XLIX Engineering Design Firm 9201 University City Blvd Charlotte, NC 28223
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1201 – 006 Dan Latta Hollyann Walker Amanda Elsayed, Jerry Autry, randon !ra"n, #"ane $%rien eam &ro'e(t Te("ni(al e("ni(a l )e*ort
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1 Beam Project Technical Report
Preared !or" #$%# Engineering Design Firm 9201 University City Blvd Charlotte, NC 28223 %ntrod&'tion to Engineering Pra'ti'e and Prin'iles % EN() 1201*00+
Preared y" -eam 1 .erry /&try, /&try, Brandon rahn, /manda Elsayed, hane Brien
Date &mitted" 1142542016
% have neither given nor re'eived any &na&thori7ed &na&thori7ed hel on this assignment, nor itnessed any violation o! the UNC Charlotte Code o! /'ademi' %ntegrity
Novemer 25, 2016
Novemer 25, 2016
Novemer 25, 2016
Novemer 25, 2016
2 Table of Contents /stra't:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 %ntrod&'tion:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 Ba';gro&nd %n!ormation::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 Fig&re 1" Beam &ort tyles::::::::::::::::::::5 Fig&re 1" -yi'al -yi'al Beam haes::::::::::::::::::::5 Fig&re 3" De!le'tion o! a eam::::::::::::::::::::6
Fig&re +" Brandons Beam Design::::::::::::::::::> Fig&re >" hanes Beam Design:::::::::::::::::::8 Fig&re 8" -reys Beam Design:::::::::::::::::::8 Fig&re 9" E?amle Beam Cal'&lator::::::::::::::::::9 -ale -ale 1" Beam Design De'ision " Per'ent Di!!eren'e:::::::::::::::::::::16 Dis'&ssion:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1+ Con'l&sion and )e'ommendations:::::::::::::::::::::1> )e!eren'es:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::18
: Abstract
For the Beam Design ProAe't, -eam 1 as assigned ith designing and &ilding a eam ithin 'ertai 'er tain n 'on 'onstr strain aints ts and res reso& o&r'es r'es -hi -hiss ro roAe' Ae'tt as ass assign igned ed to int introd rod&'e &'e 120 1201 1 st& st&den dents ts to or;ing ithin a team to design and &ild a rod&'t, and also e ale to analy7e the res<s )eso&r'es to &ild the eam ere limited to only assood otained !rom 1201 l&mer yard, 'lams, hoy ;ni!e, tools, and Elmers Carenters ood (l&e !rom the Dis'overy Bo? Ea'h team memer did intensive resear'h ao&t simly, s&orted eams e!ore designing individ&al eams /!ter ea'h memer designed three di!!erent eams and sele'ted the est one o&t o! the three, the team as a hole sele'ted the est eam to e 'onstr&'ted and tested /!ter the eam as &ild, it as ro&ght to 'lass to e tested in hi'h the load indi'ated y the rolem statement as alied -he eam s&orted the load that as given and the de!le'tion as ithin the 'onstraints Uon testing, -eam 1 analy7ed the eam res<s and dis'&ssed hat these s&''ess!&l res<s meant %t is re'ommended to &se a thi'; ed and !langes hen 'onstr&'ting an %*Beam, as resented ith the res<s o! -eam -eam 1s eam %t as also re'ommended to add gl&e and staili7ers ith 'a&tion as it 'o&ld lead to an in'rease in mass, th&s s;eing the e!!i'ien'y ratio /!ter !&ll 'omletion o! this roAe't, -eam 1 !&rther reali7ed the e!!e'tiveness o! a ell*organi7ed team and that good engineering A&dgement is needed in the design ro'ess, as not everything that asses on aer ill s&''eed &nder &nder real 'ir'&mstan'es Introduction
