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l-or quest¡ons 1-8, read the text beJow and
-f
13,
C or ú) best fits eaclr g¡ap
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ll encleavourerrj C Llncjertaken ü
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committed
I
titizen Science 'Citizen Science' is a new term given to scientific research wh¡ch is i0) ........by nrelnbers of the ¡:ublic, working ¡n (1) ........ witir ¡-rrofessional scient¡sts anci scietrtific -l"he institLrtions. lype of research involved ranges fronl fairly passive activities, such ¿is downloading software which allows your home computer to analyse sc¡entif¡c data, to r"nore active research such as tecording (:2) ........of endangered species in your local area.
ihe tcnr'Citizen Science'rnay i;re relatively recent, but the (3) "....... is centuries olr1. ,¡\rnatelir'$c¡eritists, parlicularly natur;¡lists. have contributód to science for hundreds of 1,|ars. i-1rrr,veve1 the interrrgt has {4} ,.,..... charrqed tl-re way in whiclr errthusiasts can \,,/()r'l( iog.rthet' and share thoir Íinclings. Onc exarnple of this is 'Galaxy Zoo', which
{r.i} . . . on volurlleers to classify galaxie$ online. VViihin the first sevon nronths of ilrr ¡rloject, volunteers had analysed 9ü0,000 galaxies - a rale of analysis that would i{, , .. have been unachievalrle. In arlrlitir'rn to aiding researchers, citizen science projects also {7) ..^..... an educational purpo:ro', orrcouraging rnore people to become actively {8) .....,,. in science.
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ll{ t;A¡1i1,4i.. l.l::11"{;{"t§ *n the r*p;lrat.} írnswe}.sh{rs}t.
\Álrito yr:ur afis\Ner$ fi§ *§"VITAL
lXfYXru* afi the §*fla(eta $ttlwer
[diribrrrllir L.]niveisity have discovored that British people walk (0) ........
$kyscrapers are (0\ .-,,.... wonder$
........on them
of
modern ciiies.
-lhero
love to admire lhenr. But while tail buildings look {18} ........
ilfl)
10,000 and 12.000 steps a day io stay healthy, bl¡t if their figures
It¡ lrc i:eli*yrlr-i. the (12)
oí
of British people only rflanaEe 3-000. Naiurally, thís
t<¡ maximise
is
froff
afal',
WincJ speecl inr:reases in {20}
.."..... to height. and iall bttiiding;s force
fitage further and use walking as a keep-l¡t
is now available
o¡"rl¡ne
on wall
This oeates mic«:-climates at the foot of the building that
Rril AWr
tlfrt.,ATr:
f¡;el
(21) ....,... colder than surrounding areas. $kyscrapers also cast (221
:jourceÍ;. ii is irrr¡:rrrlani to rolax the shoulders and keep thom clor,vn, to sr¡/inq the arms in tirne
countries, whore tho sun is welcomod. ¡t's more likely to be a cauee
ll'rc r,iÍri.le ar¡d
rr,il r t;i' illririo.
ii
io le;ln furwaíd
i:.j arivil.jercl
t.Lt
$ligthtly lronr tiro ankles. Also, in
t::or1cen10t.(i,
{tS) .,..,... to increase
on froa]uenúy of steps firat)A A$ opp0serJ
{1S}
.....,.. shadows. ln hot climales this is appreciated, btlt in colder
ol $el ......... Groups of iall r.rf
brtilrJing;s zllt;o t*k:r;1.
lho trilnsrni:;r;iol
sound at ljroünd level and can ro$ull in niliÍ:o llerit\(,} an\pltli,)d lü
intolerat.¡lo levei:;. Some architect$ have been accltsed oi hein¡ (241
of
sl
r:n
.. , ....
r';l
l.l*
pedestrians' lives anr3 (.)l (.lir,roqatd*1$
int¡ttx:;l.
th¡:
l'ar:l
lhai, in order to encourage \/alkin§, and stleet life, bLrikiin.q* need intsraci with what is at thoir fiase.
rry
r
!¡/ind$ that vrould normally stay titioll above street level groundwards.
,,i,rlli llrJ .-:lr¿rorl.
r-
Ar;tcr"il1"H*
$lffNillY
concelrtsj like 'speed rvall
l, rr
l
¿lll arjctr,
¿rctiv¡ty, rnLrch lnft¡rnl¿rlion
-a
at¡
in many ways their rnost (19) ,,...... irxpact is at groutrd level.
r'.j:lc}a|oftoI§, ,,Jho poir)1 r-)ut the wide rang¡e clf physical and mental health Lronefits
I':or pr:o¡Jli.: who vi¿¡.ilt tr: takrr thinc¡s (ti3)
{ t4)
t i
'¡l>.er."'|..
city §pace and toul"istri
poo¡rli: shouk.l walk
I)r,)0!10
:;i.
tiving with Skyoeraper§
increasinq (17)
i.)
i
t: il
irv{)rallri 1?0k|n los$ per yoar thí1n they (9} ........ jusl a ciecade ago. Éxperis recomrnend that
1ft{,r
(
l:iui '
res.;<;¿rrc;hers i:rt
(;orloclIri
t.r.i
f ar qtsesl.ians'l-l*24, read th* tcxt l.¡rf our. I jse tl¡* ,¡¡nrri r.¡ivcn in r:*piinls ¿rt thr: cnd *f fiómL) ol' lhri) linas to form a wor{:| that fitri in iho qap in the same linf .'lltE¡xli."; fit cxnin¡rl'.: ai lhí bet}tnúinfi (1}i.
