Test #55 October 2008 LSAT official preptest

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A complete version of the October 2008 LSAT has h as been reproduced with the permiss permission ion of Law School Admis Admission sion Council, Inc. All actual LSAT questions printed within this work are used with w ith the permission of Law School Admission Council, C ouncil, Inc., Box 2000, Newtown, PA 18940, the copyright owner. LSAC does not review or endorse speciﬁc test preparation















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SECTION I Time—35 minutes 25 Questions Direction Direct ions: s: Th Thee qu quest estion ionss in th this is se secti ction on ar aree bas based ed on the rea reaso sonin ning g con contai tained ned in bri brief ef sta statem temen ents ts or pa passa ssages ges.. Fo Forr som somee questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, th thee res respon ponse se tha thatt mo most st ac accur curate ately ly an and d com comple pletel tely y an answe swers rs the qu quest estion ion.. You sh shoul ould d not ma make ke as assum sumpti ptions ons th that at ar aree by commonse comm onsense nse stan standard dardss impl implausi ausible, ble, sup superfl erfluous uous,, or inco incompa mpatibl tiblee with the pass passage. age. Afte Afterr you have chosen the best ans answer wer,, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 1. The editor editor of a magazine magazine has pointed pointed out several several errors errors of spelling and grammar committed on a recent TV program. But she can hardly be trusted to pass judgment on such matters: similar errors have been found in her own magazine. The flawed reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Your new newspa spaper per can cannot not be tru truste sted d with with the prerogative to criticize the ethics of our company: you misspelled our president’s name. Your new newss prog program ram can cannot not be tru truste sted d to to judg judgee our hiring practices as unfair: you yourselves unfairly discriminate in hiring and promotion decisions. Your reg regula ulator tory y agen agency cy can cannot not con condem demn n our our product as unsafe: selling it is allowed under an existing-product clause. Your coa coach ch can cannot not be tru truste sted d to to judg judgee our our swimming practices: he accepted a lucrative promotional deal from a soft-drink company company.. Your tee teen n magaz magazine ine sho should uld not run thi thiss featu feature re on problems afflicting modern high schools: your revenue depends on not alienating the high school audience.

2. Soaking Soaking dried beans beans overnight overnight before before cooking them them reduces cooking time. However, cooking without presoaking presoaki ng yields plumper beans. Therefor Therefore, e, when a bean dish’ dish’ss quality is more importan importantt than the need to cook that dish quickly, beans should not be presoaked. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argume argument? nt? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Plumpe Plu mperr bean beanss enha enhance nce the qua qualit lity y of of a dis dish. h. There are no dis There dishes hes who whose se qua qualit lity y impr improve ovess with faster cooking. A dish dish’’s appea appearan rance ce is is as imp import ortant ant as its its tast taste. e. Nonee of Non of the the oth other er ing ingred redien ients ts in the the dis dish h need need to be presoaked. The plu he bea the bet it

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Durth: Increa Increasingl singly, y, busine businesses sses use use direct direct mail advertising instead of paying for advertising space in newspapers, in magazines, or on billboards. This practice is annoying and also immoral. Most direct mail advertisements are thrown out without ever being read, and the paper on which they are printed is wasted. If anyone else wasted this much paper, it would be considered unconscionable. Which one of the following most accurately describes Durth’s method of reasoning? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

presentin presen ting g a spe specif cific ic cou counte nterex rexamp ample le to the contention that direct mail advertising is not immoral assert ass erting ing tha thatt ther theree would would be ver very y undes undesira irable ble consequences if direct mail advertising became a more widespread practice than it is now claimi cla iming ng tha thatt direc directt mail mail adve adverti rtisin sing g is immo immoral ral because one of its results would be deemed immoral in other contexts basing bas ing a conc conclus lusion ion on the cla claim im tha thatt dire direct ct mail advertising is annoying to those who receive it assert ass erting ing tha thatt othe otherr adve adverti rtisin sing g meth methods ods do not have the negative effects of direct mail advertising

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1 4. Among Among the various various models of Delta vacuum vacuum cleaners cleaners,, one cannot accurately predict how effectively a particularr model cleans simply by determini particula determining ng how powerful its motor is. The efficien efficiency cy of dust filtration systems varies significantly, even between models of Delta vacuum cleaners equipped with identically powerful motors. The argument’s conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? (A)

(B)

(C) (D)

(E)

For eac each h Delta Delta vac vacuum uum cle cleane aner, r, the ef effic ficien iency cy of its dust filtration system has a significant impact on how effectively it cleans. One can acc accura uratel tely y infe inferr how how pow powerf erful ul a Delt Deltaa vacuum cleaner’s motor is from the efficiency of the vacuum cleaner’s dust filtration system. All Del Delta ta vac vacuum uum cle cleane aners rs tha thatt clea clean n equa equally lly effectively have identically powerful motors. For any two Del Delta ta vac vacuum uum cle cleane aners rs wit with h equally efficient dust filtration systems, the one with the more powerful motor cleans more effectively. One can cannot not acc accura uratel tely y asse assess ss how ef effec fectiv tively ely any Delta vacuum cleaner cleans without knowing how powerful that vacuum cleaner’s motor is.

5. Many scientists scientists believe believe that bipedal locomotio locomotion n (walking on two feet) evolved in early hominids in response to the move from life in dense forests to life in open grasslands. Bipedalism would have allowed early hominids to see over tall grasses, helping them to locate food and to detect and avoid predators. However, because bipedalism also would have conferre conferred d substantial advantages upon early hominids who never left the forest—in gathering food found within standing reach of the forest floor, for example—debate continues concerning its origins. It may even have evolved, like the upright threat displays of many large apes, because it bettered an individual’s odds of finding a mate. Which one of the following statements is most supported by the information above? (A)

(B) (C)

For ear early ly homi hominid nids, s, for forest est env enviro ironme nments nts wer weree generally more hospitable than grassland environments. Bipeda Bip edall loco locomot motion ion wou would ld hav havee help helped ed ear early ly hominids gather food. Bipeda Bip edall loc locomo omotio tion n act actual ually ly wou would ld not be advantageous to hominids living in open grassland environments.

