrect. heories that are unfalsifiable are not valuable. In order for a theory to have value it must be capable of being demonstrated to be wrong. B) propose complex statements of causation C) remember that correlation e"uals causation !) rule out rival hypotheses Correct. (ur willingness to eliminate alternate explanations for a phenomenon is what is at play here. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ %15%0 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text >1. !evelopmental psychologists are trying to evaluate different explanations for the effects of poor parenting on behavior problems in children. -ne important scientific thinking principle that the psychologists should keep in mind is to A) rule out rival hypotheses using additional research. Correct. (ne principle of scientific thin"ing is ruling out rival hypotheses using additional research. B) accept the most popular explanation even if it competes #ith other explanations. C) accept only those explanations #hich are unfalsifiable. !) develop their o#n explanation and exclude all others. Incorrect. In order for a theory to be useful, it must explore and consider all other explanations for the data. Ans#er$ A !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ %15%0 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text >%. Which of these is a principle of scientific thinkingJ A) 3ypothetico5deductive reasoning B) -ccam0. A claim must be falsifiable in order to be useful. 3o#ever, #e also need this claim to A) contradict the available body of evidence. B) be detailed and, #hen necessary, complex in its explanation of the evidence. C) be replicated by others. !) be uni"ue to a specific sample #ithout overgenerali=ing to a larger population Ans#er$ C !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ %15%6 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text >. A basic error that nearly all psychology students make is to assume that A) correlation is causation. B) good theories make safe, not risky, predictions. C) research "uestions or theories must be falsifiable. !) simple theories are preferred to complex ones. Ans#er$ A !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ %0 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com >4. n opening her ne# private preschool, :rs. Alvare= plans to only accept students #ho come from upper5middle income families, because she read that students #ho perform #ell come from higher socioeconomic families. :rs. Alvare= is making the 88888888 error of critical thinking. A) -ccam6. 'esearchers in ai#an have found that contraceptive use #as strongly related to the number of electrical appliances i.e., toaster, fans, etc.) in the home. What is the best explanation for this resultJ A) he researchers made a mistake and no one else #ould ever replicate this finding B) Contraceptive use causes people to purchase larger numbers of electrical appliances Incorrect. It is important to remember that correlation does not indicate causation. C) 3aving many electrical appliances causes people to use contraceptive devices !) A third variable, such as educational level, is associated #ith each and produces the observed relationship Correct. his supports the critical thin"ing principle of correlation vs. causation. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ %0 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text >7. (uppose that a therapist notices several clients #ith anxiety disorders also demonstrate symptoms consistent #ith maor depressive disorder. Why should she be cautious in making the assumption that experiencing an anxiety disorder causes one to experience maor depressive disorderJ A) 3er observations may not be replicated by other researchers. B) he relationship may really be in the opposite directionM having maor depressive disorder causes one to experience anxiety disorders. Incorrect. 4hile this might be true, it is impossible to "now the direction of cause as a result of a correlational observation. C) he relationship may really be the result of a third variable such as lack of personal control. Correct. his supports the critical thin"ing principle of correlation vs. causation. !) he observed relationship creates an unfalsifiable research "uestion. Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %0 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text >9. A maor problem #ith commonsense proverbs is that they often coexist #ith their complete opposite. his violates #hich principle of critical thinkingJ A) *xtraordinary claims re"uire extraordinary evidence B) /alsifiability Correct. /ecause the proverbs are true no matter which way you present them, they cannot be demonstrated to be wrong. his violates the critical thin"ing principle of falsifiability. C) -ccams 'a=or Incorrect. (ccam's &a)or is a concept that suggests that the simplest explanation for an event is usually the correct one. !) 'eplicability Ans#er$ B
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ %05% (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text >>. An astute observer of human nature should state research "uestions in a manner that leads either to their being supported or refuted by the available evidence. his is the critical thinking principle of A) falsifiability. Correct. In order for a theory to be valuable, it must be capable of being demonstrated to be wrong B) -ccam