lff*lking * the ffiest Hxercise (xercrse
t I
V*rt 3
t-
:,ind thinl< r¡f the y.¡ord whir;;h
ttlt ttxarnpk: ai
iirr¡¡,
tcr
(:éNstnfift SUI}$TANCE
A§'§'OY
\[!r rür (ar fi-,
2*
?e{14
a.rv.l
l*
rss't
A* a te*t"tll t:l
*xrtrnple lü\.
t:.xantple:
$
29
Jame¡; lvould r:nly speak to the heaci r:f departrrent a1ono.
,...
10 the head
;,trJirir;r
tllli,,¡ti íltr il
x,:
t:,¡ t
ta
t't|.
That wasthe rnost sl¡mulating lecture on $limate chanüí, thilt l',./.j cver heerd
l'veyet........... .
icllor
M0ft§
ON
Ja¡les
l-¡i$
A{7Vt*tr
I rrr r,1Li*$ilün$ 'á**11$. cc)11\ple\s the $eüoilr.l se,1teñce sú thal it ila$ a similar ineíming tó tho fir$i 'í:t'trt\*fit:;t:, urrinfl ihc wa{d l}ü nl;| {hat"tse the worri gia*n, Ya* inu$t u$e l:*l.¡¡t*t* \hr*e
üi\tefl. *ix '¡¡tsr1*. inclucling the w$4 1¿ivcn. l4ara
»avidredúcedthe ar|íunt ót chofiolal{t\e ale.h(fia.urje
.......stimulatin¡llectl¡reonolim¿ricohariúe.
of department alone.
]-he gap can be f¡lled with the worcls'irlsisted on speaking'. so yoL¡ wr¡te
30
As $oorr as tho company adveñised lho job vacanoy, thr: ap¡:lications r:arre fkr0cjirrg in HAD
rixanrple:
l;:iji::
:l::!lsN6
_
No,.....".......,..
Write only the misslng words lN CApITAL Lf;TTHH$
25
.ac¡/eitised,thántheapplicatioilsjcanrofloodini¡in.
tillthe separate ár$wsr $heet.
lt'$ none of youl business what I choose tó do in my free time. t',()THt,\¡ü .... with you.
What I choose to do in my freo iime ..
20
We wíll let you kno\iy if your travel itinerary needs to tle changed in any way.
NüTIFY
Wewill
27
.. that need
.
there was no need for
Lr$
to be made to your travel ilinerary
to rusl"] to the $tátion as our tráin \¡/a$ delayed.
T,T-\KfrI{
We
could
getting to the stat¡on as our train was delayed.
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t,' {}il,r"t
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.
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il irlk l¡iri lfr,.si af;f:r;f(Jin!J t0 the text. [¡ir]. y,)rrt lrr':,.r/f,r" i¡ { ¡ltrt i:"ir',i;1t() i;IlÍlñiÉl f;!ll-a¡!.
iill:,\¡,1r (/\.
,
1:
i| I ll \irlri|ir
',/olr
{ "run-
t:
rilir.llliqht 1r,,or[I a$ vis¡ble to rr$ ¡11,] il i¡l to the vasi rll]n1be[ ol nocturn¿rl speoies on thigi planet who feel at Ironrú irr it. lrir,llad, w.r .rro diurnal croíliures, viitl) 6yes ¿rdapled to living in tho suñ's light. This ba§ic fact is ortrlr;tined 11*:¡r irr 0lrr qoilíri(, rlrirl\t' Lrf), evor) lhough rrost of us don't think of oursel'/es as diilrnal boin(ls i¡ry nro¡! li.l¡n vro llrink ol oru:i.rlvrr;i:; l)rinrates or tlamnrals or Earlhlings. Yel it's lhe only way to oxplain wllill we v{) (lonal io ll}o ni(lhl. ,ro (iiilorelrl fionr ll)o ioat {rl rJílrnrnrrrcl i1
¡vol
llsi b.,]nefiis come with coñseqLiences
-
óalled light pollutbn
3$
accllstomod l() it^ \ le are onr; of the low animal$ who fear it. (.)ur teh}at:'.f>t:: lr il. is inirirrsic; lrs out s7:at;i<::':;. l::.arly hurnans bet;ame
§4
f
\¡l.r',,,e 1ii uf) iire niqfrt asl if il wefe an urroccupied oolrntry, vrhen nothing coulcl he furllrer from the lruth. ArronlJ mÍ]ilmini:i ¿tlono. tl1ú nLrnrbcr o[ nocturn¿]l species is astonishing. Light ¡s á powerful bir:logical forco, and on [l¿rny species il acts fls ¿1 másJnd altraciin!] them io it. 'l-he effect is so powerful that
35
,1n
r)l 0ravily.
is
,*
clevelop physiological aclaptations io brighter conditions' alter beh¿rvioural patterns. risk becoming endangerecl §pecies. be tnote su$ceptible to predation.
i;t
ii tf, .i[ i§.