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Mathematics teacher: Mathematics teacher: Teachi Teaching ng students students calculus calculus before before they attend university may significantly benefit them. Yet if students are taught calculus before they are ready for the level of abstraction involved, they may abandon the study of mathematics altogether. So if we are going to teach pre-university students calculus, we must make sure they can handle the level of abstraction involved. Which one of the following principles most helps to justify the mathema mathematics tics teacher’ teacher’ss argumen argument? t? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Only those Only those who who,, witho without ut los losing ing mot motiva ivatio tion, n, can meet the cognitive challenges that new intellectual work involves should be introduced to it. Only Onl y those those par parts ts of of unive universi rsityty-lev level el math mathema ematic ticss that are the most concrete should be taught to pre-university students. Cognit Cog nitive ive tas tasks ks tha thatt requi require re exce excepti ptiona onall effor effortt tend to undermine the motivation of those who attempt them. Teac eacher herss who tea teach ch uni univer versit sity-l y-leve evell mathematics to pre-university students should be aware that students are likely to learn effectively only when the application of mathematics to concrete problems is shown. The lev level el of abs abstra tracti ction on inv involv olved ed in a topi topicc should not be considered in determining whether that topic is appropriate for pre-university students.


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7. In 1955, 1955, legislatio legislation n in a cert certain ain country country gave gave the government increased control over industrial workplace safety conditions. Among the high-risk industries in that country, the likelihood that a worker will suffer a serious injury has decreased since 1955. The legislation, therefore, has increased overall worker safety within high-risk industries industries..

9. Several Several major major earthquak earthquakes es have occurred occurred in a certain certain region over the last ten years. But a new earthquake prediction predictio n method promises to aid local civil defense officials in deciding exactly when to evacuate various towns. Detected before each of these major quakes were certain changes in the electric current in the earth’s crust.

Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument argume nt above?

Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?

(A)

(A)

(B)

(C) (D)

(E)

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Becausee of tec Becaus techno hnolog logica icall inno innovat vation ion,, most most workplaces in the high-risk industries do not require as much unprotected interaction between workers and heavy machinery as they did in 1955. Mostt of Mos of the the workwork-rel relate ated d injur injuries ies tha thatt occu occurre rred d before 1955 were the result of worker carelessness. The ann annual ual num number ber of wor work-r k-rela elated ted inj injuri uries es has increased since the legislation took effect. The num number ber of wor work-r k-rela elated ted inj injuri uries es occu occurri rring ng within industries not considered high-risk has increased annually since 1955. Work orkpla place ce saf safety ety con condit dition ionss in in all all indu industr stries ies have improved steadily since 1955.

Economist: Historic Economist: Historically ally,, sunflower sunflower seed was was one of the largest production crops in Kalotopia, and it continues to be a major source of income for several countries. The renewed growing of sunflowers would provide relief to Kalotopia’s farming industry, which is quite unstable. Further, sunflower oil can provide a variety of products, both industrial and consumer, at little cost to Kalotopia’s already fragile environment. The economist’s statements, if true, most strongly support which one of the following? (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

Kalotopia’ss farmi Kalotopia’ farming ng indu industry stry will dete deteriora riorate te if sunflowers are not grown there. Stabilizi Stab ilizing ng Kalot Kalotopia opia’s ’s farmi farming ng indu industry stry would improve the economy without damaging the environment. Kaloto Kal otopia pia’’s farmi farming ng ind indust ustry ry woul would d be bet better ter of off f now if it had never ceased to grow any of the crops that historically were large production crops. A cro crop p that that was was once once a larg largee produ producti ction on crop crop in Kalotopia would, if it were grown there again, benefit that country’ country’ss farmers and general economy.

(B)

(C) (D)

(E)

Scientist Scient istss do not ful fully ly unde underst rstand and wha whatt broug brought ht about the changes in the electric current in the earth’s crust that preceded each of the major quakes in the region over the last ten years. Mostt othe Mos otherr eart earthqu hquake ake pre predic dictio tion n metho methods ds hav havee been based on a weaker correlation than that found between the changes in the electric current in the earth’s crust and the subsequent earthquakes. The fre freque quency ncy of maj major or ear earthq thquak uakes es in the region has increased over the last ten years. There The re is is consi consider derabl ablee varia variatio tion n in the len length gth of time between the changes in the electric current and the subsequent earthquakes. There The re is pre presen sently tly onl only y one one sta statio tion n in in the the reg region ion that is capable of detecting the electric current in the earth’s crust.

10. Unlike Unlike many machines machines that that are perfectly perfectly useful useful in isolation from others, fax machines must work with other fax machines. Thus, in the fax industry, the proliferation prolifera tion of incompati incompatible ble formats, which resulted from the large number of competing manufacturers, severely limited the usefulness—and hence the commercial viability—of fax technology until the manufacturers agreed to adopt a common format for their machines. The information above provides the most support for which one of the following propositions? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Whenever Whenev er mac machin hines es are dep depend endent ent on oth other er machines of the same type, competition among manufacturers is damaging to the industry. In som somee indu industr stries ies it is in the int intere erest st of competitors to cooperate to some extent with one another. The mor moree comp competi etitor torss ther theree are are in a high high-te -tech ch industry, the more they will have to cooperate in determining the basic design of their product. Somee coop Som coopera eratio tion n amon among g manu manufac factur turers ers in the















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1 11.. In comparing 11 comparing differe different nt methods methods by whic which h a teac teacher’ her’ss performance performa nce can be evaluate evaluated d and educatio educational nal outcomes improved, researchers found that a critique of teacher performance performa nce leads to enhanced educational outcomes if the critique is accompanied by the information that teacher performance is merely one of several factors that, in concert with other factors, determines the educational educatio nal outcomes outcomes.. Which one of the following best illustrates the principle illustrated by the finding of the researchers? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

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Children Childr en can can usua usually lly be tau taught ght to mast master er sub subjec jectt matter in which they have no interest if they believe that successfully mastering it will earn the respect of their peers. People Peo ple are gen genera erally lly mor moree will willing ing to acce accept pt a negative characterization of a small group of people if they do not see themselves as members of the group being so characterized. An act actor or can mor moree ef effec fectiv tively ely eva evalua luate te the merits of her own performance if she can successfully convince herself that she is really evaluating the performance of another actor. The opi opinio nions ns reac reached hed by a soc social ial sci scient entist ist in the the study of a society can be considered as more reliable and objective if that social scientist is not a member of that society. It is is easi easier er to to corre correct ct the the mist mistake akess of of an ath athlet letee if it is made clear to him that the criticism is part of an overarching effort to rectify the shortcomings of the entire team on which he plays.

Critic: Criti c: A novel novel cannot cannot be of the highest highest quality quality unless unless most readers become emotionally engaged with the imaginary world it describes. Thus shifts of narrative point of view within a novel, either between first and third person or of some other sort, detract from the merit of the work, since such shifts tend to make most readers focus on the author. Which one of the following is an assumption necessary for the critic’s conclusion to be properly drawn? (A)

(B)

(C)

Most read Most readers ers bec become ome emo emotio tional nally ly eng engage aged d with with the imaginary world described by a novel only if the novel is of the highest quality. A nov novel el is gen genera erally lly not con consid sidere ered d to to be be of of high quality unless it successfully engages the imagination of most readers. Mostt rea Mos reader derss can cannot not bec become ome emo emotio tional nally ly

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13. People People aged 46 to 55 spend more more money money per capita than than people of any other age group. So it is puzzling that when companies advertise consumer products on television, they focus almost exclusively on people aged 25 and under. Indeed, those who make decisions about television advertising think that the value of a television advertising slot depends entirely on the number of people aged 25 and under who can be expected to be watching at that time. Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the puzzling facts stated above? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

14.

