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beginner's latin
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Two aooio CDs with paperback book
CONTENTS
Introduction I
II
III IV V
VI
VII VIII
IX
_
v
Subjects and objects; the cases: nominative, accusative and ablative; est and sunt The Classics 1 Singular and plural fonns A question of rhetoric 10 Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns; prepositions Speaking as the Romans did 18 Genitive case; questions 'Anyone 'for a cancan? 30 Declensions: nominative and genitive; vocative case; adjectives Reformation and Renaissance: life after death
40
More adjectives; pOlest. vult, debet; infinitives; dative case Latin wanted: dead or alive? 50
Revision 1-6
61
Third declension nouns Di immortales!
64
Verbs: first and second conjugations: present and future Brotherly love
73
Third declension adjectives; gerundives
Speculator amicae
84
.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
X
Third, fourth and mixed conjugations: present and future; how to recognise a conjugation; irregular verbs esse, posse, velie
93
MiserabUe corpus
XI XII
Imperfect tense; adjectives -ens; present participles; adjectives as nouns Yaysoos in chaylo Perfect tense; personal pronouns;
my, your, our The murder in a cathedral
XIII XIV
102
Revision 7-12
111 121
Past participles; eo, ire A winter's night
124
Fourth and fifth declensions; pluperfect tense; compound verbs
XV XVI
A hunting moral
135
Third person pronouns: iIle, hie, is, ipse, se; passive forms All's jair in philosophy, love and war
144
Subjunctive; imperatives; ut and De; cum
Friends, Romans XVII
XVIII
0 ••
and family
154
More passive forms; deponent verbs; comparative and superlative of adjecLives The Consolation of Philosophy
165
'If' clauses; direct and reported speech Love in the rain
175
Tables
183
Key to the Exercises
190
Latin-English Vocabulary
201
English-Latin Vocabulary
213
INTRODUCTION
Flogging a dead course? It may seem odd to find Latin alive and well at the beginning of the twenty-first century, and yet here it is, one of nature's survivors. And why? Because beyond this course there is a literature teeming with good things, with high life, with low life and, most of all, with life. All we have to do, of course, is read it ...
Paulus and Lucia The story is a foil for the grammar and exercises. It is set at a monastery in northern Europe around the ninth century AD. An English translation of the Latin story is available at the LATIN QVARTER (www.lingua.co.uk).
Living Latin Assembling all the infonnation about words and endings is a necessary but sometimes slow process. This section offers the chance to hear some excerpts of authentic Latin. You do not have to study these in detail to make progress. They are included to give you an idea of what there is to enjoy once you have mastered the language.
Recording A recording of the story and Living Latin sections of the book is available. This is not an essential aid to learning the language, but will enhance your enjoyment of the poetry, and give you an idea of what Latin sounded like.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Pronunciation guide to classical Latin As in English (standard southern British), except: a 'cyp' (short vowel) or 'father' (long vowel) ae '~' au 'hQYse' C 'cj!t' (always hard; never as in '£hali.Q.e') ch 'k' with a sharper expulsion of breath (as in '.Q.urses!') e '~t' (short vowel) or 'pay' (long vowel) ei 'r.cign' eu two sounds run together: 'e-oo' g 'gag' (almost always hard, oat as in 'Qeorge') go at the beginning of a word 'n', and io the middle of a word 'ogn') I 'lip' (short vowel) or 'leap' (long vowel) i G)consonant: as English 'y' og as in 'anger' (oot 'hangar') o 'oQt' (short vowel) or (long vowel) 'oQte' (as the Scots would say it) oe 'ill!' ph 'p' with a sharper expulsion of breath (as in 'peasant!') qu 'kw', as in '.QYack' (as English 'qu', not French) r trilled with the tip of the tongue (again, think Scots...) s as in hi~ (not hiS) th as 't' with a sharper expulsion of breath u 'pyll' (short vowel) or (long vowel) 'PQQI' (not with the 'y' sound in 'pew') v as English 'w' y French 'ty' (short vowel), French 'syr' (long vowel)
Yoo/ius Kysser, Joolius Seezer, Yoolius Chaser The story of Lucia and Paulus, though set in a later period, is narrated according to the guidelines above. The selections in Living Latin are also read in the classical manner, except postclassical ones (marked *). You will hear one or two different sounds in the post-classical sections, such as our own 'v' sound in the v; the erosion of ae to e; and the Church/Italian 'ch~ sound in ciJce (e.g. caelum: classical - kylum, ecclesiastical - chaylum). These changes should be taken as characteristic only, and not as precise, scientific reconstructions according to date, region and
INTRODUCTION
vii
speaker. It's hard enough reaching any certainty about Cicero's Latin, never mind the multitude of evolving and fragmenting forms which followed. Verse-rhythms of later Latin changed too. The rhythms of classical poetry were founded on an interplay of natural stress and quantity (i.e. the meLIe), but later poets came to disregard metre and used stresses alone to maintain rhythm. Our efforts of recreation are inevitably hit and miss, no doubt betraying more than a few signs of the present day. For a further discussion of pronunciation see 'Speaking as the Romans did' (p. 24), and those who wish to explore this topic in more detail should look at Vox Latina (W. Sidney Allen, CUP).
Key for grammatical words Nouns
A noun is a word like mule, monk or wood. Something you cao see or at least feel. English nouns often have the or a in front of them. Latin has no equivalent words for the and a so when you translate a noun you must decide whether or not to add them. Names are also nouns, like Paul, Rome, etc., and so are abstract ideas like peace, kindness, fear, which are real enough but cannot be identified in the same way as concrete objects.
Verbs A verb is a 'doing' or 'being' word; it describes the action, what happens or what is done, e.g. The mule ~ the wood. The monk is. not carrying the bag. Paul is. a student. English verbs often comprise more than one word (e.g. is carrying). Most Latin verbs are expressed by one word only. A verb like spectat has three possible versions in English: watches, is watching or does (not) watch. As with 'the' and 'a' and nouns above, a judgement has to be made from the context, from what 'sounds right'.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
viii
Grammar Index Other grammatical words are introduced in the course as follows: Ablative 4, 19,21,169 Ablative absolute 129 Accusative 4, 21, 53, 96 Active 125, 148 Adjective 42, 105, 168 Case 4 Comparative 168 Compound 25, 59. 97, 140 Conjugation 75, 98 Dative 53 Declension 40 Deponent 166 Future 78 Gender 18 Genitive 30 Gerundive 86 Imperative 155 Imperfect 102, III Indicative 154 Infinitive 50
Interrogative 34 Irregular Verbs 97 Mood 154 Nominative 4 Object I Participle 105, 124 Passive 87, 125, 148 Perfect III Pluperfect 136 Prefix 25, 59, 140 Preposition 21 Present vii, 73 Principal parts 125 Pronoun II, 114 Subject I Subjunctive 154, 159 Superlative 170 Tense 73 Vocative 42 Voice 154
Symbols and abbreviations This indicates material that has been recorded and is available on cassette or CD. This indicates exercises - places where you can practise using the language. This indicates grammar or explanations - the nuts and bolts of the language. This indicates key words or phrases. This draws your attention to points to be noted.
UNIT I
In this unit you will learn: • • • •
Subjects and objects The cases - nominative. accusative, ablative est and sunt About Latin: The Classics
~ Subjects and objects Latin is an inflected language. This means that the final syllable(s) of a word can vary according to the way the word is being used in the sentence:
MulDs silvam spectal.
The mule is watching the wood.
2
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Here the mule is doing the watching, the wood is being watched. The mule is the subject of the sentence, the wood the object, the difference being that the subject is the 'doer', the object is on the receiving end and is 'done to'. Latin makes this clear by having different endings for subject and object. Mulum silva spectat. The wood is watching the mule.
3
UNIT I
prj
amat likes, loves ambulat walks, is walking cum with, in the company of est is et and fessus tired in in, on lenlus slow mulus, mulum, mulo mule
non not Paulus, Paulum, Paulo Paul portat carries, is carrying sarcina, sareinam bog sed but sitva, sitvam wood spectot watches. is watching terrilus scored
I'J Practice (i) 1 There are a few English words which change their fonn according to whether they are subject or object. These are pronouns, words we use in place of nouns. Complete the table with the missing subject or object forms:
(a) Now silva no longer has a final 'm', and mulus has been changed to mulum. This makes silva the subject and mll)um the object. English word order is more restricted because we recognise a subject by its position in a sentence, not by its ending. Latin's word order is more flexible: in general the subject appears before the object, with the verb at the end to complete a sentence or word-group, although variations, for a particular emphasis or rhythm, often occur. The verb's place at the end may seem strange at first, but you will get used to it. Reading is a process of anticipation and completion of meaning; in English this function is often performed by the object: Today the milkman delivered ... (borrles ofmilk is the anticipated objecl; the post would come as a surprise, and twins even more so). Latin has us predicting the action, not the object: Today the milkman ... two pints ofmilk ... (delivered is what we are expecting, ahead of stole or threw at the boy on the skateboard).
(b)
SUBjEG
OBJECT
SUBJECT
OBJEG
silvo
I ,he
mulum sarelnam
him we
Paulus
2 Choose the correct word and translate:
" Paulus in silva Paulus in silva ambulat. Mulus cum Paulo ambulat. Mulus non Paulum sed sarcinam portat. Fessus est Paulus et mulus est lentus. Mulus silvam non amat. Mulus silvam spectal. Silva mulum spectat. Mulus est territus.
(01 Mulus (sarcina/sarcinam) portat.
(b! Mulum (Paulus/Pauluml portat.
4
BEGINNER'S LATIN
3 Choose the correct verb and translate: (a) Mulus silvam non (ambuJat/amat). (b) Paulus in silva (portatJambulat). (e) Mulus silvam (portat/spectat). (d) Non Paulus sed molus sarcinam (portat/arnbulat).
~Cases 'Case' is the name given to the different kinds of word-ending:
5
UNIT I
ad to, towards cibum lace. of cibus) desiderat lon9s For emit buys etiam also
g
lente slowly monachus monk monosterium monastery nunc now revenit returns
Food
Practice (ii) 1 Fill the gaps:
Nominative case Accusative case Ablative cose
5vbied Obiecl, or with prepositions (e.g- ad) 'With', 'in' used (nol always) with prepositions (e.g. cum, in)
silvl;I, mulus silvam, mulum silva, mulo
SUBJECT
OBJECT
Nominotive case
Accusative case
'in', 'with', 'on' Ablative case mulo
mulus Paulum
Nouns like mulus (e.g. Paulus, etc.) all have the same case endings. and nouns like silva (sarcina, etc.) have their endings in
sarcinam silva
silva
common too. ~
Est and sunt Est (is) and sunt (are) do not take objects like other verbs do. The 'object' of the verb to be is not on the receiving end of anything particular, but merely describes the subject. So any 'object' or rather complement of the verb 'to be' will be in the nominative case: Paulus monachus est. Paul is a monk.
2 Identify the cases of the underlined nouns, and translate: (a) Benedictus cibum desiderat. (b) Mulus sarcinam non amat. (c) Benedictus non in silva est. (d) Paulus est monachus. 3 Complete the words which have missing endings, and translate: (b) ]n muI.
sardn
but
Paulus monachum spectat.
Paul watches the monk.
" Mulus lente ambulat Paulus est monachus. Benedictus etiam est monachus. Benedidus cibum desiderat. Paulus cibum emit et ad monasterium revenit. Nunc Paulus cum mulo in silva ambulat. Cibus est in sarcina. Mulus sarcinam portat. Mulus lente ambulat et silvam spectat.
(a) Paul.
in sHv
cum mul....... ambuJat.
est .
•
BEGINNER'S LATIN
About Latin The Classics Latin was the language spoken in Rome and the surrounding region, Latium (mod. Lazio) as early as the sixth century Be and possibly earlier. The number of Latin speakers grew with the expansion of Rome's empire around the Mediterranean, and the vocabulary swelled and fanTIs modified under the influence of languages in the new subject territories (especially Greek).
Shaded oreo indicates where lotin was spoken at the end a/the first century
AD
The classical Latin authors lived within a few decades either side of the life of Christ. In the first century Be Cicero tried to prevent the republican government falling prey to the ambitions of dictators. A compelling public speaker, his skills brought him to the attention of politicians such as Caesar and Pompey, and he was courted by them as an owner of a newspaper or television station might be today. His writing was greatly admired, and the elegance and rhetorical flair of his prose became a model for later scholars and schoolboys to imitate. He was followed by, amongst others, the
UNIT I
7
historian Tacitus, whose pointed asides on the theme of moral and aristocratic degeneration enliven his account of Rome under the early emperors. Of the poets the best known is perhaps Virgil. His story of the founding of Rome by the Trojan fugitive Aeneas emerged within a few years of publication as a political symbol and literary masterpiece. Horace, a friend of Virgil, is remembered for his Odes, four books of lyric poetry drawing on themes of love and friendship, and yearnings, never quite fulfilled, for homely contentment and rustic ease. The erotic elegies of Propertius and Tibullus echo Catullus' earlier infatuation for Lesbia and foreshadow the work of Ovid, a decade or so later. Ovid's wit and fresh invention brought new twists to the elegiac genre, and his verse was imitated more than any other by medieval writers; partly, perhaps, because copies were available, but also because of a lightness of touch which won him universal appeaL These classics have a timeless feel about them. They have been drummed into pupils for the best part of two thousand years (less the last few decades, perhaps). They are literature's heroes and anti-heroes. If other heroes are found, more often than not they are those heroes' heroes. Classical authors have been trotted out as arbiters of good taste throughout the centuries, medieval and Renaissance, neoclassical and new wave. This aura of pennanence is reinforced by the serene grandeur of classical civilisation, by the durability of buildings and statues which survive it. Much of what actually went on, however, was anything but serene and civilised. Writers and artists are known to find inspiration under duress and in times of political insecurity. So it was with some of the best Roman literature. Throughout most of the first century Be Italy suffered from political chaos and intennittent cruelty and bloodshed. '0 Tempora 0 Mores!' (What an age! What moral standards!) cried Cicero, rounding on his peers for failing to live up to earlier times, and damning the period we have subsequently identified as one of the greatest in our history. The classical period of Latin was a moment in the language's evolution which could not endure, for no living language can remain the same for long. The efforts of later grammarians to preserve classical Latin were a symptom of its passing. As the living, spoken language moved on, eventually evolving into
BEGINNER'S LATIN
8
French, Spanish, Italian and other Romance languages, this classical, literary Latin was preserved and 'pickled' by later generations of writers and scholars, and after the fall of the western empire, by monks in their monasteries. Thus the rules of classical Latin, the grammar and syntax, are something of a still shot of what was essentially transitory. Nonetheless these rules are instrumental in shaping all the Latin which followed, for almost all subsequent Latinists have attempted, with different degrees of success, to remain faithful to classical nonns. Where possible the Latin in this course, the grammar, syntax, idioms and pronunciation, are based on the ground rules of classical Latin, including OUf story set in a medieval monastery. There are some inevitable twentieth-century inventions, and a number of words are used in their medieval sense, such as ecclesia (church) and presbyter (priest).
I'J Revision 1 Fill the gaps: CASE Nominative (subject) Accusative (objectl Ablative [in, on, with)
sitva
monachus monic.
sarcina
wood
bag
cibus food
silva
monachus
sorcino
cibus
sarcinam
cibum
silvCl
mClnClcho
2 Translate into Latin: (a) Benedict is not walking in the wood. (b) The bag is on the mule. (c) The mule does not carry Paul but the bag. (d) The mule does not like the wood. 3 Write a Latin sentence with: (a) mulus in the accusative; (b) sarcina in the ablative; (c) Paulus in the nominative; (d) monachus in the ablative.
UNIT I
•
4 Do you know what these words mean? If not, look back and learn them. sarcina silva mulus amat et non ambulat spectat portat est cibus sed nunc cum in etiam monachus What English words have their roots (or some of them) in these Latin words?
" Living Latin lhis section of each unit contains some authentic Latin, most but not all of which is classical. The pieces are included as both a rest and a stimulant. You are not expected to read them too closely, in fact you are advised not to! Many of the words and endings will be unfamiliar, so be positive and accumulate what you can. With the help of the translations see what you are able to work out, then sit back and listen to the recordings. and repeat them for pronunciation practice. 1 Verberat nos et lacerat fortuna. (Seneca, Dial. i,4,12) Fortune batters and torments us. 2 Defendi rem publicam adulescens, non deseram senex. (Cicero. Phil. ii.II8) I defended the republic as a young man, I shall not desert it in my old age. 3 Ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant. (Tacitus, Agricola xxx) They make a desert and call it peace. 4 Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam extulerat lucem referens opera atque tabores. (Virgil. Aeneid xi, 182-3) Dawn now raised her nourishing light upon the suffering mortals and renewed their daily grind. S 0 tempora, 0 mores! Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt. (Cicero, In Catilinam i, 1) What an age! What moral standards! The senate knows what's going on, the consul has it right in front of his eyes.
11
UNIT II
UNIT II
(in) a Field discipulus student equos (equus) h~es hobita(n)t live
agro
~
labora(n)t
work
saepe often schola school sunt ore
Practice (i) 1 Choose the correct words and translate: Mulus cum (equos/equis) in agro habitat, sed (equiJequus) cum (mulum/mulo) (mulumlmulo) non laborant.
In this unit you will learn: • Singular and plural fanns • How to look for the subject • About Latin: A question of rhetoric ~
Singular and plural forms The plural of mutus (mule~) is muli if nominative (subject), mulos if accusative (object) or muUs if ablative (in, with, etc.). The verb (spectal, laborat, etc.) has an 'n' before the final '1' if the subject is plural: Molus in agro laborillThe mule is working in the field. Muli in agro laborant. The mules are working in Monachi mulos spectant. In agro m mul.l!S..
In agro sunt fiuI!. muI!.
"
the field. The monks watch the mules. A mule is (there is a mule) in the field. Mules are (there are mules) in the field.
Mulus equos non arnat Benedictus et Stephanus monachi sunt. Monachi in monasterio habitant. Paulus discipulus in schola est. Discipuli cum monachis in monasterio habitant. Mulus cum equis in agro habitat. MuJus saepe in agris laborat. Equi cum mula non Jaborant. Equos mulus non amat.
2 Choose the correct word and translate: (a) Mulus sarcinam (portatJportant). (b) Monacbi in monasterio (habitat/habitant). (c) Muli non equos (amatJamant). (d) Equus in agro non (laborat/laborant).
~ How to look for the subject If there is no subject, i.e. no word in the nominative case, then we add an English pronoun (he, she or it if the verb is singular, they if plural): In monasterio laborat. ~ works in the monastery. Thev live in the field. In agro habitant. Silvae, umbrae
The plural of silva (and nouns like silva) is silv~ (nominative), silvas. (accusative) and silvis. (ablative):
BEGINNER'S LATIN
12
In silvis sunt umbl1lt. SarcinRS non portat.
There are shadows in the woods. (Sthe11) does !WI carry the bags.
" Umbrae in silvis Benedictus vinum desiderat. Paulus igitur vinum in oppido emit et ad monasterium cum muJo ambulat. Mulus vinurn portal. Nunc sunt in silva. MuJus saepe in silvis ambulat, sed nOD silvas 3mal quod in silvis suot umbrae. Mulus neque umbras neque sarcinas amat. MuJus amicos in agro desiderat.
prj
arnicos (amkus) friends emit (s/he) buys igitur and $() in oppido in the /own
neque•..neque quod because umbrae (umbra) wine
neilher...nor
shodows
vinum
I'J Practice (ii) 1 Choose the correct words and translate: MulDS non (silvas/silvis) amat quod in (silvas/silvis) sunt (umbrae/umbras).
2
Choose the correct words and translate: (a) Sarcinae in muJo (est/sunt). (b) Umbras in silva mulus non (amat/amant). (e) Monachi sarcinas nOD (portatlportant). (d) Equi in silva Don (habitat/habitant).
UNIT II
13
About Latin A question of rhetoric The classical period was a relatively brief period in the life of Latin. It was then immortalised by the enthusiasm of later generations. and two thousand years later the books ~ all w~ have left. But books are all it was ever meant to be. Classical Latm was composed on the page; it may have been brought to life by recital, but it was a written language. We may safely assume that the carefully weighted sentences of Cicero or the delicate rhythms of poets were not typical of everyday conversational Latin of the time. Latin literature was the work of an educated, erudite minority. Authors all shared the same school texts, the same tutors, the same tastes. the same stock of stories and myths. the same models, Roman and Greek. Not many Romans were literate, and even fewer were literary. Authors were either themselves members of an upperclass elite or supported by someone who was. They frequently allude to myths. heroes and episodes in their history, as though to impress us with the detail of their knowledge. But their readership. the educated Roman public. were all familiar with the material. They did not judge an author by this alone. but by the use he made of it; and this material was almost all derived from Greece. At the beginning of the second century Be, Rome controlled parts of the western Mediterranean, and her ambitious generals were contemplating further expansion eastwards, beginning with Greece. Several Romans had already visited Greece and liked what they had sampled of the refinements of Greek culture and lifestyle. Here they found an artistic inspiration and intellectual energy unmatched by anything back home. and before long Greek art and literature found a new and enthusiastic public in Italy. Talented and educated Greeks were befriended. hired, or bought in the slave markets to guide this process of cultural transfusion. a process which gathered momentum once Rome had made the step from ally to mistress of Greece. Political control of the eastern half of the Mediterranean had belonged to the Macedonians. Greece was once part of Alexander the Great's empire, which stretched from Greece to India and south into Egypt. Alexander's travels and conquests merged the cultures
14
BEGINNER'S LATIN
of Greece with those of the near east and north Africa, creating the 'Hellenistic' culture. The city of Alexandria in Egypt became the library of the HelJenistic world, attracting writers and artists, poets
and professors. This was the Greek culture which Romans inherited and experienced first-hand, but it was not the Greek culture they aspired to. In the fifth century Be, when Rome was still struggling to assert her independence and when the Latin language was in its infancy, Greece experienced her classical age. Having fought off the menace of Persian aggression, Athens, Sparta and other city-states (Greece was not a single country at this time) all contributed to an era of virtually unparalleled excellence in the arts, in literature, architecture, philosophy and politics. The achievements of the Athenians were the most notable, and certainly now the most visible. Having organised a union of minor states, Athens turned !.his into an empire, and from its revenues built the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis. Abroad she ruled with the heavy hand of a despot, but at home she nurtured the world's first democratic government. In this period the dramatists Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes wrote and produced their plays; Herodotus and Thucydides wrote their histories; and Socrates and Plato confronted politicians with arguments about power and methods of persuasion in a democratic society. Debate, discussion, argument, a willingness to talk through issues and participate in public affairs gave impetus to Athenian democracy. But by the end of the fifth century democracy was already beginning to lose its innocence. Politicians were thoughlto be out for all they could get, promising the world for a taste of power. Socrates himself criticised professional teachers of rhetoric, who gave lessons in how to deliver convincing arguments (and win elections) at the expense of the substance of the argument itself. Was there a value, wondered Socrates, in persuading others of a particular course of action if we did not first have a very firm grasp of the merits of that course of action? His stubborn pursuit of the truth offended a number of powerful people, and he was put to death at the close of the fifth century. The Athenian taste for dialogue and debate was not confined to politics and philosophy but infused their plays, histories and all
15
UNIT II
their literature. No one argued more convincingly t~an Socrate~, despite his misgivings about the p~wer of persuasIOn, and hIS conversations were rccreated by hIS student, Plato (we have nothing written by Socrates himsel~, whose ~ialogues were an inspiration to later students of rhetonc. Rhet?nc was taught as a formal subject in Greek, Roman and medIeval schools - our meaning of 'rhetoric' today shows what a lost skill speaking has become. The Greeks were known for being good speakers, and good squabblers. The difference between a debate and a quarrel is only one of degree, and while one was a symptom of freedom, the other brought that freedom to an end. A quarrel between the two most powerful city-states, Athens and Sparta, weakened the peninsula enough for Alexander's father, Philip, to overrun it in the fourth century. The later period of Hellenism looked back on classical Greece as a golden age, and the literati deliberately recreated and imitated earlier writers. The Romans absorbed these conventions, and thus Greek ideas, rhythms, stories, their gods even, found new fertile soil in Italy, helping to shape and develop the Latin language.
~Revision 1 Add the missing forms to the tables: (a) CASE Nominative (sub"eet
SINGULAR
mulus discipulum
Accusative lob"eet) Ablative (by, with, from, in, onl
umbra
mulo PLURAL
Nominative (subieetl Accusative (objeet) Atllative Iby, with, from, in, on)
discipuli
umbrae
discipulis
umbris
mulos
-
,.
BEGINNER'S lATIN
UNIT II
(b)
" Living Latin
CASE
1 Contra quis ferat anna deos?
~NGULAR
equus
(Tibullus, Elegies i, 6, 30) Who may lake arms againsllhe gods?
sitvCl
Accusative
SClrcinom
2
00" Ablative (by, with, from. in, on
PlURAL
Accusative (object)
silvas
Ablative (by, with, From, in, on]
4
Change the underlined word to the plural (if the subject s plural, the verb will be plural too), and translate: (a) (b) (e) (d)
4
'" post-classical
There are shadows in the woods.
The monks are not carrying bags. The mule often walks in the woods. The mule does not like the horses because they do no I work with mules.
Do you know what these words mean? If not, look back an d learn them....
umbra discipulus desiderat igitur
sunt equus quod laborat
Vivos ducent de mannore vultus. (Virgil, Aeneid vi, 848) (The Greeks) will bring to life faces from marble.
S *Si quidem deus est, unde mala? Bona vero unde, si non est? (Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy i, 4) If /fthere there is a god, how can there be evil? And how can there be good if there is not?
Paulus saepe in agro cum rnonacho lahorat. Sarcina in mulo est. Discipulus in monasterio habitat. Mulus umbram non aroat.
3 Translate into Latin: (a) (b) (e) (d)
*Nonne Socrates iniustae victoriam mortis promeruit? (Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy i, 3) Did IIot Socrates reap the victory of an unjust dealh?
3 Graecia capta rerum victorem cepit et artis intulit agresti Latio. (Horace, Epistles ii, I, 156-7) When Greece was captured, she in tum captivated her utltamed conqueror and introduced the ans to bumpkin Lazio.
Nominative wb" I
2
17
vinwn saepe ad amicus
Now look for English derivatives (they are often a clue to th e meaning of the Latin word but not always identical to it). --'
19
UNIT 1Il
Neuter nouns ending -um
UNIT III
Vinum wine, monasterium monastery, oppidum town, olewn oil, ovum egg and unguentum perfume also have endings similar to mulus: the differences are in the nominative singular, which ends -urn (like the accusative), and the nominative/accusative plural, both of which end -a:
Nominative Accusative Ablative
In this unit you will leam: • • • • •
Nouns ending ·cr Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns Ablative case: in, on, with, by,jrom Prepositions - ablative or accusative? About Latin: Speaking as the Romans did
~ Nouns ending
-er
field all have endings identical to molDS except for the nominative singular (-er). Some lose the 'e' in the other cases: SINGULAR Nominative
Ablative
presbyter puer presbyterum puerum presbytero puero
PLURAL
vin-um vin-um vin-o
vin-o vin·o Yin-is
These are neuter nouns, and all without exception have the same endings for both the nominative and accusative cases, so the ending alone will not tell you whether a neuter noun is subject or object. This has to be worked out from the conlext:
Presbyter priest, puef boy, Iiber book, magister master and ager
Accu~tive
SINGULAR
liber librum libro
magister ager magistrum agrum magistro ogro
libri libros libris
magiSh'i agri magish'os agros magistris ogris
Mulus vinum non amat (object). The mule does not like wine. In the bag is some wine. In sarcina est vinum (subject).
~ Ablative case: in. on. with, by, from English words which commonly render the ablative are: in, on, with, by, from. Sometimes the ablative is used without a preposition: Sarcina est unguentis onerosa. The bag is heavy with peifumer. Cum, with, is only used if it means 'in the company of'.
PLURAL Nominative Accusative
Ablative
presbyteri pueri presbyteros pueros presbyteris pueris
" Sarcinae onerosae Shared endings key
~
Masculine. feminine and neuter Most nouns like silva are feminine and those like mulus (and presbyter, puer, etc.) are masculine. There are also neuter nouns. You will need to know a noun's gender when you come to matching adjectives with the nouns they qualify.
(Nouns are singular. unless stoted plural. Entries in bold are included for the first time. A vowel may be long ar short, e.g. nominative silva, ablative silval
'um mulum, puerum, agrum : accusative vinum : nominative or ac
silva: nominative or ablative
vina : nominative pl. or accusative pl.
20
BEGINNER'S LATIN
-
Paulus et Benedictus monachi sunt. Benedictus presbyter est, et laborat. Paulus non presbyter sed discipulus est. In cuHoa et in bibliotheca et in agris laborat. Benedictus, ubi cibum vinumque desiderat, Paulum ad oppidum mittit. Hodie igitur Paulus mulusque ex oppido per silvam ad monasterium reveniunt. Ager et monasterium longe absunt. Sarcinae sunt onerosae. Sarcinae vino et ovis et oleo et unguento onerosae sunt. Mulus gemit. Unguenta et cibum et vinurn semper Benedictus desiderat sed semper mulus portal. portat.
2
cum ancillis in culina
absunt (they) ore away, absent ancillis (ancilla) moids bibliotheca library culina kitchen
mitti. (s/he) sends onerosae heavy po< through, across, olong -que (cibum vinumque)
e.
(food and wine) reveniunt (they) come bock
from, out of gemi. (5/lIe) groans hodie todoy
longe
Choose the correct words and translate: (a) (Presbyter/presbyteri)
cum (discipulosldiscipulis) non (Iaborat/laborant).
a,d (b) Sarcina (vinumlvino) et
semper always ubi when, where
for, distant
21
UNIT III
(ole%lea) et (unguental unguentis) et (ovum/ovis) onerosa est.
Practice (i) 1
Add the missing fonns ronns to the following tables:
CASE Nominative sub"e<:t l Accusative [ob"e<:t) Ablative (by, with, from, in, onl
SINGULAR
ager
unguentum
presbyter
3 unguentum
(a) (b) (c) (d)
preSbytero
°9<0 PLURAL
Nominative (subje<:t) Accusative (obje<:t) ~blative (by, will1, from, in, on)
unguenta agros
Change the underlined words into the plural, and alter any other words which are affected, and translate:
Monachus in monasterio habitat. Mulus non silvam sed agrum amat. Equus neque in silvis neque in agris cum mulo laborat. Benedictus vinum et unguentum desiderat.
~ Prepositions - ablative or accusative?
unguenta
These are words which form phrases with nouns. Sometimes the noun is in the accusative case, sometimes the ablative. It depends on the preposition:
presbyteris
,
22
BEGINNER'S lATIN +
PO'
in ad
AcCUloOtive
throogh, by way of inlo, on 10
10, /aWards
-.;"
-
23
UNIT 111
II Practice (ii)
+ Ablative
I
,um ;n in, on alb,· from, by
Choose the correct word and translate: (a) Monachi per (via/viam) ambulanL (b) Mulus in (agrumlagro) est. (e) Equus, a (monachoslmonachis) territus, e monasterio
e{x) • oot 01. owoy from, off • !he extro con$OllOnl is u~ before
venit.
a """'"
(d) Monachus ex (equumlequo) in (terralterram) cadiL
Prepositions like in which are used with either case are followed by the accusative if some motion is implied, or ablative if it is not: In terr:IDn cadit.
In terr1! iacet.
Sihe falls Q!l1Q the ground. Sihe lies Qlllhe ground.
In silvam ambulat. In silVB ambulat.
Slhe walks iJlJQ the wood. Slhe walks ill the wood.
2 Choose the correct preposition and translate: (a) (In/Cum) silva, monachus
(in/ex) equo cadit et (ablin) tefTa iaeet.
Monachus in cucullo •
Paulus et roulus longe a monasterio absunt. Neque silvam neque sarcinas amat mulus. ']o!' clamat Paulus. Mulus non ambulat. Subito equum Paulus et mulus audiunt. Deinde equum videot. Celeriter equus per viam ad Paulum rnulumque venit. In equo est monachus in cucullo. Equus est territus. Equus Paulum mulumque videl et subito e via declinat. Monachus ex equo in terram cadit et equus celeriter in silvam abit. Monachus in terra iacet. abit (s/he) deports audiunt (they] hear cadit (s/heJ foils celeriter quickly c1amat (s/heJ shouts cucullo (cucullus) hood declinat M swerves deinde !hen, nexl
(b) Ova (in/e) sarcina
(perlin) terram cadunt.
iacet (s/he] lies iol heyvp! subito suddenly telTOm (terro) groond territus scored venit (s/heJ comes viam (vio) 'ood vide(n)t
-
(e) Mulus (elper) silvam
(in/ad) monasterium ambulaL
....
24
BEGINNER'S LATIN
About Latin Speaking as the Romans did A recording of Cicero making a speech or Virgil reciting his poetry would be a fine thing. The best we can do twenty centuries later is
tentatively reconstruct the sound of Latin, letter by letter, syllabic by syllable, from various bits and pieces of evidence. Much is disputed, much open to interpretation. But we have to live with this, for no one can begin to appreciate a literature - which was written for recital - without some idea of its sound. Our reconstruction may be a somewhat incomplete jigsaw puzzle, but
so too is that of Elizabethan English, and that hasn't stopped production of Shakespeare's plays. So with all the help which academic findings can give us we shall set about putting flesh on the skeleton and breathe life back into the ancient texts.
We would be hard put to identify just one correct pronunciation in any case. Latin was the first language of the empire of Rome, which lasted for over half a millennium, and stretched from the Crimea to Spain, Edinburgh to Egypt. For centuries Latin was the language of the entire known world. Looking back over the emergence of English, our international language today, whom should we choose as its most correct speaker? Alfred the Great? Abraham Lincoln? Nelson Mandela? At least with Latin we can limit our attention to the two centuries of classical Latin, but even within this briefer span changes will have occurred - a recording of F10rence Nightingale suggests our own pronunciation has changed considerably in the past one hundred and fifty years or so. The clearest evidence we have is of the sound of the individual letters themselves. This evidence comes from ancient commentators who give detailed advice about certain sounds (that it was given at all can be taken as a symptom of variance if not change); other clues come from transliteration into and out of other languages (e.g. Greek Koisar for 'Caesar', and Duo/erios for 'Yalerius'); also from puns and plays on words, rhymes and assonance; and from the sub--Latin, or 'Romance' languages, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, of which the more isolated and conservative dialects are especially interesting - centum's hard 'c', for instance, in Sardinian (kentu, a hundred).
25
UNIT III
Latin unU5, uno septem centum
English 0"'
French
Spanish
Italian
un, une
~" hundred
celli
un(o}. uno siete dento
un(o), uno sette cenlo
~pl
Stress and intonation are less secure. Latin stress was probably similar to our own, where the accent falls on the penultimate syllable, or if that syllable is weak, the one before it: AugUstus, Cicero. Some hold the view that the initial syllable had the weight of accent, particularly in pre--classical Latin. This idea is prompted by the weakening of first syllables when they are compounded and made second syllable: facere, peificere; c(lpere, recjpere. Even after the classical period we see this stress in, for example, the Italian pellegrino (from Latin peregrinus), whose initial syllable was given enough weight for the word to arrive in English as 'pilgrim'. But we should not take this first-syllable theory too far. Almost all the examples cited involve a compound with a prefix, which would naturally be stressed on first fonnation. Put the accent on the second syllable of a compound, and it will soon lose the prefix and revert to the simple fonn. Even pellegrino was once a compounded fonn, being 'a person from across the field': per-ager-inus. An 'm' in the middle of a word was very similar to ours, but at the end of a word appears to lose much of its consonantal value. For instance, say seprem (seven) without closing your lips on the final 'm'. It is interesting to note that many other European languages, such as Bulgarian, Dutch and Gennan have a nasalised ending (-ml-n) for their word for 'seven' but the Romance languages derived directly from Latin all lose it (see the table above). This 'm' is also missing from some Latin inscriptions: e.g. scriptum est (it was written): written as scriplusr. In classical Latin poetry a final 'm' is treated like a vowel if it appears before another vowel, and is elided. In medieval Latin the final 'm' appears to be a more complete sound, no doubt reinforced by students of classical Latin learning the accusative case: a schoolmaster had to be impressed that you knew silvam from silva and so you spelt and hummed it for all it was worth with none of the halfway nasalising of the classical sound. Literacy is a conservative influence on the
2.
BEGINNER'S LATlN
inflexions of any language: it is no coincidence that lhe English language lost many of its own inflexions after the Nannan Conquest took away its function as a written language. Thus we can guess with some confidence that the final 'm' of seplem was sounded, if openly, by educated speakers who were taught both to spell words and enunciate them until their tongues were sore; but that this sound tcnded to be reduced in ordinary speech, with its stress on the syllable-herore-Iast, to the point of eventual extinction in the Romance languages. Differences between literary and spoken Latin ~ or 'vulgar' Latin (vulgus: crowd, public) - were not confined to sound. The syntax of speech was inevitably looser and more straightforward than that
of the page. There were also differences in vocabulary: equus was the literary man's word for horse (equestrian, equine, equitation are among the learned and 'posh' words coined after the Middle Ages), while a cart-driver made do with a caballus (cheval, caballo, cavalry and possibly cabbie). We shall never know how far Cicero carried his literary style into ordinary speech, but he certainly retained something of his elaborate style in letters to his friends. One thinks of Queen Victoria's famous grumble at Gladstone, the Prime Minister, telling him not to address her as if she were a public meeting. Spoken idioms will, conversely, have in some measure been employed by writers, not so much to create a simple, plain style but to embellish a dramatic effect or intimate moment. Our unlettered cart-driver, however, would have struggled with all the allusions to Greek mythology and legends, and even in the one or two more accessible pieces, he might have found satirists fIring sharpened verses at him for the din he made in going about his daily business. In the fourth and fifth centuries AD, the early Christians gave fresh impetus to literary Latin and for a while welded it to the vulgar fonu. The gospels had originally been written in Greek but it was Latin translations, in particular St Jerome's bible (the Vulgate), which wooed the western world to the new religion. The language of the pulpit had to be simple and straightforward since it was aimed primarily at those with little or no schooling in literacy and rhetoric. In tandem with Christianity's populist tendency was the
27
UNIT UJ
intellectualising of theologians caught up in debates such as the nature of the Trinity, the 'three-in-one-ness' of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, a controversy which fuelled the fires of early heresies, and which gave renewed life to the language of philosophy and rhetoric.
pjRevision 1 Add the missing (onus to the tables: SINGUlAR
CASE
Nominative t$ubiectl Accuwtive lab"eell AblaTive (by, with, from, in, on)
puer silvam mulo
puero
PLURAL Nominative Isub'eet\ Accusative lobiectl Ablative (by, with, from, in, an)
silvas pueris
SINGUlAR
CASE
Nominative [$ub"ectl Accu$Otive
vinum
liber
an(illa
librum
I"I'Ke Ablative (by, with, From, in, onl
vino
Nomiootive [$Ubiectl Accu$Otive
vina
an(iIIo PlURAl
lob;", Ablative (by, wilb, From, in, on)
vi~
an(iIIae libros libris
8EGlNNER'S LAllN
28
2
Change the underlined words into the singular, alter any orner words which may be affected, and translate: (a) (b) (e) (d)
3
Discipuli in culinam ambulant. Presbyteri cibum vinumque saepe desiderant. Mulus per ~ semper venit. Magister ~ discipuli vinurn desiderant.
Translate into Latin: (a) The horses work in neither the wood nor the field. (b) The monk carries the perfumes in lhe bag. (e) The priest walks with the students through the wood
towards the monastery. (d) Students are nOl priests.
