Technical Drawing Y1

Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Education PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS

Unit of Competency: Prepare Freehand Drawing Module No.: 1

Module Title: Preparing freehand Drawing

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Copyright Department of Education 2008 First Published JUNE 2008 This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008. This learning instrument was developed by the following personnel: Technology Teachers: Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D. Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI Roy S. Luneta Bauan Technical High School Bauan, Batangas Ariel F. Maglalang Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III Juanito Bugaoisan Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology San Fernando, La Union Arlene V. Tobias Mabalacat Technical High School Mabalacat, Pampanga Facilitator: Aida T. Galura Angeles City National Trade School Sunset Valley, Angeles City

Encoders: Mel Contapay Office of Legal Affairs Department of Education Meralco Ave., Pasig City Maria Riza Zamora DepED Budget Division Meralco Ave., Pasig City The Refinement And Enrichment Of The Competency-Based Curriculum and Competency-Based Learning Materials was done in Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on April 13-18, 2009 through the concerted effort of the following writers: Technology Teachers: Mario S. Gregorio Ed. D. Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region 11 Condrado C. Casulla Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades Lingayen, Pangasinan, Region 01 Nelson M. Arisga Malvar National High School Malvar, Batangas, Region 4A Alexander M. Latoga Manuel S. Enverga Memorial College of Arts and Trades Mauban, Quezon, Region 4A Mirasol F. Dasig San Pedro Relocation Center National High School San Pedro, Laguna Region 4A Contextual Writer: Marvin R. Viernes Muntinlupa Business High School Muntinlupa City, NCR

Encoder: Lawrence D. Cruz DepEd EID-TS DepEd Complex Meralco Ave. Quezon City Jeffree O. Ponce DepEd EID-TS DepEd Complex Meralco Ave. Quezon City Facilitator: Orlando E. Manuel PhD Principal Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades Cabarroguis, Quirino Region 02

This work was funded by the Department of Education. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th editon: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

TABLE OF CONTENTS Perform Different Lettering Styles &Techniques

Page

How to Use this Module ……………………………………………….. Introduction ……………………………………………….. Technical Terms …………………………………………………………. Learning Outcome 1- Perform Different Lettering Styles &Techniques …………………………………………………….. Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………. Information Sheet 1.1 …………………………………………… Self – Check 1.1 ………………………………………………………

I ii iii 1 2 3 10

Learning Outcome 2 – Sketch Simple Objects ……………………… Learning Experiences/Activities ………………………………….. Information Sheet 2.1 ……………………………………………… Self Check 2.1 …………………………………………………………

12 13 14 17

Learning Outcome 3 – Perform Freehand Sketches ………………… Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………….. Information Sheet 3.1 ……………………………………………… Self – Check 3.1 ……………………………………………… Operation Sheet 3.1 ……………………………………………… Self – Check 3.2 ……………………………………………… Assessment Resources ………………………………………………….. Answer Key ………………………………………………

18 19 20 30 33 35 36 38-41

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable attitude you need in technical drawing. A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine your learning level and need. The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task. This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives. When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a postassessment is given to check if the student is already competent with the specified learning outcome/s and ready for the next task. Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better understanding.

Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title

:

Preparing Freehand Drawing

INTRODUCTION People around the world speak with different languages but they come up with common understanding on drawing. That’s the reason why drawing becomes a universal language. This module is intended to provide a thorough coverage of technical drawing for use as a classroom text and/or as a reference manual. Performing freehand sketches, sketching simple object: and perform different lettering styles and techniques are discussed in the module. Equipped with all the concepts, the student can then competently transmit the ideas through a drawing.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to: LO1 Perform different lettering styles and techniques. LO2 Sketch simple objects. LO3 Perform sketches.

TECHNICAL TERMS Accented is a form of heavy and light elements of letters. Slant line is an inclined line. Style is the manner of designing or shaping a drawing. Sketching is a preliminary drafting. Stroke is the technique of printing letters. Uppercase Letters are the big letters of the alphabets. Proportion refers to the quality standard of shape, figure, form of object or drawing. Freehand Drawing. is performed without the use of mechanical drawing instruments. it is purely done by pencil rendering.

Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 1

:

Perform different lettering styles and techniques

Assessment Criteria 1. Importance of lettering is properly explained 2. Each style of letter is performed on commercial standards. 3. Care and maintenance of lettering instruments are properly observed and practiced. 4. Appropriate lettering instruments are correctly used. 5. Decorative letter styles are creatively done for a particular purpose. References: 1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. 2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

1

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES Learning

Outcome

#

1:

Perform

different

lettering

styles

and

techniques Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 1 2. Answer self check no. 1.1 to test

your

knowledge



Try to answer the self check.

about

lettering. 3. Review the information sheet if some items were not properly carried out.

2

INFORMATION

SHEET

# 1.1

Skill in lettering is a basic requirement for a student in drawing. He must be exposed to the lettering activities to orient him on the quality standard in printing letters. Lettering is used as a form of communication. As applied in drawing, it adds beauty if it is well-printed. Likewise, it can destroy the appearance of the drawing once it is not done well.

The Four Group of Letters 1. Gothic Letters. They are the most simple and readable among the four group of letters. It has a uniform stem. It should be applied only for poster and advertisement purposes.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Two forms of gothic letters: a. Commercial Gothic. It is printed with heavy stem. It is used for advertisement purposes only. b. Single Stroke. It is printed with thin stem. It is used for engineering drawing purposes.

2.

Roman Letters. The thickness of these letters is not uniform. they have pointed stem which is called “serif”. They must be used for books, magazine, newspapers, and text matters.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy

3

The Three Classics of Roman Letters: a. Old Roman Letters. They are printed by means of layout form using the flexible lettering pen. The thickness of the thin stem must be ½ from the thickness of the heavy stem. b. Modern Roman Letters. They are printed in single stroke using the speedball pen. c. Modified Roman. Similar to Modern Roman, they are printed in single stroke using the speedball pen. However, this style must be printed in the absence of serif.

3. Spanish Script. It is considered as artistic letters. It is purposely used for certificates, diplomas, citations,

greetings and invitation

cards.

4. Text or Old English. This style is the most artistic among the four groups of letter. Similar to Spanish script, it is also used for certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation cards.

4

The Rule of Stability of letters This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the letters particularly on the following: 1. Upper Case letters. They are letters which are printed in capital form. Three guidelines are cap line, waist line, and base line. Example: cap line waist line

ABCDEFG

base line

2. Lower Case Letters. These are the letters which are printed in small letters printed with the use of four guidelines such as cap line, waist line, base line, and dropped line. Example:

cap line waist line

abcdfgy

base line dropped

line

The General Proportion of Letters 1. Compressed or Condensed. This particular proportion should be applied only when the space is limited. The letters are printed with closer distance and its width is narrower than the normal size. Example:

COMPRESSED 5

2. Extended. This proportion is applied when there is a more space. The width of the letter is wider than the height. Example:

3. Normal. This proportion is applied when there is normal space. The letter is printed in the normal size. Example:

NORMAL The Two Proportion of Thickness 1. Boldface. This refers to the letters which are printed with heavy stem. Example:

BOLDFACE 2. Lightface. This refers to the letters which are printed with thin stem. Example:

6

Below are the suggested lettering tools and instruments and their uses: 1.

Speed Ball

-

used in writing different various styles of letters

2.

Lettering Brush

-

used for sign painting

3.

Felt Point Pen

-

used for sign painting

4.

Letter Template

-

used as guide for letter transfer

5.

Letter Transfer

-

used to direct letter transfer

6.

Pencil

-

used for lettering and sketching

7.

Technical Pen

-

used for Gothic letters

8.

Leroy Lettering Pen -

used for engineering and architectural lettering

Order of Strokes in Lettering The first letters that should be studied are I, L, T, F, E, H. These letters are the easiest to draw because the basic strokes are vertical and horizontal. You should practice making these letters according to the models. The next group P, R, B, U and J requires close study because of the introduction of the curved line aside from the three already given. The last group of letters is C, G, O, Q, D and S which are based on the circle. The M and W must be printed wider than the other letters. It is suggested therefore that its width should be greater than the other letters by 25 percent. The letter I is the thinnest letter.

7

Making Numerals All mechanical drawings involve the use of numerals, hence, they should be studied closely. Notice that in the figures below are all 6 units and 5 units wide except 1.

All figures are composed of the essential strokes

found in the letters which are straight and curved. See Figure 1.1

Single stroke vertical upper case letters and numerals Figure 1.1

8

Single stroke vertical lower case letters Figure 1.2

Single stroke inclined upper case lower case letters and numerals Figure 1.3

9

Single stroke inclined lower case letters Figure 1.4

10

SELF CHECK 1.1

LO1. Perform different letter styles and techniques I.

Multiple Choice. On the space provided before each item, write the letter of the word or group of words that will make the statement complete and correct. ________ 1. Which of the styles of letter is applicable for engineering drawing? a. Single stroke gothic letters b. Commercial gothic letters c. Modified roman letters d.

Modern roman letters

________ 2. This proportion of letters is only used when the space is enough. a. compressed b. extended c. normal d. lightface ________ 3. Among the letters below, identify which of them has widest width? a. N and O b. M and W c. C and X d. H and L ________ 4. Which of the statements below clearly define the meaning of rule of stability? a. This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the letters b. This refers to the styles and methods of printing the letters. c. This refers to the three forms of proportion of letters. d. It is a standard guideline to be observed in using the different lettering tools.