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com 10. A researcher published an article proposing a theory that body language is central to human communication. 3e keeps in mind that his theory may or may not be supported by the evidence, and may be proved #rong. he researcher
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com 17. A group of teachers develops a math curriculum to help students increase their scores on re"uired tests in math. he teachers find promising results #ith the students in their school, so they develop a plan to test the curriculum in all of the schools in their county. his plan sho#s that the teachers recogni=e the importance of A) proving that their theory is falsifiable. B) demonstrating their pathological skepticism. Incorrect. here is no such concept as pathological s"epticism mentioned in your chapter. C) sho#ing that re"uired math tests are invalid. !) replicating the original findings to increase confidence in them. Correct. &eplicability means that a study's findings can be consistently duplicated. &eplicated results increase confidence in research findings. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ % 5%4 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text 19. A group of scientists is attempting to verify recent data published on the chemical composition of tears and the presence of Al=heimer. (uppose !r. 3oneyde# is proposing a theory of attraction that posits that H-pposites Attract.H :ost of the available evidence suggests that HBirds of a /eather /lock ogetherH i.e., similarities attract) rather than opposites attract. /or his theory to be accepted by the scientific community, !r. 3oneyde# #ill need to A) adhere to the principle of parsimony in his theoretical explanation. B) construct a falsifiable theory of attraction. C) demonstrate the replicability of his initial findings. Incorrect. 5ventually 3r.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text 111. ogical simplicity parsimony) is the notion behind A) skepticism. B) -ccam
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com 114. According to -ccam. What individual is often credited #ith establishing the first psychological laboratory, thus establishing psychology as an experimental scienceJ A) (igmund /reud B) William 2ames
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com C) 2ohn Watson !) Wilhelm Wundt Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ %7 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 1%. ntrospection re"uires A) metaphysical experiences. B) self5skepticism about experiences. C) empiricism. !) reflection on the self. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %7 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 1%1. What early psychologist #as most concerned #ith developing ans#ers to "uestions about our conscious mental experienceJ A) (igmund /reud B) 2oseph 2astro# C) *.B. itchener !) 2ohn B. Watson Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %> (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 1%%. *. B. itchener founded #hich perspective of psychologyJ A) Cognitivism B) /unctionalism C) (tructuralism !) &sychoanalysis Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %> (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 1%0. B. /. (kinner is most associated #ith #hich perspectiveJ A) Cognitivism B) Behaviorism C) /unctionalism !) &sychoanalysis Ans#er$ B !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %> (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 1%. Behaviorism is associated #ith #hich t#o leading figuresJ A) 2ohn Watson and B. /. (kinner B) 2ean &iaget and Olric ;eisser C) William 2ames and Charles !ar#in !) (igmund /reud and *. B. itchener Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %> (kill$ /actual
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 1%4. What early American psychologist yearned to create a periodic table of the elements of consciousnessJ A) (igmund /reud B) William 2ames Incorrect. Not only did :ames not thin" that this sort of endeavor was possible, he did not even feel that it would be valuable. C) B. /. (kinner !) *d#ard itchener Correct. itchener, a student of 4undt's, wanted to create a way of categori)ing the human conscious experience. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %> (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 1%6. he lasting contribution of the psychological school of thought kno#n as structuralism is A) its concern #ith understanding the adaptive purposes of consciousness. B) the importance it placed on systematic observation in studying consciousness. Correct. +tructuralism embraced the concept of introspection, or systematic observation of one0s own psychological processes. C) its concern #ith developing a scientific model of human learning. !) its findings that underscored the importance of unconscious mental processes in daily life. Incorrect. he school of psychological thought that emphasi)e the unconscious was the psychoanalytic school. Ans#er$ B !