/ &ni=&e eam, n&mer 160803, as 'onstr&'ted o! assood otained !rom 1201 l&mer yard -his -h is e eam am a ass re re=& =&ir ired ed to s& s& or ortt a lo load ad o! 36 360l 0l ! in a 'ent 'enter*l er*loaded oaded,, sim simly*s& ly*s&or orted ted 'on!ig&ration ?*a?is -he y*a?is load o! this eam as also re=&ired to s&ort 200 l ! -h -hee length o! this eam as re=&ired to e 25 in, hile the length san as 21in -he eam as e?e'ted to 'arry the re=&ired load ithin a minim&m de!le'tion o! 006 in and ma?im&m o! 0236 in hen tested %n order !or the eam to e tested, the 'omosite 'ross*se'tion as re=&ired to e symmetri'al ao&t the 'entroid a?is and e designed in a standard %*eam, *eam, or a hollo o? eam 'on!ig&ration -he 'ross*se'tion dimensions o! the eam ere not to e?'eed 2 ? 2 -he mass o! the eam ea m 'o&ld not e?'eed the ma?im&m mass re=&irement o! 250 g
Beams are tyi'ally t yi'ally hori7ontal hori7ontal str&'t&res, hi'h are &sed to hold and s&ort verti'al loads oever, they 'an e verti'al memers o! a str&'t&re that ithstand hori7ontal loads s&'h as a all ithstanding the !or'e o! ind Beams have di!!erent names deending on here they are eing &sed )oo!, &ilding, &ilding, and ridge 'onstr&'tion 'onstr&'tion have their on rese'tive rese'tive names !or eams, deending on here and ho they are la'ed and the loads hi'h a't &on them -he load is a !or'e hi'h is la'ed on a eam and 'an e di!!erent deending on ho and here the load is alied ingle oint loads a't at a se'i!i' sot on the eam and the !or'e is 'on'entrated at that arti'&lar oint Distri&ted Distri&ted loads a't along along a san o! the eam, and are either either &ni!ormly or
; varialy distri&ted tati' loads remain the same over time hile a dynami' load 'hanges as it travels a'ross the eam Beam theory is the redi'tion o! the rea'tion a eam ill have to a se'i!i' load and the di!!erent eam 'on!ig&rations that that have an e!!e't on the eams eams rea'tion -hese di!!erent di!!erent styles o! eam 'on!ig&ration in'l&de simle, 'ontin&o&s, 'antilever, end*s&orted 'antilever, 'omination, and !i?ed, hoever, only a simle s&orted eam as tested -his means that the eam is rested on to oints near the ends o! the eam /n e?amle o! these eam styles 'an e seen in Fig&re 1 elo
Fig&re 2 Beam &ort tyles Beam -heory -he rea'tion a eam has to a se'i!i' load is an attemt to maintain e=&iliri&m and i! a eam 'an end, itho&t 'omromising 'omromising the str&'t&ral str&'t&ral integrity o! hatever the the eam may e s&orting, s&orting, it has maintained its e=&iliri&m and is a solid eam / eams rea'tion to a load is deendent on a !e !a'tors, s&'h as the shae and si7e o! the eam, the material ith hi'h the eam as made, the san length o! the eam, and the tye o! s&orts o! the eam Beams 'ome in many man y 'ross* se'tional shaes and si7es in'l&ding solid o?, %*eam, *eam, and hollo o? eam, as shon in Fig&re 2
Fig&re 3 -yi'al Beam haes Beam -heory Ea'h eam shae has se'i!i' 'al'&lations hi'h have to e made in order to !ind the moment o! inertia -he moment o! inertia is a meas&re o! the resistan'e to movement, ending or rotation, o! the eam itsel! 'a&sed y the load and is &sed to indi'ate ho the 'ross se'tional area o! a eam is distri&ted aro&nd a se'i!ied a?is 3
For a standard solid o? eam, the moment o! inertia is !o&nd ! o&nd ith the e=&ation" is the ase, and h is the height o! the eam
bh
12
here
<
bo ho
-he moment o! inertia !or a hollo o? eam is !o&nd ith the e=&ation"
3
12
*
bi hi
3
12
here o is the ase o! the o&ter o?, h o is the height o! the o&ter o?, i is the ase o! the inner o?, and hi is the height o! the inner o?