11

________ 5. Which of the proportion of letters below is applicable for limited space? a. compressed proportion b. extended proportion c. normal proportion d. boldface proportion

II.

Answer the following questions briefly: 1. Discuss the effect of the lettering on the drawing when it is not properly printed. 2. How important is lettering in the drawing?

III.

Direction

: Illustrate the selected letters below in the form of

Gothic, and Roman letters. A, B, K, M, R, X, and Y

12

Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:


LO2. Sketch simple objects Assessment Criteria 1. Principle of sketching objects is properly discussed. 2. Different shapes of objects are correctly identified. 3. All principles of proportion in sketching simple objects based on commercial standards are explained. 4. Procedure in sketching is correctly followed. References: 1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. 2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

13

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES Learning Outcome # 2: Sketch Simple Object Learning Activities

Special Instruction

2. Read information sheet no. 2 3. Answer self check no. 2.1 for






Try to follow the procedure

better understanding.

correctly.

14

INFORMATION SHEET 2.1 Sketching is a basic skill to be learned by the student before he will be exposed to higher level of drawing activities. Sketching is a preliminary layout or draft before making it into final drawing. This can be done in a light line forms with the use of sketching tools and materials.

Principles of Sketching Objects Before doing sketching activities, it is important to know the basic principles in sketching. The following are: 

Analyze the proportions of the subject.



Mentally picture out the basic shape of subject.



Determine the small details on the subject.



Establish height and width of the subject to be sketched.



Use the appropriate sketching materials.

The Two Basic Proportions of Object 

Height. It is the distance elevation from bottom to top. Height must be proportioned to the width of the subject.



Width. It is the distance from front to rear. Likewise, it should be proportioned to the height of the subject.

15

Basic Shapes of Objects 1.

Rectangle - has its opposite sides equal and all its angles are right angles.

2.

Square - has four equal sides and angles

3.

Hexagon – is a polygon having six equal sides

16

4. Rhombus- is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and angles which may not be right angles but are also equal.

5. Deltoid- is a quadrilateral with pairs of equal sides.

6. Scalene Triangle- is a triangle whose two sides and two angles are equal.

7. Equilateral Triangle- is a triangle with all sides and angles are equal.

17

8. Circle. A figure which has an angle of 360 degrees.

9. Oblong. An elliptical figure which shapes originates from the circle.

18

SELF CHECK 2.1 LO2. Sketch simple object Direction

:

A. Identify the terms referred in the following.

____________________1.The most important role in freehand sketching. ____________________2.A polygon with six equal sides. _____________________3. A quadrilateral with four equal sides and four equal right angles. ____________________4. A quadrilateral which opposite sides are equal and whose angles are also right angles. ____________________5. A quadrilateral with two opposite side parallel. ____________________6. A triangle where all sides and angles are equal. ___________________ 7. A quadrilateral with pairs of sides are equal.

B. Enumerate what are being asked. 8-10 Give the three basic shapes of an object.

19

Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:


Learning outcome 3:

Perform freehand sketches

Assessment Criteria 1. Drawing pencils are selected based on specific job requirements. 2. Proper care and manipulation of drawing tools, materials and equipment are observed and practiced. 3. Techniques on line exercises are demonstrated according to standard procedure. 4. Shading techniques are applied making use of appropriate standard specification. 5. Pencil rendering techniques are applied according to appropriate drawing materials. 6. Creativity on value scale in shading is applied.

References: 1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. 2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

20

LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ EXPERIENCES Learning Outcome # 3: Perform Sketches Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 3. 2. Answer self check no. 3.1 to






Ask the teacher when some

test your understanding. 3.

If not able to answer all items correctly,

review

again

the

information no. 3 4. Read operation sheet no. 3.1 

Observe

carefully

the

items

teacher’s demonstration

are

difficult

to

understand.

5. Read operation sheet no. 3.2, analyze the given procedure. 6. Perform self check no. 3.2 to test

your

knowledge

on



Ask your teacher for some clarifications.

freehand sketches.

21

INFORMATION SHEET 3.1 LO3. Perform freehand drawing Drawing Principles Freehand and Sketching Freehand sketches are of great assistance to the designers in organizing their thought and recording their ideas. They are effective and economical means of formulating various solutions to a given problem so that a choice can be made between them at the outset. Often, much time can be made between them at the outset. Much time can be lost if the designer starts his scaled layout before adequate preliminary study with the aid

of

sketches.

Information

concerning

changes

design,

covering

replacement of broken parts or lost drawing, is usually conveyed through sketches. Drawing Tools, Equipment, and Materials 1. Drawing Paper- is manufactured in four colors, namely: white, cream, light green and buff. It comes in different sizes of various sheet thickness. 2. Ruler- is used for marking out distances as well as for measuring purposes. 3. Pencil- is manufactured in various grades of hardness ranging from 7H which is very soft up to 9H. The lead of pencil is a mixture graphite, clay and wax. The clay makes the lead hard. The harder the pencil is, the lighter the line is produced.

22

4. Drawing Table– may refer to any ordinary table found in a school shop or in the home with convenient height that will make you comfortable while working. Its main purpose is to provide you a place where you can fasten your paper. 5. Drawing Board- is necessary if no drawing bench is available. The common size of drawing board is 45.71 cm X 61 cm. 6. T-square- is an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It also supports the triangle for vertical or sloping line drawing.

23

7. Triangle- is used to draw both vertical and oblique lines. It is the 45degree triangle and the 30-60-degree triangle.

8. Drawing Tape-is used before any drawing activity is to be started. the drawing paper has to be fastened on the drawing board. The acceptable method of fastening is with the use of tape.

9. Eraser – has two kinds: the red rubber and the yellow art gum. of the two kinds of eraser the yellow art gum is better to use for it correct errors easily and removes unwanted lines.

24

10. Protractor- is used to lay out angles. It is made of transparent plastic and a half circle shape. It has two scales: the outside scale which is from zero to 180 degrees going to the left and the inside scale which is the opposite.

11. Compass- is an instrument for drawing arcs and circles. The common kinds of compass are the pencil compass and the drawing compass. The pencil compass has an opening for the pencil while the drawing compass has a piece of lead fitted intone of its leg.

25

12. French curve – is an instrument for drawing irregular curves other than arcs and circles.

12. Ruling Pen – is an instrument for inking drawings. It is adjustable in order to produce thickness and thickness of lines.

26

14. Divider- is used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts.

15. Scale- is used for measuring and for scaling process.

Proper Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools and Instruments 1. Keep your instruments and equipment clean. 2. Wipe the pencil point with a piece of cotton and not your finger. keep your drawing tools and instruments in proper places before and after using.

27

Basic consideration in freehand sketches It is necessary to expose the learner in the different line exercises as basic activities in freehand sketches. The following are the forms of lines: 1. Horizontal line. It is a line parallel to the horizon or a line that form 180 deg. It is drawn from left to right.

2. Vertical line. Is a line that can be obtained by suspending plumb and this line form 90 degrees from the horizontal line. It is drawn from top to bottom.

3. Inclined line. It is neither horizontal nor vertical line.

4. Curve line. A line produced by a circular movement.

28

Importance of Shading in freehand drawing and sketches Shading is the process of making the visible surfaces of an object. It is applied in a variety of tones or values. The following are the tones or values of shading: 1. Light Values. This represents the surface which receives the greatest amount of light. 2. The Medium Values. This represents the surface which receives less amount of light. 3. Dark Values. This represents the surface very little amount of light. In shading application, the source of light is assumed to be coming from the upper left-hand corner of the drawing paper and rays of light are imagined to be inclining at an angle of 45 degrees.

Techniques in Shading Application 1. Apply the lightest shading on the part of a surface which receives more light. 2. Shade the portion of a surface which receives less light with medium values. 3. Shade the portion of a surface which receives little amount of light with a heavy shade.

29

Methods of shading application 1. Line shading. A technique of showing the various shades of an object by using lines.

2. Stippling. It is applied by dabbing the pencil point or pen to produce dots on the surface of the object.

30

3. Mixed shading. It is called mixed because it applies both the line and dotted shading. However, the lines and dotted shading must not be applied to the same surface of the object.

4. Continuous Tone Shading or Smudge Shading. This is applied by using the powdered graphite or lead of a pencil.

Note: Refer to Operation Sheet No. 3.2 and Self Check No. 3.2 for the application of this activity.

31

SELF CHECK 3.1 LO3. Perform freehand sketches Direction: A. Identification: Write the correct answer in each blank. ____________________1. An instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It also supports the triangle for vertical and sloping line drawing. ____________________2. It is an ordinary table found in a school shop or in the home with a convenient height that will make you comfortable while drawing. ____________________3. An instrument used for marking out distances as well as measuring purposes. ____________________4. An instrument used for drawing irregular curves other than arc s and circles. ____________________5. An instrument used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts. ____________________6. A tool used to draw both vertical and oblique lines B. Enumeration: 7-10 Four colors of drawing papers

32

OPERATION SHEET 3.1 LO3. Perform freehand sketches Skill in line exercises is a basic requirement prior to exposing the learner to higher drawing activities considering that all forms of drawing emanates from a line, it might be horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curve lines. Procedures in sketching horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curve lines 1. Sketch a rectangle at 120 mm x 160 mm. 2. Divide the rectangle into four equal parts. 3. Sketch horizontal lines on the first part of the rectangle, start at the left going to the right. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance). 4. Sketch vertical lines on the second part of the rectangle. Start at the top down to the bottom. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance). 5. Sketch inclined lines on the third part of the rectangle with a downward stroke. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance). 6. Sketch curve lines from left to right. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance). (See figure 3.5)

33

Figure 3.5

34

OPERATION SHEET 3.2 LO3. Perform freehand drawing Freehand drawing is executed without the use of mechanical drawing instruments. It is purely done by means of sketching. Procedure in making freehand drawing: 1.