The exp expens ensee of of tele televis vision ion adv advert ertisi ising ng slo slots ts makes it crucial for companies to target people who are most likely to purchase their products. Advert Adv ertisi ising ng slo slots ts dur during ing new newss prog program ramss almo almost st always cost far less than advertising slots during popular sitcoms whose leading characters are young adults. When Whe n telev televisi ision on exe execut cutive ivess deci decide de whi which ch sho shows ws to renew, they do so primarily in terms of the shows’ ratings among people aged 25 and under. Those Tho se who mak makee dec decisi isions ons abo about ut tel televi evisio sion n advertising believe that people older than 25 almost never change their buying habits. When Whe n comp compani anies es adv advert ertise ise con consum sumer er pro produc ducts ts in print media, they focus primarily on people aged 26 and over.

EighteenthEight eenth-centu century ry moralist: moralist: You You should should never make make an effort to acquire expensive new tastes, since they are a drain on your purse and in the course of acquiring them you may expose yourself to sensations that are obnoxious to you. Furthermore, the very effort that must be expended in their acquisition attests their superfluity. The moralist’s reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the moralist (A) (B)

(C) (D) (E)

draws a con draws conclu clusio sion n that that simp simply ly rest restate atess a cla claim im presented in support of that conclusion takes tak es for gra grante nted d that that the acq acquis uisiti ition on of expensive tastes will lead to financial irresponsibility usess the use the inh inhere erentl ntly y vagu vaguee term term “se “sensa nsatio tions” ns” without providing a definition of that term mistak mis takes es a caus causee of of acqu acquisi isitio tion n of of expe expensi nsive ve tastes for an effect of acquisition of such tastes reject rej ectss tryin trying g to ach achiev ievee a goa goall beca because use of the

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15. Zack’s Zack’s Coffeehouse Coffeehouse schedules schedules free poetry readings readings almost every Wednesday. Zack’s offers half-priced coffee all day on every day that a poetry reading is scheduled. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the information above? (A) (B) (C)

(D) (E)

16.

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Wedn ednesd esday ay is the mos mostt comm common on day on whi which ch Zack’s offers half-priced coffee all day. Mostt free Mos free poe poetry try rea readin dings gs giv given en at Zac Zack’ k’ss are are scheduled for Wednesdays. Freee poet Fre poetry ry read reading ingss are are sch schedu eduled led on alm almost ost every day that Zack’s offers half-priced coffee all day. Zack’ Zac k’ss offer offerss halfhalf-pri priced ced cof coffee fee all day on most most if not all Wednesdays. On som somee Wedn Wednesd esdays ays Zac Zack’ k’ss does does not of offer fer half-priced coffee all day.

Philosophe Philo sopher: r: An event event is intentio intentional nal if it is a human human action performed on the basis of a specific motivation. motiv ation. An event is random if it is not performed on the basis of a specific motivation and it is not explainable by normal physical processes. Which one of the following inferences conforms most closely to the philosopher’s position? (A)

(B)

(C)

Tari arik k left left the the keys keys unt untouc ouched hed on the the kitc kitchen hen counter, but he did not do so on the basis of a specific motivation. Therefore, the keys’ remaining on the kitchen counter was a random event. Ellis Ell is tore tore the env envelo elope pe open open in orde orderr to rea read d its its contents, but the envelope was empty. Nevertheless, because Ellis acted on the basis of a specific motivation, tearing the envelope open was an intentional event. Judith Jud ith’’s haili hailing ng a cab cab distr distract acted ed a dri driver ver in the the left lane. She performed the action of hailing

17. It is a mistake to conclud conclude, e, as some have, have, that ancient ancient people did not know what moral rights were simply because no known ancient language has an expressio expression n correctly translatable as “a moral right.” This would be like saying that a person who discovers a wild fruit tree and returns repeatedly to harvest from it and study it has no idea what the fruit is until naming it or learning its name. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argume argument? nt? (A)) (A (B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

To know know the the nam namee of of some someth thin ing g is is to kn know ow what that thing is. People Peo ple who fir first st dis discov cover er wha whatt some somethi thing ng is know it better than do people who merely know the name of the thing. The nam namee or or expre expressi ssion on tha thatt is use used d to to iden identif tify y something cannot provide any information about the nature of the thing that is identified. A per person son who rep repeat eatedl edly y harve harvests sts fro from m a wil wild d fruit tree and studies it has some idea of what the fruit is even before knowing a name for the fruit. One nee need d not not kno know w what what som someth ething ing is bef before ore one can name it.

18. There There is little plausi plausibili bility ty to the claim that that it is abs absurd urd to criticize anyone for being critical. Obviously, people must assess one another and not all assessments will be positive. However, there is wisdom behind the injunction against being judgmental. To be judgmental is not merely to assess someone negatively, but to do so prior to a serious effort at understan understanding. ding. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion drawn in the argument? (A)

(B)

To be be judg judgmen mental tal is to ass assess ess som someon eonee negatively prior to making a serious effort at understanding. It is is absur absurd d to cri critic ticize ize any anyone one for bei being ng cri critic tical. al.

















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1 19. Even Even those who who believe believe that that the art of each each age and culture has its own standards of beauty must admit that some painters are simply superior to others in the execution of their artistic visions. But this superiority must be measured in light of the artist’s purposes, since the high merits, for example, of Jose Rey Toledo’s work and his extraordinary artistic skills are not in doubt, despite the fact that his paintings do not literally resemble what they represent. The claim that some painters are superior to others in the execution of their artistic visions plays which one of the following roles in the argument? (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

It is is a hyp hypoth othesi esiss that that the the arg argume ument nt att attemp empts ts to refute. It is is a gen genera eraliz lizati ation, on, one sor sortt of of obje objecti ction on to which the argument illustrates by giving an example. It is is a cla claim im that that,, accor accordin ding g to the ar argum gument ent,, is to be understood in a manner specified by the conclusion. It is is a cla claim im tha thatt the the ar argum gument ent der derive ivess from from another claim and that it uses to support its conclusion. It is is a gen genera eraliz lizati ation on tha thatt the the arg argume ument nt use usess to to justify the relevance of the specific example it cites.

