PHONETICS
VOCABULARY
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
LEARNING STRATEGIES
/a/ // /a/ /e/ //
schwa
n l
e
/j/ /ju:/ //
(-ed) /d/ /t/ /id/
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Introduction Bienvenido al módulo siete del curso That’s English! Nada más terminar el programa, conviene que hagas con el que seguimos en el nivel intermedio. la sección After you watch . Con estas actividades, En esta introducción queremos ofrecerte varias se intenta medir si has comprendido lo fundamental sugerencias para seguir cómodamente y con éxito del programa. Si te resultara muy difícil realizar las los módulos de That’s English! Los números de actividades de esta sección, deberías volver a ver el página que aparecen a continuación se refieren al programa e intentar hacerlas de nuevo. orden dentro de cada unidad.
Primer programa de vídeo (1ª página) Todos los materiales de cada unidad giran en torno a un tema diferente. Antes de ver el programa correspondiente a una unidad, te ayudará consultar la tabla de contenidos al principio del libro donde verás recogidas las funciones, estructuras, vocabulario, etc., que la configuran. Después, echa un vistazo a la primera página de la sesión A. En ella podrás ver los Objetivos que se espera que hayas conseguido al finalizar el estudio de la unidad. Puedes volver a ellos en ese momento y comprobar si los has conseguido. Los encabezamientos Before you watch , While you watch y After you watch (antes, mientras y después de ver el programa) te indican qué actividades debes hacer en cada momento. Before you watch presenta el vocabulario y las frases clave del programa. Debes, por tanto, leerlas atentamente y buscar en el diccionario cualquier palabra que desconozcas. While you watch contiene las preguntas que los presentadores hacen al comienzo del programa; sirven para que te hagas una idea del contenido del episodio correspondiente de la nueva serie Cafe 27 , que verás también en los restantes módulos del nivel intermedio, y centres tu atención en sus aspectos esenciales. Los presentadores te darán las respuestas al final del mismo. Este apartado debes prepararlo cuidadosamente antes de ver el programa, pues te servirá para su mejor comprensión y aprovechamiento.
Mientras ves el programa, intenta responder a las preguntas hechas por los presentadores, pero recuerda que lo más importante es seguir el hilo general de la trama, y que no debes preocuparte si hay algunas palabras o expresiones que desconoces. Muy probablemente las tendrás en cualquiera de los demás materiales de la unidad. Es conveniente que tengas papel y lápiz a mano, pues puede haber palabras o explicaciones de los presentadores que te interese anotar. En cualquier caso, observarás que la segunda vez que veas el programa entenderás mucho más que la primera. Y si lo ves una tercera vez, aún mejor.
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En la sección Now you! se te pide que relaciones el tema del programa con tus propias vivencias y opiniones. Por eso conviene que hagas esta actividad nada más ver el programa. Es una excelente manera de repasarlo e interiorizarlo.
Reading (2ª y 6ª páginas) Así como la primera página se centra en el desarrollo de la comprensión auditiva, las páginas 2ª y 6ª de cada unidad están dedicadas al desarrollo de la capacidad lectora, fundamental, junto con aquella, para el aprendizaje y dominio de una lengua. Bajo el encabezamiento Reading , se encuentra un texto que desarrolla diversos aspectos del tema de la unidad. Léelo dos veces con detenimiento y vuelve a él siempre que sea necesario para realizar las actividades relacionadas con él. La única diferencia entre las dos páginas es que en la sexta, el texto suele ser más auténtico y menos graduado y, por lo tanto, puede resultar más difícil. Pero lo importante en la comprensión, tanto auditiva como lectora, no es la comprensión de todas y cada una de las palabras, sino de lo esencial del texto, ya sea hablado o escrito.
Language Study (3ª, 4ª y 7ª páginas) Estas páginas están dedicadas al desarrollo de los siguientes aspectos: Pronunciation
Los ejercicios de pronunciación se centran en los diversos aspectos de la fonética: sonidos, acento, ritmo y entonación, tratados desde el punto de vista de las dificultades que presentan habitualmente para el hablante español. Estos ejercicios son fundamentales para mejorar tu pronunciación. Para hacerlos, deberás usar el CD de audio. Conviene que grabes tu propia voz y la compares con el modelo del CD. Para conseguir una pronunciación aceptable, necesitarás repetir muchas veces, pero el esfuerzo merece la pena. Listening
Estas actividades sirven no solo para desarrollar la importantísima destreza de comprender la palabra hablada, sino también para reforzar el vocabulario, las estructuras y funciones estudiadas. Para ello, escucha el CD de audio con atención: no escribas
THAT’S ENGLISH!
nada. Vuelve a escuchar el CD e intenta completar los ejercicios cuantas veces sea necesario. Finalmente, escucha el CD de nuevo, siguiendo el texto y comprueba que todas las respuestas son correctas. Grammar
La gramática juega un papel importante, pero no esencial en el aprendizaje de una lengua. El conocimiento de las reglas no lleva automáticamente a aplicarlas bien a la hora de hablar o escribir; por tanto, no debes obsesionarte con la gramática. Es más importante ser capaz de participar en una conversación, leer un libro o escribir un correo que saber todas las reglas de la lengua. Conviene buscar un equilibrio. El conocimiento de las reglas gramaticales te ayudará a entender ciertas estructuras complejas o simplemente distintas a las españolas; también te permitirá corregir tus propias producciones, probablemente a posteriori , y te dará una cierta sensación de confianza; pero recuerda que se pueden saber todas las reglas de una lengua y ser incapaz de expresarse en la misma, así como también es posible expresarse con toda fluidez y corrección sin conocer las reglas. Así pues, conviene que estudies los recuadros de explicaciones gramaticales, que comprendas bien los ejemplos y que hagas los ejercicios correspondientes. Speaking
Hay dos clases de actividades de speaking : de producción y de interacción. Las actividades de producción las puedes hacer solo. Sin embargo, para las actividades de interacción necesitas a alguien con quien interactuar. Si conoces a alguien que también esté estudiando inglés, sería muy útil que pudieras hacer estas actividades con esta persona. Siempre tienes, por supuesto, la sesión de tutoría donde podrás realizar estas actividades con tus compañeros de clase. Un consejo: no seas tímido. Lánzate a hablar. No te preocupes por los errores que puedas cometer. No hay nada más que una forma de aprender a hablar y es... hablando. Writing
Para muchos de los ejercicios de expresión escrita de estas páginas no hay una solución correcta única. Esto no debe preocuparte. No es necesario que todo lo que escribas sea absolutamente correcto. Escribe sin miedo, echa mano de tus fuentes de consulta: diccionarios, gramáticas, amigos, internet; de nuevo, no tengas miedo de cometer errores, y piensa que es a base de práctica como se aprende a escribir. En este nivel intermedio está presente una nueva sección dentro de la parte de Language Study . En las
THAT’S ENGLISH!
unidades 3, 6 y 9 del libro verás que se dedica una columna entera a practicar la destreza de escritura con diferentes actividades. Está pensada para ayudarte a comprender mejor el proceso de escritura y para familiarizarte con los distintos tipos de textos que puedes necesitar escribir.
Segundo programa de vídeo (5ª página) La sesión B del libro, que se corresponde con el segundo programa de vídeo, tiene por objeto ampliar la lengua presentada en la sesión anterior de forma menos controlada y más natural. El segundo programa está compuesto por diversos elementos que abordan el tema general introducido en la sesión anterior, desde muy distintos puntos de vista: Documentary : donde podrás ver un documental sobre algún aspecto relacionado con el tema de la unidad. Same language, different lives : en esta sección tendrás oportunidad de ver a varias personas de diferentes países de habla inglesa respondiendo a preguntas relacionadas con el tema de la unidad. De esta manera, además de oír diferentes formas de hablar inglés, podrás aprender cómo es la vida en estos países y contrastarla con la tuya. That’s Britain: es una sección con la que podrás disfrutar de un viaje cultural por diferentes zonas del Reino Unido. En este módulo visitaremos el suroeste de Inglaterra. En cada episodio nuestra presentadora, Elizabeth, visita alguna ciudad o lugar de interés turístico y conversará con las personas que vaya encontrando. Esta sección te ayudará a mejorar tu comprensión auditiva y a conocer de cerca interesantes aspectos de la cultura británica. Pues bien, antes de ver el segundo programa, es muy conveniente que leas todas las actividades que debes hacer porque te resultará motivador y te ayudará a comprender lo que vas a ver. Realiza las actividades de la sección Before you watch antes de ver el programa de TV: muchas de ellas están encaminadas a familiarizarte con el lenguaje que se va a usar y, en ocasiones, a predecirlo. Realiza las actividades de la sección After you watch después de ver el programa. Éstas tienen por misión medir tu comprensión de los diversos elementos. Un consejo que deberías tener muy en cuenta: no te preocupes si no entiendes todas y cada una de las palabras que oigas o leas. Lo importante es entender lo esencial de cada uno de sus elementos.
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Consolidation (8ª y 9ª páginas) En esta parte del libro se repasan y amplían los contenidos de las sesiones A y B. Cada una de las actividades integra varias destrezas, bien sea la comprensión auditiva con la expresión escrita u oral, o la comprensión lectora con la expresión escrita u oral, etc. Algunas de estas actividades pueden ser más abiertas y menos controladas que las de las sesiones A y B. No debes preocuparte si no sabes si has resuelto bien la actividad o no. El mismo hecho de realizarla te ha servido para mucho. Como muchas otras cosas de la vida, una lengua se aprende practicán dola y cometiendo errores. La corrección de los errores puede ser importante, pero mucho más importante es el uso y la práctica de la lengua con o sin errores. No obstante, la tutoría presencial puede ser un buen momento para preguntar tus dudas y practicar las actividades orales de esta sección con tus compañeros.
Self Test (10ª página) Esta última página de cada unidad te da la oportunidad de que te autoevalúes y te ayuda a preparar el examen de fin de módulo. Cada página constará de una actividad de comprensión auditiva o lectora, así como de una actividad de expresión oral o escrita y de algún ejercicio sobre el uso de la lengua. No debes realizar estos ejercicios hasta después de haber completado las otras tres partes de la unidad y después de haber visto los programas A y B de vídeo. Si te resultan muy difíciles, vuelve a hacer las partes relevantes de la unidad, vuelve a ver los programas de televisión, repasa, si es necesario, toda la unidad y, sobre todo, no te desesperes.
Reference Section En este nivel intermedio se ha añadido una sección completa al final del libro que se llama Reference Section . En ella encontrarás detalladas explicaciones gramaticales que amplían la información proporcionada por las help boxes en cada unidad.También encontrarás el vocabulario principal trabajado en la unidad, con su correspondiente transcripción fonética en el apartado de Wordlist , así como las secciones que aparecían en los otros módulos, List of Irregular Verbs y Phonetic Symbols. Todos estos elementos están pensados para proporcionarte la ayuda necesaria con las estructuras y el vocabulario de cada unidad. Por último, un consejo muy importante para que puedas tener éxito con el curso That’s English! : asiste a las sesiones de tutoría con regularidad. Son fundamentales para el desarrollo de la expresión oral.
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THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
1
Our planet S E V I T C E J B O
·To describe countries and their geographical features ·To make comparisons
A The best place on Earth 5 What happens in Cornwall in the summer? a It rains a lot. b It is overpopulated with tourists. c The winds are too strong.
BEFORE YOU WATCH 1
Look at the photos. Would you prefer to live in the countryside or by the sea? Give two reasons.
6 What problem does Jade see with living in the mountains? a The Internet is too slow. b It’s too close to the city. c It’s too windy. 4
WHILE YOU WATCH 2
1 It’s an isolated peninsula. … 2 It is a quiet and peaceful place to live. … 3 It’s noisy and windy. … 4 It has the freshest air in Britain. … 5 It is the healthiest environment in the world. … 6 It rains all the time. …
Answer the questions.
1 Where did Simon and Jade each grow up?
Read the descriptions. Decide if they refer to Cornwall (C) or the mountains (M).
5
Listen to the speakers describing their favourite places in Britain. Match the places in the box to the descriptions. London (x2) Loch Ness Cornwall The Lake District Croydon
2 What is Jade’s decision in the end?
1 There are lots of places to go for nice walks. 2 It’s very cosmopolitan. 3 It has beautiful beaches and lovely countryside. 4 It is nice countryside an hour’s drive outside Edinburgh. 5 It’s got everything that you want in a city. 6 It’s beautiful for its own reasons.
AFTER YOU WATCH 3
Choose the correct option. 1 Why do Jade and Simon want to move house? a London is too expensive. b They have found new jobs. c They are tired of living in London. 2 Why are Jade and Simon arguing? a They want to live in different parts of the UK. b They can’t agree which house to buy. c Their business is not doing very well. 3 Where is Cornwall? a It’s north of London. b It’s in the south-west of Britain. c It’s in Scotland. 4 What does Jade love about the coast? a the smell of the sea b the sound of the sea c the smell and sound of the sea
THAT’S ENGLISH!
1…
2…
3…
4…
5…
6…
NOW YOU! 6
Describe the place where you grew up. What did you like or didn’t you like about living there? I grew up on the coast. I really liked the sunny weather, but I didn’t like the tourists in the summertime.
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Our planet
READING 1
How much do you know about the United States of America? Decide if the following sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). 1 More tourists visit the United States than Spain. 2 There are deserts in the north of the United States. 3 The Mississippi River is the longest in the world. 4 Monument Valley contains a monument showing past presidents of the United States. 5 Woody Guthrie was a singer.
2
Read the text and check your answers.
1
A country like a continent If you don’t know where to go on holiday next year, and if money isn’t a problem, the United States of America is one of the best places to visit. Last year, over 62 million people decided to spend their vacation in the USA which is the second most visited country in the world after France. One of the reasons they chose this destination is that, quite simply, there is so much to see. Geographically, the USA is more similar to a continent than a country. The landscape differs greatly across the 50 states: from tropical beaches in the south-east to the snowy peaks of the Rocky Mountains in the west; from arid deserts in the south-west to dense green wilderness areas in the north-east and north-west where you can travel for miles and see no one. In a country as varied as this, it’s difficult to say what the most iconic geographical features are. However, no description would be complete without a mention of the Mississippi. The fourth longest river in the world, it rises in the north of the USA and flows over 2,500 miles until it reaches the Gulf of Mexico. This ‘Father of Waters’ creates massive areas of fertile farmland on its long journey, and it contains an amazing variety of wildlife. Many important cities are located on its banks, including magical New Orleans, the jazz capital of the world. The river has inspired numerous writers, the most famous being Mark Twain. His books Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn are part of American popular culture. The American landscape occupies an important place in national cultural heritage thanks to the influence of western films. No one understood this better than John Ford, who set many of his films in Monument Valley on the Utah-Arizona border. This flat plain, with its red earth, is characterised by spectacular sandstone formations. In the words of film critic Keith Phipps, it has defined ‘what moviegoers imagine when they think of the American West.’ Although it is a country of great geographical variations, most people in the USA have a strong sense of national identity. In the words of the famous folk song by Woody Guthrie, This land is your land, this land is my land... This land was made for you and me…
3
Choose the correct option. 1 The United States is ... . a a popular tourist destination b visited by more people than any other country c a cheap place to visit 2 If you like climbing, you should go to the ... . a west b east c south-west 3 The ‘Father of Waters’ is the ... . a Gulf of Mexico b United States c Mississippi River 4 New Orleans is ... . a the birthplace of Mark Twain b on the Mississippi River c a centre of black magic
10
4
Match the highlighted words from the text (1-10) to the correct definition (a-j). 1 landscape
a characteristics
2 peaks
b goes up
3 wilderness
c agricultural land
4 features
d frontier
5 rises
e area with no mountains
6 flows
f sides
7 farmland
g moves
8 banks
h physical appearance of land
9 border
i mountains
10 plain
j areas with few people and where no crops are grown
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
1
LANGUAGE STUDY 1
Read and complete the text with words from the box.
4
Match the adjectives to the pictures. deep flat mountainous narrow shallow wide
bank flows farmland features landscapes peaks rises plain wilderness
Spain is a country rich in geographical (1) ... and it is full of different (2) ... , from the snowy (3) ... of the Pyrenees to arid (4) ... areas in Aragon and fertile (5) ... in the north. The centre of the country is occupied by a large (6) ... . The longest river is the Tagus, which (7) ... in the Montes Universales in Teruel and (8) ... 650 miles to the Atlantic Ocean in Lisbon. The historical city of Toledo is situated on the north (9) ... of this river.
2
3
5
2
4
6
Listen and notice the stress. 5
2
farmland landscape valley geographical_feature wilderness_area mountain mountainous desert fertile located
2
1
Complete the sentences with the words from the box. cool cold
extreme wet hot dry warm mild
1 The weather in Bilbao is … , but in Almería it is very … . 2 The temperature in Segovia in the summer is quite … but very … in the winter. 3 When the weather is … , you can turn on the air conditioning to feel … . 4 The climate in the Canary Islands isn’t … because the temperature is … all year round.
Now listen again and repeat.
Use of the with geographical features Se usa the con: - las palabras country , sea, seaside, mountains... I prefer spending my holidays at the seaside than in the mountains. - puntos cardinales y nombres propios de ríos, océanos, cadenas montañosas… the snowy peaks of the Rocky Mountains.
Adjectives: wet , humid and damp Estos adjetivos en ocasiones se confunden. The weather in Bilbao was wet . (wet = rainy ) I hate humid places: I feel sweaty day and night. (humid = water in air, hot weather) The climate in Ireland is cold and damp. (damp = water in air, cold weather)
No se usa the con nombres propios de continentes, países, lagos, ciudades... Lake Tahoe is about 15 hours away by car. see page 114 6 3
Choose the correct option. 1 Have you ever been to the / ø Pyrenees? 2 The / ø Lake Michigan looks like an ocean. 3 I would like to see the / ø fjords in Norway. 4 A lot of Canada is covered with the / ø forests. 5 The / ø Mount Ranier is the highest mountain in Washington. 6 Robin Hood lived in the / ø Sherwood Forest while T.E. Lawrence spent time in the / ø Negev desert.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Choose the correct option. 1 The heat in Chicago in the summer is very humid / wet . 2 Young children should swim in narrow / shallow water. 3 In the north-west of England it rains a lot. It’s very wet / dry . 4 The sun is shining. It’s a pleasant warm / humid day. 5 The Mississippi is difficult to cross because it’s very wide / shallow . 6 I can’t wear this shirt. It’s still damp / humid .
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Our planet 7
Complete the text with words from the box.
10
bordered borders cool damp deep flat mountainous narrow shallow temperate warm wide
1 There’s a big difference between the climate of northern and southern Europe. 2The climate of Spain is similar to the climate of Italy. 3The climate in tropical countries is very different from the English climate. 4The weather in the south of England is often the same as in the north of France. 5The south of Spain is as hot as the north of Morocco. 6The landscape of the south of Spain differs greatly from the landscape of England. 7 Like Ireland, England doesn’t have an extreme climate. 8 Unlike Spain, it’s rarely very hot in England in the summer. 9 Nobody knows him as she does.
England is (1) ... by Scotland in the north, while Wales (2) ... the country to the west. Most of its landscape is quite (3) ... , but there are higher, (4) ... areas in the north. England is separated from France by the English Channel. On a clear day you can see France from the town of Dover as the Channel is very (5) ... here. To be exact, it is only 34 km (6) ... . In general it is a very (7) ... area of water: it is never more than 174 metres (8) ... . All in all, we can say that England has a (9) ... climate. Summers are (10) ... while spring and autumn are (11) ... . Winters, however, are cold and (12) … .
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Read the sentences. What do the expressions in bold mean? Choose the correct answer.
Work in pairs. Say something about England. Your partner says if it is true or false. Use the information in activity 7. England is very mountainous.
No, it’s quite flat.
different
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the same
Choose the correct option. 1 Great Britain isn’t as big like / as Spain. 2 It / There is a big difference between the landscape in Norway and Kenya. 3 Like / Similar in Sweden, the winter in Finland can be very cold. 4The landscape in the west of the United States differs greatly from / is very different the landscape in the centre. 5The Matterhorn is the same mountain that / as Monte Cervino.
Adjectives and adverbs: comparative and superlative - La forma comparativa se forma así: - the + adjetivo / adverbio + -er + than - more + adjetivo / adverbio + than There aren’t many larger countries than the USA. He climbed Mount Everest more slowly than I did. - La forma superlativa se forma así: - the + adjetivo / adverbio + -est - the most + adjetivo / adverbio The fourth longest river in the world is in my country. It’s di cult to say what the most important geographical features are.
similar
12
Listen to the conversation. Select the picture that shows...
3
1 where Barry lives now. 2 where he might live in the future.
see page 114
a 9
c
Complete with the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs in brackets. 1The seasons change … near the Equator. (slowly) 2 Cherrapunji in India is ... place in the world. (wet) 3 Rivers flow ... when it rains a lot. (quickly) 4 Denmark is one of ... countries in Europe. (flat) 5The Pacific Ocean is ... than the Atlantic. (deep) 6The Atacama Desert, Chile, is … desert in the world. (dry)
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b
13
Listen again and decide if the sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones.
3
1 Barry needs a change. 2 He went to north-west Scotland last year. 3 Barry would like to live somewhere more exciting. 4 North-west Scotland is warm and dry. 5 Barry has decided to live in north-west Scotland.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
1
B Wonders of the world That’s Britain!
BEFORE YOU WATCH
5
Documentary 1
1 What is the name of the yellow flowers from the outdoor area? 2 What is the climate like in the Rainforest Biome? 3 What is the name of the Biome that represents hot dry summers? 4 What familiar or recognisable trees does the presenter show? 5 What is Abby and Oliver’s favourite biome? 6 What is special about the zip wire?
Read the definition of a World Heritage Site. Can you name two places in your country which match this description? A World Heritage Site is a place that is of special cultural or natural importance, for example forests, deserts, monuments or cities.
That’s Britain! 2
Tick (3) the words in the box which best describe the climate in your region.
Same language, different lives 6
cool foggy sunny cloudy
Answer the questions about The Eden Project.
dry windy humid mild
Listen to the speakers describing their countries. Which geographical feature does each speaker talk about? 1
2
3
6
5
4
7
AFTER YOU WATCH
Documentary 3
Match the World Heritage Sites (1-3) to the categories (a-c). 1 The Causeway Coast 2 Stonehenge 3 St. Kilda Island
a cultural b natural c natural and cultural
1 a lochs / lakes
b mountains
2 a countryside
b glaciers
3 a Ayers Rock
b beaches
4 a Grand Canyon
b The Rocky Mountains
5 a The Rocky Mountains b waterfalls 4
Choose the correct option. 1 The Jurassic coast is exceptional because of its rocks / size . 2 The Jurassic coastline is 95 / 185 miles long. 3 The rock layers on the coast reveal information about dinosaurs / plants and wildlife . 4 The Jurassic coast is important for historians / geologists . 5 Visitors to the coast can also walk and go bird watching / go swimming . 6 The erosion of the site is an advantage / a problem for geologists.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
6 a seaside cliffs
b green countryside
7 a tropical islands
b sun, sea and beach
NOW YOU! 7
Have you been to any of the places listed above? If yes, what were your impressions? Which of these places or other natural sites would you like to see and why? I have been to the Grand Canyon. I was amazed by its size. It was very spectacular and very beautiful. I’d...
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Our planet
READING 1
Look at the pictures. Which place would be interesting for an archaeologist (1), a marine biologist (2), a botanist (3) and a zoologist (4)? a
b
ice field 2
c
grassland
d
rainforest
desert
Read the text and match the headings (1-5) to the correct paragraphs (a-e). 1 A dry area with beautiful lakes 2 Studying impressions on rocks shows how animals evolved and adapted.
3 Areas containing large amounts of fresh water 4 The beauty of nature: not a new idea 5 Variety makes the world special.
It’s a wonderful world a
b
c
‘We can never have enough of nature,’ said the writer Henry David Thoreau, and who would disagree? The more we learn about the world, the more we realise how incredibly diverse it is. Each continent tells a different story, but the basic message is always the same: the natural world is uniquely special. Here we look at three of the natural wonders of planet Earth. Australia is unlike anywhere else on Earth. The reason is simple: 35 million years ago it separated from the rest of the world. As a result, it contains an absolutely unique collection of animals. What’s more, by looking at its rich deposits of fossils, scientists can learn how they evolved. Riversleigh, in the north of the country, is Australia’s most important fossil site. The area contains thousands of fossils located in stones, rocks, water pools and caves. They show how animals adapted as the ecosystem changed from dense rainforest to semiarid grassland. The Glaciers National Park, in Patagonia in the south of Argentina, is an area of exceptional natural beauty, with high mountains and glacial lakes. This
3
Listen and answer the questions.
4
1 What do the different continents have in common? 2 What happened 35 million years ago? 3 Why are the fossils at Riversleigh important? 4 Why is The Glaciers National Park ecologically significant? 5 What do many people on holiday in Argentina visit? 6 What is strange about the location of the Lakes of Ounianga? 7 Do Thoreau and Aristotle agree? Explain your answer.
14
vast alpine area includes the Patagonian ice field which extends over 14,000 km 2 and is the third largest reserve of fresh water in the world. One of the most famous glaciers in the ice field is the spectacular blue-coloured Perito Moreno, which is now a major tourist attraction in Argentina.
4
d
The Ennedi region of the Sahara Desert is a boiling and arid place, with very few plants or flowers. However, in the middle of this wilderness area, where the sun burns like fire, are the stunning Lakes of Ounianga. There are eighteen in total, and none of them has exactly the same colour. The landscape is absolutely beautiful: blue, green and red lakes, surrounded by palm trees, sand dunes and spectacular rock formations, all in the middle of a desert that stretches over thousands of kilometres.
e
These are three very different areas, each with its own unique features, but each part of the mosaic of the natural world. Aristotle was surely right when over 2,000 years ago he pronounced, ‘In all things of nature there is something marvellous.’