2.

Prepare the model/object.

Imagine the basic shape from which the model originates and sketch on the appropriate drawing paper.

35

3. Analyze the proportion and sketch the temporary line ( width).

WIDTH

4. Complete the freehand drawing activity.

5. Darken the final edges and erase the sketching lines.

6. Apply line shading.

36

SELF CHECK 3.2 DIRECTION: Sketch the given model below and apply continuous tone shading.

37

ASSESSMENT RESOURCES Performance Assessment Scoring Rubrics Criteria

Score (Tick the corresponding pts.)

Accuracy 50 45 40 Speed 10 6 8 Neatness 25 20 15 Lettering/Labeling 15 12 10 8 Total Performance Criteria:  Accuracy 50 pts

-

The output is accurately done.

45 pts

-

Two to five errors are observed on the output.

40 pts.

-

Six to ten errors are observed on the output.

10 pts

-

The output is done 5 minutes before the time.

8 pts

-

The output is done on time.

6 pts.

-

The output is done after the allotted time.

 Speed

 Neatness 25 pts.

-

No errors made on the output.

20 pts

-

Two to three erasures made on the output.

15 pts

-

Four or more erasures made on the output.

38

 Lettering/Labeling 15 pts.

-

All information must be completely indicated and legibly printed.

10 pts.

-

Aieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.

39

ANSWER KEY 1.1 TEST I. 1. a 2. c. 3. b 4. a 5. a TEST II. ( Teacher’s check) TEST III. ( Teacher’s check)

40

ANSWER KEY 2.1

1. Proportion 2. Hexagon 3. Rectangle 4. Square 5. Trapezoid 6. Equilateral triangle 7. Rhombus 8. Rectangle 9. Hexagon 10. Square

41

ANSWER KEY # 3.1 1. T-square 2. Drawing table 3. Scale 4. French curve 5. Divider 6. Triangle 7. White 8. Cream 9. Light and green 10. Buff

42

ANSWER KEY # 3.2

(Teacher’s Check)

ANSWER KEY 3.1 a. Octahedron b. Tetrahedron c. Hexahedron d. Icosahedron e. Dodecahedron

43



Unit of Competency: Construct Geometrical Figures Module No.: 2

Module Title: Constructing Geometrical Figures

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Copyright Department of Education 2008 First Published JUNE 2008 This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008.

This learning instrument was developed by the following personnel: Technology Teachers: Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D. Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI Roy S. Luneta Bauan Technical High School Bauan, Batangas Ariel F. Maglalang Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III Juanito Bugaoisan Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology San Fernando, La Union Arlene V. Tobias Mabalacat Technical High School Mabalacat, Pampanga Facilitator: Aida T. Galura Angeles City National Trade School Sunset Valley, Angeles City




TABLE OF CONTENTS Page How to Use this Module ……………………………………………….. Introduction ……………………………………………….. Technical Terms ………………………………………………………….

I ii Iii

Learning Outcome 1 – Bisect Lines, Arcs, Circles & Angles ……….. Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………. Information Sheet 1.1 …………………………………………… Operation sheet 1.1 ……………………………………………….. Self- Check Sheet 1.1 …………………………………………………… Self – Check 1.2 ……………………………………………………..

1 2 3 5 11 13

Learning Outcome 2 – Draw Regular Polygons ……………………… Learning Experiences/Activities ………………………………….. Information Sheet 2.1 ……………………………………………… Operation Sheet 2.1 ……………………………………………… Self Check 2.1 …………………………………………………………

15 16 17 18 23

Learning Outcome 3 – Draw Regular Solids …………………………. Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………….. Information Sheet 3.1 ………………………………………………. Self – Check 3.2 ……………………………………………… Assessment Resources ………………………………………………….. Answer Key ………………………………………………………………….

24 25 26 29 30 32-35


Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE

Module Title

:

Constructing Geometrical Figures

INTRODUCTION This module is designed for the student to familiarize with geometrical figures and plane geometry and to be able to draw mechanically using compass, triangle, dividers, pencils and erasers. The basic knowledge in geometric construction which will be integrated or applied in any area of specialization are discussed in this module. Accuracy,

proper

practice

in

holding

different

materials

instruments and safety measures are also included in this module.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to: LO1 Bisect lines, arcs, circles, and angles LO2 Draw regular polygons LO3 Draw regular solids

TECHNICAL TERMS

and

Bisect- means to divide in half. Degree- is a unit of angular measurement. Divider- is a device used to transfer measurements or to scribe arcs on hard Surfaces. Hexagon- is a polygon with six sides. Octagon- is a polygon with eight sides. Pentagon- is a polygon with five sides. Radius- is the length of a straight line connecting the center of a circle with a point on the circumference of a circle. Vertex- is a point in the intersection of two or more sides. Inscribe- means a polygon is drawn inside a circle. Circumscribe- means a polygon is drawn outside the circle. Tetrahedron- is a solid with four triangles. Hexahedron- is a cube. Octahedron- is a solid with eight triangles. Dodecahedron- is a solid with twelve pentagons. Icosahedron- is a solid with twenty triangles. Prism- has two bases which are parallel equal polygon. Pyramid- has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting at a common point called vertex. Cylinder- is generated by a straight line called the generatrix, moving in contact with a curve line and always remaining parallel. Cone – is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curved line in passing through a fix point. Sphere- is generated by a circle revolving about one of each diameter.

Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 1:

Bisect lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles

Assessment Criteria 1. Drawing tools and instruments in bisecting lines, angles and arcs are identified. 2. Appropriate steps and procedures are demonstrated in bisecting lines, arcs, circle and angle. 3. Geometric figures are accurately constructed. 4. Proper handling of drafting tools and equipment is observed. 5. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of. 6. Safety work habits are manifested.

References: Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th editon: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

1

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES Learning Outcome # 1: Bisect lines, arcs, circles, and angles. Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 1 on

bisecting

lines,

arcs,

circles, and angles.  Try to answer self-check no. 2.1. 2. Answer self check no. 1.1 3. Check your answers using the answer key. 4. Read operation sheet no. 1.1 about

the

procedure

in

bisecting lines, arcs, circles, and angles.

 Try to perform the said Activity.

5. Perform task on self check no. 1.2.



Consult your teacher on the items which are difficult to perform.

6. Review the steps in operation sheet no. 1.1 if some steps were

not

properly

demonstrated.

2

INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1 LO1 :

Bisect lines, arcs, circles and angles

Geometric Construction Constructing Geometric Forms with drawing instruments is always observed in Technical Drawing. They are in the form of lines, angles, ellipses, quadrilaterals, solids, circle and polygons. Classifications of Drawing Tools Scrubing Measuring

Dividing

Inscribing

T-square

Compass

Compass

T-square

Triangles

Divider

Divider

Triangles

Circular Templates

Foot Rule

Triangular Scale

Straight Edge

emplates Foot Rule

Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools 

Do not use compass or divider as pick.



Never use the edge of straight ledge in cutting with knife or cutter.



Use clean dump cloth in cleaning the T – Square & Triangle.



Never use the triangular scale in drawing lines.



Always use a sharp pencil.

3

Proper Handling of Drafting Tools & Equipment 

Use T-Square in drawing horizontal lines.



Use triangles in drawing vertical & inclined lines.



Hold the compass by the handle while making circular features.



Hold the pencil 60º angle while drawing.

Safety Reminders to Remember while Drawing 

Be sure to keep your hands and instruments clean.



Never sharpen pencil over your board while working.



Avoid eating sticky and wet food while drawing.



Always listen to the instruction of the teacher on how a drawing will be done.



Concentrate. A person who concentrates well in his work will be able to do work accurately, neatly and will be able to finish at the given time frame.

4

Operation Sheet No. 1.1

LO1 :

Bisect Lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles

Steps in Bisecting Lines A

B

1. Given Line AB

B

A

2. Strike arcs greater than the radius with points A and B as centers.

1

A

O

B

2

3. Through the intersections of the arcs at 1 and 2, draw a light vertical line. This line will divide the given line AB at point O. Line AO equals line OB.

5

Steps in Bisecting Arc

A

A

B

B

1.Given an Arc AB connect the extremities of the arc with a straight line. Use the same procedure as in bisecting a line.

6

O

A

B .

2. Strike arcs passing through the given arc. Connect the two intersections with a line to reveal your bisected arc. Arc AO equals arc OB.

Steps in Bisecting Angle

A

B

C

7

1

A

B

2

C 1.Given an angle ABC, With B as center, strike an arc in any convenient radius passing through the given angle and name the intersections 1 and 2

1

A

B

2

C 2. Now strike another arc using the intersections 1 and 2 as your centers.