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %> (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 1%7. (uppose you #ere one of the early graduate students in the ne#ly developed field of psychology. Lour mentor is interested in discovering the ans#ers to "uestions like, HWhy is the ability to forget helpfulJH H3o# do emotions assist us in social situationsJH and HWhy is self5presentation a useful techni"ue for gaining social re#ardsJH Lour mentors approach is most consistent #ith the 88888888 perspective. A) behaviorist B) functionalist Correct. he purpose of psychological phenomena was the primary concern for the functionalists. C) psychoanalytic !) structuralist Incorrect. he structuralists were more concerned with the ma"eup, or structure, of consciousness than with its function or purpose. Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 0 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 1%9. What psychological school of thought #as most concerned #ith the influence of the general principles of learning on an organisms or a persons actionsJ A) Behaviorism Correct. /ehaviorism is founded on the principles of learning, including classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. B) Cognitivism Incorrect. he cognitists were more interested in our intrapsychic interpretation of events, rather than focusing on the principles of learning. C) &sychoanalysis !) (tructuralism Ans#er$ A !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 0
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 1%>. Oncovering the general la#s of learning that explain all behaviors, especially observable behaviors, is the goal of #hich perspectiveJ A) &sychoanalysis B) Behaviorism C) /unctionalism !) (tructuralism Ans#er$ B !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 0 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 10. Lou are listening in on a discussion among a group of psychology maors. -ne maor says that the field #ill move for#ard only if #e use obective methods for understanding the principles that guide human actions. his statement is most consistent #ith A) behaviorism. Correct. +taunch behaviorists believe that the science of psychology should only focus on that which can be observed and measured. B) functionalism. C) psychoanalysis. Incorrect. Psychoanalysis focuses largely on the unconscious, something that cannot be ob*ectively measured. !) structuralism. Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 0 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 101. A classmate tells you the follo#ing, Hts not ho# a teacher ans#ers your "uestion that matters but ho# you interpret his or her attempt at ans#ering your "uestion that leaves you satisfied or unsatisfied #ith his or her ans#er.H his statement fits most closely #ith ideas from the school of thought kno#n as A) behaviorism. B) cognitivism. Correct. he cognitive school of thought suggests that it is our interpretation of things that happen to us that matters. C) psychoanalysis. Incorrect. he psychoanalytic school of thought focuses on unconscious processes and the way they impact us. !) structuralism. Ans#er$ B !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 01 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 10%. he key to understanding human behavior, according to (igmund /reud, #as to focus on 88888888 and the 88888888 level of the human mind. A) external factorsM conscious B) external factorsM unconscious C) internal psychological processesM conscious !) internal psychological processesM unconscious Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 01 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 100. (igmund /reud #as a leading figure in #hich perspective of psychologyJ
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com A) Cognitivism B) Behaviorism C) /unctionalism !) &sychoanalysis Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 0150% (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology 10. n #hich subfield of psychology did most #omen earn their &h.!.s in %4J A) clinical psychology B) cognitive psychology C) developmental psychology !) feminist psychology Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 0% (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.9 !escribe different types of psychologists and identify #hat each of them does 104. &sychologists are most fre"uently found #orking A) in ?51% schools. B) for a governmental agency. C) in self5employed, clinical practice. !) at universities and 5year colleges. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 0% (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.9 !escribe different types of psychologists and identify #hat each of them does 106. ;ico is meeting #ith his academic adviser. 3e #ishes to pursue a career #here hell #ork to diagnose and treat mental disorders. ;ico aspires to be an) A) clinical psychologist. Correct. he evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders is the "ey responsibility of a clinical psychologist. B) experimental psychologist. C) forensic psychologist. Incorrect. >orensic psychologists wor" in prisons, *ails, and other settings to assess and diagnose inmates and assist with their rehabilitation and treatment. !) school psychologist. Ans#er$ A !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 00 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.9 !escribe different types of psychologists and identify #hat each of them does 107. A 8888888888 examines the physiological bases of behavior in animals and humans. A) clinical psychologist B) school psychologist C) biopsychologist !) forensic psychologist Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 00 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.9 !escribe different types of psychologists and identify #hat each of them does 109. A 8888888888 #orks in prisons, ails, and other settings to assess inmates and assist in rehabilitation. A) clinical psychologist