bo ho
-he 'al'&lations !or an %*eams moment o! inertia is 'omleted ith the e=&ation" 2
bi hi 12
3
12
I
3
¿
here o is the ase o! the entire eam, h o is the height o! the entire eam, i is the
ase min&s the idth o! o! the e verti'al se'tion, se'tion, and h i is the height min&s 2? the idth o! the !langes hori7ontal se'tions 3
For an *eam, the moment o! inertia is !o&nd ith the e=&ation" 2
b1 h 1 12
¿
I
b2 h2
3
12
here 1 is the ase o! the !lange hori7ontal se'tion, h 1 is the height o! the !lange, 2 is the ase o! the e verti'al se'tion, and h 2 is the height o! the e 3
n'e the moment o! inertia is !o&nd, it 'an e l&gged into the e=&ation"
PL here J ∆= 48 EI
is the de!le'tion, $ is the length o! the eam, E is the mod&l&s o! elasti'ity hi'h is the resistan'e to ending o! the se'i!i' material &sed in this 'ase, assood, and % is the moment o! inertia Fig&re 3 elo shos the de!le'tion o! a eam, and aids in &nderstanding here ea'h meas&rement originates
Fig&re 5 De!le'tion o! a eam ea m Beam -heory -o !ind the 'ross*se'tional 'ross*se'tional area o! an %*eam, the e=&ation A =(( B )( H ))−(( B −B w )( H w )) is &sed, here B is the ase, is the height, B is the ase o! the e, and is the height o! the e n'e the area is 'al'&lated, the vol&me is !o&nd ith the e=&ation" V =( A )( l ) here / is the area, and is the length o! the eam -his area then has to e divided y 1>28 in 3 in order to get the area in !t3 -he mass o! the eam ea m 'an then e !o&nd ith the e=&ation vol&me and D is the density Beam -heory
M =( V )( D ) here @ is the
6
Methods and Procedures
-he engineering design ro'ess as &sed to determine the stes ta;en to 'omlete the eam design roAe't -he ro'ess in'l&ded the !olloing !olloing stes" de!ining the rolem, gather in!ormation, generate m<ile sol&tions, sol&tions, and analy7ing and sele'ting sele'ting the est sol&tion -he roAe't des'rition rovided rovided initial roAe't roAe't de!inition, and as as !&rther de!ined y individ&al individ&al and gro& roAe't lans -eam -eam 1 team as assigned se'i!i' ?*and y*a?is loads, eight restri'tion, restri'tion, de!le'tion, and 'ost limit )e!eren'e Fig&re 5 !or detailed in!ormation regarding design re=&irements ProAe't lans ere 'omleted &tili7ing
Fig&re 5 tr&'t&ral Beam Design )e=&irements Utili7ing individ&al eam 'al'&lators that ere generated in
=
Fig&re 6 /mandas / mandas Beam Design
Fig&re + Brandons Beam Design
>
Fig&re > hanes Beam Design
Fig&re 8 -reys Beam Design n'e team memers resented their est er!orming individ&al designs, these designs ere then 'onsidered d&ring a gro& rainstorming rainstorming session to de'ide on a !inal design -he design that as <imately de'ided &on as a 'onglomeration o! strong individ&al 'omonents s&'h as thi'; !langes and e -hese dimensions ere then in&t in&t into an e?'el 'al'&lator, s&'h as the one in Fig&re 9, to determine the imortant i mortant de'ision oints, oints, 'onsisting o! " o! " eight, ?*a?is de!le'tion, and 'ost / de'ision matri? as also &sed to 'omare and 'ontrast 'ontrast individ&al designs and then &tili7ed again in the !inal design ro'ed&re )e!eren'e -ale 1 !or a detailed analysis o! individ&al eam designs
B
Fig&re 9 E?amle Beam Cal'&lator -ale -ale 1 Beam Bea m Design De'ision
)elati e Wei"t s
60?