1

A

B O

2

C 3. Connect vertex of angle (B) to intersecting arcs (O) for angle’s bisector. Angle ABO equals angle OBC.

8

Steps in Bisecting Circle

1.Given a circle strike an arc from the circumference greater than the radius.

9

2. Repeat Step 2 at the opposite through approximation. Your arc this time intersects the existing arcs.

3. Now connect the two intersecting arcs with each other with a line tocomplete your bisected circle.

10

SELF – CHECK 1.1 LO1. Bisect Lines, Arc, Circle and Angle . I.

DIRECTION:

Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.

-------------1. A tool used for drawing circular features. a. compass b. Triangle

c.

T-Square

d. Protractor

-------------2. Which of the following is the primary use of the T-square? a.

Drawing vertical lines

b.

Diagonal lines

c.

Drawing horizontal lines

d.

Scribing circular features

-------------3.

This tool is used to measure out distances. a. Triangular scale

b. Protractor

c. Compass

d. Divider

-------------4 Dividing lines requires the use of____________________. a. Circular template b. Protractor

c. Divider d. French

curve --------------5.

The following are ways in handling drafting tools and equipment properly EXCEPT: a.

Hold the pencil 60º angle while drawing.

b.

Use T-square line drawing horizontal lines.

c. d.

Always use a sharp pencil. Use the triangles in drawing vertical & inclined lines.

11

II

Enumeration: Give 5 safety reminders to remember while drawing. 1. 2 3 4. 5.

12

SELF – CHECK # 1.2 LO1. Bisect lines, arc, circle and angle Procedure: 1.

Prepare drawing instruments.

2.

Perform bisecting line, arcs, circles and angle on the following given figures.

Bisect lines

13

Bisect arcs.

Bisect an angle.

Bisect a circle.

14

Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 2:

Draw regular polygons

Assessment Criteria: 1. Regular polygons are correctly identified. 2. Appropriate steps and procedures are demonstrated in drawing regular polygons. 3. Tools and instrument in drawing regular polygons are identified. 4. Regular polygons are drawn according to standard specifications. 5. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of. 6. Safety work habits are manifested. References: 1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. 2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

15

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES Learning Outcome # 2: Draw Regular Polygon Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 2. about the kinds of polygon. 2. Perform operation sheet no. 2.1

 Try to perform the said activity with 80% level of accuracy.

3. If the 80% level of accuracy was not achieved, go

over

again with the activity.  Try to perform the job sheet for 4. Proceed to operation sheet no.

self checking.

2.1.

5. If there are items not perfectly done in the job sheet, repeat the activity.

16

INFORMATION SHEET LO2.

# 2.1

Draw regular polygons

Polygons A polygon is a plane figure bounded by straight lines. Regular Polygons If a polygon has equal angles & equal sides, it can be inscribed in or circumscribed around a circle

Inscribe

Circumscribe

Common Regular Polygon

Triangle

square

pentagon

hexagon

octagon

17

OPERATION SHEET

#

2.1

LO2. draw regular polygon

Procedures: 1.

Draw a 4 cm. horizontal line (fig. 1)

FIGURE 1

2.

Extend the line with its same length. (fig. 2)

FIGURE 2

18

3.

Draw a semi circle, using the center of the combined line which endpoints will be its diameter (fig. 3).

FIGURE 3 4.

Now, divide the semi-circle into 6 equal parts as if you were slicing a pizza. The 6 parts are the hexagon’s number of equal sides. (Fig. 4).

FIGURE 4

19

5. Bisect the third line from your extended line (See fig. 5)

FIGURE 5

6. Now bisect your given line (See fig. 6).

FIGURE 6

20

7. Connect the two bisectors of your line to locate the center of your circumscribed hexagon ( Fig. 7).

FIGURE 7 8. Draw a circle. The intersection from fig. 7 will be the center of your circle and one of the endpoints of your given line will serve as your radius (Fig. 8).

FIGURE 8

21

9. Extend your divided line to the circumference of your circle.

FIGURE 9

10. Connect intersections of the lines that were extended to other intersection of your extended lines (fig. 10).

FIGURE 10 Note: Teacher may use other methods.

22

SELF – CHECK NO. 2.1

LO2. draw regular polygon Direction: Referring to your operation sheet #2.1, draw a Circumscribed pentagon. Given: 4 cm line

23

Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 3:

Draw regular solids

Assessment Criteria: 1. Regular solids are correctly identified. 2. Tools and instruments in drawing regular solids are identified. 3. Regular solids are drawn according to exact shape. 4. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of. 5. Safety work habits are manifested.

Resources: 1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. 2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

24

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES Learning Outcome # 3: Draw regular solids Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 3 about the kinds of solid. 2. Perform self check no. 3.1.



Try to perform the said activity for self checking.

3. If the activity was not properly accomplished, practice again to achieve accuracy. 4. Answer self check no. 3.2

25

INFORMATION SHEET # 3.1 LO3. Draw regular solids Drawing Regular Solids Solids - are figures bounded by plane surfaces. The five regular solids

Tetrahedron, Hexahedron, Octahedron, Dodecahedron, Icosahedron (4 triangles) (cube) (8 triangles) (12 pentagons) (20 triangles) Prism- has two bases which are parallel equal polygon and three or more lateral faces which are parallelogram.

Right Right square rectangular

Oblique rectangular

Pyramid- has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting at a common point called vertex.

Right Triangular

Right Square

Oblique pentagonal

26

Cylinder- is generated by a straight line called the generatrix, moving in contact with a curve line and always remaining parallel.

Right Circular

Oblique Circular

Cone – is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curve line in passing through a fix point.

Right circular circle (truncated)

Oblique circle

Oblique

(frustum)

Sphere- is generated by a circle revolving about one of each diameter.

27

SELF CHECK # 3.1 LO3. Draw regular solids Procedure: 1. Draw regular solids and label them properly. ( Dimension is optional )

28

SELF CHECK # 3.2 LO3. Draw regular solids Direction: Write the correct answer on the space provided before each number. ___________________________1. It is a solid with eight triangles. ___________________________2. It is a regular solid with four triangles. ___________________________3. It is a cube solid. ___________________________4. A regular solid with twenty triangles. ___________________________5. A solid composed of twelve pentagon.

29




-


45 pts

-


40 pts.

-


10 pts

-


8 pts

-


6 pts.

-


 Speed


-

has no error

20 pts

-

has two to three erasures

15 pts

-

has four or more erasures

30

Lettering/Labeling 15 pts.

-

All pieces of information are completely indicated and 12 legibly printed.

pts.

-

All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.

10 pts.

- All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing and misspelled.

8 pts.

- Pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are misspelled.

31

ANSWER KEY 1.1 Test I. 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. a Test II. Enumeration. 1. Be sure to keep your hands and instruments clean. 2. Never sharpen pencil over your board while working. 3. Avoid eating and touching sticky and wet thing while drawing. 4. Always listen to the instruction of the teacher on how a drawing will be done? 5. Concentrate. A person who concentrates well in his work will be able to do work accurately, neatly and will be able to finish at the given time frame.

2

ANSWER KEY 1.2 ( Teacher’s check)

Self-Check 1.2

3

ANSWER KEY 2.1 ( Teacher’s check)

Self-Check 2.1

4

ANSWER KEY 3.1 a. Octahedron b. Tetrahedron c. Hexahedron d. Icosahedron e. Dodecahedron

5



Unit of Competency: Construct Orthographic Projection Module No.: 3

Module Title: Constructing Orthographic Projection

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Copyright Department of Education 2008 First Published JUNE 2008 This draft was prepared at the Competency-Based Learning Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008. This learning instrument was developed by the following personnel: Technology Teachers: Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D. Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI Roy S. Luneta Bauan Technical High School Bauan, Batangas Ariel F. Maglalang Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III Juanito Bugaoisan Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology San Fernando, La Union Arlene V. Tobias Mabalacat Technical High School Mabalacat, Pampanga Facilitator: Aida T. Galura Angeles City National Trade School Sunset Valley, Angeles City



This work was produced with funding provided by the Department of Education. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th editon: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page How to Use this Module ……………………………………………….. Introduction ……………………………………………….. Technical Terms …………………………………………………………. Learning Outcome 1 –Construct Orthographic Views ………………….. Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………. Information Sheet 1.1 …………………………………………… Operation Sheet 1.1 …………………………………………… Self – Check 1.1 …………………………………………………….. Self - Check 1.2 …………………………………………… Self -Check 1.3 ……………………………………………………… Self -Check 1.4 …………………………………………………..

I ii iii 1 2 3 14 28 29 30 31

Operation Sheet 1.2 ………………………………………….. Self – Check 1.5 …………………………………………………….. Self – Check 1.6 …………………………………………………….. Self – Check 1.7 …………………………………………………….. Learning Outcome 2 – Apply General Specific Dimensions ……… Learning Experiences/Activities ………………………………….. Information Sheet 2.1 ……………………………………………… Self Check 2.1 ………………………………………………………… Self Check 2.2 ………………………………………………………… Assessment Resources ………………………………………………….. Answer Key …………………………………………………..

34 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 47 49 51-57

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable attitude you need in technical drawing. A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine your learning level and need. The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task. This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives. When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a postassessment is given to check if you are already competent with the specified learning outcome/s and ready for the next task. Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better understanding.