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com B) school psychologist C) biopsychologist !) forensic psychologist Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 00 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.9 !escribe different types of psychologists and identify #hat each of them does 10>. All types of psychology involve A) interactions bet#een patients and therapists. B) replicating #hat is already kno#n via common sense. C) treating peoples behavioral and emotional problems. Incorrect. In fact, most of the subfields of psychology to not deal directly with people who suffer from behavioral and emotional problems. !) the use of scientific methods. Correct. 3espite the fact that psychology has many different variations of *ob roles, they are all *oined by their reliance on science. Ans#er$ ! !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 0 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.9 !escribe different types of psychologists and identify #hat each of them does 1. magine that you #ere a psychology professor lecturing on the nature5nurture debate in 1>%. Lou #ould have likely emphasi=ed the importance of 88888888. ;o# imagine that you are a psychology professor lecturing on the same topic today. Lou #ould be likely to emphasi=e the importance of 88888888. A) natureM the interaction of nature and nurture Incorrect. he first part of this answer is incorrect, because earlier models suggested that we are born a blan" slate and are a result of our environmental influences. he second half of this answer is correct. B) nurtureM the interaction of nature and nurture Correct. 5arlier models suggested that we are born a blan" slate, and whatever we become is a result of our environment. More recent models recogni)e the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors. C) nurtureM nature !) natureM nurture Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 0 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.> !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology 11. *volutionary psychology A) provides easily testable hypotheses. B) focuses on animal behavior. C) applies !ar#ins theory of natural selection. !) has solved the nature5nurture debate. Ans#er$ C !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 0 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.> !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology 1%. With its concern on the adaptive functions provided by the various psychological characteristics, evolutionary psychology is most like #hat early psychological school of thoughtJ A) Behaviorism Incorrect. 4hile behaviorism might have been slightly influenced by evolutionary psychology, the best answer to this question is functionalism. B) /unctionalism Correct. he theories of Charles 3arwin and evolutionary psychology were most salient to the school of thought "nown as functional as him.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com C) &sychoanalysis !) (tructuralism Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 0 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.> !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology 10. With its concern on the adaptive functions provided by the various psychological systems, evolutionary psychology is most like #hat early psychological school of thoughtJ A) Behaviorism B) /unctionalism Correct. >unctionalism and evolutionary psychology have in common the focus on the adaptive purpose of our behavior and mental processes. In fact, those functions helped our species better adapt to and survive in the environment. C) &sychoanalysis !) (tructuralism Incorrect. +tructuralism focused on the ma"eup, or structure, of the human mind. he functionalism focused on the adaptive purposes of various psychological events. Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 0504 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.> !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology 1. &erhaps you !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology 14. Biologists refer to 8888888 as the extent to #hich a trait increases the chances that organisms that possess this trait #ill survive and reproduce at a higher rate than competitors #ho lack it. A) instinct B) fitness C) drift !) heritability Ans#er$ B !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 04 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.> !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology 16. Which of the follo#ing ideas is the most compelling evidence against the idea of free #illJ A) :ost of peoples behavior is deliberate and controlled Incorrect. If this was the case, then it would be evidence for the idea of free will. B) &eople often lack direct access to the causes of their behavior Correct. he idea that people often do things without truly "nowing why is counterevidence to the concept of free will.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com C) 'ecent brain imaging studies have sho#n that readiness potential and conscious intention to behave co5occur !) We select #hen, #here, and ho# to assert our option to engage in one behavior rather than in another Ans#er$ B !