:0? :0? 100?
Ealuatio n 3riteria
Alternaties Trey%s Trey%s I eam eam
XAis De@e(tio n E(ien(y )atio 3ost Total
randon%s I eam )atin #(or e
Amanda%s I eam #(or e )atin ; 28;
)atin
#(or e
<
:
2
<
18<
<
18<
<
2
086
2
086
2
<81
182
:8:
;8<
#"ane%s I eam )atin #(or e ;
28;
18<
<
18<
086
2
086 ;8<
-he !olloing 'al'&lations ere &tili7ed in the mathemati'al analysis o! the eam dimensions that ere <imately de'ided &on /ltho&gh all eams assed the re=&irements, hanes eam &tili7ed the st&rdiest materials, and as 'hosen to e &ilt y team 1 ased on this -hese 'al'&lations are reresentative o! the dimensions o! his eam Cross e'tional area /"
A = ( ( B ) ( H ) )−(( B −T w )( H w )) A = ( ( 1∈ . ) ( 1.875 ∈ . ) )−((1 ∈ .−0.3125 ∈ . )( 1.25 ∈ .)) A =1.016 ¿
2
@ol&me @ol&me @"
V =( A )( l) 2
V =( 1.016 ¿
)( 24 ∈.)
10 3
V =24.375 ¿
For vol&me in !t3
V =
( A )( l ) 1728 ¿
3
2
(1.016 ¿ )( 24 ∈. ) V = 1728 ¿ 3
3
V =0.014 ft
m=( V )( D ) 3
m=( 0.014 ft )
( ) 28
lbm 3
ft
m=0.395 lb m For mass in g
m=( V )( D )( 453.592 g ) 3
m=( 0.014 ft )
( ) 28
lbm 3
ft
(453.592 g )
m=179.153 g
( )−( ( ∈ )( =( B H
( B −T w )( H w )
12
12
3
I x =
I x
1
.
1.875 12
I x =0.437 ¿
3
∈. )
)( −
3
)
( 1 ∈.−0.3125 ∈. ) ( 1.25 ∈ . )
3
12
)
4
I y =2
I y y =2
(
(0.3125 ∈ . )( 1 ∈ . ) 12
3
)( +
(
(T f ) ( B ) 12
3
)( +
( H w ) ( T w) 12 3
( 1.25 ∈ . ) ( 0.3125 ∈. ) 12
)
3
)
11 4
I y y =0.055 ¿
De!le'tion ao&t ?*a?is J ? ∆ x =
P x L
3
48 E I x
∈. ¿ ¿ ¿3
21
(350 lbf )¿ ∆ x =¿ ∆ x =0.106 ∈ ¿ De!le'tion ao&t y*a?is J y 3
P y L ∆ y = 48 E I y 21∈ .