20. A study study of rabbits rabbits in the 1940s 1940s convinced convinced many many biologistss that partheno biologist parthenogenesis—r genesis—reproducti eproduction on without fertilization of an egg—sometimes occurs in mammals. However, the study’s methods have since been shown to be flawed, and no other studies have succeede succeeded d in demonstrating mammalian parthenogenesis. Thus, since parthenogenesis partheno genesis is known to occur in a wide variety of nonmammalian vertebrates, there must be something about mammalian chromosomes that precludes the possibility possibili ty of parthenog parthenogenesis. enesis. A flaw in the reasoning of the argument is that the

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Advertiser: Most Advertiser: Most TV shows shows depend depend on fundin funding g from advertisers and would be canceled without such funding. However, advertisers will not pay to have their commercials aired during a TV show unless many people watching the show buy the advertised products as a result. So if people generally fail to buy the products advertised during their favorite shows, these shows will soon be canceled. Thus, anyone who feels that a TV show is worth preserving ought ought to buy the products advertised during that show. The advertiser’s reasoning most closely conforms to which one of the following principles? (A)) (A

(B)) (B

(C)) (C

(D)

(E)) (E

If a TV TV sho show w tha thatt one one fee feels ls to be wo wort rth h preserving would be canceled unless one took certain actions, then one ought to take those actions. If a TV sh show ow wou would ld be be can cance cele led d unle unless ss man many y people took certain actions, then everyone who feels that the show is worth preserving ought to take those actions. If a TV TV sho show w is is wort worth h pre prese serv rvin ing, g, th then en everyone should take whatever actions are necessary to prevent that show from being canceled. If one one feel feelss that that a TV show show is wort worth h prese preservi rving, ng, then one should take at least some actions to reduce the likelihood that the show will be canceled. If a TV sh show ow wou would ld be be can cance cele led d unle unless ss man many y people took certain actions, then those who feel most strongly that it is worth preserving should take those actions.


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Psychologis Psych ologist: t: It is well known known that becom becoming ing angry angry often induces temporary incidents of high blood pressure. A recent study further showed, however, that people who are easily angered are significantly more likely to have permanently high blood pressure than are people who have more tranquil personalities. Coupled with the long-established fact that those with permanently high blood pressure are especially likely to have heart disease, the recent findings indicate that heart disease can result from psychological factors. Which one of the following would, if true, most weaken the psycholog psychologist’ ist’ss argume argument? nt? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Those who Those who are are easi easily ly ange angered red are les lesss likel likely y to recover fully from episodes of heart disease than are other people. Medica Med icatio tion n desi designe gned d to con contro troll high high blo blood od pressure can greatly affect the moods of those who use it. People Peo ple wit with h perm permane anentl ntly y high high blo blood od pre pressu ssure re who have tranquil personalities virtually never develop heart disease. Those Tho se who who disc discove overr that that they they hav havee heart heart dis diseas easee tend to become more easily frustrated by small difficulties. The phy physio siolog logica icall fac factor torss tha thatt cau cause se permanently high blood pressure generally make people quick to anger.

23. A professor professor of business business placed a case-study case-study assignment assignment for her class on her university’s computer network. She later found out that instead of reading the assignment on the computer screen, 50 out of the 70 students printed it out on paper. Thus, it is not the case that books delivered via computer will make printed books obsolete. Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Severall colle Severa colleagu agues es of of the the profe professo ssorr have have foun found d that, in their non-business courses, several of their students behave similarly in relation to assignments placed on the computer network. Studi St udies es con consis sisten tently tly sho show w that that mos mostt comp compute uter r users will print reading material that is more than a few pages in length rather than read it on the computer screen. Somee peop Som people le get imp impair aired ed vis vision ion fro from m long long periods of reading printed matter on computer screens, even if they use high quality computer screens. Scanni Sca nning ng tec techno hnolog logy y is is very very poo poor, r, cau causin sing g books delivered via computer to be full of errors unless editors carefully read the scanned versions. Books Boo ks on cas casset sette te tap tapee hav havee onl only y a sma small ll fraction of the sales of printed versions of the same books, though sales of videos of books that have been turned into movies remain strong.


















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Advertisement: Advertiseme nt: Researche Researchers rs studied studied a group group of people people trying to lose weight and discovered that those in the group who lost the most weight got more calories from protein than from carbohydrates and ate their biggest meal early in the day. So anyone who follows our diet, which provides more calories from protein than from anything else and which requires that breakfast be the biggest meal of the day, is sure to lose weight.

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25. Some Some twentieth-c twentieth-cent entury ury art is great art. All great art involves original ideas, and any art that is not influential cannot be great art. Each of the following statements follows logically from the set of statements above EXCEPT: (A) (B) (C)

The reasoning in the advertisement is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the advertisement overlooks the possibility that (A)

(B)) (B

(C)

(D)

(E)

(D)

eating foo eating foods ds tha thatt deri derive ve a major majority ity of the their ir calories from carbohydrates tends to make one feel fuller than does eating foods that derive a majority of their calories from protein a few few of th thee peop people le in in the the grou group p stud studie ied d who who lost significant amounts of weight got nearly all of their calories from carbohydrates and ate their biggest meal at night the peo people ple in the gro group up stu studie died d who who inc increa reased sed their activity levels lost more weight, on average, than those who did not, regardless of whether they got more calories from protein or from carbohydrates somee peop som people le in in the the group group stu studie died d lost lost no no weigh weightt yet got more calories from protein than from carbohydrates and ate their biggest meal early in the day people peo ple who eat the their ir bigg biggest est mea meall at at nigh nightt tend tend to snack more during the day and so tend to take in more total calories than do people who eat their biggest meal earlier in the day

S

T

(E)

O

Some infl Some influen uentia tiall art art invo involve lvess orig origina inall ideas ideas.. Somee twen Som twentie tiethth-cen centur tury y art art inv involv olves es ori origin ginal al ideas. Only Onl y art art tha thatt inv involv olves es ori origin ginal al ide ideas as is influential. Only Onl y art art that that is is influ influent ential ial and inv involv olves es orig origina inall ideas is great art. Somee twen Som twentie tiethth-cen centur tury y art art is inf influe luenti ntial al and involves original ideas.

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IF YO YOU U FIN FINISH ISH BEF BEFORE ORE TIME IS CAL CALLED LED,, YOU MAY MAY CHE CHECK CK YOU YOUR R WORK ON THI THIS S SEC SECTIO TION N ONL ONLY Y. DO NO NOT T WO WORK RK ON AN ANY Y OT OTHE HER R SE SECT CTIO ION N IN TH THE E TE TEST ST..