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 04 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.> !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology 17. Which of the follo#ing psychologists #ould be most likely to argue that free #ill is something that does not truly exist, and that #e are simply una#are of the environmental influences that affect our behaviors at any given momentJ A) B. /. (kinner B) (igmund /reud C) Wilhelm Wundt !) :ihaly Csiks=entmihalyi Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 04 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.> !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology 19. 8888888888 research examines ho# the mind #orks, then 8888888888 research examines ho# #e can use the former to solve real5#orld problems. A) (impleM formal B) AppliedM basic C) BasicM applied !) /ormalM applied Ans#er$ C !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 06 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.1 !escribe ho# psychological research affects our daily lives 1>. Brandon is an industrial5organi=ational psychologist #ho has been hired by a large hotel chain to determine #hy their turnover rate is so high for their maids. his is an example of 88888888 research. A) applied Correct. $pplied research examines how we can use basic research to solve real%world problems. B) basic Incorrect. /asic research examines how the mind wor"s, but does not directly apply to any real%world phenomena. C) experiential !) laboratory Ans#er$ A !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 06 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.1 !escribe ho# psychological research affects our daily lives 14. What famous American psychologist also heavily influenced the field of advertisingJ A) William 2ames B) Carl 'ogers C) B. /. (kinner !) 2ohn Watson Ans#er$ ! !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 06 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.1 !escribe ho# psychological research affects our daily lives 141. f you #ere conducting a study designed to determine #hich type of psychotherapy is most effective in the treatment of generali=ed anxiety disorder, #hat type of research #ould you employJ A) basic
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com Incorrect. /asic research examines how the mind wor"s, but does not directly apply to any real%world phenomena. B) applied Correct. $pplied research examines how we can use basic research to solve real%world problems. C) academic !) sociobiological Ans#er$ B !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 06 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ *+ -$ 1.1 !escribe ho# psychological research affects our daily lives 14%. Wilhelm Wundt employed the techni"ue of introspection in his research into the structure of the human mind. 3is research #ould best be characteri=ed as 8888888888 research. A) basic Correct. /asic research examines how the mind wor"s, but does not directly apply to any real%world phenomena. B) applied Incorrect. $pplied research examines how we can use basic research to solve real%world problems. C) naturalistic !) analogue Ans#er$ A !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 06 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.1 !escribe ho# psychological research affects our daily lives
FILL-IN-T!-"L#N$ 1. 88888888 refers to a persons belief that he or she accurately and obectively sees the #orld as it is. Ans#er$ ;aive realism !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 4 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense
%. An explanation for a large number of findings in the natural #orld is #hat a scientist #ould call an) 88888888. Ans#er$ scientific theory !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 7 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.1 *xplain #hy psychology is more than ust common sense 0. atiana is a manager of a large grocery store, and she believes that, if left to their o#n devices, her high school and college5age #orkers #ould do nothing but text and talk on their cell phones. (he constantly #atches and #arns these employees about being #ritten up or fired for repeated violations of the no cell5phone use policy. 3o#ever, she often ignores the same behavior by her older adult employees. t #ould be #ise to #arn her of the dangers of the 88888888. Ans#er$ confirmation bias !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 9 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases . ?ari Ann is listening to the mayoral debate on a local access channel. (he has strong feelings for one of the candidates and strong feelings against the other. f these feelings influence her evaluation of their performance because she is seeking supportive evidence for her beliefs, the 88888888 is likely to occur. Ans#er$ confirmation bias !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 9 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com 4. :ost people get their kno#ledge about psychological topics not from scientific ournals or academic5related books but rather from 88888888. Ans#er$ popular psychology or the popular psychology industry) !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 11 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 6. 88888888 refers to claims or statements that superficially appear to be scientific but are not. Ans#er$ &seudoscience !