ü
ln the fifth paragraph, ihe writer draws a comparison betweerr 'denying darkness' (line 29)
A B (] D
I \,,ir'r i.jn(ro 1 rr)r()iri iriái iiqhi lrr)i][iror] rnly :llíocterl a$tronornors, who neccl tó see the night ski/ iü all it$
.;hi)t¡ if oi.rr iives is úolhirg lri:i$ llrail ¿ bi()loalioal expreSsion of the regular osc¡llatioit of l¡ght on [arlh. l)() firr(lii[]orrj:itl i:rfe llr,ólio rlrythnrs lo r¡Lir beirlq thai messin!..1 with thenr ifi ¿tkin to altering our center
lts inhabitants were §ubiect to strict law§ regarding lighting. lts lack of illuminaiion rnade it a dangerous place-
ffi
and
:rclont¡sts sl)ezrl( of songbirds a,r.J seilbircls being 'cápturecl' by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares; on niarine oil platforrns, oirclino and óircling iñ the thousands until they drop. lüigratlnE¡ at nighl, birct§ rro af)t to collidc v,/itfr lriqhtl)r lit t;rll buildinq§: iilri'¡rature birds on their firsl Jr:ur[e]¡ suffer disproportionately, li()rÍ) l)r(l:j i¡l¡¡{l¡irqis itirci rriqlttinunlol. aornrr0 others * $in!i ¿r1 unnaiur¿rl hours in tho presence of r lili.rrj i.liii.
1,r,j¡ii, f) ri lil:ir fi)o$i oiirar ()r(ríltJr¿s vrú drl rlr.r+al darknoss. l.lerryi|1g darl(ne$s is futi¡e, lt is as esserltial
It was virtually invisible at night. lt was famecl for its resourceful lighting.
ln the fourth paragrapll, the writer suggests that lighi pollution lras caused sorne ilnimi:tls io
A S C D
li\,/'.i rfr{:r{r irr;¡[ rirl rir: i,[i lllr,]y illwrys h¡d, wiih cÍrnallos. torches ancl lanlerns. Only a few hol]Ses vr'ero lit l,v rJ:I:. ;rrr¡i il,irr. i/.lri.l bo no prrl:iic oa:;liglhts in thc sireeis or squares Ior anothor séve¡ yeals, From a r)i:.r rril']:i írvr'iry. yoir wor.rlLl hav(-, lx,)(,ri moro lrl(ely to srrell Lonclon than to see its dim collective glow.
fad that
beneficial rnoclifications can have neüative ef{ect§, water ancl light are equally crucial to human and animal life. light poilution mighi have á variety of source§. it's inadvisable to interfere with key environmelltal features'
Wlrat point is the writer making about London in 1800?
A B 0 P
-
fr 5ihin0 rrutu/;rifl ar.rr.i upward into tho sky. wherú it's not wanied, instead rii ir)l,r:rlfftl rl {Jownvri:rd. r,lirrrri il iri. lll-(Josir.lil*(J liqhiinq wasl-les out the darl(noss ol ,r¡ght, altering lighl
11
lt is linkocl to our $urvival in$'iinct.
1.1
A Cl C §
.lo:uiqf . ,rr'lri{lir itlkrwr,i arilliaiial linlrl
,¡
A
'l"he u¡riter refets to dammirlg a r¡ver to underline tho
\l*ni*l"ring hlight
,
in the first paralJrapll, wlt¿.tt doosi tho wliler $u(Jgo$t aboui darkÍesrr?
* l)
,
,,1
w
w
maintaining our biological welfare^ modifying our internal clockwork. causing various plrysical ailments, alioring otlr centre 0f gravity.
t$. ,g
r¿
fi¡
Tho overall tr¡ne of the adiole ¡$ one of
A B C D
*l
'tr
concern about how orloaláling light pollulion will alfect epecie$ in the ftlture. regret at the loss cll a furdamenlal aspect of our relationslrip with naturo. optimism about our incroasing awareness of a l
w. t&
'wi
ffi
#
ln lhe erd, lrur.n,rrls are no less lrapped by il!:lhl pollutión than the lrogs in a pond near a brightly lit hilJhway. l..ivlrr7 irr a giare 0i olrr owr making, wÉ l]nve cut oursel'/es off from our evolutionary anri óilltural heritage lhú llghl of tho siars ¿]n.l tilo rhythrrs oi clay ancJ nictht. ln a very real sense, light pollution causes us io lose litllri ol orrr irlr.') plilce in the uni'/orse, to forqel the scale of oL.rr being, uJhich is best measured against the (iirnensrons oÍ ar decp niclhi uith the lüilky Way - the erjqe of our qalaxy - archÍng overheád,
'tá '$.i ..,
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fil
ffi
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w
ffi
tr
U
m.¡
ii,.t.r(
?art6 '{üLt í:\r{t (,)ou1gl
to tüad four exirácts frorn articies in which scieill¡sl$ giv6 thoir r;iewg on ?^oas, Fot -fhs 1:1'"tctlLitstlt) 37"4$. clnase frr:m tho scientist$ A*». scientirrls rrlay l]s chosúil u:ere lh&n rsn*o. lvlilri\ y$t.il íirlswtlt$ $n the s{tparats tnsurer sheát.