Program/ Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

CONSTRUCT ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

Module Title

:

Constructing Orthographic Projections

INTRODUCTION Orthographic Projection is the graphical representation of the different views of an object to show the necessary information. Through this module, a student can construct two forms of orthographic projection such as orthographic views and pictorial views. Orthographic views represent front view, top view, right side view, bottom view, rear view and left side view while pictorial view represents a complete shape of an object. Also, through this module, a student can apply general and specific dimension: the height, width, and depth of an object.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to: LO1

Construct Orthographic Views

LO2

Apply general and specific dimensions

TECHNICAL TERMS Orthographic - is a method of representing three dimensions. Projection- is an object on a plane having only length and breadth. Right Angle – is an angle with a measure of 90 degrees. Dimension – is a radial or linear length (width, height, depth) labeled on a technical drawing. Measurement – is the process or result of measuring anything. Metric system of measurement – is an international system of measurement English system of measurement- is an American standard system of measurement Metric – pertains to the metric system of measurement. Dimensioning – is an act of measuring a drawing.

Program/ Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:


LO1.Construct orthographic views Assessment Criteria: 1. Principles of orthographic projection are clearly explained and discussed. 2. Projection of principal views is clearly demonstrated. 3. Principal views are accurately constructed based on a given pictorial. 4. Supplying missing lines is accurately solved and illustrated. 5. Proper manipulation of drafting tools and equipment is performed. 6. Safety work habits are highly practiced.

References: Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th edition: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishin

5

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES Learning Outcome # 1: Construct Orthographic Drawing Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. After reading the information sheet no. 1 and 2, you are required to answer the self check 1.1. 2. Given the operation sheet no. 1.1, read and perform the procedure

in

orthographic

constructing

views

on

self

checks 1.2, 1.3, 1.4. 3. Proceed to operation sheet no. 1.2,

read

and

operating

analyze steps

the in

constructing pictorial view. 4. Perform

the

task

on

checks no. 1.2, 1.3, 1.4.

self

 Ask your teacher for further clarification on items not clear to you.  When you are through with the activity,

review/ check your

work.

5

INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1 LO1. Construct orthographic drawing Orthographic projection is a method of representing the exact shape of the object by dropping two or more perpendicular to a plane generally at right angle. As basic requirement in performing drawing activities, the students must have the basic knowledge on alphabet of lines. The following are the basic alphabet of lines that are used in orthographic drawing. 1. Visible lines – Used to show visible edges or contours of an object (NOTE: Visible lines are sometimes called object lines.)

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

2. Hidden lines – Represented by a series of medium weight dashes used to show the hidden or invisible edges of an object.

5

3.

Center lines – Used to show the centers of holes of circular object or shape.

THIN

4. Section lines – Used to show a surface that has been cut in a section view. The surface indicated with section line is presumed to be solid portion.

MEDIUM

5. Extension lines – Indicates the limit of a dimension line.

THIN

5

6.Dimension lines – Used to show the size (dimensions) of an object; spans from one extension line to the next, has arrowhead at both ends, and is broken in the middle fro the measurement number (dimension).

7.Leader lines – Used to direct descriptive major information, notes, or special dimensions to features on the drawing and done mechanically.

LEADER LINE THIN

THICK

Both are cutting plane lines

8.Cutting-plane lines – Used to show where a section has been taken; arrows on the end show the direction in which the section was taken. 9.Break lines – Used to show that part of the object has been removed or broken away a. Short break lines are for freehand, jagged lines and applicable for small objects only.

MEDIUM

5

b. Long break lines are solid with a Z symbol inserted in several places and done mechanically and applicable for big objects only.

MEDIUM

10.Reference line – an irregular fine curve line with an arrowhead at one end used for indicating the measurement and name of a part.

THIN

Two Methods of Shape Representation A. Orthographic Views B. Pictorial Views

(Refer to Operation Sheet #1.2)

Orthographic view-is a representation of two or more separate views. This can be represented into six principal views and regular views 1. The Three Regular Views Orthographic views can be represented by two or more separate views, however, it is advisable to illustrate three views to show clear and detail presentation of at least three principal views of the object. The following are: 1.

Top View

2.

Front View

3.

Side View

5

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW

SIDE VIEW

Fig. 1. Three Regular Views

2. The Six Principal Views (see Fig. 2) 1.

Top View. It is drawn above the front.

2.

Front View. It is drawn vertically aligned and below the top view

3.

Right Side View. This located at the right side and aligned with the front view.

4.

Left Side View. The opposite of the right side view. It is located at the left side and aligned with the front view.

5.

Rear View. The opposite view of the front view. It is located aligned after either at the right side view or left side view.

6.

Bottom View. The opposite view of the top view. This must be drawn vertically aligned and below the front view.

5

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW

LEFT SIDE VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

REAR VIEW

REAR VIEW

BOTTOM VIEW

Fig. 2 shows the six principal views. Further, it shows the proper location of the top view, front view, right side view, left side view, rear view, and bottom view Plan View or Top View This can be little more difficult to visualize because you have to imagine yourself moving over the top of the object and looking vertically downward. The lefthand and right-hand illustration on the next page show how the plan is placed above the front. Again, sketch the light vertical construction lines to locate the plan in its proper position. Draw these upward from each corner of the front view and line-in the plan of the right.

5

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW Front View Concentrate on the front view. If you look at it correctly the effect will be seen below at the left, while the below right illustration shows what you will actually see. Notice that in the left-hand drawing, you can only see the dark-inked front “face” of the object. Notice also that you cannot see any of the other sides of the object. This is because all those sides are “going away” from you in your line of sight and are simply not visible from your view point. They are still there, of course, but are hidden behind the outer edges of the first face.

5

FRONT VIEW CORRECT VIEWING OF THE FRONT FACE

THE FRONT VIEW AS SEEN

Right-Side View Right-side view should be drawn at the right side of front view. Imagine moving around the object to look directly at its right side. How you see it is shown below-left and what you see is shown below-right. Again the faces you actually see are heavily outlined.

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT- SIDE VIEW

The right-side view drawn at the right of the front view

5

RIGHT- SIDE VIEW AS SEEN CORRECT VIEWING OF THE RIGHT-SIDE FACE Pictorial View

is a representation of a complete shape of the object.

Pictorial View of a Step Block

5

Identifying the vertical and horizontal view The Space Dimension This refers to the three dimension standards of the pictorial view such as: height, width, and depth. Height is the distance elevation from top to bottom. Width is the distance from left side to the right side. Depth is the distance from front to rear.

HEIGHT

WIDTH

DEPTH

Fig. 3 shows the illustration of pictorial view

5

The ten principles to be considered in constructing orthographic drawing/projection are: 1.

Top view is directly above the front view.

2.

Side views are horizontally aligned with the front view and rear view.

3.

The width of the top view is equal to the width of the side view.

4.

When a line or edge is viewed perpendicularly to a plane or surface, projection will appear as a point.

5.

A line or edge parallel to a plane of projection will also appear as a line or edge in its exact shape or true length.

6.

A line or edge inclined to the plane of projection will appear shorter or foreshortened.

7.

A surface perpendicular to the plane will appear as a line or edge equal in length to the nearest edge of the surface which in this case is either its length or its width depending on its position.

8.

A surface parallel to the plane of projection will be shown in its exact or true shape and size.

9.

A surface inclined to the plane of projection will also appear as a surface but smaller in size and shape.

10.

No line or edge of the object can be projected longer than its true length.

5

OPERATION SHEET # 1.1 LO1. Construct orthographic views Condition or Situation for the Operation: Given pictorial view with corresponding dimensions and draw the three regular views. Equipment, Tools and Materials: T-Square, triangle (30 x 60, 45 x 45), French curve compass, elliptical template, drafting knife, butt paper and eraser Procedure: (See follow-up illustration on the next page) To draw orthographic views of the given pictorial view, first determine the number of views needed, then decide which surface will become the front view. Establish the space needed between views for dimensioning and calculate the center of the drawing, then proceed to the following steps.

PICTORIAL DRAWING

5

STEP 1. Draw the vertical and horizontal axis.

5

Space between top view and front view

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 2. Divide the axis by indicating marking lines according to the given dimensions of the width of the top view, height of the front view and space between top view and front view.

5

Space between top view and front view

FRONT VIEW

STEP 3. Construct the enclosing box of the top view and front view by projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically.

5

Space between top view and front view 0

45

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 4. Construct diagonal line at 45 degrees angle using 45 deg. X 45 deg. Triangle from the upper right corner of the enclosing box of the front view.

5

INTERSECTING POINT

0

45

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 5. Project down the two intersecting points to get the width of the right side view and to form its enclosing box.

5

INTERSECTING POINT

0

45

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 6. Divide proportioning distance of top view and front view by indicating marking lines.

5

INTERSECTING POINT

0

45

FRONT VIEW

STEP 7. Draw the details of top view front view and side view by projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically.

5

INTERSECTING POINT

0

45

FRONT VIEW

STEP 8. Darken the final edges of the top view, front view and right side view

5

INTERSECTING POINT

0

45

FRONT VIEW STEP 9. Divide the provided space for dimensioning by indicating marking lines.