4
Do you know what these words mean? If not...
ager
magister
ovum
terra e(x) iacet culina audiunt semper
via oppidum a(b) venit videot clarnat
per ubi habitat
mittit hodie subito
If Living Latin 1 IUa quidem iurata negat, sed credere durum est. (Tibullus, Elegies i, 6, 7) She denies it under oath, but it's hard to believe her. 2 "Reati mites quoniam ipsi possidebunt terram. (St Matthew v, 4) Blessed are the meek for they will inherit the eanh. "Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis. (Gloria) Glory be to God on high and on ennh peace to men ofgood will.
2.
4 Dum nos rata sinunt oculos satiemus amore. (Propertius ii, IS, 23) While the fates allow us let us fill our eyes with love.
S Oro, si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem. (Virgil, Aeneid iv, 319) I beg you, if there's still time for entreaties, change your mind. 6 "NOD vern vocare iustos, sed peccatores in paenitentiam. (S. Luke v, 32) I have not come to welcome the righteous, bllt the sinners to repentance. 7
How many English words can you think of which are related to these?
3
UNIT III
Exitiabilis superstitio rursum erurnpebat, non modo per ]udaeam, originem eius mali, sed per urbem etiam quo cUDela undique atrocia aut pudenda connuunt celebranturque. (Tacitus, Annals xv, 44) The deadly superstition broke out again, not only itl Judaea, the source of this trouble, but also in the capital wherefrom every corner all things sleaze-ridden and shameful ooze together and come into vogue.
'" post-classical
31
UNIT IV
The 'oj' case may also describe a quantity:
UNIT IV
amphora vini sarcina ovorum
an amphora ~ a bag ~
The 'of' case can be 'subjective' or 'objective': timor Danorum amor Dei
In this unit you will learn: • The genitive ('of') case • Questions • About Latin: 'Anyone' for a cancan? ~
" Femina in terra iacet Shared endings key
The genitive ('of') case
-j
The nominative case is for subjects, the accusative for objects (and also follows some prepositions), and the ablative is the in, on, with, by or from case. Now for the genitive: nominative
accuso/ive
genitive
ablative
SINGULAR
silva
silvarn
silvoe
mulus
mulum vinurn
vina
PLURAL
vinurn silvoe
mulj vini
silva mula
muli
mulos vina
silvarum mulorum vinOf'um
silvis mulis vinis
vina
silvas
fear oUlle Danes (either another 's fear of them or the Danes' own fear) Iove!J.f...QQd. (either another's love ofGod or God's own love)
The genitive can almost always be translated with the preposition 'oj .. '. This may be the possessive 'of':
Benedicti vinum
the wine ofBelledicf
feminae cucullus
(Benedict 'y wine) the hood of/he woman (the woman's hood)
muli: nominative plural -ae muli, vini : 'of .•.' genitive case
silvae: nominative plural
silvoe: 'of ••.' genitive case
Monachus in terra iacet. Equus, ab umbris territus, e via in silvam effugit. Vento enim folia et rami crepitant et equus, umbrarum ramorumque timidus, nunc per silvas ad monasterium festinat. Immotus in terra iacet monachus. Paulus ad monachum currit. Figura tamen non monachi sed feminae est. Paulus feminam spectat. Cucullus feminae est scissus. Paulus feminam tunica protegit.
.., '--------------'·-m-m-o-'u-.--,,-,·,,-------' iW Hepitant (they) rus/le cUrTit Is/he} runs eHugit (s/he] flees enim for, you see feminom, feminae (femino) woman
festinot Is/he) hurries figura shape folia (folium) leaves
protegit {s/he] covers rami (ramus) branches SciSSU5 10m tamen however timidus fearful tunica tunic, dress vento (ventus) wind
32
BEGINNER'S LATIN
33
UNIT rv
PAl Practice (i) 1 Add the missing fonns: D
SINGULAR
CASE Nominative
terrg
ramus
folium
(sub"eet)
o
o
Cl
C1
ACcuKltive
(obiect) ~nitive
Ablative (~i with,
terra
Nominotive
le~.
"" =
D
From in on
(b) Ova in tunicam
PlURAL
feroio.... cadynt.
~ia
(wbjecti """ACeusotive
~~.
{oboctj Genitive
(0I)
. Ablative (by, with,
terris
from, in, on)
2
Add the missing endings and translate: (a)
Feminae in culina
monasteri.... laborant. (e) Discipuli vinum
Benedict.... bibun.. 3
Identify the cases of the underlined nouns, and translate: (a) (b) (e) (d)
Disciouli vinum ancillarum desiderant. Stephanus est magister ~ . Paulus est Stephani discipulus. Mulus est silvarum timidus.
4 Put these nouns into the genitive singular, and genitive plural: (a) ramus (brunch) (b) ager (field) (e) ovum (egg) (d) umbra (shadow) (e) ancilla (maid)
BEGINNER'S LATIN
34 ~
Questions
adest Is/he, it} is present, here anxius concerned aperit opens aquam (aqua) water audire to hoor bibere to drink diu for a long time es you are inquit Is/he) mys, said ita vero yes malum est il is bod! curses! mortua dood
A question may be introduced by a question word such as ubi? where?, quis? who? and quid? what? Without such an interrogative word to introduce the question, the suffix -De is added to the first word: Th-m vales? Ubi femina habitat? Cur in terra femina iacet?
Are you well?
Where does the wontanlive? Why is the woman lying on the ground?
The 'is' in the third example above is part of the verbal phrase 'is lying', represented in Latin by iacet (and nOI est: see Key for grammatical words in the introduction). Some questions expect the answer 'yes' or 'no'. Noone expects the answer 'yes', Dum the answer 'no':
35
UNIT IV
non ita no, not so oculos (oculus) eyes potest Is/he) is able, can ragat (s/he) asks sum lam te miseram you poor thing tibi gratias thank you timet (s/he, it) fears trepidus nervous voleo (-es) lam {you are} well videre to see vis you want, wish
PI Practice (ii) 1 Answer the questions with the correct fonn of the verb to be: (a) (b) (c) (d)
Noone Benedictus in culina est? Surely Benedict is in the kitchen? Num Paulus est episcopus? Surely Paul is not a bishop?
Quis es? Paulus. Qui estis? ...........•.... Stephani discipuli. Quis est? ........•....•.. episcopus. Ubi sum? in silva.
III r.-u-m--,-a-m---------.-u-m-u-.--_-a-"------~ "Ubi sum? Paulus neque videre neque audire equum feminae potest. Equus e silvis ad monasterium festinat. Femina diu iacet immota. Paulus est anxius et mulus trepidus. 'Te miseram!' clamat Paulus. Femina oculos aperit et Paulum spectat. 'Nonne es mortua?' rogat Paulus. 'Mortua? Non ita. Ubi sum? In silvis?' 'Ita vero,' inquit Paulus. 'Ubi est equus?' 'Lente, lente! Vales-ne? Vis-ne aquam bibere?' 'Non ita, tibi gratias. Equus-ne adest?' 'Non ita. Ramos umbrasque timet. Et tu, vales-oe?' 'Valeo. 0 malum est!' clamat femina. 'Lente! Quis esT
es est
2
you are s/he, it/there is
estis sunt
you are (pl.) they/there are
Make up questions which lead to these answers: (a) (b) (c) (d)
Mulus est in silva. Paulus in bibliotbeca laborat quod est discipulus. Non ita, femina non mortua est. Stephaous est magister.
About Latin 'Anyone' for a cancan? In the medieval period a 'clerical' worker was more often than not a clergyman. The Church first became active in government and . d ' admin'IS t ralion unng t he latter days of the Roman empire, and be.came even more so after it collapsed, Libraries and schools might have died out altogether if the early monasteries had not
36
BEGINNER'S lAnN
survived 10 house them. Monks would sing, read and write Latin, much of which was religious and some secular. Hymns, liturgy, lives of saiDls. histories, charters, le«ers and poems aU contribute to a rich variety of writing produced over more than a millennium. Sub-classical imitations were carefuUy crafted, and there was looser stuff too influenced by the respective native languages. The spoken Latin of the empire had long since disintegrated into the Romance languages. intcnningling with local speech habits and evolving with the peoples who spoke it. In France students of Latin have tcnded to pronounce Latin as they do French (e.g. 'quO as 'k'. not 'kw'). This has an interesting bearing on the origin of the word 'cancan'. which is said by some to be derived from the Latin word quamquam. Quamquom usually means 'although'. but the connection between although and a dance is not easy 10 fathom. More likely is a less well-known meaning of quamquam 'anyone' in the feminine, 'any girl', i.e. no fixed partner. Another theory ascribes the cancan 10 a 'scandalous' dance, again the origin being the Latin word quamquam, the scandal being a row during the Reformation: a few priests in France had adopted the pronunciation favoured in northern (and Protestant) Europe, 'kwamkwam', only to incur the severe displeasure of the French authorities. Even the pronunciation of a dying language could have life-threalening implications. In England, as elsewhere, Latin was pronounced according to local speech habits. In the years following the Nonnan Conquest of 1066, English was strongly innuenced by French. 'Julius Caesar', which was 'Yoolius Ky-sser' in classical times, was pronounced 'Joolius Seizer' by the many schoolmasters of French origin, and 'Kikero' became 'Sissero', 'Wergilius' 'Vurdgil'. Latin is not a parent language of English, but the number of loanwords, of which many arrived via French, make it a most generous uncle. New words have one of three sources: they are either new formations, or taken from another language, or a mixlure of the two. The spelling of certain words may be changed, or stabilised, at a later date (e.g. Old English discipul and munuc which were to become disciple and monk). It may be that a parent language coined the word, or itself borrowed from another source (e.g. elepJuJnI: Egyptian to Greek to Latin to French to English). Origins
37
UNITN
SOME lOANWORDS TAKEN BEFORE THE NORMAN CQNOUEST 110661 coslle (coslellurn-il di5Cipie (discipulu~1
monk lmooochu~1
desire ldesirer/desiderarel oil (huile/oIeuml silence (silence/silentiuml
In the eighth century Charlemagne had wanted to improve the schools within his empire, and employed an English scholar. Alcuin, 10 raise the standard of Latin taught in them. Similar initiatives followed over the next few centuries, culminating at the end of the middle ages in the Renaissance, when writers, artists and scholars were guided and inspired almost exclusively by classical models. It was less easy to impose unifonnity on the spoken language. The spoken Latin of the empire had already evolved into the vernacular languages of the Romance countries, and the Latin-as-a-secondlanguage spoken in the medieval period became rather homeless and fragmentary. Different countries and regions could barely understand each other's use of the language, and the sound of ecclesiastical Latin was far from uniform. Even in Ihe churches Latin was not going to last long, at least not in the countries where the Rcfonnation was gathering momentum and allegiance to Rome would be cast aside. Latin's fading role as an international language and the continued rise of the vernacular languages was in one sense the eventual triumph of vulgar Latin over its literary counterpart. BUI once retired from active life, Latin becomes provider, and feeds the vernacular languages wiLh vast numbers of new words and expressions.
Revision 1 Write sentences as answers to these questions:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Ubi est femina? Cur equus feminae e silva festinat? Ubi magister scholae laborat? Quid mulus portat?
3. 2
~rTlV
Translate into Latin: (a) (b) (e) (d)
3
Are we in a wood? The woman's horse is able to hear the wind. The mule carries the monk's bags. Surely the students do not long for Benedict's wine?
Add the missing fonns:
2 .Quis maior est, qui recumbit an qui ministrat? (St Luke xxii, 27) Whom do we value more, the one who sits for dinner or the one who serves? 3 .Alcuinum, de Britannia Saxonici generis hominem, virum undecumque doctissimum, praeceptorem habuit. (Einhard, Vita Karoli xxv)
He (Charlemagne) employed Alcuin as teacher, afeUow from Britain, of Saxon blood, in every respect a mosr learned man.
SINGULAR tunica
Nominolive
4
Acl;U$(Ilive Genitive
Ablative
vento
tunico PlURAL
Nominative Accu50tlve nitive
tunices
Mourn rhe little cuckoo who liked to sing to us. What unspeakable moment snatched you from your friends? Little cuckoo, little cuckoo, where did I leave you? What a wretched day that was for us.
OYO
OYIS
How well do you know these words?
cur currit Donne quid timet ita vero
.Heu, cueulus nobis fuerat cantare suetus, quae te nunc rapuit hora nefanda tuis? Heu, cueulus, eueulus, qua te regione reliqui, infelix nobis ilia dies (uerat. (Alcuin, Versus de Cuculo)
venti
A olive
4
3'
ventus tameD nurn femina folium non ita
tunica eoiro quis schola ramus adest
What English words can you think of which are in part at least des~ended
from these Latin words? The English word via is denved from the ablative of via. Can you see how?
" Living Latin 1 ·Nema serVU'i polest duobus dominis servire. (SI Luke xvi, 13)
No one can be a slave to two masters.
5
*Hie Harold Rex interfectus est et fuga verterunt Angli. (Bayeux Tapestry)
Here King Harold was slain and the English turned and fled. 6
*Sidus c1arum puellarum, nos et deeDS omnium rosa veris, quae videris clarior quam lilium. (12th century anon.)
Bright star of maidens, everything s flower and ornament, you are like a spring rose, more lovely than a lily.
" post-elassical
41
UNIT v
'Non Egberta, sed Egbertae mia, Lucia sum. Et tu, quis es?' 'Sum Paulus, et in monasterio habito.' 'Es presbyter?' 'Non presbyter, sed discipuJus sum.' 'Episcopi-ne discipuJus es?' 'Non episcopi sed Stephani.' 'Quis est Stepbanus? In monasterio habitat?' 'Stephanus est monachus et scholae magister.' 'Me miseram! Ubi est iIle caballus?' 'Lente! Fortasse est in agris cum monasterii equis. Age, mecum ad monasterium veni. In mu)um ascendas.'
UNIT V
In this unit you will learn: • • • •
Declensions: the nominative and genitive The vocative case Adjectives: sanctus, sancta, sanctum About Latin: Reformation and Renaissance -life after death
~ Declensions: the nominative and genitive
All nouns belong to one of five groups, or 'declensions', Nouns like silva, umbra or Lucia belong to the first, while those like mulDs, magister or vinum all belong to the second declension. Arnor and timor which appeared briefly in the previous unit belong to the third - hut more about them later. All these declensions and cases mean that some endings do double and treble duty: the ending ·a, for example, might be the nominative or ablative singular of silva, or neutcr plural of vinum. So to help establish a noun's declension (and therefore the endings), dictionaries show a noun's nominative and genitive endings: First declension: Second declension:
age
you may climb coballus'i 1m} horw costellum·j
1'111 Practice
coslle
pemoP'
hobito (-as) (-at)
I (you) {s/he} live
thai
ille
Lucia-oe
Lucio
me miseram mecum
veni
;vst my luck
with me
comel
(i)
1 Fill the gaps: NOMINATIVE sarcina umbra ovum
....
eplscopus hber
2 'Quis es? Ubi babitas?' rogat PauJus. 'In castello,' inquit femina. 'Th-ne es Egberta, castelli domina?'
In]
domino-oe In lady, mistress Egberta-oe Egberta episcopus-i {m] bishop filio-oe In daughter
silva,silvae mulus, muli (also: puer, pueri; ager, agri afield) vinum, villi (neuter)
" Lucia
fonasse
come onl
oscendos
GENITIVE sarcinae
E._ ma Istrl
Make a list of all the nouns you have mel (showing the nominative and genitive endings) similar to: (a) silva, silvae (e.g. sarcina-ae, Lucia-ae, etc.) (b) muJus, mull (e.g. episcopus-i, Paulus-i, etc.) (c) vinum, vini (e.g. ovum-i, castellum-i. etc.)
BEGINNER'S LATIN
42
f§1 The vocative case Second declension nouns (those like mulus-i) have a special ending for when they are being spoken to. This is called the 'vocative case': mule for mutus, (Brute for Brutus in Et to Brute!). Most other vocative forms are the same as the nominative, e.g. '0 Lucia'. ~
Adjectives: sanctus, sancta, sanctum Adjectives give nouns more detail or colour: a saintly bishop, a
!.irill nwid. A Latin adjective is said to 'agree' with the noun it describes in gender (masculine, feminine or neuter), number (singular or plural) and case (nominative, accusative, etc.):
Sanctus episcopus et ancilla The saintly bishop and tired fessa in agro sedent. maid sit in the field. Multae feminae per silvarn Many women are walking obscuram ambulant. through the dark wood. Liber magnus in The large book is in the monasterio est. monastery. The masculine endings of adjectives like sanct-us are identical to those of mul-us, the feminine to those of sHy-a, and neuter to those of vin-um. In the final example above magnus agrees with lib,« even though their endings are not identical: both words are nominative masculine singular. The position of an adjective may be before or after the noun it describes. You will come across adjectives placed several words before or after the nouns they qualify, especially in poetry. The endings help you match the two together. Some adjectives appear after a verb (as in English): Mulus est lentus.
The mule is slow.
" E silvis veniunt Obscuram per silvam ad monasterium veniunt. Paulus mulum ducit. Lucia in mulo sedet. Mulus est lentus. Silva est umbrosa. Lucia Paulum rogat: 'Episcopus-ne sanctus in monasterio manet?'
UNITY
43
'Episcopus? Nescio. Sanctus episcopus? Vel saevus?' 'Nonne est sanctus?' 'Episcopus est saevus, quod semper Stephanum nos discipulos in bibliotheca claudere iubet.' 'Discipuli-ne estis boni studiosique?' 'Certe, semper.' 'Num vos discipuli semper boni estis? Fortasse mali, ignavi, somnuJenti estis.' 'Mali? 19navi? Nos? [ocosa es.' 'Cur in silva ambulas? Cur studiosus in bibliotheca non laboras?' 'Episcopus certe est malus, gulosus, saevus, vinolentus ....' 'Ssst. Maledicis. Episcopus est Egbertae avunculus.' 'Vero? Episcopus est cognatus Egbertae? Quid ergo? Hic, 0 Domina, est mulus. Mulus est cognatus equorum qui in monasterii agris habitant, eho mule?' Paulus ridet. Sed neque Lucia neque mulus ridet. Nunc enim mulus et Luciam et onerosas cibo multo vinoque sarcinas portat. 'lgnoscas, 0 Lucia!' inquit Paulus. Per silvas silentio procedunt. Mox magnos monasterii muros vident et e silvis in agros veniuot. ambulas you walk avuneulus-i [m] uncle bonus-a-um good eerie certojnly. yes elaudere 10 Jock eognatus-i [m] kinsman dueit (s/he) leads eha eh et.•• et both. and gulasus-a-um greedy hie here ~gnavuS-a-um lazy ~gnoseas forgive {me}, sorry IOCOSUS-a-um full of iokes, humorous iubet Is/he} orders, lells laboras you work magnus-a-urn greal, Jorge maledicis you slander malus-a-urn lroublesome bad manet (s/he] slays ' max soon, presenlly
BEGINNER'S lATIN
44
g
Practice (ii) 1
Fill each gap with the appropriate form of (unosus angry and sanctus saitltly: (fugat = chases) (a) Bestiae ........•......... Christianos fugant.
(b) Christianus
bestias 2
. fugat.
(e)
Christianum bestiae
. fugaol.
Change the underlined words to the plural fonn (other en,dings should be changed if affected) and translate the new versIOn: (a) Iksli!l Curiosa sanctum mooachum spectat. (b) lJ.bn magnus in bibliotheca est. (e) Discipulus ignavus mulum furiosum in urn videt. (d) Monachus somnulentus in bibliotheca nOD laborat.
UNIT V
45
About Latin Reformation and Renaissance life after death The Renaissance was a 'rebirth', a renewal of interest in classical literature and art. Many Greek and Latin books which had previously been ignored or unknown were brought to light and translated. There were imitations as well as translations, and original works were written in the authors' own languages which echoed classical precedents in form or content. Schoolmen and scholars redoubled their efforts to introduce classical standards of grammar and syntax, and medieval Latin as a living language was all but laid to rest, helped on its way by the Reformers' dislrust of anything Roman. Latin, in its classical form, had achieved immortality: dead languages do not change, and the linguistic rules which govern their use will always remain the same. The translation of classical texts into English demanded a wider range of vocabulary than it was able to supply. There were not the words to express the many new ideas of religion, astronomy, science and philosophy which were stimulated by the interest in these ancient texts, and often the simplest solution was to import a word direct from the Latin or Greek. Many of these words in time lost their foreign status, and became part of our language (some with slight modifications, e.g. splendidus was first sp/endidious and then settled as splendid). The anglicised pronunciation of these loan-words will in tum have influenced our pronunciation of original Latin. Latin was very closely caught up in the religious conflicts in the sixteenth century. It was, after all, the language of the Church, where it had survived as a spoken language for over a thousand years. Latin was a symbol of all things Roman, and since scholars Were being strangled, burned and beheaded for denying or affirming Rome, it's no small mercy that Latin survived at all. In England, classical scholars took sides in the dispute over the correct language for the liturgy - Sir John Cheke spoke out against Latin and assisted Cranmer with his Book of Common Prayer. Some wanted to follow the lead of the Dutch scholar, Erasmus, and
BEGINNER'S lATIN
46
recreate a more authentic classical sound. Others wanted most of all to rid Latin of its association with the Church. Thus the sound of Latin, now deprived of its status as an independent, if ritualised. language, lived for a brief while in a limbo of learned good intentions before becoming part of English and being pronounced according to our own speech habits. A further complication is the famous 'vowel shift' which occurred in English at this lime. Vowel quantities of Latin-derived words had been changing since pre-Conquest times. Pater, for instance, has a short 'a' in Latin which was lenglhened on arrival in English, possibly by association with the long 'a' in 'father'. The vowel shift then brought about a further change, leaving us with the 'payter' we hear in period dramas. lbrough change of quantity or vowel shift or both, we now have in English (and. until as late as the nineteenth century, in Latin): bQne-us from bonus (classical pronunciation: 'bQnnus'); mise-er from miser ('missair'), flll-ial fromft/ius ('feel ius'), wine from viflum ('weenum'). If Latin in this country was somewhat anglicised, it is even more pertinent to say English was Latinised. Coining new words became something of a fad, beyond the requirement of scientists and translators. Some loan-words which had settled into English, many having arrived via French, were reformed to make them resemble the original Latin ones more closely. We now have many cases of pairs of words, which have subsequently developed different meanings: lATIN ~M
oompulore desiderore
PRE· I500
w<.
count desire
LAnN dubium .."...,
wbtili$
Some Latin-derived words can appear dry and pompous. Comedians from Moliere to Mrs Bucket have had plenty of mileage from unnecessarily tortuous circumlocutions. In the sixteenth century one poor fellow closed a letter to someone he hoped to impress with 'I relinquish to fatigale your intelligence....'. However, quirk and affectation aside, Latin has proved to be a rich source of new words. Some loan-words have settled in so well that you would not notice their origin, and their crispness and nuance help to give English its unequalled richness and variety.
I"J Revision I
Fill the gaps: lATIN
PQST·1500
PRE· I 500 doule set (Frenchl
"""bt sept IFrenchl
,.,;1
~b"
ENGUSH
ovum-i lucidu$-O-um murus-i slia-oe folium-i dubium·i
~ol
doubt talkative
iraluS-O-iJm
angry
vir·i'"
2
DER1VATIVElSj
bri ht
I
moo
Change the underlined words into the plural and alter any other words which are affected, and translate: (a) (b) (c) (d)
POST-I 500 secure compute desiderate
Not all these later additions survived (e.g. desiderate). Some words were respelt and replaced the earlier forms altogether - a headache for all those who struggle with spelling:
47
UNIT V
Monachus-ne ignavus in agris laborat? Num discioulus cognatus Luciae est? Paulus magistri li.b.n!m in bibliotheca spectat. Num Benedictus aneillae avuneulus est!
3
Write out sanctus-a-um, singular and plural, in all the cases you have met so far.
4
Check you know these words: casteUum·i sedet mox
episcopus-i iubet eerte
bonus-a·um
malus-a-urn
manet ridet vero multus-a·um
BEGINNER'S LATIN
48
magnus-a-um sanctus-a-um fessus-a-um
gulosus-a-um furiosus-a-um bibliotheca-ae
saevus-a-um Icotus-a-um
What English words are derived from these? 5
During the Renaissance many new adjectives were coined from Latin roots. Identify the English meanings of the Latin nouns below, and the English adjective derived from the Latin word: nocturnol
e.g. noctes
"OC"'~'O" c/lvrch
canis culina
house wn brother nights
decem domus ecclesia
6
mother
filius frater mater
collie
sol boves
ten kitchen
dog
Translate into Latin: (a) (b) (c) (d)
Surely the bishop is not greedy? The tired students often sit in the field. Is the lady furious, Stephen? Do mules work in the dark wood?
Living Latin 1 *Ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera a malo. (Pater Noster) Do not lead us into temptation bUI free us from evil. 2 *Beati pauperes, quia vestrum est regnum Dei. (St Luke vi, 20) Blessed are the poor, for yours is the kingdom of God.
UNIT V
49
3 Sequitur clades, forte an dolo principis incertum (nam utrumque auctores prodidere), sed omnibus quae huic urbi per violentiam ignium acciderunt gravior atque atrocior. (Tacitus, Annals xv, 38) A disaster followed ~ whether accidemal or by Nero's hand no one knows (both versions have their supporters) - but this city had never experienced a more serious or damaging fire. 4 Eorum multitudo ingens haud proinde in crimine incendii quam odio humani generis convicti sunt. (Tacitus, Annals xv, 44) A large number of Christians were condemned, not so much on any charge of arson but because of their aversion to the human race. 5 Quamquam adversus sontis et novissima exempla meritos miseratio oriebatur, tamquam non utilitate publica sed in saevitiam unius absumerentur. (Tacitus, Annals xv, 44) Despite their guilt and the deserved severity of their punishment, people began to feel pity because their destruction was not so much in the interests of the public but rather for the sadistic amusement of one man.
6 Pervaserat rumor ipso tempore tlagrantis urbis inisse eum domesticam scaenam et cecinisse Troianum excidium. (Tacitus, Annals xv. 39) A TUmour circulated that at the very time of the fire in Rome Nero had gone on to his stage in the palace and sung of the Fall of Troy.
* post-classical
51
UNITYI
~
UNIT VI
PI
Adjectives: miser, misera, miserum (wretched) Infinitives-re Dative case: raJar About Latin: Latin wanted - dead or alive?
~ Adjectives: miser, misera, miserum (wretched)
The endings of these adjectives are almost identical to those of sanet-us-a-um but for the nominative masculine singular (ef. presbytn and molDs). So mulDs miser, mulum miserum, femina misera, feminam miseram, elc. ~
Verbs: potest, vult. debet
s/he 'hey
is/ore able potest po$5\,1nt
wont(s) vult volunt
ought, owe(s)
dobet debent
These verbs are usually followed by an infinitive (an infinitive of an English verb is fonned with 'to.... ' , e.g. to see, to believe, to say.
Abbatissa cantare non potest. The abbess is unable to sing. Pecuniam dare debent.
C1mClt s/he loves videt s/he sees scribit s/he writes C1udit s/he hOOfS facit s/he makes
o~ .. videre scribere audire facere
to love
to
,~
to wrile to hoor to make, do
The five verbs above each represent a different group (or conjugation). With the exception of irregular verbs like esse and posse, all Latin verbs belong to one of these five conjugations.
In this unit you will learn: • • • •
Latin infinitives -re
They ought to give some money.
" In bibliotheca
D
Shared endings key -0 -00
-is
mulo, vino: oblotive
mulo, vino: dative ('to..• I far•..') silvae: genitive, nominotive plurol
silvae: dCltive ('to.•• I for••.') mulis, silvis, vinis: ablative plural
mulis, silvis, vinis: dCltive plurClI ('to•• .! for••.')
Est meridies. Discipuli Stephanusque sunt in bibliotheca. Scholae magister discipulis historiam Christianorum bestiarumque narrat. 'Christiani multi in amphitheatro occisi sunt. Romani pro suffragiis populi ludos faciebant et magnam opulentiam ostentare volebant. Miseros Christianos! Pagani semper videre multam saevitiam volunt. Ludos in amphitheatro spectabant etiam docti, qui eos non saevos sed ineptos existimabant. Nulla enim victimis erat misericordia. Nunc nobis Iibri non ludi sunt grati, eho Paule? Age, Paulus-ne nobis recitare potest? Paule? Ubi est Paulus?' 'Quando Christiani, 0 Domine, in amphitheatro paganos mutilaverunt?' rogavit Augustinus ex discipulis unus. 'Ubi est Paulus?' inquit Stephanus qui eum non audit. 'Hodie Paulus in culina laborat,' inquit Augustinus. 'Quid? Cur Paulus in culina laborare vult? Adesse in schola debet. Paulus enim non coquus sed discipu]us est.'
52
BEGINNER'S lATIN
, . adesse to be here amphitheotrum-i [nJ amphitheatre be5~a-oe [ij beast Christianus·j [m] Christion coquus·j [m] cook debet Is/he} ooght doctus-i [m] /eorned mon dominus-i 1m] lord, sir eos them erat Is/he,il,there} was eum
him
existimabant (they) rhooghf faciebant (they) prepared gratus-a-um pleasing historio-oe [~ story ineptus-o-um Foolish laborare to work ludus·j [m] gome, show mendies midday miseros Christianosl wretched Christians mutilavenmt (!hey) did mutilate
narrat
nobis nulla misericordia{--ae) oc:cisi sunt were h/led opulentia-ae [ij wealth ostentare to show paganus·j 1m]
pro [-+-obl.]
pogon
in return for
when
quando who
rec:itare
to
recite, read alovd
rogavit
(s/he) asked
[m] a Roman soevitia-ae [ij cruelty spectabant (they) used 10 watch suffrogium-i [nJ vole
Romanus·j
unus
Miseros Christianos! Me miserum! The phrases are both in the accusative without on the face of it being objects. This expression is called the 'accusative of exclamation'. The use of the accusative suggests they are implied objects of a hidden verb.
no pity
people
populus·j [m] qui
~
(s/he) tells, relates 10 us, for us
53
UNIT VI
one
victimo-oe [ij victim valebant (they) wonfed vult, volunt (s/he) wonts, (they) .
!'.iiI Practice (i) Choose the correct words and translate: (a) Monachi abbatissam videre non (debet/possunt). (b) Abbatissa in culina laborare (debet/volunt) sed in ecclesia
~
Dative case: to, for This is the last of the cases to be studied. If the genitive is the 'of' case, the ablative the 'by, with, in, on' or 'from' case, then the dative may be known as the 'to' or 'for' case. 'To' a place, or 'towards' somewhere, is expressed by ad followed by the accusative (e.g. ad monasterium to(wards) the monastery). Otherwise 'to' something or someone is represented by the dative case: Augustinus Paulo amicus est. Augustine is friendly w...E.mil (or Augustine is Pauls friend). Non culinae sed scholae est Nor to the kitchen but to the Pauli oboedientia! school is Paul's duty! The word in the dative is commonly an indirect, not direct, object of a verb: Paulus Benedicta cibum vinumque portat.
Paul is bringing food and wine for Benedict.
Cibum vinumque is the object in the accusalive, and Benedicto the indirect object in the dative.
monachos spectare (vult/possunt). SINGULAR
PLURAL
nominative
accusative
genitive
silva mulus vinum silvae muli vina
silvam mulum vinum silvos mulos vlna
silvae muli vini silvorum mulorum vinorum
dative silvoe mulo vino silvis mulis vinis
ablative silva mulo vino silvis mulis vinis
The dative has a small overlap with the genitive in so far as the dative may also show possession. The genitive is generally attached to another noun (e.g. magister ~ , whereas the dative is affected by a verb (often the verb '10 be'). The genitive tends to emphasise the possessor, and where the dative is used, the emphasis is on the thing(s) possessed:
54
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Sunt Benedicto unguenta.
The perfumes are rolfor Benedict (Benedict has perfumes).
'To' or 'for' will help you find the meaning of the dative, but these prepositions are sometimes nol appropriate in a final English version. A word in the dative should be taken closely with the verb - be this an indirect object, possessive or whatever.
" Augustinus Mox Stephanus e culina revenit. 'Paulus Don in culina laborat 'Ex oppido revenit,' inquit Augustinus, qui Paulo est amicus. 'Paulus cibum vinumque ex oppido portal.' 'Cibum vinumque? Quis iussit Paulum ad oppidum ire et cibum vinumque emere?' 'Et oleum et ova et unguenta,' inquit Augustinus. 'Unguenta? Sumus monachi! Et ova? Hie multa sunt ova.' 'Non salis Benedicto, 0 Magister,' inquit Augustinus. 'Paulus Benedicto cibum vinumque semper dat. Paulus cuJinae servus est. ' 'Neque coquo neque culinae sed magistro et scholae est Pauli oboedientia,' clamavit miser magister. 'Sed nunc Paulus Benedicto est servus,' inquit Augustinus, 'et in culina cum ancillis laborat.' 'In culina cum ancillis?' 'Etiam-ne nos possumus in colina laborare, Domine?' 'St! Tacete! Ad libros! Ubi eram?' 'In colina cum ancillis?' rogant discipuli. 'Me miserum! Ah ... in amphitheatro eram.'
.., "'-.-m-_-.'o.--"-_,ou-------------------' .....
dot
- v leO'
Is/he} gives, ;s giving
emere Jo buy eram I was ire 10 go iussrt (s/he} 1oIcJ, ordered miser--a·um wrefcMd
III Practice (ii) I
Add the missing fonns to the tables: ~NGUlAR
Nominative Accusative Genitive 00.... Ablative
oleum Nm
• ri
,
culinae ~
PlURAL
sed in silvis vaeat.'
r:JI
55
UNIT VI
oboedientio·oe [ij duty possumus we are able, can $Otis enough servus-i [m] serf, $/ave Stl 5»h/ tocetel be quieti vocat (s/hel ;$ idle
Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative
,
culinorvm uis
ogris
2 Put each noun in its correct fonn and translate: (a) (AnciliaiAncillae)
(discipulosldiscipulis) cibum portat.
.... .....m
56
BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT VI
LJ
I [
o
I
Te -0
::J
01
CJ
57
Some Latin-derived words mean much the same as a native English word, though tend to be more fonnal: someone who admits he is 'culpable' is almost too clever to be given the blame (culpa); to 'concur' (concurrere) is somehow not as supportive as 'agree'. But this gives the wrong impression of the Latin language, and not an entirely representative one of its influence on English. There are also countless shorter words derived from Latin. many via French, whose origins we hardly notice. Examples with Latin ancestors in the last few passages are: vacam, data, servile, labour, wine, doctor, popular, spectator, unit, history, obscure and mural. Some Latin words have been absorbed in their original fonn, e.g
aborigine, agenda, arena, computer, deficit. facsimile, genius, junior, miser, rabies, recipe, referendum, series, squalor, status, video and viros. (b) Discipulus non (episcopifepiscopo) sed (abbatissaeJ
About Latin Latin wanted - dead or alive?
The correct fonn of the pluraJ of Latin-derived words remains debatable. For instance, Latin-derived words which end -um in the singular change to -a in the plural (e.g. curriculum, curricula); others are similar according to declension and fonn. The trouble with this rule is its inconsistency. Some loan-words like circus and area already had ordinary English plurals before the influx of further loan-words during the Renaissance. Others such as affidavit (s/he has affirmed) and recipe (take... Le. ingredients, the first word of cookjng instructions) are nouns now but in Latin were verbs. The plural of these can hardly be affidaverunt and recipite, which are the respective plural fonns in Latin. Should we be receiving boni in place of bonuses? Referendums is heavier on the ear than referenda, but agendum is a rather unwieldy singular fonn of agenda (and though it may offend some, agendas, the 'plural of a plural', is now commonplace).
After the Renaissance Latin survived as the language of scholars and intellectuals. and with Greek was a fertile source for Scientists and innovators looking for new words and names. The majority of these aTe unwieldy and obscure, though shorter ones were also coined, sometimes for wider commercial impact. A scientist will deliberately choose a long-winded word which has little appeal to the rest of us because he has to be as precise as he can. Any word which spills into everyday use, where it may pick up funher, figurative meanings (e.g. magnet, radical, livid), will lose its value.
A number of Latin-derived words and phrases are current in legal and other technical uses of English. Recently there has been a move to rid the language of such obscure archaisms, but will the awkward phrases or forgettable acronyms which may replace them be an improvement? In any case, ad hoc, status quo and et cetera can scarcely be called Latin any more. These words and phrases are now part of English. And this is a good point to move on, for the purpose of this course is not to pick over Latin's lifeless present. but sample the living past.
abbatissa) unguentum dat. 3
Change the underlined words to the singular (other endings should be changed if affected) and translate the new version: (a) Episcopus historiam monasterii presbyteris mona-
chisque narral. (b) Discipuli ignavi Luciam spectant. (c) Miser mulus sarcinas onerosas semper portat. (If) Cur andllae cum monachis laborare debent?
BEGINNER'S LATIN
58
I'J Revision
5
(a) initium-i (beginning), ab (b) annus-j (year), dOnUnus-i (lord, master)
(e) vita-ae (life), curricuJum-i (course) (d) ceterus-a-um (other, rest), et (e) nausea-ae (sickness), ad if) infinitus-a-um (endless), ad
2
6
Rewrite these sentences, changing the underlined words into the plural, and translate: (a) ~-ne Christianum in ampbitheatro devorat? (b) Monachus bonus ludos saevos DOD arnat. (e) PaulUS-De ~ cibum vinumque semper portal? (d) Cur discipulo l.i..b.nm! magister dat?
3
Add me missing fonns to the table: SINGULAR Co~
paganus·j 1m]
oppidum·j [n]
Poooo
towo
Nominative cusative nitive Dalive Ablative
0
,,
bestia·ae [ij animal
Genitive
populus-i
satis
How many words can you make by matching the prepositions on the left with the stems on the right - e.g. pre + fer = prefer, preference, etc. ad (Io) con', com', eall(with, Iogelher) eontTo(ogginsl) de(down, from) e(x)(oul, from) in-, im- (in, on) per- (through) pre- (before) pro- (forward) re- (bock) sub- {under, beneath} h'ans(ocross)
die(soy) due(bring) fer- {corry, bear} habit- (live] iae-fiG({lie} labor- (work} mit- (send) part- (corry) serib- {write} ven- {come}
1 '" Si monumentum quaeris circumspice.
,
stios
onorum
Dative
Ablative
4
bestia-ae
" Living Latin PLURAL
Accusative
dat domina-ae qui abbatissa-ae
stiae
pagano
Nominative
Check you know these words:
oarrat dominus-j miser·a-um ancilJa-ae
Make a phrase which is current in English with these words:
1
5.
UNIT VI
Translate into Latin: (a) Paul gives much food to the cook. (b) The student ought to walk not with the maids but with the monks. (e) The monks want 10 watch the games but have to work in the monastery. (d) Is Lucia able to work in the kitchen?
(Epitaph of Christopher Wren in 5t Paul's Cathedral) look around you.
If you seek a memorial,
2 "'Nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu. (Locke, 17th century)
Excipe: nisi ipse inteIJectus. (Leibnitz, 17th/18th century) There is nothing in the mind which exists separate from the senses. With one exception: the mind itself
60
BEGINNER'S LATIN
3 *Floreas langum, America, 0 beata, libera et felix vigeas in aevum. (Samuel Wilson c.18th century) Blessed America, long may you flourish. and enjoy your freedom and good fortune far info the future. 4 *Inter Vietnamiam et Civitates Americae Unitas relationes diplomaticae coniunguntur. De ea re praesidens Bill Clinton oratione sollemni in Aedibus Albis die Martis habita nuntiavit. (The Finnish Broadcasting Company, Nuntii Latini) Diplomatic relations between Vietnam and the United States of America are being restored. On that matter President Bill Clinton made an announcement in afonnal speech in the White House on Tuesday.
* post-classical
REVISION I (UNITS 1-6)
1 Identify the correct form of the nouns nominative and genitive forms are given): (0) Abbatissa
(bestia~ae) sanctam
In
brackets (the
timet.