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SECTION II Time—35 minutes 27 Questions

Directions: Direction s: Each set of questions questions in this section section is base based d on a sing single le passage passage or a pair of passages. passages. The ques question tionss are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage or pair of passages. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately accurately and com complet pletely ely answ answers ers the ques question tion,, and blac blacken ken the corr correspo espondin nding g spac spacee on your answer shee sheet. t.

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Often when a highly skilled and experienced employee leaves one company to work for another, there is the potent potential ial for a transf transfer er of sensiti sensitive ve information informatio n between competitors. Two basic principles in such such cases cases appear appear irreconcila irreconcilable: ble: the the right of the company to its intellectual property—its proprietary data and trade secrets—and the right of individuals to seek gainful employment employment and to make free use of their abilities. Nevertheless, the courts have often tried to preserve preser ve both both parties parties’’ legal rights by refusing refusing to prohibit the employee from working for the competitor, but at the same time providing an injunction against disclosure of any of the former employer’s secrets. It has been argued that because such measures help generate genera te suspicions suspicions and and similar similar psychologica psychologicall barriers barriers to full and free utilization of abilities in the employee’s new situation, they are hardly effective in upholding the individual’s rights to free employment decisions. But it is also doubtful that they are effective in preserving preser ving trade secret secrets. s. It is obviously impossible to divest oneself of that part of one’s expertise that one has acquired from former employers and coworkers. Nor, in general, can one selectively selectively refrain from its use, given that it has becomee an integral becom integral part part of one’s one’s total intelle intellectual ctual capacity. Nevertheless, almost any such information that is not public knowledge knowledge may legitim legitimately ately be claimed as corporate property: normal employment agreements provide for corporate ownership of all relevant releva nt data, data, including including invention inventions, s, generated generated by by the employee in connection with the company’s business.

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since the proprietor has no recourse against others who independently generate the same information. It is therefore theref ore unlikely unlikely that that an injunction injunction against against disclos disclosure ure of trade secrets to future employers actually prevents any transfer of information except for the passage of documents and other concrete embodiments of the secrets.

1. Which Which one of the followin following g most accuratel accurately y expresses expresses the main point of the passage? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Theree are Ther are mo more re ef effec fectiv tivee ways ways th than an co court urt injunctions to preserve both a company’s right to protect prot ect its inte intellec llectual tual property property and indi individ viduals uals’’ rights to make free use of their abilities. Court Cou rt inj injunc unctio tions ns mus mustt be be stre strengt ngthen hened ed if they they are to remain a relevant means of protecting corporations’ trade secrets. Enforc Enf orceme ement nt of cou court rt inj injunc unctio tions ns des design igned ed to protect proprietary information is impossible when employees reveal such information to new employers. Court Cou rt inj injunc unctio tions ns pro prohib hibiti iting ng emp employ loyees ees fro from m disclosing former employers’ trade secrets to new employers probably do not achieve all of their intended objectives. The rig rights hts of emp employ loyees ees to mak makee ful fulll use use of their talents and previous training are being seriously eroded by the prohibitions placed on them by court injunctions designed to prevent the transfer of trade secrets.

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2. Given the passage passage’s ’s content content and and tone, which which one of the following statements would most likely be found elsewhere in a work from which this passage is an excerpt? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Given the law as it sta Given stands nds,, cor corpor porati ations ons concerned about preserving trade secrets might be best served by giving their employees strong incentives to stay in their current jobs. While Whi le dif diffic ficult ult to enf enforc orcee and and int interp erpret ret,, injunctions are probably the most effective means of halting the inadvertent transfer of trade secrets while simultaneously protecting the rights of employees. Means Mea ns of red redres resss must must be mad madee avai availab lable le to companies that suspect, but cannot prove, that former employees are revealing protected information to competitors. Even Eve n concr concrete ete mat materi erials als suc such h as com comput puter er dis disks ks are so easy to copy and conceal that it will be a waste of time for courts to try to prevent the spread of information through physical theft. The psy psycho cholog logica icall barr barrier ierss that that an inj injunc unctio tion n can place on an employee in a new workplace are inevitably so subtle that they have no effect on the employee.

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4. The passage passage provid provides es the most support support for for which one of the following assertions? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

suggest tha suggest thatt inju injuncti nctions ons aga against inst the disc disclosu losure re of trade secrets not only create problems for

Injunctio Injunc tions ns sho should uld be imp impose osed d by by the the cou courts rts onl only y when there is strong reason to believe that an employee employ ee will reveal proprietary proprietary inform information. ation. There The re is app appare arentl ntly y no no reli reliabl ablee way way to to prot protect ect both the rights of companies to protect trade secrets and the rights of employees to seek new employment. Employ Emp loyees ees sho should uld not be all allowe owed d to to take take job jobss with their former employers’ competitors when their new job could compromise trade secrets of their former employers. The mul multip tiplic licity ity of mea means ns for tra transf nsferr erring ing information in the workplace only increases the need for injunctions. Somee comp Som compani anies es see seek k inju injunct nction ionss as as a mea means ns of punishing employees who take jobs with their competitors.

5. With With which one of the following following statemen statements ts regarding regarding documents and other concrete embodiments mentioned in line 58 would the author be most likely to agree? (A)

3. The author’ author’ss primary primary purpose purpose in the passage passage is to (A)

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While the While the tra transf nsfer er of of such such mat materi erials als wou would ld be be damaging, even the seemingly innocuous contributions of an employee to a competitor can do more harm in the long run. Such Suc h mater material ial ually ual ly l inf ative ati ve than than

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The following passages concern a plant called purple loosestrife. Passage A is excerpted from a report issued by a prairie research council; passage B from a journal of sociology.

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Passage A Purple loosestrife ( Lythrum ( Lythrum salicaria ), an aggressive and invasive perennial of Eurasian origin, arrived with settlers in eastern North America in the early 1800s and has spread across the continent’s midlatitude midlat itude wetland wetlands. s. The impact of purple purple loosestrif loosestrifee on native vegetation has been disastrous, with more than 50 percent of the biomass of some wetland communities displaced. Monospecific blocks of this weed have maintained themselves for at least 20 years. Impacts Impac ts on wildlife wildlife have not not been well studied, studied, but serious reductions reduct ions in waterfowl and aquatic furbearer productivity have been observed. In addition, several endangered species of vertebrates are threatened with further degradation of their breeding breedi ng habitats. habitats. Althoug Although h purple purple loosestrife loosestrife can invade relatively undisturbed habitats, the spread and dominance of this weed have been greatly accelerated in disturbed habitats. While digging out the plants can temporarily halt their spread, there has been little research resear ch on long-te long-term rm purple purple loosestri loosestrife fe control. control. Glyphosate has been used successfully, but no measuree of the impact of this herbicide measur herbicide on native plant communities has been made. With the spread of purple loosestrife growing

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purple looses loosestrife. trife. The The impact impact of purple purple loosestrife loosestrife on on furbearing mammals is discussed at great length, though none of the species highlighted (muskrat, mink) can be considered threatened in North America. What is threatened by purple loosestrife is the economics econom ics of exploi exploiting ting such such preferred preferred species and the millions of dollars that will be lost to the economies of the United States and Canada from reduced hunting, trapping, and recreation revenues due to a decline in the production of the wetland resour res ource. ce.