Complete the sentences with the correct highlighted word in the text. 1 Lakes are large areas of … water, although there are a few saltwater lakes. They are bigger than … . 2 Rabbits don’t live in rainforests, they live in ... . 3 I prefer beaches with ... and ... trees. 4 Bears sometimes hibernate in ... . 5 The largest ... in Europe is in Norway. There aren’t any in Spain. 6 Rocks are big … . 7 Riversleigh is not the only … in Australia.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
1
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 5
Listen to the pronunciation of these words. They all contain a diphthong followed by the schwa sound //. 1 /a/ 2 // 3 /a/ 4 /e/ 5 //
4
sentences
with
a double
1 big / country / varied / landscape 2 high / you climb / good / the view 3 I know about Kenya / I want to go there 4 spectacular / landscape / easily / you remember it 5 far / you travel / you love the world
f ire, variety slower, rower flower, tower player, gayer lawyer, employer 5
2
Write complete comparative.
Complete the table with the words in the box.
Look at the picture and complete the sentences with the correct word. There is one extra word. mountain range plateau
drier higher tired liar lower Howard our sour greyer layer loyal royal destroyer
hill gulf
/a/
//
/a/
/e/
//
grassland
cape strait rainforest
6
1 The … of Cádiz is a body of water near the border of Spain and Portugal. 2 … Canaveral in Florida is where they launch space rockets. 3 The Pampas is a huge area of … in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. 4 The Amazon is the largest … in the world. 5 The … of Gibraltar is only 13 kms wide. 6 About 40% of Spain’s land is made up of the Castilian … . 7 On top of that … there is an old castle. 8 On the beach at Arcachon in south-west France, there is a … that is over 100 metres high!
Listen, check and repeat.
Double comparative: the (slower) ... , the (better) Utilizamos the + comparative , the + comparative con adjetivos y adverbios para expresar que dos cosas se relacionan: cuando un cambio tiene lugar, le sigue otro como consecuencia.
The more we learn about the world, the more we realise that it is an incredible place.
The warmer the weather, the lighter the clothes that you wear. see page 116
3
Match the beginning (1-5) and end (a-e) of each sentence. 1 The flatter the country,… 2 The more humid the climate,… 3 The deeper the ocean,… 4 The shallower the water,… 5 The narrower the river,… a the safer it is for children to play. b the easier it is to travel. c the more difficult it is for boats to sail. d the colder the water. e the more uncomfortable you feel. 1…
2…
3…
THAT’S ENGLISH!
4…
5…
sand dune
6
Read the text and adapt it so that it is true for you. My ideal holiday would be to go to a tropical beach with palm trees and sand dunes. I love hot weather. The warmer, the better! What’s more, it’s not a problem for me if it’s quite humid. On the other hand, I hate cold weather, so I wouldn’t want to go somewhere like Alaska with glaciers and ice fields. I’d rather be in a rainforest than go there! I usually spend my summer holidays in the area of La Vera in central Spain. There are lots of natural pools, and it’s very pleasant.
My ideal holiday wouldn’t be to go to a tropical beach. I don’t like hot weather. The cooler, the better...
15
Our planet
CONSOLIDATION 1
Look at the map and answer the questions. 1 Can you name the seven continents? 2 In which continent do you think the largest desert in the world is?
2
5
1
6
3
Read the article and match the opening sentence (1-5) to each paragraph (a-e).
2
1 Antarctica wasn’t always such a cold, inhospitable place. 2 Antarctica is the only area in the world where humans have not lived for thousands of years. 3 This probably sounds rather strange to you. 4 When we think of Antarctica, we usually picture it as a fixed land mass. 5 Sometimes, popular ideas about geography can be completely wrong.
7
4
Antarctica: fact and fiction a ...
Think about deserts, for example. They’re usually full of sand and very hot, aren’t they? Wrong! In reality, only 20% of the desert areas of the planet are formed of sand. Several of them even consist of ice! The biggest desert on the Earth is actually in the Antarctic, and it’s much bigger than the Sahara. b ... How
can you have a desert that consists of ice? The answer lies in the definition of a desert. In simple terms, it is a region that is very dry because very little rain or snow falls there. But doesn’t it snow a lot in Antarctica? The answer will surprise you: Antarctica is the driest continent on the planet! What’s more, around 0.03% of it has no ice at all. In this so called Dry Valley region conditions are, in many ways, very similar to those on Mars. For example, it is very cold and it never rains or snows. c ... About
200 million years ago it was connected to South America, Africa, India, Australia, and New Zealand in one large continent called Gondwana. The climate was warm, and there was an abundance of trees and large animals. Today, however, only geological formations and fossils indicate what the continent was like millions of years ago. d ... Once
again, however, we have the wrong idea. At the beginning of winter, the Antarctic sea-ice actually begins to expand. Every day, it advances by around 40,000 square miles (100,000 square kilometres). Eventually, the continent becomes twice as big as in the summer! So, the colder the temperature, the larger it becomes.
) e c r u o s
e ... Even
today, only two or three thousand scientists live there on a permanent basis — in an area which is 50% larger than Australia! Moreover, when you think of the extreme conditions, it doesn’t seem probable that many more people will want to come in the near future. 3
e n i l n o (
Read the text again. Decide if the following sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 Most deserts actually contain ice. 2 The Sahara isn’t the biggest desert in the world. 3 It never rains or snows in Antarctica. 4 Fossils in Antarctica show that the climate used to be different. 5 The size of Antarctica changes over several months. 6 Antarctica has recently been attracting a lot of new inhabitants.
4
Read the comparison of the two pictures. Correct the underlined mistakes. In general, picture A is very (1) similar to picture B. It has (2) the same geographical features as picture B. (3) Like picture B, picture A is located in the Alps. The landscape in the two pictures (4) doesn’t differ much. The landscape in picture A is (5) less mountainous than picture B. I think that it’s probably (6) more difficult to find water in picture A. The climate in A is (7) hotter and drier than in B and we can see palm trees in B. They often grow in (8) rainforests. Of the two pictures, I prefer A because it shows (9) grassland, which is very (10) different from the landscape in some areas of my home country, Canada.
16
A
B
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
5
Talk about the differences between these three landscapes. Use the expressions in activity 4 to help you.
wet
rainforest
dry
desert
9
grassland
Which of these habitats do you think is the most hostile to live in and why?
differ long (x2) different big mountainous extreme
Geographically, Spain is very (1) ... from Britain. First of all, it’s much (2) ... . It also has a (3) ... climate. In Britain, the climate is (4) ... . Spain is also much (5) ... than the UK, with several mountain ranges (a chain of mountains) over 2,000 metres. The (6) ... point in the UK, on the other hand, is only 1,350 metres above sea level. Spain’s rivers are also a lot longer. For example, the Tagus, the (7) ... river in Spain, is almost three times (8) ... than the River Severn, the longest river in the United Kingdom.
The landscape in the Amazon is completely different from the landscape in the mountains. For example, the temperature is higher in the rainforest and the climate is very humid…
6
Complete the text with the correct form of the words in the box.
bordered high mild
flat
Although the countries (9) ... greatly in many aspects, the sea is an important element in both of them: Britain is an island and Spain is (10) ... on three sides by the sea. 10
Look at the table and answer the questions. Australia
the desert
the rainforest
7
the mountains
7
7
1 Ralph loves / doesn’t love the Gobi Desert. 2 There are / aren’t lots of people in the desert. 3 You can see lions / snow leopards and bears. 4 You need / don’t need to wear special clothes in the winter. 5 The rainforest is as hostile as / more hostile than the desert.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
7.7 million km2
0.3 million km 2
Climate extremes
High: 50ºC Low: -23ºC
High: 42ºC Low: -25ºC
Habitat
principally desert or grassland
principally forest or grassland
Highest point
2,200 metres
3,700 metres
Longest river
Murray: 2,500 km
Waikato: 425 km
Borders
consists of two islands, one very big and one small (Tasmania)
consists of two islands, the North and South Islands
1 Which country is bigger? 2 Do both countries have extreme variations in climate? 3 Which country is greener? 4 Which country is more mountainous? 5 Which country has the longest river? 6 Is the sea an important element in both countries?
Listen to an interview with an explorer. What is his answer to the question in activity 6?
Listen again and choose the correct option.
New Zealand
Area
grassland
8
1
11
Write a description of Australia and New Zealand. Use the model text in activity 9, as well as the information from the table and your own answers to activity 10. Geographically, Australia is very different from New Zealand. First of all, it’s much bigger...
17
SELF TEST 1
UNIT
country. 5 Ireland isn’t as big ... England. 6 Life in hot countries ... greatly from life in cold ones.
feature flows landscapes peak rises wilderness
1 London is situated on the ... of the River
Thames. 2 Mont Blanc is the highest ... in the European Union. 3 The River Loire ... in the Cevennes mountains and ... over 1,000 km to the Atlantic Ocean. 4 The United States is a country of very contrasting ... . 5 Very few people live in ... areas. 6 The oceans are the most important geographical ... of the Earth. 2
4 ... Australia, New Zealand is a very green
Complete the text with the correct word in the box.
banks
6
understand you. 5 ... (simple) the food, ... (delicious) it tastes. 7
8
5 The / ø Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest
4
in the summer. It is hot and ... . 2 The bedroom in my new flat is terrible. It’s cold and ... . 3 It rains a lot in the west of Ireland. It’s a very ... climate.
Write the opposite of the adjective. 4 dry 5 cool 6 extreme
Write the correct form of the adjective or adverb. 1 Lake Baikal is ... (deep) lake in the world. 2 Sam was working ... (hard) than his brother. 3 Almería is ... (dry) city in Europe. 4 Pemba Dorje is the person who has climbed
Mount Everest ... (quickly). 5 France is ... (large) country in Europe. 6 It’s ... (difficult) to breathe at high altitude than at sea level. 7 It’s ... (easy) to travel when the weather is good. 8 The wind is blowing ... (strongly) today than yesterday. 5
Complete the sentences with the correct word.
unlike
differs
as (x2)
difference
to
1 Ávila has the same climate ... Burgos. 2 Italian is similar ... Spanish. 3 There’s a big ... between tropical and temperate
climates.
18
Complete the sentences with wet, humid or damp . 1 The weather in New Delhi is very uncomfortable
mountain in Africa.
1 mountainous 2 wide 3 deep
Identify the odd word out and say briefly why it doesn’t belong in the set. 1 desert, ice fields, sand dunes, palm trees 2 pools, lakes, caves, oceans 3 stones, rainforest, grassland, mountains 4 damp, humid, cloudy, wet
world.
3
Complete the sentences with a missing word or the correct form of the word in brackets. 1 ... I travel, … I learn. 2 ... (long) the river, ... (interesting) the journey. 3 ... (wet) the climate, ... you need an umbrella. 4 ... time we spend together, ... (good) I
Choose the correct option. 1 I would like to go to the / ø Alps. 2 Many animals live by the / ø rivers. 3 Have you been to the / ø Lake Victoria? 4 The / ø Sahara Desert is the biggest in the
1
9
Listen to the conversation. Who likes England?
8
1 the girl
10 8
2 the boy
Listen again. Listen and tick ( 3) the subjects they talk about. 1 the economy 2 climate 3 landscape 4 the population
11
3 the girl and the boy
5 geographical features 6 schools 7 tourism
Write an email to a friend who is going to visit you and your country or region. Remember to write about the landscape, the climate and specific geographical features. Hi Dennis, I’m really looking forward to your visit. This is what you can expect to find in my country. Here the weather is constantly changing. Remember that the climate here is quite mild… Send
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
2
Good science, bad ethics? S E V I T C E J B O
·To discuss the purpose of scientific issues ·To make students aware of some current scientific trends
A Sports & performance-enhancing drugs BEFORE YOU WATCH 1
4
won’t show up on the the tests. a The drugs won’t because your body b Drugs are safer these days because can break them down. It’s s OK to take drugs for a short time and then c It’ stop when you’re on the team. d Sports authorities don’t test for drugs anymore. e There’s hardly any difference between legal and illegal drugs. f The drugs are actually good for the body.
Read and tick (3) the sentences you agree with. 1 Most athletes only use drugs because they are pressured by big business to win. t o use drugs if 2 Athletes should be allowed to they want to. 3 Athletes like Lance Armstrong and Marion Jones should be banned for life from all competition for taking performance-enhancin performance-enhancing g drugs.
WHILE YOU WATCH WATCH 5 2
Answer the questions.
NOW YOU! 6
AFTER YOU WATCH 3
Complete the sentences with words from the video. 1 Lynn is in training for the … in a few weeks. 2 Joe, who is Lynn’s … , is helping her. 3 Lynn is training even though her … is injured. 4 Lynn’s rival, Krystle Spearman, is taking … . 5 Joe says that Lynn won’t … for the team without the drugs. 6 Bill thinks that people who take drugs are … . 7 If Lynn is caught taking drugs, she could be … from competitive cycling.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Listen to people talking about the technological advances they would like to see in the future. Which two ideas are not mentioned? biotechnology ology 1 Advances in biotechn 2 Safer transportation 3 Space travel 4 A cure for cancer technology 5 Improvements in information technology 6 Faster Internet connections 7 Portable heaters Tele-t ele-transportati ransportation on 8 T
1 What does Joe think about taking drugs?
2 How long can drugs stay in your system?
Which of the following excuses for taking drugs do people talk about in the video?
What technical advances would you like to see in the future? Explain how these improvements would affect your life. I would like to see faster international transportation, so that a flight between Spain and Australia only takes four hours. This would mean I could visit my family there more easily…
19
Good science, bad ethics?
READING 1
Which of the opinions about drugs and sport do you agree with? 1 Athletes who take drugs should be disqualified for life. 2 It is inevitable that professional athletes will take drugs. We can’t stop it. spo rting performance should be legal. 3 Taking drugs to improve sporting
2 9
Read the text and decide what it is about. 1 Lance Armstrong
2 Drugs and sport
cyclin g 3 The benefits of using drugs in cycling
Faster, Higher, Stronger... but how? On 17th January 2013 Lance Armstrong, the seven time winner of the Tour de France, publicly admitted that he had taken drugs so that he could boost his performance. His confession came three months after officials had already taken away his seven Tour titles. Nearly everyone condemned the cyclist, including his loyal fans. However, did he really do something so terribly wrong?
doesn’t lose all value if everyone is allowed to take drugs. As he explains, if all athletes or players use steroids, the essence of competiti competition on doesn’t change because the best person will still always win. Perhaps, as Mr Savulescu suggests, it is unrealistic to hope that professional athletes will never take substances in order to perform better. After all, the financial incentives can be huge, with top stars like Tiger Woods or Roger Federer earning over $70 million a year. Just think about it: if drugs could help you to earn millions of dollars as a world-class athlete, wouldn’t you look into using them?
Julian Savulescu, an academic at Oxford University, thinks that Armstrong has been the victim of unfair criticism. In Savulescu’s opinion, if professional athletes want to be the best, it is inevitable that they will take substances for improving their performance. Furthermore, he points out that banning drugs in sport just makes the situation worse. Savulescu argues that if drugs were legal, then scientists could do research in order to learn how to use them safely. They could also carry out trials and check and publish the results. Mr Savulescu comes to the conclusion that sport
3
Decide if the following sentences are true ( 3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 After Armstrong confessed that he had taken drugs, he lost his seven Tour titles. 2 Savulescu thinks that Armstrong did a terrible thing. 3 Savulescu thinks that performance-enhancing drugs should be permitted. mo re 4 In Savulescu’s opinion, sport will be more interesting if drugs are allowed. 5 It is probable that many top athletes will take drugs at some time in their career. 6 Armstrong thinks that his behaviour was justified in the context of professional cycling.
20
Of course, not everyone thinks that the use of performance-enhancing drugs is inevitable. The Catholic Church, for example, recently protested that professional sport is now a huge business operation where people just focus on money. In this new environment, athletes simply become products and lose their basic human dignity. Interestingly, Lance Armstrong does not think that he was cheating or gaining an unfair advantage. His explanation couldn’t be simpler: everyone else was taking drugs, so to win he had to take them too.
4
Match the highlighted words from the test to the correct meaning. 1 boost his performance a improve results b become famous 2 banning a legalising
b prohibiting
3 do research a open laboratories b do scientific studies 4 carry out trials a do tests
b participate in congresses
5 comes to the conclusion a disagrees b decides 6 gaining an advantage a obtaining a favourable situation b breaking a record
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
2
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 10
Listen to the pronunciation of the diphthongs /a/, /e/, and // followed by the schwa sound / /.
4
1 At the moment, athletes cannot legally take drugs for / to boost boost their performance. 2 Scientists do research so that / for they can make new discoverie discoveries. s. 3 A laboratory is a place for / to doing experiments. 4 Armstrong took drugs in order to / in order gain an unfair advantage. 5 She checked the results in order to not / in order not to make make a mistake. 6 They carried out trials so / for they they could see the effects of the drug.
1 / a / higher higher,, liar liar,, trial trial 2 / e / player player,, conveyer conveyer,, surveyor surveyor 3 / / loyal loyal,, soya soya 2
Practise saying the words and write them in the correct column. tired drier wire fire greyer payer layer sprayer royal lawyer destroyer employer /a/
/e/
// 5 12
11
3
Listen and check.
carry gain
check come done improve take 6
1 A: A: Would Would you ever (1) … drugs to (2) … your performance? B: No B: No way! I think that we should (3) … drugs in all sports. People who use them (4) … an unfair advantage.
Listen to an interview with sports doctor Annette Wilson. Choose the best summary of her views. 1 Bananas can be considered a drug substance. 2 Using drugs to improve sporting performance is wrong. 3 Answering a question about abo ut using drugs dr ugs to improve sporting performance is not very easy.
Complete the two dialogues with the verbs in the box. ban
Choose the correct option.
Listen again and decide if the sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones.
12
1 Some competitors use substances to perform better. 2 Not all athletes take drugs. 3 You will become a better bett er tennis player if you eat bananas. 4 Bananas and drugs have a similar effect on athletes. 5 Athletes gain an unfair advantage if they take drugs.
2 A: A:Y You’ve (5) ( 5) … a lot of research. Have you (6) … to a conclusion? B: Not B: Not yet. yet . We need to (7) … our results and to (8) … out some more trials first.
7
Expressing purpose Para expresar intención o propósito, utilizamos oraciones subordinadas introducidas por so (that) + clause, to + infinitive, in order (not) to + infinitive, y for + -ing. He had taken drugs so (that) he could boost his performance. He ate some fruit to boost his his energy level. In order to compete he had to take drugs. They will take substances for improving their performance.
Complete the sentences so that they are true for you. Give a reason for each. 1 We should / shouldn’t ban cigarettes and alcohol in order to… 2 I’ve always / never never done done sport so that I... 3 Students should / shouldn’t take drugs or caffeine tablets to… 4 Exercising every day is / isn’t good good for… We should ban cigarettes and alcohol in order to improve people’s people’s health. Cigarettes kill lots of people every year, and alcohol can make people violent.
see page 116
THAT’S ENGLISH!
21
Good science, bad ethics? 6 I must come up with a way to improve my performance. 7 We will fall behind other countries if we don’t spend more on research.
Zero conditional: if + present simple… present simple Se utiliza para expresar situaciones generales que siempre se cumplen. If + subject + present simple + subject + present simple. If athletes take drugs, it boosts their performance. Athletes’ performance improves if they train hard .
11
1 I can’t keep up with all your news. You do something different every day! 2 That’s an interesting theory, but where is the data to … it …? 3 You’re trying to do too many things. You need to … a smaller number of activities. 4 That’s a terrible idea! Can’t you … something better? 5 Your analysis is very superficial. You really need to … this more carefully. 6 You’re going to … the rest of the class if you don’t work harder. 7 I can’t … this experiment if I don’t have the right equipment.
see page 116 8
Match the beginnings (1-4) to the ends (a-d) of the sentences. 1 2 3 4
If athletes take certain drugs, Can scientists come to firm conclusions If researchers carry out dangerous experiments, Athletes are eliminated from the competition
a they wear special clothes. b if they don’t pass the drug test. c their performance often improves. d if they don’t carry out a lot of research? 9
Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Use the zero conditional .
12
Some people believe that the government should pay for scientific research, while others oppose it strongly. On the one hand, they argue that scientific research saves and improves millions of people’s lives every year. Besides, when a country spends money on research, it also creates new industries and new jobs.
Phrasal and prepositional verbs Son verbos seguidos de preposiciones o adverbios que modifican el significado original del verbo. He is carrying out (is performing) research on stem cells. He is carrying his suitcase. Sarah came up with (found) a brilliant idea. Tom came home late from the laboratory .
On the other hand, others think that private companies should be the ones investing in it. This way the government could spend the money on social matters like education and social care. In conclusion, while many think that governments should be responsible for investing in scientific research, others believe it should be the responsibility of private companies. In my view, we must be aware that our lives shouldn’t depend on private companies’ interests.
see page 117
Match the expressions in the box to the verbs in sentences (1-7).
1 What is the text about? 2 What arguments does the writer give to support the topic? 3 What arguments does he give against it? 4 What is the writer’s opinion on this topic?
progress more slowly than concentrate on find / invent organise justify / support examine / consider be constantly informed about
1 If drugs could help you earn millions of dollars, wouldn’t you look into the possibility of using them? examine / consider 2 Professional sport is now a huge business operation where people just focus on money. 3 We must set up better programmes to detect the illegal use of drugs. 4 Scientists need to keep up with the latest discoveries in their field. 5 You must back up your opinions with facts.
22
Read the text and answer the questions. Should the government spend more money on scientific research?
1 If people eat too much,... 2 If you want to become fitter,... 3 If you don’t speak English,... 4 It’s not a good idea to run five miles if...
10
Complete the sentences with an appropriate verb from activity 10.
13
Use the model above to write a similar text (120 words) on this topic: Should professional athletes take performance-enhancing drugs? Include one argument for and one against. Nowadays, many people believe that professional athletes shoudn’t take drugs even if it boosts their performance. However, others maintain that...
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
2
B Two is better than one That’s Britain!
BEFORE YOU WATCH
4
Documentary 1
1 Land’s End 2 Goonhilly Wind Farm 3 Goonhilly Earth Station 4 Geevor Tin Mine
Read the two statements about advances in genetic technology. Which one do you agree with? Give reasons for your answer. 1 Genetic technology is dangerous because people will want to create ‘super humans’. It could mean that people with money will be able to pay to have better looking and more intelligent children.
a The machinery is no longer in operation because it’s too expensive. b The first ever transatlantic TV pictures were broadcast from here. c It is the most westerly point on mainland Britain. d There are very deep shafts under the ground. e It is used for tracking and monitoring spaceships and satellites. f It generates electricity for homes in a 200 square mile radius.
2 With advances in genetic technology, we will one day be able to cure all diseases. In the future, nobody will be born with a genetic illness.
Same language, different lives 2
Match the topics (1-4) to the photos (a-d). 1 pesticides 3 privacy on the Internet 2 wind farm 4 genetically modified foods (GMF) a
b
c
Same language, different lives 5
1
3
5
2
4
6
a cloning b genetically modified foods (GMF) c performance-enhancing drugs d pesticides e wind farms
Documentary Decide if the sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 The first animal to be cloned was a sheep. 2 Dolly is the only animal that has been successfully cloned. 3 Scientists are trying to clone single organs to be used in transplants. 4 Out of every 100 cells that are cloned, more than 50% will live. 5Through human enhancement technology parents can make their babies more intelligent. 6 Cloning won’t be fully developed in this century. 7 Genetic engineering technology will help people live longer.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Listen to the speakers describing controversial scientific issues in their country. Match the speakers (1-6) to the issue (a-e).
d
AFTER YOU WATCH
3
Match the places (1-4) to the descriptions (a-f).
1… 2… 3… 4… 5… 6…
NOW YOU! 6
What scientific issues cause debate in your country? Explain why the issue is controversial and give your own opinion. Genetic engineering technology is controversial in my country. Many people are against this technology because of their religious beliefs. I think that…
23
Good science, bad ethics?
READING 1
Imagine that you want to have a baby. Which of the following would you like to choose if it were possible? 1 the baby’s sex 2 the baby’s physical appearance 3 the baby’s intelligence 4 the baby’s general health
2
Read the text. Match the headings (1-5) to the paragraphs (a-e). 1 Why we shouldn’t produce designer babies. 2 A revolutionary new technology 3 Difficult choices
4 Why shouldn’t we use genetic engineering to produce healthy babies? 5 Parents won’t need to worry what the baby looks like.
The perfect baby a ...
Today, more couples than ever before can have children thanks to in vitro fertilisation (IVF). In fact, over five million IVF babies have been born throughout the world since the first ‘test tube baby’ was conceived in 1978. But in spite of this revolutionary technology, all parents still have to wait nine months before they know some essential things about their child: Will he (or she) be tall or short? Blond-haired or brown-eyed? And most important of all, will he or she be physically and mentally healthy?
their symptoms. In the same way, why shouldn’t we apply our medical knowledge to make sure that babies are born healthy? After all, we shouldn’t forget that genetic engineering is already used in many other contexts. For example, many countries already produce genetically modified crops (GMCs) to increase food production, so why can’t we also use genetic modification to produce healthy human beings? d ...
However, there are some valid objections to designer babies. At the beginning, we will have to carry out a lot of clinical trials on human embryos in order to perfect the process. But what are we going to do with the embryos after the experiments? Destroy them? In addition, we don’t really know the exact connection between someone’s DNA and their personal characteristics. So, when we try to genetically manipulate embryos, we can’t really be sure of the results.
b ...
The good news is that in the future parents may not need to worry about this. Potentially, we now have the scientific knowledge to produce designer babies that are guaranteed to be healthy because they come from genetically modified embryos. The question is: should we use this knowledge? c ...
Some people think that designer babies are immoral because they go against nature. However, it is possible to use this same argument against medical science in general, because all medicine tries to stop certain natural processes in our body, called diseases . Obviously, no one seriously suggests that we shouldn’t try to cure diseases or relieve
3
Listen and answer the questions.
13
1 How has science helped infertile couples? 2 What information will science be able to give parents about their unborn child? 3 According to the text, why will designer babies be healthy? 4 Why are some people against designer babies? 5 What is one valid objection the text mentions about designer babies?
4
e ...
As science progresses, it creates exciting new possibilities. However, it also presents us with new moral dilemmas. In the end, we can only hope that we make the right choices. It’s not going to be easy.