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 11 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 7. Before ones research is published in a scientific ournal, it must be evaluated in terms of its accuracy and contribution to the field. his evaluation is referred to as 88888888. Ans#er$ peer revie# !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 10 (kill$ AppliedKConceptual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 9. he phrase Hf didnt believe it, #ouldnt have seen itH most accurately describes ho# the cognitive factor 88888888 leads to the development of pseudoscientific belief. Ans#er$ pareidolia !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 14 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience >. he use of the emotions one experiences as a guide for evaluating the validity of scientific claims is called 88888888 by psychologists. Ans#er$ emotional reasoning !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 17519 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 1. :istakenly assuming that popularity of a theory is in some #ay indicative of a theorys correctness or accuracy is the definition of 88888888. Ans#er$ the band#agon fallacy !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 19 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 11. n the movie &evenge of the +ith, Anakin (ky#alkerK!arth Nader tells his former mentor, -bi5Wan ?enobi, Hf you are not #ith me, then you are my enemy.H his is an example of the 88888888. Ans#er$ either5or fallacy !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 19 (kill$ AppliedKConceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 1%. When a person vie#s the #orld in terms of absolutes Hyou are either #ith us or against usH) they are extremely likely to fall victim to the 88888888. Ans#er$ either5or fallacy. !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 19 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 10. Assuming that because a scientific fact exists means a certain behavior is therefore acceptable is #hat is kno#n as the 88888888. Ans#er$ naturalistic fallacy !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 19
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 1. im believes that because evolutionary psychologists speculate that the ability to lie is adaptive, it must be -? to lie to his parents. im has committed the 88888888. Ans#er$ naturalistic fallacy !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 19 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 14. Lou overhear (heila tell a friend, H;ever date a fraternity guyI *veryone dated cheated on meIH (heila has committed the 88888888 fallacy. Ans#er$ hasty generali=ation !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 19 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience 16. (cientific skepticism re"uires that any claim is met #ith an) 88888888. Ans#er$ open mind !iff$ % &age 'ef$ % (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 17. !uring a class discussion on the effects of day care on later social adustment, !r. Barnes fre"uently reminded her students to focus on the scientific evidence rather than on their feelings about day care. !r. Barnes is promoting 88888888888 in his students. Ans#er$ critical thinking or scientific skepticism) !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ %5%6 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 19. According to the authors, #e sometimes must look to authorities because #e do not possess the expertise, resources, or 88888888 to evaluate all claims about human behavior. Ans#er$ time !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ %1 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.4 dentify the key features of scientific skepticism 1>. n an experiment, a researcher attempts to create situations #here support for one position indicates a lack of support for other positions. his is an application of the critical thinking principle of 88888888. Ans#er$ ruling out rival h ypotheses !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ %15%0 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text %. /or a scientific claim to be meaningful, it must be capable of being disproven. his is the critical thinking principle of 88888888. Ans#er$ falsifiability !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %05% (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text %1. 88888888 refers to the idea that a studys results have been independently verified by others and are not simply the result of chance or coincidence. Ans#er$ 'eplicability !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %5%4 (kill$ Conceptual