(b) Ova in (episcopus-i)
ignavum caduot.
.2
BEGINNER'S lATIN
(e) Liber Augustini non
4
Translate into Latin:
(discipulus-i) furiosis sed (ancilla-ae)
(a) (b) (e) (d}
gratus est. Do
oo o odorae desiderat.
Are the students tired?
An evil monk cannot live in the monastery. The furious master gives books to the wretched students. The mistress's daughter is unable to work in the kitchen. Surely she ought not to walk with the students? (e) Can the horses hear the mule in the wood? He is bringing the horses' food to the monastery.
CJ
(tf) (Benedictus-i) gulosns ungueDta (abbatissa-ae)
.3
REVISJON I (UNITS 1-61
Fill the table with the correct fonns of magnus-a-urn, large,
5
great: Masculine
Feminine
Nov..,
SINGULAR Nominative AcCUloOtive nitiv Dative Ablative PtuRAl
2
Rewrite these sentences, changing underlined words to the plural, if they are singular, or to the singular if plural. Translate the new version. (a) (b) (e) (d) (e) if) (g)
3
Monachus muros monasterii videre potest. Misera IDKill.D. semper in culina laborat. f.Yfi m..u.l.!l cibum dat. Cur est abbatissa in bibliotheca? Ludos monachi non spectant. Episcopi-ne in monasteriis habitant? Monachus feminae aquarn dat.
What do these words mean?
saepe enim
igitur cum
ad ubi
quod cur semper
nunc Donne
ex
mox
per hodie
Nominotive Accusotive Genitive Dative Ablative
,,6
Pronounce the following words in the recommended classical manner: bonus data pater alibi alias video
miser Cicero mater circus pauper agenda
bona fide angelus et cetera recipe veto genius
7 Vespa-ae is (a) a wasp; (b) an abbreviated version of ancient evensong; (e) an early medieval fonn of bicycle.
-
.5
UNIT VII
II Practice (i)
UNIT VII
1
Translate the underlined nouns into Latin in their correct case: (a) with the abbots (h) in the trees (c) of the maiden (J) for the father (e) with the abbot
2
In this unit you will learn: • Nouns: third declension • Third declension: neuler nouns -us, -en • Living Latin: Di ImmortaJes
r§:t Nouns:
r(b:-)
(a) superstltio, superstitionis
third declension
pax, pacis mens, mentis
So far you have met the first declension (nouns like silva) and the second declension (nouns like mulDs, magister and vinum). Now for the third. These nouns have many different nominative forms, but the genitive (remember a dictionary will give this form as well) of all third declension nouns is -is. The genitive will aJso show you the noun's stem as it appears in all cases other than the nominative, e.g. abbas, abbatis {stem: abbat-} abbot arbor, orboris (stem: arbor-) free pater, patris (stem: patrol father virgo, virginis (stem: virgin-) maiden, girl
Accusotive Genitive Dative Ablative
a,b,,,
pate,
arbor-em
patr-em
arbor-is arbor-i arbor-e
patr-is patr-i patr-e
amor, amorts
3
virgo virgin-em virgin-is virgin-i virgin-e
abbot-es abbot-es abbot-um abbot-ibus abboHbus
arbor-es arbor-es arbor-um arbor-ibus arbor-ibus
mifld
miles, militis homo, hominis
f110lher
bos, bovis panis, panls
peace
mao
V1it
ue
superstilion
ox
Soldier
Iriflg
rex, regis mater, matris
bread
Rex in monasterio non habitat. Monachus bovem in silva videre potest. Virtutem matris laudant. Amicus-ne abbatis gratus est militi?
~ 0 di immortales!
~
Shanod enWngs key silvis, mulis, \finis: 001. pl. ex abl. pl. 3rd declension: genitive
-e
-i
muli: nom. pl.; muli: vini: gen~ve 3rd declension: dative
-um
"'eS
3rd declension: nom. pl. or ace. pl.
-is patr-es patr-es patr-um patr-ibus patr-ibus
'""
--,
Rewrite these sentences, changing underlined words to the plural, if they are singular, or to the singular if plural. Translate the new version. (a) (b) (c) (d)
PLURAL Nominotive Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative
love
sol, solis
SINGUlAR
abbas abbot-em abbat-is abbat-i abbat-e
(h) for the maidens (i) the father's (;) he sees the abbot
Identify the English meanings of each noun (look them up in the back if necessary):
virtus, vlrtutls
Nominative
if! of the trees (g) with the father
virgin-es virgin-es virgin-urn virgin-ibus virgin-ibus
...
3rd dec:lension: ablative mule, Paule: vocative mulum: ace. vinum: nom.
ex ace. 3rd declension: gen. pl.
.
BEGINNER'S lATIN
Stephanus discipulis fessis Romae historiam adhuc narrabat. 'At Romanis eranl multi dei deaeque. Iuppiter deus erat caeli, Diana silvarum et venationis, Mars belli et militum, Venus amaris, Neptunus aequoris, Apollo solis et carminum. Quomodo autem possumus, ut dicit onus ex sauctis, "commemorari omnia nomina deorum et dearum?" Quis vera sapiens piusque in tot deos credere potest?' 'Liberum amo!' susurravitAugustinus. 'Quid?' 'Nihil, Magister.' 'Quid dixisti?' 'Librum amo.' 'Bene. Mox librum recitabis exscribesque. Ubi cram? ... Dei deaeque ergo in fabulis male se gerebant, et nunc nobis iJlae superstitiones sunt exempla turpitudinis. Neque coim virtutcm laudabant neque animas hominum curabant. Deus tamen, creator terrae caelique hominumque bestiarumque, semper nos omnes curat. ''Num,'' ut dicit sanctus Boethius, "Deus facere malum potest?" Nos sumus omnes semper carissimi Deo...' 'Magister, ecce Paulus!' Augustinus clamavit. ' .... fortasse praeter Pauium. Ubi est ille delinquens?' inquit Stephanus, et ad fenestram festinavit. 'Nihil videre possum nisi boyes ovesque.' 'Paulus sub arboribus cum virgine ambulat.' 'Cum virgine?' Stephanus Paulum et Luciam conspexit. 'Mehercule,' inquit, 'ma est virgo!' et statim discipuli libros reliquerunt et ad fenestram festinaverunt. 'Ad libros, 0 inepti, ad libros! Cibum vinumque scilicet! Paulus modo cum ancillis modo cum virgine vacat. 0 di immortales!' adhuc slill aequor-is [n] water, sea oliquis someone omo llove amor-is [m] anima-ae [ij at but, yel
autem however bellum-i [n] war bene fine caelum-i [n] heaven, sky carissimus-a'um very dear, special carmen·inis [n] song, poem c1amavit (s/he] shouted
67
UNITYll
commemOf'Ori 10 remember, relate conspexit Is/he) caughl Sight of creator-is [m] creator credere 10 believe curat [+ace.] (s/he} cares for (curabont) (they) cored for dea-ae [ij goddess deus-i (n,pl : dil [m] god di immortales immortal gods dicit (dixistil (s/he) soys (you said) ~ce look exemplum-i [n] example, proof exscribes you will wrile Oul facere 10 do, make fenestra-ae lij window festinaverunt (they) hurried fortasse perhaps homo-inis [m] man ilia that, she iIIae those iIIe delinquens that delinquent luppiter Jupiter laudabont (they) praised liber-bri [m] book liber-i [m] Liber, god of wine male se gerebant (they) conducted themselves badly meherculel weill be Herculesl
miles·itis [m] soldier modo .•• modo one minute . the next narrabat Is/he) was recoonling nihil nothing nisi except nomina [ace.] [0] names omnia [n.pl.] all pius-a-um pious, dUliful possum (possumus) I am able (we ...)
praeter [-+-occ.] excepl, besides quomodo how rec:itobis you will recite reliquerunt (they) left sapiens Wise scilicetl my foot! sol-is [m] sun sub [-+-obl.] beneath superstitio-nis lij superstition susurravit Is/he) whispered tot so many turpitudo-inis [ij disgraceful behaviour ut as vacat Is/he) idles venotio-nis [ij hunt virtus-tutis [ij courage, virtue
~ The third declension: neuter nouns
-us, -en
Like all neuter nouns, the nominative and accusative endings are the same, with the plural always -3. Do not confuse nouns like mulus with 3rd declension neuter nouns like tempus. Having learned the ending -urn to be the object ending of -us, you now have to recognise that -us may be an object ending itself! The genitive, dative and ablative endings are the same as those of other 3rd declension nouns:
68
BEGINNER'S lAnN
....... ,Nominative
---
Accusative
.....para
Nominative
-~ o.m.. Genitive
Genitive
""""
I
............,
rv'W>
~NGlAAR
lompu. lompu.
,~
,o~
c:antNr'II$
......... .........
connln, cannlne
PlURAL connina connina c:anninum cannin! connlN
....."""' m tempon"bus
.....
connen
•
•
•
Practice (ii) 1
Identify the English meanings of each noun:
opus, operis nomen, nominis munus, muneris
gift
corpus, corporis
2
bodY WO,*
name
Translate into Latin: (a) the names of the abbots (b) mother's gifts (e) many tasks
(tf) the bodies of the beasts (e) the songs of the abbot
if) (with) pleasing songs
Paulus cum diabolo ambulat Shared endings key ~
tempus: ~ or acc. muIus: nom.
~
carmina: ~ or ace. pl. r.iMJ: nom. or obi. vinCI: nom. pl. Of occ. pl. fren'lpora.
-
6.
UNIT VII
In culina ancillae streDuae cenam magnam paraot; Dam hodie abbatem ex abbatum convocatione exspectant. Aliae igitur potiones aliae camem aliae panem aliae crusta aliae fruges parant. Deinde operibus fessae in horto requiescunt. Mox Paulum et Luciam conspexerunt. 'Quis est iIla? Quid est puelJae nomen?' rogavit una ex ancillis. 'Filia est Comitis Karoli, nomine Lucia,' inquit alia. Nunc anciJIae possunt videre abbatissam abbatemque qui Luciam salu13nt. lnterea Benedictus culinam intravit. 'Age, tempus fugit!' clamavit coquus. 'Ubi sunt unguenta vinaque? Ubi est ignavus servus?' 'ffic est puer, Pater Benedicte, nunc Paulus adest.' 'Dico vobis, puer ilIe ignavus cum diabolo ambulat .... Sancta Maria! Paulus cum abbatissa ambulat? Num abbatissa salutem dicit puero? Quid fit? Nunc puer abbati salutem dicit! Die mihi, nam scire volo: quis est ilia virgo? Est-ne puer nunc magnus et abbati amicus? Paulo gratiam et munera praebeo, sed quid iIle puer Benedicto dat?' 'Ecce, nunc venit.' 'Videre est credere.' Una ancillarum e culina ad Paulum festinavit. 'Age, Paule, Pater Benedictus sarcinas desiderat!' Paulus 'ubi Patris Benedicti,' inquit, 'est temperantia?' adest (s/he};s here age come onl alia another (person) aliae.•• aliae some .. others amkus-i 1m] friend Karolus-i [m] Charles caro, camis [~ flesh, meol cena-oe [~ dinner comes-itis [m] coont conspexerunt (they) caught sight of convoccrfio.nis [~ COIIference cru5tum-j In] pastry, coke dot (slheJ gives diabolus-i [m] devil dk mihi IeII me dka vobis ,~)'OO exspectant (theyJ woil lor
festinavit (s/he) hurried frux-gis [~ fruit fugit (s/he/it) flees, Ries gratia-ae I~ fovoor hic here hortus-i [m] garden iIIe 1m], ilia (~ he/she, thaI interea meonwhile introvit (s/heJ &nJttred nom ro, panis-is 1m] bread parant (they) prepore possunt (theyj are oWe potio-nis (ij drink praebeo , give, oIfe,qui who quid fit? wfIot's going on?
70
BEGINNER'S LATIN
requiescunt f/hey} rekJx solutant (they} greel solutem dicit (,/he) says hello sc;ire
10
know
2 strenuus-a-um energetic temperantia·oe [fJ restraint
YOlo
Venus finished speaking, and slipping her snow-white arms this way and that, wraps him lip in a cuddle. He hesitates. Then suddenly he felt that familiar rush and recognised the glow as it penetrated his innermost core flickering through his trembling bones. (Virgil, Aeneid viii, 387-390)
" Living Latin Di Immortales
1
V~lcan, the god of the forge, finds his wife Venus is having a fling with Mars, the god of war. So using his skills, Vulcan sets a trap. Vt venere torum coniunx et adulter in unum,
artc viri vinclisque nova ratione paratis in mediis ambo deprensi amplexibus haerent. Lemnius extemplo valvas patefecit eburnas inmisitque deos; ilIi iacuere ligati turpiter, atque aliquis de dis non tristibus optat sic fieri turpis; superi risere diuque haec fuit in toto notissima fabula caelo. When his wife and her adulterer came together on the couch, by his skill and with the chains which he had so cleverly set up, they were both caught fast in each other's arms. Immediately the Lemnian god opened the ivory doors and let in the other gods: there the nvo lay in their shaming bondage - and one of the gods, who were much tickled, wished he could be so ashamed. The gods laughed, andfor a long time this story went the rounds of heaven. (Ovid, Melamorphoses iv, 182-9)
In anolher story Venus gently brings her husband round to her
way of thinking. Dixerat et niveis hinc atque hinc diva lacertis cunctantem amplexu molli fovet. rue repente accepit solitam flammam, notusque medullas intravit calor et labefacta per ossa cucurrit.
I won'
Countless stories from Greek mythology were unravelled in Latin and with lh~m came their gods: Zeus, Aphrodite, Ares, Hephaistos and ArtemiS were absorbed and further embellished in Jupiter, Venus. Mars, Vulcan and Diana. These pagan gods were not only pagan, they were immoral. The stories about them were so appealing to the monks that after overcoming resistance they came to settle on monastic shelves as allegories, not heresies.
71
UNIT VII
3
Lucretius, a poet-philosopher and contemporary of Cicero, had little time for the gods.
Quippe ita fonnido mortalis continet omnis, quod multa in terris fieri caeloque tuentur quorum operum causas nulla ratione videre possunt ac fieri divino numine rentur. (Lucretius, De Rerum Natura i, 151--4)
There's no question all mortals are repressed by fear: they see many phenomena on earth and in the sky which they are unable to account for with any rational explanation, so they imagine them to be the work of gods.
II Revision 1 Fill the gaps' CASE
CorpU5, Corpon5 [n] body
Nominative
(arDU5 hominem
Accusative
Genitive
Do"", Abla"'"
homo, homini5 [mJ man, person SINGUlAR
,
pcmo, pcmoni5 [fJ drinlc
;,
72
BEGINNER'S LATIN PLURAL
Nominotive ccusotive
corpora
potlones
hominum
Genitive Dative Ablative
2
Rewrite these sentences , makin g the underlined words plural: (a) (b) (c) (d)
3
Munus discipuli dominae gratum est. Num magister in superstitionem credit? Augustinus carmen vireini recitat. Monachus pacem, miles bellum desiderat.
Translate into Latin: (a) Who is the goddess of love? Is it Diana?
(b) The abbess walks with Father Benedict into the wood. (c) Are the maiden's songs pleasing to the abbot? (d) Why does Benedict always long for meat, bread and cakes? 4
Check you know these words:
abbas-atis amor-is arbor-is virgo-inis pater-tris mater-tris homo-inis
pax-cIS
corpus-oris tempus-oris opus·eris
munus-eris, superstitio-nis carmen-inis
nomen-inis nihil
interea nam
age!
UNIT VIII
In this unit you will learn: • Present tense: amo (l[ove), amare (to love) (first conjugation verbs) • Present tense: moneo (/ warn), monere (to warn) (second conjugation verbs) • Future tense: amo, amare; moneo, monere • living LAtin: Brotherly love ~
Present tense: amo (J loue), amare (to loue) For the different ways we express the present tense in English, see 'Verbs' in the Key for grammatical words. in lhe Introduction. I love {om loving/do lovel you (singular) love (are lovingldo love) s/he, illol'e$ (is loving/does /eve) we love (are loving /do love) you (plVfOI) love (are lovingkJo IoveJ /hf,y Jove (ore lovingA:Jo love}
am'o am-as am-ot om'omus
am-otis am-cmf
II Practice (i) 1 All these verbs belong to the first conjugation, and have endings like arnOt amare. Match each one to its English meaning (look in the vocabulary section if necessary):
14 (0) ambulo-are desidefo-are
habito-are laboto--are
-, _tor
paro-are puta-are fogo-are salutCHlre speeto-are
thin/<
we""
BEGINNER'S LATIN
(b)
.,. ....
-
"'-"'" showlpoint out reclto-are servo-are
""""'mn ea'
susurro-are valita-are
sland
whisper
'" """
Present tense: moneo (1 warn).
~ monere (to warn)
The endings of verbs likc amare and those like monere are very similar but for the 'a' and 'e'. Amare belongs to the ftrst conjugation, monere to the second (there are five conjugations in all, the third, fourth and fifth all being fairly similar). I worn (am worningA:Jo worn)
roo (singulor) worn (are worningldo wornJ sfhe, if worm (is worningA:/oes worn] we worn (are worning..& worn) you (piuroQ worn (are worningldo worn) they worn (are worningldo worn]
(d) aestlm(Hlre
give
-y
tolerate
tolero-are
canto-are castigo-are
explain
""""""BN
~~~
care tor/lOOk ahe"
expllco-are sta-are
P""
.edt.
nalTo-are
damno-are do-are
"""
~
curo-are
devoro-are equlto-are
mutilate
rnonstro-are
mutilo-are
we"
(c)
d
Intro-are laudo-are
UNIT VIII
clarno-are
exspecto-are
te/V8.1U 8
esllrn3
PUnish
festino-are
ostento-are show off"
praedJco-are
vaco-are
mon·etis mon-e"t
be empty/idle
huny .
~- mon..s mon..t mon'emus
wait fo"
-'
preach
II Practice (ii) 1 Match each verb to its English meaning: (a)
;::(b:.c)
Sing
* These Latin verbs take an object in the accusative even though the English has a preposition to complete the meaning: e.g. mulum curat slhe cares for the mule. 2 Translate the underlined verbs into Latin: (a) They YUli1...fur the student. (b) (c) (d) (e) if) (g) (h) (i)
(/) (k) (l) (m)
We
Illili& the monk.
He i>..il!k. You are working, boys. I am reciting a poem. They~.
He does nol ~ Thcy are preparing dinncr. She ~ Augustine. Horses do not fu. The bishop is preaching. The cook looks aftcr the wine. Why are you punjshing Ihe student, Stephen?
2 Translate the underlined verbs into Latin: ~
in the field. They fear the woods. She is warning the maids. Are yOIl laughing, students? We stay in the monastery. Do they reply? Are you teachino the students, Stephen? (h) They grieve in the church.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (j) (g)
-,
7.
BEGINNER'S lATIN
" Quanti diligentiam aestimas? Shared endings key -es
3rd declension: nom. pl. pl. monel: 'you••.' Is.)
occ;.
Of
-a.
lsi dedension: ace. pl. (silvas) omos: 'you••: (5.)
'Sancti igitur,' inquit Stephanus, 'exempta nobis virtutum et pagani vitiorum monstrant. Sancti nos vitam bonam, pagani malam, docent. Carmina quidem Romana superstitionibus fabulisque deorum sunt plena; sed Donne poetae deos esse falsos putaverunt? Lucretius eerte in ilJos Don credidit et originem superstitionum sic explicat: I
tolerabimus nec damnabimus. Nos fortunatos! Nunc multos carminum Iibros in bibliotheca habemus. Nunc ergo ad legendum .... hoc opus, hie labor est.' 'Cur tibi soli mortui poetae sunt grati, 0 Pater Stephane?' inquit Augustinus. 'Poeta Martialis olim dicebat: "Nee laudas nisi morluas poe/as".' 'Hodie,o pueri, opus non Martialis sed Vergilii recitabimus: "Aurora in/erea miseris mor/alibus almam ex/uleral lucem referens opera a/que labores .... " Quis est iIIe?' 'Ignoseas, Pater Stephane.' 'Paule? Nunc ades? 0 male discipule! Cur lascive in silvis vacas ubi in bibliotheca adesse debes? Dolebis eerte, 0 puer, et te castigabo.' 'Magister, erat puella in silva.' 'Ita vero.' 'Saucia erat.' 'Sancia, puto, amore.' 'Ex equo cecidit, Magister.' 'Cecidit scilicet, puer. Vnde? De eaelo? Equus-ne in caelo volitabat? Vt poma de arboribus sie virgines de caelo cadunt?' Alii discipuli rident. 'Magister, vera tibi dieo.'
UNIT VIII
77
'Vera? 0 tempora 0 mores! Potas-ne studia esse nugas? Quanti diligentiam aestimas?' 'Magni, Pater Stepbaoe, magni.' '0 Paule, magister non saevus sum, sed diligentiam te docebo. Vides-ne bunc librum?' 'Video, Magister.' 'Hodie liber est exscribendus; etiam in noctem, si necesse est, laborabis.' 'Hodie?' ad legendum fro (our) reading agamus we should do alii the other allegaria-ae [ij ol/egoty "Auroro..." l.OO Unit I cadunt (they) foil cecidit (s/he) fell cem at Ieosl, of course credidit (s/he) believed de [+abl.J from, about dicebat Is/he} said diligenria-ae [ij attentiveness erga so, therefore exemplum·i [n] example, precedent exscribendus-a-um to be written au' fabula-ae [ij story falsus'a-um Folse "formido..." l.OO Unit VII fortunatus-a-um happy, IlJCky hoc... hie this... this hune this in ilIos in them loborobis you will work lobM-is [mJ WClIi lascive wontonly
magni much, greolly mortuus-a-um dead nee ond... not nugae-arum {pl.] triRes, nonsenM o temporo a maresl l.OO Unit I olim once (upon a h·me) ariga-inis [ij Ol'igin pagonus-i [m] pogon plenus-a-um [+abl.J filled (with] poeta·ae 1m] poet pamum-i [n] fruil putaverunt {they} thought quanti how much, at what value quidem in Foct saucius·a·um wounded, sminen si if sic thus sieut jusl os, as if salus-o-um only, olone studium-j [n] 5fudy ribi [dotive] (101 you talero-are endure, support uncle from where ut a' vita-ae [ij life vitium-i [n] vice valitabot (s/he, it1 wos flying
78 ~
BEGINNER.'S LATIN
Future tense: amo, amare; moneo, monere The future tense is expressed in English with the belp of auxiliaries
(shall, will. going to). In Latin there's only one word to cover the pronoun (l, you, he, etc.) and the tense itself. So, not so many words to remember, but once more the inevitable endings; at least they are the same for both verbs: I sholl love
(s.} will love slhe, it will love
)'00
we sholl
love
you {pl.} willlovs
they will love
ama-bo
oma-his amo-bit ama-bimus ama·bitis ama·bunt
'utu~ I shan worn
you ($.) will wom
'/he,
it will worn we shoji worn you {pl.} will worn
they will
warn
mone-bo mom~..bis mone-bit mone-bimu$ mone-bitis mone-bunt
Pill Practice (iii) 1 Identify the correct endings of canto, cantare and iaceo, iacere: (a) Corpus in terra
.
(b) Pater Benedictus ......•..•..........
79
UNIT VIII
2
Translate the underlined verbs into Latin: (0) (b) (c) (d) (e)
if) (g) (h) (i)
She will warn the abbot. Will they love the songs? We shall praise courage. YQy, boys, will sit in the garden. Paul, will you sing to me? We shall order the students to recite the songs. The abbot will preach in the church. Now you will see the bishop, Father Stephen. We shall stay in the monastery.
" Quis philosophus esse vult? Lucia et abbatissa et episcopus prope portam monasterii stant, ubi equos raedamque exspectant. Mox abbas e monasterio venit et eis vale dicit; deinde duo ramuli viatoribus equos et raedam e stabulo ducunt. Lucia tamen ipsa non equitabit quod adhuc convalescit, sed cum abbatissa in raeda sedebit. Nunc episeopus in equum aseendit et sub arbores cum raeda equitat. [nterea in bibliotheca Paulus et Augustinus adhuc laborant; duos enim Stephanus iussit regulam monaehorum per totum diem exscribere. Nunc Augustinus e fenestra viatores monasterium relinquentes conspexit: 'Illie tua virgo monasterium relinquit. Earn-ne videre vis?' 'Num adhuc vaeas, Augustine? Opus perfieere debemus,' inquit Paulus. 'Scribere est lentum et difficile: ''Nom vigilare leve est, pervigilare grave est", ut dicit Martialis. Ecce ilia virgo: est abbati abbatissaeque arnica; etiam, puto, opulenta. Et tu, Paule, scientiarn an pecuniam habere vis? an amorem?' 'Sst! Nunc est scribendum.' 'Quis philosopbus vel tbeologus esse vult? Ego volo divitias habere: Disputet philosophus vaeuo eratere, seiat quia minus est seire quam habere.'
..., ~
~8~O,===~=~==========BEG==N=N=E="::S=LA=": :N omica-ae ['IJ
.,"JL,__
J "1J1tffJ(J
an 01' conspexit (s/heJ caught sight 01 deinde #hen dicit (s/heJ 5O)'S per totum diem cloy long diHkile difficull disputet let (him/hM} di$plJ1e divitiae-anJm [pl.] riches ducunt {/hey} bring duos two earn her eis 10 /hem eX$cribere 10 wrile 0111 famulus-i (m] attendant grave serious iIIic over there iussit Is/he) Iold, ordered leve unimporlant Martialis-js Martial minus leu apulentus-a-um wel~MeIed pecunio-oe [ij manay perfkere 10 lini$h pervigilare lie owake 011 nigh'
0"
'0
UNIT VIII
Under the emperors the facade of republican government continued with elections, consulships and meetings of the senate, but a revolution of power had occurred, from oligarchy of nobles to an absolute ruler influenced by counsellors and favourites. Political rivalries within the republic had seldom been resolved without bloodshed, and although the absolute power of an emperor may not have pleased what was left of the old republican nobility, many less influential people will have welcomed the security and safety which a single authority brought. Even the murder of Nero's step-brother, Britannicus, failed to ex.cite much reaction beyond the walls of the dining-room where he was poisoned:
P h'lo I sop h us-j 1m] philo~ porto-oe gale prope [+acc.) near
In
quam 1hon quia thol raeda-oe lij corrioge regula-oe If! nAe relinquentes leaving relinquit (s/heJ leaves sciat leI (him/her} know scientio-ae If! knowledge scribendus-o-um shoold be wrilten
stabulum·j [n]
slable
sub [+occ./abl.] under theologus-i [m] theologion tul,l$-o-um your ut as vacuo cratere with on empty bowl vale dicit Is/he} soys goodbye vel or viator-is 1m] traveller vigilare 10 lie awoke vis you wan'
!
" Living Latin Brotherly love 1 The 'republic' of ancient Rome was an oligarchy of aristocrats tempered by public elections of questionable influence. From time to time ambitious individuals upset the balance of this oligarchy, only for it to be restored by a concession or something underhand. However, in the first century BC, Julius Caesar and Octavian each gained supreme power having survived the efforts of Pompey to oppose one, and Mark Antony the other. Octavian defeated Antony (and Cleopatra) al the. battle of Actium in 32 BC, and consolidated his authority, taking the name' Augustus'. He was succeeded by Tiberius, Tiberius by Caligula, Caligula by Claudius, and Claudius by Nero, and so a dynasty of emperors was created.
81
.
j I ~
(Nero) ut erat reclinis et nescio similis solitum ita ait per comitialem morbum quo prima ab infantia adflictaretur Britannicus, et redituros paulatim visus sensusque. Ita post breve silentium repetita convivii laetitia. Nox eadem necem Britannici et rogum coniunxit, proviso ante funebri paratu, qui modicus fuit. In campo tamen Martis sepultus est adeo turbidis imbribus, ut vulgus iram deum portendi crediderit adversus facinus cui plerique etiam hominum ignoscebant, antiquas fratrum discordias et insociabile regnum aestimantes. Nero just lay there feigning ignorance, and remarked that Britmmicus had suffered from epilepsy since childhood alld this was one of the symptoms; little by little, he told them, Britannicus would recover his sight and senses, And so, after a brief silence, the jollity of dinner was resumed. Britallflicus meallwhile was buried the same llight, since arrangements for the juneral- a rather modest one - had been taken care of He was buried in the Field of Mars amid sitch a violent rai'lstonn tllat ordinary folk believed it to be a sign of ,he gods' anger. Most people COlldoned the murder, putting it down to age-old feuds of brothers and a power which could n01 be shared. (Tacitus, Annals xiii, 16-17)
82
2
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Worldy politics seem very distant to the poet Martial, who lived during Nero's reign. His problems start with his neighbour - a teacher:
Vicini somnum nOD tota node rogamus: Dam vigilare leve est, pervigiJare grave est. Discipu]os dimilte tuos. Vis, garru]e, quantum accipis ut clames, accipere ut taceas? (Martial, Epigrams ix, 68, 9-12)
We neighbours do not ask for sleep all night long: some loss of sleep is neither here nor there, bid to lie awake the whole flight is no joke. Dismiss your studems. Tell me, you chatterbox, do yOIl wam to earn as milch as yOIl are paid to make your din just to keep quiet?
3
Virgil, Horace and other poets were considered 'classics' almost while they were still alive. The "dead poets' society" is something Martial is not quite ready to join:
Miraris veteres, Vacerra, solos nee laudas nisi mortuos poetas. Ignoscas petimus, Vacerra: tanti non est, ut placeam tibi, perire. (Martial, Epigrams viii, 69)
YOII like only rhe ancient poets, Vacerra, and give no acclaim unless they are dead. Pray forgive me, Vacerra, but I don't wish to die jllst to keep you happy.
83
UNrrVIII
2
Change the underlined verbs into the present tense and translate: (0) 0 Domina, cur dolebis? (b) Pbilosophiam te ~, 0 Paule. (c) Labores in agris non tolerabimus. (d) Nonne, I) Virgo, Augustinum ~?
3 Fill the gaps: CASE
munus (n1 muneris
labor 1m] lobor1s
gift
toil
ollegorio(~
ollegorioe 0/"""'"
deus (m1 dei
god
SINGULAR Nominative Accul.Otive Genitive Dative Ablative
lobor
all
oria
deu. deum
loboris all
orioe
munere PLURAL
Nominative Accu$Otive Genitive Dative Ablative
4
ollegorioe
dei di
munera loborum
Translate into Latin: (a) The abbess will prepare a large dinne~. (b) Are the students still working in the hbrary? (c) What are you whispering, Lucia?
~Revision 1
Change the underlined verbs into the future tense aDd translate: (a) Equi in caelo volitant.
(b) In ecclesia wk2. (c) Discipulos somnulentos casligant. (d) Lucia mihi in ecclesia susurrat.
(d) They will grieve in the church. S
Check you know these words:
susurro-are recito-are do-dare doceo-ere rideo-ere ut
olim
labor-is minus
curo-are oro-are debeo-ere video-ere s; sicut deinde studium-i
paro·are canto-are habeo-ere timeo-ere nisi ergo fabula-ae pecunia-ae
85
UNIT IX
II Practice (i)
UNIT IX
1 Match the Latin and English adjectives:
-
gravis
• Third declension adjectives • Adjectives ending -odus, -Dda, -ndum (gerundives) • Living Latin: Speculator amicae
Adjectives like sanctus have endings identical to the nouns mulus, silva and vinum, and agree with the noun they qualify. A noun and adjective in agreement may have matching endings, e.g. mul.us. bonl!S a good mule. but not always so, e.g. virgQ laetB a cheerful maiden, or magnJilll op.us. a great work. There are some adjectives which do not have endings like sanclus, but are similar to third declension nouns. The ablative usually ends .i, and the nculer singular -C t otherwise they are identical to the third declension. There is no difference between masculine and feminine forms:
Nominative +yoc.
omnis MASC./FEM.
oJt every NEUTER
SINGUlAR omn-e
omn-is
-
"
omn-i
Ablative
PlURAl Nominative
-
Accu$OtiYe ;'
Do'
levis maills nobilia lurpls
..
easy
hu_ trivial
brave nobte
cruclells dlfflcilis gracilis mirabllls terribllis
tristls utllls dulcis fidells
sweet terri~
-,
'"'~ sad
useful marvellous
diffiCUlt faithful
2 Translate into Latin:
Third declension adjectives
CASE
soft
humllls
In this unit you will learn:
~
disgraceful
(b)
brie'
omn15
omn....
omn-Ki omn-ia
omn-ium omn-ibus omn-ibus
Ca) (with) all the students
(e) a disgraceful superstition
(b) a brief song (c) difficult tasks (d) of humble monks
(j) a soft tunic (g) for the brave soldiers (h) a sweet mistress
" Regula monachorum Augustinus de Lucia adhuc cogitat: ''IUa arnica monasterium reliquit, et ex oculis evanuit,' Paulo inquit Augustinus.
'lila non arnica est mea.' 'Non tua vero? Bene. Ego virginem salutabo. Quis seit? Fortes Fortuna adiuvat, ut dieunt poetae.' '0 satis poetarum, Augustine; opus perfieere debes.' 'Dulcis arnica, tu es mirabilis, et me Cupido inflammat amore. Carmina tibi, Lucia, dedicabo ..• vel hoc Propertii: Dum nos/ala sinunt oculos satiemus amort. Vel hoc Catulli: Vivamus mea Lucio. atque amemus.' 'Salis carminum, amiee! Nunc exscribendum, si tibi placet, silentio.' 'Ignoscas si tibi sum molestus,' inquit Augustinus, et librum spectal. Omnes paginae sunt abbatum monachorumque regulis plenae. Stephaous discipulos duos monachorum regulas
86
UNIT IX
BEGINNER'S LATIN
exscribere iusserat omnes. 'Num totum librum exscribere debeo?' rogavit Augustinus. 'Ita vero,' respondit Paulus, et Augustinus tandem scribere incipit: 1.... Dominum Deum diligere. II... Non occidere.lII. ... Non adulterare. IV, ... Non faure furtum. v.... Mortuum sepelire. VI.... Iniuriam non jacere. VIl.. .. Inimicos diligere. VIIl. ... Non falsum testimonium dicere. IX... Nudum vestire. X.... Infinnum visitare. XL .. Non esse superbum. XlI.... lnvidiam non exercere. XlIl. ... Castitalem amare. XIV,... NOll esse vina/entum.... '10 Benedicte!' et cantat: 'Bibat ille, bibat ilia, bihat servus et ancilla. '
pj
adiuvat
(s/he) helps leI us love bibat let [him/her} drink C:Qstitas-tatis [ij chostity amemU$
Catullus-j
Colvl/us
cogito-are think Cupido-inis Cupid diligere 10 Jove dum while, as long as evanuit {s/he} has vonjshed fatum-i (n] fole furtum-i [n] theft hoc Ihis incipit Is/he) begins infjrmus-a-um sick inflammo-are inflame inimicus-i [m] enemy iniuria-ae [~ harm invidia-ae [~ grudge, jealousy iusserat Is/he} had ordered meus-a-um my
molestus-a-um Iroublesome occidere 10 kill oculus-i [m] eye pagino-oe {~ page placeo-ere please Propertius-i Propenjus reliquit Is/he} has left rogavit Is/he) asked satiemus lei us fill sotis enough scit (s/he) knows sepelire 10 bury silentium-i In] silence sinunt {Ihey} allow superbus-a-um proud tandem ol/osl tu [nom_] you tuus-o-um your vestire 10 clothe vinolentus-o-um fond of booz.e vivamus lei us live
~ Adjectives ending -ndus, -nda. -ndum
87
gender. It is called a 'gerundive', and usually carries a sense of obligation ('should', 'ought', 'must'): Virgo amanda est. Stephanus monendus est.
The girl is to be loved (ought to be loved). Stephen is to be warned (should be warned).
A gerundive is always passive. This means the subject is 'done to', not the 'doer' (i.e. in the examples above, virgo is loved, not doing the loving, and Stephanus is to be warned, not doing the warning). The first conjugation (-are verbs) end -andus, all the remainder -endus: amandus-a-um monendus-a-um agendus-a-um, etc. ~
Practice (ii) 1
Match the Latin phrases to their English meanings: a monk 10 be praised; 0 maid 10 be admired; on abbess 10 be revered; on abbal 10 be revered; gifts 10 be djs/ribuled; a rong nol Ia be heard; lasks Ia be done; words 10 be added
carmen non oudiendum abbatissa reverendo opera ogendo monoehus laudandus munera dividendo verba addenda obbas reverendus oneillo miranda
The girl's name 'Amanda' comes from the Latin for 'to-be-Ioved': Virgo amanda
a girl to be loved
Amandus-a-um is an adjective with the same endings as sanctusa-urn. It is formed from a verb (amo, amare) but behaves exaclly like an adjective, agreeing with its noun in number, case and
2 Identify the correct fonn of the gerundive, and translate: e.g. Ancilla (laudo, laudare, laudandus-a-um) est. Ancilla laudanda est. The maid should be praised.
aa
BfGINNEIl:'S lATlN
'Regula? Immo, 0 Domine, Don dormio.' 'Nunc regula est perficienda!' 'Ita vero Pater Stephane. Cogitabam de regulis.' 'Cogitabas an dormiebas?' 'Ignoscas, Domine. Ego fessus sum.' Subito Stephanus et Augustinus horreodum clamorem audiunt. Unus ex mooachis io mooasterio magoa voce ululare incipit. 'Quis est ilIe? Audivisti-ne?' Stephaous ad fenestram festinavit. 'Dlic Tbeodorus e silva currit. Cur Theodorus territus est?' et Stepbanus celeriter bibliothecam reliquit.
(0) Abbas (audio, audire
audiendus-a-um) est.
III
(b) Milites non (arno, amare,
amandus-a-um) sunt.
(e) Opus (perficio, perficere,
perficiendus-a-um) est.
a.
UNIT IX
abiit {s/heJ wen' away audivisti yw heard dama.--is [m] shoot, cry (ogitabam, (ogitabas I was thinking, you _ cantentia-nis [~ dispute, competition (ar-dis [n] hearl (urrit (s/he) runs d. {+abl.] about dalus-i [m] deceit darmiebas you were sleeping darmia, darmis I, you sleep ex(ita-are wake, arouse hanaro-are honour harrendus-a-um fearful, to be
leo""
iam
now, already
imma no, on the contrary iudicium-i [n) trio/, judgment libellus-i 1m] lime book murmuro-are murmur nee mufta past not long afterwords obdai'mit (s/hei his asleep ahe woo aper. perfecta with the tosk completed as, aris [n] mouth praepaner. to prefer proferre /0 put Forward s(ribit Is/he) writes samnus-j 1m] sleep ulula-are howl v.ritas-tatis [~ truth vax, vac:is [~ voice
" Ohe, libeller Nunc Paulus opere perfecto abiit, sed Augustinus adhuc scribit: ..... XXVll. .. diem iudicii timere. XXVIII... veritatem ex corde et ore proferre. XXIX•.. nihil omori Christi praeponere. XXX... honorare omnes homines. XXXI... dolum in corde non tenere. XXXll... contentionem non amort... ' .. .scribere est difficiJe,' inquit, et carmen Martialis munnurat: 'Oke, iam salis est, ohe, libelle,' nec multo post obdormit. lEbo! Ubi est regula?' clamal Stephanus, 'Dormis-ne, Augustine?' et e somno Augustinum excitat.
Living Latin
Speculator amicae The earliest erotic poetry which has survived is the work of CatuUus, whose ill-starred passion for Lesbia fills his lyrics with hungry love mixed with bitter reproaches. Then we have the impassioned seriousness of Propertius. whose rough and tumble with Cynthia delighted the men and women of ancient Rome; so too the elegies of his contemporary TIbullus, whose yearning submission to his mistress makes him as loving as any of the poets.
90
BEGINNER'S lATIN
Last. and possibly most popular of all, comes Ovid: his sometimes frivolous and leering wit disguises a poet who was, he tells us, happily married and unpromiscuous.