5
Complete the sentences with the highlighted word from the test. 1 We all begin as ... . 2 ... is already used to produce food. 3 People with cancer can have many different ... . 4 Cholera and malaria are very serious ... . 5 ... may become a reality soon.
Find three acronyms in the text. How do you say them in your own language? 1 IVF (in vitro fertilisation) 2 … 3 …
24
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
2
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 14
Some words with two syllables are stressed differently if they are used as a noun or a verb. Listen to the two sentences.
5
relieve
1 We now have the scientific knowledge to produce designer babies. 2 We bought fresh produce at the store. 2
Choose the correct option.
assisted
Decide which syllable is stressed in the underlined words in these sentences.
embryos
medical
designer
IVF
DNA
crops
diseases
engineering
3 Have you ever eaten genetically modified (7) ... ? Can you taste the difference? What do you think about genetic (8) ... being applied to human (9) ... ?
6
Listen and check.
diseases
2 Most people think that (4) ... , which is a form of (5) ... reproduction, is a good thing. However, opinions about (6) ... babies are much more divided.
1 As science progresses, it creates exciting new possibilities. 2 We need to make better progress. 3 It presents us with new moral dilemmas. 4 Did you get any good birthday presents? 5 We should increase spending on genetic engineering. 6 There has been an increase in the number of cases of cancer in Japan. 15
medicine
1 (1) ... science has made great progress in the last 50 years. We can now cure many more (2) ... and we can (3) ... the symptoms of others.
1 In verbs the stress falls on the first / second syllable. 2 In nouns the stress falls on the first / second syllable. 3
Complete the texts with the words from the box. There is one extra word in each box.
Ask your partner the following questions and be ready to give answers as well.
Expressing general truths 1
If you used genetic engineering, what qualities would you choose for your child?
2
In your opinion, are designer babies acceptable to help prevent diseases? Why / why not?
3
Do you think it’s immoral to choose the sex or physical appearance of your baby? Why?
Para hablar de hechos, datos científicos se usan:
- Present simple Medicine tries to stop certain natural processes in our body . Do individual characteristics depend on our DNA? Science doesn’t help us to solve ethical dilemmas. - Present simple passive
Cancer is produced naturally in our own body . Are colds caused by viruses? - Can + infinitive Thanks to IVF , more couples can have children. Can we predict the physical appearance of children? see page 117
4
Complete the sentences. Put the verb in the active or passive as appropriate. 1 The Earth ... (turn) 360° every day. 2 Water ... (boil) at 100°C. 3 Aspirins ... (use) to treat headaches. 4 People ... (can’t / breathe) easily at very high altitudes. 5 When ... adrenaline … (produce) in our body? 6 How long ... camels … (can / survive) without water?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Are designer babies acceptable to help prevent diseases?
Is it immoral to choose the sex or physical appearance of your baby? Why?
What qualities would you choose for your child?
I think so because…
I don´t think it’s immoral but personally I…
First, I would choose a healthy baby. Then, …
25
Good science, bad ethics?
CONSOLIDATION 1
Put these possible future inventions in order of importance to you. 1 Special glasses to see through walls and clothes 2 Cars that can fly 3 A cure for all types of cancer
2
4 An instrument for artificially producing producing rain 5 A robot that cuts your hair
Match photos (1-3) to texts (a-c).
a … If
traffic jams are an annoying part of your daily life, Google has some good news for you! They are now carrying out trials in order to produce the world’s first driverless car! That’s right, a car that do esn’t need a driver. This may sound like science fiction, but it’s not, because the car already exists! The car is already on the road! It’s not 100% independent yet – someone needs to sit in the driver’s seat ‘just in case’. However, that’s not a problem for all the Google employees who drive these cars to work every day. As the vehicle takes them to the office, they can read the paper online or even have a cup of coffee! b … Today,
copying the DNA of farm animals has become quite common. But now, a researcher in South Korea has come up with a new idea: pet cloning! However, before you decide to do this with your cat or dog, you should take into consideration that the success rate at the moment is quite low – only around 20%. What’s more, at £66,000 it’s not cheap. However, things might be improving. Recently a company has started offering this service in the U.S.A., and most pet owners who have cloned their favourite animals are very happy with the results: the clone looks similar and behaves in the same way as the original pet.
1
2
c … Thirty
years ago, you didn’t have much choice about your food: a tomato was just a tomato and a potato was a potato! Nowadays, however, we can grow genetically modified crops (GMC) that have been designed so that they resist insects and diseases, which makes the crops much more reliable. What’s more, GMCs are cheaper than unmodified crops. Supporters of GMCs call them ‘super foods.’ And although most scientists say that GMCs aren’t dangerous, not everyone agrees. If you don’t like the idea of eating a ‘super tomato’ in your salad, why don’t you look into organic ones? These are grown in a totally natural way, without pesticides or artificial fertilisers. Many people say that organic food is better for you, but not everyone in the scientific community agrees agrees on this.
3
Choose the correct option. 1 Google’s driverless car ... . a is just a theoretical idea at the moment b consumes less fuel than normal cars c isn’t totally independ independent ent yet 2 Someone needs to sit in the driverless car because … . a there might be a problem b it helps decrease fuel consumption c the car won’t start without someone inside it 3 Cloning pets ... . a is very safe b does not produce an absolutely identical animal c is cheap
26
3
4 Genetically modified modified food ... . a is easier to cultivate b tastes better c is expensive to produce 5 Some scientists say organic fruit and vegetables ... . a may contain pesticides b are safer than genetically modified food c are not necessarily healthier 4
Answer the questions. 1 W What hat is the success rate of cloning? 2 How much does it cost to clone a pet? 3 Why have genetically modified crops (GMCs) been designed? 4 What do supporters s upporters of genetically geneti cally modified crops call them?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
5
Discuss the questions with your partner. 1 Should the cloning of pets be legal? 2 Would you want someone to clone you? Why / why not? 3 Are you prepared to pay more money for organic produce? Why / why not? 4 Should all countries legalise genetically modified crops? Why / why not? dri verless cars become popular one day, 5 If driverless what type of people might lose their jobs? I think we should ban the cloning of pets.
6
8
Talk to your partner and decide which of the inventions invention s from activity 6. 1 the most amazing 2 the most useful 3 the most stupid 4 one that you might use one day
9
Read and put the paragraphs in the correct order. Should designer babies be legal if scientists learn how to make them safely?
I disagree! I think it’s a really fun idea!
a On the other hand, other people think that producing designer babies is immoral because it isn’t natural. Furthermore, many people say that we should not try to produce perfect human beings. Humans are imperfect, but that makes us more interesting.
Listen and match the speakers (1-4) to the inventions inventio ns (a-d).
16
Speaker 1: … Speaker 2: … a
2
b In conclusion. I believe that if we have the technology to safely produce designer babies, we should allow parents to use it. However, I completely understand that not everyone will agree with my view.
Speaker 3: … Speaker 4: … c
c On the one hand, some people say that it is better if parents can be sure that their child will be healthy. In addition, we already use genetic engineering to make perfect crops, so why can’t we also use it to produce healthier babies? b
d Some people believe that designer babies should be legal. However, others strongly disagree with it.
d
1 ... 10
7
Listen again and choose the correct option.
16
1 This helmet ... . a makes soldiers invisible to the enemy b can change the way soldiers feel c can be used as a bomb, if necessary 2 The batsuit ... . a has been used in a James Bond film b works with solar power c does not contain a motor or a battery 3 The third invention ... . a makes your car go faster b facilitates communication with other drivers c is only used in emergencies 4 Robots ... . a can play music very well b can’t play heavy metal c may one day compose music
THAT’S ENGLISH!
2 ...
3 ...
4 ...
Answer the questions. Which h paragraph presents the topics? 1 Whic Which h paragraph introduces arguments for? 2 Whic 3 Which paragraph introduces arguments against? Which h paragraph presents the conclusion? 4 Whic
11
Write a text (120 words) on the topic: Should GMCs be part of your diets? Use the same structure as in the model from activity 9: introduction; arguments for; arguments against; conclusion. Include arguments for and against. Include Use the highlighted expressions in activity 9. Use
Some people believe that using GMCs has a lot of benefits while others believe it can be very dangerous. On the one hand, some people say…
27
SELF TEST 1
UNIT
Complete with the appropriate verbs. ban
come
take
gain
do
carry
5
boost
Complete the sentences with one word. Use either an expression of purpose or a negative.
6
1 Scientists have come up with all kinds of wonderful inventions (1) … make our lives easier. In the future, I would be delighted if someone designed a robot (2) … cleaning the house! 2 Should it be legal for athletes to take drugs (3) … that they can improve their performance? Personally, I think it would be better to legalise all drugs in order (4) … to have a situation where sports people are constantly under suspicion. Complete the sentences with the correct form verbs in brackets in the zero conditionals . 1 If people ... enough exercise, they often ... fat. (not do / get) 2 If you ... water to 100ºC, it ... . (not heat / not boil) 3 You probably ... the idea of driverless cars if you ... as a taxi driver. (not like / work) 4 ... there a big danger of getting skin cancer if you ... too long in the sun? (be ( be / spend) 5 ... it really ... the Earth’s climate if we ... a lot of carbon dioxide? (affect / produce)
4
Complete with the prepositional verb.
correct
phrasal
or
1 The more I ... this problem, the less I understand it. 2 You must ... your answers with examples. 3 I want to ... irregular verbs today. 4 You’ll ... the rest of the class if you don’t make an effort. 5 Can’t you ... with a better idea? 6 Once you have ... the experiment, you can go home. 7 I can’t ... all the news – I’m too busy.
28
Match the beginning (1-8) to the end of the expressions (a-h). 1 genetically 2 genetic 3 medical 4 designer 5 assisted 6 cure 7 relieve 8 human
7 3
Write the verbs in brackets in the active or passive form. 1 The adult body ... (have) 206 bones. 2 Over two-thirds of the Earth ... (cover) by water. 3 Cheetahs ... (can) run up to 70 miles per hour. 4 Genetically modified crops … (use) by many farmers. 5 Why ... the sun ... (rise) later in the winter? 6 When ... water ... (change) into ice? 7 Most drugs … (ban) in sports competitions.
1 We need to ... out more research and ... more clinical trials. 2 Athletes shouldn’t ... drugs to ... their performance. 3 I have ... to the conclusion that you are wrong. 4 We must ... athletes athlet es who ... an unfair advantage from drugs. 2
2
a diseases b symptoms c modified crops d embryos e engineering f science g reproduction h babies
Listen to a woman taking part in a survey. Put the questions in the order she answers them.
17
1 Is her life worse now? 2 W What hat does she use the Internet for? 3 Wh What at was her life like before? 1 ...
2 ...
3 ...
8
Listen again and answer the questions.
17
1 Write two things she uses the Internet for. 2 Write two things she used to do more. 3 Was her life better before?
9
Complete the text with the appropriate word or words.
Is the Internet a good thing? Some people think that the Internet has a lot of advantages advantag es (1) … others think it has risks. (2) ... , communication is much easier thanks to the Internet. (3) ... , the Internet is a fantastic source of information. (4) ... , the Internet can be dangerous. People can steal money from your bank account if you are not careful. (5) ... , governments can use the Internet to spy on us. (6) … , the Internet is definitely good, but we should be aware of the dangers that it presents.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
3
The older generation S E V I T C E J B O
·To talk about older age ·To discuss a retired person’s activities ·To talk about the decisions we’ve taken in our life
A What’s the perfect age? 4 a Paul is learning how to use computer technology. b Paul has just bought a new computer. c Paul already knows a lot about computers.
BEFORE YOU WATCH 1
2
Do you know anyone who is retired? How do they spend their days now that they do not go to work?
5
1 What is Kathleen going to study online? 2 What game does Mr Perkins play online? 3 What kind of person does Mrs Hopcroft pretend to be in Second Life ? 4 What can Kathleen do with her new app? 5 How does Mr Perkins tell others about his game techniques? 6 How did Mrs Hopcroft meet her new boyfriend?
Imagine someone you know is going to retire soon. What advice would you give them? Think about the following ideas. 1 learning new skills 2 travelling 3 volunteering to help others
6
WHILE YOU WATCH 3
Listen to the speakers talking about the advantages of being old nowadays. Put the answers in the order they talk about them. 1
2
3
4
5
6
Answer the questions. a I can’t see any advantages to being old. b The elderly get into places for free. c Older people receive good healthcare and bus passes. d Older people get more respect. e Older people have more financial security and pensions. f People are living 30% longer than before.
1 What did Paul realise after he retired?
2 How does Paul want to help younger people via the Internet?
1…
AFTER YOU WATCH 4
Answer the questions.
2…
Read the sentences about Paul. Choose the correct option.
NOW YOU!
1 a It is Paul’s first time at the cafe. b Paul comes to the cafe every day. c Paul has just started work at the cafe. 2 a Paul has been retired for a year. b Paul retired when he was 66. c Paul doesn’t want to retire. 3 a Paul used to be a tennis coach. b Paul used to work for an insurance company. c Paul used to be a teacher.
7
THAT’S ENGLISH!
3…
4…
5…
6…
How well is the older generation treated in your country? What benefits do they receive from the government?
Older people in Spain usually spend a lot of time with their family and they are seen as important family members. Unfortunately, the government…
29
The older generation
READING 1
Match the words in the box to the ages (a-f). Then write two activities you associate with each stage in life. adolescence
a 0 to 2 2
adulthood
b 2 to 12
childhood
c 13 to 19
infancy
d 20 to 40
middle age
old age
e 41 to 65
f over 65
Name three things that happen to the body as we age. Then read the text and check your answers.
18
Ageless If you could live to the age of 100, would you want to? In a recent survey, the vast majority of British people answered yes, they would. But when they were asked when ‘old age’ started, their opinions were divided. The younger generation feels old age begins at 60, while pensioners say it starts in your seventies. The actual ageing process, however, begins the moment we are born. From then on, we pass through many stages as we get older: infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, middle age and, finally, old age. The longer we live, the more time begins to affect our bodies, which eventually begin to deteriorate. We lose muscle mass, our eyesight deteriorates, we get wrinkles, our hair turns grey, and we may even experience memory loss. Also, we become more susceptible to illnesses, such as cancer and heart disease. However, scientists now have good news. According to a recent study carried out at the Albert Einstein School of Medicine, researchers have discovered the area of the brain that controls the ageing process. In experiments on mice, when scientists manipulated this area of the brain, the mice lived 20 per cent longer than normal. This discovery may also help to prevent diseases related to ageing. When the adventures of the Spanish explorer Ponce de León popularised the legend of the fountain of youth in the 16th century, most Europeans used to die before they turned fifty. However, now in the 21st century, better health care and sanitation have helped to increase the average life expectancy in industrialised countries to the ripe old age of 78. What’s more, scientists believe that by the year 2050, people will be living well into their 100s. No one knows how long people are really capable of living: perhaps in 500 years, people will live to be 200 and still be very healthy and fit. The question is if that were possible, would you want to?
3
Answer the questions. 1 When does the ageing process begin? 2 What do we become more susceptible to as we get older? 3 What have scientists discovered recently? 4 What else will the discovery about ageing, mentioned in the text, help to prevent? 5 Who popularised the legend of the fountain of youth? 6 Name two things that helped increase the average life expectancy.
30
4
Replace the words in bold with highlighted expressions from the text. 1 My aunt lived to the extreme age of 102. 2 Retired people can travel more often because they have more free time. 3 A lot of people think you begin to slow down when you are this age. 4 Scientists now control the getting old process. 5 The older we get, the more lines on our skin appear. 6 Yesterday was my birthday. I was 20. 7 My aunt is 82 years old. She is healthy, but she has problems remembering things . 8 The average life length for a woman is 73.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
3
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 19
6 When I am in my seventies and eighties, I want to live in the countryside. 7 Getting older starts when we are born. 8 Forgetting things is frustrating for older people.
/k/ and /g/ sound very similar at the end of a word. However, the /k/ sound is voiceless, and the /g/ sound is voiced. Listen. 1 a pick b pig 2 a duck b dug The consonant /w/ is voiced and very different from /k/ and /g/. Listen. 1 would / wd / 2 wave / wev /
19
2 20
3
Second conditional
if + past simple, would + infinitive - Expresa una situación hipotética o poco probable. I work but if I were a pensioner, I would have more time to travel. I have black hair. I would colour my hair if it turned grey . - Con I, he she o it el verbo puede ser was o were. If I was/were rich, I would buy a house for each of my grandchildren.
Listen again and repeat. Practise saying these words. Then listen and check your pronunciation. 1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a
dog wood stack gate gun log
b b b b b b
dock good stag wait won lock
see page 118
5
1 If Anne’s eyesight were better,... 2 Most people could live to 100... 3 If I were in my twenties again,... 4 Would you drink from the fountain of youth... 5 If your grandparents were alive,... 6 Paul says he wouldn’t retire...
Choose the correct option. 1 I’m 43 years old. I am in / on my forties. 2 Nowadays, most people live with / into their seventies. 3 I got my first job at / with 17. 4 If I stay healthy, I hope to live to the ripe old age of / from 100.
4
Match the sentences 1-6 to a-f.
a if it existed? b I’d live my life differently. c she wouldn’t have to wear glasses. d if diseases didn’t exist. e if he were rich. f what would you ask them?
Replace the words in bold with the words and expressions in the box.
adulthood the ageing process eyesight middle age old age memory loss pensioners susceptible
1… 6
1 Melissa started wearing glasses when her vision started to deteriorate. 2 Most people work when they are in their forties and fifties. 3 When you reach your twenties, it’s time to become more independent. 4 The older we are, the more vulnerable we are to diseases. 5 Now that my grandparents are retired, they enjoy travelling.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
2…
3…
4…
5…
6…
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the second conditional .
Mark is in his fifties. Last week, his doctor gave him some good health advice. First of all, if Mark (1) … (not smoke), he (2) … (feel) a lot better. Also, he (3) … (not lose) so much muscle mass if he (4) … (do) more exercise. Finally, if Mark (5) … (not sunbathe) so much, his skin (6) … (not wrinkle) so quickly.
31
The older generation 7
Rewrite
the
sentences
using
the
second
10
conditional .
Listen to the interview about ageing in India. Put the options (a-d) in the order you hear them.
21
1 Bill is bald, so he doesn’t feel self-confident. If Bill weren’t bald , he would feel self-confident . 2 It’s raining, so we won’t have a picnic. 3 Many people are overweight, so their life expectancy is low. 4 Julie drives too fast, so she gets a lot of fines for speeding. 5 Carlo never travels abroad because he doesn’t speak English.
a life expectancy in India b reasons for the changes in attitudes towards the elderly c changing values d a law about taking care of the elderly 1… 11
2…
3…
4…
Listen again and tick true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones.
21
Second conditional with
unless and in case
- Se usa unless para expresar la idea if … not . Fíjate cómo cambia el verbo: I wouldn’t buy a new house if I didn’t have a big family . I wouldn’t buy a new house unless I had a big family . - Se usa (just) in case para expresar la idea because
it’s possible that… I wouldn’t go out in case he called me. I ’d take an umbrella in case it rained . see page 118
8
Rewrite the words in boldusing case .
unless
or
1 He wouldn’t get into university if he didn’t have good marks. He wouldn’t get into university unless he had good marks. 2 I’d bring an umbrella because it might rain . I’d bring an umbrella in case it rained. 3 I would never call you after midnight if it weren’t an emergency. 4 Irene wouldn’t travel to South America if she didn’t have a lot of money. 5 I wouldn’t live in New York if I didn’t have lots of money. 6 If I were you, I wouldn’t volunteer if I didn’t have extra time. 7 I would close the windows because there could be a storm. 8 I wouldn’t buy a new car if mine wasn’t broken down. 9 I’d put on a coat because it might get cold. 9
1 In India, it would be immoral if you didn’t take care of older people. 2 There is no law in India about taking care of senior citizens. 3 Anjali says Indian people respected the elderly because different generations lived together in the same house. 4 Attitudes towards the elderly have changed because more people live in the countryside now. 5 The life expectancy in India is 75.
in
Ask and answer questions with your partner. Use the second conditional .
12
Write a short paragraph about the older generation in your country. Use the prompts below.
Do you think younger people respect the older generation?
Should family members be forced by law to take care of elderly family members? Why?
1 Would you like to live to the age of 100? 2 What would you do if you were retired now? Would you like to live to the age of 100?
Why?
32
Yes, I would.
In my country younger people respect the elderly because…
Because I would see my grandchildren grow up.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
3
B Planning your retirement? BEFORE YOU WATCH
4
Documentary 1
That’s Britain!
Tick (3) the problems you think retired people may worry about. 1 money 2 poor health 3 free time activities
boat climate roller skating Riviera coastline honeymoon beaches
4 boredom 5 being alone (lonely) 6 holidays
SOUTH DOWNS NATIONAL PARK SEASIDE LIVING
Come and spend the best years of your life at the English (1) … . There are more than 20 beaches along this 22-mile (2) … . The (3) … are the cleanest in Britain. Invite the family down to visit and enjoy great days out on (4) … trips or at the zoo. Enjoy a spot of tea at the Grand Hotel, where Agatha Christie spent her (5) … , or stroll along Princess Pier where she used to go (6) … . The (7) … on the coast is usually mild and the people are friendly.
That’s Britain! 2
In Britain, many retired couples choose to live by the sea. Give two advantages of living along the coast.
AFTER YOU WATCH
Documentary 3
Read the advertisement aimed at retired people. Complete the text with the words in the box.
What does the documentary say about the following issues for retired people? 1 Money a The state pension isn’t enough to live on. b People in Britain get two pensions so money isn’t a problem. c Retired people don’t spend a lot of money.
Same language, different lives 5
2 Physical health a Nowadays people are living longer. b People’s fitness levels rapidly decrease after retirement age. c Many people take up sport in their retirement to stay fit.
1
5 Learning a Some people go back to school or college. b There are special universities and courses designed for older people. c Education for older people is free.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
2
USA
3
Jamaica
5
3 Mental health a People become very forgetful when they stop working. b Some people feel they lose their personal identity when they stop working. c It’s very difficult for an older person to learn something new. 4 Voluntary work a Voluntary work can help retired people to keep busy, so they don’t feel lonely. b Charity shops and tourist information centres employ retired volunteers. c People volunteer because they aren’t allowed to work.
Listen to the speakers talking about the popular pastimes of older people. Match the country (1-7) with the activity (a-f). One activity applies to more than one country. 4
Australia
6
South Africa
USA
7
India
England
a gardening d going to temples b playing dominoes e going to the movies c playing golf f spending time with family 1…
2…
3…
4…
5…
6…
7…
NOW YOU! 6
What are the popular pastimes of older people in your country? Are there any particular places where older or retired people (would) prefer to live? A lot of older people who live by the sea go swimming. It is a great way for them to stay healthy.
33
The older generation
READING 1
Answer the questions. 1 Do you think there is an ideal age? If so, what is it? 2 What’s the best thing about childhood? 3 What do you think is the best thing about retirement?
2
Read the text. Complete the sentences with Roy (R) or Hattie (H).
22
1 … is planning a trip. 2 … has a supportive granddaughter.
3 … wanted to go skydiving as a young child. 4 … enjoys sports.
Young at heart Can we define people by how old they are? Too often, when we consider a person’s age, we make assumptions about their experience, abilities, skills, and even their health. But more and more, older people are proving that you are only as old as you feel. Roy Johnson starts his day riding his bicycle five miles to the local community centre. Once there, he works out at the gym for an hour. After that, he jumps in the pool and swims 20 laps. Not bad for a man who just turned 80.
‘I am fitter now than when I was younger . Back then, I couldn’t have exercised this much even if I had wanted to. My wife and I brought up four children and worked full-time until we turned 65, so getting older has actually been the best thing that has ever happened to us. Now that I’m retired and no longer raising a family, I’m more active than ever. I exercise more, and I try to take up a new hobby every year. Now I’m studying Chinese at the local community college because my wife and I want to visit China next year . Whenever my children tell me I should act my age, I tell them that’s exactly what I’m doing!’ Scientists believe that stimulation and happiness are the best way to stay young. If that’s true, then senior citizen Hattie Miller must feel like a teenager again. Last week, this 78-year-old pensioner fulfilled her lifelong dream and jumped out of an aeroplane from 14,000 feet.
‘Growing up, my dream was always to go skydiving. And I might have done it sooner if my family and friends hadn’t convinced me it was a ridiculous idea. But when I told my eldest granddaughter about my dream last year, she said to me, ‘But grandma, you’re not over the hill yet! If I were you, I’d go for it.’ Hearing those words of encouragement, I thought to myself , ‘Enough is enough’ and called the nearest skydiving school. Skydiving is the most exciting feeling I’ve ever experienced. Flying through the sky made me feel free and alive and ageless. It’s just amazing!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
If it hadn’t been for my granddaughter, I would never have lived my dream.’
3
Answer the questions. 1 What are three activities that Roy Johnson does at the start of his day? 2 How does Roy Johnson feel about his physical condition now? 3 Why didn’t Hattie Miller jump out of an airplane when she was younger? 4 Who convinced Hattie Miller to follow her dreams?
34
4
Match the highlighted words and expressions from the text to their meanings. 1 too old to do anything 2 become an adult 3 have had and taken care of your children 4 the quality of always being young 5 start something new in your spare time 6 do things so you don’t feel older 7 behave in a manner appropriate for my age
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
3
LANGUAGE STUDY WRITING SECTION
Third conditional if + past perfect , would / wouldn’t + have + past participle - Expresa situaciones hipotéticas en el pasado y, por tanto, imposibles de realizar. If it hadn’t been for my granddaughter , I would never have lived my dream. Susan would have worked if she hadn’t had five children.
5
Read the description of Sam’s past expectations and answer the questions.
a My name is Sam and I’m a retired nurse from Bristol. I was born in Bath, but my family moved to Bristol when I was 5. b When I was a child, I wanted to become a doctor and travel around the world. However, my university entrance exams were only average. As a result, I became a nurse. If I had got better results, I would have gone to medical school and would have become a doctor. Then, when I finished my studies I got married and had children. So, I couldn’t travel around the world because I had to get a job. If I hadn’t got married so young, I would have spent some time travelling. c In conclusion, my life could have been very different if I had taken other decisions. Unfortunately, I can’t change the past, therefore I love my life as it is now.
see page 119
1
Complete with the correct form of the verb. 1 If we hadn’t met at university, we … (not get married). 2 If I … (not leave) my first job, I would have become a manager. 3 John would have been happier if he … (not make) so many mistakes. 4 I … (be) healthier if I hadn’t smoked so much.