Ttryw W*§q*
*§ X**w
l'in very well aware of the downsidés ol maintaiil¡ng wild a|rimals i¡-l captiviiy, but th{} lact that thoy're faf fro,¡ ideal for the part¡cular specin¡ens lvh¡ch aro unfortunato enough tó b6 held captive doe$rl't mean thal zoos can't help wildiife in general, Those who would like then) all to closá should temeffber that ,f:
l;
t
nrany people can't afford to go and see animals in thoir natural hab¡tat. I cond{3mn oomplotBly the practlco
of having animals such ás dolphins and rronkeys put on shows for vi$itot§, bui having one of the zoo keepels g¡ve a short ta¡k on an &nimal whilé childrón look at it ¡s an excellent way of leaching them about ,,¿/ildlife. I-urthermore, zoós, particularly the bigger, more famous ones, have bocomo leaders ln project$ such as the [eir']trodüction of capt¡ve-born án¡nrals to the v1ild, which áro boost¡ng efforls to save those threatcnod with extinction. t"lavllrg u?orked in many dilTerent zoos over the year§, I have devéloped so¡xething of aü árrbivalent attitud€} tov,rards them, Zoos have álways beon in the entertainfltent busines§, and a$ long a$ i1.¡e anirrals are rrot suffering, and the tr¡cks they are asked tü carry out are actiyities they !,vould do nalurírlly, thal's flne. '1his doesn't mean, however, thal I l¡ke see¡ng animals in cages. An¡nlal$ in zoo$ are piaguód with n.rent¿r¡ and behaviourál probloms which lead to a drastically shoúer1ed life expéótancy. Far fiore could be done to improve their quality of life, bilt uütorlunately, many boards and di¡'ectors see their zoós as a conrrrlunity resource similar to the local pool or library, ar'¡d fail 1o consider the needs of the animal6 when it conres tó allócaiing budgets. 'I
he vrork thát zoos dó orr á global level to co-ordinate population managemert of éndangeréd spec¡es has nada a real difference. One notable success in this aroa ¡$ tl'ro cáso of the Californian condor, for instance. l-lavins said that, I still question whet¡1er we should be l
I i J¡.1:,
i t t t
I
#h-
/
hr-
\#hiclr stis¡"rtist haS a r-liflerent opinion fr0rn A On whether trarlition¿rl .1a{Je lit}rve ari tNJucaiiot¡¡¡l pLlrp0$e?
,rt
i
...t1 *.k,
shares án opini()n with A ón the contribution lhat zoo§ rnal(c tu üÓn$on'/írtion'l has a clifferent opinion from D on ilre linarlcial choices vr'hicir zoo rr1í:ln¿tgorl] mako?
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Yol ;rrrr rl,rirrt; Lo rrlrrl ¡r nr;irr.t;rzine'ilriiole ahout gerstlterrnal po\¡ler in lcelanej. $ix parasrephshave lrot¡r rr)r¡rr.rvr¡ri lrr:nr tllc artlr)lo, Ohoo$e from t¡1e paraüraph$ A*G tho on6 which fit$ each gí,)p (41 46), llroroi!; <[rt,toxl.l¿,1 l)¡ila!]r¿iplrwhiciryr:udafiat.n*e*taugo, Mrrrk
¡rr.rt.rl
ilrÍiw{t)rs on t}to separ¿ltei answer slreet.
§ive* lhe vasl arnotlrli$ al efiory,y tlóv{\t1(t ii.t:\l Ittti)tr ths frou[d, il's littlo woncer lhat koland i, fi.v
l4orryever, 0ol +v{,}rycÍie is fi)nviocod that thi$ ¡§ th9 vtity ftsrwaxi, [ixpsrt$ rrraintair] thal oompared to tho qqolasical limo sóálo ó1 úil regqtlaqlion, gealhelr'J,al. et\ergy i8 §\atlvely ratlowable.
lfi los* lbar' a
de,4&t]r,
\lw$s t)t",\|
pushing, tho boundalies of $óothermal locihrrolo{-ly ixrl fósol,r*e us§, While nál*rally ltói wáior ha$ lolv,) lvtetl ih!] harn6$$orj hy lógland'$ inhobitilflts. it wllsr]'l ']ntil itlltlt\) eil at14 ües fr¡cá ltii(ts ol ii]* 10/t;ti llltl1. i\"n prndil{;0 it slecidcltv. lo 10 r¡r:!o hogá,r
lslaaL!'i weie
út*$tt(,irts B70,l.lÜ0 tonilo$ anrually, ui*ually *ll
destired ior ilverseas markel$. Sool), $uch ¿xpo*§ wero ecl¡psing i[sheries oxpod$ in '/alue for thé first
Acling on these requirement$, {ixpári§ler]l9 ilrd projects are underu{a}, al v'dtio\ts $ii.r3 lo ensum that thÉ situat¡ofi is brought t,fidff conlrol. li §hould soon be clear how successful theyire ileen.
time in'thá islald'$ históry.