1
Propertius spies on his mistress:
Mane erat, et volui, si sola quiesceret illa, visere: at in lecto Cynthia sola fWI. Obstipui: Don ilIa ntihi formosior umquam visa, neque ostrina cum fuit in tunica, ibat et hiDe castae narratum somnia Vestae, neo sibi neve mihi quae nocitura forenl: talis visa mihi samna dimissa recenti. Heo quantum per se candida forma valet! 'Quid? to matutinus,' ait, 'speculator amicae? Me similem vestris moribus esse putas? Non ego t3m racHis: sat erit mihi cognitus onus, vel tu vel si quis verior esse potest. Apparent non ulla taro vestigia presso, signa volutantis nee iacuisse duos. Aspice ut in toto Dullus mihi corpore surgat spiritus admisso notus adulterio.' Dixit, et opposita propelJens savia dextra prosilit in laxa nixa pedem solea. Sic ego tam sandi custos retrudor amoris: ex iIIo felix nox mihi nulla fuit. (Elegies ii, 29B)
It was early, and I desired to see her, to see if she slept alone: but there was Cynthia by herself in bed. I was taken aback: never has she looked more stunning, not even when she went in her purple gear to chaste Vesta to report her dreams, in case they might bring hann to her or me: this is how she lookedjreshly arisen from sleep. What power such natural beauty holds! 'Oh?' she says, 'do you lark ahow spying on your mistress? Do you judge me by your standards? I'm lIot so free and easy: one lover is plenty, yourselfmaybe, or another iftheres one more tme. You 'ff find no trace of rough and tumble in this bed, no sign of a
UNIT IX
.,
couple s frolicsome contortions. See for yourself: my body is quite calm without the adulterer s breathless panting jIagrame delicto. ' With that, she waved away my lunging kisses, slipped into loose sandals and was gone. Thus am I, the guardian of so heavenly a love, rejected: since then I've not had a single happy night. 2 CatuUus reflects on his girl's faithlessness:
Nulli se dicit mulier mea nubere malle quam mihi, non si se Iuppiter ipse petat. Dicit: sed mulier cupido quod dicit amanti, in vento et rapida scribere oportet aqua. My girl says she wants to marry no one other than me. Not even if Jupiter himself should ask. Thats what she says. But what a girl says to an eager lad is best inscribed in the breeze and swift· flowing streams. (Poems Lx.x.) 3 The piece below is part of a letter wriuen in the twelfth century by Heloise to her former tutor, lover, and husband, Abelard. Her uncle had taken violent and cruel exception to their match (Abelard was castrated), and Heloise lived the remainder of her life in a nunnery.
Missam ad amicum pro consolatione epistolam, dilectissime, vestram ad me forte quidam nuper altulit. Quam ex ipsa statim tituli fronte vestram esse consideraos, tanto ardentius earn coepi legere, quanto scriptorem ipsum charius amplector, ut cuius rem perdidi, verbis saltern tanquam eius quadam imagine recreer. (*From Mediaeval Latin, ed. K.P. Harrington) Dearest, a letter you sent to a friend pouring out your feelings happened recently to fall into my hands. I knew it was yours the moment I saw your writing on the envelope, and a desire to read it seized me, much as I desire to have its aurhor in my anns. I may not have him in person, but at least his words give some sort of picture 10 refresh me.
92
8EGINNER'S LATIN
I'J Revision 1 Rewrite these sentences, changing underlined words to the plural, if they are singular, or to the singular if plural. Translate the new version. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Magna cena in culina paranda est. Dulces dominae semper audiendae sunt. Thrpis discipulus excitandus est. Humiles servi etiam laudandi sunt. Cur abbates reverendi sunt?
2 Translate into Latin: (a) We will dedicate the song to the brave soldiers and the
humble maid. (b) 1 grieve, because Lucia will inflame me with love but will not love me. (c) Now the girl will sing a sweet song, and the boys will relate the history of the monastery.
3
Write out all the endings, singular and plural, masculine, feminine and neuter of a) dulcis b) agendus.
4
Check you know these words: omnis
brevis
gravis tristis somnUS-l
turpis
facHis mirabilis
dulcis
oculus-i
tandem
UNIT X
In this unit you will learn: • • • • •
Present tense: third, fourth and nm:cd conjugations Future tense: third, fourth and mixed conjugations Accusative of duration Irregular verbs: sum, esse; possum, posse; volo, velie How to recognise a conjugation
• living Latin: Miserabile corpus ~
Present tense: third. fourth and mixed conjugations The third and fourth conjugations are quite similar. A 'mixed' conjugation which shares endings with bolh the third and fourth conjugations only has a few verbs, though these are frequently used
(e.g. capio, capere and compounds, recipio, accipio, etc.; and facio, facere and compounds. perficio, etc.).
I you (s.}
s/he, it
w. you (pi.}
th.y
third fourtb mitt'-ere 10 send aud-ire 10 hear
mixed cap-ere 10 /o£:e, copltKe
mitt-o
aud·io aud-is aud-it aud·imus aud·itis
cop-io cap-is
aud-junt
cap·junt
mitt-is mitt-it mitt-imus mitt-itis mitt-unt
cap-it cap-imus cap·itis
9. ~
BEGINNER'S LATIN
(c) The abbot writes all the rules.
Practice (i)
(d) We are beginning to live!
1 Translate the underlined verbs into Latin: (a) (b) (e) (d) (e)
(e) Are they burying a monk?
She ~ a gift. We capture the soldier.
(j) Why are they fleeing from the monastery? (g) Are you drinking wine in the kitchen, maids? (h) Who is coming? (i) They do not hear the abbess.
They hear a song.
I ~ lhe beast. They send a book.
if) You are hearing the abbot, students. (g) We send money. (h) Do you hear Paul, Augustine?
(a) third conjugation: write
'ea",
dlco-ere duco-ere ",y lead lego-ere read rego-ere rule relinquo-ere run scrlbo-ere
(e)
third conjugation: ascendo-ere climb credo-ere blbo-ere drink cado-ere emo-ere
ago-ere
'''' belieVe fall
boY do
vivo-ere
Cd)
fourth conjugation:
venlo-ire
donnlo-Ire selo-ire
sentlo-ire sepello-Ire apeno-ire
bu'Y
"'*'" feel
'now 0<""
mixed conjugation: facio-ere /lee fugio-ere
lnclplo-ere perficlo-ere
""""
reclpio-ere
Translate the underlined verbs into Latin: (a) I am reading Augustine's book. (b) Are they running into the church?
D
Shared endings key ·is si....is. mulis. vinis: dol. pl.
0(
obi. pl.
3rd declension: genitive mitti{~Js, audi(~)s, (api(~ls:
(b)
curro-ere
3
" Miserabile corpus
Match each verb to its English meaning (look them up if necessary):
2
95
UNIT X
oompIel.
"",.
regainlaa::ept begm
-0 mulo:
dot.
0(
obi.
all verbs: 'I•••'
'you.••'
Post Theodori mortem - fortuitam, ut dicit abbas, sed quis potest scire? - multae erant lacrimae. Theodorus enim fuerat monachus pius et omnibus amicus. Timor autem per monasterium agrosque vulgatus est. Monachi multos dies erant pavidi tacitique. Nunc in schola discipulis pauca verba de Theodori morte Stephanus dicit Postea magister tristis e Vulgato legit: IHoc autem dico,fratres, quonillm caro et sanguis regnum Dei possU/ere non possunt ' Paulus per fenestram spectat el mortem Theodori contemplat. Quis eum occidere voluisset? Fuerat amicus omnibus, vir pius et humilis. Erat rumor. Dani? Num Dani Theodorum trucidaverunt? Dani in regiooe iam viginti annos oon visi erant ....Ubi est, mors, victoria tua? Ubi est, mors, stimulus fuus?' Stephanus campanam per monasterium resonantem audit et legere desinit. 'Nunc corpus Theodori sepeliemus, 0 pueri,' inquit, "et vos unam horam sine me laborabitis et opera perficietis,' et per genas lacrimas fUDdens bibliothecam relinquit.
..., ~
••
BEGINNER'S lATIN
annus-j 1m] year (ompano-oe [~ bell coro, (ornis [ij Resh Danus·j 1m] Done, V,ling desino-ere Ieove ooondoo dies [nom./ace.) dC1)l$ fortuitus-a-um accidental frater-tris [m) brother fuerat Is/he} hod been fundens pouring genae-arum (ij cheeb hare-ae lij hour locrima-ae Ieor mars, mortis [ij death
0",
In
few pavidus-a-um fearful
poucus-o-um
possideo-ere occupy post [+occ.] after postea ohenvards quoniam
~
sinal
regia-nis lij regnum-j [n] resonantem rum~i5
1m]
region kingdom resounding flImotIr, goSJ;p
songuis-inis 1m) blood sine (+01,1.) without stimulus·j 1m] sting tacitus-a-um silent, qviet timor-is 1m] feor h'ucidaverunt (they) murdered tuus-
your
unus-o-um ooe verbum-j In] word victoria-oe victory viginti twenty vi,..i [m] mon visi erant (they) had been seen yoluinet hod wonled Vulgatum-i In) the Vulgate vulgotus est wos spread abroad
In
Accusative of duration The accusative case is used 10 express a length of time. Thus above we have multos diesfor many days, viginti annqsfor twenty years and UDam horamfor one hour. Most numbers have fixed endings, like viginti; a few have endings which change (e.g. unus, una, unum; duo, duae; tres, tria).
~
Future tense: third. fourth and mixed conjugations The future of the first two conjugations have the endings -00, -bis, -bit, etc. The third, fourth and mixed are different, all sharing the letter e in the ending:
.1
UNIT X mitt-ere to send oud-ire 10 hear I
-
you (s.)
s/he, il
you (pl.) /hey
mitt-om mitt-es mitt-et mitt-emus mitt-etis mitt-ent
oudi-om oudi-es oudi-et oudi-emus oudi-etis oudi-ent
(op-ere to tok~, coplure capi-am (api-es copi-et (api-emus capi-etis (api-ent
~ Irregular verbs: sum. possum. vola It is one of the laws of language that rules and regular forms have exceptions. Irregular verbs are amongst the most commonly used: e'H lobe
po'H to be oble velie PRESENT
.um e. e.1 sumus estis sunt
possum pole' potest possumus potestis possunt
I
em
fUTURE po/em
you (s.)
eris
s/he, if
em
you (pl.} /hey
erimus eritis erunt
I you {s.] 5/he, if
-
you (pl.} /hey
-
pateris poterit poterimus poteritis poterunt
10 won'
volo vis vult volumus vultis volunt volam voles volet voLemus voletis volent
The compound forms of esse (abesse. adesse) share the same irregular endings.
II Practice (ii) 1 Translate the underlined verbs into Latin: (0) (b) (c) (d) (e)
She wjJ1 send a gift. We shall capture the beasts. They will hear a song. She is sitting in the church. Win you hear the abbot, students?
98
BEGINNER'S lATIN
(j) They wjll be able tQ see us. (g) Do you want tQ come. Paul? (h) We shaH be present in the monastery today. ~ How to recognise a conjugation Con(ugotiorl
~nt person
infinitive
first
am-o
secood
mon-eo
am-Gre the infinitive ending -ore mon-ere the infinitive -ere, and /he e in
third
mift.o
Fourth
aud·io
mi)(ed
cop-io
How to recognise the conjugation
the presenl
mitt-ere $Orne infinitive as monere bu' no e in the present (Iud-ire the ; in the present, with infinitive -ire cop-ere the; in the present, with infinitive -ere
~ Practice (iii)
To which conjugation do the following verbs belong: Ca) aperio-ire (b) oro-are (e) incipio-ere
(d) dico-ere (e) saLio-are if) retineo-ere
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (1)
bibo-ere scio-ire pcrficio-ere video-ere laudo-are vivo-ere
" Hie iacet Theodorus 'Miserum Theodorum,' inquit Paulus, per fenestram exsequias Theodori spectans. Pluitj mODachi miserabile corpus Theodori ex ecclesia portant et abbas exiguam pompam ducit. Discipuli libros relinquunl et per fenestram pompam spectant. 'Ecce, Theodorum sepelient sub arborem ubi nobis fabuJas narrabat,' inquit unus. 'Cur omnes monachi non adsunt? Cur eum tam dto sepeliunt?' rogavit alter. 'Quis Thoodorum occidit?' rogavit tertius. 'Quis scit?' respondit Paulus. 'Quando sclemus?' rogavit Augustinus.
99
UNIT X
'Abbas proxima nocte eum vidit,' , . . . - - - - - - - - - , inquit Paulus. 'Fortasse Stephano HIC IACETTHEOOORUS dicet.' 'Soles occidere et redire possunt. MONASTERlI HUIUS Nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux. MONACHUS QUI IN ANNO Nox est perpetua una dormienda,' VICESIMO ET QUINTO murmurat Augustinus, e CatuUi MORTIJUS NUNC CUM libeUo recitans. '0 nmerum Theodorum!' inquit DEO IN PACE REQUIESCIT Paulus. Ecce, nunc corpus in terram demittunt_' Nunc aliquis flere incipit. Mox abbas et monachi in ecclesiam reveniunt praeter Stephanum qui prope sepuJcrum orat_ Adhuc pluit; mox vocem Stephani iterum iterumque gementem audiunt. oliquis someone alter another cum semel as 500ll 05 demitto-ere /ower eum him exiguus-o-um slender, sconl exsequioe-orum funeral f1eo-ere weep gementem groanmg huius of 'his iterum again libellus-i [m] book lux-cis [ij light, life miserobilis-e pitiable murmuro-ore murmur nox, nodis [ij nighl oc:cido-ere foil
oc:cfdo-ere kill oc:cidit {s/he} killed perpetuus-o-um unending pluit i, ;s raining pompo-oe [ij procession proeter [+a<:<:.J ex<:epl, oo5ides proximus-o-um neof£ul, previous quondo when redeo-ire [irreg,J return rogavit (5Ihe) a5ked sepulcrum-i [nJ grove sol-is [m] 5un, day spedons watching tam cito so qui<:kly tertius-a-um third vicesimo et quinto in the
lwenty-lifth
Living Latin Miserabile corpus 1 The Aeneid of Vrrgil is regarded by many as me Lalin poem with me most breadth and range, reaching all comers of the soul with moments of love, friendship, loyalty. suffering, fulfilment and
100
BEGINNER'S LAllN
despair. ~ this scene below, the Trojans bring the corpse of Pallus back to his father, Evander:
At Don Evandrum potis est vis ulla tenere, sed veni~ in medios. Feretro Pallanta reposto P~Ub~lt super atque haeret lacrimansque gemensque,
et Via VlX tandem vocis Jaxata dolore est: 'Non haec, 0 Palla, dederas promissa parenti cautius ut saevo veUes te credere Marti. ' Haud ignarus eram quantum nova gloria in annis et praeduJce deeDs primo certamlne posset. Primitiae iuvenis ntiserae bellique propinqui dura rudimenta, et Dulli exaudita deorum vota precesque meae!' (Virgil, Aeneid xi, 148-158) Nothing could restrain Evander who came ouf into the middle of the throng: The bier was pUI down and he knelt over Pallas. He clung to hIm, and wept and groaned, and hoarse with grief could barely speak: '0 Pallas. are /hes~ the promises you gave your father, that yOIl take care of yourself 11l the savage fighting? I was all too aware oj the lure of honour in a man ~ first battle, and the first sweet taste oj glory in untried combat. What a wretched coming-oj-age, what a cruel start to a war so close to home. Not one of the gods listened to my prayers or vows!'
2 Life is short, so let's make it sweet, says Catullus:
101
UNIT X
Come my Lesbia, let's live, let's 10l'e, and ne\'er mind the ehaller 0/ oldfrowning bores - they're not worth tuppenee. The sun may go dOll'n and return, but for us when our brief peep of light goes out, an endless night awaits of unbroken sleep. So gire me a thousand kisses, then a hundred, then J'lltake another thousand, and another hundred. and then yet another thousand. and one more hundred.
II Revision I
Change the underlined verbs to the future tense, and translate: (a) (b) (e) (d)
Monachus mulum in silvam ducit. Hodie discipuli labores oerficiunt. Monasterium-ne relinguimus? Augustinum audire non possum.
2 Change the underlined verbs to the present tense, and translate: (a) (b) (e) (d)
In superstitiones non credam. Me arnica inflammabit amore. Carmina-ne Augustini audies? Discipuli e Vulgato legent.
3 Translate into Latin: (a) The maids always want to hear Augustine's songs! (b) Lucia is already able to read, sing and work in the fields. (c) We shall care for the souls of both humble serfs and
great kings, (d) Why are the monks fleeing out of the wood?
Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus, rumoresque senum severiorum omnes uDius aestimemus assis. Soles occidere et redire possunt: nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux, nox est perpetua una dormienda. Da mi basia miUe, deinde centum de~ mille altera, dein secunda ce~tum, demde usque altera mille, deinde centum.
4 Write out these nouns, all cases, singular and plural: opus, operis; nox, noctis (gen.pl.: noctium); rabula, fabulae; sepulcrum, sepulcrij annus, aoni. S Check you know these words:
(Poems v, 1-9)
dico·ere scribo-ere ago-ere bibo-ere regnum-i
facio-ere duco-ere vivo-ere mors-tis iterum
scio-ire credo-ere incipio-ere verbum-i
UNIT XI
UMTXI
103
.... -......... ...........
I >ou [s·l ~
In this unit you will learn: Past tense: imperfect Adjectives ending -ens Present participles Adjectives as nouns living Latin: 'Yaysoos in chaylo'
m
The present. tense describes this moment or current period, the future tense IS ~or a future event, and all the remaining tenses are pas~ ones. The Imperfect ~ense describes a past event which was habitual, re~urrem or lastmg for a while. The name 'imperfect' means unfirushed:
DiscipuJi ante ceoam in ecclesia cantabant sed Augustinus carmina ~.
Ii
....0
Before dinner the students HHd to finglwere singini' in the church, but Augustine w.mill!. read/was readi"r his poetry.
~he~ ~ diff~re~t ~ays to express this tense in English: 'used to smg, were smglng ~ 'was reading' and 'would read' may all be ~~ to represent the Imperfect. A simple past might do as well as m Every day the students ~ in lhe church'. '
m ........
~
......... .-... CC, !
be ..
01
~
IhOi
~
bu,WJ$ beliso
~
b
5
..us
•
Exceptions are sum, esse (and compounds: adsum, absum, possum):
-_. ""y-
I was you (5.1 were s/he, it was you (pl.) were
Past tense: imperfect
....... ...... ....... ....
"'", b . ............ ihGi.b """ ........ ......... 00. , ........... ......... .........b """""" bca'WJ$ ... b ,WJ$ nli"' b ,WJ$ , beliso ",in beliso "",iii ......... ..,. ......... " .... beliso ",in b bca .. • ,b • warn, ocJ.Me
• • • • •
-
The endings of this tense are common to all verbs:
eram eras ..at eramus eratis erant
I was able/could you (s./ were able/could S/M, it was abl&/could we were abl&/could you [pl.1 were abl&/could
they were abl&/coold
poteram poteras pote~• poteramus poteratis paterant
" In ecclesia Nec muHo post Theodori exsequias, multi in ecclesia aderant. Ecclesia candelis incensique fragrnntia plena erat. Abbas ipse cum monachis missam celebrabat. Lucia iuxta matrem in primis subselliis inter magnas familias sedebat. Post nobiles erant peregrini et agricolae et pueri et ancillae et servi. Abbas ad aram in veste purpurea splendens stabat et monachi discipulique post aram in choro cantabant. 'Pater noster, qui es in caelis... ' cantare abbas incipiebat. Oomes discipuli cantabant praeter Augustinum, qui dormiebat quod Stephanus eum per totam noctem epistulas sancti Pauli ad Corinthios exscribere iusserat. Augustinus poeDas dabat quod in schola carmina Catulli, non epistolas sancti Pauli, legebat. 'Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo,' abbas cantabat.
104
8EGlNNER'S LATIN
-1,--:---;--;-:-:---
~
ogric:oIa-oe 1m] Former ara-oe (~ alto, candelCl-oe (ij condie celebro-ore celebfote chorus-i [m) choir Corinthi-orum COl'infflions epistula-ae [ij leiter eurn him exscribo-ere write oul familia-a. lij family frograntia-oe lij odour incensum-j [n) incen$e inter (+occ.1 omong ipse himself ius5ef'Clt Is/he) hod ordered iuxta (+ace.] nex1 flo
----
libera free, cleIiver miua-ae [ij moJ.$ n•..• inducas do noIleod 1,1$ into noster our peregrinus-j 1m] pilgrim poenas do-ore
Foreigner.
to poy the penalty, be punished primus-a-um firsl purpureus-a-um pvrpJe qui who splendeo--ere be bright, respl&ndent
subsellium-j (nJ pew, bMK:h tentafio.nis If) JemplofiOf'j veltis-is If) clothing
m:t Adjectives ending -ens You have already met adjectives like sanctus and omnis. You will also come across adjectives like omnipotens or prudens. These are third declension adjectives. similar to omnis. Most of the cases have a 't' and extra syllable: nrvdens wise CASE
1 Translate lhe underlined verbs into Latin (all verbs should be in the imperfect): (a) (b) (e) (d) (e) (j) (g)
2
She used to love the student. They were Ijslening to their mother. We would send food to the slaves. Where were YOU. Paul? I could see all the students in the church. She always ~ us. All the poems of Catullus ~ in the book.
Put the underlined verbs into the imperfect and translate: (a) Pluit. (pluit. pluere) (b) Miserabile corpus in terra~. (iaceo-ere) (c) Carotina CatuJli legimus. (Iego~ere) (d) Monachum prope ecclesiam sepeliunt. (sepelio-ire) (e) Virgo Ikl. (flco-ere)
Neuter
Masc./fem. SINGUtAR
Nomiflotive Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Nomiootive
~ Practice (i)
lOS
UNIT XI
AccusotiYe
Genitive Dative Ablotive
rvd-ens rvd-entem
,"
..n.
d-ens
-entis
-,.. ......
-"
-enti PlURAl
....... -entia
..ntium -entibus prvd-entibus N
~ Present participles
A participle is a cross between an adjective and a verb. It has the function of an adjective but is formed from a verb: Augustinus viatores monasterium relinguentes vidiL
Augustine saw the travellers km!iEg the monastery.
Relinquentes agrees with viatores. Unlike an ordinary adjective, a participle can have an object of its own, here monasterium: A present participle can be translated in different ways:
Augustine saw the travellers who were/ar they were leaving the monastery. These participles all share the endings of prud~ens. Participles of verbs from the first conjugation, like amare, have an a in place of the e in the ending:
.06 omO
copio-ere
BEGINNER'S LATIN
am-an,
loving
man-ens
advising, warning sending listening {to}, hecring
mitt-ens oudi-ens capi-ens
desiit ubi Benedictum se ipsam spectantem conspexit. ']nsolentissimos monachos!' susurravit Egberta, et Karolus, coniunx, earn audiens rogavit: 'Mea carissima, vales-ne?' ]nterea Stephanus Augustinum dormientem adhuc stertentemque spectabat. Paulus Stephanum speclabat et 'Cave, Augustine!' sllSurravit, 'nunc est cantaodum.' 'Abi!' respondit magna voce Augustious. 'Volo dormire.' Omnes in ecclesia vocem eillS audice poteraot. 'Ora pro nobis peccatoribus,' cantabat abbas, palmas ad caelum tendens.
laking, capturing
~ Adjectives as nouns The traditional 'parts of speech' (i.e. nOUDS, verbs, adjectives. etc.) from time to time adopt each olber's roles.lfthe explanation above about adjectives and verbs remains a mystery. then turn to the glossary al the beginning of the book. It is not uncommon for journalists and others to use nouns as adjectives in English (e.g. 'Government sex scandal cover up'). Conversely we use adjectives as nouns: 'The good, lhe bad. and the ugly',
Latin adjectives (and participles) also act as nouns: ~ in ecclesia sedent.
lIIe qui proximus dormienti stat.
The lJ.O..!2kJ. are siuing in 'he church. He who is standing next to the otle-who-slum.
" lnsolentes monachi ]n ecclesia Lucia Paulum et Augustinum, qui adhuc dormiebat, conspexit. lam Augustinus stertere incipiebat. Paulus Augustinum excilare volebat quod StephaDum eum spectantem videce poterat. ]n primis subselliis Egberta filiam furtim spectantem unum ex discipulis qui in choro cantabant coospexit. 'Lucia, quid spectas?' susurravit Egberta. 'Nil, praeter ilIum, qui dormit, discipuJum,' Lucia respondit. lam Paulus etiam Luciam spectabat. 'Quis est iIle puer qui te spectat?' rogavit mater. 'Quis puer?' 'Puer iUe qui proximus dormienti stat,' inquit Egberta ridens. 'Eho, nunc abbas praedicabit.' Egberta tamen ridere
'07
UNIT XI
rI
ilium [occ.] /hot ()(Ie, him proximus--G·um ne.xJ, neare$/ abi go awayl carissimus--G·um deare$t cave IooIr. out coniunx·gis [m/ij husband/wife conspexit (J/he) caught $ight of desiit (J/he) slopped eam her eius his/her furtim secretly ipsam her(sel~
nil (nihil) nothing ora pro nobis peccatoribus pt'oy few- UJ J;nnen palma·oe [ij palm quis who, which ...spondit ($/hel replied
se her(himllhem}$elf sterto-e... $f!ORI te [occ.j you tencfo.ere Jlretch valeo--e... to be well volebot (s/he) wanted
~ Practice (ii)
1 Choose the correct form for each gap from: praedicans, praedicanlem, praedicantes, dorntiens, dormieotem, dormientes: (a) Discipuli abbatem in ecclesia
............•...•....• audiebant.
/
III (b) Omnes monachi discipulos
................... videre poterant.
108
2
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Change the underlined word 10 the plural if singular. or singular if plural, and translate:
Egberta ova e sarcina cadentia videt. Lucia monachos in ecclesia cantantes audiebat. Paulus cum discipulo stertenli sedebat. Abbatissa cibum monachis dorntientibus non dabit. Benedictus anci1lam in culina susurrantem audiebat. (f) Femina Theodorum in silva currentem videre poterat. (a) (b) (e) (d) (e)
" Living Latin '¥aysoos in chaylo' Lat~n was finally dropped from Catholic liturgy in the 19605,
endmg an un~T~ken I~e of Latin from the Church's earliest days. The pronunciation will have varied from country to country and priest to priest. Some of the clergy may have harboured a love for c1as~i~al Latin, bUI the primary use of the language was to get the ChristIan message across to their local brethren. Each region of the Christian domain will have had its own mix of Latin and local speech habits, evolving o~er many centuries. In 1912 Pope Pius X, who wanted to create a unifonn pronunciation of Latin, encouraged the clergy everywhere to adopt what was then the Italian pronunciation. Hence 'Yaysoos', 'bone-us' and 'chaylum' for Jesus, bonus ~d caeluffi. ~e pronunciation of the Latin used by the Church dunng the twentieth century has no foundation earlier than this point. 1 The Vulgate was the first full Latin version of the bible ' translated by St Jerome at the end of the fourth century.
Hoc .autem dico, (ratres, quoniam caro et sanguis regnum Dei poss!der~ nOD possunt: neque corruptio incorruptelam possJdeblt. In momento, in ietu oculi, iD Dovissima tuba: canet enim, et mortui resurgent iocorrupti, et nos inmutabimur. Oportet eDim corruptibile hoc induere iDcorruptelam: et mo~tale hoc induere inmortaiitatem, tunc fiet sermo qui SCflptuS est: Absorta est mors in victoria. Ubi est mors victoria tua? ubi est, mors, stimuJus tuus? "
UNIT XI
109
This I tell )'ou, brothers, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom ofGod: neither will the perishable possess immortality. In a moment, illthe twinkling ofan eye, at the last call of the trumpet: for it will sound, and the bodiless dead will rise, and we shall be changed; for this matter must lose its perishability, and this mortality become immortal; then the saying which is written will come to pass: 'Death is swallowed up in victory. Where, dearh, is your victory? Where, death, is your sting?' (*5t Paul, Corinthians i, 15; 50. 52-55) 2 5t Benedict was a contemporary of Jerome. His order has survived centuries of religious conflict. and there are now monasteries all over Europe. Cellerarius monasterii eligatur de congregatioDe sapieDs, maturos moribus, sobrius, non muJtum edax, nOD elatus, DOD turbulentus, Don iniuriosus, Don tardus, DOD prodigus, sed timeos Deum, qui omni cODgregationi sit sicut pater. A procurator for the monastery should be picked from the community, a prudent fellow of mature character, sober; without a great appetite, with no pretemions, not a trouble-maker; not one who causes harm, punctual, parsimonious, and fearing rhe Lord; a man who may be a father to the community. (* Regula sancti Benedicti, xxxi) 3 Many monks of the middle ages were not too immersed in pious abstinence and godly spirituality to overlook the pleasures of life. Refuge from the rigours of monasticism was found in the bonle. with girlfriends, and with the pen. Many anonymous verses have survived, some of which were parodies of fonnal, ecclesiastical Latin: Bibat ille, bibat ilia, bibat servus et ancilla, bibat bera, bibat beros: ad bibeDdum Demo senlS. Let him drink and her drink, and the serf have one, the maid too, and rlre mistress, and tire master - no one s too late for a jugfili. *
110
BEGINNER'S LATIN
I"liI Revision 1
Write a sentence with: (a) (b) (c) (d)
the the the the
present participle of devoro-are; present participle of ulllio-are; present participle of bibo~ere; gerundive of audio-ire.
2 Translate into Latin: (a) (b) (c) (d)
3
Augustine was sleeping for twelve hours. Wise tcachers always used to drink with students. Lucia, could you hear the mule drinking in the field? The students were watching the abbot leading a procession out of the church.
Fill each gap with the corresponding form in the correct tense:
lo~ '0'
wo'
INFINITIVE
PRESENT
amare
amomus
au "e a ro~
au
,.
mitto vems
'" write
tok, ive
a' a
"
IMPERFECT
o~bimus
amabamus
au let a ra Itis
vemes sen n' time
timere 0
FUTURE
YO
.•
au a ro mitte
venle a,
"
rio
en'
au amus
toe,h
4
tie
cere
0
doc:etis
Check you know these words:
agricoJa-ae post n(ih)il
tis
m
epistula-ae praeter quis
peregrinus·i iubeo·ere primus-a-um
•
UNIT XII
In this unit you will learn: • Past tense: perfect
• Personal pronouns: ego, to, nos, vos • My, your, our • Living Latin: The murder in a cathedral ~ Past tense: perfect
The perfect ('finished', 'perfected') is a past tense describing an action which is more momentary or instantaneous than that of the imperfect. In general the imperfect points us to the action itself, the perfect to lhe completion of the action (and therefore what comes next). In the two examples below, the same English verbal phrase is used to translate both tenses. Bul in one, the 'hurrying' is a singular, momentary, completed event, and in the other a recumng onc.
Perfect
Stephanus ad feoestram festinavit.
Stephen hurried to the window.
Imperfect Stepbanus ad fenestram saepe festinabat.
Stephen often hurried (used to hurry) to the window.
112
BEGINNER'S lATIN
Perfect endings
-..... .......... -- --
...... ... ...... """
" Si munimentum quaeris, circumspice Adhue abbas in ecclesia praedicabat: •... Hie, in ecclesia, ubi sedemus, ubi oramus, ubi Deum laudamus, est vestra seeuritas. Si igitur munimentum quaeritis, circumspicite. Ecce tectum! Ecce magni mun! Hie in ecclesia vos euravimus, nunc vos euramus, et post mortem animas vestras semper curabimus. Aedificatum lapidibus monastenum centum anDOS hie stellt et hie stabit annos mille! Hie sunt omnia tuta. Quod vestr3S animas iIlud vestras res custodire potest. Iterum vobis dieo: in ecclesia non solum animae sed etiam res sunt tutae. Scitis-ne cur haec dicam? Rumores quosdam audivimus, Don quidem cODfirmatos, sed tameD refereDdos. Nihil nos vidimus. Alieni-De in silvis adfuerunt? Vidit~ne alieDos in silva Theodorus? Quis nunc dicere potest? Theodorurn miserum! Theodorus saltern in caelo cum angelis requiescit. Cras, ergo, si vultis esse seeuri, boyes oves equi mulique in monasterii agros adducendi sunt. Si vobis placet, etiam res vestras in monasterio relinquatis. Vel autem, si mavultis, res vestras retinere licet, sed cavete.'
,
I
,." ~I
-
",,",'
,." "·1 ley
.....,.; ...,.,.,.;,,;
......,.;
".;,.;
.....,;,,; .....,;r
rris-isti
....w;
.......... ...... ........ "'""""sis .................. ............ ......... ...........
............ (Aile
-'
..".....
........ "'"""""" ......... ~
In the perfect tense the endings of the verbs are not the only parts to change. Some verbs have a different form - try to remember it when you look the verb up. ombulo
ambulore
loudo hobeo
loudore habere
video
videre
scribo dico
scribera dicere
venia
venire
facio
"m ~
..
focere
"
ombulavi laudovi habui vidi 5cripsi dixi veni fec:i fui
I (have) wolked I (hove) praised I (hove) hod
I sow, hove seen I wrare, hove wriffen I (have) soid I come, have come I (have) mode, did, hove done I hove been, wos
Practice (i) 1 Translate into Latin (in the perfect tense): Ca) He has walked. (b) They saw. (e) We have come. (d) I have laken.
2
(e) if) (g) (h)
You (5.) have warned. He heard. We have sent.
She advised.
Change the underlined verbs to the corresponding perfect form, and translate: (0) (b) (c) (d)
Monachus servo .d.k.i!AnciJIas in cuJina laudamus. Dani-De omnia monasteria capiunt? Epistulam episcopo scribis?
113
UNIT XII
iii
aedifieatus'a-um buill alienus·i [m] stranger angelus-i [m] angel bos-vis [m/ij ax cavete 'ake care centum hundred circumspicite look around eonfinnatus·a-um confirmed eras Iomorrow custodio·ire gvorcl, watch aver haec [n.pl.j ffJese things hie here lopis·idis [m] slone Iicet it is permitted movultis you prefer ml1le thousand munimentum·i [n) prote<:tion murus·j [m] well non sofum••• sed etiom not only... but also
ovis·is [ij sheep placet it pleases quaero-ere $OOk quidem indeed quod•.• iIIud Ihal which.... thaI.. quosdam cerloin, unspeciFied refero, referre report relinquatis you may leave requieseo-ere rest res [ij things, possessions saltem 01 least securitas·tatis [ij peace of mind securus-a'um sure, secure slo-are, steti slond tectum·i In] ceiling tutuS'a'um safe vester-tra·trum your vos, vobis [dOl.] you (pI.1
-
11.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Personal pronouns: ego, tu. nos, vas
" Da mi basia mille
They are only used in the Dominative case for emphasis, because subject pronouns are implied in the ending of a verb (if there is no subject noun): Danos Don vidimus.
We did "OT see the Danes. We saw nothing.
N2s. nihil vidimus.
Pronouns are words used in place of nouns (pro is the Latin word for in place of):
..
I/~ Nominative
ego
"""""'"
~
Genitive
""'"" """""
"""
)'OU
we/us
"'" "'"
Ie
;
mihi/mi ~
.
(s.)
,;bi
Ie
......
,.,. (pl.)
I'105m/nostrum vestri/vestnJm naI>U vobU naI>U vobU
The preposition cum wilh often follows ralher than precedes a pronoun, and is attached 10 it nobiscum with us, mecum with me.
My, your, our The possessive adjectives meus, mea, meum my, tuus. tua, tuum have endings like sanctus-a-um, as do the plural equivalents Doster, nostra, nostrum our and vester, vestra. vestrum your (pl.) with the exception of the nominative masculine singular (-er):
your (5.)
my your (sing.} ~
your
{pI.1
UNIT XII
meus-a-um, etc. tuus-a-um, etc. noster, -fro, -trum, etc. vester, -ffa, -trum, etc.
115
..
'Nun~ 0 amici, est optandum,' abbas adhuc pr~edl~abat. ~os monacbi, qui in monasterio babitamus, sClentlae. ~rtium 'tarum aoimarum sumus custodes. Deo volente, nos VIgilantes ;apita bonaque vestra bene curabimus. Nunc, igitur, si d~rmire sine cura vultis, bodie in monasteriurn bona ~estra ca~lta,ue adducenda sunt.' Abbatis vox e somno Augustmum excltavlt. 'Donnire?' inquit Augustinus. 'Ego certe donnire sine cura volo.' . . . , 'St.' susurravit Paulus. 'Dam prope monastenum VlSI sunt. 'Non credo!' inquit Augustinus. 'Cuius est Cama?' 'Stepbani.' . 'Stephani? Si elephantus iuxta Stephanum sedeat, magister noster eum non agnoscat.' 'lmmo. Theodorus ante mortem Danos in silvis ipse vidit et Stepbano dixit.' Augustious Paulum non audivit sed Luciam i~ primo subsellio spectabat: 'Da mi basia,' murmuravIt Augustinus. 'QUid?' 'Da mi basia mille'. 'St. Taceas.' 'Deinde usque altera mille.' 'Equidem tibi nulla basia dabo,' ridebat Paulus. 'Ebeu!' gemuit Augustinus, 'tUa te solum spectat, te s?lum amat.llle mi par esse deo videtur, iIle, si fas est, superare dlvos.' 'Quis est iIle?' rogavit Paulus. '1\1.' 'Ego?' 'Ita vero.' inquit Augustious. 'Cupido est saevus. Me miserum. Certas habuit puer iIle sagittas. ' '10 satis carminum!' exclamavit Paulus. 'Rosa veris, quae videris c1orior quam lil~um,' murmuravit Augustinus. Subito Pater Stephanus apparUlt: 'Augustine et Paule, hodie ambo vos mecum ad P.at~em Ricardum venietis,' inquit magister. 'llIe vos sevensSlme verberabit_' 'Nos? Cur?' rogavit Augustinus.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
116
'Semper in ecclesia estis garnili. Vos antea admoDui. NUDC poeDas dabitis.' 'Ignoscas nobis. Te oro, Magister, De nos ducas ad Ricardum. Si tibi placet, rursum regulam monachorum exscribam.' '0 Sanda Maria!'
117
UNIT XII
rJ Practice ( i i ) . Rewrite the words
In
.. brackets
In
.
theIr correct fanns.
'Te oramus.' '0 molesti pueri .... esto. Sed si vos iterum susurrantes in ecclesia videbo, ambo verberandi eritis. Totus liber est exscribendus - hodie.' 'Ut vis, Magister.'
'St. Nunc cum ceteris discipulis cantandum est.' Tandem abbas praedicare desiit. Omnes 'Deo gratias,' respondenmt et cantare inceperunt. agnoscat would recogni$6 altera onothflr onte(a) before/hond) apporeo-ere-ui appear ars-tis (ij art, slc.m basium-j In] iiu caput, capitis In] head, capitol cerfus-o-um $U'f', unerring c1anor more lovely (uiuJ whose cura_
(ij
oru:ie!y. sire"
custos-dis (m/ij goordion da givel deinde then, next deo volente with God willing divus-j [m] god equidem indeed, to be sure esto so be it famo-ae I~ s/ory, report 105 not blasphernotJs gorrulus-a-um tolkalive gemo-ere-ui groan immo no io hey
ipse he himself lilium-i [n] lily moIestus-a-um troobleKlffle ne ducas do not Icke opto-a~ """"" par equal quae videris }'O
(b) Ubi est (meus-a-um)
vinum? Ancillae·ne vinum (vos) dederunt? (0) In ecclesia (nos) rnonachi
(vester) pecuDiam custodiemus.
(d) Gratias (tu),
multas gratias.
~
CJ 0
C
c
0
(c) (Meus-a-um) carmina
(tu) dare volo.