2
3 23
1 Which paragraph gives information about Sam’s life expectations? 2 Which paragraph gives a conclusion? 3 Which paragraph gives personal information?
Complete with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the third conditional . Amy is a pensioner, and she had a childhood friend who moved to Australia after university. If flights (1) … (not be) so expensive, Amy (2) … (fly) to Australia to see her friend. What’s more, Amy was too busy working to write letters to her friend. She (3) … (write) letters if she (4) … (have) more time. Back then, video telephone services such as Skype didn’t exist. But if she (5) … (have) Skype, they (6) … (stay) in touch. One month ago, Amy received a friend request on Facebook. It was her childhood friend! If it (7) … (no be) for Facebook, they (8) … (not find) each other.
6
Complete the table with the highlighted connectors from the text. Regret: sadly, …
Reason: that’s why, …
Result: consequently, …,…,…
Contrast: nevertheless, …,… see page 130
7
Elsie is in her seventies. Look back on her life and write the consequences these events had in her life. 1 She wanted to go to university but she couldn’t afford it, so … . (find job as a shop assistant) 2 She had a boyfriend. They were about to marry but he died. As a result, …. (remain single / not have a family)
In connected speech, the pronunciation of have changes to /v/ after modal verbs: I’d have done it = I’d’ve done it . Listen to these sentences. 1 I would’ve done it. 2 I’d’ve done it. 3 I wouldn’t’ve done it. 4 I could’ve gone. 5 I couldn’t’ve gone. 6 I might’ve gone.
life
8
Imagine you are Elsie. Use the information from activity 6 and write a 3 paragraph text about Elsie’s past life expectations . Follow this plan and use appropriate connectors to link your ideas.
Paragraph 1: give Elsie’s personal details Paragraph 2: add information about Elsie’s life expectations Paragraph 3: write a good conclusion
4
Practise these sentences.Then listen and repeat.
24
1 She would’ve done it earlier. 2 You wouldn’t’ve had the time. 3 I couldn’t
THAT’S ENGLISH!
My name is Elsie and…
35
The older generation
CONSOLIDATION 1
Answer the questions. 1 Think of three advantages and three disadvantages of growing older. 2 Do you think older people in your country are well taken care of? Why?
2
Read the introduction and then do the quiz. Check your score below.
‘You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.’ According to this expression, old people can’t learn new things. However, we know that many senior citizens are able to give up bad habits such as smoking or take up new hobbies like exercising and cycling just as easily as the younger generation. When we stereotype a person because of his or her age, we are guilty of ageism. Indeed, many people have misconceptions about what happens to us as we age. Do you judge older people too quickly? Take the quiz and find out! Answer true ( 3) or false ( 7). Then check your answers: there is one point for each correct answer.
1 2 3
In old age, all the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell) deteriorate.
6 7
Most elderly people usually feel lonely and sad.
Most senior citizens are rarely bored. As we grow older, we become more religious than when we were younger.
Drivers over 65 have fewer accidents than drivers under 30.
8
4
Older workers are less efficient than younger workers.
5
9 As we age, we become shorter. 10 Most senior citizens feel over the hill.
The older we get, the longer it takes to learn something new.
As we age, our bodies become physically weaker.
Answers
1 True
6 True
Research shows that as we age, our senses become less acute, especially sight and hearing.
2 False
A recent survey showed that about 75% of senior citizens said they were rarely bored.
7 False
The elderly may be just as happy or unhappy as when they were younger.
3 True
There is no evidence that people get more religious as they get older.
8 True
Senior citizens drive less, and they also drive more carefully.
4 False
We lose about 15 to 45% of our physical strength as we age.
9 True
Older workers are equally as efficient as younger workers. Also, younger workers are less reliable, have more job-related accidents and are absent more often.
5 True
This is usually due to a change in posture and a compression of the discs in our spine.
10 False
Older workers usually take longer to learn new technology than younger workers.
A recent survey showed that 63% of senior citizens feel much younger than they really are.
. s e v i l r i e h t t u o b a m e h t k s a d n a w o n k u o y r r o c 4 o t 0 e l p o e p y l r e d l e e m o s o t k l a t d l u o h s u o y e b y a M . t s i e g a n a g n i m o c e b f o k s i r t a e r a u o y t u b , y r r o S : t c e
r r o c 7 o t 5 . s n e z i t i c r o i n e s t u o b a n r a e l o t g n i h t e m o s e v a h l l i t s u o y t u b , d a b t o N : t c e r r o c 0 1 o t 8 ! t s i e g a g n i e b f o u o y e s u c c a n a c e n o o N ! s n o i t a l u t a r g n o C : t c e
: e r o c S 36
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
3 25
Listen to a radio interview about healthcare for the elderly in Norway. Tick true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones.
5
Interview your partners about grandparents or older people they know.
3
their
Are you close to any older relative? If so, describe your relationship.
My grandparents helped to take care of me so I am very close to them. If it hadn’t been for them…
1 Norway takes better care of its elderly population than most countries do. 2 Norwegians have to pay for healthcare. 3 Norwegian pensioners come to Spain for six weeks. 4 Norwegians come to Spain to escape the cold. 5 As part of this programme, elderly people can come to Spain with their grandchildren. 6 Almost half of the population in Norway is aged 80. 4
How important are older people in your society today? Has this changed much from the past?
6
Listen again. Choose the correct option.
would have hadn’t been is over the hill raise met stay young took up
25
My grandmother has always been an important person in my life. Since both of my parents worked, my grandmother helped to (1) … me. If she (2) … there for my parents, she (3) … relaxed and enjoyed her retirement. I will always love her for that. She’s in her eighties, but she’s so active that I don’t think she (4) … yet. She walks a lot and does volunteer work in order to (5) … . Last summer, she (6) … scuba diving! If you (7) … her, I’m sure you’d love my grandma too.
1 Jan Olsen feels that paying high taxes in Norway is … . a worth it b a waste of money 2 Norway sends its pensioners to Spain to … . a eat a healthy Mediterranean diet b enjoy the sun and relax 3 For the Norwegian government, one of the attractions of Spain is that … . a it is cheaper than Norway b the Spanish government pays for everything 4 While visiting Spain, Norwegian seniors typically miss the … . a countryside b short days
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Read and complete the text with the words in the box.
7
Write a short text about an older person you know well. Use the text in activity 6 as a model. Make sure you include the following information. your relationship why he/she is important to you his/her attitude towards life
I spend a lot of time with my aunt…
37
SELF TEST 1
2
Read the description and complete the stages of life they are talking about. 1 You wear nappies and cry a lot: _ _ f _ n _ _ 2 You play in the park with your friends: _ __ l_ _o __ 3 You graduate from university and start your first job: _ _ u _ _ _ _ _ d 4 You get married and start raising a family: __d___ __e 5 You retire, your hair turns grey and your skin gets wrinkles: _ _ _ a _ _
UNIT
4 If my grandparents needed me, I … of them. a take care b would have taken c would take care 5
are bringing up wrinkle
6
4
38
would
Complete the text with the words in the box.
My grandparents loved each other very much. (1) … , my grandfather died when he turned 60. That’s (2) … my grandmother came to live with my parents and me. She didn’t have very much money to help my parents with expenses. (3) … , she could help take care of me. (4) … , my parents saved money by not paying for a daycare centre. Our house was very small for four people. (5) … , we rarely had any problems. 7 26
Listen to the news report and tick ( 3) the topics mentioned. 1 why people live longer 2 pension plans 3 how to stay young 4 the elderly population 5 a country whose attitude towards the elderly is changing 6 the importance of raising a family 7 a country with a positive attitude towards the elderly
Choose the correct option. I’d be a pensioner. 1 If I … 65, I’d a would be b am c were 2 If she hadn’t raised two children, she … able to travel more. a had been b would been c would have been 3 He might have lived to 80 if he … so much. a didn’t drink b hadn’t drunk c wouldn’t have drunk
weren’t
as a result but nevertheless sadly why
Choose the correct option. 1 Some old people are so active that they seem / ageless . older / 2 Bringing / Taking Taking up children is a rewarding experience. 3 As we keep / get older, we gain more experience. 4 If I had more time, I would keep / take up a new hobby. 5 Now that you’re an adult, you should be more responsible and act / turn your age. turn your
unless
1 … they had their pension, the Smiths couldn’t afford to live in that house. 2 I bought more pizza … John comes fo r dinner. 3 They wouldn’t stay married if they … in love. 4 I … study more if there were an exam soon.
1 Martha … at 65. Now she’s a pensioner. sixties . 2 Shirley’s hair didn’t … until she was in her sixties. 3 Ron doesn’t want his skin to … , so he stays out of the sun. 4 As people … , they tend to lose muscle mass. 5 Mark and Pam … two children. 3
Complete the sentences with the words in the box. in case
Complete the sentences with the words in the box. get older retired turn grey
3
8 26
Listen again and tick true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 There will be 2 billion people over 60 in 2050. 2 People are living longer because of better pension funds. 3 In India, the number of older people who are abused is decreasing d ecreasing quickly. 4 The disadvantage of people living longer is that older people are abusive. 5 Bolivia takes good care of its older people.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
4
Modern family S E V I T C E J B O
·To talk about different kinds of family units mak e requests and suggestions ·To make in informal conversations
A It’s great to see you again 4
BEFORE YOU WATCH 1
Tick (3) the types of families that are accepted in your country today. mixed-race families single parent families
Complete the family descriptions with Pete (P), Gerri (G), Claude (C) or Jodie (J). There are two descriptions that you do not need to use.
divorced families gay marriages
Pete
Gerri
Claude
Jodie
1 … is in a same-sex relationship. 2 … and … are in a mixed-race relationship. di vorced. 3 … is divorced. 4 … and … have an adopted child. 5 … was raised by a single parent. 6 … is a single parent. 7 … was raised by a non-biological father. 8 … is raising a child that is not their own.
WHILE YOU WATCH WATCH 2
5
Answer the questions.
Listen to the speakers talking about current attitudes towards different family units. Complete the sentences with one or two words. a People are much more mor e … of single parent families. b Divorce is so … .
1
1 What doesn’t Ron like about Gerri?
a In the 70s, being a … was outrageous. b There has been a complete … , but there’s still a long way to go.
2
2 Why did Claude and his wife decide not to adopt a child?
a People have become seemingly more … . b People are more open with their ….
3
AFTER YOU WATCH 3
Decide if the following sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 Pete and Gerri used to be boyfriend and girlfriend. 2 Ron doesn’t want to invite Gerri’s girlfriend to the family lunch. 3 Ron didn’t like Gerri’s girlfriend when he met her. 4 Pete lives with his divorced brother. 5 Claude recently got married to Jodie. 6 Claude and Jodie are going to have a baby. 7 Claude, Pete and Gerri arrange to meet each other next week.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
NOW YOU! 6
Do you, or anyone you know, live in a nontraditional family unit? Describe the family. What are people’s attitudes towards you or your friend? My parents were divorced when I was young and I lived with my dad. I remember my friends’ parents were very kind to me when I was growing up.
39
Modern family
READING 1
Do you know anyone who is or has the following: a single parent, a widower, a stepfather, an ex-wife?
2
Read the texts and match the words (1-5) to each text below (a-c). There are two extra words.
27
1 adoptive parent
2 ex-wife
3 stepmother
4 partner
5 single mother
Modern Family.com
What’s Wha t’s you y ourr fam famililyy lilike? ke? a I got divorced recently. This means I’m bringing up two young children almost on my own. It’s not easy, believe me! Luckily, I do get some support from my parents. They’re retired, so they look after the kids while I’m away at work. What’s more, the children do spend every other weekend with my ex-husband, so I suppose things could be worse. I’d love to speak to anyone out there who’s in a similar situation to me. Jenny me. Jenny 112 Comments
Read More
b My wife and I always wanted to have kids, but unfortunately we couldn’t. So, one day I decided to ask her the inevitable question: ‘Shall we adopt?’ At first, she was totally against the idea. I can still clearly remember her saying, ‘I won’t have any children if they are not my own!’ However, after thinking things over, she finally changed her mind. Now we’re the proud parents of little Alexei from Russia. We couldn’t be happier! If you can’t have children why don’t you think about adopting too! Believe me, you really won’t regret it. Stephen 87 Comments
Read More
c I’ve been living with Rachel for three years. My parents have known that I’m gay for a long time, so it wasn’t exactly a surprise when I introduced Rachel to them. I’m proud to say that they accepted her from the beginning, and she’s like one of the family now. However, my relationship with Rachel’s parents is nonexistent. They have absolutely no interest in meeting me. Not all parents are the same, are they? But what can I do? Rose do? Rose 109 Comments
3
Decide if the following sentences are true ( 3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones.
Read the text again and decide which person… 1 is happy about an expected event. 2 finds life difficult at the moment. 3 recommends other people do the same as they did. 4 is having problems with his or her partner’s parents.
40
e n i l n o (
Read More
Jenny’s s children see their father regularly. regular ly. 1 Jenny’ 2 Jenny would like to talk to other people who are bringing up children on their own. Stephen’s s wife didn’t want to have children 3 Stephen’ until very recently. 4 Stephen and his wife adopted a child from another country. 5 Rachel and Rose got married three years ago. Rachel’s s parents like Rose very much. 6 Rachel’ 4
) e c r u o s
5
Complete the sentences with the highlighted expressions from the text. 1 … my daughter has just had a baby. 2 I … social services because I am a single mother. 3 She’s going to adopt a child from China. She … ! 4 They were going to get married, but now … she has … . 5 If you marry Steve, you … it. He is a fantastic person. He’s s a very 6 He’ traditional father and is … of modern family trends.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
4
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 28
Listen to the intonation of the question tags. If the speaker isn’t sure of the answer, the intonation rises. If the speaker is expecting agreement, the intonation falls. 1 They’ve decided to separate, haven’t they? › 2 Sue doesn’t have a partner, does she? › 3You won’t tell anyone she’s pregnant, will you? › 4 Frank’s a widower, isn’t he? › 5 John can’t see his children, can he? › 6 You had a happy marriage, didn’t you? ›
2 29
4 Peter didn’t marry his stepsister, … ? 5 He’s not against the idea, … ? 6 They’d like to live together, … ? 7 Hold the baby for me, … ? 5
My family is a little complicated. To begin with, my (1) … divorced when I was two and my (2) … remarried a wonderful man who already had two boys called Joe and Ian. So now I have two (3) … . Although Scott is my (4) … , I call him Daddy. My father didn’t remarry, but he lives with his (5) … , Susie. My own children call them grandma and grandpa! My grandmother died a few years ago, so my grandfather is a (6) … . Finally, my aunt and her boyfriend had a baby, but her boyfriend left her so my aunt is a (7) … .
We use will you? with the imperative to make the direct order sound more polite. Listen to the sentences. Does the intonation rise or fall? 1 Pass me the salt, will you? 2 Don’t leave your shoes in the living room, will you? 3 Call me later, will you? 4 Get down from there, will you?
3 30
Listen to the sentences. Does the speaker use rising ( ›) or falling (› ) intonation? 1 You won’t smoke here, will you? 2You’ve got a stepsister, haven´t you? 3 Not all parents are the same, are they? 4 Let me see the letter, will you? 5You didn’t go to the match with your uncle, did you? 6 Stephen works a lot of hours, doesn’t he?
30
Complete the text with words for family relationships.
6
Complete the text with the words from the box. run live choose maintain marry remarry bring up separate get divorced
Now listen and repeat.
Asking for confirmation - Recuerda que se usan question tags (auxiliar + sujeto pronombre) para confirmar con el interlocutor el contenido de la frase o buscar su aprobación. You’re married , aren’t you? Your parents don’t like your boyfriend , do they? - Usamos will you? con el imperativo para suavizar una orden directa. Open the window , will you? (Abre la ventana, anda. ) Don’t forget to invite my mother, will you? see page 119 4
Complete these sentences with the correct question tag . 1 Don’t change your mind, ... ? 2 John’s left his wife, … ? 3 His sister couldn’t have children, … ?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
The Amish community maintain traditional marriage customs. Young people are allowed to (1) … their future husband or wife, but they cannot (2) … together before they (3) … . Amish do not (4) … but may (5) … on rare occasions. Widows and widowers often (6) … after their partner’s death. Families (7) … their children in an established way: girls help (8) … the house and boys work on the farm.
41
Modern family 1 A friend thinks that you don’t want to get married. I do want to get married! 2 A friend is standing outside your front door and it’s raining. 3 A friend thinks you don’t want to have a baby, but you are sure you do. 4 Your partner thinks you forgot his birthday, but you have a present for him. 5 You insist that an older lady sits down in your seat on the bus. 6 Your wife says you didn’t tell her about your new job, but you know you mentioned it. 7 Your mother says you don’t help her, but you think you help a lot.
Making suggestions Para sugerir algo podemos utilizar las siguientes expresiones: Why don’t we have a quiet wedding? Shall we adopt? Let’s not make any quick decisions. How about getting married in the village? What about adopting abroad? see page 120
7
Match the suggestions (1-5) to the responses (a-e). 1 How about visiting my parents this weekend? 2 Why don’t we help you with the children? 3 Let’s invite Gary to the party. 4 Shall we live together? 5 What about a church wedding?
10 31
Listen to two people talking about their childhood and write down the five family members they talk about.
a I’m not religious so maybe we shouldn’t. b Not a good idea. His ex-wife is coming. c That would be great. I need the support. d My parents would never accept that. e I’d love that. Let’s go on Saturday. 1… 8
2…
3…
4…
5…
What suggestions would you make in these situations? 1 Your sister has just left her husband and wants to go on holiday with you. 2 You and your husband/wife want to adopt a child. 3 You want to organise a family celebration. 4 Your father is a widower and never goes out. He’s feeling depressed.
11 31
1 Helen / Andrew had no brothers or sisters. 2 Helen’s father / mother was very important to her. 3 Helen was sometimes lonely at school / home . 4 Andrew didn’t enjoy being the oldest / youngest in his family. 5 Andrew often wore old / new clothes.
12
Talk to your partner about six facts you believe you know about him or her. Use question tags .
Emphasising Usamos do o did antes de un imperativo o en una frase afirmativa para dar más énfasis. Do write your grandparents a thank y ou card! Do tell your husband what you want! I do get some support from my parents. I did plan to have this baby . see page 120
9
Write what you would say in these situations. Use do or did in your answer and a verb from the box. want (x2) sit down
42
help come in remember tell
Listen again and choose the correct option.
1 family 2 friends 3 hobbies
You were born in Almeria, weren’t you?
4 interests 5 likes 6 dislikes
That’s right!
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
4
B The boomerang generation BEFORE YOU WATCH
Documentary 1
That’s Britain! 4
1 Poundbury was inspired by the book A Vision of Britain , written by … . 2 The philosophy of Poundbury is that people can live, … and relax in the same area. 3 Poundbury takes an … idea and brings it into the modern day. 4 Dorset Cereals is based in Poundbury and it employs around … people. 5 Brownsword Hall was built to look like a traditional … . 6 You can sometimes see a … in the town square.
Are the following situations happening in your country today? 1 Most young people leave home in their 20s. 2 Young people find it difficult to find a job. 3 Young people can’t leave home until they are in their 30s. 4 Most university students are financially independent from their parents.
AFTER YOU WATCH
Documentary 2
Watch the documentary and choose the correct option.
Complete the sentences about the town of Poundbury.
Same language, different lives 5
Listen to the speakers talking about when young people leave home. Answer the questions. 1
1 The boomerang generation is a generation of young people who … . a cannot find jobs b return home after living away at university c do not want to live away from their family home
3
Scotland 2
3
5
USA 4
England 6
Choose the correct option. 1 Students take out a student loan … . a to cover the cost of tuition and living expenses b so that they don’t have to work during their time at university
Australia
3 Lucy doesn’t like living at home because … . a her parents don’t let her go out b she feels like a child 4 When Lucy lived away from home her parents … . a were always worried about her b enjoyed their freedom
6 For the boomerang generation both parents and children … . a benefit greatly from the situation b will have to compromise
THAT’S ENGLISH!
England
In which country… 1 do people start their own families whilst still living with their parents? 2 do young people leave home when they start work or university? 3 do some people still live at home in their 30s? 4 do young people want to leave home to be independent? 5 do most people try to stay at home because of economic reasons? 6 do young people leave home in their early 20s?
2 After students finish university … . a it will take a long time to pay back the money they owe b some companies will pay back their loans for them
5 Lucy gets angry when her parents … . a give her advice b don’t try to help her
India
NOW YOU! 6
Do you still live at home with your parents? If not, when did you leave home? What are your reasons for living at home now or leaving home at the age you did? I still live at home because I am saving up money to go travelling.
43
Modern family
READING 1
Look at the photos. Which of these activities is, in your opinion, the most important for a family to do together? Which activities do / did you do with members of your family?
2
Read the text and match these sentences (1-5) to the gaps (a-e). 1 I promise to make 2 promise not to let 1…
2…
3…
3 don’t forget to make 4 remember to establish 4…
5 how about a quiet chat
5…
Happy families Some families really enjoy being together and get on very well, while others are the complete opposite. But what can we do to create a happy family? To find out, we asked parents and other experts about the secrets of happy families. Here’s what they said: A (a) ... fun routines for your children so that they have a sense of identity and belonging. There are lots of things you can do. For example, I know one couple who always ask their kids to talk about their day when they get home from school. They say that their children really enjoy doing this! Telling a bedtime story is another great routine to have with your kids, or (b) ... before going to sleep? Dan Morton, psychologist B (c) ... meals an important family event. Some people may ask,
3 32
C ‘Playing games is a great way of getting the whole family to bond. I’ve got three children and we always play games together as a family on Sunday evenings. Before we start, I nominate one
1 Playing together unites families. 2 Using fun routines in the family will help children have a sense of identity and belonging. 3 Families that eat together have fewer problems. 4 Children who spend a lot of time with their parents are stronger and happier. 2 ...
3 ...
4 ...
of my children and say, ‘Choose a game, will you?’ They love having the responsibility of deciding what we will play! In my experience, playing team games is especially good for children as it teaches them to cooperate, to be patient and to take turns. Shirley Painter, mother of three D It seems, then, that the more time we spend together as a family, the stronger and happier we will be. Children want to know that their parents are interested in what they do and parents like to know how their children feel. Sometimes, we parents need to stop being so busy and (e) … our children grow up without a sense of belonging. And at the end of the day, a good relationship between all the members of the family is the most important thing, isn’t it?
Happy families
Listen to the text and match the summaries (1-4) to the paragraphs (A-D).
1 ...
44
what for? But it’s not really an exaggeration to say, ‘the family that eats together stays together.’ Of course, it’s not always easy to find the time because most of us are very busy during the week. However, that’s precisely why it’s essential to sit together around the table for family meals. Research has even shown that children will be less likely to have problems when they’re teenagers if when they were younger they usually ate with their family. So, an excellent personal objective for any parent is: ‘ (d) … meals a focal point of family life.’ Jess Richards, social worker
4
Answer the questions. 1 Why are routines important for children? 2 How do families benefit from eating together? 3 What can happen to children if they don’t eat with their families when they are young? 4 What is a great way of getting the family to bond? 5 Why should the children (not the parents) decide which game to play? 6 What is the main principle to create a happy family?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
4
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 33
In English the sounds /b/ and /v/ are pronounced differently. Listen to the /b/ and /v/ sounds in the words below and repeat. 1 wave 2 valley 3 cab
4 web 5 butter 6 love
4
7 mobile 8 cave 9 globe
2
Listen and tick (3) the word you hear.
34
1 a best 2 a very 3 a bet 4 a van 5 a voice 6 a vote
You are going away on holiday and your teenage son is staying at home. Complete the list of instructions you leave. Use don’t forget or remember and one of the verbs in the box. turn off
clean
feed
water
open
Remember to feed the dog twice a day.
b vest b bury b vet b ban b boys b boat
1 …
the plants.
2 …
the lights if you go out.
3 …
the windows at night because it gets very hot.
4 …
the kitchen!
Promising Asking questions without a verb (ellipsis)
Cuando hacemos una promesa podemos usar: I
promise (not) to… I will/won’t … I give my word… I promise to make meals a focal point of family life. I promise not to let our children grow up without a sense of belonging.
Podemos omitir el verbo en preguntas si sabemos el contexto.
How about a quiet chat before going to sleep? Some people may ask, what for ?
see page 121
see page 120
3
Complete the questions in the following dialogue. Mum: Jenny: Mum: Jenny: Mum: Jenny: Mum: Jenny: Mum: Jenny: Mum: Jenny:
How was your day, Jenny? Oh Mum, I had a fight with someone at school today. (1) … with? Megan. I don’t know what to say when I see her. (2) … about ‘Sorry’? Ok, I’ll do that. Did I tell you? We’re going on a trip. (3) … ? Next Thursday. (4) … to? The botanical gardens. I have to take some food. (5) … ? Are you going to be there all day? No, but I’m sure I’ll get hungry!
5
Listen to the conversation in a family. Who is coming to visit?
35
6 35
Listen again and complete the chart. Who is going to…
Alice
Sam
1 peel the potatoes? 2 wash the lettuce? 3 lay the table? 4 put the drinks in the fridge? 5 have a shower?
7
A mother and her teenage children have written a contract with promises to help improve their relationship. Write five promises that you would make in a contract with your parents or your children. Children:
Reminding Cuando queremos recordar a alguien que tiene que hacer algo usamos don’t forget to + infinitive o remember to + infinitive. Don’t forget to make meals an important family event. Remember to establish fun routines! see page 121
THAT’S ENGLISH!
I promise not to go out without telling you where I’m going. I promise to wash up after meals. Mum:
I promise not to ask too many questions. I promise to pay attention when you are talking.