7. Both passag passages es explicit explicitly ly mention mention which which one of the following? (A) (A) (B)) (B (C) (D) (E)

furbea furb eari ring ng an anim imal alss gly lyph phos osaate the thr threat eat pur purple ple loo looses sestri trife fe pose posess to to econo economie miess popula pop ularr pol pollut lution ion ide ideolo ologie giess litera lit eratur turee on pur purple ple loo looses sestri trife fe con contro troll

8. Each Each of the passages passages contains contains informat information ion sufficie sufficient nt to answer which one of the following questions? (A) (B)

(C)

Approxima Approx imatel tely y how lon long g ago did pur purple ple loosestrife arrive in North America? Is ther theree much much lit litera eratur turee discu discussi ssing ng the the pote potenti ntial al benefit that hunters might derive from purple loosestrife management? Whatt is an iss Wha issue ue reg regard arding ing pur purple ple loo looses sestri trife fe

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10. Which Which one of the followin following g most accuratel accurately y describes describes the attitude expressed by the author of passage B toward the overall argument represented by passage A? (A) (B)) (B (C)) (C (D)) (D (E)) (E

enthus ent husias iastic tic agr agreem eement ent cautio caut ious us ag agre reem emen entt pure pu re ne neut utra rali lity ty gene ge nera rall am ambi biva vale lenc ncee poin po inte ted d sk skep epti tici cism sm

11.. It can be inferred 11 inferred that that both authors authors would would be most likely likely to agree with which one of the following statements regarding purple loosestrife? (A) (B)

(C) (D) (E)) (E

As it it incr increas eases es in Nor North th Ame Americ rica, a, som somee wild wildlif lifee populations tend to decrease. Its est establ ablish ishmen mentt in in Nort North h Amer America ica has had a disastrous effect on native North American wetland vegetation in certain regions. It is is very very dif diffic ficult ult to cont control rol ef effec fectiv tively ely wit with h herbicides. Its int introd roduct uction ion int into o North North Ame Americ ricaa was was a grea greatt ecological blunder blunder.. When Wh en it it is el elimi imina nate ted d fro from m a giv given en are area, a, it it tends to return to that area fairly quickly.

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12. Which Which one of the followi following ng is true about about the relationship between the two passages? (A) (B) (C)

(D) (E)

Passagee A pre Passag presen sents ts evi eviden dence ce tha thatt dire directl ctly y counters claims made in passage B. Passag Pas sagee B ass assume umess what what pas passag sagee A exp explic licitl itly y argues for. Passag Pas sagee B dis displa plays ys an awa awaren reness ess of the arguments touched on in passage A, but not vice versa. Passag Pas sagee B adv advoca ocates tes a poli policy cy that that pas passag sagee A rejects. Passag Pas sagee A dow downpl nplays ays the ser seriou iousne sness ss of cla claims ims made in passage B.

13. Which Which one of the following following,, if true, would cast cast doubt on the argument in passage B but bolster the argument in passage A? (A)

(B)

(C)

Localized Locali zed pop popula ulatio tion n redu reducti ction on is oft often en a precursor to widespread endangerment of a species. Purple Pur ple loo looses sestri trife fe was bar barely ely not notice iced d in in Nort North h America before the advent of suburban sprawl in the 1950s. The amo amount unt by whic which h over overall all hun huntin ting, g, tra trappi pping, ng, and recreation revenues would be reduced as a result of the extinction of one or more species threatened by purple loosestrife represents a significant portion of those revenues.

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With their recognition of Maxine Hong Kingston as a major literary figure, some critics have suggested that her works have been produced almost ex nihilo, nihilo , saying that they lack a large traceable body of direct literary litera ry anteceden antecedents ts especiall especially y within within the Chines Chinesee American heritage in which her work is embedded. But these critics, who have examined only the development of written texts, the most visible signs of a cultur culture’s e’s narrative production, have overlooked Kingston’s connection conne ction to to the long long Chinese Chinese traditi tradition on of a highly developed genre of song and spoken narrative known as “talk-story” ( gong ( gong gu tsai tsai). ). Traditionally performed in the dialects of various ethnic enclaves, talk-story has been maintained within the confines confines of of the family family and has has rarely rarely surfaced surfaced into print. The tradition dates back to Sung dynasty (A.D. 970–1279) storytellers in China, and in the United States it is continually revitalized by an overlapping sequence of immigration from China. Thus, Chines Chinesee immigrants immigrants to the U.S. had a fully established, sophisticated oral culture, already ancient and capable of producing masterpieces, by the time they began arriving in the early nineteenth century. This transplanted oral heritage simply embraced new subject matter matter or new forms of Western Western discourse, discourse, as in the case of Kingston’s adaptations written in English. Kingston herself believes that as a literary artist she is one in a long line of performers shaping a recalcitrant history into talk-story form. She

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14. Which Which one of the followin following g most accuratel accurately y states the main point of the passage? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Despitee some Despit some crit critics ics’’ com commen ments, ts, Kin Kingst gston’ on’ss writings have significant Chinese American antecedents, which can be found in the traditional oral narrative form known as talk-story. Analys Ana lysis is of Kin Kingst gston’ on’ss writ writing ings, s, esp especi eciall ally y China Men, Men , supports her belief that literary artists can be performers who continue to reconstruct their stories even after they have been frozen in print. An und unders erstan tandin ding g of of King Kingsto ston’ n’ss work work and of Chinese American writers in general reveals that critics of ethnic literatures in the United States have been mistaken in examining only written texts. Throug Thr oughou houtt her wri writin tings gs Kin Kingst gston on use usess techniques typical of the talk-story genre, especially the retention of certain aspects of Chinese speech in the written English text. The wri writin tings gs of Kin Kingst gston on hav havee rek rekind indled led an interest in talk-story, which dates back to the Sung dynasty, and was extended to the United States with the arrival of Chinese immigrants in the nineteenth century.