Geothermlal Powex' in trceland
Not only that, but lceland's geothormal floY/er s*cior 0s a whole ls tikely tó ¡ncur pub¡ic cr¡ticlsrn. Given that tho krdüstry ha§ already drawn 6óme negátivé
lcr,tland ntakas use of gleolhe rntal powet; where heat fram Íhe centre of the earth causes !4/áter below the surface to become superÍtaated in tha form of hot s¡trings or geysars
At!\r\l 24 rlillion
yoars aoo. lc8lancl fkst róso froJr the a:l n crrlocli,/o of lava Ílnd q¿s-spevr'ing volcanoes. frorT)lro(l iltop llro rift l)elwoon ¡livorgent No(h ^Ílericán ice is oI(l |rrrr;[iiar] i0oLofio l)laie!i, thi$ islanrj of fire and 0t I sh¡l)o(l by froworful sl¡hlerranean forcos. Eft,pt¡ons, ü{rd l)ooli; ¿rnd spolrting qoysers are all pafi ót claily lcülalt(li.r I lo
(xio¡f
relali'/€ry Iiltle lor tho energ\,lhey consLrno. Moastrr€s aro therefore being tal(eil to reduse lceland's depondoncé on fletal production, with the góvornment try¡ng to atllact other large-scale end ilsers of olotlr¡cal powor.
qa,l 'i
;
'The lcolandic governmenl a*d g€óthermal 41
h li[re, and 0eothermi]l re$ource$ now Doú.ne i!59 ot lceinnd's oio(*ric¡rl r)owet Rs v/ell as ilreriifg tho country's heaiinu aírd hoi water needs. 0. tho fam of ii. lcelanr] appears io be siting prstty liítsit fofwitrd
v",¡th rogard
to
renevr¿lble onárgV supp'ies. l"{owever; thrj countrv'fi q¿othorrna re$ouf)os arcn't quiie as clean, grorJn or limitloss as yoü nright ifiágino. Studies hatve shown t,)at tho overuse of qeoiherflal resource6
d0gr'ádos wator reserves pcrrnánently, or tor siqnificart lenglhs of linle. Accordilrg to enorgy cónsultaflt Ketill Sillurjonsson, there is an ongoing debato about just hovJ süstaináble lceiar!:l's geolhetrnal resouroes aro. 'lf energy oorflp,lnies can'1 fincl a way to slabilise the natíonal powcr outDul. lhol ihis n]ay croalo sicvore difficultios for thelll fllrtlr0r down ilro line.' hs explains. 4,2 Ml.rch
of lhi$
¡$ d¡reotelJ
at the oo!üffl1lo[1's po]icy se'/oral
yc¡rs ha([ aí scliitiq vít§| quar]iitios oi erlerqy to ffe.talptrxiroinlj ft)mp¿nie$ ard ¿il:rFltovrtg oonsirwjtion ol rrlvoral srrelters * thÉ sra$hiyj5 L¡$ed to exiract rnotals ticm oreri. Whr.n lceland s crdest sflrolter stádod proriuctlorl fnore thail ifi,r docades ü9o, the counlry's,Ttetal induslry afi)ourlted for Bü rrorr: ihaÍ} 3% of its Ciross Domoslic [tD(l!trJ-
pub!icity, il could do without further condemnalion
energy
co¡rpanie$ are now puslring again for the exploitation of lcóland's g6othermal rgsounes to serve iflduslry'say§ Miriam tlose, a geologist at Fieyklav,k-based NGO Saving Icelarld. 'Howevel thore's inffoasin$ svidoncé that their esti,nates of available eneroy ¿re ovorstated, afid tlrsro are also serious pollr¡t¡or cons¡dqrálions. Many lcelander§ are very vrorlied about thl§, osp6cially as the springs and geysers áre a majoltourísi altracilon,
l,l
i:'4 _._-_._L-,.-..
1
Accord¡ng to the US Environmental Protection Agency, geothermal sités rolease around flve percent óf the carbon clioxidé, óne percent of thé su,phur dioxide, ¿1nd less than oile porcent ol the nitrous oxide that's €nritled by a coal-rirsd $ile of an equal size. But cruciálly' Reykiavik fnergy's Hollisheidi and Nesjavell¡r geothermal pian'ls currently emlt arcuncl 28,000 tonnes of hydrogon sulphide aínLrálly. A roconl stu.iy lklkod orais$ions óf this gas vrith tlre incfeased inclcience of ir.ithm¿r amonq Reykjavik's resident3, and str¡ct new l?ot/errñ]ent regulations establ¡shÉd in 2t)10 have forced
the geothorral industry to s¡ash hydrogen
$ulphide
emissións fróm ¡is plánts ór face cl§$uñ}.
ia6: Porhaps the biggesl §hake-ilp in the lcelandic goothermal industry will take place if 'lcollnk' - a 1,000 ldlometre
undersea polver cable connecling the lcelandic and Br¡tish gr¡ds
Ilrr
.nlolirx'$ rovr oonsume abaul 75ya of afl etectricity
lvlt1t:!i\lod in lcelafld. fhe contracts lhe government ilrrüti,rtcd with thü rlelal companies Ítean they pay )i. t
-
gels the go-ahoad. $t¡ll in the conceptual
stáge, ¡t would be the longest undersea callle in the v/orlci, costing around U$$6.6 billion and laking four yeárs
to buikj.