45
Modern family
CONSOLIDATION 1
Match the photos (1-3) to the titles of the drama series (a-c). 1
2
3
We need your help! NBS TV is planning to make an important new drama series – and we want to know what you think! So, why don’t you read the three possible storylines, and tell us which one you like most? a
You will pay!
Geraldine Hopkins comes home one night and finds her husband in bed with another man. She is horrified and immediately insists on getting divorced. However, after thinking things over for a week or two, she changes her mind, but it’s too late! Her husband tells her that he and his boyfriend are now living together! Then, a few days later, Geraldine discovers that she’s pregnant! She feels totally lost and depressed, and doesn’t know what to do. Gradually, however, her sadness is replaced by anger. Now she does have a clear plan – she’s going to kill her husband! He’s made her suffer, so why shouldn’t he?
Great b
Good
OK
Boring
Terrible
Who is John Malton?
John and Ethel Malton live in a beautiful house with a lovely garden. They enjoy doing things together as a family and they all get on very well. In short, they couldn’t be happier: the perfect family. Then one day a mysterious letter arrives for John Malton, and he becomes a completely different person. He was always happy, but now he is nervous and worried all the time. Then he buys a gun and installs security cameras round the house. What was in the letter? Does John have something to hide in his past? Who is John Malton?
Great c
Good
OK
Boring
Terrible
Impossible love?
Benazir Gupta was born and brought up in North London, but her parents are from India. They are very traditional and religious, and want her to marry an Indian boy. However, one day Benazir gives her parents some terrible news. She announces that she’s got a serious boyfriend and he’s not Indian! But that’s not all! Her new boyfriend, Jimmy Flint, is from a family of criminals. His father is in prison for armed robbery and his mother is in jail for fraud. Jimmy left school at 16, has no job, and lives with his divorced sister and her two children. But Benazir is in love and wants to spend the rest of her life with Jimmy, even if her parents are totally against the idea! It’s her decision and not theirs, isn’t it?
Great
2
Good
OK
Boring
Terrible
Answer the questions. Sometimes two answers are possible. In which series… 1 does a message change someone’s personality? 2 does someone decide to start a new life with his/her true love? 3 does someone fall in love? 4 does someone upset his/her family? 5 is someone expecting a baby? 6 is someone from a family with a history of problems?
46
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
3
Four people phone a radio programme to explain problems with their families. Match the person having problems (1-4) to the person you think they are having problems with (a-d).
6
My parents got married when they were 22 years old because living together was not an option in those days. They have been together for 50 years. They have had disagreements but would never consider getting divorced. My father worked long hours and rarely had time to read us stories or play games with us, but we did enjoy holidays together at the beach. My mother ran the house and gave us the emotional support we needed.
a son b the whole family c stepmother d children
36
4
2…
3…
4…
Now listen and check. I lived with Sam for 10 years, and we got married when I was 35. I have worked since I left university. My husband is a writer and works from home, so he is there to look after the children in the holidays or if they are ill. We have a cleaner who does most of the household chores. Both of us make time at the weekend to go out with the children for a bike ride or a walk.
Listen again and choose the problem the speakers have.
36
Problem 1 a The daughter feels uncomfortable about her father’s new wife. b The daughter is worried that her father is old. Problem 2 a The mother needs help to bring up her son. b The mother wants to find a father for her son.
7
Problem 3 a The mother needs her husband to control her children. b The mother wants her children to collaborate more.
Read the texts again and talk to your partner about it. Her parents were married and she’s also married.
Problem 4 a The daughter wants to have more freedom and free time. b The parents want the daughter to cooperate more at home. 5
Read the texts and choose the correct title. 1 The old concept of family continues 2 Changing families 3 New habits in modern families
1 stepdaughter 2 single mother 3 mother of a large family 4 daughter
1…
4
Yes, but her parents couldn’t live together before marriage. She lived with her partner for 10 years.
Do you come from a large or a small family? Think about the advantages and disadvantages of being part of these families. Talk to your partner about it. In a small family the parents can pay more attention to the individual child.
In a large family children always have someone to play with. 8
Write a description of the similarities and differences between generations in your family. Use the text in activity 6 as a model. In my family the three generations are very different. My grandparents…
THAT’S ENGLISH!
47
SELF TEST 1
Write the words you hear.
37
1…
2
2…
3…
4…
5
5…
Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. 1 Shall we leave the washing up until later? (let’s) Let’s leave the washing up until later. 2 Remember to phone your brother-in-law. (forget) 3 How about adopting a child from Africa? (shall) 4 Pick up your sister from school. (will) 5 I give my word I won’t leave you. (promise) 6 I really think he’s a great father. (do)
4
Complete the dialogue with the expressions in the box.
Let’s How about What for Why don’t we do we What about Shall we don’t we Mum: Let’s decide what we are going to do this summer. (1) … book the apartment we stayed in last year? Dad: (2) … going somewhere different this year? I’d like to go somewhere quieter. Mark: (3) … ? I want some excitement. (4) … look for a place I can go out at night as well? Mum: Well, we want to do things together, (5) … ? (6) … an activity holiday? Dad: No, I prefer resting on holiday. We don’t want to come home exhausted, (7) … ? Mum: We need to find somewhere very special!
48
4
Complete these sentences with the correct question tag . 1 James loves having lunch with his grandparents, … ? 2 Ben had problems passing his maths exam, … ? 3 Anne and Karen weren’t at school today, … ? 4 Your aunt will spend the weekend in Oxford, …? 5 Pete’s stepsister has never been to London, … ? 6 Don’t forget to lock the door, … ?
Choose the correct option. 1 Her husband died last year so now she’s a widow / widower . 2 The children were brought on / up in the city centre. 3 The daughter of my father’s new wife is my sister-in-law / stepsister . 4 My uncle died so my aunt is a(n) only parent / single parent . 5 I didn’t forget / remember to water the plants so they have died. 6 My grandmother gave me a lot of fun / support with my new baby. 7 As Emma is a single parent, she has to bring up / grow up the children by herself. 8 They were complete / totally against getting married too young.
3
UNIT
6
Listen to the dialogue between a husband and wife and answer the questions.
38
1 Why is Eric happy? 2 When does Eric start? 3 When does Eric have to move? 4 Where are they going to live? 5 Who could take the children to school for Mandy? 6 When are they going to organise a family reunion? 7
Listen again and complete the chart. Who makes each suggestion?
38
Eric
Mandy
1 ask my sister for help 2 discuss the problem with Julie 3 have a family reunion 4 have a barbecue
8
Write a short email to a member of your family suggesting a weekend away. Use language for making suggestions and question tags .
Dear Bob, For our weekend away, why don’t we go camping? We could…
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
5
Social classes S E V I T C E J B O
·To talk about different social classes ·To discuss the causes of different social issues
A Life was hard for my father 3 Why is Cal angry with the Conservative government of that time? a They increased the taxes the miners had to pay. b His dad lost his job because of their policies. c They took away social and welfare benefits.
BEFORE YOU WATCH 1
Choose the correct option. 1 Miners in the 1980s in Britain protested against … . a the closing of the mines b taxes 2 Trade unions … . a helped people to sell their houses b protected miners rights
4 Cal doesn’t want to go to the races because he doesn’t … . a have enough money b want to get dressed up c want to spend time with ‘posh’ people 5 How does Cal spend his money? a He helps homeless people at a charity. b He spends it on fast cars. c He gambles it at the races.
WHILE YOU WATCH 2
Answer the questions. 5
1 What did Cal’s dad do after he lost his job?
1
2
AFTER YOU WATCH Tick (3 ) the three topics discussed in the video. 1 Political problems involving trade unions. 2 The effect of unemployment on Cal’s family. 3 The journey of Ali’s family from India to Britain. 4 The importance of money in people’s lives.
1… 4
4
3
5
6
a This person doesn’t meet people from different social classes very often. b The class system in the UK is classic and has many old values. c There is a lack of respect between the social classes. d Social class differences between students disappear, because we are all poor. e I think the class system will always be present in society. f At university, you meet people from various different backgrounds.
2 What social class was Ali’s grandmother from?
3
Listen and match the speakers (1-6) to the ideas (a-f).
2…
3…
4…
5…
6…
Choose the correct option. 1 Why did Cal’s dad strike? a The mines weren’t environmentally friendly. b The pay and working conditions were terrible. c He wanted better healthcare. 2 Mrs Thatcher wanted to close the mines because … . a it was too expensive to produce coal b the mines were too dangerous c there weren’t enough people to manage the mines
THAT’S ENGLISH!
NOW YOU! 6
Are there events, sports or places that are popular with a particular social class in Spain? Why? Do you think this will change in the future? Riding a horse is popular with the upper class. This is because it is expensive to own or look after a horse.
49
Social classes
READING 1
These people fought against racial segregation in the US in the ‘50s and ‘60s. Tick (3) the ones you know. 1 J.F. Kennedy
2 Rosa Parks
3 Martin Luther King
4 Harper Lee
2
Read the text. Decide if the following sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones.
39
1 Black people used to travel on the same buses as white people in the USA 60 years ago. 2 Rosa Parks sat in a seat reserved for white people. 3 Rosa Parks organised a boycott of the bus service.
A small action that started a big change and called the police. When they finally came and she was arrested, Rosa asked them, ‘Why do you all push us around?’ She was saying openly what many black people felt in their hearts. News of Rosa’s arrest spread quickly and four days later, on the same day as Rosa’s trial, a one-day boycott of the buses in Montgomery was organised: 90 per cent of Montgomery’s black people refused to use the buses. Rosa was found guilty and she suddenly became a powerful symbol of the black struggle against white oppression. For this reason, tensions increased and the ‘one-day’ boycott became permanent. In the end, it continued for over a year: the boycott ended on 20th December 1956, after 381 days. On that historic day, segregation on buses in Alabama was declared illegal by the Supreme Court of the United States.
Only 60 years ago, black people in the south of the United States were treated as third-class citizens and were the victims of legalised racial discrimination. Since black people were considered inferior, they couldn’t go to the same schools or even use the same public toilets as white people. They also had to sit at the back when they travelled on public transport. However, an incident on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, was the reason why their situation began to change...
Rosa Parks’ intention had not been to make a scene. However, the reason for her actions is clear: she was fed up with the systematic discrimination against black people and she wanted to stand up for their rights. Because of her courage, African Americans won an important battle in their struggle for equal rights.
On the afternoon of December 1st 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old African American, got on the local bus on her way home after work. As she was tired, she didn’t notice that she had taken a seat just behind the section reserved for whites. When more white people got on the bus, the driver told Rosa to go to t he back, but she didn’t move. He told her again but Rosa remained in her seat. Even when he threatened to call the police and the other white passengers began to look angry, she stayed in her seat. So the driver got off the bus
3
Read the text again. Answer the questions. 1 What three examples of discrimination can you find in the text? 2 Where was Rosa Parks going when she caught the bus? 3 Why was Rosa Parks arrested? 4 How did people protest after Rosa Parks was arrested? 5 What law was abolished as a result of her arrest?
50
4
Match the highlighted words from the text to the definitions. 1 cause trouble 2 fight (using a lot of effort) 3 extended 4 not innocent 5 not happy with / tired of 6 intimidated 7 something people are morally or legally allowed to do 8 support an idea
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
5
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 40
/j/
/ju:/
your yesterday year yellow yes
2 41
3 In European countries, many unemployed people to help pay the bills. are organisations which the rights 4 of workers. for 5 We have to work hard to everyone in the world. a lower , so he works cleaning 6 Sanjay the streets in India.
Listen to the pronunciation of the / j/, / ju:/ and /d/ sounds.
continue accuse student presume Tuesday
/ d / passenger just change jazz jeans
5
Rephrase each expression in bold (1-6) with one from the box (a-f). Make the necessary changes.
Listen to the words that contain / j/, /ju:/ and /d/. Put them in the correct column. uses yet jet youth jealous Europe judge marriage you young angel fuel yogurt gesture yoga new yuppie /j/
/ju:/
yet
41
3
uses
/ d / jet
Listen again and repeat.
Underline the / j/ sound and circle the /d/ sound in these sentences. 1 The judges changed the law yesterday. 2 Life is a journey from youth to age. 3 You can’t joke about young people’s protests. 4 The yellow badge meant you were Jewish.
42
4
Now listen and repeat.
Complete the sentences with the words from box A and box B. Follow the colour guide for each gap. A
B
caste
slaves trade unions benefits equal rights racism
achieve receive
belongs to protect treated as unfairly
1 There are still many people in the world who are . They are bought and sold and forced to work. is a form of discrimination when people 2 treat others because of their colour or origins.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
a be made redundant b be fired c work overtime
d take time off e get a pay rise f go on strike
1 He lost his job because he stole money from the company. He was fired because he stole money from the company. 2 She had a better salary when she was promoted. 3 I lost my job because my company closed. 4 I worked extra hours to earn more. 5 I had to stop work for a few days because my partner was ill. 6 We stopped work to protest about our working conditions.
Expressing cause (1): as, since, because Para explicar por qué ocurre o ha ocurrido una acción podemos utilizar: as, since y because. As you are an expert, you can advise us.
We had a pay cut as the company was doing badly . Since women have equal rights, they should be paid the same as men. I protested because I was angry . see page 121
51
Social classes 6
Match the beginning (1-5) and end (a-e) of each sentence. 1 I need a good lawyer... 2 Since racial discrimination is not allowed,… 3 As people treated me as inferior,… 4 As she belonged to a high caste,… 5 The maid worked on Sundays... a I decided to stand up for my rights. b black people have the same opportunities as everyone else. c as I’ve been treated unfairly at work. d because servants couldn’t have weekends off. e she could go to a good school.
9
Complete these sentences with your own ideas. 1 Sex discrimination is illegal. For this reason,… 2 The reason for the protest was… 3 The reason why they can’t go into the restaurant is because…
10 43
Listen to the people’s stories and answer the questions. Tick (3) (B) for Betsy, (C) for Chrissie and (J) for Jamil. Which person...
B
C
J
1 lost his/her job? 2 was discriminated against? 3 liked his/her employer?
7
Complete the sentences with your own ideas. 1 As my boss is taking time off, my workmates and I… 2 I’m moving to another country because I want… 3 Since I am upper class, I speak…
11 43
1 Where did Betsy work? 2 Which class did Betsy belong to? 3 Why did Chrissie’s job change? 4 What is Chrissie going to do? 5 In what way is Jamil better than many of his colleagues? 6 Why didn’t Jamil get a promotion?
12
Think about different types of discrimination (racial, age, sex, etc.). Talk with your partner, explain why you think discrimination happens and give reasons for your opinions.
Expressing cause (2): because / because of - Usamos because + clause. Everyone admired her because she was courageous. - Usamos because of + noun. Everyone admired her because of her courage. see page 121
8
Complete these sentences with because of .
because
or
1 He was discriminated against … his colour. 2 They went on strike … they got a pay cut. 3 The government changed their policy … the protest. 4 … his caste, he couldn’t get a better job.
Listen again and answer the questions.
In the past, there was discrimination against men because they were bald. Because of this, people thought they were unattractive or boring. Nowadays, it’s fashionable to be bald, so many men shave their heads.
Expressing cause (3): formal expressions Usamos for this reason, the reason why, the reason for para expresar la razón por la que hacemos algo. The people were angry. For this reason , they refused to use the buses. The reason why Rosa Parks didn’t move was because she was fed up with discrimination . The reason for the boycott was Rosa’s trial. see page 121
52
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
5
B Social barriers That’s Britain!
BEFORE YOU WATCH
4
Documentary 1
Which of these features would you relate to the upper class?
The city of Bath Roman baths The Pump Room Pulteney Bridge A sedan chair Royal Crescent Buildings
1 amount of wealth 2 level of education 3 properties 4 type of clothes 5 occupation
1 ... is a great place to go shopping. 2 … is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 3 … was used to transport the rich around the city. 4 … used to be private houses of the rich. 5 … have been popular with kings and queens for centuries. 6 … was originally built as a meeting place for the upper classes.
Same language, different lives 2
Look at the photos (1-4) showing different responses to social issues. Match them to the words (a-d) below. 1
3
Same language, different lives 5
2
a riot b protest
Match the descriptions (1-6) to the places or objects named in the video.
4
Listen to the speakers discussing different responses to social issues. Tick (3) the reactions that they talk about. 1 signing petitions 2 peaceful protests 3 riots 4 bomb attacks 5 hunger strikes 6 nothing or very little 7 blogging 8 writing to the government
c blogging d (hunger) strike
AFTER YOU WATCH
Documentary 3
Choose the correct option. 1 Most government ministers / upper-class people studied at Oxford or Cambridge Universities. 2 Only 7 per cent of people in Britain have a private education / university degree . 3 Less working-class people go to university because entrance exams are difficult / tuition fees are expensive . 4 Abbie Kareem, the sociologist, believes anyone / only successful people can mix with the upper classes. 5 Wilfred Smith, the activist, believes that success and money don’t give people status / class . 6 It is easy to know a person’s social class by the way they talk / the clothes they wear .
THAT’S ENGLISH!
NOW YOU! 6
How do you respond to social issues? Do you protest in public, write to your government or discuss the topic with your friends? Describe a social issue you have responded to recently. I receive news from different campaigning charities online. When I read about an issue that I feel strongly about, I sign an online petition.
53
Social classes
READING 1
Identify the social classes you can see in the pictures (1-3). 1
2
2
Read the forum and answer the questions.
44
1 Which social classes are mentioned? 2 Which person doesn’t… a like a particular class?
3
b like the class system?
c understand a particular class?
Today’s great debate! Do you identify yourself with a particular social class? Or, in your opinion, is the class system dead? Tell us what you think! ‘As far as I’m concerned, the class system is still a big factor in British life. I suppose that I would probably call myself lower middle class, and in my life I’ve met loads of people who are either middle class like me, or working class. However, as for upper-class people, I have to admit that they’re a bit of a mystery to me because they tend to live in very closed circles. It’s not easy to say what being upper class actually means. It’s certainly not just about money. I mean, you can be rich and still be working class in your attitudes. I suppose that someone who is upper class speaks with a posh accent (like the Queen!), and has been to a prestigious public school* like Eton.’ Dave ‘I was born and grew up in Melbourne. This might surprise you, but I had never even thought about my social class until I came to live in England. In Australia I was who I was and my background didn’t matter. But here in Britain class is important to many people. I really can’t understand it. I mean, wouldn’t it be better to try to find things that we have in common, and not focus on what make us different? So, to answer the question concerning the class system: it isn’t dead, but I wish that it was!’ Ewan ‘As regards people’s social class, in general I agree with Ewan’s view that the less we think about it the better. Having said that, the one group that I can’t stand is the nouveau riche . These are people from working-class backgrounds that have somehow managed to become wealthy. They’re often not very well educated, have no interest in anything regarding culture and, most important of all, they have absolutely no taste! You can call me a snob if you want, but I think that there is nothing worse than someone with money who doesn’t know how to spend it!’ Fiona (*) In Britain, a ‘public school’ is an elite private school; a ‘state school’ is funded by the government and is free for students. 3
Decide if the following sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 Dave knows people from all the different classes in Britain. 2 A posh accent is associated with being upper class. 3 There are more class differences in Australia than the UK. 4 Nouveau riche people have money from their parents. 5 Fiona thinks some people use their money badly.
54
4
Complete the sentences with the highlighted words in the text. 1 She thinks working-class people are inferior. She’s such a … . 2 My father is Indian and my mother Italian, but I was brought up in Scotland so I really have a multiracial … . 3 In Victorian times a maid was regarded as … . 4 In the villages in the mountains there are … of local people who won’t accept immigrants. 5 People in the UK who are … usually own a house, have a car and a reasonable income. 6 … people are often the elite members of a society. 7 You have to be very … to send your children to public school.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
5
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 45
In long words of three or more syllables, apart from the ‘primary’ stress ( or ) sometimes we have a ‘secondary’ stress ( or ). Listen and repeat.
4
1 CApitalism
2
/ kæptlzm/ ethNICity
soCIety
unCONciously
coNOMic
2 Jerry went to a public school. (for this reason) / (that’s why) 3 Kevin has lost his job. (as) / (the reason why) 4 Steve is a disabled student. (that’s why) / (because)
/ iknmk/
PROSeCUtion INcaPAcity
2
1 The miners went on strike for a month. (because of this) The miners went on strike for a month. Because of this , they lost a lot of money . (since) Since the miners went on strike for a month, they lost a lot of money .
deVElopment
E
QUALifiCAtion SOciOlogy
Match the sentences (1-4) to the sentences (a-d) and rewrite them using the connectors in brackets.
a The university gave him a special computer. b The miners lost a lot of money. c His parents had to pay a lot of money. d I have offered to give him work.
UNbeLIEvably]
Listen and put the words in the correct column. Underline the syllable with the primary stress.
46
economic pronunciation inevitable socialism educational demonstration equality aristocracy 4 syllables
Making reference (formal language) - Usamos regarding, concerning, as far as … is concerned , as regards … para referirnos a algo. Se usan en informes escritos, discursos, etc. Regarding / Concerning / As regards your suggestions, I think most of them are good . As far as the director is concerned , he wants a completely new system. - En un contexto menos formal usamos as for. As for the meeting, I think we should have it on Wednesday .
5 syllables
economic
3
Complete the sentences with words from the box. poverty economic socialism demonstrations aristocracy equality Traditionally the upper class in Britain consisted of the (1) … who were wealthy landowners. Most of the farm and factory workers were working class and many lived in (2) … . During the Industrial Revolution the workers became more powerful and they slowly achieved more (3) … because they went on (4) … and other protests. When (5) … became a political force in the UK, many people’s (6) … situation improved: they had more money and the middle class emerged.
see page 122
5
regarding that’s why as for as far as because Dear Sir, (1) … the project to cut down the trees in the High Street, I am writing to express my worries. (2) … I am concerned, the local authorities are making a mistake. The trees are over 50 years old an d provide shade. (3) … they should be saved. (4) … the planned parking spaces, I feel they will be insufficient for the needs of the shoppers. (5) … of this, many people will no longer shop in the town.
Expressing cause (4): that’s why / because of this Las expresiones that’s why, because of this (por eso/ esto) también explican la causa de algo anteriormente mencionado. Sally is upper class. That’s why people think she has a lot of money . They are rich, but their families weren’t wealthy . Because of this , people call them nouveau riche. see page 122
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Complete the letter with the expressions from the box.
6
Write a short letter to complain about one of the following issues. 1 A disco is going to open near your house. 2 The local health centre is going to close.
55
Social classes
CONSOLIDATION 1
2
Look at the picture. What social class do you think the people in this village belong to? Read the letters to the editor of the local village newspaper and answer the questions. 1 Who is / are in favour of the project? 2 Who is / are against the project? 3 What social class do people in the village belong to?
Letters to the editor Dear Sir, I would like to express my concern regarding the proposal to open a rehabilitation centre in our village. Our community has always been a safe, comfortable place to live in and many of us have been here all our lives. I am proud to say that we are respectable middle-class citizens and we really don’t want people in our area who just aren’t the same as us. These drug addicts come from a different background to us and won’t know how to behave in our park or local shops. As for their families, who knows what they might do when they come to visit! Yours fait hfully, Edward Lowington Dear Sir, As far as I am concerned, the new drugs rehabilitation centre will bring more prosperity to the village. Jobs will be created firstly for construction and then for staff to work in the centre.
3
The Bottomley Herald
Many people have been made redundant in our area, and jobs are difficult to find, especially for young people. That’s why I am in favour of giving them an opportunity to work near home. If we don’t support projects for development, the village will become a retirement home full of old people because the young will leave. Yours fait hfully, John Stocker Dear Sir, This may surprise you, coming from a retired senior citizen, but I feel that the people who will come to the rehabilitation centre should be given a chance. Maybe they can make a difference to our community in a positive way. For this reason, our village shouldn’t behave like a closed circle of privileged snobs, but be more tolerant and accept social differences. I’m sure we can all
Decide if the following sentences are true ( 3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 Edward comes from a working-class background. 2 John wants to give job opportunities to people in the area. 3 Douglas thinks the village people should not exclude others. 4 Douglas is quite young and unemployed. 5 Mary is worried about the children in the rehabilitation centre. 6 Mary is against rehabilitation.
56
4
learn from each other. After all, they are not criminals, but simply people struggling to improve their lives. Yours faithfully, Douglas Brigham Dear Sir, My worry is the influence of these drug addicts on our children. My children play happily on the street and in the park after school, but in such a small village, where will these people go to socialise? They are not allowed drugs in the centre, but what about outside? Concerning rehabilitation, I am not against it, but this centre should be built elsewhere. That’s why I propose that the facility should be situated in the town 20 miles from here where the people are of a different class and there are fewer families with young children. Yours faithfully, Mary Potter
Discuss with a partner. How would you feel in this situation? What do you think the best solution could be? Explain your opinion. I agree with Mary. The children in the village are the most important. That’s why I think…
I don’t agree with you at all. Creating employment in this village is more important. For this reason, I believe…
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
5
Match the following pictures (1-3) to the correct job (a-c).
8
47
5
Discuss with a partner. Do you agree with these sentences? Why / Why not? 1 Social class divides people in my country. 2 Immigration has to be controlled. 3 It’s better to employ a younger person than an older person.
1
I have university friends from different social classes and we all get on well. That’s why I think social class is not important in my country.
I don’t agree with you. Because of the crisis, the difference between classes is getting bigger.
2 9
Read the letter and answer the questions. Dear Sir, As far as I’m concerned, the issue of social classes in society today is becoming more and more important and is dividing the people in my country. The reason for this is because of the difference in salaries that the working-class people earn. These people can’t afford to send their children to university, and because of this, they can’t find a well-paid job. As the difference in salaries grows bigger, the different classes don’t mix as much as they used to and for this reason, society is becoming more divided and less tolerant. As for the government, I think they should do something to stop the country from becoming even more divided.
3
Yours faithfully, David Bolland
a road sweeper
b shoemaker
1 David is ... the situation in his country. a happy with b worried about 2 Who does David think should solve the problem?
c priest 10
6
7 47
Do you think they are upper-caste or lowercaste professions in India?