118
BEGINNER'S lAnN
" Living Latin The murder in a cathedral The sacrosanctity of a church in the middle ages was taken for
granted. Refugees from the bloodiest conflicts might seek sanctuary in a church and even lhe least godfearing of soldiers would think twice before breaking it. The majority of people lived very parochial lives. The local church was one of the few stone buildings some might ever see. Here was a solid fortress for their protection, and a symbol of permanence and life everlasting. A church was, in both senses, a building you could have faith in. Cathedrals were even more imposing, and some still stand out in today's urban skylines. How much more impressive when all around them lay wooden houses and thatched hUls. Canterbury Cathedral was the scene of Thomas Becket's murder in the twelfth century, a shocking episode because an archbishop was hacked to death - in a cathedral. This is an abbreviated version of the account by an eyewitness to Thomas's murder, William FitzStcphen: 1 The monks persuade Thomas to come into the church. Quid nisi timor et tremor venerunt super nos monachos, clericos et socios archiepiscopi? Sed bonus iIle Thomas contemptor mortis erato
Nothing but fear and trembling came over us monks, clerics, and companions of the archbishop. But the good Thomas was disdainful of death. 2 The assassins arrive. Iturus ad aram superiorem, iam quattuor gradus ascenderat, cum ecce ad ostium claustri, quo venerarnus, primus adest Reginaldus Ursonis loricatus, euse evaginato. et vociferans, 'Nunc hue ad me, homines regis!' Nee multo post adduntur ei tres socii eius, similiter loricis contecti corpora et capita praeter oculos solos, ensibus nudatis.
UNIT XII
119
He was about to go up to the upper altar and IuuJ already gone up fOllr steps, when Ihere by the door 10 Ihe cloister, where we had entered, stood Ihefirst of them, ReginaldllS Ursonis, infull amwur, sword drawn, shouting, 'Now follow me, men of Ihe king!' A moment laler his three accomplices joined him, Iheir bodies and heads covered with armour excepl for their eyes alone, and their swords drawn. 3 'Where is the traitor?' Clamavit aliquis, 'Ubi est proditor?' DIe: 'Ecce ego, non proditor, sed presbyter Dei; et miror, quod in tali habitu ecclesiam Dei ingressi estis. Quid placet vobis?' Unus sicarius, 'UI moriaris.' At ilIe: 'Et ego in nomine Domini mortem suscipio, et animam meam et ecclesiae causam Deo et be~tae Mariae et sanctis huius ecclesiae patronis commendo. Abslt ut propter gladios vestros fugiam.'
One of them shouted: 'Where is rhe rraitor?' He replied: 'Here f am, no traitor, bur a priest of God; and J am surprised that you have emered the house of God in such attire. What is your business?' One of the murderers said: 'To kill you.' He replied: 'f embrace death in the name of the Lord, and I commend my soul and the cause of the church to God, to Blessed Mary and to the patron saims of this church. Don't think rhat f will nm from your swords. ' 4
His death.
Quidam eum plano euse caedebat inter scapulas, dicens, 'Fugej mortuus es.' IIIe immotus perstitit, et cervicem praebens, se Domino commendabat. 'In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum.' Datur in caput eius ictus secundus. Super dextram cecidit, ad dextram Dei iturus. *
One of them whipped him across his shoulders wirh a flat blade, saying, 'Run; yOIl are a dead man. ' He did,,'t budge but stood his grolllld, and offering his neck he entrusted himself to the Lord. 'Imo Jour hanth, 0 Lord, I commend my spirit. ' A second blow struck his head. He fell to the right, on his way to the right hand oJGDd.
120
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Revision Fill each gap with the corresponding fonn in the correct tense:
1
-""'"
~.
lNFlNITlVE
PRfSENT
ambula~
ombulat venimu5
venire
verumus
Ioudovistis docui
...
•
..;debunt
be
P£RfEO
"""'""""'
• e•
. widete
IMPERFECT
..•
i;,-
....
2
FlJlURf
orit
Rewrite these sentences making underlined words plural (if singular) and singular (if plural), and translate: (a) 0 Augustine, mihi dulce canneD tuum leges? (b) Miser Stephanus cum discipul.2 in bibliotheca semper
laborabat. (e) Lucia-De oeregrinos in silva audivit?
(d) Ancilla 3
DOS
monuit.
Translate into Latin (use the perfect for all past tenses): (a) Students. did Theodorus walk with you in the wood? (b) Augustine, did you hear the abbot preaching?
(e) I saw the abbess whispering to the cook. (d) Paul, did you write a letter to Lucia?
4
Check you know these words:
centum cura-ae deinde quidem
mille scientia-ae rursum
annus-j
vita-ae subito
REVISION II (UNITS 7-12)
1 Fill the gaps with the correct fonn (tense and person) of one of:
canto-are-avi
devoro-are-avi
scribo-ere, scripsi
dormio-rre-ivi video-ere,
vim
(a) Abbatissa Dobis •••••••••••••••••••••
(b) Monachi
quod multum cibum VlDUDlque ••••••••••••••••
.
122
BEGINNER'S LATIN
MuItos Danos in
sit~·G._.1
(e) Multos Danos in siJva ••••••••••••••••••••• !
123
REVISION I1IUNITS 7 121
6 Translate into Latin: (a) Did you hear the maiden's song, Father Stephen? (b) The bishop was preaching to all the monks. (e) Soon we shall bury the monk's pitiable corpse. (d) The cook was drinking wine with the sad student all night long. 7 Group the English words with their Latin ancestor: ho,pes, ho,pitis caput, capitis
sure predicate
dainty dish
host
hotel discus-i
2
(d) Paulus epistulam Luciae .
dignitas, dignitatis
Identify the future, imperfect and perfect forms of the underlined verbs:
pbantasia-ae
(a) In bibliotheca discipulus carOlina recital. (b) Discipuli Jid..mt.
cattle
secure
capi.tal
3
Choose the correct form of the gerundive: (a) (b) (e) (d)
4
Peregrini multas Iinguas (doceo·ere) sunt. Nunc corpus miserabile est (sepelio-ire). Discipuli mali non (laudo-are) sunt. Epistula non in ecclesia sed in bibliotheca est (scribo-ere).
Choose the correct form of the present participle: (a) Monacbus in terram cecidit e silva (fugio-ere). (b) Abbatem ex ntonasterio pompam (clueo-ere) spectavi. (e) Arnicos nostros in ecclesia (sedeo-ere) vidimus.
(d) Discipulus virgines in horto (canto-are) audivit. 5
Write out the foUowing nouns in all five cases, singular and plural: annus-i, vita-ae, oppidum-i, potio-nis, clamor-is, tempus-oris
cofOQu\et
disk
fancy count
chapter discus
(e) 0 ancillae, Danos auditis?
(d) Epistulam Luciae scribo.
hospital
hOspice
praedico-are blasphemo-are securus-a-um
blaspheme dignity
computo-are
disco
fantaSY
hostel
chattel blame preach
8 A popina is (a) an illegitimate daughter of a pope.; (b) a small flower found in Rumania, which produces opIUm; (e) an ancient inn or take-away - a place to pop in for a quick snack?
125
UNIT XIII
UNIT XIII
Paulus virgini desideratae dicere volebat.
Paul wanted to speak to the girl he longed for (lit. the
longed-for girl).
I'J Practice (i)
• .. • Complete the table of the four main paft:S (or pnnclP?1 parts) of a verb. A fifth column is added for Enghsh words which have a similar Conn to the past participle.
In this unit you will learn: • • • • • •
Past participles: desiderata Past participles with esse Past participles without esse Participles: subject phrases and object phrases Ablative absolute Irregular verb eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum (to go) • Living Lati,,: A winter's night
~ Past participles: desiderata So far you have met three core forms of a verb: desidero desiderare desideravi
I desire, long for to desire, long for I (have) desired, longedjor
There is a fourth and final form worth a look, the past participle:
cibus desideratus unguenta desiderata libri desiderati
the desired food the desired perfumes the desired books
The past participle is like the present one (see Unit Xl) in so far as it is an adjective fonned from a verb. The endings, however, arc not the same. The past participle has endings like sanctus-a-um (muJus, silvi!, vin.!!ffi.): AnciUa in cuJinam vinurn desideratum portavit.
A maid carried the longed-jor wine into the kitchen.
Present (L .•) ~o
00"0
oe,nmo
",
'oluta recito ,~
domno
~'000 oedoo teneo video
Infinilive (·to.. .')
Perfect ('I have.. ')
Pa,' participle Derivalive (neuter)
orore narTore oe,timore 'lore solutore
oravi norrovi
oralum norrotum oe!Jimalum
vocore domnare ~_.
sedere tenere videre
""""'" d""
icere
d~o
relin ~ Kribo C1Kendo
Kribere oKendere 0
oudio
-"
rficio recipio
.,.
audire venire
...,
solutavi recitavi vocavj domnovi mon!.i ri'i
recitalum domnalum monsum risum
oed; tenui
,; ;
solulotian recitation vocation
de r"ion session ot tention
visum
monui dixi duxi reli ,; Kri ,; oKendi
;
relidum
ad monition diction in dudion de reliction deKri oKsl1sion
'00
odioo
audivi
audition in vention
-; ;
M. recipers
"""'m
oration norrative estimation
recepi
reception
The past participle (desideratus.a.~) is usually passive. whereas the present participle is aCUve: molus desideratus mulus desiderans
the longed{or mule (passive) the mule, longing/or... (active)
126
BEGINNER'S LATIN
So far you have met mostly active expressions, with the subje<:t as the. 'doer' and the object 'done 10'. For examples of the passive, see UmlIX, XV.
~ Past participles with esse
Paulus ad oppidum missus est. Paul was se1lt 10 the lOwn. Ancillae numquarn laudatae The maids were never praised. sunt. ~ote thai when the p~iciple is used with est or sunt, the meaning sent. not IS sem; and were never praised. nOl are never
IS p~t ~
prOlsed).
Theodorus in agro (sepelio-ire-ivi, sepultum) est. Peregrini in silva (video-ere, vidi, visum) sunt. Mulos ab umbris (tereeo-ere, terrui, territum) est. Virgo a patre (Iaudo-are-avi, laudatum) est.
~ Past participles without esse ~e verb 'to be' is sometimes left out (if a sentence appears to be Without a verb. try est or sunt, as these are often left implied, or understood):
The peifumes !!:Uf. desired by the cook, but were carried by the mule.
A past participle is often used, not as the main verb. but in conjunction with it: Joseph and Mary, fhavj"g been! ~ by the i""s, find a stable.
mulus...
ceoam...
discipuli•..
e.g. Carmen auditum ancillae omnes amaveruot. All the maids loved the poem having·been-heard (after they had heard it). (a) in silvam (ductus-a-um) umbras timet. (e)
Complete each sentence with the past participle in its correct form. and translate:
Josephus et Maria a tabernis reiecti stabulum inveniunt.
Pair a noun with a past participle, and translate: carmen...
(b)
II Practice (ii)
Unguenta a coquo desiderata, sed a mulo portata sunt.
The past participle reiecti describes an action which is completed before that of the main verb inveniunt. Hence it is a 'past' participle.
IlJ Practice (iii)
With lhe appropriate part of sum, esse, the past participle becomes part of the verb itself, in the perfect passive:
(a) (b) (e) (d)
'27
UNIT XIII
a Stepbano (doctus-a-um) obdonni'erunL • ab ancillis (paratus-a-um) Benedictus devoravit.
(d) ••••_ ••_. (auditus-a-um) ancillae omnes amavenmt.
" Natalis Christi dies Menses lente transibant. Hiems erat sevensSlma et frigus monasterium invadit. Paulus Luciam videre solam non poterat, quod virgo semper cum matre ambulabat aut in ecclesia orabat. Infelix per longas gelidasque noctes per Cenestram stellas spectans in ceUa iacebat. Mox natalis Christi dies a monachis celebratus est. Karolus et Egberta et Lucia ad missas audiendas advenerunt et postea domum cum episcopo abbatissaque discesserunt. 10 monasterio Augustinus ceterique discipuli fabulam agebant: Josephus et Maria a tabernis reiecti stabulum inveniunt. Omnes monachi ab Augustini fabula sunt exhilarati praeter abbatem qui earn iocosiorern vocabat. Multae vini amphorae exhaustae, multi anseres devorati sunt. Sic paucos dies OIDDes curae sublatae sunt. Per multos menses monachi anxii fueranl, populus incertus. Media in hieme plurimi Danos propter frigus atque mare turbulentum non exspectabant; itaque res suas apud se
128
BEGINNER'S LATIN
tenehant. Vere tameD veniente res bovesQue in monasterium adductae sunt. Primo thesaurus in ecclesia modicus erat quod exiguae pauperibus servisque res. Sed post paucos dies fictilia, fibulae, scuta, linlea et cetera in ecclesiam tradita sunt; thesaurus igitur gradatim crescehat. ,.
adduco-e~xi·ductum
amphora-oe
I~
bring
jug
goose 01 their homes
Gnsef'-js [mJ
opud se
Clspic:io-ere
otque aut
~ 01
and
~
celebfo-are-avi-atum celebrole cella-oe (~ cell, room Christus·j ChriM creKO'ere grow diKedo-ere.-essi depor1 domum homewards earn her, it exhourio-ire-ivi, exhgustum drain, empty exhilaro-are-ovi-otum cheer
exiguus-o-um sconl, bore fibula-a. [~ brooch fietilia·ium [n] e(lfthenwore mgus-oris In] chill, cold fueront {they} hod been gelidus-o-um cold gradcrtim groduolly
hiems, hiemis [ij winter iacosiorem kx:I Ripponl linteum-i Inl linen doth mare-is [n) sea mediUS-
12.
UNITXlll
Object:
M.Yl.t2.s in agris laborantes spectabat.
He watched many (people) workjng in the fields.
Indirect object:
mmn
Paulus ad stagnum mulum flectebat. ~
Pallllllmed the mule towards a IlQJl1 Iwving-been-r een.
Ablative absolute You will find many noun-and-participle phrases in the ablative. These expressions are almosl detachable from the core of the sentence. They work as extra clauses, and are neither subject nor object of the main verb: TI,e monks. with Theo4onlS Monachi Theodoro seoulto hav;IIg been buried came back in monasterium revenenmt. into (he monaste1)~ (71le monks, after burying Theodorns, ....)
ham
stabulum-i [nl stobie stella-ae [ij stof sublotae sunt were raised, lifted suus-a·um their/his/her own 'obema-ae [ij inn thesaurus-j [m] store trado-ere-didi-ditum hand over transeo-ire pass, go by ver-is [n} spring
~ Participles: subject phrases and object phrases
A participle agrees with its noun. as any adjective docs, and that noun may be the subject, object or indirect object of the main verb: Subject: Josephus et Maria a tabernis Joseph alld Mary. (having been) tti.ttti stabulum inveniunt. reiecled by the inliS, find a stable.
Visis mulis aliis mulus Pauli rudere incepit.
With otller mules having·been· ~ Paul's mule began to bray. (Upon seeing other mules .... )
Vere veniente monachi in agros redierunt.
With spring coming the monks returned to the fields. (At the arrival of spring.... )
(The ablative of the present participle ends -ent~, not -eoti, when it is used in an ablative absolute. Otherwise the endings of the present participle are the same as those of prudens - see Tables).
II Practice (iv) Choose the correct word and translate: (a) PaulUS, Augustino TibuUi
cannina (legentellegentia), reguJam monasterii exscribebat.
o o o
130
BEGINNER'S LATIN
(b) Theodorus alienos in silva (e) Multo cibo (devoratusl
(swurrantilsusurrantes) vidit devorato) Benedictus obdormivit.
UNIT XIII
131
1I Practice (v) Translate: (a) We depart. (b) They will return. (c) We were approaching.
(d) They have departed. (e) She goes out.
(/) They go out.
" Castel/um Comitis Karoli
mI Irregular verb: eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum (to go) No language course would be complete without some space devoted to irregular verbs. They are 'irregular' because they do not confonn to the patterns of the main conjugations, adopting their abnonnal shape partly from breadth of use (words which are confined to grammarians, lexicographers and crossword buffs may keep their shape for generations, but those which enjoy widespread use can be affected by any number of things); and partly from evolving as a fusion of different rooLo;;. Consider for example OUI verb 'to go' and its different fonns: 'go', 'going', 'gone', 'went', 'been'. The French for 'to go' also has radically different forms: the Latin words ambuJo, ambulare, vado, vadere, and eo, ire are all roots of aller (je vais, j'irai). ire
to go
I
you (s.) s/he, it
w.
you (pl.) ~'Y
-"
PRESENT
"
imus itjs eunt
FUTURE
lbo ibis ibit ibimus ibitjs ibunt
IMPERFECT ibam ibas ibat ibamus ibatjs ibant
PERFECT ii istj iit iimus isfis ierunt
Compound forms: abeo~ire to depan, redeo-ire to return, adeo-ire to approach/go to, exeo-ire to go out.
Paulus, aestate adveniente, ad oppidum rediit. Die aestuoso sub arbores frondescentes cum muJo per iter insolitum ambulabat; nam Luciae villam spectare volebat. Post tria milia e silvis venerunt et Paulus videre poterat magnum castellum in quo Lucia cum matre Egberta et patre Karolo, viro nobili et ditissimo, habitabat. Comes Karolus regionem totam regebat. Abbas Laurentius et Comes Karolus erant duo in regione potentissimi. Paulus multos in agris prope castellum laborantes spectabat. Alii herbam metebant, alii faenum in praedium portabant. Subito visis muIis aIiis mulus rudere incepit. 'Eheu, tace!' clamavit Paulus habenas quatiens et celeriter mulum in silvam duxit. Prope silvam Paulus visum ad stagnum adiit ubi multam aquam mulus sitiens bibit. Deinde, mulo arbori in silva ligato, Paulus ad stagnum revenit et veste deposita in aquam frigidam se immersit: sub aquam natavit et rediens ad aequor exhalavit. 'Utinam hie maneam per totum diem,' suspiravit Paulus, et otiosus in aequore innavit caelum contemplans. Haud multo post mulum rudentem audivit. 'Quid est tibi, mule? Tace, improba bestia!'
1I.i1r------~~------,
ia aequar-is [n]
surface
aestas-tatis lij summer aestuosus-a-um hot depono-ere-sui-situm pul down ditissimus-a-um very rich faenum-i [nl hay frondes(o-ere put forth leoves habena-ae [ij rein
haud multo post
nOllong
afterwards
herba·oe [ij grass improbus-a-um troublerome inno-are-avi swim, float insolitus'a-um unusual, unfamiliar iter-ineris [n) way, route ligo-are-avi-atum tie, bind
132
BEGINNER'S lATIN
90th., reop, mow ncrto-ore--avi swim otiosus-o-um lazy potentissimus"O-um m<»t mef'o.ere
"....luI
praedium-j (nl s/ol"er, born quatio-ere shake quid est tibi? whot's the molter with you?
,mens
thirsty stagnum·j In] pond, lale suspiro-are-avi sigh tria milia Ihree miles urinom moneam if only I mighl
""Y
" Living Latin A winter's night 1 No room in the inn:
Exiit edictum a Caesare Augusto, ut describeretur universus orbis. Haec descriptio prima facta est praeside Syriae Quirino: et ibant omnes ut profitereotur singuli in
suam civitatem. Ascendit autem et Joseph a Galilaea de civitate Nazareth, in Iudaeam civitatem David, quae vocatur Bethleem: eo quod esset de domo et familia David, ut profiteretur cum Maria desponsata sibi uxore praegnate.
Factum est autem cum essent ibi, impleti sunt dies ut pareret. Et peperit filium suum primogenitum, et pannis eum involvit: el reclinavit eum in praesepio, quia non erat eis locus in diversorio. A formal command was issued by Caesar Augustus that there should be a census of the whole world. This census first took place when Quirinus was governor of Syria: each and every person went to his own town to be registered. And Joseph went up from Galilee, from the town ofNazareth, into Judaea, to the town of David which is called Bethlehem: he went there, since he belonged to the house and line ofDavid, to register with his wife. Mary, who was heavy with child. And during the time they were there, the day arrived when she gave birth. And she bore a son, her firstborn, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger as there was no roomfor tllem in the inn. (5t Luke ii, 1-7*)
UNIT XIII
2
133
Refusal of entry is a stock convention of ancient comedy and love poetry. Languishing outside his mistress's house, a lover may have to contend with the door, doorkeeper, dog, husband and bad weather. Nam posita est nostrae custodia saeva puelJae, clauditur et dura ianua firma sera. lanua difficilis domini te verberet imber, te lovis imperio Culmina ruissa petant. lanua, iam pateas uni mihi vida querellis, neu furtiru verso cardine aperta sones. Et mala si qua tibi dixit dementia nostra, ignoscas; capiti sint precor ilia meo. Te meminisse decet quae plurirna voce peregi supplice cum posti Oorida serta darem. 1\1 quoque ne tirnide custodes, Delia, falle. Audendum est: fortes adiuvat ipsa Venus. (Tibullus, Elegies i, 2, 5-16) A tight security has been put on my girl, and the thick door is closed with an uncaring bolt. You, door, belong to an unfeeling master, and I pray the rain lash you, I pray Jupiter aim his lightning down upon you. Now look here door, won't you be won over by my pleas and open up just for me? Quietly tum your hinges and don't make a sound as you open. Forgive me if I ever spoke ill of you - I was unhinged. May my curses rebound on my own head. Better you recall my many moments of suppliant pleading when I laid flowery wreaths about your post. And )'outoo, Delia, be fearless and evade your guards. Be bold: Venus herself looks well on the brave.
~Revision 1 Translate into Latin and include a ~ participle in each sentence: (a) Theodorus, fearing the pilgrims, went out of the wood. (b) For a long time the cook was watching the maidservants working in the garden.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
13.
(e) Father Stephen sat in the church. grieving. (d) While Paul was swimming in the pond, the pilgrims were approaching the wood.
2 Translate into Latin and include a past participle in each sentence. Remember that they are passive (e.g. (a) 'The Danes having-been-heard, ...') (a) Upon hearing the Danes. Lucia returned to the monastery.
(b) The meal was prepared by the maids and devoured by the monks. (e) The letter was written by the monk and handed over to the count. (d) After the horse had been tied to a tree, the student swam in the pond.
3
Complete lhe table, which includes a column for derivatives similar to the presentlinfmitive forms: PRESENT ('L.'/
INFINITIVE ('to.. .')
DERNATIVE
efficio
eFficere
efficient
relinquo
relinquere
relinquish
delinquo
delinquere
[de)ride (pro]duce
rideo doco
4
scril:lO
r.crioere
re<:lplO
recipere
.
• How would you account for the endmg of desiderata?
UNIT XIV
In this unit you will learn: • • • • • •
Nouns: fourth declension Prepositions with the ablative Pluperfect tense Nouns: fifth declension Compound verbs Living Latin: A hunting moral
~ Nouns: fourth declension These are similar to nouns of the second declension, although the ending -us is not limited to the nominative singular: -us could also indicate a genitive singular, nominalive plural or accusative plural: arcus (m)
bow, arch
SINGULAR
P1.URAl
Genitive
arc-us arc-um arc:-us
arc-us arc-us orc-uum
Oat...
Orc-UI
AbIotive
or<-u
orc-ibus arc-ibus
Nominative
kcusative
13.
g
BEGINNER'S LATl-!::!'"
137
UNIT XN
Practice (i) 1 Match each noun to its meaning: (a)
(b)
metus Impetus gradus
hun'
tumultus
verse
vullus exercltus
fear Sfep
spiritus
versus
gemltus
spirit
chance
casus
2
,hod... you hod... [5.1 >/l>o hod.. we hod... Y"" hod. I~·) ~hod ..
venatus
(d) by hand
" Luciae venatus
groan
§
mulU5 : nom. arcus: nom., gen., nom. pl., ace. pl.
(e) of the holy spirit (f) with a groan (g) the count's armies (h) the maiden's bow and arrows
lnterea Lucia venatu, qui fuerat longus et sine praemio, fessa erato Equus eius quoque erat calidus fessusque. IDa igitur in stagno natare eoostituerat et nunc per silvam ad stagnum adibat. Gemitu tameD muli audito 'Heus, ecquis hie est?' diceos circumspexit. Nullo ergo respondente, sagitta e pharetra erepta, equum lente ad sonitum duxit. In silva mulum atque relictam Pauli vestem agnoscens, ex equo descendit et arcum sagittamque manu tenens furtim ad stagnum adibat. Paulus, qui mulum audiverat, adhuc caelum contemplabat. Subito vocem 'Tolle manus tuas!' audivit. 'Qu•.. qu... qu... quis es?' metu balbus rogavi4 'Quid vis?' 'Th-ne anas?' iDquit Lucia rideos, simul et arcum sagittamque tenens ex arboribus venit. 'Lucia! Ego Paulus. Noone me agnoscis?' 'Paulus?' 'Ita vero. Salve, salve! Eheu, tumultu perterritus sum! VIS-De natare? Age, libi arcum deponere licet.' 'Cur in hoc loco ades?' 'Natare volui. Si tibi place4 arcum deponere licet.' 'Semper arcum teneo,' respondit ilia. 'Th es sagittaria?' rogavit HIe. 'Ita certe sum. Pater me tela conicere docuit. Et tu, quo vadis?'
Th~ pr~positions in (in), ex (out of, from), ab (by, from), and cum (with, In the company oj) are all used with the ablative. The ablative i~ also used without a preposition, for example explaining how or wIth what something is done:
He spoke with a groan. Quaking with fear. ..
I!i Pluperfect tense The plu.~rfec,t is ~o~er past tense, whose English equivalent uses the aUXlhary had. It IS a further step into the past:
Numquam abbatem audiveramus. Peregrini nos viderant.
Shared endings key ·us
~ Prepositions with the ablative
Gemitu d~t. Metu paVldus...
oudiv-erat oudiv.-eramus oudiv-eratis oudiv·erant
face/expression
Translate into Latin: (a) with a sad expression (b) by chance (e) pleasing verses
oudiv-eram oudiv-eras
~ise
manus
attack
P1.UPERFECT vid.-erom vid-eros vid-erat vid.-eromus vid.-eratis vid·erant
We had never heard the abbot . The pilgrims had seen us.
The stem of the pluperfect is the same as that of the perfect the ' endings are those of esse in the imperfect:
-
-
138
8EGlNNER'S lATIN
'Ad oppidum. 19ooscas mihi si
nOD
lieet natare in hoc
stagno.' 'Manere tibi liceL' 'Gratias tibi. In quid arcum intendis?' '10 arborem ilIam,' inquit Lucia arborem in ulteriore ripa
13.
UNIT XIV
IS1 Nouns: fifth declension
~ This is the last of the declensions, and there are not many nouns
belonging to this one_ They are very similar to the third declension, with the exception of the genitive singular:
demonstrans. 'Numquam ilIam percuties!' Paulus risit. Luciae tameD teluID per auras stridens eundem in arborem adhaesit. Paulus balbus 'lncredibile ... mirabile,' inquit. 'Tu vera es venatrix. Animalia saepe interficis?' 'NOD numquam,' inquit Lucia ridens et stagnum ad sagittam recuperandam circumvenit. 'Hodie tamen nihil cepimus.' 'Nisi me!' risit Paulus. 'Nisi teo Sed bestias multo saeviores quam te vidi.' 'Ego bestias OffiOes amo nec umquam interficio. Sub eaelo
omnes vivimus, animalia hominesque..... 'Hssh, taeeas, quis est iIle?' inquit Lucia. 'Quem dicis?' 'Voces audire possum. Ecce quidam ad stagnum adeunt.' ,.
adhaereo-ere·si stick agnosco'ere recogni$e anas-otis [~ duck animal-is In] animal balbus-a-um stammering calidus-a-um worm comclo-ere throw canstituo-ere-ui decide depono-ere put down ecquis? who? eius her, his eripio-ere-ripui-reptum toke out, snatch eundem [occ.] some heus heyl iIIo(ml she,~, that (fem.l intendo--ere aim interfici~re kill licet il is pennilled Ioc:us-i 1m) pJou multo soeviores mvch more
""""'"
non numquom
sometimes
nullus not any, no one per ouras through the air percutio-ere strike, hil perterritus-a-um Ihoroughly scored phoretra-ae [~ qUIVer praemium-i [n] reward quam than quem whom quidam {nom.1 some (men) quo where {to} quoque also recuper'O'"Ore recover ripa-oe I~ bank sogittaria-ae [~ archeress simul 01 the some lime strideo-ere hum, whislle telum-i Inl missile toile! raise, lift! uherior lor umquom ever vado-ere go vencrtrix-icis [~ hunlTess
res (f.) thing, motfet" SINGUlAR
Pl.URAl
Nomiootive Accusative Genitive Dative
Abla"""
II Practice (ii) Match each noun to its meaning: dies facIes fIdes
.pe.
faith
hope face
m1 Compound verbs These are verbs such as venire, facere, capere with prefixes which add to the essential meaning. See p.25 for the changes to the root syllable of compound verbs (e.g. filcere. reficere), and p.59 for English derivatives_
142
BEGINNER'S lATIN
UNIT XIV
"Me miserum!" dicturus erat: vox nulla secuta est! lngemuit: vox ilia fuit, lacrimaeque per ora non sua lluxerunt; mens tantum pristina mansiL Quid faciat? Repetat-ne domum et regalia tecta an latcat silvis? Pudor boc, timor impedit ilIud. Dum dubitat, videre canes, primique Melampus Icbnobatesque sagax Iatratu signa dedere.
" Living Latin A hunting moral In his Metamorphoses Ovid recounts many lales from Greek mythology, each onc included by virtue of a 'mcramorphosis·. a change of form. There are characters who tum into trees, into stone, into animals. The story of Aclaeon and Diana is an example of the kind of divine justice dished out by the ancient gods. It was not so much a set of
universal moral values which you might conform to or transgress, but rather a personal affair between worshipper and god. Offend the deity and you were in a spot of bother....
1 Diana bathes in a forest pool, attended by her nymphs. Meanwhile Actaeon and his hunting friends have decided to rest a while before renewing their sport. He takes a walk through the forest and chances upon the pool.
Ecce nepos Cadmi dilala parte laborum per nemus ignotum non certis passibus errans pervenit in lucum: sic ilium fata ferebant. Qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra, sicut erant, nudae visa sua pectora nymphae percussere viro subitisque ululatibus omne implevere nemus circumfusaeque Dianam corporibus texere suis; tamen altior ilIis ipsa dea est colloque tenus supereminet omnis. Vh oh! Cadmus' grandson, enjoying a break from hunting makes his way through the unfamiliar wood, ullcertain of his course, and reaches the grove: tlms the fares guided him. As soon as he stepped into the grotto bedewed with fountain spray, the nymphs saw him and just as they were, naked, beat their breasts, and filling the whole wood with their sudden cries thronged around Diana and obscured her with their bodies; the goddess herself, however, was taller than they, and stood out head and shoulders above them all.
2 Diana turns the luckless intruder into a stag. He escapes, but sees his reflection in some water.
143
"I'm done for ..... he tried to say, but no words followed! He groaned - the limit of his speech - and tears flowed down his strange face; only his mind remainedfrom before. What should he do? Make his way back home to the royal palace, or hide in the woods? He is afraid to try one. and ashamed of the other. While he dithered his hounds caught sight of him: Melampus and keenscented Ichnobates were first to give the signal with their cry. 3
Actaeon's hounds surround him, eager to finish him off. Heu! Famulos fugit ipse suos. Clamare Iibebat: "Actaeon ego sum: dominum cognoscite vestrum!" Verba animo desunt; resonat latratibus aether.
Oh flO! He flees his own retainers. He watlted to shout: "I am Actaeon: recognise your own master!" But words jail his will; and the air resollnds with their baying. (Metamorphoses iii. 174-82,201-5,229-31)
II Revision 1 Write out all the endings. singular and plural, in all cases: (a) gradus. gradus; corpus. corporis; monacbus. monachi; (b) dies, diei; miles. militis; sagitta, sagittae 2
Translate into Latin: (a) The maiden had never swum in the pond. (b) After much food had been devoured (use an ablative absolute), the pilgrims left the monastery. (c) We had found neither food nor water, but we never lost hope. (d) The students sitting on the steps of the church were listening to the verses of Augustine. (e) The monks had wrinen all the books by hand.
UNIT
xv
14S
(c) IlIi in monasterio habitant. (d) id ab abbate desideratum est.
UNIT XV 2
Replace each underlined word with the correct fonn of the pronoun in brackets, and translate: (a) (b) (c) (d)
Filia Comitis Karoli in castello habitat. (iIle) Abbatissa in ecclesia cum Lucia orabat. (hie) Paulus semper cibum mula dabat. (is) Peregrini in silva cum monachis visi sunt. (ille I hie)
In this unit you will learn: • • • • • ~
Third person pronouns: hie, me and is hie, ille and is as adjectives se and ipse (himself, herself, themselves) Passive forms Living Latin: All's fair in philosophy, love and war
Third person pronouns: We. hie and is Latin has several equivalents of the third person pronoun (he, she, it, they, him, her, them): hie iIIe i.
Hie, ille and is as adjectives Hie, ille and is as described above are pronouns, words used in place of nouns. If, however, one is used with a noun, not in place of it, it is an adjective: this mule that wood
hie mulus ilia silva Hie can also mean 'here': hie vivo, hie moriar
here [live, here may I die
A development in later Latin is the use of iIIe as a definite article
,h,
h,
~
ho~
(/his one here)
ilia '0
(thOI one rhere)
See the Tables for all the different cases of these pronouns.
In classical Latin, is is a less emphatic pronoun than ille 'that person' or hie 'this person'. This distinction grows weaker in postclassical Latin, when all three pronouns are almost interchangeable.
I'J Practice (i) 1 Choose a noun to replace a pronoun, and translate: vinum, ancillarum, Luciae, monachi (a) Vultus eius tristis erato (b) Cibus harum a Benedicto devoratus est.
(the):
bonus ille Thomas
the good Thomas
IIIe is the ancestor of the words for both slhe and the in the Romance languages: s/he the (m/~
FRENCH
SPANISH
ITALIAN
elle, il Ie, 10
ello, el el,lo
lei, lui il,lo
II Practice (ii) 1 Translate using hie, haec, hoc, etc.: (a) this wood (b) these perfumes (c) of these students
BEGINNER'S lATIN
146
2
UNIT 'IN
Translate using ilIe, illa, illud, etc.: (0) that mistress (b) those songs (c) I see that mule
3
147
(b) Abbatissa sarcinas portabat.
.
Translate using is, ea, id, elc.: (a) that letter (b) with those monks (c) that is
~
se and ipse: (himself, herself, themselves) One kind of the ·selfpronouns is reflexive, i.e. it refers back to the subject (Latin: se):
Lucia se eelat. Captivi se liberant.
Lucia hides herself. The captives free themselves.
There are only fOUf cases: se (accusative or ablative), sui (genitive) and sibi (dative). There is no separate plural fonn as se can be either singular or plural (or masculine or feminine) - it depends on the verb's subject. The other kind of -self pronoun is used for emphasis (Latin ipse):
Abbas ipse Ricardum vidit. Luciam ipsam sed non patrem amo.
The abbot himself saw Richard. I love Lucia herself, but not her father.
Occasionally ipse is used similarly to is, ea, id, i.e. as an ordinary third person pronoun (s/he. him, her, etc.) - see the Tables for all the fonns.
PIlI Practice (iii) FiU each gap with the correct fonn of se or ipse: (a) Mulus in stagno
..•...•........ vidit et attonitus est.
" In dumis se celant Peregrini per silvam ad monasterium iter faciebant, sequentibus furtim Lucia et Paulo. Mox peregrini prope monasterium constiterunt, et aliis Ricardus ecclesiam monstravit. Itaque Lucia et Paulus ad eos audiendos se in dumis celaverunt. 'Ecce ecclesia,' vocem Ricardi audire potuerunt, 'Nunc abite quod in hoc loco estis non conspiciendi. Valete.' 'Ille est proditor,' murmuravit Paulus, 'Pater Rieardus est proditor. Malus, turpis, ignavus, saevus, crudelis, scelestus ••... ' 'Sst,' iterum ilia ad os eius manum posuit, iterum earn Paulus basiavit. 'Desine! Cave ne peregrini nos audiant.' 'Quid est agendum?' rogavit Paulus. 'Pete fideles amicos quibus omnia referas. Cui monachorum eredis?' 'Magistro Stephano, qui est aliquando austerus sed vero benignus.' 'Huie ergo refer; i, in monasterium festina! Eho, siste! Mulus ducendus.' His dietis Lucia in equum ascendit. 'Et tu,' respondit ilIe, 'Quid in animo habes?' 'Ego Rieardurn observabo. Nunc abeundum!' Lucia eum Cum mulo ad monasterium lente euntem spectavit; deinde ipsa, equo citato, abilt.
.., ~
'4'
BEGINNER'S LATIN
away'
obite deport, go oliquondo wmefimes audiant (/hey, may heor benignus·Q·um kind cave ne... be careful Iesl... cito-ore-ovi-otum rouse I stir
in animo habeo-_ hove in mind, inlend iter foc:io-ere make one's way observo-are walch peto-ere seek pono-ere-sui-situm ploce, put
con$isto~re'sr;ti
proditor-is [m! troilor quibuJ to whom refer lei, repatI referas yoo moy report "elestus-o-urn wicked sequens following siste slop!
slop
credo-ere [+dot.) believe, cui [dot.] whom dumus-j 1m] rhidel euntem
him as
~
trusl
_nf
fidelis loyal il gal
So far almost all the verbs you have met have been
Mulus silvam spectat.
~
Mulus a silva speclatur.
Fill in the gaps: ACTIVE PASSIVE s/he wetche, I.oe
.pe"''''"
duxit ductus est amavit amala est
e.g.:
The mule watches the wood. The wood watches the mufe.
In the passive voice, the verb is not a 'doing' word but 'done-lo'. If you want to make a verb passive and keep the same meaning, the object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive one:
Silva a mulo spectatur.
!iI Practice (iv)
You have already encountered the passive in both gerundives (e.g. ageodus to be done) and the past participle (e.g. actus having been done). You have also met the perfect passive with esse:
~ Passive forms
Silva mulum spectat.
14.
UNIT XV
The wood is watched by the mule. The mule is watched by the wood.
The subject of the active verb has become an 'agent' in the ablative, while the previous object is now the subject. When a verb is passive, it is the subject, not me object, which is on me receiving end. If a verb is active, it's in the active 'voice', if passive, then passive voice. The passive form of the third person, singular or plural, has -ur added to the active ending, whether present, future or imperfect.
slhe led he was led slhe loved she was loved
II Practice (v) 1
Fill the gaps with the corresponding active or passive Conns: ACTIVE she Utnl misit /hey Iod he heard wp/u< headvi~
PASSIVE misso est she wos senl ducti sunt he wos heard wos captured he wos O(Jv;~
2 Rewrite each sentence making the verb passive. and translate (and look out for singular subjects being replaced by plural ones, and vice versa): e.g. Discipuli librum legunt (the students are reading the book) Liber a discipulis ~ (the book is being read by the stiu/ents)
BEGINNER.'S LATIN
150
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3
Pater Ricardus discipulos in schola castigat. Mulus ex oppido orones sarcinas portabat. Augustinus arnicis carmen Catulli recitavit. Paulus virginem matri dicentem vidit.
Rewrite each sentence making the verb active, and translate: (a) (b) (e) (d)
Cibus a Benedicto devoratus est. Virgo in silva a Paulo est visa. Historia monasterii a monachis narrabitur. Corpus in horto a Danis sepultum est.