15. Whic Which h one of the following following can be most most reasonabl reasonably y

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16. It can be inferred inferred from from the passage passage that the author author uses the phrase “personally remembered stories” (line 32) primarily to refer to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

a lite literar rary y genre genre of fir firstst-per person son sto storyt rytell elling ing a thema thematic ticall ally y organ organize ized d perso personal nal nar narrat rative ive of one’s own past partia par tially lly idi idiosy osyncr ncrati aticc memor memories ies of nar narrat rative ivess the ret retent ention ion in memo memory ry of prec precise ise seq sequen uences ces of words easily eas ily ide identi ntifia fiable ble the themat matic ic iss issues ues in lite literat rature ure

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19. The author’ author’ss argument argument in the passage passage would be most weakened if which one of the following were true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

17. In which one one of the following following is the use of cotton cotton fibers fibers or cotton cloth most analogous to Kingston’s use of the English language as described in lines 51–55? (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Scraps of plai Scraps plain n cotto cotton n cloth cloth are use used d to to creat createe a multicolored quilt. The sur surfac facee textu texture re of of woole woolen n cloth cloth is simu simulat lated ed in a piece of cotton cloth by a special process of weaving. Becaus Bec ausee of of its its textu texture, re, cot cotton ton clo cloth th is is used used for for a certain type of clothes for which linen is inappropriate. In maki making ng a piec piecee of of clot cloth, h, cott cotton on fib fiber er is is substituted for linen because of the roughly similar texture of the two materials. Becaus Bec ausee of the their ir som somewh ewhat at sim simila ilarr text texture ures, s, cotton and linen fibers are woven together in a piece of cloth to achieve savings in price

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Numerous Numero us wri writer terss in in the the Uni United ted St State atess have have been influenced by oral traditions. Mostt Chin Mos Chinese ese Ame Americ rican an wri writer ters’ s’ wor work k is is very very different from Kingston’s. Native Nat ive Ame Americ rican an sto storyt rytell ellers ers use nar narrat rative ive devices similar to those used in talk-story. China Men is for the most part atypical of Kingston’s literary works. Litera Lit erary ry cri critic ticss gen genera erally lly app apprec reciat iatee the authenticity of Kingston’s work.

20. The author’ author’ss specific specific purpose purpose in deta detailin iling g typical talk-story forms (lines 43–51) is to (A)) (A (B)

(C) (D) (E)

show wh show why y Ki King ngst ston on’’s bo book ok China Men establishes her as a major literary figure suppor sup portt the the cla claim im tha thatt King Kingsto ston’ n’ss use use of typically oral techniques makes her work a part of the talk-story tradition disput dis putee the the criti critics’ cs’ vie view w that that Chin Chinese ese Ame Americ rican an literature lacks literary antecedents argue ar gue for Kin Kingst gston’ on’ss view view that that the lit litera erary ry arti artist st is at best a “privileged keeper” of stories provid pro videe an alt altern ernati ative ve to to certa certain in crit critics ics’’ vie view w that Kingston’s work should be judged primarily as literature

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In economics, the term “speculative bubble” refers to a large upward move in an asset’s price driven not by the asset’s fundamentals—that is, by the earnings derivable from the asset—but rather by (5) mere specul speculation ation that that someone someone else will will be willing willing to pay a higher hi gher price for it. it . The price increase is i s then followed by a dramatic decline in price, due to a loss in confidence that the price will contin continue ue to rise, and the “bubble” is said to have burst. According to (10) Charle Charless Mackay’ Mackay’ss classic classic nineteenthnineteenth-century century accoun account, t, the seventeenth-century Dutch tulip market provides an example of a speculative bubble. But the economist Peter Garber challenges Mackay’s view, arguing argui ng that there is no eviden evidence ce that the Dutch tulip (15) marke markett really really involved involved a speculativ speculativee bubble. bubble. By the seventeenth century, the Netherlands had become a center of cultivation culti vation and development of new tulip varieties, and a market had developed in

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22. Which Which one of the following following most accuratel accurately y expresses expresses the main point of the passage? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

The sev sevent enteen eenthth-cen centur tury y Dutch Dutch tul tulip ip mark market et is is widely but mistakenly believed by economists to provide an example of a speculative bubble. Macka Ma ckay y did did not acc accura uratel tely y asses assesss the the ear earnin nings gs that could be derived from rare and expensive seventeenth-century Dutch tulip bulbs. A spe specul culati ative ve bubb bubble le occu occurs rs when wheneve everr the the pric pricee of an asset increases substantially followed by a rapid and dramatic decline. Garbe Ga rberr argue arguess that that Mack Mackay’ ay’ss class classic ic acco account unt of the seventeenth-century Dutch tulip market as a speculative bubble is not supported by the evidence. A tul tulip ip bulb bulb can gen genera erate te a rea reason sonabl ablee retu return rn on on investment even if the price starts very high

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24. The passage passage most strongly strongly supports supports the inference inference that that Garber would agree with which one of the following statements? (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

If spec specula ulativ tivee bubbl bubbles es occu occurr at all all,, they they occu occur r very rarely. Many Man y of of the the own owners ers of hig high-p h-pric riced ed ori origin ginal al tulip bulbs could have expected to at least recoup their original investments from sales of the many bulbs propagated from the original bulbs. If ther theree is not a specu speculat lative ive bub bubble ble in a mar market ket,, then the level of prices in that market is not irrational. Mostt peop Mos people le who inv invest ested ed in Dut Dutch ch tul tulip ip bulb bulbss in the seventeenth century were generally rational in all their investments. Mackay Mac kay mis mistak takenl enly y infe infers rs fro from m the the fac factt that that

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26. The main main purpose purpose of the second second paragrap paragraph h is to (A) (B) (C)

(D) (E)

presentt the presen the facts facts tha thatt are are accep accepted ted by all all expe experts rts in the field identi ide ntify fy the the mis mistak takee that that one sch schola olarr alle alleges ges another scholar made explai exp lain n the the bas basis is on whi which ch one sch schola olarr makes makes an inference with which another scholar disagrees underm und ermine ine the cas casee that that one sch schola olarr makes makes for the claim with which another scholar disagrees outlin out linee the the factu factual al erro errors rs that that led one sch schola olarr to draw the inference that he drew

27. The phrase phrase “standard “standard pricing pricing pattern pattern”” as used in line 38 most nearly means a pricing pattern (A)

agains aga instt which which oth other er pri pricin cing g patt pattern ernss are are to be

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SECTION III Time—35 minutes 25 Questions Direction Direct ions: s: Th Thee qu quest estion ionss in th this is se secti ction on ar aree bas based ed on the rea reaso sonin ning g con contai tained ned in bri brief ef sta statem temen ents ts or pa passa ssages ges.. Fo Forr som somee questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, th thee res respon ponse se tha thatt mo most st ac accur curate ately ly an and d com comple pletel tely y an answe swers rs the qu quest estion ion.. You sh shoul ould d not ma make ke as assum sumpti ptions ons th that at ar aree by commonse comm onsense nse stan standard dardss impl implausi ausible, ble, sup superfl erfluous uous,, or inco incompa mpatibl tiblee with the pass passage. age. Afte Afterr you have chosen the best ans answer wer,, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 1. Aristoph Aristophanes anes’’ play The Clouds, which was written when the philosopher Socrates was in his mid-forties, portrays Socrates as an atheistic philosopher primarily concerned with issues in natural science. The only other surviving portrayalss of Socrates were written after Socrates’ death portrayal at age 70. They portrayed Socrates as having a religious dimension and a strong focus on ethical issues.