¿ ¿ ¿3
(200 lbf )¿ ∆ y =¿ ∆ y =0.478 ∈¿ Cost G
Cost of twoflan two flanges ges pls pls one web pls pls two !oints !oints =Total "ost
(
2 2.25
)+ 2.82+ 2 ( 0.50 )=8.32
-he !a'tors that ere given the most 'onsideration in terms o! !inal design ere the est ratio eteen the least amo&nt amo&nt o! ?*a?is de!le'tion, eight, eight, and 'ost -his design as de'ided de'ided &on in 'lass d&ring a eam roAe't or; session -he assemly o! the 'omonents egan si? days rior to the day o! testing team designs C*'lams se'&red the ottom !lange to the e a!ter the gl&e had een alied and alloed to '&re D&ring this time, additional gl&e as alied and evenly sread to 'reate a &ni!ormed Aoint 25 ho&rs a!ter the ottom !lange dried, the to !lange as then also gl&ed to the e and se'&red ith '*'lams !or '&ring time (l&e as again sread evenly a'ross the Aoint !or &ni!ormity /s /s dei'ted in Fig&re 10, !o&r inserts ere added to the ends o! the eam o&tside o! the 21L 21L san length -he intention intention ehind the addition addition o! the inserts as as to rovide torsional staility staility d&ring testing testing
12
Fig&re 10 -eam 1s Beam
Observations and Results
Every team in 1201 as assigned ith designing and &ilding a eam that o&ld ass se'i!i' standards that ere &ni=&e to ea'h team oever, there ere standards set that ere the same !or ea'h individ&al team regarding eam design -hese are !o&nd in -ale 2, hi'h !ollos -ale 2 tandards !or Ea'h -eam
#tandard 3riteria or eam Desin /aterial ass5ood : Density Cl+m9t 2> /odules o Elasti(ity C*si 1;60000 For the eam that -eam 1 as to design, they ere assigned the re=&irements o! eam n&mer 160803 -hese re=&irements are listed in -ale 3 elo -ale -ale 3 Beam )e=&irements
eam 7um+er- 1<0>0: (Px) X XAis Load Cl+ (Py) Ais Load Cl+ (m) e eam Wei"t )estri(tion C8 (∆x) XAis De@e(tion Cmin Cin (∆x) X XAis De@e(tion Cma Cin 3ost Limit CF (L) #* #*an Lent" Cin (l) e eam Lent" Cin
:<0 200 2;0 080< 082:< 108<0 21 2;
1: -hese re=&irements ere &sed to design and &ild the eam that -eam -eam 1 &sed -he dimensions, along ith the 'al'&lated se'i!i'ations o! this eam are in'l&ded in -ale 5 elo -ale -ale 5 Cal'&lated e'i!i'ations o! the Beam
eam Desin or Team 1
Input (B) 4lane Widt"- Dimension &arallel to XaisCin8 (Tf ) 4l 4lane T"i(kness Cin8
Value 1 08:12<
(H) Hei"t- Dimension &er*endi(ular to Xais Cin8 (Hw) We We+ Hei"t Cin8
18>=<
(Tw) We We+ T"i(kness Cin8
08:12<
(A)
3ross #e(tional Area Cin 2
182< 18016
(V) Golume Cin :
2;8:=<
(V) Golume Ct:
0801;
(m) /ass Cl+m
08:B<
(m) /ass C
1=B81<:
(Ix) /oment o Inertia a+out ais Cin; (Iy) /oment o Inertia a+out yais Cin; (∆x) De@e(tion a+out ais Cin
08;:=
08106
(∆y) De@e(tion a+out yais Cin
08;=>
3ost CF
>8:2
080<<
/ 'ross*se'tional vie o! the eam &sed y -eam 1 'an e seen in Fig&re 11 elo
1;
Fig&re 11 Beam !or -eam 1 /!ter testing the eam, the !olloing res<s ere gathered, hi'h are shon in -ale 6 elo Folloing is also a i't&re o! the eam &nder a 360 l ! load load Fig&re 12, and a i't&re o! the -est Data heet &sed to re'ord the res<s Fig&re 13
Fig&re 12 Beam &nder $oad
1<
Fig&re 13 -est Data heet
-ale 6 -est Data !or Beam y -eam 1
Test Test Data or eam Desined +y Team 1 A(tual /ass eore lue and 1=< #u**orts C A(tual /ass Ater lue and 1>< #u**orts C A(tual Xais De@e(tion Cin 081;= Uon testing, it as !o&nd that the res<s ere not e?a'tly as redi'ted y y -eam -eam 1s 'al'&lations -ale -ale + elo 'omares di!!eren'es in val&es -ale -ale + Cal'&lated @s E?erimental )es<s