" Credere est intellegere Discipuli in schola theologiam a Stephano docebantur. "0 discipuli, non quaero inteUegere ut credam, sed credo ut intellegam. Praeterea,' inquit Stephanus, 'philosophiarn per dialecticam scimus sed veritatem agnoscimus gratia Dei. Scribitis~ne? Nunc est scribendum.' 'Veritatem.ne autem agnoscere possumus ipsam per dialecticam?' rogavit Augustinus. 'Minime; respondit magister. 'Cur tu semper contradicis, Augustine? Maioribus numquam credis?' 'Nonne autem, ut dixit Socrates, homo veritatem per dialecticam agnoscere potest?' 'Cave ne blasphemes,' admonuit Stephanus, 'Graeci quidem sapientes erant, sed nos sapientiores sumus quod Dei sapientiam ilIorum eruditioni additam habemus. Veritatem iam habemus. Per veritatem opus Dei in terra revelatur. Nunc est scribendum: credere est scire, scire est intellegere, intellegere est credere....' 'Videre est spectare beUissimam!' exclamavit Augustinus. 'Quid dixisti?' rogavit Stephanus. 'mic est arnica Pauli,' exclamavit Augustinus per fenestram spectans. '0 Augustine, nisi tacebis, Pater Ricardus ad vos docendos reveniet.' 'Ibi quoque est Paulus! ducens mulum in monasterium,' inquit Augustinus.
151
UNIT YY
'Paulus? Num Paulus iam adest?' inquit Stephanus ad fenestram festinans. 'Eheu, ecce coquus est iratus. Paulus nihil emisse videtur.' Mox Paulus e culina fugiens in scholam irruit et Stephano 'Pater, Pater!' clamavit, 'Pater Stephane..... Pater Ricardus ... Pater Ricardus...' inquit Paulus balbus. 'Pater Ricardus non adest. Quid tibi cum Patre Ricardo est? Die mihi.' oddo-ere-idi-itum add belliuimus·o·um most beautiful eontrodieo-ere contradict dialectico-oe [~ discussion, argument die tell, roy emiue to have bought eruditio·nis l~ learning grotia-oe [~ favour, grace ibi there intellego-ere understand
moiores-um betters, ancestors proetereo besides quoero·ere seek quid tibi •••. est what is your problem.. sopientio-oe [~ wisdom sopientiores wiser ut eredom that I may believe veritcls-totis [~ truth videtur is seen, seems
" Living Latin All's fair in philosophy, love and war 1 Cicero was inspired by the philosophy of Socrates and other Greeks:
o
vitae philosophia dux, 0 virtutis indagatrix expuitrixque vitiorum! o Philosophy, guide of life, you bring us to right and rid us of wrongs. (Tusculan Disputations v, 5) 2 Propertius' philosophy was guided by hedonism. A good life meant a good time:
Qualem si cuncti cuperent decurrere vitam et pressi multo membra iacere mero, non ferrum crudele neque esset bellica navis,
152
BEGINNER'S LATIN
nec Dostra Actiacum verteret ossa mare, nec totiens propriis circum oppugnata triumphis lassa foret crines solvere Roma suos. Haec eerte mento poterunt laudare minores: laeserunt nullos proelia nostra deos. (Elegies ii, 15,41-48) I wish everyone desired 10 lead this life and relax their limbs heavy with draughts a/wine, then there'd be no cruel steel. no warship, and the bones ofour people would not be chumed about on the sea
of Actium, and Rome would not be ovenvhe/med with so many victories over her own subjects and be weary of loosening her hair in grief Truly wi// this deserve posterity's praise: our skirmishes have not injured any gods.
UNIT 'IN
Here I see enslavement and mistress ready for me. Now farewell, freedom, which was my family's right, farewell. Bleak slavery lies ahead. and I am held in chains. Love is never one to loosen a wretched prisoner's knots. He burns me whether I've deserved it or done no wrong. I'm on fire! Oh! You cmel girl, take away those brands.
pjRevision 1 Identify me past participles of mese verbs, add me right endings, and translate: (a) Multae epistulae Luciae ab Augustino (scribo-ere) sunt. (b) Monasterium a peregrinis (relinquo--ere) est. (c) Corpus monachi (sepelio-ire) est.
3 Ovid saw common ground between lover and soldier. Born may suffer from battle-fatigue:
Quis nisi vel miles vel amans et frigora noctis et denso midas perferet imbre Rives? Mittitur infestos alter speculator in hostes: in rivale oculos alter, ut hoste, tenet. IIle graves urhes, hie durae limen amicae obsidet. Hie portas frangit, at ille fores. (Amores i, 9, 15-20) Who but a soldier or lover will endure the chill of night and snow and driving rain? As one is sent to spy on the dangerous enemy, the other keeps an eye on his rival, as he would on an enemy. The soldier camps outside hostile cities, the lover outside the door ofan unfeeling girlfriend. The fonner breaks down gates, the latter the door.
4
The heat of battle brings a case of passion-fatigue for Tibullus:
Hie mihi servitium video dominamque paratam: iam mihi, libertas ilia paterna, vale. Servitium sed triste datur, teneorque catenis, et numquam misero vinc1a rernittit Amor, et seu quid merui seu nil peccavimus, urit. Uror, io, remove saeva puella faces. (Elegies ii. 4, 1--6)
153
(d) Libri in bibliotheca (pono-ere) sunt.
2
Translate into Latin: (a) Soon the students will free themselves. (b) Do the monks themselves teach? Are they taught to teach? (c) Paul and Lucia were seen walking out of the wood (if there
is a 'mixed gender plural' the masculine tends to prevail). (d) Paul hid himself in the pond as the pilgrims approached ('as... approached': the present participle of adeo·ire is irregular: adieus, then adeunt-). (e) Many beasts were captured by the maiden herself. (j) The oxen were being guarded by an army of Danes.
ISS
UNIT XVI
The second, third, fourth and fifth columns all have the same endings, but verbs in the first column (-are) have an 'e' in place of the 'a',
UMTXVI
I !ill Practice (i) Fill the gaps: PRESENT INDICATIVE _ ;ve YIVImU5
In this unit you will learn:
•
• More about verbs: the subjunctive (present) • Orders and encouragement (imperative)
,
• ut and ne
-,. it .sto
•
;s core . 'ce
.ta. au
~u mu.
rno ~
,
;1 slo ~
;~ ~
mu.
, may yOtJ be quiet
toces
• cum
-
s
camemus nascas
<~et
• Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive
PRESENTdiURJU~ vrvcamus _ rve
• Living Latin: Friends. Romans ... and family
~ More about verbs: the subjunctive (present)
Verbs can be categorised in several different ways. There's the tense, (present, future, etc.), the person (who's doing it, '1', 'you', 'he', etc.), the voice (i.e. active or passive), and now finally what linguists call the mood. So far we have been dealing with the indicative mood, that is to say dealing with actual actions, things which happen (or have happened or are about to happen).
The subjunctive mood deals with potential, with hope, with what might happen (or might have happened). There are four tenses, active and passive. The endings are common across all five conjugations with the exception of the present subjunctive: AMARE a~
....... _u. a~
arn-«;s
....-
MONERE mone-am mone-a.
--
n lone ca.nus nlOl16 otis mone-ant
MlTTERE mitklm m...... m...... mitklmus mitt-al'is
.........
CAPERE capi-am capi-as
AUDIRE aucft-am
. .-at
aua.... oudi-amus
-
capi-amu5
aua~
.........
audHmo
~ Orders and encouragement (imperative)
The most direct way to tell someone what to do is to use the imperative: monel monetel
mittel oudi mittitel cauditel
cape capitel
Audite me, 0 molesti discipuli! Lisren to me, you lazy students! Sede! Sir! The imperative is the most direct, urgent and potentially offensive form of encouragement. In ancient times no doubt it was the slandard idiom for addressing menials, dependants and children, but perhaps unwise for anyone old enough, big enough - and not hampered by the bonds of servitude - to clock you one. The subjunctive was a more polite idiom of encouragement, expressing a wish rather than an order: Audiatis me,
-
gmal amatel
(to one personl
(to more thon onel
Sedeas.
0
amici•
May you hear me, friends. May you be seated.
156
g
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Practice (ii)
UNIT XVI
~
Choose the appropriate ronn:
sa
(a) (FestinateIFestinetis),
o miseri servi!
157
Lucia in trabibus celata Shared endings key -e{n}t pre$E!fll: mone(n)llsec::ond coniugction} Mure : mille{n)I, oudie{n)t, cepie(nlt [!bird, fourth and mixed conjugations! present subjunctive: ame(n)t (first conjugcrt;on) -a(n}t presool : amaIn)! [~rsl conjugotion} imperfect: -balo)! (aU verbs) plupeffect : --eralolt (all verbs) pres. subj. : monea(n}t, mitta{n)t, audia(n)t, capialn)t (second, third, fourth and mixed conjugations)
Interea Lucia, Ricardum in monasterium euntem observans, in claustri tedurn ascenderat ubi in pueritia saepe se celabat;
Comes Karolus enim earn matremque ad monasterium (b) Si vobis placet, in ecclesiam
(festinatelfestinetis). o milites.
(e) 0 discipuli,
(laceteltaceatis).
(tf) 0 Abbatissa,
(taceltaceas).
adducere solebat. Despiciens igitur Lucia de trabibus Ricardum solum sedentem videre poterat. Tandem aliquis ad Ricardum adiit. 'Ubi suot nostri hospites?' inquit advena. 'Salvi-De?' 'Salvi sunt,' respondit alter. 'Omnia-ne parata sunt?' 'Ita vero, Domine Abba.' Lucia est obstupefacta. Abbas! Omnia verba eorum audire non poterat quod duo monachi susurrabant. 'Tace!' dicebat abbas. 'Advenit aliquis, ergo in ecclesiam abi...' et Ricardus abiit. 'Ah Pater Stephane, salve.' 'Te saluto, Domine Abba,' respondit Stephanus, 'Ignoscas mi, sed tibi nunlios graves refero, mirabiles quidem, sed veros.' 'Quos nuntios dicis? Die mihi, Stephane.' 'Unus ex discipulis meis, puer sapiens, honestus, fidelis .... ' 'Quis ex tuis discipulis?' 'Paulus. Bodie cum ad oppidum ambularet, conspiraDtes in silva Danos conspexit ex quibus unum agnovit. Pater Ricardus in silva cum Danis!' 'Pater Ricardus in silva? Bodie? Sed Ricardus non est Danus. DIe puer e1ephantnm ex musea faeit.' 'rue autem cum Danis erat.' 'Discipulo erranti credis, Pater?' inquit abbas. 'Nonne autem Paulus erat lie discipulus qui frostra flIiam Comitis
BEGINNER'S lATIN
158
Karoli amahat? Ignoscas mihi sed puer rervidus amore est,' risit abbas. 'Dle Veneris discipulus nOD Christi esse videtor eho Magister? Nos De fabulas eius audiamus, sed to eum saepius verberes. Percule puerum tuum virga, ut dixit sanetus Benedictus. et liberabis animam eius a morte. Regula xxvm.· jUt vis, Domine, ut vis. Rumorem tameD ad te referendum esse putavi.' 'Sane, Pater. Ecce, nunc Ricardus adit: eum ipsum interrogemus ... Pater Ricarde, adsis. ' 'Semper tibi pareo libens, 0 Domine....• Lucia adhuc in trabibus immota omnia, quae homioes infra dicebaot, aodire non poterat. Mox dicere desieruDt et Stephanus Ricardusque abierunt. obil
immotus-a-um
go away!
odveno-oe [ij
newcomer
onima-oe [~ sool c1oushvm-i In) dois/er conspiro-are conspire credo-ere [+001.1 believe, /rust cum ..• ambularet when he was walking
despicio-ere look down die tell euntem liens. euntis) going fervidus-a·um burning, impeluous frustra in vein, 10 no avoil honestus-a·um decent, honourable
5Iotionory
below libens gladly mus
infra
nuntii-orum [m] news obstupefactus'aoum g,;pelied parea-ere [+dat.] be obedient 10 percutio'ere strike, beat pueritia'ae [ij childhood saepius more ohen satve hello satvus-a'um safe sane cerloinly trabs·bis [ij beam virgo-ae [f] rod
!l1i Vt and ne Ut with the indicative usually means as, or when. With the subjunctive ut is often used to express a wish or intention (negative De).
15.
UNIT XVI
II Practice (~ii) . " . Pair the Latm sentences With the correspondmg English ones. Cave De audiaoL
May you be quiet!
If only you'd be quiet!
Credo ut intellegam. Ne silvam timeas. Taceas! Ut nobis credat!
If only he'd believe us! Do not be afraid of the wood. Carefullest they hear.
Vt taceas!
I believe so that I may understand.
The words which ut and ne introduce are often part of a larger sentence. The customary English equivalents are that, so that, or in order that: MooeDt eum .Y! Dobis credat. 17ley advise him to believe us (l!1m he should believe us). MODent eum n.e. abbati credat. They advise him not to believe the abbot (thm. he should !1Q1. believe the abbor). They hide themselves in the In dumis se celant De a thickets ffi.1!1ill they may !1Q1. Danis videantur. be seen by the Dalles. Sometimes ut + subjunctive introduces a result or consequence:
Tam celeriter currebant !!t ad ecclesiam ante noctem pervenirent. ~
17ley used to run so fast that they would reach the church before nightfall.
Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive The three most used tenses are: the present, the imperfect, and the pluperfect. The imperfect subjunctive is easy to recognise ~cause the stem is the verb's infinitive. The pluperfect has the ordmary stem of the perfect with 'iss... ' as part of the ending:
160
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE cmore
.,
~
millere
,
oOO're copere
~.
.~
amarem
moneres
0_
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Pl.UPERFEG SUBJUNCTIVE
~'"
-i»em -isses
mttteret audiremu5
mi$-i oudiv-i
~,
caperelis
'
-issemus -isselis
~"'
essent
hH
-i»ent
~"'
'''''
UNITXVl
161
(e) Discipuli, ut Stephanus
(dicit/dieat), theologiam docentur ut opus Dei (intellegunt/inteUegant).
amavissem rnonuisses misisset audiviuemus cepissetis fuissent
III
It helps to be able to recognise a subjunctive; for instance the meaning of ut varies according to whether it's used with lhe indicative or subjunctive:
...ut credimus ...ut credamus
as we believe so that we may believe
For alJ the fanns of the subjunctive. including those of sum, esse, see the Tables.
(d) Augustinus nos monuit ut
carmina sua (audiremus/audiemus).
!It Practice (iv) Choose the correct fonn and translale: (a) Bibo ut (inteJlegamlintellego).
~Cum The preposition cum (with) is followed by a noun in the ablative. Cum is also used as a conjunction, meaning when (sometimes since and occasionally although). It is usually followed by a verb in the subjunctive: Paulus, cum in silva ambularet. When Paul was walking in the monachorum voces audivit. wood he heard the voices of the monks. Lucia, cum abbatem in c1amtro When Lucia had seen the abbot vidisset. attomta erat. ;n the cloister she was astonished.
(b) Lucia in stagnum se immersit
ut se (celaretlcelabit).
~ Mulus et plaustrum Interea Paulus, cum Stephanus ut abbatem quaereret scholam reliquisset, ipse abut ut Luciam invemret. Paulus Augustinum et ceteros subvemre volentes ut manerent in schola monuit, ne a Ricardo aut consociis viderentur. Nee multo post Paulus, cum per monasterium solus ambularet, campanas ad monachos in
,.2
BEGINNER'S LATIN
ecclesiam convocandos resonantes audivit. Itaque, cum ipse adesse in ecclesia deberet, furtim e c1austro in hortum ibat, ubi mulum plaustro vinctum vidit. '10 mule, quo nunc vadis? Quo hoc plaustrum trahis? Quid hie habemus?' Deinde Paulus cum in plaustro omnes res quae in ecclesia eranl custodiendae conspexisset vaJde attonitus erat 'Mehercule! Cur haec in plaustro?' munnuravit. Propc plnustrum erat magna sarcina. 'Ebeu!' gemuit ilIe,
'Yael Vae! Miserrimum Stephanum!' corpore magistri caesi in sarcina invento. 'Propter me, 0 Magister, trucidatus e5. Vt in sebola remansisses!' flebat iuvenis. 'Statim abbati ut omnia referam ibo,' et gemitu in monasterium effugit. , . coedo-ere, cecidi, coesum
iiU,
~,
campana-ae
If)
ben ouociale
con5OC:ius·j 1m) secretly miserrimus-a-um
fumm
most wretdted
plauslTum-j In] cart, wogon remCirteO'"er'e"'si'sum remain troho-ere puU, drag
tn.Icido-ore-avi-atum vae olos, woe valdo very much
sIovghler
" Living Latin Friends, Romans... and family Of lhe Roman historians, Tacitus is perhaps the most compelling. His contemporaries tell us he was a lawyer, and a good one (unlike Virgil who could not cope wilh the forum and retreated to a quieter life of reading and writing). His work is full of rhetorical cleverness, of withering irony interspersed with mischievous asides and occasional blasts of front-on invective. 1 After poisoning his stepbrolher, Britannicus, Nero decided it was his mother's tum to die. Agrippina had been instrumental in helping Nero to power, and was almost as ruthless; but she later lost influence over him. First there was a botched job with a collapsing boat, from which she escaped to her villa. Then, after she sent Agerinus to Nero to tell him she had survived an attempt on her life, Nero confmned her worst suspicions by sending assassins to finish her off.
UNIT XVI
163
Cubiculo modicum lumen inerat et ancillarum una, magis ac magis anxia Agrippina quod nemo a filio ac De Agerinus quidem: aliam fore laetae rei faciem; nunc solitudinem ac repentinos strepitus et extremi mali indicia. Abeunte dehinc ancilla 'tu quoque me deseris' prolocuta respicit Anicetum trierarcho Herculeio et Obarito centurione classiario comitatum: ac, si visendum venisset, refotam renuntiaret, sin facinus patratuTUS, nih1l se de 0110 credere; Dun imveratuHI parricidium. Circumsistunt lectum percussores et prior trierarchus fusti caput eius adflixit. lam in mortem centurioni ferrum destringenti protendens ute rum 'ventrem feri' excJamavit multisque vulneribus confecta est. (Annals xiv. 8)
Tile room was dimly lit with only one maid for company. Agrippina became more and more fretful- no news from her son, no sign el'en ofAgerinus. If all were well things would look otllenvise; now there was loneliness and a sudden din, whkh pointed towards extreme danger. Her maid got up to go and she started to speak 'You're leaving me too... ' when she saw Anicems and rhe commander Herculeius and warrall! officer Obaritus. 'If)'ou have come to visit me,' she said, 'you ma), reporrrhat I am recovering. But if)'ou are here to kill me, I believe my son hw; /lothing to do with it ~ he would not order his mothers death!' The a.';sas~·il/s stood round her couch. First the caprai" hit her on the head with a staff. Then as the lieutenant drew his sword to finish her off, she pointed to her womb and showed 'Strike here!' After several blows she died. 2 Tacitus' picture of humanity is a desolate grey purpled by lhe lust of ambition, weakness or cruelty. The story of Octavia is an oasis of human innocence and virtue, and her murder shows to what lengths a cruel tyrant will go. Historians might have given their attention to less melodramatic material. such as the rise or fall in interest rates, achievements of engineering, or social statistics garnered from different comers of the empire - but this never occurred to the writers, or their readers. Octavia was the sister of Britannicus, and the daughter of the emperor Claudius. She was also Nero's wife. She was murdered in her twentieth year to make way for Nero's mistress, Poppaea.
164
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Restringitur vinclis Yenaeque eius per omnis artus exolvuntur; et quia pressus pavore sanguis tardius labebatur, praefervidi balnei vapore enecatur. Additurque atrocior saevitia quod caput arnputatum latumque in urbern Poppaea vidit.
She was bound and veins in all her limbs were cut; and then because the flow of blood was checked by her panic, she was put in a very hot bath and finished off by its stifling heat. More appalling
cruelty was to follow: her severed head was taken to Rome for Poppaea to see. (Annals xiv, 64)
I'J Revision 1 Change the underlined clauses into ablative absolutes without
significantly changing the meaning: e.g. Augustinus
WID
virginem cQnspexisset diu per
feoestram spectabat. Answer: Augustinus vire;ine conspecta diu per fenestram
spectabat. (0) Mulus cum sarcinas oronts vidisset gemuit. (b) Paulus cum Ricardum audivisset in monasterium
festinavit. (c) Stephanus cum corpus amici seoelivisset in ecclesiam abut. (d) Coquus cum cibum devoravisset. in silvam ambulavit. 2
Translate into Latin: (a) (b) (c) (d)
3
May they capture all the Danes! May the abbot not see your book of poems, Augustine! Drink the wine, friends! May everyone drink the wine! The abbot advised him to leave the monastery (that he should leave - ut + imperfect subjunctive).
Write out the: (a) present tense of gaudeo-ere; (b) future tense of scribo-ere; (c) present subjunctive of laudo-are.
UNIT XVII
In this unit you will learn: • • • • • ~
More passive forms Deponent verbs (passive verbs with active meanings) Comparative adjectives: more Superlative adjectives: most Living Latin: The Consolation of Philosophy
More passive forms The third persons of the present, future and imperfect passive have our added to the active ending. Look at the other passive forms in the Tables.
II Practice (i) identify the corresponding passive fonn of the bracketed verb and translate:
(a) Me felicem!
a mea domina (Iaudo).
g Cl
8EGlNNER'S LATlN
'66
(b) A virgine in
167
UNIT XVII
(a) Lucia Ricardum in
monasteriurn (sequor, sequi, secutus sum).
lrabibus sedente (audimus).
perfect
1~~~~~~~l~ ! I
(b) Omnes homines mea
(e) 0 sceleste puer, a magistro
(castigabis).
carmina (miror, mirari, miratus sum). future
mJ Deponent verbs: passive verbs with active meanings
Their passive form but active meaning extends to past participles:
secutus-a-um miratus-a-um
There are quite a large number of verbs which have passive endings, but are active in meaning. These are called 'deponent' verbs. In this list of some of the more common deponent verbs, note the three principal parts, not four, as the past participle is part of the perfect Conn: INFINIlM
sequi
fo
Io>qo; b
bI:lw ""'"
"""""" b """"'" rrWc-i b Olinire
having followed DQ! having been followed having admired !lQ1 having been admired
But gerundives of deponent verbs remain passive, like other verbs:
sequendus-a-um
to-be-followed
mirandus~a-um
to-be~admired
PERfECT sewtus"CI sum J f/OlIIJj ~
Jowtus..a sum , ~ ~ p cy 51 IS"'CI sum I ~ ocl.onced ~
sum
I~odmired
These verbs should be translated like active ones, despite their passive endings.
PIlI Practice (ii) Identify the correct Conn of the verb in the tense as directed, and translate:
~
~
Gravis in discipulo stupor Shared endings key -or third declension nominotive : !Jupor, omor, etc. passrve first person ('I.••••')
Paulus igitur, Lucia in trabibus adhuc celata, in claustrum inops animi irruit ut abbatem quaereret, 'Pater, Pater,' exanimatus c1amans, 'Pater Abba!' Lucia vocem eius audire poterat et anxia erato 'Quid est tibi, puer?' rogavit abbas. 'Stephanus est mortuus.' 'Deliras.' 'Sincerus vero loquor!'
..
,
BEGINNER'S LATIN
'0 stuJte puer! Cur semper vanis de somniis loqueris? Sed tibi jam pro certo meo: Pater Stephanus Duper abilt et in ecclesiam ingressus est. Patrern Ricardum ceterosque in eccles-iam ad vesperas parandas sequebatur.· 'Ricardum?' 'Ita vero.' 'Pater, si tibi placet, e Ceoestro specta ut sarcinam videas quae corpus Stephani continet - in pace requiescat.' 'Nullam sarcinam videre possum.' 'Sequere me, Pater, ut earn ipse videas.' Haud multo post duo homines redierunt Paulo dicente, 'Crede mihi, 0 Domine, corpus Stephani illa in sarcina (oerat!' 'lam salis fumorum. Hoc tempore nos in ecclesia, ut vesperas dicamus, adesse debemus. Th, 0 puer, amore es captus. Ah, ecce, Pater Ricarde,' inquit abbas adeunte Ricardo. 'Pater Ricarde, gravis in hoc discipuJo stupor esse videtur; itaque ad medicum statim est ducendus.' 'Libenter eum ducam, mi Domine,' respondit Ricardus. 'lmmo! vera dieo,' clamavit Paulus. 'Puer sane est inops ammi.' Subito saeviens, furiosissima, exanimataque, irruit Lucia.
, . e«mneo-ere deliro-ore-cM
oonfg;n, hoJd be ~1Iy, irnone
exonimatus~
houd i. '91
brec:nhJes.s
oot
r " mgreu.us sum
inops onirni
out 01 his mind
-anedcus-i (m] gb&ydx10r
eoler
..
,
UNIT XVII
Practice (iii) Match legends to pictures and translate: (0) Ancilla furiosior quam
(c)
monachus est. (b) Discipuli igDaviores quam ancilla sunt.
(d)
Abbatissa saDctior quam milites est. Equus celerior quam mulus est.
nuper recently pro certo lor cef1o;n SOII"IicHre roge sequere kIIowl sonYIium-i [nJ c*eom, boosy stuttus-...m looIish 5tupor'-is 1m] senseIes.sness vanu5-.Jm empty, false
~ Comparative adjectives: more ... An adjective qualifies a noun. Sometimes an adjective is used to make a comparison between two nouns: 'the dog is ~ than the cat'. This fonn of an adjective is called the comparative, and the English adjective either ends '-er' (bigg«) or is preceded by 'more' - 'Latin is more exciting than space travel'. The Latin equivalent of the comparative fonn has thc syllable -ior in its ending. The Latin for 'than' is quam.
2
Sometimes the ablative is used for the second element. without quam: e.g. Ancilla furiosior monacho est. Rewrite (b), (c) and (d) above, using the ablative and without using quam.
170
~
BEGINNER'S LAnN
Superlative adjectives: most ... The comparative fonn of Latin adjectives means 'more...' Or occasionally 'quite..:. 'rather...'. The comparative deals with a comparison between ~ things: 'My dog is bigger than yours'. The superlative is for three or more: 'My dog is the biggest in the street'. The English adjective either ends '-est', or is preceded by 'most': 'That film was the most exciting I have ever seen.' The Latin equivalent is easily detected, for most superlative forms have the ending -issimus·a·um attached to the simple adjective: SUPERLATM P: THREE O!. foItORE) furios..Wimus most/""Y Furious
II Practice (iv) 1
Identify the correct forms of the superlative of each of the adjectives and translate: (a) AbbaS-De (sanctus·a-um) ex omnibus monachis est? (b) Benedicti unguenta (suavis-e) sunt. (e) Filia Karoli in terra (bellos-a-um) est.
2
Here are some irregular ones. See how many gaps you ean fill:
I.'EANING
ADJECTlYE
good molus great. large
small
parvus
CONoPARAlM melior peior moiOf" minor
SUPERlAllVE
IlfRNAlM
optimu5-a-um
" Puer turpissimus! Shared endings key -or third declension nominative: pudor, omor, etc. passive First per~ ('1.... .'1 Comparative form of an adjective: sanctior
peuimist maximum minimum
UNIT XVII
171
;Domina Lucia? Quid tibi est in hoc loco?' rogavit abbas e solio surgeos. 'DIe est peior quam diabolus!' exclamavit illa, gestu in Paulum attonitum furiosissimo. 'Si vis, 0 virgo, placidior sis,' inquit abbas. 'Semper mihi versus lascivos mittil Tacere volui sed me pudor vetal' 'Versus? Cuius versus?' 'Catulli carmioa amatoria.' 'Catulli? ]n hac ecclesia? Quid dicis, puer?' 'Immo, numquam huic virgini versus Catulli misi,' inquit Paulus iam ipse anxius. 'Ecce liber,' ioquit virgo, simul et abbati librurn quem ex Augustino petiverat tradens. 1\un ore Pauli manu percusso, 'lIIe,' inquit Lucia, 'est scelestus et turpissimus!' 'Mea carissima, desiste,' ioquit abbas, rnollire earn conaos. 'lgnoscas mi, Pater Abba!' et illa flere incepit. 'Crimina, 0 puer, audivisti. Quid dices?' lam plurimi monachi aderant. 'Nescio, Domine, nescio.' '1\1 ergo poenas valde dabis, miserrimeP et Paulo secundum ictum dedit. 'Desiste, Pater Abba!' exclamavit Lucia. 'Rogas ut desistam? Ille tamen castigari debet!' 'Certe poenas dabit, sed Comes Karolus ipse iudicare vult. Reus ad castellum statim in vinclis ducendus.' 'lUum videre volet Comes Karolus?' 'Certe. Ille filiam suam curaL' 'Esto,' inquit abbas, 'Peregrini quidam hodie monast.erium relioquent qui vos ad castellum comitentur,' sic locutus librum Augustini io ignem iniecit. Deinde cum monachi reum deduxissent, omnibus praeter se ipsum atque Ricardum digressis, 'Impera ut puerum virginemque trucident,' susurravit abbas.
...., iJIII
172
BEGINNER'S LATIN
costigari
to be punished
occompony conor-ori-atus sum try, attempt crimen-inis [n] charge, crime
Iascrvus"'(I-um
"'Onion
comitor-ari
miserrimU5'"O-um
cuius
mollie-ire soften, colm plocidus-a-um calm p1urimi several pudor-is [m] shame quem which
whose
digredior-i, digres5U5 sum doparl esfo so be it
1m] gesJure ictus·us 1m) blow ignis-is 1m] Fire impero-are ordet-, insJrvd inido-ere, inieci, iniectum Jhrow in iudico-are ty, adjudicate goSNS-US
reus·j 1m]
Y6f)'
wretched
defendant
5e
rise
suus-a'um hjs~/Iheirown veto-are fotbid vindum-i In] chain
" Living Latin The Consolation of Philosophy Boethius (c.48Q-S24) has been described as the last of the Roman philosophers and the firsl of the scholastic lheologians. In more senses than one his life represents something of a gateway. a passing point between the two worlds of ancient Rome and medieval Europe, between philosophical fatalism and Christian promise, between Roman pluralism and the one God. He was among the last of the Stoics and first of the martyrs. A statesman and philosopher under the emperor Theodoric, Boethius fell from favour, was wrongly condemned and imprisoned in Pavia, where he wrote The Consolation of Philosophy. The central figure of the Consolation is the 'Lady Philosophy', a pagan presence in a Christian world. She visits his cell and encourages him to look beyond his immediate suffering and 10 recognise the manipulations of Fortuna, for whose fairweather charms she urges caution. The Stoics shared with Christians an inclination 10 confront life's hardships without demur, bUI viewed the causes of their suffering differenlly. Fortuna was a hazard of life, who had to be tolerated; she was the most worshipped deity in the ancient world. Christians,
UN1T XVII
173
on the other hand, were inspired by an omniscient and benign God, and Boethius - a born Christian but with the education of a Stoic wrestles with the reconciliation of human suffering and divine goodness. His Consolation was one of the most prized and influential books of the middle ages, and was translated into English by Alfred the Great some three hundred years later. Boethius died under torture in prison. 1 Philosophy reaches Boethius's cell to find him writing poetry under the influence of the Muses, whom she immediately dismisses: Quis has seenicas meretrieulas ad bune aegrum permisit aeeedere quae dolores eius non modo nullls remediis roverent, verum dulcibus insuper alerent venenis?
Who let these thespian tarts visit this sick fellow? They have no treatment for his condition - only sweet poisons to make it worse. 2 She asks the nature of his complaint:
Si operam medicantis exspectas, oportet vulnus detegas. Ifyou wish to have the attention ofa doctor, then you must lay bare yOllr wOllnd. 3
Boethius says he has been a good philosopher-politician.
Haecine praemia referimus tibi obsequentes? Atqui tu hane sententiam Platonis ore sanxisti: beatas fore res pubJieas, si eas vel studiosi sapientiae regerent vel earum rectores studere sapientiae eontigisset. Th eiusdem viri ore hane sapientibus capessendae rei publicae necessariam causam esse mODuisti, ne improbis Oagitiosisque civibus urbium relicta gubernacula pestem bonis ac perniciem ferrent. Are these the rewards we earn for our loyalty to you? After all it was your idea you put into the mouth of Plato: that those political states which were ruled by philosophers - or by kings who had experience of studying philosophy - would be happy. Through the same man )'ou said there was an inevitable case for a republic to be guided by philosophers. to prevent the business of governmem falling into the hands of unprincipled and wicked characters which would bring rllin and destruction upon good people.
174
4
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Boethius cannot understand how evil can succeed.
Non ita sensus nostros maeror hebetavit ut impios scelerata contra virtutem querar molitos. sed quae speraverint effecisse vehementer admiror. Nam deteriora velie nostri ruerit fortasse defectus, posse contra innocentiam, quae sceJeratus quisque conceperit inspectante deo, monstri simile est. My grief has not so blunted my senses that I should complain about those no-good sorts who try to topple virtue with their wicked schemes, but that they should have succeeded in their ambitions is frankly a siwek. For we all have it in us to be less than peJject, bur in full view of God, the wicked overcoming innocence? - it s appalling. (* i, 1-4)
5 Philosophy says Boelhius has mistakenly courted Fortuna: Fortunae te regendum dedisti; dominae moribus oportet obtemperes. Th vero volventis rotae impetum retinere conaris? (*ii, I) You allowed yourself to be ruled by Fortuna; so your mistress s ways must be accommodated. Are you really going to try to stop the momentum of her turning wheel?
I'J Revision 1 Change each underlined verb into the perfect tense, and lranslate: (a) Discipuli Danos in silvam sequuntur. (b) Lucia in ecclesiam progreditur. (c) In silva loquimur. (d) Augustinus fJliam comitis miratur. 2 Change each underlined verb inlo the present tense, and translate: (a) Lucia peregrinos in monasterium secuta est. (b) De gravissimis rebus locutus sum. (c) Peregrini in silva conspirantes visi sunt. (d) Augustini-ne carmen miratus es? 3 Translate into Latin: (a) Are horses lazier than mules? (b) Is Augustine the best student? (c) Paul, have you ever seen a holier abbess? (d) Richard was more cruel than the Danes themselves.
UNIT XVIII
In this unit you will leam: • 'If' clauses • Direct and reported speech • Living Latin: Love in the rain ~ 'If
clauses
The Latin for 'if' is si ('iL.not': nisi). For something which could happen (or have happened) as easily as not, the verb is in the indicative: Si e mon3sterio effugiemus, ad castellum ibimus.
Si haec putas, stultus
eSt
Si haec putavisti, stultus
fuisti.
If we escape from the fmmastery, we will go TO the castle. If you think this, you are foolish. If you thought this, you were foolish.
For a more remote possibility, or for musing on what·might-havebeen, the subjunctive is used: Stephanus, si viveret, nobis
subveniret. Si in Hispaniam ambules, stuJtus sis. Si Benedictum vidisses,
risisses.
IjStephen were alive (now), he would be helping us. /fyou were to walk to Spain,
you'd be afool. If you had seen Benedict, you would have laughed.
176
BEGINNER'S LATIN
PJ Practice (i) (a) Si mulus opulentus
(c) Si magister in sebola
esset, plauslra non traheret. (b) Si effugere conabitur,
mansisset, nunc viveret. (d) Si heUus esses
Ie amarem.
177
" Vale Augustine!
Match pictures to sentences, and translate:
eum occide!
UNIT XVIII
'
Augustinus ad cellam in qua Paulus erat vinelus furtim adiit. 'Psst, Paule,' susurravit amicus, 'adsurn ego. Si fortuna tibi favebit mox eris liber!' 'Augustine!' 'Sst; De custodes excites. Tandem Lucia librum meum accepit. Me·De quoque amat? Quid putas? Si antea cognovissem, iam rivalis tUllS essem. Donum, quod Luciae dedi, erat solum exemplar Catulli.' 'Eheu, malos tibi nuolios refero,' susurravit Paulus. 'Quid dids?' 'Liber ille est combustus.' 'Catulli Iiber?'
'Ita vera.' 'Cornbustus? A quo? Num Lucia versus Catulli delevit?' 'Abbas Iibrum in ignem iniecit.' 'NOD ita.' 'Vero.' 'Vae! Vae! Me miserrimum!' magna voce gemuitAugustinus. 'Taceas, ne custodes veniant.' 'IlIi erant soli Catulli versus in bibliotheca, in monasterio, in terra! Quid agam?' 'Si poles omnes versus eius revocare, alium librum exscribas. Nunc mi ignoscas, amice, sed ego maiore in periculo sum quam
to.' 'Quid? Vero. Dico tibi, Paule: tu es fortunatus.' 'Vero? Num felix in vinclis?' 'Ecce, accipe hunc librum.' 'Alium librum?' 'De Philosophiae Consolatione.' '0 Augustine, quid agis? Boethius, cum Consolationem scripsisset, in vinclis trucidatus est. Ego non consolationem sed auxiliwn desidero!' 'Si librum leges,' respondit Augustinus, 'et consolationem et auxilium invenies. Lucia consilium cepit. Mox te iuvabit in teneris dominae iacere lacertis. Vale Paule,' inquit Augustinus librum, in quo Lucia epistulam scripserat, tradens. 'Vale amice.'
-
BEGINNER'S lATIN
178
[ :II
by whom antea beforehand aUlililium·j (n] help cognosc:o-ere-ovi diKover combustus-o-um incineroJed consilium-j [oj pion consolatio-nis [ij consolotion deleo-ere-evi-etum destroy donum-j [n] gift excito·are woke, arouse a quo
exemplor-is InJ copy faveo-ere (+001.] Iovoor felix fortunate, happy iuvabit it will please, delight locertus-j [m] arm liber-o-um free periculum-i [nJ danger revoc:o'ore recall rivalis-is 1m] rival, competitor tener-o'um tender
179
UNIT XVIII
If the reported words are a command or piece of advice, then ut is used with the subjunctive (negative De): Abbas nobis imperavit ne The abbot ordered us not to scholam re1inqueremus. leave the school. Paulus virginem monuit ut Paul advised tile maiden to in stagno se celaret. hide in the pond.
g Practice (ii) 1 Write down the actual words or thoughts:
~ Direct and reported speech
An author can use direct speech (" ...") to show what his characters say. However, it is far more common in Latin for the words of a character to be expressed indirectly, with the help of a construction called the 'accusative and infinitive'. This gives us not the exact words spoken, but a report of what was said: Dixit Paulum vivere.
£'he said Paulro be alive (that Paul was...).
The accusative (Paulum) is the subject, and the infinitive (vivere) the verb, of the original statement: "Paulus vivit", what she or he actually said. The accusative and infinitive is used for reported thoughts as well as spoken words: Paulus credidit Stephanum Paul believed Stephen to be pium sed abbatem scelestum pious but the abbot wicked esse. (that Stephen was... ). You will meet this construction all the time in Latin texts. If, however, the reported. words are a question rather than statement, then a question word (e.g. quid, cur) is used with a verb in the subjunctive: Virgo rogavit cur in stagna natarem. Nescio quid sit amor.
The maiden asked why I was swimming in the pond. I do not know what love is.
e.g. Dixit Paulum vivere. "Paulus vivit" (0) PaulUS credidit Stepbanum pium esse. (b) Augustinus dixit abbatem scelestu~ esse. . (c) Stephanus discipulis imperavit ut m monastenum festinarent. (d) Virgo rogat ubi peregrini sint. 2 Complete the sentences reporting what was said: (0) 'Scelestus puer paenas dare debet.'
Abbas dixit
.
(b) 'Corpus magistri in sarcina est.'
Paulus abbati dicit
.
(c) 'Ubi sunt versus Catulli?'
Augustinus rogat ubi
.
\f In antra Eodem igitur die ad castellum septem Dam et Lucia et Paulus et mutus qui plaustrum trahebat, e monasterio profecti sunt. Mox cu~ omnes obscuram per silvam iter facerent, Paulus vinc:us plaustrum sequens ']0 mule, lente, lente!' susurrare incepit. Unus Danorum anxius pe~u~batusqu~ 'Sst, puer:' inquit arbores umbrasque circumsplclens. Sublto exclamavlt Lucia ,'Ecce aliquis in arboribus! lIlum-ne VI"d"IS t"IS.?' 'Ubi?' respondit unus ex Danis.