Listen to the interview with Sachin Shinde, an Indian businessman, and tick true ( 3) or false ( 7). Correct the false sentences. 1 Sachin Shinde belongs to the shoemaker caste. 2 Fifteen people work for Sachin. 3 In business, people are worried about which caste he belongs to. 4 His bank manager thought it was strange Sachin wanted to study in Britain. 5 In India, people don’t usually marry people from a different caste.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Write a letter to a newspaper giving your opinion on immigration. Include some of the expressions from the box. As far as I’m concerned, Regarding… / Concerning… / As regards… As for… Since… / As… Because of… The reason for… The reason why… For this reason / Because of this / That’s why...
Dear Sir, Regarding the issue of immigration, I think... Because of…
57
SELF TEST 1
Put the words in the correct column according to the sound in the underlined letter(s). 1 university 2 teenage 3 juice 4 using 5 your /j/
48
UNIT 4
/ d /
Listen and check.
5 49
2
Choose the correct option. 1 The situation is improving. Because of this, / This is for I’ve found a full-time job. 2 Kathy didn’t get a place in the school because of / because she was Asian. 3 The reason why / for I think they are upper class is their accent. 4 I can’t find work in this town. For that / That is why I’m moving to the capital. 5 About / Regarding the pay cuts, I think they are unnecessary.
6 young 7 village 8 reduce 9 yet 10 unite /ju:/
5
Listen to a town hall meeting and match the problems (1-5) to one of the causes (a-h). There are three causes which do not match a problem.
Complete the text with the words in the box. background classes economic education equality inequality political private wealthy working-class
The division of society into social (1) … is a worldwide phenomenon. People belong to a class principally because of their (2) … ; where they were born and who their parents were, but (3) … factors are also important in dividing a society into groups. (4) … people can afford a better (5) … for their children and so more middle and upperclass children go to university than (6) … children. (7) … parties in Britain reflect this situation: 35% of MPs (Members of Parliament) went to (8) … schools, but only 7% of the total population attend these schools. There is also (9) … between men and women in Parliament. Only 22% of MPs are female. There is still a long way to go to achieve social (10) … .
3
a There is nowhere to play sports. b There is nowhere to meet. c There is no social club. d They eat junk food. e Businesses are closing. f They have no experience. g There is a lot of unemployment. h There aren’t enough police.
Complete the sentences with the correct word. 1 Western countries joined the b… of Iraq and refused to do business with the country. 2 The transport workers were on s… , so there were no buses or trains that day. 3 I experienced racial d… when I tried to get a job. They didn’t want me because I am black. 4 The a… in Britain often have titles such as Lord or Duchess . 5 He thinks he is superior to his neighbours because he went to a public school. He’s such a s… . 6 Many workers were made r… when the fa ctory closed.
58
1 Young people cause problems. 2 Teenagers aren’t healthy. 3 The elderly stay at home all day. 4 Young people have no job opportunities. 5 Crime is increasing.
1… 6
2…
3…
4…
5…
Ask and answer with a partner. What social classes are there in your country or region? How do you recognise if a person belongs to a specific class? In my area people are generally working class. I think you can know a person’s class by their accent. What do you think?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
6
Films S E V I T C E J B O
·To talk about films ·To understand the main ideas in an article on the film industry
A Lights, camera and action! 6 In the cafe, the main character has to … . a eat some lunch b cry c kill her lover
BEFORE YOU WATCH 1
Put the five different steps to make a film in the order they happen. a editing b shooting c holding a premiere 1 ...
2 ...
3 ...
4 ...
7 Matt is worried because … . a he doesn’t like his film b critics don’t like his film c he owes the bank a lot of money
d writing a screenplay e finding a location 5 ...
4
WHILE YOU WATCH 2
Read and complete the review for Matt’s film with words from the box. There are 2 extra words.
married shy film festival low-budget selfish cinema homicidal revenge
Answer the questions.
A young filmmaker has written a new horror screenplay. This (1) … film was shot locally around north London.
1 What genre is Matt’s movie?
The film tells the story of Rosie, a (2) … girl who is seduced by a (3) … man. When he finishes with her, she is so hurt that she wants (4) … . She is so angry that she becomes a (5) … monster. The film will premiere at a small local (6) … next week.
2 What did they do with the scene they filmed in the cafe?
5
AFTER YOU WATCH 3
1 Reading a book / Watching a movie in your own personal space is thrilling. 2 I prefer films some / most of the time. 3 I would say that the book is often better / worse than the film equivalent. 4 I don’t like reading / I’m not a good reader . I prefer movies. 5 I enjoy films because I’m a visual / lazy person.
Choose the correct option. 1 Matt is looking for … for his new film. a extras b the leading role c a location 2 Bill is worried that … . a the crew will make a mess b he will lose his customers c Matt won’t pay him 3 Bill wants Matt to finish filming … . a before the cafe opens b before the cafe closes c by lunch time 4 Natasha really wants to … . a learn how to make a film b act in the film c see the film 5 It is Liz’s responsibility to … . a ensure no one comes out of the cafe b check hair and make up c both a & b
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Listen to the speakers talking about whether they prefer books or films. Choose the correct option.
NOW YOU! 6
Do you prefer watching films or reading b ooks? Do you think books are better than their film equivalent? Explain your answer. I like both books and films. However, important character information or plot ideas are often left out of films.
59
Films
READING 1
What film festivals are celebrated in your country?
2
Read the article. Match the headings (1-3) to each paragraph (a-c). 1 The event for independent films
2 Chic and international
3 The importance of film festivals
a ... Thousands of film festivals are celebrated around the world every year. Chances are, however, you’ve only
heard about a few of them. No matter how large or small they may be, festivals are important because they help to give recognition to films, which the French refer to as ‘the seventh art.’ Cannes Film Festival b ... Cinema was invented in France. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that
the Cannes Film Festival is the largest and most prestigious festival in the world. Without a doubt, it is also the most glamorous. Every May, hundreds of directors and movie stars such as George Clooney and Penélope Cruz walk down the red carpet hoping they will walk away holding the prestigious Palme d’Or (the Golden Palm) award. In fact, this 12-day festival is so exclusive and chic that you must have an invitation to attend! Founded in 1946, it is celebrated in the small city of Cannes, in the French Riviera, and promotes European and world cinema. Films of all genres can compete in three main categories: In Competition, Out of Competition, and Un Certain Regard. This last category refers to films that are ‘original and different.’ All films must be shown in the original version with subtitles in French, as dubbing is not allowed. Some of the most famous winners have been Roman Polanski’s masterpiece The Pianist and Quentin Tarantino’s Pulp Fiction. All films, no matter what category, share one thing in common – they are looking for international recognition. Sundance Film Festival c ... The Sundance Film Festival is the new mecca for independent filmmakers. So, indie films of all genres and
nationalities are welcome, and any filmmaker can enter their short or feature-length film into the festival as long as they pay the 100 dollar submission fee. Over 4,000 low-budget films are submitted annually, although only a hundred will be selected for screening. Programmers aren’t looking for the next Hollywood blockbuster, but rather films that are innovative with a well-told story. Although many Hollywood celebrities attend Sundance, it’s not the most elegant film festival in the world – in fact, anyone can attend the festival by registering online. Since 1981, Sundance has been celebrated every January in Park City, a snowy mountain town in the state of Utah where temperatures are often below freezing. In fact, it’s such a small town that some films have to be shown in smaller venues, such as a school gymnasium. Still, many award winners have been discovered at Sundance, such as Quentin Tarantino’s first film, Reservoir Dogs. This festival also has a high ratio of Academy Award success. In 2010, nine films shown at the Sundance were nominated for the Oscars. 3
Read the article again and tick ( 3) C for Cannes and S for Sundance.
4
Match the highlighted words in the text to the definitions.
50
This festival… 1 is considered very prestigious. 2 is open to any filmmaker. 3 is organised in a small town. 4 is programmed in spring. 5 has shown films by Quentin Tarantino. 6 awards films for being ‘different.’ 7 accepts films of all genres. 8 prefers good storytelling. 9 is more international. 10 can be attended by anyone.
60
C
S
1 presented for consideration 2 showing a film in a cinema 3 a financially very successful film 4 acceptance and respect 5 a film that usually lasts an hour or more 6 made with very little money 7 a great film 8 a person involved in the creation of a film 9 change the original dialogue of a film into another language 10 translation of a film’s dialogue written at the bottom of the screen
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
6
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 51
/ d / / t / / d / 2 52
4 Many great filmmakers … (award) the Palme d’Or since 1946. 5 It’s always an honour … (nominate) for an award. 6 Films should ... (submit) before 1st December. 7 A special screening … (hold) at the Film Institute next Sunday. 8 An independent film … (film) in my town now. 9 The award ceremony … (show) on TV every year. 10 Foreign films should … (subtitle) in French.
Listen to the pronunciation of the -ed endings and repeat. referred walked celebrated
shared helped invented
welcomed released founded
Listen to these past participles of the regular verbs. Put them in the correct column according to the pronunciation of the -ed endings. released submitted married financed discovered filmed exploded finished selected obsessed entered applauded /d/
/t/
5
/d/
52
Listen again and repeat the verbs.
3
Complete the sentences with /d/, /t/ or /d/.
Read the paragraph and complete the sentence with the correct form of the active or passive voice . The new film Fast and Crazy (1) … (release) next Friday. The film (2) … (direct) by the American director Robert Long and (3) … (play) by the English actor Michael Griffin and the American film star Lisa Morgan. Both actors (4) … (give) a great performance. Dennis Patton (5) … (do) an incredible job on special effects, and the soundtrack (6) … (sound) amazing. The filmmaker (7) … (expect) to take in more than two million dollars in the first week of showing. The film (8) … (receive) rave reviews so it (9) … (expect) to be nominated for four Oscars. The film (10) … (distribute) worldwide.
1 Regular verbs that end in the sounds /d/ or /t/ are pronounced … . 2 Verbs that end in a vowel sound or voiced consonant /b/, /d/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/, //, / r/, /v/, /ð/, /z/ are pronounced … . 3 Verbs that end in a voiceless consonant /s/, /f/, /t/, //, /k/, /p/ are pronounced … . 6
Match the film posters (1-9) to the types of films (a-i).
The passive 1
- Recuerda que para dar información importante y describir procesos se usa la voz pasiva. Over 4,000 films are submitted annually . The film is being promoted by critics. Nine films were nominated for the Oscars at Sundance. Sundance has been celebrated every January since 1981. Only 100 films will be selected . - También se pueden usar verbos modales en voz pasiva para describir procesos. All films must be shown in the original version. Woody Allen’s latest film should be nominated for an Academy Award . Some films have to be shown in smaller venues.
4
7
Avatar
2
5
Lord of the Rings
8
Saving Private Ryan
Avatar 3
6
9
see page 122
4
Complete the sentences using the verb in the passive voice . 1 The Academy Awards … (found) in 1927. 2 I think the new Tarantino film … (release) in May. 3 The script must … (write) before production begins.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Titanic
a animated film b comedy c drama
d foreign film e horror film f saga
g sci-fi h thriller i war film
61
Films 7
4 Prize-winning films always make a lot of money. 5 Film distributors can find new films. 6 They are a way for audiences to see less commercial films.
Read the review of a film festival and change the highlighted words with the ones in the box. blockbuster feature-length filmmakers low-budget masterpiece recognition screenings submitted 10
This year’s festival is one of the biggest I’ve ever attended. (1) Directors from all over the world will be showing hundreds of films, so it’s impossible to see every film (2) presented to the festival. I’ve attended (3) showings of some very good films, but my favourite, so far, is a (4) two-hour drama by
8
George: Karen: George:
Karen:
George: Karen:
George:
53
Would you like to rent a (1) … and watch it at my house this weekend? I’d love to. What kind of films do you enjoy? Oh, I’m keen on sci-fi and (2) … , you know, anything with action in it. What about you? Oh, I’m not into big Hollywood (3) … at all. I much prefer low- (4) … , independent films. I also like (5) … films, especially Chinese cinema. Sorry, but I can’t stand films that are (6) … . Why don’t we see the new Coen Brothers? It was nominated for the Palme d’Or at last year’s Cannes Film (7) … . Good idea.
1 How many film festivals are celebrated around the world? a twenty b a thousand c several thousand 2 How many festivals actually are influential? a none of them b around twenty c about a thousand 3 What happens when festival audiences like a film? a It helps the film to find distribution. b It guarantees the film will earn a lot of money. c The director becomes famous. 4 Why do so many distributors attend festivals? a They meet movie stars. b They earn a lot of money at the festivals. c They can find a possible blockbuster. 5 Which answer best describes the film Little Miss Sunshine ? a a typical Hollywood production b expensive c low-budget
budget DVD subtitled thrillers
6 How did Little Miss Sunshine find distribution? a It won an award at Cannes. b Hollywood advertised it a lot. c Audiences at Sundance liked it. 7 Why do audiences like attending festivals? a They’re fun. b They can see movies for free. c Filmmakers might want them in their next film. 11
Answer the sentences.
questions
using
complete
1 What kind of films do you enjoy the most? 2 Are there any types of films you can’t stand? 3 Do you follow any film festivals in your country? If so, which ones do you think are the most popular? 4 Do you usually read film reviews before deciding which film to see? 5 Do you prefer watching films on DVD at home or going to the cinema? Why?
Listen to a radio interview with film critic Joanne Adams about the importance of film festivals. Tick (3) the three reasons she talks about. 1 They make money for the local community. 2 They help new filmmakers make contacts in the industry. 3 Festivals are a way for directors to finance their films.
62
53
Read the dialogue between two friends. Complete the conversation with the words in the box. blockbusters festival foreign
9
indie filmmaker Judy Tam. Although this film was (5) made with very little money, I think it’s a (6) work of art! It’s not a film for everyone, however, so it probably won’t be the next (7) big money-maker. Still, I’m glad we have events like this to promote young directors like Ms Tam. She deserves all the (8) attention and respect she is receiving.
Listen again and choose the correct option.
12
Ask your partner the questions above and take turns answering. What kind of films do you enjoy?
I’m really keen on comedies. What about you?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
6
B What’s on? BEFORE YOU WATCH
Documentary 1
That’s Britain! 5
Tick (3) two characteristics that best describe independent art-house cinemas.
Read the sentences and decide if they relate to Castle Combe (CC), Lacock Village (LV) or both (B).
1 Independent cinemas focus on indies and documentaries. 2 They screen Hollywood blockbusters. 3 They have a clear educational purpose.
Same language, different lives 2
Look at the photos of Spanish landscape and architecture. What types of film could be filmed here? Give reasons for your answers. 1 It is the place where photography was invented. 2 It doesn’t have telephone poles or satellite dishes. 3 It is used to film programmes set in the past. 4 There is a water pump in the village. 5 Some scenes in Harry Potter were filmed here. 6 There is a museum. 7 Steven Spielberg has filmed here.
Same language, different lives AFTER YOU WATCH
6
Documentary 3
New Zealand USA India Australia Britain Jamaica
Tick (3) the things you can do at the Phoenix cinema.
1 We have made films that have had a big impact. 2 It is the biggest film industry in the world. 3 Our big film studios attract outside filmmakers. 4 Lord of the Rings was filmed here. 5 It is a great film location. 6 It created Disney.
1 Go to a film festival. 2 Screen your own private films. 3 Use the venue for your own party. 4 Watch live screenings of opera. 5 Watch a film in another language. 6 Take an educational course on film. 7 Watch a film made by students. 8 Listen to someone talk about a film. 4
Answer the questions using words from the video. 1 What is another name for independently produced films? 2 What is an effective way of advertising? (give two options) 3 What does the Phoenix team use to get customer feedback? 4 What are the two competitors to independent cinema?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Listen to the speakers talking about how their countries have contributed to the world of film. Match the countries to the answers.
NOW YOU! 7
Which Spanish films have had international success? Do any Spanish directors work in Hollywood? What other ways has Spain contributed to the world of film? Penélope Cruz and Antonio Banderas are Spanish actors who have starred in many Hollywood blockbuster films.
63
Films
READING 1
Which of the following films are considered ‘classics’? 1 Casablanca
2
2 Avatar
3 X-Men
4 The Great Gatsby
5 Singing in the Rain
Read the opinions about Hollywood films. Which opinions do you agree with? 1 I’m interested in seeing films made in black and white. 2 I enjoy seeing remakes of old science fiction films because the special effects are better now. 3 Classic films should never be remade.
3
Read the article. Which opinions from activity 2 reflect the point of view of the writer?
54
To remake or not to remake Is Hollywood running out of fresh ideas? Hollywood releases hundreds of films every year, which may explain why producers are obsessed with remaking old films. Perhaps there are only so many stories that can be told. The truth is that remakes are a tradition as old as Hollywood itself. In 1903, audiences stood in lines to see The Great Train Robbery, cinema’s first blockbuster. It was so popular that the film industry responded by remaking this silent film hit one year later in 1904. Artistically, there are several arguments for remaking old films. Many audiences today don’t want to see old black and white films, no matter how good they may be. In the case of science fiction or fantasy films, modern special effects are much more sophisticated than before. Consequently, remakes are a visual improvement. However, the real reason Hollywood insists on remaking films is that audiences are willing to pay to see them. And Hollywood wants to make money. For example, the 2013 version of The Great Gatsby, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, was a huge international hit – and it was the fifth time this drama had been remade. It was also the most popular incarnation. Romeo and Juliet has been
4
Read the article again. Decide if the sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 Black and white films aren’t as popular as colour films. 2 The 2013 version of The Great Gatsby was the least popular. 3 The remake of Total Recall was not successful. 4 Audiences would like to see remakes of classics such as The Godfather and Casablanca.
5
Complete the sentences with the highlighted words from the text. 1 Ironman 3 cost a lot of money to make. It had a….
64
remade dozens of times in dozens of languages. The 1960s low-budget horror classic, Night of the Living Dead, has been remade twice, once in 3D. Of course, this zombie film has been copied numerous times. Remakes usually do earn money at the box office, but there’s no guarantee of success. In 1990, sci-fi classic Total Recall earned over 250 million dollars. The 2012 remake, however, was a critical and financial flop. This big-budget production cost 125 million dollars and earned less than half its budget in US cinemas. Many cinephiles agree with the idiom: ‘if it’s not broken, don’t fix it.’ Indeed, some are such classic films that they just can’t be remade. Classics such as The Godfather or The Wizard of Oz are considered untouchable. Although plans have been announced to start production on a new version of Casablanca, so far, these are only rumours. Fans and critics of this 1942 romantic drama call it one of the best films in the history of cinema. American film critic Roger Ebert said no one would accept a remake. Which recent films will be remade 25 years from now? Perhaps future audiences will want to see a new version of the ‘old fashioned’ Avatar.
2 Hollywood usually … its best films into the cinemas in autumn months. 3 I’ve seen three … of this zombie film already, but the version made in 1968 was the best. 4 Cloud Atlas was a … . It was expensive to make but earned very little money. 5 We can go to the cinema and buy our tickets at the … . 6 The Avengers earned 1.5 billion dollars. It was a big … . 7 Scenes of explosions or spaceships are not real. They’re made using … . 8 The Gold Rush was made in 1925, before the invention of sound. It’s a … .
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
6
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 55
When we begin a sentence with a result clause, the intonation can either rise or fall. Listen and repeat.
WRITING SECTION 4
1 Digital technology has improved. As a result ( ›), special effects are much better now. As a result (› ), special effects are much better now. 2 The reviews were terrible. Consequently ( ›), the film was a flop. Consequently (› ), the film was a flop. 3 It was a popular film in the ’60s. So ( ›), it’s going to be remade. So (› ) it’s going to be remade. 4 New 3-D films are expensive to produce. Therefore ( ›), tickets cost more. Therefore (› ), tickets cost more. 2 56
then at first in the beginning after that eventually finally in the end see page 132
The Help, directed by Tate Taylor, is a film that takes place in Jackson, Mississippi in the early 1960s. It tells the story of African American maids working in white households. (1) … , Skeeter Phelan, a recent graduate in journalism, returns home to Jackson. She finds that all her friends are married and have families. (2) … , Skeeter realises that one of her friends wants to initiate a law that says that all white-owned homes have to have a separate toilet for the Negro maids. (3) … , Skeeter decides to write a story about Negro help. (4) … , none of the maids want to say anything because they are afraid of the consequences. (5) … , Skeeter convinces Aibileen Clark to tell her story, and (6) … Minny Jackson agrees to help her as well. (7) … , more than a dozen maids tell their story and Skeeter’s book becomes a best-seller. It’s a very well-made drama. The actors performed beautifully and it’s full of amusing dialogues. You shouldn’t miss it!
Listen and decide if the speaker uses rising ( ›) or falling (› ) intonation after the result expressions. 1 We don’t have an invitation to the film festival. So , we can’t attend. __ 2 Cannes Film Festival promotes European cinema. As a result , Hollywood films rarely win. __ 3 Most films are available on DVD. Consequently , everyone can enjoy the old classics. __ 4 It’s a four-hour documentary. Therefore , I can’t recommend it for children. __ 5
Expressing result and consequence -
-
Read the description of a film and complete the text with words from the box.
so + adjective or adverb + that The film was so popular that it was remade one year later. The festival is so exclusive and chic that you must have an invitation to attend .
Read the description again and answer the questions. Use complete sentences. Paragraph 1: 1 Who directed the film? 2 Where and when does the story take place? Paragraph 2: 3 Who are the main characters? 4 What happens? Paragraph 3: 5 What is the writer’s opinion of the film?
such + (a/an) + adjective + noun + that It’s such a small town that some films have to be shown in smaller venues. Some are such classic films that they can’t be remade. see page 123
6 3
Think of a film you liked and complete the chart.
Choose the correct option. 1 The weather is so / such warm that we’ve decided to go swimming. 2 The film has so / such excellent acting that it won many awards. 3 The Lord of the Rings films were so / such popular films that they earned three billion dollars at the box office. 4 She speaks so / such quickly that no one can understand her. 5 The Wizard of Oz is so / such a good film that I’ve seen it 10 times. 6 Most zombie films are so / such violent that Jennifer can’t watch them.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Title: __________________ Director: ________________ Main characters: _________________________________ Plot: First event: __ Second event: __ Third event: __ Ending: _________________________________________ Opinion / Recommendation: _______________________ 7
Use the information from activity 7 and write a three-paragraph description of the film you liked (120 words). Use sequencing connectors to organise the plot. Titanic, directed by…
65
Films
CONSOLIDATION 1
Look at the pictures below. What genre is the film?
2
Read the article. Choose the best headline. 1 The importance of CGI
2 Hollywood comes to Spain
3 Making of The Impossible
Spanish film director Juan Antonio Bayona knows a good story when he hears it. And in 2007, while listening to the radio, he heard María Belón tell the true story about how she and her family survived the 2004 tsunami in Thailand, he knew it would make a great film. Five years later, Bayona’s film The Impossible became an international blockbuster, earning over 170 million dollars at the box office. Starring Naomi Watts and Ewan McGregor, the film was nominated for many international awards, including the Oscar and Golden Globe. Many critics included it on their lists of ‘The ten Best Films of 2012.’ But The Impossible is much more than a disaster film, says Bayona. His film is first a story about the human condition, and then a terrifying recreation of the Indian Ocean tsunami that killed over 200,000 people. Telling this intimate and epic drama, however, wouldn’t be cheap – the film’s budget was 30 million euros. Here are some interesting facts about how The Impossible was made possible. • English-speaking movie stars were hired to guarantee financing and attract international audiences. • The Impossible was partially filmed in Thailand on the actual location where the story took place. Many real tsunami survivors were used as extras. • Scenes involving water were filmed in a giant water tank in Alicante – the largest in Europe — that held millions of gallons of water. • The terrifying ten minute sequence of the tsunami was such an intricate scene that it took over one year of preparation. • In order to recreate the 90-foot tsunami, the special effects crew mixed real sets, detailed miniatures and Computer Generated Imagery (CGI). • Real water was always used because Bayona felt that CGI water isn’t realistic enough. • The miniature set of the resort took months to build. Then, it was destroyed in seconds using a giant wave in a water tank. Ten cameras were used. • Naomi Watts spent six weeks filming in water. As a result, she developed stomach problems. • The sound department made the tsunami sound like a giant airplane engine – which is exactly how María Belón described it.
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
When The Impossible was first shown at the Toronto International Film Festival, it received a ten-minute standing ovation.
3
Answer the questions. 1 How did the director first hear about María Belón’s story? 2 How much did it cost to make The Impossible ? 3 Why was it filmed with English-speaking actors? 4 What two locations were used to film The Impossible ? 5 What three elements were used to create the special effects? 6 Why didn’t Bayona want to use CGI for the water? 7 How many cameras were used to film the destruction of the miniature set? 8 How was the film received on its first screening?
66
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
4 57
Listen to interviews with four people talking about their favourite films from modern cinema. Tick (3) the different genres mentioned. 1 animation 2 horror 3 science fiction / sci-fi 4 independent cinema 5 disaster films 6 musicals 7 dramas 8 comedy 9 foreign films 10 thrillers
5
Listen again and choose the correct option.
6
Read the questions from a cinema quiz. Prepare five more trivia questions about cinema for a website. Then, interview your partner. All questions should be multiple choice.
Are you a cinema lover? Welcome to our website for cinema lovers! Take our quiz and find out how much you really know about cinema. 1
What film is the box office champion of all time? a
Casablanca
2 Which
c
Titanic
Disney
b Meryl
Dialogue 1
b Avatar
person has won the most Oscars?
a Walt
57
1 Why is The Impossible the woman’s favourite film? a She was in Thailand during the disaster. b The story is easy to understand. c She likes the special effects and the dramatic story.
6
Streep
c Jack Nicholson 3
The Jazz Singer was Hollywood’s first sound film. When was it released? a 1903
b 1932
c 1927
2 What does the woman like about dramas? a They make her cry. b the acting c the photography
Dialogue 2 3 How often does she go to the cinema? a every day b once a week c rarely 4 How does she like seeing foreign films? a with subtitles b dubbed c only in French and Chinese
2 r 7 2 9 1 3 . s r a c s O 6 2 n o w y e n s i D t l a W a t a v A 1
: Y E K
What is the box office champion of all time?
I think it’s Avatar.
Dialogue 3 5 Why don’t the man and woman go to the cinema very often? a Modern films are too escapist. b They don’t like the strong language and violence. c They are too depressed to leave the house. 6 What decade of cinema do the man and woman prefer? a the fifties b the sixties c the seventies
THAT’S ENGLISH!