D Geothermal resources may bo renewable if uied §ustainably, but they aren't emi§§ion§ fr€e, as locals ánrj vlsltors uho v,/alk 'lt1o ütreets of lceland§ cap¡tal can testity. l]owever, o[]is§iolls rales associated with geoihonnal power planls are much lower tllan omissions from coal or natural ga§-fired fjó§/er plant§.
G
It wrls recently ánnounced, for exsn]plo, that'tho naiional powsr cotnpany had §igned an aqresnlenl to supply power 10 a núw silicon productkxl plant b6ing cónstructed in l-lelguvik o¡r lceland'$ southvvest coast. ñcoloqists, however, hav6 renewed their concerns.
(¡ lii,,t,1¡,¡','¡t,í
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Whattlrivesrnutí¡-languagespaakrer$'?Martirt\Nillit'¡rt:;íir¡cl:;tsL¡t pett¡slavúttt spaaktnany'langua§t)$' {$t {7úe§tionfi '/{u itft: grsing1t>rearl an ad¡cle abóut púiyglÓt5, "lhe people nray be cho*en rnore than oncs' (á*l))' the froln chaó9,8 47-U8, rcople l,lrirl< yor:r' angwers on
t,údrnit§lr?l$un
^ ath0uÚhtillofelánguaÜe,rn"nrln,t.,aQ1^fli()l,ialwoldin¿1r]0ih+rklrlglla.ylllhillilii].,Xí]Cilywiji,ll;:1111 l)'llLllfio s/¿ty f:ll]$sl¿tr'. lltakog rl¡tl r¡ot¿l *ol¿lr¡cltolic th¡nking. fiach languáge n.onr,u" *¡ti tile in a disti,ct foi thüugh: ,,^/hüú l'fl1 jn i) rí1oir)lirl!iL.l¿21 oliriror]rr]¿iÚt óf iis m¡nor tone, for **rrpi*.:it*r",* a downsidá, toololl0,lyéarnto§witchtou.lirru*n'lángtla!]e'lh¿¡ieiothlll(,\,,lllthi$porg;0nLlndorslal(iñ10ifl:jay tho fornlel tea'ning languat;e$ l ¡llovecl.tÓ i?t ll? g:l soñething in lanüuage X'¿' I rlaián eatlv stá't át ,,*an,¡,. tllough, (ly priilarv teaoher qúiókú/. Iiói lng,.h üái|r tr,reo*ani I was wlren Union Soviet "c,iu" to $hÓvr you thal ü'ltu,ü rrngrág"u át sec,rndary $chool, which iusl (Joe$ d¡dn,t think I was br¡gh1 I hati "nough gocld iüdioatór r:i one's ;rbiliiy to lo,rrn iji l;tt-t1¡r.Lrage lf a always isn,t aohievernent neneral academic pÓlv§'roi' rn,.,al wav irr schoól' I would n6ver have becorne a
the $$paráte a,1§w§t $t1**'
Whish flers0n filentioñ a lack of concern about thoir ident¡ty? aclvice about when to fit ¡n an important aspe§t o1 language acquisition? a reason {or oclncentrating on one language at a time?
W*l:l
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B
1
aoqui$ition? a meÍlns of coping with the nmst challenging phase of language
_)
learning nrelhod? a clescription of the §tage$ in a person's languago
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I
I I
Simon Rinhard§
lwasalwaysfascinate.l|)ylanquage$andaccents-liriedl0,rf]i|llictlrel¡]¿tl1lhot¡nl0ufienlltas¿,tohlld. oui rrlore' some link t0 ¿]broad and I wanted to lilld At school I was always oru*n tJiñ" [i,lu *r,,, hacl grev, lrom ihere, Ibdi-ty, fry (lally lilo ii and eventually, universilv ,na I qot to study languages ut natiorlallty as ""rioor rraiionatities lincl I honcslly rlo l()n!JÓr reqírd i$ rflult¡lingL¡al. I olten get n,¡"uiá,.,-toi oir,ei L'oarl1irl9 lalrguir'Jt-'s i:; ¿]ir nov'| [lritish heing aboui talk iusi to ¡rfiDortant. It seerns atrnost ooi ior'me rrv bodv z¡nrl rnint'l I ¡nrend to continuo for as nlan)r years as ffiffi;il ;;;iñg ;r"""". i", ,rr, "rr,¡"nron", ¿rboui rr'ly otl'ror iolllet to ltry ancl n¿irrow is focu§ my wili allow. when l,m reatiy ¡n tre ie"riiinE¡ thinl( about lhá Óthers' ullless
I
a nérnr lang¡uage and clon't languages. If I clic,n'., l'O g. rTratii i'¡n',,pf, 'r^tt to understarlcl !lramm¿ir' linl
;;;;;;t
an early appreciatlon of an advanlage of being multilingual?