'8.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
'Credo alios pravos in animo habere ilium liberare,' inquit virgo, cui alios se videre nihil posse rt"Spondit. Tertius socios rogavit ut festinarent diceos 'Silvam hane non amo'. 'Vos hie remanete dum iUos quaero,' inquit virgo. 'Immo vero! Absit ut nos relinquas.' Omnes Luciam obsecrabant ut maneret; quae tameD, equo citato, mediam in silvam evanuit.. Ceteris diu moratis, stridens ex arboribus per auras sagitta plaustro adhaesiL Dani, cum se opprimi vidissent, attoniti paulisper ex equis desceodenmt et se in dumis celaverunt. Deinde iUum, qui Paulum custodiebat, gladio stricto ut captivum trucidaret, alia sagitta per auras stridens transfixit. lode Paulus gladio Dani vulnerati rapto se liberavit et 'Io! lo!' magna voce equos Danorum adeo tereuit ut DOD solum illi sed etiam mulus ipse quam celerrime densas in arbores effugerint. 'Yael Plaustrum, plaustrum!' gemuit quidam et e lalebra desiluit ut mulurn sisteret; frustra. Mulus iam mediam in silvam abierat se<:um plaustrum atque praedam Danorum trabens. 'Et ubi est noster captivus?' rogavit alius. Dani tamen animis colle<:tis Paulum nusquam invenire poterant. Interea Lucia et Paulus mediam per silvam iter faciebant, et tandem defessa pluviaque madida 'Ohe caballe, ohe caballeP inquit Lucia. 'Ecce antrumP 'Hoc antea numquam vidi,' inquit Paulus ex equo descendens. In antro Paulus aquam e facie virginis tergens '1\1 es mirabilis,' susurravit, 'Bellissima Lucia, te amo.' 'Ergo da mi basia.' 'Quidquid imperas, labor est suavis.' 'Impero ut taceas.' Nee multo post tumultu excitati e spelunca furtim exierunt ut quis adesset cognoscerent. Primo nihil viderunt; deinde conspexerunt Lucia atque Paulus plaustrum et res omnes, quas Dani ex ecclesia rapuerant, et placidum sub arboribus pascentem mulurn.
18'
UNIT XV111 absit ut [medievaij for be il Ihat antea before antTUm·j [01 aM! captivus-i (m) priSCXlef" colliga-ere-egi-ectum reo:oYe'" cui 10 whom desilio-ire-ui leap out dum while ellugenn' (pod. """.1 ("'"rl lled eodem lobi.) some evanesco-ere. evanui disappear gladius·i Im1 swonJ Iotebra-oe lij hiding-ploce madidus-a·um soaked rnoror-ari-atus cJeIoy, wait nusquom oowhere obsec:ro-are implore ohe WOO opprimi [por.sive iofio.] 10 be otbd.ed
pascori grou, eat paulispet' 0 lit1le while pluvia-oe (ij rain
pmeda.... [q
loot
pnrvus-a·um widced proficiscori. profectus set out quam ce&errime OJ quickly 0'
_hie
quas (oed. pl.] which quKlquid who/eYef"
..".... sis~re
,.,.., $lop
spelunca-ae lij aM! strin90 ere nxi"'Ctum drow (sword) tergo-ere wipe terreo-ere-ui·itum frightell tertius'a-um Ihird vulnero-ore-avi-atum wound
Living Latin Love in the rain 1 The story of Aeneas and Dido is one of the most celebrated i.n literature. He lands in north Africa, a fugitive from Troy and IS looked after by the queen of Carthage, Dido, wh? faits in love wil.h him. She and her fellow Carthaginians entertam Aeneas and hiS Trojans to a hunt in the forest.
Tandem progreditur magna stipante catena Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo; cui pharetra ex auro, crines nodantur in aurum, aurea purpuream subnectit fibula "estern. Nee non et Phrygii comites et laetus lulus incedunt. Ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnis infert se socium Aeneas atque agmina iungit. Now at last Dido steps out. a great throng all around her. She wears a Sidonian habit with a colourful hem, and a quiver of gold and her hair tied back in a golden pin. and gold is the brooch which fasteflS her purple cloak. There tOO come tile Troja~s. and cheerjullufus. Aeneas himself, the most handsome of all. ndes up to her side and brings the rwo panies together.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
182
2
A thunderstorm brings Dido and Aeneas alone together.
Interea magno misceri murmure caelum incipit. insequitur commixta grandine nimbus. Et Tyrii comites passim et Troiana inventus Dardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros tecta metD petierej ruunt de montibus amnes. Speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem deveniunt. Prima et Tellus et pronuba IUDO dant signum; fulsere ignes et conscius aether conubiis, summoque ulnlarunt vertice Nymphae. Before long there was a loud rumbling in the sky, and there followed a downpour of rain with hailstones. The young men of Troy and their Carthaginian friends and he of Dardan's line, grandson of Venus, all scattered helter-skelter across the fields in fright, looking for cover, while torrents of water sweep down from the hill-tops. Dido and Aeneas, the prince ofTroy, happen upon the same cave. Mother Earth - she's first - and Juno in nuptial attendance give the signal; lightning flickers, heaven witnesses their coupling, and on peak-tops the Nymphs wail in ecstasy. (Aeneid iv, 136-42. 160-8)
I'J Revision 1
Rewrite these sentences making the underlined words plural. and translate: (a) (b) (c) (d)
Si ilIe discipulus Danos non timeret, stuUus esset. Stephanus mihi dixit cucullum monaehum non faeere. Qui ab amico amatur est felix. Monaehus, si avaritia non movetur, laudandus est.
2 Translate: (a) I believe that Augustine is a good friend to Paul.
(b) Stephen. if you find (use thefuture) Richard, ask (imperative) him to come (pres. subj.) to the cloister. (c) The students say that Lucia is the most beautiful of all the maidens. (d) Surely we do not believe that the daughter of the count loves the humble student?
ITABLES NO UN S: five dec len sio ns SECOND boy .-
FIRST
"""" ....
SNGUAR
SNGUAR
...... ......
n ..
= ".,. dd.
"".
la
puer
""""'"' " ""' """" """'"'"' ..-
...... ....
~.
'ii
"""" "" l.tagist.O
..... """" ..... .... ....
magis tri magis tros
.....
",~, ? (II"'"
.... ....... .....
...... ,."
""""
mui mulo>
liteS" '" is magistris
pueri
pu80
pueri
Vll'lG
puet'0 5
vina
p..ea um vinor wn vAs pueris vAs pueris
WOO
maid.n SNGUAR
= =
pul'E!iil
dd.
patri
".,
"".
....""'"'
palle s pelle
""'"'"'
pohib us pahibus
FClU<1H bow
= =
".,.
dot.
"".
= = dd.
Wga 'Til
obbotis abbati
virginis virgini
~Ie
ubbal es obbal es
«Win d,
tenlpOri
_,iii......,.,
....... e
""""
..... gi..es
... ....... IrempOlu
Wi ...ina
·.wgilaes
lei"" let
hand ~
~
~
amos
~ ~
...
"""
manu
~
""""
~
~
~
o~
~
manibu• mauib us
!fling "lGl!LAA ~ ~
."""" ~
,..;
~
-............ ~
a a
len IpOl'U In ibus ten ibus len
FFTH
~
0"'"
g,,,,,,,,,
Wim a. In] temp us [nJ
canni na abbat um v;rgin um canni num ubbalibus vWginibus carminbJs ubbuIibus .... 9" li.>l.I5 Wi I, oillilu5
"NGUAR
. ...... . ...... ""
".,
o"~b~' em ubb"'d:'~
.8.
BEGINNER'S lATIN
PRONOUNS I/~
ADJECTIVES
you (s.)
we/us
y""
1pl.1
himself, herself, themselves
ego m.
tv
o~.
gen.
mei
tv;
dol. obi.
mihi me
tibi
PlURAL masculine feminine ~"" these, they, them
~.
SINGUlAR moscvline feminine this, he, JJe, it hie hoe< ho<
hUM huius huic
hoM huius huic
huius huic
ho<
ho<
ho<
ho. horom his his
~.
to
to
no. no. nostril nostrum nobis nobis ~,.,
....=. dol. obi.
~.
acc.
goo.
do', obi.
~.
.... =. do'
obi.
~.
=. goo
dot. obi.
nom, acc. goo
dol. obi.
ho<
vo. vo. vestri/ ves.rum vobis vobis
h;
•• sui
..
sibi
hoe ho. horom his his
hoe< hoe< horom his his
thai, he, she, it iIIe ilia iIIud ilium iIIam iIIud iIIius illius illius iIIi iIIi illi iIIo ilia iIIo
those, they, them iIIi iIIae ina iIIos iIIas iIIo iIIorum iIIarum iIIorum iIIis iIIis iIIis iIIis iIlis iIIis
that, he, she, it ;. ;d eo eum eom eius eius eius e; 0; e; eo eo eo
those, they, them e; eo eo. eo. eo eorom eorom eorom 0;. 0;. .is 0;. 0;. .is
"'
qui quem cuius cui quo
185
TABLES
qquom cuius cui quo
...
who, which quod qui quod quo. quorum cuius quibus cui quo quibus
he himself, she herself, itself ipse ipsa ipsum ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsi ipsi ipsi ipso ipsa ipso
qquo. quorum quibus quibus
quoe quae quorom quibus quibus
they themselves ipsae ipso ipsi ipsos ipsas ipsa ipsorum ipsorum ipsorum ipsis ipsis ipsis ipsis ipsis ipsis
=.
S"".
dot.
saMNs-a-um: blessed, sainlly nevt. maK. rem. SINGlJI.AR PlURAl. sone:ta sanctum 50ndi sandoe
mm.
~K.
....... ..........
~ndum
50nctae 50ndae
sancto
"'"""
0 •.
_ .
=
S"".
'*".
'". ~.
=
S"".
dot.
'".
sandam
omnis: cj, fif'I«'y
masc./Mm,
tIIIIUt.
sanctum IClnm
sondo 5Oncto
$Ondos IQI'lt'tonIm IClnms sondis
prudeN: wise
masc./Mm.
tW.
$OnCkIS
neut. sone:ta
-.eta
sanctorvm 5Onctorvrn
$OfKfis $OfKfis
IClnctiS $OMtis
moior: grvaIer
mascfiem,
tW.
...... ......... .......... emne ....... ......... ......... ...... ""' " " ......emnem emne ........ ....... ......... ...... """"" ........ ......... ...... ~
......, ~
....
~-~nNm omnibus ~
......
:::::::: ~
,........, _.... ....... ........ ,........, ........ ........... ............ ......... ............
PlCOAl
.........um
",,",",m
"""I '86
BEGINNER'S lATIN
Regu lar verbs : indic ative activ e
..........
..-. ",,,-
""'-
"'-
amo
--........
"'rend
PRESENT
........
...... -..
--"'-
a>pio
........ "'hea
amamus
omabo
mittit
_u.
mittimus
..... .......
audi~.
copimus
mittitU
FUIUR'
monebo
mittam
a>piom
mittefis
manebum
mittent
I
....,.,.",; ,
II
amalxu amal>at
amabam us
amabatU CIl, I
II
a""";
amav>
.....,.;,,; , amaverum
"....
r
..
IMPERfKT rninebam
monebo. manebat
m........ mittebat
rnonebam u5 iilo.....balis
mittebomus mittebaM
i110i
I
II
manu;
..........
nWlltbca,1
PERFECT misi misisri
monuistis
.......... misisris
_m
miserunt
. I
.......... I
Ii
""'"""",. .......... I. I
...... .....
cepistis
"'pe",m
5
,
Ii
audiebarnus m 5 ' lis m 5 ' m
....... """'"'" ...........
""'""""'"' _" a """'"""' OIl II.... Oi unlU5
Glil.huu lis CA'c.aea"
"""'"'"'
"""""'"" ........... -. -............... """'"'"' monuenu
miseras miserat
miseramus
-
milIem..-
Ii .... ..,.:." • •
miItenWJi
I
"""""""•••"... ..... .....
I I
lIur
~
I
"""'" ....
andi esti5
audivWnu• aucivistis
copiemr.i
r
••• .Iur
"i!
I I
...ill I liiill I iliill I
I I
~
....
i ••
I'B
...
moniti sumus missi ,....,-.,s rnissi estis rnoniIi esfis; missi Ad moniti sunt
..ntus eros amafU5 erat rnonitus erot amati emmus moniti eromus amati erutis moniti erotis cmati eront moniti .-en
amatus ems
audiveram aud'",,,, ,, audi.aaoTlU5
~
.....,;
i
r
r
r
'IUI'
i.' ....
"""' """'"'"
"""""m 5
~lIDfEC T
m
5
m m
5
m
5
5
I I I
,
.....
... ....... . ......... ..... .......... ....... -~ ....... ....... ...... .......... ............
-~ -~
arnatus eram ..ntus eram missus eram
""""""",., - . ............ """"" '-
"'p•.-at
.. lUi KJbii.....
....... """""" ""' . ........ ""' .. ........ """'" ~ ""'""" ...
I'UJf
OlllO.U ....
milteri<
I
il ....
ca, ca, ca.
au<5eb
oudivi
mOl
FUTUlE
mDriri
....u-
Wl'ERfECT
ca. I
N
rrithrini
" """' "' " ""' ........ .........
.........I.'. '"""'"" - ""'""" "- ......... , .........• """""'"• ......... ..........• ......... , •.. • ......... . .......... .. . .......... ........ .... ..... ,'''
ca........ ..
audient
,-- ------ .... -ca,
r
...... . .. .. _ .. _ ......... .. ........ --.... milteri<
Ii ..... ..,. •••
\
.....m
capietis a>piom
...SENT
- ----
"
......w::bOi ,\iUS
amobum
---
....... ....... .......... ..".... ........ "' """' "'"""c:apnn ........... ........... ........... .............. """""'"• ........ ....... ......... ........ "'"' ""'........... """""'"'.. .-............ omori<
audiM
m_ m....
Regu lar verbs : indic ative passi ve ~
""'" '""" """'"' ....- ....... ......,. ...""""' """"'" --. ....... ........ ............ ...... ........ ...... . """""' ........... ........... ' -""'" ......... -. """"'"""' - . """"
amat
,
187
TABLES
....~
capi esai5
missus _ mis.Ius erat ~ missi eromus oapti emlis mis.si eraris miui en:ri
~
ca.dtiestis
~
~
ouc5ti eraIis
'"
BEG!NNER'S LATIN
Irreg ular verbs
VERB S: subju nctiv e (activ e)
......
.~m ~.
arnemul ameli. amen'
.ma~
amore. arne,..t omoremu l olnClreti. omarenf
_.
moneem m~.
rnoneom us
moneeti. moneant
-
m....
mittamu. mittati. mittont
(apiam capias c:opiat (apiamu . c:apiatis copic,"'
C1udiam auenal audiot audiomu . audiotis C1udiont
lMPfRFECT mitter.m
coperem mitte.... capere. moneret miHeret caperet monerem us rnitterem ul (openm ul m~1 mitteretis coperet;s mittererrt coperent
m onerel
_.
oud;rem audi.... audiret C1udiremu. oucliretis oudirent
sim (esse)
~uisM m
misissem
cepGMm
ouciYt»e m
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"9
TABLES
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lam.
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f." ferim"'l ....n.
poterim us poteritis poterun t
volemus voletis volent
feremus feretis ferent
ibit ibimus ibitis ibunt
potu~m
volebam volebas volebat volebom us volebcm s volebon t
ferebam ferebas
ibam ibas
potunt
IMPERFECT
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poteras
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poteram us poterati s poteran t
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paN;
fuerom fueros
potuero m potuera s
potu....
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potuisti paN"
potuimu s potuistis potueru nt
volui voluisti voIuit voluimu s voluistis voIueru nt
fueromu s fuerati, fuerant
ibis
;bot
ibamus ibatis ibant
tuli tulisti tulit tulimus tulistis tulerunt
ii isti iit iimus istis ierunt
tulerom tuleras tulerot tuLeram us tuLeratis tulerant
ierom ieras ierat ieromus ieratis ierant
P\.UPERFEO
voluera m voluera s voluero t poIUepotuera mus voIuenJ mus voluerat is potuerat is voluera nt potuera nt
;bo
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.-
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KEY TO THE EXERCISES
KEY TO THE EXERCISES
habitanl; the students live in the monastery. (d) Mulus umbras non am3l; the mule does not like shadows. 3 (a) Umbrae in silvis sunt. (b) Monach.i sarcinas non portaDl. (c) Mulus saepe in silvis ambulal. (d) Mulus equos non amat guod cum mulis non laboranl.
Three
On.
esl. (c) Paulus silvam spectat. (d) Paulus cum monacho ambulal.
Practice (I) 1 (a) me. her. he. us (b) silvam.
mulus. sarcina. Pallium 2 (a) sarcinam; the mule carries the bag. (b) Paulus: Paul carries the mule. 3 (a) amat: the mule does not like the wood. (b) ambulat; Paul is walking in the wood. (e) specIal; the mule watches the wood (d) portal; not Paul but the mule is carrying the bag.
Practice (ii) t mulus mulum
mulo
Paulus sarcina
Paulum sarcinam
Paulo
silva
silvam
silva
sardna
2 (a) nominative, accusative: Benedict longs for some food. (b) accusative; the mule does not like the bag. (e) ablative; Benedict is nOf in the wood. (d) nominative; Paul is a monic 3 (a) Paulus cum mulo in silva ambulal: Paul walks with the mule in the wood. (b) in mulo est sarcina; on the mule is a bag.
Revision J silvam, monachum, sarcina, cibo 2; (a) Benediclus in silva non ambulal. (b) Sarcina in mulo est. (c) Mulus non Paulum sed sarcinam portal. (d) Mulus silvam non amal. 3 (examples of senlences) (a) Paulus mulum non portal. (b) Cibus in sarcina
Two Prdctiee (I) I equis, egui, mulo; the mule lives in the field with the horses. but the horses do not work with the mule. 2 (a) portat; the mule carries the bag. (b) habitant; the monks live in the monastery. (c) amant; the mules do nOI like the horses. (d) laborat; the horse docs not work in the field.
Practice (ii) I silvas. silvis. umbrae; the mule does not like woods because in the woods are shadows. 2 (a) sunt; the bags are on the mule. (b) amat; the mule does not like the shadows in the wood. (c) portant; the monks do nOI carry the bags. (d) habilant; the horses do not live in the wood. Revision I (a) mulum, mull. mulis; discipulus. discipulo. discipulos; umbra, umbram, umbras; (b) equum, equo. equi, equos. equis; silvam, silva, silvae, silvis; sarcina. sarcina. sarcinae. sarcinas, sarcinis. 2 (a) Paulus saepe in agro cum monachis laborat; Paul often wOlb in the field with the monks. (b) Sarcinae in mulo sunt; the bags are on the mule. (c) Discipuli in monaslerio
Practice (i) I agrum. agri, agris; unguento. unguentis. presbyterum. presbyteri, presbyteros. 2 (a) presbyteri, discipuJis, laborant; the priests do nOI work with the students. (b) vino. oleo, unguentis, ovis; the bag is heavy with wine. oil, perfumes and eggs. 3 (a) monachi, habitant; the monks live in the monaslery. (b) silvas. agros; the mule does not like the woods but the fields. (c) egui, mulis, laborant; the horses work with the mules in neither the woods nor the fields. (d) vina, unguenta: Benedict desires wines and perfumes.
Practice (ii) I (a) viam; the monks walk along the road. (b) agro; the mule is in the field. (c) monachis; the horse, frightened by the monks, comes out of the monastery. (d) equo, lerram; the monk falls off the hor5e on to the ground 2 (a) in, ex, in; in the wood. the monk falls from the horse and lies on the ground. (b) e. in; the eggs fall from the bag on to the ground. (c) per. ad; the mule walks through the wood towards the monaslery. Revision 1 silva. silva. silvae, silvis; mulus, mulum. muli, mulos. mulis; puerum, pueri. pueros; vinum.. virus. libra, 1iOO: ancillam. ancillas. ancillis.
2 (a) discipulus. ambulal; the student walks into the kitchen. (b) presbyter. de<;iderat; the priest often desires food and wine. (c) silvam; the mule always comes through the wood. (d) Iibrum; the master longs for a 0001.:, the students long for wine. 3 (a) Equi ncque in silva neque in agIO laboranL (b) Manachus unguenta in sarcina portaL (c) Presbyter cum discipu1is per silvam ad monasterium ambuIaI (d) D\scipuli non presbyteri sunt.
Four Practice (i)
1 terram, terrae, terras. terrarum; mmum. rami. ramo, rami. ramorum. mmis; folium, folii. folio, folia, foliorum. foliis. 2 (a) monasterii; Ihe women work in the kitchen of the monastery. (b) feminae; the eggs fall on to the woman's tunic. (c) Benedicti; the students drink Benedict's wine. 3 (a) nominative. genitive; the students desire the maid's wine. (b) nominative. genitive; Stephen is the master of the school. (c) genitive, nominalive; Paul is Stephen's student. (d) genitive; Ihe mule is fearful of woods. 4 (a) rami. mmonJm; (b) agri. agrorum (c) ovi, ovorum (d) umbrae. umbrarum (e) ancillae, ancillarum Practice (11)
1 (a) Sum Paulus. (b) Sumus Stephani discipuli. (c) Esl episcopus. (d) Es in silva. 2 (elC.amples) (a) Ubi est mulus? (b) Cur Paulus in bibliotheca laborat? (c) Femina-oe mortua est? (d) Quis esl Stephanus? (Quis est magisler?) Revision 1 (examples) (a) Femina est in silva. (b) Equus umbras non amat. (c) Magister in bibliotheca laborat.. (d) Mulus unguenta oleum vinum ovaque
192
BEGINNER'S LATIN
portaL 2 (a) Sumus-ne in silva? (b) EqUU5 feminae audire \'cnlum potesl. (c) Mulus sarcinas monacru jXIItal. (d)
BeDedicluS ancillarum avunculus est! Surely BeDedict is not the maids' uncle!
Num discipuli vinum BenediC1i desiderant? 3 venlUS, Ventuffi, venti. VCOIOS, venlorum. vcolis; tunicam.
3
_. _. -,. SINGULl.R
tunicae. tunicae, mnicarum. tunicis; ovum. ovum. ovi, ova, ova. ovorum.
fra
_om
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Five
5IlOCl,
Practice (i) I umbrae, ovi, pucri, magister,
episcopi, Egbena,libri, 2 (a)
umbrn~
ae, sarcina-ae. Lucia-ae, domina-ae. filia-ae, via-ae. elc. (b) episcopus-i. Paulus-i. equus-i, etc. (e) ovum-i, c3Slcllum-i. unguenrum-i. oppidum-i. monasterium-i. elc.
Practice (0) 1 (a) Bestiae furiosae Christianos saoctos fugant. (b) Christianus furiosus bestias sanetas fugal. (e) Christianum furiosum besliae sanctae fugan!. 2 (a) Bestiae furiosae sanctum monachum spectant; the furious beasts watch the saintly monk. (b) Libri magni in bibliotheca sunt; there are great books in the library. (e) Discipuli ignavi mulas furiosos in agris vident; the lazy srudents see the furious mules in !he fields. (d) Monachi somnulenti in bibliotheca non laborant; the sleepy monks do not wort in the libnuy. Revision 1 lucid; wall: mural; animal; bestial: leaf; foliage; dubious; loquacious; virile; irate 2 (a) Monachi-ne ignavi in agris laborant? Do lazy monks work in the fields? (b) Num discipuli cognati Luciae sunt? Surely the students are not kinsmen of Lucia? (c) Paulus magislri libros in bibliotheca spectat; Paul is looking at the teacher's books in the library. (d) Num
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---
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5 nocturnal. canine. CUlinary. decimaL domestic. ecclesiastical, filial. fraternal. maternal, solar. bovine. 6 (a) Num episcopus gulosus est? (b) Discipuli fessi in agro saepe sedent. (e) Dominane (femina-ne) furiosa est, Stcphane? (d) Muli-ne obscura in silva laborant?
Sb<
Practice (i) (a) possunt: !he monks cannot see !he abbess (b) debet; vult; !he abbess ought to be Working in the kitchen. but wanlS to watch the monks in the church.
Practice (ii) 1 ager, agro. agro, agri, agros. agrorum, agris; coquus, coquum, coqui. coquo, coqui. coquos. coquorum, coquis; culina, culinam, culinae. culina, eulinae, eulinas, eulinis, culinis; oleum, olei, oleo. olea, olea, oleis, oleis 2 (a) ancilla. discipulis; the maid brings food for the sludenlS. (b) episcopo. abbatissae; the
,.3
KEY TO THE EXERCISES student gives perfume not to the bishop but to the abbess. 3 (a) Episcopus historiam monasterii presbytero monachoque narrat; the bishop narmtes the story of the monastery to the priest and the monk. (b) Discipulus ignavus Luciam spectal; the idle student watches Lucia. (e) Miser mulus sarcinam onerosam semper portat; the poor mule is always carrying a heavy bag. (d) Cur ancilla cum monaeho laborare debet? why should the maid work with the monk? Revision I (a) ab initio: (b) anno Domini; (c) curriculum vitae; (d) et cetera; (e) ad nauseam; (f) ad infinitum. 2 (a) Bestiae-ne Christianos in amphitheatro devorant? Are the beasts devouring the Christians in the amphitheatre? (b) Monachi boni ludos saevos non amant; Good monks do not like the cruel games. (c) Paulus·ne coquis cibum vinumque semper panat? Does Paul always bring food and wine for the cooks? (d) Cur discipulo libros magister dal? Why does the master give books to the student? 3 paganus, paganum, pagani. pagano, pagani, paganos, paganis. paganis; oppidum, oppidum. oppido. oppido, oppida. oppidorum, oppidis. oppidis; bestia. bestiam. bestiac. bestia, bestiae. bestiarorn, bestiis. bestiis 4 (a) Paulus multum cibum coquo dat. (b) Discipulus ambulare non cum aocillis sed cum monachis debet. (c) Monachi ludos spectare "olunt sed ira monasterio laborare debent. (d) Luciane in culina laborare potest?
Revision
1~
1 (a) Abbatissa bestiam sanetam timet. (b) Ova in episcopum ignavum cadunt. (c) Liber Augustini non
discipulis furiosis sed ancillae grarus est. (d) Benediclus gulosus unguenta abbatissae odorae desideraL 2 (a) Monachi mums monasterii videre possunt; the monks can see the walls of the monastery. (b) Miseme ancillae in culinis semper laborant; the wretched maids are always working in the kitchens. (c) Pueri mulis cibum dant; the boys give food to the mules. (d) Cur sunt abbatissae in bibliotheca? why are the abbesses in the library? (e) ludos monachus non spectat; the monk does not walch the games. (f) Episcopus-ne in monasterio habitat? does the bisOOp live in the monaslery? (g) Mooachi feminis aquam dan!; the monks give water 10 the women. 4 (a) Discipuli-oe fessi sunt? (b) Malus monachus in rnonasterio habitare non poles!. (c) Magister furiosus libros discipulis miseris dat, (d) Filia dominae laborare in culina non potesL Num ambulare cum discipulis debet? (e) Equi-ne mulum in silva audire possunt? Cibum equorum ad monasterium portal.
5
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19.
Seven Practice (i) 1 (a) abbatibus ; (b) arboribus: (e) virginis: (d) palri; (e) abbate; (f) arborum (g) patTe; (h) virginibus; (i) patris; (j) abbalem J (a) Reges in
monaslerio non habirant; kings do IlOI
live in the monastery. (b) Monachu s boves in silva polest videre; the monk can see oxen in the wood. (e) Viltulem maU1lrn laudum; they praise the courage of the mothers. (d) Amici-ne abbatum grati sunl militibus ? are the friends of the abbots pleasing to me soldiers?
Practice (ii) 2 (a) nomina abbarum; (b) munera marris; (e) multo opera (multi labores); (d) corpora beslinrum; (e) carmina abbatis; (I) gratis carminib us Revision 1 corpus, corporis, corpore. corpora. cOlpOrum. corporibu$, corporibus; homo, hominis. homini, hornine, homines. homines, hominibu s. hominibus; polio. potionem, potioni. potione. potiones. potionum , potionibu s. potionibu s 2 (a) Munera discipuli dominae grata sunt. (b) Num magister in superstiti ones credil? (e) Augustin us cannioa virginibu s recital. Cd) Monachi pacem, rnilites bellum desideran l. 3 (a) Quis est dea amoris? Esl-ne Diana? (b) Abbatissa in silvam cum Patte Benedict o ambulat. (c) Carmina- ne virginis grata abbati suot? (d) Cur Benedict us camem panem crustaque semper desiderat ?
BEGINNER'S lATIN (i) salutat; (j) volilant; (k) praedicat ; (I) curnt; (m) castigas
Practice (ii) 2 (a) sedemus; (b) liment; (c) monel; (d) ridetis; (el manemus ; (I) responde nt; (g) doces; (h) dolent
Practice (iii) 1 (a) iacet; (b) canlatlcantabit 2 (a) monebit; (b) amabunt; (c) laudabim us; (d) sedebitis; (e) cantabis; (I) iUbebimus; (g) praedicab it; (h) videbis; (i) manebim us
Revision
1 (a) Equi in caclo volitabunt; hOl'Ses will fly in the sky. (b) In ecclesia sedebo; I shall sit in the church. (e) Discipulo s somnulenlOS castigabu nt; they will punish sleepy students. (d) Lucia mihi in ecclesia SusulTabil; Lucia will whisper 10 me in the church. 2 (a) 0 Domina, cur doles? mistress, Why do you weep? (b) Philosoph iam Ie
Eight _(I) 2 (a) exspectan t; (b) laudamus ; (c) vacat; (d) laboratis; (e) recito; (I) susurranl ; (g) equitat; (h) paront;
Nine Practice (I) 2 (a) omnibus discipulis; (b) breve carmen; (c) difficilia opera; (d)
195
KEY TO THE EXERCISES humilium monucho rum; (e) turpis superstiti o; (0 mollis lUnica; (g) fortibus militibus; (b) dulcis arnica (domina)
Practice (ii) (a) mittet; (b) capiemus ; (c) audlenl; (d}.sedel; (e) alJdietis; (0 videre poterunt; (g) venire vis; (b) aderimus
Practice (ii) 1 a song not to be heard; an abbess to be revered; tasks to be done; a monk to be praised; gifts to be distribute d; words to be added; an abbot: to be revered; u maid to be admired 2 (a) audiendu s; the abbol has to be heard. (b) amandi; the soldiers are not to be loved. (e) perficien dum; !he work is 10 be finished.
Practice (ill) (a) fourth; (b) first; (c) mixed; (d) third; (e) flI'St; (I) second; (g) third; (h) founh; (i) mixed; (j) second; (1;.:) flfSt; (1) thin!
Revision 1 (a) Magnae cenae in colina parandae sunt; large Wnnen have to be prepared in the kitchen. (b) Dulcis domina semper audienda est; a sweet mistress must always be heard. (c) Turpes discipuli excitandi sunt; the disgracef ul students ought (0 be woken. (d) Humilis servus etiam laudandu s est; a humble serf should also be praised. (e) Cur abbas reverendu s est? why muSt an abbot be revered? 2 (a) Cannen fonibus militibus ancillaeq ue humili dedicabim us. (b) Doleo quod Lucia me amore innamma bit sed non amabit. (c) Nunc poella cannen dulce cantabit et pueri historiam monasterii narrabunt 3 dulcis: see omnis, sanctus in Tables.
Ten Practi~ (I)
1 (a) mittit; (b) capimus: (c) lludlunt; (d) capio; (e) millunt; (0 auditis; (g) mittimus: (h) audis 3 (a) lego; (b) cununl; (c) scribit; (d) incipimu s; (e) sepeLiunt; (0 fugiunt; (g) bibitis: (h) venit; (i) audiunt
Revision 1 (a) ductt; the monk will lead the mule into the wood. (b) perficien t; today the students will finish the tasks. (c) relinquem us; shall we leave the monaster y? (d) potero; I shall not be able to hear Augustin e. 2 (a) credo; I do not believe in superstiti ons. (b) innamma t; (my) girlfriend innames me with love. (c) audis; do you hear Augustin e's poems? (d) legunt; the students read from the Vulgate. 3 (a) Ancillae earmina Augustin i semper audire volunt! (b) Lucia iam legere et cantare et in agris laborare potest. (c) Animas humilium servorum et regum magnorum curabimu s. (d) Cur monachi e silva (el)fugiu nt? 4 See Tables of nouns: opus: third declensio n; nox: third; rabula: flI'St; sepulcrum : second; annus: second
Eleven Practice (i) 1 (a) arnabal: (b) audieban t; (c) miuebam us; (d) eras; (e) poteram; (0 monebat; (g) erant 2 (a) pluebat; it was raining. (b) iacebat: the pitiable body lay on (in) the ground. (c) legebamu s; we were reading lhe poems or Catullus. (d) sepelieba nt; they were burying !he monk near the church. (e) "ebat; the maiden was weeping.
BEGINNER'S lATIN
19. Praetitt (n) 1 (a) praedicantem: (b) donnientes 2 (a) ovum... eadens; Egberta sees the egg falling from the bag. (b)
monachum... cantantem; Lucia was listening to the monk singing in the church. (e) discipulis stcnentibus; Paul was sitting with the snoring students. (d) monacho donnienti; the abbess will nOI give food to the sleeping monk. (e)
ancillas... susurrantes; Benedict was listening 10 the maids whispering in the kilchen. (f) feminae.... poterant; the .....omen could see 1bcodorus running in the wood.
Revision I (examples) (a) Coquum doom devorantem in cutina videre poleram. (b) Monachos in silva ululantes audiebamus. (e) Abbatissa discipulum vinum bibentem SpectaL (d) Nunc
abbas Budiendus est. 2 (a)Auguslinus duodecim horas dormiebal. (b) Sapicntcslprudentes magislri cum discipulis semper bibebant. (e) Mulum-ne. 0 Lucia. in agro bibentem audice poleras? (d) Discipuli abbalem ex ecdesia pompam ducenlem Speclabant. 3 laboratis, miuere, mittam, come. venire, scribere. scribtml, scribebant., capere, capiet., capiebal. fear, times, timebas, dare, dabit, dabat., aperire., aperiam, aperiebam, see, videt"e, videbunt., videbant, praise, laudare, laudabimus, laudabamus, focit, faciet, docere, docebitis. docebalis
Twelve Practice (I) 1 (a) ambulavit; (b) viderom; (e) venimus; (d) cepi; (e) monuisti; (f) audivil; (g) ffiisiffiUS; (h) monuil 2 (a) dixil; the monk (has) spoke(n) 10 !he serf. (b) laudavimus; we (have) praised
the maids in the kilchen. (e) ceperont; have the Danes captured all the monasteries'? (d) scripsisti; have you wriuen a letter to the bishop'?
Practice (ii) (a) nos, vestrnm; (b) meum, vobis; (e) mea.libi: (d) tibi Revision 1 ambulabil. ambulabat, veniemus. veniebamus, praise, laudare, laudatis, laudabatis, docere, docebo, cIocebam, say, dicere, dicebas, dixisti, wrile, scribere, scribllnt., scribent., scripserunt. capere, capimus, capiebamus, cepimus. see, videnl, videbant, viderunl. esse, est., erat 2 (a) dulcia earmina tua; Augustine. will you read 10 me your sweel poems'? (b) discipulis; poor Stephen was always woridng with the students in the library. (c) peregrinum; did Lucia hear the stranger/pilgrim in the wood'? (d) ancillae... monueront; the maids have warned us. 3 (a) Theodoros-ne vobiscum in silva ambulabat, 0 discipuli1 (b) Abbatem·ne praedicanlem audivisti, 0 Augusline'? (e) Abbatissam coquo suSUl11Ultem vidi. (d) Epistulam-oe Luciae scripsisti, o Paule'?
Revision 7-12
third; tempus-oris: third. 6 (a) Virginis-ne cannen audivisli, 0 Pater Stephane'? (b) Episcopus omnibus monachis praedicabal. (c) Mox corpus miserabile monachi sepeliemus. (d) Coquus vinum cum lristi discipulo per IOtam noctem bibebat. 7 hospcs. hospitis hosl. hospimt hoslCt hotel. hospice caput, capitis
capital. callie, chatlCl.
-~
discus-i dish. discus. disk. disro dignilaS. dignitatis dainty. dignity phanIasia-ac fancy. f~y prxdico-an: Iftdicatc. pmteh
-
.............. 8 an ~ (e)
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ancienl inn or taite-away
Thirteen Practice (i) aestimavi, station, salutatum, rccitare. vacalUm. damnation, mansion, ridere, sessum, lentum. vision. monere, monilUm, dictum, dueere. duclum, relinquere, scriptum, ascensuffi, aclUffi, audilum, ventum. perfeclum, receprum
PREFIX ad U
I (a) cantabit; (b) dormiunl. devora\'eront; (c) vidi; (d) scribit 2 (a) recilabil, recitabal, recitavil (b) ridebunt, ridebant, riseront (e) audietis, audiebalis, audivistis (d) scribam, scribebam, scripsi 3 (a) docendi; (b) sepeliendum; (e) laudandi; (d) scribenda 4 (a) fugiens; (b) dueentem; (e) sedentes; (d) canlantes 5 See Table of nouns: annus-i: second declension; vila-ae: first; oppidum-i: second; polio-nis: third: clamor-is:
197
K£Y TO THE EXERCISES
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Practice (ii) (a) sepultus; Theodorus was buried in a field. (b) visi; the pilgrims were seen in the wood. (e) territus; the mule was lerrified by the shadows. (d) laudata; the maiden was praised by her father.
Practice (Iii) (a) Mulus in silvam ductus umbras limet; the mule having been led inlo the wood fears the shadows. (b) Discipuli a Stephana docli obdonniveront; the students having been taught by Stephen fell asleep. (e) Cenam ab ancillis panltam Benedielus devQr.wil; Benedict devoured the meal which had been prepared by the maids. (d) see example.
Practice (iv) (3) legente; while Augustine was reading the poems of TIbullus. Paul was copying out the rule of Ihe monastery. (b) susurranlCS; Theodorus saw strangers whispering in the wood. (e) devoralo; after much food had been devoured (after devouring much food) Benedict feU asleep.
Practice (v) (a) abimus (b) redibunt; (e) adibamus; (d) abierunl; (e) exit: (f) exeunt COMI'ClUND
.... "" ....., ....... odire
go 10, oppto«h go"'"
odo_ bepre~' omillere send crwoy, lone millere ~od occipe
"""'. """'. -
po<"'"
REGlNNER'S LATIN
19. R~visioD
1 (a) Theodoros, peregrinos timens, e silva exii!. (b) Coquus ancillas in bono laborallles diu speclabat. (e) Paler Stephanus dolens in ecclesia sedebat. (d) Paulo in stagno nalanle, peregrini silvam adibanl. 2 (a) Lucia, Danis auditis. ad monasterium redii\. (b) Ceoa ab ancillis parata. a monachis devornla est. (e) Epistula a monacho scripta, comiti tradila est. (d) Discipulus. equo arbori ligato. in stagno natavit (natabat). 3 delinquent;
ridere; ducere; scribe. scribble: recipient 4 Past participle of desideroare. neuter plumJ: the desired things.
Fourteen
the monks live in the monastery. (d) vinum; wine was desired by the abbot. 2 (a) illius; his daughter lives in the castle. (b) hac; the abbess was praying in the church with her. (c) ei; Paul always gave food to himlit. (Note: even an inanimate 'il'maybe masculine or feminine, depending on the gender of the noun which lhe pronoun represents). (d) Uti, his; those men were seen in the wood with these men.