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six key principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text %%. he development of psychology as a discipline focused on scientific experimentation after 197> lead to a split from its roots in 88888888. Ans#er$ philosophy !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ %7 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology %0. he psychological school of 88888888 #as concerned #ith scientific efforts to understand the basic foundations of everyday conscious experience. Ans#er$ structuralism !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ %750 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology %. 88888888 #as the psychological school that argued most strongly on the importance of an observable and obective science of psychology. Ans#er$ Behaviorism !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 0501 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology %4. 'andi is giving a talk on theoretical frame#orks in psychology. n her talk she mentions the importance of understanding internal psychological processes and that #e are fre"uently una#are of the underlying causes for many of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. 'andis talk is most likely on 88888888. Ans#er$ psychoanalysis !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 00 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology %6. :any psychologists believe that free #ill is an) 88888888 because of the automaticity of many behaviors. Ans#er$ illusion !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 04 (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.> !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology %7. Antonio is investigating the best method for using #hat is kno#n about persuasion to develop an effective anti5 littering campaign in his to#n and county. his is an example of 88888888 research. Ans#er$ applied !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 06 (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.1 !escribe ho# psychological research affects our daily lives
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1. *valuate critically the kind of information that one gains from common sense. Ans#er$ Ans#ers #ill vary but should contain information from the follo#ing sections of Chapter 1 for full credit. 55:uch of common sense is demonstrably incorrect. 55We often believe contradictory ideas #ith e"ual strength in their accuracy #hich leads to commonsense proverbs being unfalsifiable). 55;aive realism and logical fallacies mentioned in text are used to buttress claims of the accuracy of common sense
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com appeals to authority, argument from anti"uity fallacy, band#agon fallacy). 55Confirmation bias and belief perseverance allo# us to continue to hold erroneous beliefs because #e only look for supportive evidence confirmation bias) and #e refuse to modifyKcorrect our false beliefs belief perseverance). !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 456 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases %. Analy=e ho# the sins of pseudoscience are often examples of violations of the principles of critical thinking. Ans#er$ Ans#ers #ill vary but should contain the follo#ing information for full credit. 55-veruseKOse of ad hoc immuni=ing hypotheses violates the principle of falsifiability because it involves giving after5the5fact explanations that describe the negative findings of the research. -verreliance on anecdotes may also violate the spirit of falsifiability because anecdotes are difficult at best, impossible at #orst, to verify. 55-verreliance on anecdotes violates the principle of correlation versus causation. &eople assume that the #orld operates in the #ay they have observed, but ust having an example of something does not mean that one has established a cause5and5effect relationship. 55-verreliance on anecdotes violates the principle of replicability. ts often hard, if not impossible to verify the truthfulness of the supposed claims from testimonials or anecdotes. ack of self5correction also violates this principle because a lack of replication should lead to self5correction but many pseudoscientific beliefs persist any#ay. 55*xaggerated claims violate the principle of extraordinary claims re"uiring extraordinary evidence. he kind of evidence needed for most claims either cannot be obtained or is much more ordinary that the proponents of pseudoscience #ould #ish to admit. 55Absence of connectivity is a violation of ruling out rival hypotheses and parsimony. !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 115%6 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 0. Apply the critical thinking principles discussed in Chapter 1 to a discussion of ho# science is an approach to evidence. Ans#er$ Ans#ers may vary but a full credit ans#er #ill contain the follo#ing points. 55;eeds to discuss the ideas of communalism, disinterestedness, and humility need to recogni=e that our hypothesis or theory is #rong). 55Because our #ork #ill be publicly verified by others communalism), #e are re"uired to ask "uestions in a manner that allo#s them to be sho#n to be supported or refuted falsifiability). 55Critical thinking principles provide the tools to choose bet#een theories$ parsimony, kind of evidence necessary to modify #hat is currently kno#n extraordinary claims need extraordinary evidence), replicability is needed to help ensure the accuracy of initial findings, and the "uestions should be structured so that rival explanations are eliminated via research. 55:ust understand that demonstrating a relationship correlation) isnt the same as demonstrating causation. !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ %15%6 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.6 dentify and explain six principles of scientific thinking that #ill be used throughout the text . !iscuss the concerns that 2ohn Watson #ould have had had #ith both the structuralist and psychoanalytic perspectives on psychology. Ans#er$ Ans#ers #ill vary but should include any three of the follo#ing for full credit.