C
Anthony Fiéld§
btrt l¡otltl as a ch¡ld, trving io trlay with tlrc otlrer l
a lon¡;tet"m viow of thelr own langua§é leaÍiling? an errtotiorl bróil51ht on by the sound of a language?
o""" ii**r more conriclent' I move on to nrlrsic ideal for squeezlrlg i¡t t:nlciul or rjoing any fnundane lask i$ furthor The dead time *h*n youie on a bus Iun. LÉarñirlg nerv li:rn¡¡ttagotl rreve r iitol)ri: pay orf r,i thu ,;ti"r,-uritt tear'.lnsJ: subconscious langilago ,long Óvor ¿lilcl lhl: pfÚr;poct of rla«;lting for ''L ¡lmosi' ar,c str'tr'''t'tt'ys iiLlt'mi thero is always moro tci loar:n' i:v'r1'
;:il;:,:i":;;;;'.;"ir;;l'
polyglot? apprecialion lor an experience arising fronr belng a
iho prosrpócl of changinü their language-learning goal?
i,,,
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careerislóotrirüoloser-u,ir*ji,i,if.i¡,rgabouital
fr
Liatn0larke
clicl poorly in lánsuase$ in sghoÓl
l
harolv pzr*sor1
Ílt':11:1'11,)']il] 1,i1T.31. ],,"'l'1,..'Ji'il;ii i ill ;ill-XifgJ:;Tfl:1ffi,ilil;'-;'';ffifi;;;' l l.-::11.:r1'^111'1ll',)j:fljii:'[i:l;l. ii ilfi ;;;;ilir;' i;';i'l'l'j'l'r1" ,:"tiffi ffi' r{{¡eu«ve 'l::1;,''.:i, and sinoo .l.lat tnal I olqnl lrave il:§i,niffiJi;il llll,'.:;:':: []'il:,1 tn!)rl '?J':'' w¿}§ tót yr'}árs ago, ilX;i "r,"1" I got hooke.l. b á h¿¡d I a$ soon as while. but rnnrloaoe ^^,,^¡",, ,r,h.:rñ ""i,*r_riii¡r, r ii1r11 t1iL.i'.'111tr'H *áü"r'ni:u"q'o ,[i"i,,é wartrr' ii""iJ,io, Tns l'vo travelrefl Ifi'l;'l,Xi"t openf; a loi ol '"""""o,',u'riuári.',,|;;;;"" o1 thc internet Eut]i:.::l':l:::::f ii you do trá'rol itlAf,*:i:ili spoken is reálly that necessary ,..-^r **1,l:ii,if':"-:1:I,ll .¡,;fi ,,.,,, ^^,.^i,r,.,.,, of llatians. for exatnplo. No way r*"r' :,i:Xil;'x:']J"filHñ;i';"¡rni'li'v iiiilll; ';:-",ifl1Xf X 'lffI nave nappeneu rr u urrrv rPUr\§'I L'Irv¡¡ú" ' 'lli'' '':::' '^'^" l¡rat ilfJ¡.'Ifft would that f;:;:'^inIlilit'i" :,.":'l'l:'l,,ll;'J rnistakes, [;]l l,tn ñtaking Lil;l1ll,l learr'ed" ro iqnor o thá faot qrin ":";;'*ü";'n-o"oi bear
I
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+r1é
r
and 't-,rve this rs lo level' oon"ficionce álows me to strlve for the nexx
rs
h¿rt
i" é"t ir""rgn
f
t
T
4 4 WIIII ING ( I lrrrttt li0
?arl*,
rninLttes)
Write an an$wer tr: one r¡f iho questir:ns 2*4 irt tltis pa'1. Write yourutl1$wirr \1 7,2**2§* wt)rrlrr *n arjpropriate style.
lrart I gtyle Y()il riIrfil, ¡llr$wct tlti$ r¡t.toslion. \^/rite your an$u¡er in 22§*2§* words in an applopriele r:i¿.xir; iri,.lfi li$lened l
¡rl
An internati
Ways of looking after youn§ childrenl r ;r[ holne \^/ith parent.s or other famífy mem]iers
n in Llurseries ot"¡:re*sr:lrools
'
with a proklssional nanny
,t
Write your lettor. You do not need to include postal addrosses.
i'
Some opinions expressed in the discussionl
"Clrildren develop besi when they spend a loi of timü with their family."
"lt's irnport¿]nt for children to learn to gei along with otlrer childron." "Nann¡es ale trained to deal with all soris of
situations,"
Writr¡ an essay for your tutor cliscussing two of the ways of lookinq after young children in your notes. You shoLrld explain wh¡ch way is more beneficial and provide reason§ to
support
yoLrr o¡:inion.
Yor.r rflay, if you vrish, rnakr: ¡.rsc of the opinlons expressed in the t.rri0
yout own wr.¡rds
¿.ls
{;ir a$ ¡rr:ssible,
discussioll, buf you should
The international company where you work has recently developed a new product. Your manager has asked you to write a repórt ábout thi$ for Head ofice. You $houlcl briefly describe the pro
tF l}.
H §,.t#T tr ?á1{*t&
{*pysraximat*ty 4*
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W*{t
l xxtrant
¡
Yot.t i¡car tvr'n freel.lilcc joLrilralists liilk;r)o;iL,oul. rl¡..,r ür'() i!
1
Yts| will lwar three dilferenl oxtrác.f$. l':r.rr cluestions 1*6, choose the ans$/€r aro ti¡ió questions fc¡r each extract.
I nre4)
When talking abr;ut ixrw he tr:icl
*
A B ff
or c) v,rhich fits be$t accordíng tó what you hear -fhere
¿t
creairve \¡/r'iliilfl tÍ.t¡i1, iiro n1írr
points c¡ut horu oasily ho can assurnethe right1r¿1rooóf nriild. lriós to jLrstify his antisoci¿:rl behaviour when lvorkingl. admits that freqllent lrreaks oan be beneficial.