5

INTERSECTING POINT

0

45

FRONT VIEW

STEP 10. Sketch light lines for dimension lines and extension lines by projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically.

5

5

INTERSECTING POINT

40 0

45

FRONT VIEW

STEP 11. Draw final dimension lines and extension lines. . .

5

INTERSECTING POINT

10

10

30

40

0

10

45

16

40

12

FRONT VIEW

STEP 12. Indicate the measurements. . .

5

TOP VIEW

10

10

30

40

10

16

40

12

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

STEP 13. Label the top, front and right side views. Finally, erase the construction lines. . . Evaluation: Teacher evaluates using the following criteria: 1. All operating steps in the construction of the given problem are correctly followed. 2. The object is accurately drawn according to the given measurements. 3. All

drawing

instruments

used

in

the

drawing

are

properly

manipulated according to the standards. 4. The drawing is neatly done.

5

SELF CHECK # 1.1

Direction: On the blank provided before each item, write the words that make the sentence complete and correct.

_________1. Dimension line must be terminated by an _____________. _________ 2.The length of arrowhead must be _________________. _________3. It is a thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to which the dimension refers. _________4. It is a gap, and a distance of the extension line to the object. _________5.It is the exact width of the arrowhead. _________6. The distance from front to rear. _________ 7. It is the opposite view of the top view. _________ 8. The first step in constructing orthographic drawing. _________ 9. It is the opposite view of the front view. ________ 10. It is the distance between object outline and dimension line.

5

SELF CHECK # 1.2 Direction: Given the pictorial view, construct the three orthographic views.

PICTORIAL VIEW

5

SELF CHECK # 1.3 DIRECTION: Given pictorial drawing, solve the three Regular views

20 13

13 50

38 50

15

13

50

50

25

38 50 50

NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN CENTIMETER

5

SELF CHECK # 1.4 DIRECTION: Given pictorial drawing, solve the three Regular views

20

25 50

13 50

15

15

13

50

60

45

25

38

20

50 50

40

NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN CENTIMETERS

5

Other suggested Activities: Direction: Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the Orthographic views below.

A

B

5

Direction: Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the pictorial drawings below.

5

OPERATION SHEET # 1.2 LO1. Construct orthographic drawing Condition or Situation for the Operation: Given the three orthographic views with corresponding dimensions, draw the orthographic drawing (pictorial view). Pictorial View – a drawing that represents the complete shape of an object. Below demonstrates how pictorial drawing is constructed.

24

10

TOP VIEW

16

18

24 10

10

26

34

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

5

Equipment, Tools and Materials: T-Square, triangle (30 x 60, 45 x 45), French curve compass, elliptical template, drafting knife, butt paper, and eraser.

Procedure: (See follow-up illustration on the next page) Precaution: Observe and practice the proper uses and care of the drawing instruments. Evaluation: Teacher evaluates using the following criteria: 1. All operating steps in the construction of the given problem are correctly followed. 2. The object is accurately drawn according to the given measurements. 3.

All

drawing

instruments

used

in

the

drawing

are

properly

manipulated according to the standards. 4. The drawing is neatly done.

STEP 1. Draw the axis (Use 30 x 60 triangle for inclined axis).

5

STEP 2. Lay out the proportion of an object in the enclosing box for the whole object or principal portion of it.

STEP 3. Project measurements.

S T E P

STEP 4. Sketch the enclosing box.

4 . D i v i d e

5

o n e a x i s

STEP 5. Divide one axis for proportioning distance and sketch the most dominant detail of the object.

STEP 6. Complete the construction details.

STEP 7. Darken the final edges and erase the construction lines.

5

SELF CHECK # 1.5 Direction: Given the three orthographic views, construct a pictorial view.

TOP VIEW

50

30

15

35 5

FRONT VIEW

SIDE VIEW

5

SELF CHECK # 1.6

DIRECTION: Given the three orthographic views, draw the Pictorial view. TOP VIEW

10

.

12

27

60

10

50

20

10

FRONT VIEW

R. SIDE VIEW

5

SELF CHECK # 1.7

DIRECTION: Given the orthographic views, draw the pictorial.

10

TOP VIEW

12

27

5

40 10

45

10

20

5

10

10

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

5

Program/ Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:


LO2. Supply general and specific dimensions Assessment Criteria: 1. Measurements are correctly converted from English to Metric. 2. Dimensioning is manually/CAI- supplied on orthographic and isometric drawing in accordance with standard specifications. 3. All dimensions using notation on special features of object are supplied accordingly.


42

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES Learning Outcome # 2: Supply General and Specific Dimension Learning Activities

Special Instruction

2. Read the information sheet no. 2

on

conversion

of

measurement. 3. Answer the self check no. 2.1. Compare your answer to the

 Try to answer the self check no. 3.2 the best you can.

answer key. 4. Go

back

and

review

the

information if some items are not correctly answered.

43

INFORMATION SHEET # 2.1 LO2. Supply general and specific dimension Dimensioning Dimensions are given in the form of linear distances, angles or notes irrespective of the dimensioning units being used. The

following

are

the

essential

elements

to

be

considered

in

dimensioning technique: 1. character of lines 2. spacing of the dimensions 3. the arrow heads 4. the use of extension lines. The arrow heads indicate the direction and extent of a dimension. It should be uniformed in size as 3mm. length width. Spacing of the dimension lines The dimension nearest to the object being outlined should be spaced at least 10 mm. away. All other dimension lines should be at least 6 mm. apart. However, if more space is available, the spacing of dimensions line should be uniformed throughout the drawing. Extension line A thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to which a dimension refers. The dimension line meets the extension lines at right except in special cases. A gap distance of at least 2 mm. from the object outline should extend about 3 mm. (1/8) beyond the outermost arrowhead.

44

System of Measurements There are two systems of measurement applied in drawing such as English and metric. 1.

English System As used in drawing, specifically refers to inches and feet unit of measurement

2.

Metric System It is an International System (IS) of measurement as applied in drawing. This is based upon the meter or millimeter as a linear unit of measurement Metric Equivalent (Commonly used in drawing) 1

inch

=

2.54 centimeters

=

254 millimeters

1 foot

=

30.5 centimeters

=

305 millimeters

1 foot

=

.305 meter

How to Convert English System to Metric System? Example 1: To convert 18 inches to centimeters 18 in X 30.5 cm 12 in =

18 X 30.5 cm 12

=

18 X 2.54 cm

=

45.7 cm

Example 2: To convert 84 centimeters to inches 84 cm X = =

12 in 30.5 cm 84 X 12 in 30.5 31.6 inches

45

SELF CHECK # 2.1 LO2. Supply general and specific dimension Direction: A. Fill in the blanks. _____________________1. A form of linear distances, angles, or notes irrespective of the dimensioning units being used. _____________________2. It is the length of the arrowheads. _____________________3. It is a thin and solid line that extend from a point on the drawing to which the dimension refers. _____________________4. It is a gap distance between extension line and object line. _____________________5. It is the exact width of the arrowhead. B. Enumeration 1. Identify the two systems of measurement. a. b. 2. Recognize the essential elements to be considered in dimensioning. a. b. c. d. C. Problem Solving 1. Convert 32 inches to centimeter. 2. Convert 6 inches to centimeter.

46

D. Direction: Given the three orthographic views, supply the missing general Dimensions of the top view, front view, and side view.

TOP VIEW

60 15

40

?

20

?

?

20

15

50

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

47

SELF CHECK # 2.2 Direction: I. On the blank provided before each item, write the word or group of words that will make the sentence complete and correct. _________1. Dimension line must be terminated by a _____________. _________ 2.The length of arrowhead must be _________________. _________3. It is a thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to which the dimension refers. _________4. It is a gap and a distance of the extension line to the object. _________5.It is the exact width of the arrowhead. _________6. The distance from front to rear _________ 7. It is the opposite view of the top view _________ 8. The first step in constructing orthographic drawing _________ 9. It is the opposite view of the front view ________ 10. It is the distance between object outline and dimension line II. Enumeration: 1. Give the two systems of measurements a. b. 2.

Identify the essential elements to be considered in dimensioning a. b. c. d.

48

3

Enumerate the six principal views according to their standard placement. a. b. c. d e f.

4. Identify the two methods of shape representation. a. b. 5. Identify the three-space dimensions. a. b c III Essay type 1. Discuss briefly the following; a. Pictorial View b. Orthographic Projection c. Dimensioning Technique IV. Illustrate the steps in constructing orthographic drawing based on the given pictorial view.

49




-


45 pts

-


40 pts.

-


10 pts

-


8 pts

-


6 pts.

-


 Speed


-

No errors made on the output.

20 pts

-

Two to three erasures made on the output.

15 pts

-

Four or more erasures made on the output.

50

 Lettering/Labeling 15 pts.

-

All information must be completely indicated and legibly printed.

10 pts.

-

Pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.

51

ANSWER KEY # 1.1 I.

1. arrow heads 2. 3mm 3. extension line 4. 2mm 5. 2mm 6. depth 7. bottom view 8. draw axis 9. rear view 10. 10 mm

52

ANSWER KEY 1.2

10

TOP VIEW

20

30

40 20

20

10

10

25

10

.

15

10

30

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

53

ANSWER KEY 1.3

PICTORIAL VIEW

54

ANSWER KEY 1.4 (Teacher’s Check)

Self-check 1.4

55

ANSWER KEY 1.5 (Teacher’s Check)

Self-check 1.5

56

ANSWER KEY 2.1

A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B.