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Download the full le instantly at http://testbankinstant.com 55Behaviorists are concerned #ith studying observable behavior that contains no subectivity on the part of the individual reporting the data or recording the data. Both structuralism and psychoanalysis #ould include unobservable information that #ould be subective rather than obective. 55Behaviorists #ere more concerned #ith the external #orld. &sychoanalysis and structuralism focused on issues internal to the individual. 55Behaviorists focused more on the importance of research and the use of the scientific method than did psychoanalysts. 55Behaviorists focused more on the importance of the conscious level of the mind #hile psychoanalysts #ere most interested in studying the unconscious level. !iff$ % &age 'ef$ %>50% (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1.7 dentify the maor theoretical frame#orks of psychology
4. According to your authors, ho# should the critical thinking student explain ho# the field of psychology feels about the evidence regarding the nature5nurture debate and the free #ill5determinism debateJ Ans#er$ Ans#ers #ill vary but should contain the follo#ing information for full credit. he student needs to include supportive evidence for each of the follo#ing for full credit as #ell. 55:ost psychologists agree that both genes and our social environment play critical roles in our behavior. 3o#ever, research continues to explore #hen the t#o #ill interact together and #hen one is more important than the other for specific behaviors. 55:any psychologists believe that human behavior is largely deterministic and that #e are una#are of so many of the influences on our behavior that #e mistakenly believe #e are free actors. 55:ost psychologists believe that the mind is e"uivalent to the activity of the brain and nervous system. 3o#ever, it is likely that this issue, unlike the preceding issues, cannot ever be resolved scientifically. !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 0504 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.> !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology 6. !escribe ho# the fact that psychological influences are often unkno#n plays a key role in the philosophical debate over the relative influences of free #ill and determinism. Ans#er$ Ans#ers #ill vary but should contain the follo#ing information for full credit. 55:any key influences are often overlooked by people or their importance is discounted by people. 55Because of the previous factor, many people often come to vie# their behavior as intentional and self5directed #hen it is really not. 55Also, much of human behavior is the result of #ell5learned, automatic responses. !espite this fact #e continue to believe that #e control our destiny and can influence real5life circumstances even #hen #e cannot. 55We then come up #ith after the fact explanations that sound reasonable to us, despite the fact that they are completely erroneous explanations for our behavior. !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 04 (kill$ Conceptual *+ -$ 1.> !escribe the t#o great debates that have shaped the field of psychology
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1. llustrate ho# the confirmation bias has created a problem for a friend or family member in the past. Ans#er$ Ans#ers #ill vary but should include the follo#ing information for full credit. 55(tudent should mention the basic idea of the confirmation bias seek out supportive evidence but fail to seek out, ignore, or distort contradictory information). 55(tudent should clearly and correctly identify a situation #here they observed an individual using the confirmation bias and ho# the person came to an erroneous conclusion. !iff$ 0 &age 'ef$ 95> (kill$ AppliedKConceptual *+ -$ 1.% *xplain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases %. !emonstrate a time that you fell victim to at least one of the follo#ing logical fallacies band#agon fallacy, emotional reasoning fallacy, either5or fallacy, or not me fallacy) and ho# it negatively affected the "uality of your decision on that occasion. Ans#er$ Ans#ers #ill vary but should contain the follo#ing information for full credit. 55(tudent clearly and correctly identifies at least one of the fallacies listed above in hisKher ans#er. 55(tudent provides supportive detail to sho# ho# the fallacy negatively affected them. !iff$ % &age 'ef$ 1951> (kill$ Applied *+ -$ 1.0 !escribe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science 0. !escribe the dangers of pseudoscience and #hy the dangers should matter to you. Ans#er$ Ans#ers #ill vary but at least three of the follo#ing are needed for full credit. 55&eople use valuable resources primarily money), time, and energy on pseudoscientific treatments that either dont #ork or have no research on their effectiveness as treatments. :ean#hile, they are missing out on scientifically documented, effective treatments that could relieve their suffering. 55hese decisions lead to impacts on the diversity of animal species throughout the #orld. 55&ersons may be directly harmed #hen opinion rather than scientific proof is used in the application of a treatment. 55&seudoscience impacts people in their daily lives it impacts the education their children may get, it impacts the #orkplace, it impacts their community through politics and other means). !iff$ 1 &age 'ef$ 1>5% (kill$ /actual *+ -$ 1. dentify reasons #e are dra#n to pseudoscience . *xplain ho# the principles of critical thinking can assist a person in making more informed and, hopefully, more accurate decisions in ones day life. !o you think these principles are actually necessary, or are they ust a means to be too critical of researchJ Ans#er$ Ans#ers #ill vary but should include at least four of the follo#ing ideas for full credit. 55he principle of falsifiability helps to inform us of the kinds of "uestions that #e can ask and actually find a scientific ans#er. 55he principle of parsimony reminds us to focus on the simplest explanation #ith the fe#est assumptions as being the best. 55he principles of replicability and extraordinary claims re"uiring extraordinary evidence address the ability to verify other peoples claims #e need concurrence from independent sources) and that this is especially true #hen
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