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Psychiatrist: Psychiatris t: Breaking Breaking any habit habit is difficul difficult, t, especially especially when it involves an addictive substance. People who break a habit are more likely to be motivated by immediate concerns than by long-term ones. Therefore, people who succeed in breaking their addiction to smoking cigarettes are more likely to be motivated by the social pressure against

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Cassie: Cassi e: In order order to improv improvee the quality quality of of customer customer service provided by our real estate agency, we should reduce client loads—the number of clients each agent is expected to serve at one time. Melvin: Although smaller client loads are desirable, reducing client loads at our agency is simply not feasible. We already find it very difficult to recruit enough qualified agents; recruiting even more agents, which would be necessary in order to reduce client loads, is out of the question. Of the following, which one, if true, is the logically strongest counter that Cassie can make to Melvin’s argument? (A)

Since red Since reduci ucing ng cli client ent loa loads ds wou would ld imp improv rovee working conditions for agents, reducing client loads would help recruit additional qualified

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6. In her recent recent book a psyc psycholo hologist gist describ described ed several several cases that exhibit the following pattern: A child, denied something by its parent, initiates problematic behavior such as screaming; the behavior escalates until finally the exasperated parent acquiesces to the child’s demand. At this point the child, having obtained the desired goal, stops the problematic behavior, to the parent’s relief. This self-reinforcing pattern of misbehavior and accommodation is repeated with steadily increasing levels of misbehavior by the child. The cases described by the psychologist illustrate each of the following generalizations EXCEPT: (A) (B)

A chi child ld can dev develo elop p prob problem lemati aticc beh behavi avior or patterns as a result of getting what it wants. A chi child ld and and pare parent nt can can mutu mutuall ally y influ influenc encee each each other’s behavior behavior..

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Department store manag Department manager: er: There is absolu absolutely tely no reason to offer our customers free gift wrapping again this holiday season. If most customers take the offer, it will be expensive and time-consuming for us. On the other hand, if only a few customers want it, there is no advantage in offering it.

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Lawyer: This witness Lawyer: witness ackno acknowledge wledgess being prese present nt at the the restaurant and watching when my client, a famous television personality, was assaulted. Yet the witness claims to recognize the assailant, but not my famous client. Therefore, the witness’s testimony should be excluded.

Which one of the following is an assumption required by the departme department nt store manager’ manager’ss argume argument? nt?

The lawyer’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?

(A)

(A)

(B) (C) (D)

Gift wrapp Gift wrapping ing wou would ld cos costt the the stor storee more more dur during ing this holiday season than in previous holiday seasons. Anythi Any thing ng tha thatt slow slowss down down sho shoppe ppers rs dur during ing the holiday season costs the store money. It woul would d be to the the stor store’ e’ss advan advantag tagee to cha charg rgee customers for gift wrapping services. It wou would ld be exp expens ensive ive to inf inform orm cus custom tomers ers

(B) (C) (D)

If a witne witness ss cla claims ims to reco recogni gnize ze bot both h part parties ies involved in an assault, then the witness’s testimony should be included. There The re are oth other er wit witnes nesses ses who can ide identi ntify fy the the lawyer’s client as present during the assault. It is imp imposs ossibl iblee to det determ ermine ine whe whethe therr the the witness actually recognized the assailant. The tes testim timony ony of a wit witnes nesss to an assa assault ult sho should uld

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3 12. The total total number of book titles titles published published annuall annually y in North America has approxim approximately ately quadrupl quadrupled ed since television first became available. Retail sales of new titles, as measured in copies, increased rapidly in the early days of television, though the rate of increase has slowed in recent years. Library circulation has been flat

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Archaeologist: Archaeologi st: An ancien ancientt stone stone building building at at our excavation site was composed of three kinds of stone—quartz, granite, and limestone. Of these, only limestone occurs naturally in the area. Most of the buildings at the site from the same time period had limestone as their only stone

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15. Theodor Theodoree will be able to file his tax return return on time only only in the event that he has an accountant prepare his tax return and the accountant does not ask Theodore for any additional documentation of his business expenses. If he does have an accountant prepare his return, the accountant will necessarily ask Theodore to provide this

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3 16. When a threat threat to life is common, common, as are automobil automobilee and industrial accidents, only unusual instances tend to be prominently prominent ly reported by the news media. Instance Instancess of rare threats, such as product tampering, however, are seen as news by reporters and are universally reported in featured stories. People in general tend to estimate the

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3 17.

Real estate estate agent: agent: Upon Upon selling selling a home, home, the the sellers sellers are legally entitled to remove any items that are not permanent fixtures. Legally, large appliances like dishwashers are not permanent fixtures. However, since many prospective buyers of the home are likely to assume that large appliances in the home

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18. Many parents parents rigorously rigorously organize organize their children’ children’ss activities during playtime, thinking that doing so will enhance their children’s cognitive development. But this belief is incorrect incorrect.. To thorough thoroughly ly structure a child’ child’ss playtime and expect this to produce a creative and resourceful child would be like expecting a good novel

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20. Scientis Scientists ts studying studying a common type type of bact bacteria eria have have discovered that most bacteria of that type are in hibernation at any given time. Some microbiologists have concluded from this that bacteria in general are usually in hibernation. This conclusion would be reasonable if all types of bacteria were rather similar.

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3 22. In a study, study, one group group of volunteer volunteerss was fed a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet; another group was fed a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet. Both diets contained the same number of calories, and each volunteer’s diet prior to the experiment had contained moderate levels of proteins and carbohydrates. After ten

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Essayist: Essa yist: Compu Computers ters have have the capacity capacity to represe represent nt and to perform perf orm logical logical transfor transformati mations ons on pieces pieces of information. Since exactly the same applies to the human mind, the human mind is a type of computer. The flawed pattern of reasoning in which one of the following most closely resembles the flawed pattern of

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24. It is popularly popularly believ believed ed that a poem has whateve whatever r meaning is assigned to it by the reader. But objective evaluation of poetry is possible only if this popular belief is false; for the aestheti aestheticc value of a poem cannot be discussed unless it is possible for at least two readers to agree on the correct interpretation of the poem.

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Test #55 October 2008 LSAT official preptest

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