What does thó woman say about her earlier rairiling? You lrear parl of a radio interview with a product designer callerl charros Loughlan,
1
l-1or¡r
A B C
does clrarres feer about cresigners who put their names on product§?
A l"le understands their basic neecls. fr l-ie is di$mi$sive of their motives. ü lJe admires their business skills. !Vha1 does Oharles sugge$t about a good
§he feelt she no longer fully relates to it. She ténd$ tó draw on sirrilar thirmos in hor crlffent wo[l(,
$he highlights the impróveme¡lts she's noticecl in her t¡iorl<,
prodilct?
A lts appoárance should reflect its function. B lt should encourage a
i. u':
4r ,1,?t:
i;::§lyü
b,:
\ksu lrca¡ t,¡,ic¡ friends
I
i';
4
!ri)
-l-hoy
agree that the interviewer mado the rnistake of
A
dr.;rrrrrrating the ciiscussion.
{i}
asking pr*d jctable question$.
ü
{ailing to lirrten fully to answer$.
The man says that certain film stars can be diff¡crrlt to intérview because
A
they general¡y show a ¡ack of spontaneity^
l3
the)¿'re unwilling to reveal their true personálity.
ü
fhay'ro ioo añx¡ous to promote their latest work.
9t
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g {
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l:'utt ,,rrtri, /t I jllll)Ll /rrnitir,; l,r
llcr.q<,r¡r ¡¡ivirr"r;
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l3arl 3
7-
a laik ai.roLll
fir.¡r wr:r'k,
l:ot ()tn*li$t1§T*lti,
itft0tl l)lrírsü.
Y1ti
YVr.rrk ii r¡"¡
\,ntill l10a.t
Pe{or Maxt()[. l:or qtte:¡t\on:t 1{i^r{}. clloogo ihc ¡nsu¡er |h,ll}. {: r:i-
'il']*l
ar
il) t¡i¡irrh
l:i.¡,;
ltr): | :':¡..rt:i¡it:'.1
V0\' ltti.\t
witll t:lltlr¡fili.lq l5 Íihoila ex¡:lairrs ihal. her rolo invólv*s
l;r rtrr r lrlrii.rci
¿tl,t í,r
(7i
...... , .....
A f} 0 $
before v,iorhing lor her cr.¡rrent employor.
l;rnrrro iortrrcl Irrlr ll:,rr;l
(ü)... ...........
Shcila says one strategy she uses to achieve her goals is to enooura!,e-player$ to replioale good featurei§ of others' ,rerfornr¿1noo. ask players t() shale \ /ith her the way they confrol their anxieties. got players to examino their efieotiveness as team ñelllbers, trace the c¿us¿¡s of negultive thinking ¡n player§.
A S * n
..... ....... into ch0colate
. t0 desoribe chocolate as a
substance to work
Iii|i|.r
rnítnitírns lL:t molhoci
r-;f
i.l0i
r¡rith.
preventín!, players from beoonling over-corrfide¡rt responding to whatever players leel they noed to inl¡:t'ovt: onabling player$ tu train aggressively. persuadinc players that her teclrnirlues can really i-:enefit th()r'¡1.
17
Sheila anrj Peter both think that it's important for sports psychologlists to have rr,,ide experience in á rango of diflerent sporis. not io raise false hopes about what tlrey can achieve. not to i¡ecome too immersed in iire envirr:nrnont tlf sport io üclapt tl¡e decisions they ¡¡¡;¡¡" 1o suit indiviclual sitr-tations.
A B S P
tht: cocoa beans as a variabla afkx;ting llre taste of her chocolate. 1B
lanin{,
fi¿i}ys th¿tt
ideas fo. ne\^/ lypes of chooorate genefa¡ly come lrom her company's
(11).
depaltnrent 1(}
"',.. ".............
ts\nY a
surpn$lnÍity trr4:ortant rolc in clevolopirlq d ne\u chocol¿rle
lt,rt:\.,,
t1i'11,¡1¡ 1ltr..:
exi¡rIpic lf {1i})
as
¿.r
Droclr_¡c1.
grollp thai nced to
br; considered when rlesigning the label for a producl
,l,iri11() lltinks that (14)
r^e
h []-
..
¡s
the most essential qlality needecl for her lob.
Whai was Peter's reaction to his deterioratirr¡¡ sporting performance as a s;itrtlonl? He feli disappointed at the lacl( of relevani help available. He redoubled his elforis to succeed de§pite failing healih. He beearne deriperate to uncover the soltrce r¡f lris problent. l-le switched to what he felt were easier spotls to succeecl in.
A §I C tr
What door P¡rter distil
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and yot] resPond
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Part 3 (4 minute§) Inthispartofthetest,youandyoLlrpadnerareasl(edtotali(tÓgeth€[-1h(-.interloct.lt0lp¡aces basis table between you. This stimulus provicies tho a gue§tion and §ome text pfonipt$ on the foradiscussion.alterWhichyouwillnee¿tOmakea(iocisiononthetopit;irrcluestion,lhe interlocutor explains what yoü haveto
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