Dimension 3mm Extension line 2mm 2mm

1. a. English system b. Metric system 2. a. Character of lines b. Arrow heads c. Extension line d. Distance/ Spacing of dimensions

C. 1. 81.33 cm 2. 15 cm D. (Teacher’s check)

57

ANSWER KEY # 2.2 I. 1. arrow heads 2. 3mm 3. extension line 4. 2mm 5. 2mm 6. depth 7. bottom view 8. draw axis 9. rear view 10. 10 mm II.

1. 2.

3.

4. 5.

a. English System b. Metric System a. Character lines b. dimension line c. extension line d. spacing of the dimension line a. top view b. front view c. right side view d. left side view e. rear view f. bottom view a. orthographic view b. pictorial view a. height b. width c. depth

58



Unit of Competency: Constructing Pictorial Drawing Module No.: 4

Module Title: Constructing Pictorial Drawing

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Copyright Department of Education 2008 First Published JUNE 2008 This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008. This learning instrument was developed by the following personnel: Technology Teachers: Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D. Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI Roy S. Luneta Bauan Technical High School Bauan, Batangas Ariel F. Maglalang Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III Juanito Bugaoisan Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology San Fernando, La Union Arlene V. Tobias Mabalacat Technical High School Mabalacat, Pampanga Facilitator: Aida T. Galura Angeles City National Trade School Sunset Valley, Angeles City




TABLE OF CONTENTS Page How to Use this Module ……………………………………………….. Introduction ……………………………………………….. Technical Terms …………………………………………………………. Learning Outcome 1 Construct Isometric Drawing …………………… Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………. Information Sheet no. 1.1 ……………………………………… Operation Sheet no. 1.1 ………………………………………… Operation Sheet no. 1.2 ………………………………………… Self check no. 1.1 ……………………………………………….. Self check no. 1.2 ………………………………………………..

I ii iii 1 2 3 4 7 10 11

Learning Outcome 2 – Construct Oblique Drawings ……….. …………. Information Sheet 2.1 ……………………………………………… Operation Sheet 2.1 ……………………………………………… Self check no. 2.1 ………………………………………………..

12 14 15 19

Learning Outcome 3 – Construct Perspective Drawings ……………… Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………….. Information Sheet 3.1 …………………………………………… Operation Sheet 3.1 ……………………………………………… Operation Sheet 3.2 ……………………………………………… Operation Sheet 3.3 ……………………………………………… Self check no. 3.1 ……………………………………………….. Self check no. 3.2 ……………………………………………….. Assessment Resources …………………………………………………..

20 21 22 24 29 32 34 35 36-39


Program/ Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING 1

Unit of Competency

:

CONSTRUCT PICTORIAL DRAWING

Module Title

:

Constructing Pictorial Drawing

INTRODUCTION Pictorial Drawing is used to communicate ideas which cannot be described easily in words. It is used by engineers, architects and all types of designers and drafters to illustrate the size and shape of an object. This module is intended to show the student that pictorial drawing is easier to understand and interpret because it shows height, weight, length in one drawing than orthographic multi view drawing which shows only one face of an object of each view. The different types of pictorial drawing discussed here are isometric, oblique, and perspective.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to: LO1 Construct isometric drawings. LO2 Construct oblique drawings. LO3 Construct perspective drawing.

TECHNICAL TERMS Angles – refers to the space or opening between two straight lines that meet. Oval – is elliptical shapes that resembles an egg. Symmetrical – is a balanced arrangement between two sides. Principles – are guiding rules to follow. Parallel – is a perpendicular line equidistant from each other at all points. Projection – is a line or object that shows a distance. Circle – is a plane figure bounded by circumference which is equidistant From a common point, the center. Arc – is a portion or a segment of a circumference of the circle. Picture Plane- is a location wherein the top view must be drawn. Horizon Line- a line wherein the vanishing point must be located. Ground Line- a line wherein the front view must be drawn. Vanishing Point- a point wherein the vanishing line must be projected. Vanishing lines- these lines are used to project the horizontal edges of the object in order to make the object foreshortened. These these lines are also called “receding lines” Station Point- This is an imaginary point of the observer or viewer of an object. Bird’s Eye View- The object is viewed above the eye level of the observer. Eye level- The object is viewed within the eye level of the observer. Ant’s View- The object is viewed below the eye level of the observer.

Program/ Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING 1

Unit of Competency

:

CONSTRUCT PICTORIAL DRAWING

Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 1.

Construct isometric drawing

Assessment Criteria 1. The three divisions of axonometric are identified and discussed. 2. All principles of isometric drawing are properly discussed. 3. Procedure in constructing isometric drawing is followed according to standard specifications. 4. Ellipse figure is accurately drawn in the form of isometric view. References: Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th editon: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

1

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES Learning Outcome # 1: Construct Isometric Drawing Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 1 about

principles

procedures

of

and

axonometric

drawing. o 2. Perform operation sheet no.1.1 to

Try to perform the operation for self checking.

test your understanding

about

the

procedures

principles of

and

axonometric

drawing. 3. If you were not able to get some of the items, read again the

information

sheet

for o

review.

Try sheet

to

perform 1.2

to

the

operation

test

your

understanding. 4. Perform operation sheet no. 1.2 about constructing ellipse drawing. 5. If you were not able to get the procedure, go over them until you are able to master and follow the said procedure.

2

INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1 LO1. Construct isometric drawing Axonometric Drawing is a pictorial drawing which shows the front side and top faces of

an object in one view. The receding lines in isometric

are always parallel. Three Divisions of Axnometric Drawing: o

Isometric

o

Dimetric

o

Trimetric drawing

Principles of Isometric, Dimetric and Trimetric Drawing o

Isometric - All receding edges are 30º.

o

Dimetric - One receding edge is 15º and the other one is 45º.

o

Trimetric - All receding edges are 15º.

Ellipse is a closed curve in the form of a symmetrical oval. Principles of Ellipse Drawing: 1.

Isometric circles are drawn by drawing first the

isometric

square which surrounds the given circle. 2.

The four center ellipse procedure is sufficient for isometric circle.

3

OPERATION SHEET # 1.1 LO1. Construct isometric drawing Procedure: 1.

Draw the three isometric axes. Be sure that the angle of the cross axis is 30º from the lower edge of the paper .

30 degrees

2.

30 0

Layout the principal measurements. Get the measurements from the Orthographic drawing.

30 0

4

3.

Draw the box or crate lines.

30 0

4.

Draw the details of the object.

5

5.

Trace the visible edges with heavier lines.

6.

If required, show hidden lines.

7.

Label the isometric drawing.

6

OPERATION SHEET # 1.2 LO1. Construct Isometric drawing Procedure in Constructing Ellipse Drawing

Circle or Ellipse in Isometric Drawing.

300

Orthographic Circle

300

Isometric of Circles

Steps in drawing Isometric Circles or Ellipses drawing using four-center approximation methods: 1. Using 30o x 60o triangle and the T-square, draw the isometric square box in the desired position. Follow the given radius or diameter.

7

Horizontal Position

Left Vertical Position

Right Vertical Position

2. Draw 600 crate or construction lines from points B and D to determine mid-points of each sides of the isometric square. Horizontal Position

Left Vertical Position

Right Vertical Position

B D

B

D

B

D

8

B

1

1

2

D

1

D

2

2

B

D B

3. Set compass from points 1, & 2 to draw arcs. B

1

1

2

D

1

D 2

B

B

2

D

4. Set compass from points B and D to complete the isometric circles or ellipse. B

1 1

D

2

1

D 2

B B D

2

5. Finalize the drawing.

9

SELF CHECK # 1.1 LO1. Construct isometric drawing Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the isometric drawing. TOP VIEW

10

10

30 10

12

40

16

40

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

10

SELF CHECK # 1.2 LO1. Construct isometric drawing Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the isometric drawing.

TOP VIEW

15

30 50

20mm. dia.

16

50

18

32.5

12

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

11

Program/ Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING 1

Unit of Competency

:

CONSTRUCT OBLIQUE DRAWING

Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 2. Construct oblique drawing Assesment Criteria 1. Principle of oblique drawing is thoroughly discussed. 2 Two types of oblique drawing are correctly identified. 3. Steps in constructing oblique drawing are demonstrated according to standard specifications. 4. Each type of oblique drawing is constructed.


12

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES Learning Outcome # 2: Construct Oblique Drawing Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 2 about principles of oblique drawing. o 2. Perform operation sheet no. 2.1

about

the

steps

Try to perform the operation for self checking.

in

constructing oblique drawing. 3. If you did not get some of the items, repeat the procedure,

13

INFORMATION SHEET # 2.1 LO2. Construct oblique drawing Oblique Drawing is a pictorial drawing in which the front plane is parallel to the plane of projection. Two Types of Oblique Drawing: 1. Cavalier oblique-. This type of oblique drawing is drawn in its actual measurement 2. Cabinet oblique-. This is a type of oblique drawing wherein the width of objects is reduced by half of its size. Principles of Oblique Drawing: 1.

The longest measurement should be placed in front

2.

Irregular shapes of the object should be placed in front to minimize distortion

3.

Arcs and circles in objects should be placed in front to minimize distortion.