Dieren(es Dieren(es et5een E*erimental and 3al(ulated )esults /ass o eam C 3al(ulated mass Tested Tested Tested mass mass ater +eore lue lue and
16
1=B81<: 3al(ulated De@e(tion 08106
De@e(tion alon ais Cin
and su**orts su**orts 1=< 1>< Tested De@e(tion 081;=
Ater seein t"at Team 1%s +eam *assed, t"e rade re(eied 5as +ased u*on t"e e(ien(y ratio o t"eir +eam8 T"is (an +e ound +y t"e ollo5in euation8
Effi"ien"y #atio #atio =
Design Design Loa$ Loa$ ( lb f ) / A"talMas A"tal Masss ( g ) Design Loa$ ( lbf )/ Allowable Mass ( g )
T"e e(ien(y ratio ratio or Team 1 (ame out to +e 182B=, 5"i(" resulted in a rade o B08 Ater (om*letin a *ro'e(t, it is "el*ul to kno5 "o5 ar o your results are rom 5"at you (al(ulated t"em to +e8 To Knd t"is, t"e *er(ent dieren(e euation is used, 5"i(" is demonstrated +elo58
| A"tal −Theo%eti"al|
Diffe%en"e Diffe%en"e =
Theo%eti"al
x 100
-he er'ent di!!eren'e !rom the data gained thro&gh this e?eriment is !o&nd in -ale > elo -ale > Per'ent Di!!eren'e
&er(ent Dieren(e +et5een 3al(ulated and Tested Data Criteria Percent Dierence /ass o eam 28:1 ? De@e(tion alon ais 2=8>B ? T"e (al(ulations (al(ulations used to Knd t"e data a+oe a+oe are as ollo5sollo5s-
|175 −179.153|
Diffe%en"e Diffe%en"e ( mass ) =
179.153
x 100 =2.31
|0.147−0.106|
Diffe%en"e Diffe%en"e ( $efle"tion ) =
0.106
x 100 =27.89
-he data !or the er'ent di!!eren'e in the tale aove 'omes !rom -ale + D&e to there eing to di!!erent val&es !or the a't&al mass o! the eam, the mass e!ore gl&ing as &sed to !ind er'ent error sin'e the 'al'&lated mass o! eam in'l&des only the ood iscussion
1=
/!ter a'=&iring the needed se'tions o! ood to 'onstr&'t the eam designed y -eam -eam 1, the ood ie'es ere eighed to !ind the mass o! the ra ood ood -his mass 'ame o&t to e 1>6 1>6 grams, ao&t !o&r grams less than the 'al'&lated mass /!ter /!ter 'onstr&'ting the eam y gl&ing the se'tions together in an M% eam style, and the addition o! staili7ers at oth ends o! the eam, the total mass 'ame o&t to e 186 grams Uon testing the eam y alying 360 o&nds o! !or'e in a 'enter loaded, simly s&orted style, the eam de!le'ted 015> in'hes, hi'h as ithin the 'onstraints o! the de!le'tion eing greater than 006 in'hes and less than 0236 in'hes /ltho&gh /ltho&gh the eam assed the test, the res<s a'hieved are not e?a'tly hat as redi'ted y -eam 1s 'al'&lations -he ra eight o! the assood &sed to 'onstr&'t the eam meas&re ao&t !o&r grams less than hat as 'al'&lated y -eam 1 -his shos that the density o! the ood is not as high as ass&med, and there!ore led to the 'on'l&sion that the ood &sed as not as strong as indi'ated y the 'al'&lations Uon testing, this ass&mtion as !&rther 'on!irmed y the eam de!le'ting more than redi'ted oever, the eam still assed ell ithin 'onstraints d&e to -eam -eam 1 designing it to e ale to ass ith a sa!ety !a'tor o! to Be'a&se the eam as &ilt !olloing the ass&mtions that the density as 28 l m4!t3 and that the mod&les o! elasti'ity as 15+ ? 