Practice (ii) 1 (a) haec silva; (b) haec unguenta; (c) horum discipulorum 2 (a) ilia domina; (b) ilia carmina; (c) ilium mulum video 3 (a) ea epistula; (b) cum eis monachis; (c) id est
Practice (i) 2 (a) vullu Iristi; (b) casu; (e) grati versus: (d) manu; (e) spiritus sancti; (t) gernitu; (g) exercitus comitis; (h) virginis arcus sagittaeque
(a) se; (b) ipsa
Practice (iii) See lable on page 197.
was being heard, Yhe will cap/lIre, capiet
Revision 1 See Tables: (a) gradus: founh declension; corpus: third; monachus: second (b) dies: fifth; miles: third; sagitta: first 2 (a) VirgO numquam in stagno nataverat. (b) Petegrini, cilxl multo devorato, monasterium rcliquerunl (c) Neque elburn neque aquarn invenernmus sed nurnquarn spem amisimus. (d) Discipuli, in gradibus ecdesiae sedentes, versus Augustini audiebant. (e) Monachi omnes libros manu scripserant.
Fifteen Practice (i) I (a) Luciae; Lucia's face was sad. (b) ancillarum; the maids' food was devoured by Benedict. (c) Monachi;
Practice (iii) Practice (iv) amabitur. videbunt, audiebat, Slhe
Practice (v) I duxenmt. they were led, audivit, auditus est, cepit, capta est, ml)nuit, monitus est
2 (a) Discipuli in schola a Patre Ricardo eastiganlUr; the students are punished in the school by Father Richard. (b) Omnes sarcinae ex oppido a mulo portabantur; all the bags were being carried out of the town by the mule. (c) Carmen Calulli abAugustino amicis recitatum est; the poem of Catullus was read by Augustine to his friends. (d) Virgo matri dicens a Paulo visa est; the maiden, while speaking to her mother, was seen by Paul. 3 (a) Benedictus cibum devoravit; Benedict devoured the food. (b) Paulus virginem in silva vidit; Paul saw the maiden in the wood. (e) Monachi historiam
'99
KEY TO THE EXERCISES monasterii narrabunt; the nl(mlts will relate the history of the monastery. (d) Dani corpus in borto sepelivenlDt; the Danes buried the body in the garden. Revision I (a) scriptae; many letters were written by Augustine to Lucia. (b) reliClUm; the monastery was left (abandoned) by the pilgrims. (c) sepultum; the body of the monk was buried. (d) positi; the books were placed in the library. 2 (a) Mox discipuli se liberabunt. (b) Monachi-ne ipsi docent? docere-ne docentur? (c) Paulus Luciaque e silva ambulantes visi sun!. (d) Paulus. peregrinis adeuntibus. in stagna se celavil (e) Multae bestiae a virgine ipsa captae sunt. (I) Boves a Danorom exercitu eustodiebantur.
Sixteen Practice (i) PRESENT INDICATIVE we live J'fle lit) stands we kwe
roo forgive ...... is careful we rejoice .." ptCJ,se 5'f>e drinh
you CJfe quiel MSENT
vivomuJ stet
omemus ignoscos coveat goodeomus loudemus bibot taCtKIS
vivimul stot
omomus ignosciJ covet goudemus Iaudomus bibft
toe.s SU8.IUNCTM may _ /ive may ...... fi1I otooo may we love may you forgive may .-he be core/ul may we rejoice may we praise may ~e drink may you be quiet
Practice (n) (a) festinate; (b) festinetis; (c) tacete;
(d)
taeeaS
Practice (iii) May you be quiet! Taceas! If only you'd be quiet! Vt taeeas! If only he'd believe us! Vt nobis eredat! Do not be afraid of the wood. Ne silvam timeas. Carefullest they hear. Cave ne audianl. I believe so that I may understand. Credo UI intellegam.
Practice (iv) (a) intellegam; I drink so that I may understand. (b) celaret; Lucia plunged herself into the (M)nd in order to hide herself. (e) dicit, inteUegant; Students. as Stephen says, are taught theology that they may understand the work of God. (d) audiremus; Augustine advised us to listen to his soogstpoems. Revision I (a) Mulus, sarcinis omnibus visis, gemuit. (b) Paulus. Ricardo audito. in monasterium festinavit. (e) Stephanus, corpore amici sepulto, in ecclesiam abiit. (d) Coquus, cibo devorato, in silvam ambulavit. 2 (a) Danos omnes capiant! (b) Ne abbas librum canninum tuum videat. o Augustine! (c) Vinum bibite, 0 amici! omnes vinum bibant! (d) Abbas eum monuit ut monasterium relinqueret 3 See Tables. (a) gaudeoere: second conjugation; scribo-eTe: thinl; laudo-are: fmit
Seventeen Practice (i) (a) laudor; What good fonune! I am praised by my mistreSs. (b) audimur: we are being heard by the maiden sitting in the rafters. (c) castigaberis; 0 wicked boy, you will be punished by the master. Practice (ii) (a) secuta est; Lucia followed Richard
BEGINNER'S LATIN
200 into the monastery. (b) mirabuntur, all men will admire my songslpoems.
Practice (iii) 1 (a) The maid is more furious than the monk. (b) The studenlS are lazier than the maid. (e) The abbess is holier than the soldiers. (d) The horse is faster than the mule. 2 (b) Discipuli ignaviores ancilla sunl. (e) Abbatissa sanclior mililibus est. (d) Equus celerior mulo est. Practice (iv) 1 (a) saoctissimus; is the abbol the holiest of all the monks'? (b) suavissima; Benedict's perfumes are the most delighlful. (e) bcllissima; Charles's daughter is the most beautiful in the land.
Eighteen Practice (i) (a) U the mule were .....ea1lhy, be would not be pulling cans. (b) If be Dies to escape, kiU him! (e) If the master had remained in the school, he would be alive now. (d) If you were beautiful, I would love you.
Practice (ii) 1 (a) Stephanus pius est. (b) Abbas scelestus est. (e) 0 discipuli, in monaslerium festinate! (d) Ubi sunl peregrini? 2 (a) Abbas dixit puerum scelestum poenas dare debere. (b) Paulus abbati dicit corpus magistri in
sarcina esse. (e) Augustinus rugal ubi versus CatuUi sint.
2 MEANING
ADJECTIVl:
COMPARATIVE
SUPERlATIVE
DERIVATIVE
good
bonus malus magnul
melior peior
po~'
minor
optimus-a-um pessimus-a-um maximul-a-um minimus-a-um
oplimi.t peuimis./ maximum minimum
bod grf'Q/.lorge
""'"
~""
R~visioo
1 (a) sccuti SUDI; the studeolS followed the Danes inlO the wood. (b) progressa est; Lucia went forward mlo the church. (c) locmilae sumus; we spoke in Ihe wood. (d) miratus eSI; Augustine admired the daughter of the coun!. 2 (a) sequitur; Lucia follows the pilgrims into the monastery. (b) loquor; I speak aboul mosl serious mailers. (c) videnlUr, the pilgrims are seen conspiring in the wood. (d) miraris; do you admire the songlpoem of Augustine? 3 (a) Equi-ne ignaviores Quam muhinulis sunl? (b) Augustinus-ne optimus discipulus est? (c) Abbaliuam-ne sanctiorem umquam vidisti. 0 Paule? (d) Ricardus Qlli!ID. Danj j[!sj I Danis j[!sjs sacvior ernt.
Revision 1 (a) Si illi discipuli Danos non timerent, stulti essent; if those stOOenlS were not afraid of the Danes, they would be foolish. (b) Stephanus nobis diltit cucullum monochum non facere; Stephen told us that a hood does not make a monk. (c) Qui ab amicis amatur est felix; he who is loved by his friends is fortunate. (d) Monachi. si avaritia non moventur, laudandi sunl; if the monks are no! moved by greed, they should be praised. 2 (a) Credo Augustinum Paulo amicum bonum esse. (b) Si Ricardum invenies. 0 Stephane, eum roga ut in claustrum veniat. (c) Discipuli Luciam"omnibus vjq:jnibuslomnjum vili;nym esse bellissimum dicunt. (d) Num comitis filiam discipulum humilem amare credimus.
lATIN-ENGLISH
VOCABUlARY
alter-a-urn
a(b) by, from abbas-aOs [m) abbor abbatissa·ae If] abbess
ambo
to, towards
add~re-id.i·itum
add
adduro-ere·xi-ductum adeo somuch adeo-ire-ii·itum
both
ambulo-are-avi-atum
abeo-in·il-Iturn go away absum-esse be away. absent accipio-ere-cepi.ceptum receive ad
anqt~r
bring
go to, approach
adhaereo-ere-si stick adhuc still adiuvo-are help adsum-esse be here, present adultero-are be adulterous advena·ae If] newcomer aed.ifico-are-avi-atum build aequor.is [n] Waler; sut/ace aestas-tatis If] summer aestimo-an-avi·atum value aestuosus·a·um hot ager, agri [m] field agnosco-ere-ovi-otum recognise ago-ere, egi, actum do, drive, peifonn agricola.ae 1m] fa~r alienus-j [ml stranger aliquando sometimes aliquis someone wius-a-urn some. other allegoria.ae If] allegory
walk amicus-! ImJ. arnica-ae If] friend
amitto-ere lose amo-are-avl-atum like. love amor-is 1m) love amphitbeatrum-i In) amphit1u!atre amphora-ae If] jug
an
or
anas.atis If] duck ancilla-ae Ul moid angelus-i [m] angel anima·ae If] soul animal-is [n] animal animus-j [m] mind annus-i [m) y~ar anser-is [m] goose ante(a) IMjorr(hmul) antrum-i [n] CQl'~ annus-a-urn conc~med aperio-ire-ui-itum open appareo-ere-ui appear apud at, in the presence of aqua-ae If] water llrB·ae If] altar arbor-is If] tre~ arcus-us 1m] bow argentum.i (n] si/vu ars-tis (f] an, skill ascendo-ere.tndi-ensum climb aspicio-ere look at
202
8EGlNNER'S lATIN
at bur.~, atquc and attonitus·a·um
asl(mish~d
audio.lre--ivi·itum hear aura·ae air aurora·ae If] dawn aurum-j (oj gold
austerus-a·um severe, gloomy aut or autem holt'l!Vcr auxilium·j [0] help avuDculU'i-j 1m) WIele
balbus-a-um
slommering
basio-are-avi
kiss kiss
basium-i [nJ
bellum-i [n] war bellus-a-um beautiful bene fine benignus-a-um kind bestia·ae If] beast bibliotheca-ac If] library bibo·e~·bibi drink blasphemo-are blaspheme. .\Wear bonUS-8-um
hos-vis
fmlfJ
brevis-e
good
ox
short
caballos-j lm] horse cado-ere. cecidi, C8sum fall cacdo-ere, ceddi, caesum kill, caelum-l [n] /reaven, sky calamus-j 1m] reed calidus·a·um lI'omr campana-ae If] bell Cllndela-ae If) candle C8nto-are-avi-atum sing capio-ere. ccpi, caplum take, capture
captivus.j 1m] pn'soner caput, capitis [n] head, capilal carmen-inis [n] song. p«m caro, cami5 If} flesh. mcat
CUI
carus-a-UDl dear. sfXcial casleUum-i In) castle casligo-arr-avi-atum punish castitas-ta!is 10 chastity casus-us [01] chance Calullus-i CoJullus CIIvro-e~ be careful celebro-are-avi-atum celebrate cderiter quickly ceUa-ae 10 cell. room ceUerarius-i [m} procurator celo-a~-avi-atum hide cena-ae [0 dinner centum hundred certe cenainly, yes, at least certus-a-um sure, unerring ceterus-a·um other chorus-i [01] choir Christianus-i [01] Christian Christus·i Christ cibus-i [01] food cin:um around cirrumspicio-ere-exi-ectum look around cito-are-avi-atum stir up. rouse c1amo-are-avi shout clamor-is [m] shout, cry clacus·a·um bright claudo-ere lock claustrum-i [0] cloister cogilo-are think cognatus-i [01] kinsrtUln oognosco-ere-ovi discover, learn coWgo-ere-cgi-ectum recover combustus-a-um incinerated comes·itis [01] count comitor-ari accompo.ny commemoror-ari remember, relate computo-are sum up confirmatus-a-um confirmed conicio-ere throw coniunx-gis [mlf] husbandlwife
lATIN-ENGUSH VOCABUlARY cooor-ari, cooatus try, attempt consilium-i (nj plQTI consisto-ere.stiti stop consocius-i [01) associDte consolatio-nis If] consolation conspicio-ere-spexi-spectum CfJ1ch sight of conspiro-are conspire constituo-ert-ui-utum decide cooteotio-Dis [f] dispuJe. compt:tition contineo-ert contain. hold cootradico-ert contradict convaJesco-ere recover coDvocatio-Dis [0 conference convoco-are-avi-atum call together, as.semble eoquus-i [011 cook cor-dis (n) hean Corintbi-orum [01] Corinthians corpus-oris [n] body eras tomorrow creator-is [01] creaLOr credo-ere [+
203
damno-are condemn Danus-i [01] Do.ne, Viking de [+abl.} from, about dea-ae [t] godd#'ss debeo-cre-ui-itum owe. have to declino-are ~'erve dedico-are dedicate deinde then. next deleo-ere~vi-etum destroy deliro-are-avi be silly. insane demitto-ere lowu densus-a-um thick depono-ere-sui-situm pUI down desidero-art-avi-atum long for. desire desilio-ire·ui leap out desino-ere, desil stop. abandon desisto-ere stop despido-ere look down deus-i [01] god devoro-are-avi-atum devour, eat diabolus·i [rn] devil diaJectica·ae [f] discussion. argument dico-ere-ixi·ictum lell, say dies-lei [01] day difficills-e difficult dignitas, dignitatls (f] di~'tinction digredior-i, digressus depart diligentia-ae [f] allenlil'eness diligo-ere love dis«do-ere-essi depan discipulus-i 1m] student discus-i [01] disc diu for a long time divido-e~ divide divitiae-arum {pl.] riches divus-i [m] god do-are, dedi, datum gi~ doc::eo-ere-ui, doctum teach doctus-i [01) leam#'d rtUln doleo-ere grio'e
204
BEGINNER'S LAnN
dolus-i (m] deceit domina-ae If] lod>~ mis'"ss dominus-i [m] lord, sir domum homelwJrW dODum-i [nJ gift dormio-ire-ivi·itum sleep dUClM':re-uxi-uctum "ad dulcis-e Sl4.'eet dum whik a.r IMg as dumus-i (ml thicket duo two ~)[)
exemtus-us [m] anny txbalo-an.avi-atum bnaJhe OUI exhaurio-in-ivi, exhaustum drain, ''"Pry exhilaro-an.avi-atum ch~~r exigous-a-um slender, scalll existimo-are think explico-are-avi-atum explain, undo exscri~n.ipsi-iptum
from. out of
ecre look ecrlesia·ae (f) church errugio-cre, efTugi flee away Egberta-ae [f} Egberta eho eh eJephantus-i [m] elephant emo-ere buy coim for, you see eo, ire, ii, iturn go episcopus-I [m] bishop epistula-ae [f] leiter equidem inl/eed, 10 be sure equito-are.avi ride equus-i [m] horse ergo so, there/ore eripio-cre-ripui-reptum rake
QU/.
snatch
erro·are-avi
write out
exsequiae-arum (f] funeral uspecto-are-avi-atum wait/or
make a mistake
eruditio-nis If] learning et and et... et both .. and etiam also evanesco-cre, evanui djsap~ar exanimatus-a-um breathless excito-are wake, arouse exemplar-is [nJ copy exemplum-i (n] aampk preudenl exen:eo-ere-ui·itum occupy, praetiu, train
CabuJa-ae If] slOry Cacies-iei If] face. appearanu CaciJis-e easy Cacio-ere, CKi, Cactum do. make Caenum-i [nJ hay Calsus-a-um false Cama-ae If] story. report Camilia-ae (f] family famulus-i [m} attendant fas /lot blasphemous fatum-i [n] fate favea-ere [+dat.] favour felix fortunute. happy Cemina-ae If] woman Cenestra·ae If] window Cervidus-a-um burning. impetuous fessus-a-um tired festlno-are-avi hurry fibula-ae If] brooch fietilia-Ium [n] earthenwan fideJis-e loyal fides-ei (f] faith, loyalty ngora-ae If] shape filia-ae If] daughter Decto-ere bend Deo-ere weep follum-i In] leaf fortassc perhaps fortis-e brave fortuitus-a-um accidental
20.
LATIN-ENGUSH VOCABUlARY
fortllDatus-a-um happy. lucky Cragrantia-ae ll1 odour frater-tris 1m] brother frigidus-a-um cool. cold frigus-oris In) chill. cold CJ'OIIdesco-ere put forth leaves Crostra in ~'Oin. to no avail frux-gis 111 fruit fugio-ere, fugi flee fugo-are chase Cundo-ece pour furiosus-a-um furioUS furtim secntly furtum·j [n] theft garrulus-a-um talkative gaudeo-ere rejoice gelidus-a-um cold gemitus-us fm] groan. sigh gemo-ere-ui groan genae-arum (11 cheeks gera-ere conduct. mtl1U1ge gestus-us [m] gesture g1adius-i [m] sword gracilis-e elegant. slender gradatim gradually gradus-us 1m] step GraKus-i lm] Gnek gratia-ae ll1 favour, grace gratlas tibi thank you gratus-a-um pleasing gravis-e serious gulosus-a-um greedy habena-ae If] rein babeo-ere-ui have bablto-are-avi live berba-ae 111 grass beus hey.! hie herr. this hiems, hiemis If] winter historia-ae III story bOOe today
homo-inis 1m] man bonestus-a-um decent. honourable bonoro-are honour bora-ae If] hour borrendus-a-um featful. to befearrd bortus-j fm] garden bospes-itis [m] host. gUtst bumilis-c humble. mtek laceo-en-ui lit iam now, already ibi there ictus-us [m) blow igitur and so igoavus-a-um lary ignis-is fm] firr ignosco-ere [+dat.] forgivt
IDe [mI. iIla If] he/she, that illic over thtrt immergo-ere-si-sum plunge immo no, on the contrary immotus-a-urn stationary impero-are [+dal.] order, instruct impetus-us {m] attack irnprobus-a-um troublesome in in, on incensum-i In] /license incipio-ere-cepi-ceptum begin inde after that. next induo-ere put on ineptus-a-um foolish inflrmus-a-um sick inflammo-are-avi inflame infra lxlow ingredior-i, ingressus tnler inicio-ere, lniec::i, iniec::lum throw in inimicus-i [m] enemy iniuria-ae 111 hann inno-an-avi swim. floQJ inquit (.P1le) says. said insoUtus-a·urn unusual, unfamiliar intellego-ere understand
206
BEGINNER'S lATIN
intendo-cre aim among
inter
inter-ea
ml'(Ulwhill'
interficio-cl'l' kill intro-are-avi enter invado-ere go, come into invenio·ire-veni-ventum find invidia-ae If] grudge, jealousy io! heyup! iocosw;-a-um full ofjokes, humorous ipse Yhe herlhimsdj iratus-a-um angry irruo-cre-ui rush in ita thus, so itaque oru/ so, there/on iter·iDeris [oj way, route Uerum again iubeo-ere. iussi order, lell iudicium-i [0] triaJ,judgmem iudico-are try. adjudicate Iuppiter, lovis [m] Jupiter iuvo-are help, pfeilse iuxta next to Karolus-i [m]
Charfes
Jabor-is 1m]
work Jaboro-are-avi work Jacertus-i [m] ann laerima-ae [f] tear laelus-a-urn hoppy. cheerful lapis-idis [m] stOM lasch-e wantonly lascivus-a-um wanton
lalebra-ae If] hiding-plaa laudo-are-avi-atum praise lego-ere, legi, ledum read lenle slowly lentus-a-um slow levis-e light Iibellus-i [m] (little) book Iibens glad
Iibenter gladly liber-bri [m] book liber-a-urn fru Liber-i [m] liber. god of wine Iibero-are-avi-atum f'u, deliver Iicet it is pennitted Iigo-are-avi-atum tie, bind liIium-1 [n] lily linleum-i [0] linen cloth locus-i [m] place longe far, distant loquax rwisy loquor, loqui, loculus speak Lucia-ac {f] Lucia ludus-i Iml game, show lux-ds [f] light, life madidus-a-urn soaud magister-tri [mj master, 'eacher magnus-a-urn great, farge maiores-om betters, ancestors maJedico-ere sklruter malus-a-um troublesome, lmd maneo-ere-nsi-nsum remain, stay manus-us [f] hand mare-is In] sea Martialis-is [m] Manial mater-tris [f] mOiner medicus-i (m] doctor medius-a-urn mid-, middle of mehercule well I be HeTCules mens, tis {f] mind mensis·is (m] month mercator-is [m] troder meridies 1m] midday meto-ere gather, reap, mow metus-us [m] fear meus-a-um my miles-itis [m] soldier mille thousand minlme no, cenainly not minus less
lAnN-E~SH VOCABUlARY
mirabilis-c wondeiful, mlJrve{fous miror-ari-atus wonder a1 miserabilis-e pitiable miser·a-um wretched misericordia-ae [f] pity missa-ae [f] mass mitto-ere-isi-issum send modicus-a-um modest, small modo ... modo one minute . . the
"'"'
D1olestus-a-um troublesome moUio-ire soften, calm mollis-e soft monachus·i [m] monk monasterium-i [0] monastery moror-ari-atus delay, wait mors, mortis [f] death mortuus-a-urn dead mOl: soan, presently multus-a-um much. many muhls-i 1m] mule munimentum-j [oj protection munus-eris [n] gift, show munnuro-are munnur murus-j [m] wall musca-ae If] fly mutilo-are-avi mutilate
for narro-are-avi·atum relau, tell natalis dies [m) birthday nato-are-avi swim nec and ... not nec multo post fIOt long afterwards neque ... neque neither ... nor nfSCio-ire do not know nil (nihil) nothing nlSl except nobilis-e noble nomen-inis [n] name non not non ita no, fIO/ so
Dam
207 DOll numquam sometimes non solum ... sed ctiam not only but also nos we, us DOX, noctis [f] night nugae-anun [f] trifles, nonsense Dullus-a-um not any. no one num surely ... not Dumquam never DUDC now nunlii-orum [m] news Duper recently nusquam nowhere obdormio-ire fall asleep oboedientia-ae [f] duty obscurus-a-um doric obs«ro-~ implore observo-are-avi-atum observe obstuperactus-a-um stupefied OC('ido-ere-cidi fall occido-ere-cidi-eisum kifl oculus-i [m] eye odorus-a-um seen/ed, sweetsmelling obe woo oleum-i [n] oil oUm onu (upon a time) omnis-e all, every ODerosus-a-um heavy oppidum-i [n) town opprimo-ere attlJCk opto-are choose opulentia-ae (f] wealth opulentus-a-um wealthy opus-eris [nj task. work origo-inis [f] Qrigin oro·are pray, beg os., oris [n] mouth oslento-are show (off) otiosus-a-um lat.)' ovis-is if] sheep
208 ovum-i [nJ
BEGINNER'S LATIN
egg
pagaous- i lm) pagina-ae If]
pagan
poge
palma-ae If] palm panis-is 1m] bread par equal pareo--er e {+
paro-are-avi-aturn
oMy p~pa~
pascor-j graze. eat paueus-a -um few paulispe r a litlle while I)aulus-i fm) Paul pauper-i s [m] paupt!r pavidus- a_um fearful pax, pacis If] peace peccator -is 1m] sinner pecunia- ae If] monq pecus.or is InJ huri.floc l per through. across, along percutio -cre slrike, beat peregrin us-j [m] foreigner, pilgrim perlicio-en-red-fectum finish pericuJum _j [nJ danger perpetuu s-a_um unending perterritus-a_um thoroughly scared perturbo ·are.avl. atum confuse. disturb
pervigilo -are lie awa,k ali night peto-ere seek phantasia.ae [f] fancy. nOliOn pharetra -ae If] quiver phiJosop hia-ae [f) philosop hy phiJosophus.j lml philosop her pius-a-u m pious, dutiful place
pluvia-ae If] rain poena-ae If] penalty poeta-ae 1m] {)(Nl pompa-a e (f] procession pomum- i (oj fruit pono-ere-slIi-situm place, put populus- i (ml people porta-ae (f] gate porto-ar e-avj-atu m carry possideo -ere occupy possum, posse be able post aftu postea afterward s potio-nis If] drink praebeo- ere give, offer praeda-a e If] loot praedlco -are-avi p~ach praedium -! [oj store, bam praemiu m-i In] ~ward praepono -ere prefer praeter except, besides praetere a besides pravus-a -um wicked presbyte r-Ieri [mj priest primus-a -um first pro on behalf of pro certo for certain procedo- cre go for.....a rd proditor- is (m) traitor profero- ferre put forward proliciscor-i, profectu s set out Progredior-i, ProgN:SSUS adl'ance ' go forward prope near Properti us-i [ml Propertius propter because of protego- cre COl'U proximu s-a-um neareSl, prnoious prudens wise pudor-Is [mJ shume puer-i lOll boy pueritia- ae If] childhoo d
209
LATIN-ENGUSH VOCABULARY
purpureu s-a-um purple puto-are -avi think quaero-e re suk quam than, which quam celerrim e as quickly as possible quando when quatio-c re sha1l.e qui, quae, quod who, which quia that, because quidam somebody, a certain quidem in facl, indud quintus- a-um fifth quis, quid who, what? quo where (to) quod because quomodo haw quoniam since quoque also raeda-ae [f] carriage ramus-i 1m] branch recipio-ere-cepi-et"ptum welcome, take back recito-ar e recite, read aloud r'«upero -are recover redeo-ire return refero, referee r'f'port regio-nls If] region regnum- i In] kingdom rego-ere, rex!, rectum rule regula-ae If] rule reicio-ere-eci-ectum reject, refuse relinquo -ere-liqu i-lictum lea~'e, abandon remaneo -ere-si-su m r'f'main requiesc:o-cre mt res, rei If] thing, possessiOtl resono-a re resound responde o-ere, respondi re"ly resurgo- cre reappear reus-i 1m] defendan t
revelo-ar e-avi-atu m rel'eal revenio-i re return revereor -eri hold in awe revoco-a re recall rex, regis fm] king rideo-ere , risi laugh, smile ripa-ae [f] bank rivalis-is (ol] ril'QI, competit or rogo-are -avi ask Romanu s-i [m] a Roman rosa-ae If] rose rudo-ere bray rumor-is [Oll rumour, gossip rursum (rursus) again saepe often saevlo-ire rage saevitia- ae If] cruelty saevus-a -um cruel. mean sagltta-a e [f] arrow sagitlari a-ae If] arrher'ess saltern at least salutem dicere greet saluto-ar e g~et salve hello salvus-a- um safe sanctus- a-um holy. blessed sane certainly sanguis- inis {m] blood sapiens wise sapientia -ae If] wisdom sar<:ina-ae [f] bag satio-are fill, satisfy satis enough saucius- a-um wounded. smitten scelestus-ll-um wicked scbola-a e If] school scientia- ae If] Knowledge scilicet! my foot.' scio-ire know scissus-a -um tom scribo-er e-ipsi-ip tum write
&GlNNER'$ LAnN
210
scutum·j [n] shidd sc her(him/them)self
s«ond securitas·tatis [11 puKe ofmind securus.a·um sure. securr sed but st'deo-ere sit semel once semper a/ways scntio-ire notice, fed sepelio.irc.ivi, sepultum bury septem seven sepulcrum.j [oj grave sequor.j follow
lieCUndus.a-um
servo·~
sal'l!
servus-i [ro]
severns·a·urn si if
sic
serf, slave severe
thus
sicut just as. as if silentium-i [oj silence silva-ae [f] wood simuJ at the same lime sincerus-a-um sound, genuine sine without sino.ere allow sisto·ere SlOp sitiens thirsty socius-j [mJ colleague. associate sol-is [Oil sun, day solium-i In) St'(Jl solus-a-um Dilly. alone somnium-i {n] dream,fontasy somnuJenws·a·um sfupy somnus·j [01] sleep spedo-are-avi.atum watch spc]unca.ae If] cave spes-d [f] hOIH spiritus [01) spirit splendeo-ere lH! bright. resplendent sa. ssh! stabulum·j (oj stable
stagnwn-i In] pond, loU statim immediatdy stella-ae [f] star sterto-ere srwr1! stimuJus-i [m] sting sto-are, steti, statum stand strennus-a-um energetic strideo-ere hwn. whistle stringo-ere-inxi-ictum draw (sword) stndiosus-a-um hard-working studium-i [oJ stud)' stultus-a-um foolish stupor-is [m] senselessness sub beneath subito suddenl)' subsellium-i [0] pew, bench subvenio-ire [+dat.] help sufTmgium.i [n] vote superbus-a.um proud supero-are surpass superstitio·nis If] superstition surgo-ere rise suspiro-are-avi sigh susurro-are-avi whisper suns-a-um his/her/their own
tabema-ae If] inn taceo-ere-ui be quiet lacitus-a-um silent, quiet tam cito 50 quickly tamen however tandem at fast tectum-i [n] ceiling telum-i [n] missile temperantia-ae If] restraint tempus-oris (n] time tendo-ere stretch teoeo-ere-ui, teotum hold lener-era-emm tender tentatio-ois If] temptation tergo-ere wipe
211
LAnN-£NGUSH vOCABUlARY
tern-ae If] ground terno-ere-ui-itum frighten lerribilis-e terrible territus-a-um scared lemus-a-urn third testimouium-i [o} evidence. proof theologia.ae [f] theology tbeologus-i (m) theologian thesaurus-i (m} store timeo-ere fear timidus fearful timor-is [m} fear tolero-are endure, support tollo-ere lift, raise tot so many totus-a-um whole tmbs-bis [fl beam trado-ere-didi-ditum hand over tmho-ere pull, drag trans across transeo-ire p
unguentum-i (0] scent, uous-a-urn one usque and on to ut as, so thai, thai ut, utinam if only utilis-e
~rfU1U
vsqul
vaco-are-avi-atum be idle. empty vacuus-a-urn empty vado-ere go vae
alas, woe
valde very much vale dicere say goodb)'e valeo-ere be well vanus-a-um empty, false vel or veoatio-ois If] hunt venatrix·icis If] hulltress venatus-us [m] hunt venio-ire·i, veotum come veotus-i [m} wind verbero-are beat verbum-i (0] word ver-is [01 spring veritas-tatis [f] truth veTO indeed versus-us [m] verse vester-tra-truro your vestio-ire clothe vestis-is [f) clothing veto-are forbid via-ae If] road viator-is [m) traveller vicesimus-a-um twentieth victima-ae If] yictim victoria-ae (f] ~'iclory video-ere, vidi, visum see vigilo-are IH awake.....otchful viginti t....enty vindum-j (0) chain vinolentus·a-um fond of booze vinum-i (o} ••,.jne
BEGINNER'S lATIN
212 virga.ac If] rod virgo-inis If] mauun vir·j (m) man virtus-tutis (f] courage, vila·ac If] life vitium·j [n] vice vivo-el't five 'lotito-are fly
yolo, velie
lJin~
WOllt
voluto·are ponder; tum vos you vox, vods [f] vOICe Vulgatum-i [n] zhe Vulgate vulnero-are-avi-atum
wound
vuJtus·us rm) !occ. aprtssion
EN GL IS H- lA TI N VO CA BU LA RY
abbess abbot abou t
adl'iu
abbatissa-ae [f] abbas ·atis [rn] de 1+ abl.) mone o-e~ ui·i tum
all. t!I'ery omni s-e already iam alr,\'uYJ semp er
also
etiam, quoq ue
amphilh~aln
amph ithea trum -i (n)
et, atque angry iratus -a-um animal bestl a·ae (fl, anim al-is In] appTOOch adeo -in·ii -itum army execc itus·u s [m] arrow sagitt a-ae [f] ask rogo-are-avi aslon ished atlon itus·a -um
and
~d
malus-a-uDI
sarci na·ae [f] be able possu m, posse waw ay. absent absum-essc be hen. present adsum-esse be quiet tacw -ere beast bestia -ae [fJ beaut iful beUus-a-um b«au se quod believe. trust credo --ere [+
bag
both ambo both ... and el •.• el bow arcus-us [mJ boy puer. j [m]
branch ramu s-j [mJ brave fortis-e bray rudo- ere bread panis ·is [mJ brother frater -Iris [m] build aedif ico-a re-av i-atum bury sepelio-ire-ivi, sepul tum but
sed
hll)'
emo-ere
by
a{b)
cake crust um-j [n] caprure capio -ere, cepi, captu m
care/ or c:uro-are [+acc.] carriage raeda -ae (f] carry porto .are.a vl.atu m plaus trum ·i (nJ CtJrt CtJStle casteUum·i (n] chose fugo- are cheerful laetu s·a·u m church ecdes ia-ae [f] cloister claus trum· i [n] clothi ng vestis-is If] come venio·ire.i, veotu m cornJemn damn o-are conspire consp iro-ar e cQOk COQuus-i [ml copy exsc:ribo-ere.ipsi.iptum comes-itis [m] COl/lit cruel saevu s·a·um , crude lis·e
Dime Daou s·i 1m) danger peric ulum -i [n) dark obscu rus-a ·um daugh ter filia-ae lfl
214
BEGINNER'S LATIN
day dies-iei [mJ dMd mortuus-a-um death mors, mortis If) daour dn"oro-are-avi-atum difficlJ,ll dimcilis~ dinner ccna-ae [11 disgraujuf turpis-e do raci~n, feci, factum dress tunica·ae III
biblHre-bibi drink potio-nis [11 duty oboedientia-ae [f]
drink
easy facilis-e eat devoro-are·avi-atum egg ovum-j [0] elegant gracilis-e elepJulfIt elephantus-i [ml endure tolero-are enough salis enter Inlro-are·avl ever umquam eye oculus-! [mJ face vulluS-us [m] fall cado-ere, cecldl, casum fall asleep obdormio·ire fanner agrlcola-ae [m] fear timeo-ere fear timor-Is [m], metus-us [m] few paucus-a-um field ager, agri [m] filled (with) plenus-a-um [+abl.j find invenio-ire-veni-venturn finish perficio-ere-fec:i.(edum fire ignis-is 1m] /irst primus-a-urn
flu
rugjo-ere. rugi
food cibm-! 1m] foolish stultus.a-um
{oreignu forgive
perqvinus-i (m) igD~re
(+dal.]
fru liber-a-wn free
libero-are--avl-atum
friend amicus-I 1m], amica-u (f] frighten terreo-e~ui-itum furious ruriosus-a-um
kitchen culina-ae If] know scio-ire
garden bortus-i [m) gift donum-i InJ. munus-eris [0] give do-an, dedi, datum go eo, ire, jj go away abeo-ire-jj·itum god deus-i [m] goddess dea-ae (tl gold aurum-i (nJ good bonus-a-urn great magnus-a-um greedy gulosus-a-um grieve doleo-ere groan gemo-cre-ui groan gemitus-us [m] ground terra-ae-us [tl
larxe
hand manus-us [f] hamlover trado-cre-didi-ditum happy laetus-a-um IUlve haheo-ere hear audio-ire-ivi-itum heavy onerosus-a-um Irere hie Iride eelo-are-avi-atum Iris/ory historia-ae [f] /wid teneo-ere-ui, tentum Iroly sanctus-a-um /wpe spes-ei [tl /wrse equus-i em), caballus-i em] hour bora-ae [f] /wwever tamen, autem humble bumilis-e hundred centum hurry restino-a.-e.avi if si ifonly ut, utinam immediauly statim inflllmL inDammo-are-avi kill
interficio-ere
215
ENGUSH--lATIN VOCABUlARY
lady
domina-ae if] magnus-a-urn laugh rideo-ere, risi lazy ignavus-ll-um lead duco-e~uxi-uctum leaf rolium-i [nJ leave relinquo-cre-liqui-lictum letter epistula-ae (f) library bibliotheca-ae (f] lie iaceo-ere life vita-ae [f] listen to audio-ire-ivi-iturn lil'e habito-are-avi, vivo-ere long for desidero-are-avi-atum lose amitto-ere love amo-are-avl-aturn love amor-is [ml
mllid aoeilla-ae [Il maiden virgo-inis [fj make rado-ere, red, ractum man vir-i [ro], homo-inis (rol mellt caro, carois [Il mind animus-i [mJ monk monachus-i [m] monastery monasterium-i [0] money pecunia-ae III mother mater-tris [f) much, many multus-a-um mule mulus-i [rol my meus-a-um narm! nomen-iois (n) near prope [+occ.) neither ... nor neque _. neque never oumquam nighl nox, ooctis [f) noble nobilis-e nOI non nothing nil (nihil) now nunc, lam
obey pareo-ere (+dllt.) often saepc one nnus-a-wn order impero-are {+dat.] orner, lell iubeo-ere. iugsl other ceterus·a-um owe. ought debeo-ere-ui-itwn ox bas-vis Im/f]
peace pax, pads (f] people populus-i (m) perfume uoguentum-i [n) philosophy philosophia-ae (f] pilgrim peregrinus-i [m] piliable miserabilis-e plan consilium-i [0] pleasing gratus-a-um poem cannen-iois (0] poet poeta-ae (m) pond stagnum-i (oj praise laudo-are-avl-atum pray oro-are preach praedico-are-avi prepare paro·are-avi-atnm priest presbyter.teri [ro] prisoner eaptivus-i [ro] procession pompa-ae [fl punish castigo-are-avi.atum read lego-ere, legI, leetum recile, read aloud rei:ito-are rejoice gaudeo-ere relale narro-are-avi-atum remain remaneo-ere-si-sum retum redeo-ire, reveoio-iN! ride equito-are-avi road via-ae [Il rvle regula-ae If] rvn cnrro-eN! sad tristis-e $Qy diro-ere-ixi-ictum scared tenitus-a-urn sclwol schola-ae If] see video-ere, vidi, visum
BEGINNER'S lATIN
216 seek peto-ere, quaero·ere send milto-ere-isi-issum serf servus-j [m] serious gravis-e shadow umbra-ae If]
shout
c1amo-are-avi-atum
shout, cry clamor-is [m] sing canto-are-avi·atum sit sedeo-ere slaughter trucido-are-avi-atum slave servus-j [m] sleep donnio-ire·ivi·itum slow lenIus-a-urn slowly lenle
snore sterto-ere soldier miles-itis 1m] song carmen-inis [n] SQul anima-ae If] spirit spiritus-us [m] spring ver-is [n1 stay maneo-ere-nsi-nsum step gradus-us [m] still adhuc story fahula-ae If] struJent discipulus-i 1m] surely ... (nol) nonne ... (num) sweet dulcis-e sweet-smelling odorus-a-um swim nato-are-avi teach doceo-ere-ui, doctum teacher magister-In [m] than quam there ibi
thick
densus-a-um thing res, rei If] think pUlo-ace-avi thousand mille three Ires, tria through per [+acc.] tie Iigo-are-avi.atum time tempus-oris [n] tired fessus-a-um
town oppidum.i [n] trust credo-ere [+
inteUego-ere
aestimo-are-avi-atum versus-us [m) vox, vocis If)
walk ambulo-are·avi-atum wall murus-i [m] want volo, veUe wanton lascivus-a-um war bellum-i [n] watch specto-are-avi-atum watch over custodio-ire water aqua-ae If] way. route iter-ineris In] weep Oeo-ere whisper susnrro-are·avi who? what? quis? quid? why cur wicked scelestus·a-um wind ventus-i [m] window fenestra·ae If] wine vinum-i [n] wise prudens, sapiens with cum f+abl.] without sine [+abl.] woman femina-ae If] wood silva-ae If) word verbum-i In] work opus-eris In], labor·is [m] work laboro-are-avi wound vulnero-are-avi-atum wretched miser-a·um write scribo-ere-ipsi-iptum year
annus-i [m]