14

OPERATION SHEET 2.1 LO 2. Construct oblique drawing Procedure: 1.

Draw the horizontal and vertical axes.

2.

Determine the side or surface to be made parallel to the picture plane.

15

3.

Draw this surface in an orthographic form using the horizontal and vertical axes as base lines. Get your measurements from the given orthographic drawing.

4. Draw the cross-axis using 45o cross-axis for cavalier oblique and 30o cross- axis for cabinet oblique.

450

16

5. Draw the construction box.

450

6. Layout the measurements along the cross-axis. In a cavalier oblique, the measurement is the actual size from the orthographic drawing. In a cabinet oblique, the thickness is reduced in half.

17

6. Draw all visible edges.

18

SELF CHECK # 2.1 LO 2. Construct oblique drawing Direction: Given three orthographic views, draw the cabinet drawing at 300 depth axis.

TOP VIEW

15

30 9

50

12

16

50

30

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

19

Program/ Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING 1

Unit of Competency

:

CONSTRUCT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 3:

Construct perspective drawing

Assesment Criteria 1. Principles of perspective drawing are discussed. 2. Three types of perspective drawing are identified and differentiated. 3. Each type of perspective drawing is constructed according to specifications.

References: Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

20

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES Learning Outcome # 3: Construct Perspective Drawing Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1, Read the attached information sheet no. 3 about perspective drawing. 2. Do operation sheet no. 3.1 (One-Point Drawing)

o

Perspective 3.2.(Two-

Try to perform the operation sheet no. 3.1 and 3.2 for self

Point

checking.

Perspective Drawing) and 3.3 (Mechanical

method

in

drawing angular or two-point perspective).

o

Try to answer the self check within the least possible time allotment.

3. Answer the self check no. 3.1. then

compare

your

answer

with the answer key.

21

INFORMATION SHEET # 3.1 LO3. Construct perspective drawing Perspective Drawing is a pictorial drawing which contains receding lines that converge at vanishing points on the horizon. This drawing is also called as “foreshortened drawing”. Principles of Perspective Drawing: 1.

All receding lines converge on a vanishing points.

2.

The farther the color, the lighter it appears.

3.

The farther the object, lines, edges, the smaller it appears.

4.

The object can be viewed in terms of bird’s eye view, eye level, and ants view. (see figure 1, 2, 3).

5.

The vanishing point can be located anywhere as long as the object will not be distorted. For the two-point perspective, the two vanishing points must be aligned to each other.

Fig.1. Bird’s Eye View

Fig.2. Man’s Eye View or Eye level View

Fig.3. Ant’s Eye View or Worm’s Eye View

22

Types of Perspective Drawing 1.

One-point or parallel perspective – is a receding line that converges on a single vanishing point.

2.

Two-point or angular perspective – is a receding line that converges on two vanishing points.

3.

Three-point perspective – is a receding line that converges on three vanishing points.

TECHNICAL TERMS:  Picture Plane (PP) . This is an imaginary vertical plane where the picture is registered.  Ground Line (GL) .This is where the actual figure is laid.  Station Point (SP) . This is the fixed position where the object is actually viewed.  Visual Rays. These are imaginary lines projecting from the observer to the figure passing through the picture plane. They are sometimes called receding lines.  Horizon (H) . This is the point where the figure appears horizontally at eye level.  Vanishing Point (VP) . This is the point where all receding lines meet in a perspective figure.

23

OPERATION SHEET # 3.1

LO3. Construct perspective drawing Procedure in Constructing One-Point Perspectives or Parallel Perspective. 1.

Draw top and front view, picture plane, horizon line and ground line TOP VIEW

PICTURE PLANE

HORIZON LINE

FRONT VIEW

GROUND LINE

24

2.

Locate station point and project lines of visual rays from the corners of the top view to station point.

TOP VIEW

HORIZON LINE

FRONT VIEW

STATION POINT

25

3.

Project vertically from station point for single vanishing point.

TOP VIEW

PICTURE PLANE

HORIZON LINE

VANISHING POINT

GROUND LINE

STATION POINT

26

4.

Project corners to the vanishing point.

TOP VIEW

PICTURE PLANE

HORIZON LINE

VANISHING POINT

GROUND LINE FRONT VIEW

STATION POINT

27

5.

Drop projectors at picture plane to determine depths and completeness.

TOP VIEW

PICTURE PLANE

HORIZON

VANISHING POINT

GROUND LINE PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE

STATION POINT

28

OPERATION SHEET # 3.2 LO3. Construct perspective drawing Procedure in Constructing Two-Point Perspective or Angular Perspective 1. Estimate location of horizon, vanishing points and leading corners of the objects.

2. Get the height of the object and project the upper and lower vanishing lines to the vanishing points.

UPPER VANISHING LINES

LVP

RVP

HEIGHT OF THE OBJECT LOWER VANISHING LINES

29

3. Estimate the width and length.

INTERSECTING POINTS

4.

Complete the construction box by projecting the two intersecting points between vanishing lines and vertical lines.

LVP RVP

5.

Estimate position of features towards the vanishing points.

LVP RVP

30

6.

Connect intersecting lines.

7.

Complete drawing. Add shading if desired and finally erase the construction lines.

31

OPERATION SHEET # 3.3 LO3. Construct perspective drawing Mechanical procedures in drawing Angular or Two-Point Perspective:

PLAN

600

300

PICTURE PLANE

0

HORIZON

LVP

RVP

SP

FRONT VIEW

PERSPECTIVE

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

GROUND LINE

1. Using T-square, draw the picture plane (PP). From PP, draw the top view of an object in oblique position at 300 and 600 (vice-versa) of its sides using 30O x 600 triangle. 2. Draw a vertical line along center-edge of the top view to locate the station point (SP) at a distance of not less than twice the scales length of an object. From station point, project a line along all corners of the top view. Mark a point as a piercing point on the picture plane. 3. From station point (SP), project a line right 300 cross axis and left 600 cross axis (vice-versa) touching the picture plane.

32

4. Establish a ground line. Draw the front and side views of the object at the right or left side of the ground line. 5. Locate the horizon between the picture plane (PP) and ground line (GL). 6. From Step-2 at piercing points on the picture plane, project vertical lines along horizon line to establish the left and right vanishing points. 7. From piercing points in the picture plane (PP), project vertical lines along the ground line to create all measuring lines of width & depth. 8. Project horizontally all the heights of the front view and side view along measuring lines of width and depth respectively. 9. Connect all corner horizontal heights to LVP and RVP to complete the perspective drawing. 10. Finalize the drawing.

33

SELF CHECK # 3.1 LO3. Construct perspective drawing Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the parallel perspective drawing.

5

30

10

TOP VIEW

10

10

12

40

16

40

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

34

SELF CHECK # 3.2 LO3. Construct perspective drawing Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the angular perspective drawing.

TOP VIEW

10

10

30 10

12

40

16

40

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

35

ASSESSMENT RESOURCES Written Test LO1. Construct Isometric Drawing LO2. Construct Oblique Drawing LO3. Construct Perspective Drawing I.

Identification. Write the correct answer on the blanks.

____________________________1. A type of drawing that shows the width, and height of an object. ____________________________2. A pictorial drawing which shows the front, side and top faces of an object in one view the receding lines are always parallel. ____________________________3. A type of pictorial drawing wherein all receding angles are 30 degrees. ____________________________4. A type of pictorial drawing wherein all receding angles are 15 degrees and the other is 45 degrees. ____________________________5. A type of pictorial drawing wherein all receding ___________________________6. A pictorial drawing in which the front plane is

parallel

to

the

plane

of projection.

______________________________7. A type of oblique drawing which is prepared to it’s actual measurement. ___________________________8. A type of oblique drawing in which the the thickness of the object is reduced by half. ___________________________9. A pictorial drawing which contains receding lines that converge at a vanishing points on the horizon. ___________________________10. A closed curve in the form of a symmetrical oval. Enumeration Enumerate at least two principles for each of the following: 1. Isometric Drawing 2. Oblique Drawing 3. Perspective Drawing

36

ANSWER KEY I. 1.Pictorial Drawing 3. Axonometric Drawing 4. Isometric Drawing 5. Dimetric Drawing 6. Trimetric Drawing 7. Oblique Drawing 8. Cavalier oblique 9. Cabinet Oblique 10. Perspective Drawing 11. Ellipse II. 1. Principles of Axonometric Drawing o

The drawing shows all three faces of an object.

o

The receding lines are always parallel.

2. Principles of Oblique Drawing o

The longest measurement should be placed in front.

o

Irregular shapes of the object should be placed in front to minimize distortion.

o

Circles and circular arcs should be placed in front to minimize distortion.

3. Principle of Perspective Drawing o

All receding lines converge on vanishing points.

o

The farther the object, the smaller it appears.

o

The farther the object, the lighter it appears.

37

Performance Assessment Scoring Rubrics Criteria



-


45 pts

-


40 pts.

-


10 pts

-


8 pts

-


6 pts.

-


 Speed


-

has no error

20 pts

-

has two to three erasures

15 pts

-

has four or more erasures

38

Lettering/Labeling 15 pts.

-

All pieces of information are completely indicated and legibly printed.

12 pts.

-

All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.

10 pts.

- All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing and misspelled.

8 pts.

- Pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are misspelled.

39

Technical Drawing Y1

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