10 + si, it 'o&ld have !ailed testing i! the sa!ety !a'tor had not een in'l&ded in the original design For the eam &ilt y y -eam -eam 1, the M% eam style as &sed -his is done y gl&ing three se'tions o! ood into an M% shae, as shon in Fig&re + aove ther otions !or the 'onstr&'tion o! the eam as the M eam style and the the hollo o? eam style style -he M% as 'hosen d&e to to 'osting less and eighing less than a hollo o? eam, hile also having ao&t the same de!e'tion 'hara'teristi's -he M eam as never 'onsidered d&e to eing m&'h ea;er than the other to otions ther otions in'l&ded 'hoosing hi'h eam to design o&t o! the ones roosed y ea'h memer o! -eam 1 -he eam that as 'hosen as not 'omletely ased o!! o! the de'ision matri?, &t instead o!! o! good engineering A&dgement noing that a eam &ilt ith a narro e o&ld most li;ely !ail &nder real testing 'onditions even tho&gh it asses on aer, the eam 'hosen y -eam -eam 1 as the one ith the thi';est e e and !langes -his -his greatly in'reased staility, staility, and is hat most li;ely alloed -eam 1 to e s&''ess!&l in the eam testing Be'a&se o! the res<s a'hieved, it is shon that the eam &ilt y -eam -eam 1 easily assed the re=&irements set &on its design -his demonstrates that -eam 1 &nderstands the ro'ess ehind designing and rod&'ing a simle eam to meet meet se'i!i' eight and de!le'tion de!le'tion re=&irements re=&irements in'e the eam assed testing, it a&tomati'ally a&tomati'ally re'eived a grade grade o! 80, &t d&e to its e!!i'ien'y e!!i'ien'y ratio, 10 on&s oints as a'hieved a'hieved -eam -eam 1 reali7ed that i! the eam eighed eighed 2 grams less, the eam o&ld o&ld have assed ith a s'ore o! 100 100 d&e to a etter e!!i'ien'y ratio For !&t&re 'lasses, it is is re'ommended that an M% eam is &sed -his is e'a&se they % eam 'an e designed to have nearly the same de!le'tion as a st&rdier o? eam &t as a m&'h loer eight and 'ost, hi'h 'ontri&tes to a greater e!!i'ien'y ratio oever, in designing an M% eam, it is highly re'ommended that the thi';est !langes and e is &sed !or ma? staility, as as demonstrated in -eam 1s eam Conclusion and Recommendations
-eam -eam 1 as given the tas; o! analy7ing and designing a eam to s&ort a load ith a minim&m and ma?im&m amo&nt o! de!le'tion -as; -as; de!inition to 'omletion o! assemly assemly too; to ee;s time to 'omlete, ith the initial stages o! the roAe't demanding the most tho&ght and time tarting ith a roAe't lan, ea'h memer as re=&ired to develo individ&al designs, hi'h then ere ta;en into 'onsideration !or !inal team design design -eam -eam 1 de'ided &on an M% eam design, hi'h as then assemled si? days rior to testing D&ring testing, the eam handled the se'i!ied load ell ithin the ma?im&m alloale alloale de!le'tion -he eam as s&''ess!&l !or a !e reasons, as a signi!i'ant amo&nt o! time as sent in analy7ing vario&s % eam 'on!ig&rations
1> &ntil a =&ality alan'e as !o&nd eteen the determining determining !a'tors -he ene!it o! the addition o! torsional end s&orts, ith regards to aiding in the eams assing s&''ess or i! they stri'tly A&st added eight, remains &n;non e'&lation has een dran that they merely added eight eight to the eam, and that the eam 'o&ld have handled the 'enter loaded eight regardless oever, there is no mathemati'al or s'ienti!i' eviden'e in s&ort s&ort o! either side -he re'ommendations !or !&t&re ali'ations o! eam design is to &tili7e the %*eam design ith signi!i'ant or; to e la'ed in !&rther engineering engineering analysis %t is also also re'ommended to &se the strongest strongest thi';est materials ossile that allos the 'ost to e ithin the 'onstraints
1B References
1201 Fa'<y, Beam -heory Pre*'lass readings, EN() 1201