67
SELF TEST 1
Write the film genre described.
UNIT 5
1 I like films that make me laugh. 2 Joyce is keen on scary films. 3 Harold collects DVDs about military battles. 4 We’re crazy about films set in the future with lots of special effects. 5 I’m into movies about spies and intrigue. 6 Our children love cartoons. 2
James Cameron’s Avatar was (1) … in cinemas in 2009. It’s a (2) … film that cost almost 300 million dollars to produce and lasts almost three hours. As a result, the movie studio was afraid it would be a (3) … . However, audiences loved it, and it became a big (4) … – earning over two billion dollars at the (5) … . The film was shown on 14,604 screens around the world and was (6) … into dozens of foreign languages. Thanks to digital technology, the (7) … in Avatar are amazing. It was nominated for nine Academy Awards but won only three. 3
Match the sentences (1-4) to the consequences (a-d). 1 Cinderella is one of the most popular stories of all time. 2 Critics and audiences hated the film John Carter . 3 Today’s audiences prefer modern special effects. 4 UK audiences avoid dubbed films. a So, it was a box office flop. b As a result, many old science fiction films are being remade. c Therefore, most foreign films are subtitled. d Consequently, it holds the record for most remakes.
4
Complete the sentences with so , such or such a/an . 1 The Star Wars trilogies are … popular films that more episodes will be made. 2 Hachiko was … sad film that I cried all night. 3 Vampire films are … popular now that there are even TV series about them. 4 Meryl Streep is … amazing actress. 5 Dubbed films are … annoying that I rarely go to them. 6 They’re … great films that we’ll buy them on DVD.
68
Complete the sentences by putting the verbs into the passive or the active voice . Post-production often lasts longer than production. When the film (1) … (edit), all the pieces of film (2) … (put) together. After that, the studio (3) … (show) the film to a test audience; if they don’t like it, some scenes (4) … (reshoot). Even Titanic’s ending (5) … (change) by cutting five minutes of dialogue. Sometimes, DVDs (6) … (include) these cut scenes as extras.
Complete the text with the words in the box. There are two extra words. big budget blockbuster box office dubbed flop released remake special effects subtitles
6
6
Listen to the podcast about dubbing and subtitles. Tick true ( 3) or false ( 7).
58
1 Silent films needed subtitles. 2 The woman never sees any kind of film if it has been dubbed. 3 The man likes films that are visually interesting. 4 The man doesn’t have a good impression of most dubbing artists. 7
Listen again and choose the correct option.
58
1 Films started to be subtitled … . a after 1927 b in 1972 c since the beginning of cinema 2 The woman says that … . a it’s important to understand every word spoken in a film b it’s more important to hear the voice of great actors than understanding every word c dubbing is acceptable when the original actors are bad 3 The woman doesn’t like dubbed films because … . a dubbing artists can’t act b she enjoys reading c the spoken words and the actors’ mouths are not synchronised 4 The woman thinks subtitled films help her … . a understand how to act b practise a foreign language c appreciate animated films 5 The man prefers dubbed films because … . a he can’t pay attention to the film when he reads subtitles b he’s lazy c dubbing artists are usually better actors 6 The man probably likes … films. a cartoons b science fiction c drama
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
7
Help the world S E V I T C E J B O
·To discuss the activities of various charities ·To talk about imaginary situations expressing wishes and regrets
A If only... 3 Bill agrees to ... Cal’s homeless shelter. a give money to b volunteer his time at c donate food to 4 Laura ... the charity run. a doesn’t complete b comes last in c didn’t go to 5 a Bill gives Laura a large donation. b Bill decides not to give Laura any money. c Laura raises more than £300. 6 Matt ... to make a documentary about Cal’s charity. a offers b refuses c agrees
BEFORE YOU WATCH 1
Match the photos (1-3) to the descriptions (a-c). 1
2
3
a volunteering your time b donating your old clothes c doing a charity run 2
5
What types of charities do people support in Spain? Are they local, national or international?
Sign up for our charity run and help (1) … in East Africa. It’s only (2) … miles! All money raised will go towards buying (3) … boxes, which contain shelter, (4) … and emergency (5) … .
WHILE YOU WATCH 3
Answer the questions. 6
1 Why is Laura trying to raise £300?
Choose the correct option.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
2
3
4
a There are a lot of charities that don’t actually do anything. b People don’t trust charities nowadays. c I prefer the government to do this because everybody should contribute. d You have a social responsibility to give money to people who need it.
AFTER YOU WATCH
1 a Laura’s training has prepared her for the marathon. b Laura is worried about running the marathon. c Bill wants to run the marathon with Laura. 2 a Laura says international issues are more important than local issues. b Laura and Cal are raising money for the same charity. c Cal thinks people should give money to local charities.
Listen to the speakers talking about whether they give money to charity. Match the speakers (1-4) to the answers (a-d). 1
2 What does Cal want Matt to do?
4
Complete the leaflet for Laura’s charity run.
NOW YOU! 7
Which charities do you support? Explain how and why you support them. I don’t really support any charities, but I gave away all my old clothes to a charity shop when I moved house.
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Help the world
READING 1
Look at the picture. Who do you think this organisation raises money for?
2
Read the article and match the opening sentences (1-5) to each paragraph (a-e). 1 In 1927, the BBC launched a special appeal to raise money for children’s charities. 2 25 years later, the appeal appeared in a new format, a telethon. 3 Children in Need gives grants to UK projects which help disadvantaged children. 4 Raising funds is the biggest challenge faced by most charities. 5 In 1985, Children in Need introduced a mascot: Pudsey Bear.
Meet Pudsey Bear a
d
… Even though lots of volunteers give their time for free, and people donate unwanted goods, a charity still has enormous costs. Charities can also raise money by applying for grants from different organisations, including the government. Grants are usually for specific projects, such as buying a new van for the charity.
… He wears a spotty bandage over one eye and has inspired both children and adults. For example, Martha, a pupil at Wescombe Secondary School, said, ‘I saw the appeal on TV and thought, ‘I wish I could help’. So we organised a spotty dress day at school. Instead of wearing uniform, everyone paid to wear spotty clothes, like Pudsey, and we raised £200.’ The firemen from Boxforth fire station run a sponsored marathon every year and have encouraged other volunteers to take part. The fire chief said, ‘We’ve managed to raise more funds every year. If only we could reach our target of £5,000, then one of our local businesses has promised to contribute the same amount as well.’
… This appeal was made on the radio on Christmas Day and lasted for five minutes. There was a phenomenal response; people donated money from all over Britain. The first televised appeal was in 1955 and was presented by children’s TV characters. b
c … This meant that
instead of an advertisement asking for money, there was a whole evening of entertainment with celebrities talking about the causes. People could donate during the programme and the presenters could say how much was being raised every few minutes. This telethon captured people’s imagination and the appeal raised more than a million pounds. The charity was named Children in Need.
3 59
Read the article and decide if the following sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 The first BBC children’s charity appeal was on TV. 2 People contributed unwanted goods to the first appeal. 3 Famous people take part in the telethon. 4 Pudsey Bear is the official icon of the Children in Need appeal. 5 Lots of people organise local fundraising events for Children in Need day. 6 Children in Need helps children all around the world.
70
e
… These causes include disabled children or children who have suffered from domestic violence. Children in Need believes that every child in the UK should have a safe, happy and secure childhood. They shouldn’t be hungry or live in fear and should have adequate shelter and equal opportunities.
4
Match the highlighted words from the text to the definitions. 1 a place to stay 2 a request for help 3 not having certain physical or mental capacities 4 money saved for a specific purpose 5 money given by the government to finance a specific purpose 6 collect money
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
7
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 60
Listen to how the letters t and c followed by -ion , -ian , -ial are pronounced /n/ or /l/. application organisation suspicion
60
2
Egyptian politician imagination
6 I decided to support the appeal for education for children in Bangladesh. a I decided to listen to an advertisement asking for money. b I decided to give some money for a project.
potential social special 4
Listen and repeat. Listen and underline the / n/ or /l/ sounds in the word in each pair.
make a contribution make an effort do a sponsored walk take action set a target set up a charity
61
1 a predict 2 a official 3 a donation 4 a contribute 5 a beneficial 6 a partial 7 a finance 8 a music 61
3
b prediction b officer b donate b contribution b benefit b part b financial b musician
1 To raise money for Oxfam we … to the top of the mountain every year. 2 I know it’s difficult to find money for charity, but we need to … even if it means not buying something for ourselves. 3 We need to … now. If we don’t, the situation will get out of control. 4 I’d like to … to help homeless people, but the legal requirements are complicated. 5 The charity Shelter has … of £10,000 to build the new children’s home. 6 Every year I … to Oxfam to support a child in Nigeria.
Listen and repeat. Choose the best explanation of the words in bold. 1 Oxfam sells fair trade products and producers in developing countries benefit from this. a Oxfam makes a lot of money by selling these products. b People in developing countries are paid a better price for their work. 2 Children in Need is a non-profit organisation. a Children in Need is a business that doesn’t make money. b Children in Need is a business that puts all the money they make into running the charity. 3 My sister is committed to the cause of war refugees. a My sister thinks it’s important to help war refugees and she dedicates a lot of time to them. b My sister thinks it is a mistake to dedicate too much time to war refugees. 4 We organised a campaign to raise money for the homeless shelter in our town. a We prepared a series of activities such as a sponsored run and giving talks to raise money for the shelter. b We opened a bank account for the money we raised for the shelter. 5 We all have a civic duty to help people in need. a We should help others because we are polite. b We should help others because we belong to the same society.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Complete the sentences with an expression from the box.
Expressing wishes about the present Para expresar un deseo sobre el presente se utiliza: - wish + past simple I wish I could help. (Ojalá pudiera ayudar.) I wish the charity had more funds. I wish I were richer. - If only + past simple If only we could reach our target. If only they didn’t su er . If only he were here. I miss him a lot. see page 123
5
Write sentences using I wish / If only … 1 I can’t afford to make a donation. I wish I could afford to make a donation . If only I could afford to make a donation . 2 I haven’t got a place to sleep. 3 The children are hungry. 4 We can’t raise enough money. 5 He isn’t generous. 6 Those people have such terrible lives. 7 People always ask me for money for charity.
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Help the world 6
Write three sentences with I wish / If only + past simple about each of these pictures.
8
Listen again and answer the questions.
62
1 How many people does Food Extra help? 2 Where do they get the food from? 3 What happens when food reaches its sell by date? 4 What could Food Extra buy if they had more money? 5 How many people does Housing Aid help? 6 What can Housing Aid provide if they buy large houses?
9
Select A or B and role play the conversation with a partner. A You phone a charity volunteering. Ask about:
1 I wish I didn’t have to sleep on t he street. 2 ... 3 ...
to
ask
about
who they help
how funds are raised
if they support fair trade, recycling, disabled people
any campaigns they have
when and where they need help
B You work for Oxfam. Answer the questions from the caller. Use this information: Oxfam fights poverty in the world Permanent projects: shops which reuse and recycle donated goods and sell fair trade products, regular donations from sponsors Current campaign: music festivals in many towns in Britain Volunters needed:
1 If only I had enough food for my children . 2 ... 3 ...
7
Listen to a radio programme and choose the correct option.
62
1 The charity Food Extra … . a provides food for the hungry in Africa b buys healthy food to give to the poor c distributes food to people in the UK 2 The charity Housing Aid … . a helps elderly people to renovate their homes b helps young people to rent a home c gives homeless people somewhere to live 3 Which charity will the caller give money to? a Food Extra b Housing Aid c Both charities
72
In our shops – assistants (weekend work) London area In our offices – answering telephone enquiries (mornings) Oxford In our festivals - asking people to sign a petition for Syria, preparing creative activities to promote the campaign
Hello. I’m phoning to ask for information about volunteering with you. Good morning. Yes, What would you like to know? Who do you help?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
7
B Charities That’s Britain!
BEFORE YOU WATCH
4
Documentary 1
Choose the correct option. 1 What is Bristol City Harbour used for today? a It is a cargo port. b It is a place for tourists.
What kind of things can you buy in a charity shop? Are charity shops popular places to shop in Spain?
2 What was the SS Great Britain famous for? a It was the first ship to sail around the world. b It was the largest ship in the world. 3 Who was Brunel? a He was a sailor. b He was an engineer. 4 What used to happen at the Bearpit? a People would take drugs. b Homeless people would sleep there. 5 Who made improvements to the Bearpit? a the Government b the local community
Same language, different lives 2
Look at the photos of different fundraising events. Which of the following have you done?
6 What is the name of the bridge that runs over the River Avon? a the Clifton Suspension Bridge b the River Avon Bridge
Same language, different lives 5
bake sale
car wash
Listen to the speakers talking about popular ways of raising money. Tick (3) the ideas that are mentioned. 1 charity runs 2 street collection 3 washing cars 4 bake sales 5 dressing up in costume 6 through TV and radio 7 the national lottery 8 charity auctions
street collection
AFTER YOU WATCH
Documentary 3
Answer the questions with
yes
or no .
1 Are charity shops less than 20 years old in Britain? 2 Can the charity shop collect donations from people’s home? 3 Can you buy furniture at a charity shop? 4 Do charity shops raise a lot of money? 5 Are all charity shop workers paid for their work? 6 Do mostly poor people shop in charity shops? 7 Do charity shops pay tax?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
NOW YOU! 6
How do people in Spain support local or national charities? Describe a popular fundraising event that happens in Spain. People in Spain give a lot of money to medical charities, for example, they give money to charities that support people with cancer.
73
Help the world
READING 1
Look at photos of Harry and Jemma (1-2). Match them to the words (a-f) you think they are related to. 1
2
a university graduate b senior manager c medical engineer
d volunteer e single f married
2
Read the interview with Jemma and Harry about their lives. Which topics do they talk about?
63
1 work
2 the environment
3 travel
4 retirement
5 charity work
6 money
I WISH I HAD DONE THINGS DIFFERENTLY
How do you two know each other? Jemma: We met 20 years ago at university. We were both studying engineering and after graduating we both got a job in London. What have you done in the last fifteen years? Jemma: Well, I’ve been volunteering with a non-profit organisation called Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO). This charity fights poverty around the world. After working in an engineering company for about two years I heard about voluntary work in Africa. They were looking for engineers to work on a humanitarian project to provide a clean water supply in Mozambique. I applied and was accepted. Harry: I didn’t apply because I had a new girlfriend and we had just moved in together. I didn’t want to leave her, and she didn’t want to move to Mozambique. Jemma: I went to Mozambique and later I stayed to work in a hospital as a medical engineer. When that contract finished I decided to join a project in a refugee camp in Somalia where the main problems were hunger and disease. There were so many people to help I couldn’t leave so I continued as a volunteer with different relief agencies for over ten years. Harry: I stayed working for the same company and am now a senior manager. I have a wife and two small children and a big house in the country. So do you wish you had done things differently? Harry: No. I love my life and my family. I suppose I regret that I didn’t have more adventures when I was young. When you are 25, two years in another country feels like a long time, the commitment was too much for me, but now, at 40, I wish I’d had some time abroad. I sometimes think if only I’d gone to Mozambique too, to cooperate in something useful, but I wouldn’t give up my job, family and lifestyle now. Jemma: Yes and no. My life so far has been really worthwhile, I have helped a lot of people with my skills, and I feel good about that. However, I have some regrets. I do wish I had a partner and children, but I was too busy for a relationship in my 30s. If only I’d taken some time off then, I might not feel so alone now. I also wish I’d bought a property here in the UK because I don’t have much money so I have to rent. But I don’t regret volunteering; I’ve contributed to some wonderful projects with many wonderful people. 3
Write Jemma (J), Harry (H) or both (B) for each sentence. Who... 1 studied a degree? 2 volunteered abroad? 3 got married? 4 bought a house? 5 has a good position in a company? 6 has just moved back to the UK? 7 regrets not buying a house sooner? 8 wishes he/she had taken the opportunity to volunteer abroad? 9 feels lonely?
74
4
Rewrite the words in bold with the highlighted words from the text. 1 The doctor volunteered for one of the aid organisations that sent help to the disaster victims. 2 I am sorry that I didn’t help the charity. 3 The children escaped from the war to a temporary settlement. 4 The aid project is really valuable and rewarding. 5 They are working for free at a local hospital. 6 I work for a charitable organisation. 7 Working in Africa with poor people requires a lot of dedication and responsibility.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
7
LANGUAGE STUDY Expressing regrets about the past
Word formation
Cuando estamos arrepentidos de algo pasado se utiliza: - wish + past perfect I wish I’d had some time abroad . (Ojalá hubiera pasado tiempo en el extranjero.) She wishes she had bought a house in the UK . - If only + past perfect If only I’d gone to Mozambique. (Ojalá hubiera ido a Mozambique.) If only he hadn’t been so busy .
Se usan sufijos para formar palabras (nombres, adjetivos o verbos) a partir de otras de diferente categoría gramatical. Verbo: signify Adjetivo: significant Nombre: significance Adverbio: significantly see page 124
5
verb
see page 124
1
2
3 64
4
6
7
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Complete the sentences with words from the chart.
Read the blog entry. What does the blog writer most regret? Blog What do you regret? Hi everyone, When I was 16 years old, I wanted to be a photographer, but instead I went to university and studied Business Administration. If only I had had the confidence to study somewhere different than my friends. If only I hand’t been so scared of failing. I wish I had gone to the Photography Institute on the coast, and I wish that I had listened to my father. Who knows, if I had listened to him, maybe I’d have become a famous photographer! I guess what I regret most is that I didn’t follow my dreams.
Listen and underline the stressed words in these sentences.
Listen and repeat.
-
voluntarily
1 The charity organises … service work in Africa to help build schools. 2 You can also make a … to a good cause with your time, not just money. 3 He didn’t go to the hospital every day to help because he didn’t want the … . 4 I don’t have any … about giving up my job to go to Africa. I love what I do. 5 Are you sure you won’t … taking that decision? It’s quite risky. 6 She’s totally … to issues in the Sahara problem and has dedicated her life to them.
65
65
adverb
regretful
contribute volunteer
Listen and notice the stressed words in these sentences. 1 I wish I could help. 2 I wish I’d had some time abroad. 3 If only I had a lot of money. 4 If only I’d taken some time off .
1 I wish I’d donated some money. 2 I wish I didn’t live in a village. 3 If only I spoke more languages. 4 If only I hadn’t been too busy.
adjective
commitment
Complete the sentences using wishes about the present and regrets about the past. 1 They wish they … (travel) more when they first got married. 2 My sister wishes she … (can) speak more languages. 3 Ian wishes he … (have) enough money to buy a car next month. 4 If only I … (spend) more time with my children when they were younger. 5 We wish we … (go) to the concert last night.
noun
regret
Write sentences to express what Dave regrets. Use I wish / If only . I wish I had studied more. 1 Dave left school at 16. 2 Dave got a job washing dishes in a bar. 3 Dave didn’t listen to his friend Joe. 4 Dave didn’t go to Australia with Joe. 5 Dave didn’t study another language.
Complete the chart.
8
Write a short paragraph about something you did/didn’t do and now regret. Use activity 7 as a model. I really regret not going to…
75
Help the world
CONSOLIDATION 1
Think about three difficulties people in a refugee camp may have.
2
Read the text. Decide which summary is true. 1 The appeal wants to provide medical help for the refugees. 2 The appeal wants to provide safe shelter for the refugees. 3 The appeal wants to provide clean drinking water for the refugees.
AID APPEAL The situation
The dream
Did you know that there are over 1.6 million Syrian refugees living just over the Syrian borders? Throughout 2013 these numbers have increased dramatically as they escape from the war in their country. About half of these people are young children. Many have lost fathers, brothers, uncles and grandfathers in the fighting and have had to leave their homes and their schools. In the refugee camps the conditions are alarming: there is little food, poor shelter, and no toys. In winter, they live in temperatures around -5ºC while in summer temperatures can rise to more than 40ºC. There’s no heating, electricity or means of making hot food or drinks. This is a real humanitarian crisis that needs urgent solutions.
3
Read again and explain what each of these figures relates to. 1 1.6 million 2 800,000 3 -5
4
4 40 5 £4,500
Choose the correct option. 1 1.6 million Syrian refugees are living over the border because … . a their family members have died b they have escaped from the war c they haven’t got much food 2 50% of the refugees are … . a elderly b adults c children
76
Flatpack Ikea shelter
Syria Appeal has a dream. We want to provide a shelter for every family group. And now it’s possible. Special shelters have been designed with solar panels in order to produce electricity and help insulation so that families can stay warm. These shelters also have a front door so that these families can stay safe. This dream is possible – but it’s going to cost money. Currently each shelter costs about £4,500, so we need your help. This appeal is asking you to raise money for Syrian refugees. If you and your family, friends or colleagues can have a bake sale, do a sponsored walk or run or just save all your small coins and give them to us, then together we can give these children homes. If only people cared enough to help, we could make this stop.
3 The weather in the areas where they are living is ... . a very cold b extreme c very hot 4 Syria Appeal dreams to … . a provide shelter for every family b find families for the children c provide food and clothing for the families 5 The money from the appeal will be used for ... . a housing b food c toys 6 One suggested way to raise funds is ... . a making electricity with solar panels b using insulation c selling food
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
5 66
Match the photos (1-4) to the problems (a-d). 1
8
3
7
Read the email asking for help and answer the questions.
Dear friends and family,
2
Please, read this mail as I really need your support. This is an appeal for our local school charity called Safe Water. Our local community is trying to raise funds to bring clean water to villages in Zambia. There is a team of volunteers working in Zambia, but they need money to buy building materials. With a permanent water supply, the women in the village won’t have to walk 10 km to get water from the river and the children will have fewer diseases caused by dirty water. On Saturday we are holding a market fair in the park. Please come and buy a cake or play a game. All the money we raise will go to the charity.
4
I hope to see you there!
a war zone b water supply
6 66
1 What is the name of the charity? 2 What does the charity want to do with the funds they raise? 3 How is the charity raising funds?
c natural disaster d famine
Listen to four volunteers talking about the problems mentioned in activity 5 and complete the chart. Country
Problem
Sue Fatima Nelson Sumon
7 66
Listen again and decide if the following sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 Sue’s children can’t go to school. 2 In the Philippines the main problem after the typhoon was the injured people. 3 Fatima teaches her children at home. 4 In Afghanistan it’s obligatory for men to join the army. 5 Nelson can’t grow his own food. 6 Nelson has a goat and chickens. 7 Sumon’s family lives in the countryside. 8 Women are responsible for finding water in Bangladesh.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
9
Write an email to your friends asking them to help support a charity or cause. Use the model in activity 8. Include this information: the name of the charity / cause who or what they help how they help a description of who or what will benefit from the help what your friends can do to contribute
Dear friends, family and colleagues, I am writing to you to ask for a donation for CAA – Community Action Agency. This charity helps people in our city who are in need…
77
SELF TEST 1
UNIT
Match the topics to the sentences.
4
sponsoring homeless fair trade contributions hunger
Complete the text with the words from the box. donate promote raise help take
sponsor provide
The International Committee of the Red Cross is one of the most famous aid organisations in the world. They (1) … part in many disaster relief projects and (2) … people in need in hundreds of countries. They (3) … funds in many ways and many countries, such as a lottery in Spain or charity shops in Britain. Also, many governments (4) … large amounts of money. They also (5) … ways in which people can give practical help: they encourage businesses to (6) … marathons or other events, or (7) … basic first aid classes for young people. 3
5
Read and complete the text with wishes and regrets about the present and past.
When reporters asked the ex-president one thing she regretted not doing while she was in office, she replied, ‘I wish I (1) ... (help) the refugees of the world more. Sadly, because of war, economic crisis, natural disasters and famine, there are always people in need. If only our administration (2) ... (have) more time. I especially wish we (3) ... (do) more for war refugees. If only we (4) ... (be able to) convince the public that victims of war are in as much need as victims of a tsunami. I wish that there (5) ... (be) no victims of war, but now that I’m retired I plan to help war refugees. I wish I (6) … (can) do it!
Choose the correct option. 1 I’d like to work as a voluntary / volunteer in the holidays. 2 Doctors who go to work in disaster areas are very compromised / committed . 3 If you want to contribute / provide to the charity, you can give some of your time. 4 You have to train before you do / make a sponsored run. 5 I think it is my civic / civil duty to help my local school. 6 We have to make / take action now before it’s too late. 7 It has been decided to give more investments / funds to build houses for the poor. 8 The Red Cross is starting an appeal / a request for clothing for the homeless.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1 Jack wishes he … (not join) the army. He hates it now. 2 If only I … (help) him get up the stairs. He fell and broke his leg. 3 I wish we … (be) richer. Then we could donate more to the hospital. 4 Sally wishes she … (stay) longer at school. She left school before she passed her final exams. 5 If only we … (reach) the disaster area faster. Fewer people might be dead. 6 I can’t pay the bills. If only I … (not lose) my job. 7 Nobody wants to help. If only people … (contribute) a little we could save those children. 8 Jonathan wishes his school … (have) more equipment. There aren’t enough desks for the students.
1 People need shelter particularly in the winter when they could die sleeping on the streets. 2 The workers are paid a decent salary for producing this coffee. 3 I will give you five pounds for every mile you run. 4 My company gives 1% of its profits to a Brazilian charity. 5 Those people haven’t even got enough money to buy milk for their children. 2
7
6
Listen to Tina and Sam talking in a school reunion and answer the question.
67
What does Sam’s charity do? 7 67
Listen again and tick (3) the correct options. What do Sam and Tina regret? Sam Tina 1 not finishing university 2 working for a relative 3 leaving the bank 4 starting a travel agency 5 not helping a charity 6 not spending time with his / her children
78
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
8
Crime S E V I T C E J B O
·To discuss crimes and their punishment ·To give information about crimes ·To understand an account of a crime
A The butler did it! 4
BEFORE YOU WATCH 1
Look at the photos showing different crimes. Which of them are common in your country?
burglary
shoplifting
1 There hasn’t been any crime in the local area recently. 2 Rob believes that people who wear hoodies are criminals. 3 The young man returns to the cafe to steal some money. 4 Laura can’t work because she is going to court. 5 The police have wanted to arrest Gavin before. 6 Rob thinks Gavin should spend more time in prison. 7 Laura thinks more money should be spent on better prison services.
mugging
WHILE YOU WATCH 2
Answer the questions.
5
1 What did Rob have to do at the police station?
AFTER YOU WATCH Put the events in the order they happen. There are two events that did not take place.
Laura
Bill
Gavin
Rob
1 Gavin runs out of the cafe without paying. 2 Gavin mugs an old lady. 3 Gavin is arrested. 4 Gavin comes back to pay for his drink. 5 Rob sees Gavin trying to shoplift. 6 Bill recognises Gavin. 7 Rob gives a description of Gavin to the police. 8 Gavin steals money from Rob.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Listen to the speakers talking about the effectiveness of prison. Tick (3) the sentence that is true for each speaker. 1 a People can make friends inside prison. b Prisoners have a better life inside than outside. 2 a Community service is a better way to rehabilitate people. b It is better for the community if criminals are locked up. 3 a When people get out of prison, they are often restored and have a better life. b When criminals get out of prison, they often commit crimes again. 4 a Criminals should pay money for their food and bed when in prison. b Prison is an excuse for someone to get free food and bed.
2 What sentence did Gavin get?
3
Decide if the sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones.
NOW YOU! 6
Do you think prison is an effective form of punishment? Why or why not? Prison is effective for dangerous criminals because they could hurt other people if they weren’t locked up.
79
Crime
READING 1
Match the words in the box (1-5) to the photos (a-e). Which of these do you use regularly? 1 driving licence a
2
2 credit cards
b
3 social networking c
4 bank statement
5 passport e
d
Read the article. Where do identity thieves get people’s personal information from?
68
The identity thief In recent years, a new type of criminal has emerged: the identity thief. An identity thief steals your personal information, for example, your name, address or even your social security or credit card number.
What do identity thieves do? Once an identity thief has your personal information, they can easily use your credit cards to buy things online or even order more credit cards in your name at a false address. It can take months before you realise what is going on, and by then, you could be in serious trouble.
3
How do they do it? Identity thieves can access your personal information relatively easily. You should keep your personal details hidden when you are in a bank or at a cash machine. That person standing too close to you in the bank might look innocent, but pay attention because they might actually be memorising your address or pin number. It also seems obvious that you should never post too much information on social networking sites, but not everyone follows this good advice. One unfortunate man happily posted details on Twitter about his holiday plans; he had also previously mentioned where he lived and his full name. When the man returned from
a For example, at work. b Always contact your bank directly to ask if the email is genuine. c Otherwise it is easy for someone to register you at a different address and pretend to be you.
80
Another key way that identity theft can take place online is through phishing. This is when an identity thief sends you an email, which looks authentic, pretending to be your bank or a financial institution and asks you to confirm or change your passwords. If you reply, the thief will then happily use those passwords to access your finances.
d Always use anti-virus software on your computer. e For example, your date of birth or your phone number. f Avoid obvious ones. g Then you can spot quickly if someone is using your account.
Complete the tips (1-7) with the best option (a-g). 1 Don’t respond to emails from banks asking for your password. ... 2 Avoid putting your personal details on social networking sites. ... 3 Change your passwords regularly. ... 4 Do not store personal information on a shared computer. ... 5 Register to vote when you move house. ... 6 Be careful when you share files on the Internet. ... 7 Check your bank statements regularly. ...
his lovely holiday, he discovered that thieves, who had read this information, had burgled his house. They had stolen everything, including his identity by using the information they had found on his bank statements and other personal documents in his home. In general, it’s a good idea to remember that thieves can also have Twitter accounts.
4
Answer the questions. 1 What does an identity thief use other people’s personal information for? 2 What examples of personal information are given in the text? 3 Why should you keep your personal details out of sight in a bank? 4 What mistake did the man mak e about posting information on Twitter? 5 What bank details do phishing emails ask for?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
8
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 69
2
Listen to the pronunciation of the ‘er ’ spelling. / /
robber
order
writer
/ / / e /
person terrify
verb berry
term very
5
Match the words (1-4) with the synonym (a-d). 1 crime 2 thief 3 theft 4 robbers
a robber b offence c thieves d robbery
Listen and put the words in the correct column. 6
70
driver terrorist service computer / /
emergency twitter terrace verdict error / /
Complete the sentences with a word from activity 5. There are two possible answers in each sentence. 1 Last night a … entered the film star’s mansion and stole her collection of paintings. 2 In my opinion, the worst … is terrorism. 3 Have you reported the … of your car yet? 4 I can’t believe those children are working as … , they are too young to be taking goods from shops.
/ e /
Crime verbs - to rob = take from a place or person They robbed the bank. - to steal = take an object They stole the money. - to burgle = rob a house (only) My house was burgled when I was on holiday. see page 125
3
Complete the chart with the words from the box.
Describing impressions - Para describir el aspecto o apariencia de una persona o cosa se puede usar: look + adjective The email looks authentic. look like + noun He doesn’t look like a drug dealer .
a house money a crime a bank a wallet a murder a credit card a bar a car a person
CRIMINALS steal...
rob...
burgle...
- Para describir una impresión general se puede usar: seem + adjective Those streets seem dangerous . seem + to + infinitive They seemed to have a problem.
commit...
see page 125 4
Complete these sentences with the correct form of rob , steal and burgle . 1 The youth was arrested for … a car. 2 Someone … my bag when I was on holiday and took my passport and credit cards. 3 His house … while he was away on holiday and the thieves took his computer. 4 Thieves often find it easier to … empty houses. 5 Have you heard the news? Someone … the post office. 6 Don’t leave your bag on a chair in the bar. Someone might … it.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
7
Complete the sentences with the correct form of look , look like or seem. 1 The policeman … to be trying to catch a criminal. He’s running very fast! 2 This book … a crime story. There’s a picture of a knife on the cover. 3 The silhouette at the window … a monster. I was terrified! 4 She was badly dressed, but she still … beautiful. 5 His face is very wrinkled. He … really old. 6 The best option … to be to take the train.
81
Crime 10
Non-defining relative clauses - Sirven para añadir información adicional, no necesaria para entender la frase. Fíjate en que van entre comas. The man, whose coat was white, was walking along the street. Thieves, who had read this information, burgled his house. The car, which had been stolen, was in t he river. The local station, where the crime was committed , has been closed . On Wednesdays, when I go to the gym, the house is empty for a while.
1 Where did the crime take place? 2 At what time of day did the crime take place? 3 How many criminals are in the photo? 4 What crime is being committed?
- No se utiliza el pronombre relativo that en este tipo de oraciones. see page 125
11 8
Complete the sentences with a relative pronoun . 1 The man, whose / who children were at school at the time, killed his partner. 2 The building, where / which the youths used as a meeting place, was completely destroyed by the fire. 3 The box, that / which contained all his documents, was stolen from his car. 4 The victim’s flat, when / where she had lived for many years, was on the first floor. 5 The thief, which / who had committed many crimes, was sent to prison. 6 On the first day of the month, when / where I get paid, I go to the bank.
9
71
Report date: 3/9/2013
Crime time: –––––––––
Officer reporting: PC Evans
Place: ––––––––––––– Objects stolen: –––––––
Crime date: 31/8/2013
Evidence: –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 12
Listen again and answer the questions.
71
Where was he/ she?
Who was he/ she with?
Were there any witnesses?
Suspect 1
1 A boy stole the bottle of water. The boy had a tattoo. A boy, who had a tattoo, stole the bottle of water .
3 The information came from an anonymous caller. The information was false.
Listen to a police officer interviewing three people about the cashpoint robbery in the photo. Complete the gaps in the crime report.
Police Report
Join the two sentences using a relative clause .
2 The doctor’s name was Henry. The doctor examined the body.
Look at the CCTV (Closed-circuit TV) photo of a crime. Answer the questions.
Suspect 2 Suspect 3 13
Describe the suspects from the cashpoint robbery. Use look , look like and seem to give your impression of him or her. Think about their possible age, job, social status, etc.
4 The woman’s hair was red. The woman was carrying a large bag. 5 The knife was 10 cm long. The knife was used in the fight. 6 The policeman was drinking coffee. The policeman waited in his car. 7 In December I’m going to Hawaii. In December I turn 30 years old. 8 That University is very expensive. I studied at that university.
82
The first man looks tired, probably because he works long hours. The second man seems...
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
8
B Police: ‘on the beat’ 6 What would improve the relationship with the public? a fewer police on the street b more police on the street c a less expensive police force
BEFORE YOU WATCH
Documentary 1
Do police officers in Spain carry weapons? How does this affect their relationship with the public?
That’s Britain! 2
That’s Britain! 5
1 Smugglers used to bring illegal products into the country because they were slaves / poor . 2 The Jamaica Inn was a great place to hide / sell illegal products. 3 Before the pub / museum was built, there were horse stables. 4 In the museum, there is a smuggler carrying a barrel of gold / alcohol . 5 It was common for criminals to carry weapons / blacken their face at night time. 6 A lot of people have seen ghosts / smugglers at the Jamaica Inn. 7 The Jamaica Inn inspired Daphne du Maurier to write a book / paint a picture .
Look at smugglers bringing illegal goods into England in the 18th century. What kind of things do you think they smuggled?
AFTER YOU WATCH
Documentary 3
Watch the documentary. Then choose the correct definition of ‘on the beat’. 1 New police transport vehicles that emerged in recent years. 2 A set of streets or area that a policeman patrols on foot. 3 Describes a police force that doesn’t use guns.
4
Choose the correct option.
Same language, different lives 6
Listen to the speakers talking about the relationship between the police and the general public. Complete the sentences. 1
2
3
4
5
6
Read the questions and choose the correct option. 1 What type of crime is common in Britain today? a credit card theft b crime using computers c computer theft 2 What type of police work did police constables do? a They operated motor vehicles. b street patrolling c cyber crime 3 How do community support officers help the rest of the police force? a They free up workload by answering general enquiries. b They are cheaper than regular police officers. c They work on weekends. 4 Which of the following crimes are increasingly more common in Britain? a hooliganism b vandalism c knife crime 5 If British policemen carried guns, how would this affect their relationship with the public? a It would build a barrier between them. b The public would feel safer. c Police would spend less time on the street.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
1 Most people have … for the police. 2 Some people are adverse to police brutality which has been talked about in … . 3 There is a lot of … within the police force now. 4 If you haven’t done anything wrong, the police are quite … . 5 The … culture can make the relationship difficult. 6 Crime in … can cause problems with the relationship.
NOW YOU! 7
What do you think is the most problematic criminal activity at the moment in Spain? Cybercrime is a big problem in Spain. Many criminals use computers to steal money from people’s bank accounts.
83
Crime
READING 1
Look at the photos. What profession do the characters below have in common?
2
Read the extract from a novel. Tick (3) the incidents that are mentioned.
72
1 the payment of a lot of money 2 the destruction of a building
3 the death of a person 4 the disappearance of a work of art
Inspector Williams turned up the collar of his coat against the freezing January wind. He was standing on the beach near the rocks where the body had been found, watching the forensic experts examining the area. Next to him, the young woman who had made the terrible find was shivering. She looked white with cold or maybe because of the shock of seeing a bloody pile of clothes on the beach and then discovering that it was a murder victim. The police had cordoned off the area with yellow tape but already anxious reporters were arriving ready to catch a photo of the scene. The woman turned to the Inspector and said, ‘I recognised her as soon as I saw her. It’s that girl from television, isn’t it?’ Williams also thought it was obvious that the victim was the girl whose face had been everywhere in the press when she had disappeared from her home and her kidnappers began to send ransom messages to the major TV channels. ‘Well, madam, we will have to make an official identification before we can release any information to the press.’
‘Long night?’ he asked. Bob frowned, ‘Just been celebrating with the boys. They finally sent that arsonist, Harry Stotter, to jail for starting the fire in the Haliborn factory. That case is closed.’ ‘Well, today we’ve got a lot of work to do. It’s clear how she died. She was stabbed six times in the chest with a long knife, but we’ve got to work out why. The ransom was paid so why didn’t her killers just let her go? It seems strange that they didn’t just run with the money.’ ‘If we catch those murderers it won’t be easy for them. Are there any witnesses? Anyone who saw or heard anything last night?’ ‘A fisherman, who’s waiting over there, was out in his boat around midnight, close to the shore, and he thought he heard distant voices, but it was too dark to see anyone.’ At that moment, a shout came up from the team searching the rocks, ‘Inspector, over here! There’s another body! I think it’s Harry Stotter’s brother!’
Williams heard the noise of feet on the stones behind him, turned and smiled as his partner, Bob, appeared looking tired with a dirty shirt and his tie undone.
3
Answer the questions. 1 What was the weather like that day? 2 Why couldn’t the reporters take photos? 3 Why did the young woman recognise the dead girl? 4 What crime did Harry Stotter commit? 5 What did Bob celebrate with the boys? 6 What didn’t Inspector William understand about the kidnapping? 7 Why couldn’t the fisherman be a good witness?
4
Find a word in the text for a person who… 1 kills another person. (2 different words) 2 holds another person and asks for money to let him / her go.
84
‘Case closed, you said, Bob?’…
3 suffers a crime. 4 writes for a newspaper. 5 sees a crime. 6 starts a fire intentionally. 5
Match the highlighted words from the text to these definitions. 1 prison 2 injured with a knife deliberately 3 money paid to set someone free 4 killing of a person 5 dead person 6 covered in blood 7 surrounded with a barrier 8 let go, set free
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
8
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 73
Notice that when we want to introduce extra information into a sentence, we use rising intonation. Listen to the sentences.
5
verb
1 The fisherman, who’s waiting over there ( ›), was out in his boat. ( › ) 2 The house, which had been empty for years ( ›), burnt down last night. (› ) 2 74
3
smuggle kidnapper vandalise mugger _
Para expresar tu punto de vista se usa: - It + be + adjective + (that) + clause
It was obvious that the victim was the girl.
Match the crimes (1-8) to the definitions (a-h). Use a dictionary if you need to. 5 6 7 8
hacking arson rape blackmail
- It + be + adjective + to + infinitive It was too dark to see anyone. It wasn’t easy to find the body . see page 126
6
a asking for money in return for not giving private information to other people b bringing illegal goods into a country c stealing something from a private house d forcing a person to have sexual relations e intentionally burning a property f illegally entering someone’s computer system g attacking someone in the street for their money or possessions h intentionally breaking someone’s property 4
Crime is no different today than in the past. (1) … computer systems is a modern crime, but it is still the same as stealing. Many other crimes have existed for centuries. For example, when new laws made some goods illegal, (2) … became common and today illegal i mports continue. Nowadays people are shocked by the (3) … in some places when bored youths break public property. The name comes from the northern tribes that invaded Europe in the 4th century and caused great destruction. Similarly, when we visit major cities, we are warned against street crimes, such as (4) … , but people have been attacked and robbed in the street throughout history. Even the expression (5) … comes from Roman times when people had to pay for protection. Maybe it’s impossible to have a crime-free society!
Complete the text with an adjective from the box. There are three extra words. unlikely terrible easy likely difficult exciting essential guilty
In my opinion, it’s (1) ... that employees take office materials from work, but many people don’t seem to think so. Obviously, it isn’t (2) ... to take tape, glue, pens and other small items home; in fact, it’s (3) ... that many employees do this. However, it’s (4) ... to make people realise that this is stealing and that it causes companies to lose money. Sadly, this is (5) ... to change in the near future.
Complete the text with words from activity 3.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
arson
Making judgements
Listen and repeat.
smuggling burglary mugging vandalism
criminal
robbery
Listen to the sentences. Put an arrow over the words to show rising ( ›) or falling (› ) intonation.
1 2 3 4
crime burglary
1 The burglar, who had escaped through the window, ran down the street. 2 The victim, who lived in a remote area, was found in her kitchen. 3 The village post office, which is the only one in the area, is closing next week. 74
Complete the chart with the correct form of the words.
7
Write a blog post giving your opinion about police work. blog
I think it’s difficult/easy to be a policeman because…
85
Crime
CONSOLIDATION 1
2
Match the crime (1-7) to the punishment (a-g) according to your opinion. Crime
Punishment
1 driving over the speed limit
a nothing
2 rape of two women
b fine
3 euthanasia
c lose your job
4 use of performance-enhancing drugs
d 6 months in prison
5 stealing a pair of socks
e 5 years in prison
6 not paying a fine from a protest
f 10 years in prison
7 losing a customer’s money
g life in prison
Read the article from a web page. Does your opinion coincide with these situations?
Here are some examples of how justice doesn’t seem to work until it is too late, or how punishments vary. Driving offences are sometimes thought of as minor. For example, driving faster than the speed limit is very common in some countries, but Mr Harvey, whose son died in a high-speed car crash, says that the punishments that are given today are not enough. ‘If you drive 10km/hr over the limit, this means that you can’t stop in time to avoid hitting another car or a pedestrian. This is criminally irresponsible and should be punished with losing your licence. At present, you only get a fine unless you actually hurt someone.’ A man who raped two women while threatening them with a knife received a jail sentence of five years and then murdered another woman when he was released from prison. A mother who killed her son with a drug overdose because he was in an irreversible coma was sent to prison for ten years. Is this a just punishment compared to five years for a rapist? Athletes who use drugs to improve their performance are effectively stealing the money that they win.
3
Choose the best title for the text. 1 Is crime punished enough in our country? 2 Is the punishment appropriate for the crime? 3 Do laws change from one country to another?
4
Decide if the following sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 Mr Harvey thinks drivers should be fined more for driving too fast.
86
Their punishment is often not to be able to work in sport. Compare this to the recovering drug addict who stole a pair of socks and was sentenced to life in prison because of two previous, non-violent, offences. A pub owner in Britain was jailed for six months in prison for not paying fines. These fines were given because he let customers smoke in his pub at the start of the no-smoking law. Meanwhile the bank manager who ‘lost’ millions of his clients’ money because of bad investments is protected by small print in a contract. The war on terrorism has changed laws and security measures all over the world. Airline passengers are warned not to use words such as ‘bomb’ or ‘kill’ while travelling. There are also different rules about arresting and holding people in prison if they are regarded as a threat to national security as opposed to ‘ordinary’ criminals. These are only a few examples of what many people regard as unfair treatment. Do you know of other unfair situations? Please contribute to our forum and make these stories public.
2 The mother killed her son because he took drugs. 3 Drug abuse in sport is the same as taking money. 4 A criminal went to prison for the rest of his life after he took drugs. 5 Only the clients who smoke in a pub can be fined. 6 If you are a suspected terrorist you cannot be treated differently to other suspected criminals.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
5
Talk to your partner about the crimes in the article. Do you think the punishment was fair?
8
I don’t think it was fair to put the recovering drug addict in prison for life just for stealing a pair of socks.
Complete the police report with the words from the box. witness action evidence incident reporting officer description of suspect
Trushton Police Station 2013 August 24th
I agree. The rapist should be in prison for life.
6
8
(1) ... The Social Security department has been paying a pension from February-June 2013. The department received the death certificate of the pensioner dated 27th January 2013.
Listen to a witness describing a criminal. Where did the crime take place?
75
1 at the bank 2 at the newsagent’s 3 at the post office
(2) ... Officer Hughes visited Trushton Post Office to make enquiries (3) ... The pension was collected at Trushton Post Office every week
7
Listen again. Choose the correct option about the criminal.
(4) ... Assistant Manager – Trushton Post Office (Mrs Scott)
75
1 a man
b woman
c teenage girl
2 a young
b middle-aged c elderly
3 a black
b Asian
c white
4 a long hair
b short hair
c covered hair
(5) ... The suspect is approximately 30 years old, male Caucasian, 6 feet tall, bald and wearing a black shirt and blue jeans.
5 a tall
b short
c medium height
(6) ... PC Hughes
6 a obese
b fat
c thin
7 a badly dressed b hippy
c smart
8 a polite
c indifferent
b rude
9
Imagine you are a police officer. You have to write a police report about an incident that took place last week. Use the model in activity 8 and the questions below to help you.
What is the incident?
What evidence is there?
What action is taking place?
Are there any witnesses?
What is the description of the suspect?
Police Report Incident: The computer shop was robbed. Action: Officer McGrath visited…
THAT’S ENGLISH!
87
SELF TEST 1
UNIT
Choose the correct option.
4
b stole b which b like b caught b offended b a honest b hijacked b fine
2 The police still haven’t found any evidence. They have been working all night. 3 My sister wants to stay at my house. Her boyfriend is away. 4 Green Park is very dangerous. My children used to play there.
c mugged c who c to c involved c put c fair c smuggled c month
5 Last Wednesday there was a thief going out of my bedroom window. I got home then. 6 The burglar was caught last night. He broke into my neighbour’s house. 7 The man is very wealthy. His son is accused of robbery. 5
2
Complete the sentences using the words in the box. blackmail hacking
3
Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun . 1 The burglar, … had taken a TV, was found in the next street. 2 The policeman, … jacket was torn, finally arrested the mugger. 3 The blackmailer, … lived in the same town as the victim, has been found. 4 That restaurant, … I sometimes go for lunch, was destroyed by hooligans. 5 The gun, … was still warm, was in his hand. 6 Last Thursday, … I had just finished my shopping, I saw the mugger.
88
76
Listen to three interviews between police officers and witnesses. What crimes are they describing? Crime 1 Crime 2 Crime 3
vandalism jail arson offence
1 He lost his driving licence after the fifth … . 2 They tried to … him with the photos of his lover. 3 There was a lot of … after the demonstration. People broke shop windows. 4 Some people commit … to claim the insurance money on the building. 5 Corrupt politicians should go to … . 6 … is a common cybercrime.
Join the two sentences using a relative clause . 1 We have a photo of the man in the bank. It isn’t very clear. We have a photo, which isn’t very clear, of the man in the bank.
Last month, someone (1) … my wallet when I was in the supermarket. It was a middle-aged lady, (2) … pushed past me in the queue. It was surprising because she looked (3) … a respectable person. The police (4) … her, but she cried and said she couldn’t feed her children. I heard that she has been (5) … to two weeks in prison. I don’t think that’s (6) … when that boy who (7) … my friend’s house only got a (8) … of £500.
1 a robbed 2 a whose 3 a as 4 a released 5 a sentenced 6 a criminal 7 a burgled 8 a prison
8
6
a car theft b burglary c mugging
Listen again. Complete the chart with the missing information.
76
Where?
When?
Items taken?
Crime 1 Crime 2 Crime 3
7
Write a report of a crime (invented or real). Use these questions to help you. What was the crime? When did it happen? Which people were involved? What happened as a result of the crime? What did the police do?
Last week there was a murder in my town ...
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
9
Science fiction S E V I T C E J B O
·To talk about science fiction ·To speculate about the future
A What will life be like in 2100? BEFORE YOU WATCH 1
4
Choose the correct option. 1 Why is Pete researching life in the future? a He is writing a book. b He is writing an article for a newspaper. c Science fiction is his hobby.
In what ways will life be different by the end of the 21st century? Look at the picture and think about the following topics.
2 In ten years’ time … . a there will be more people alive than today b people will be living in the oceans c people will have died from the lack of food 3 How does Laura know Mr Reynolds? a He is her bank manager. b She read about him in the news. c He comes into the cafe.
a transport b communication
4 Mr Reynolds believes … is in the picture. a a spacecraft with aliens b a spacecraft with humans from the future c a machine that transmits thought waves
c city architecture
WHILE YOU WATCH 2
5 According to Mr Reynolds, what was communicated to him? a A warning that the world will end. b They do not want to cause harm to humans. c Humans are not alone in space.
Answer the questions.
1 According to Mr Reynolds, what period of time do the people in the spaceship come from?
6 Why does Pete visit Gloria? She is ... . a an expert futurologist b helping to illustrate his ideas c creating an animation film about the future 7 Why doesn’t Pete believe Mr Reynolds? a Because the evidence wasn’t good enough. b Because he doesn’t believe in aliens. c Because he was asked to pay for the photos.
2 What happened to Mr Reynolds? 5
AFTER YOU WATCH 3
Speaker 1 … Speaker 2 … a light sabers b flying cars
According to the video, which of the following will happen by the end of the 21st century? 1 People will travel from Earth to the moon in an elevator. 2 People will communicate through their minds. 3 People will be able to travel through time. 4 Humans will be living on other planets. 5 Humans will be genetically engineered. 6 Aliens will be li ving on Earth.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Listen to the speakers (1-4) and match them to the ideas (a-d) they talk about. Speaker 3 … Speaker 4 … c mobile phones d face transplants
NOW YOU! 6
Do you think life exists on other planets? Give reasons for your answers. Space is so big that there must be other planets similar to Earth where life exists.
89
Science fiction
READING 1
Read the sentences and tick (3) the ones you agree with. 1 Reading the latest sci-fi books will tell us how we’ll live in the future. 2 Sci-fi writers can influence and give scientists ideas to invent things.
2
Match the words in the box (1-8) to the inventions in the pictures (a-h). 1 robotic vacuum sweeper 4 electronic book 5 flat panel TV
3
2 cashpoint machine 3 earbud headphones 6 smartphone 7 space tourism 8 microwave oven
a
c
e
g
b
d
f
h
Read the text and list the inventions mentioned in activity 2.
77 INVENTIONS
FUTURE
The future is now Ever since Jules Verne’s 1870 futuristic novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea inspired the first submarine, science fiction novels have been a source of inspiration for scientists and researchers. In fact, many common devices we use every day now were first imagined by the great science fiction writers of the 20th century. Imagine you are living in the 1950s and you are reading stories by Ray Bradbury. You love his science fiction stories of outer space and aliens and how people colonised Mars but you can’t imagine that the technology he describes will ever really exist. Here are some of Bradbury’s unbelievable ideas:
Nowadays, variations of these devices are a part of our everyday lives. Do any of the following sound familiar? Flat panel LED TVs, smartphones, earbud headphones, robotic vacuum sweepers, cashpoint machines. Science fiction inspired all of these inventions, and luckily it continues to • People will be watching TV on giant monitors mounted on inspire, even perhaps predict, the future. their walls. Many science fiction writers of the fifties also predicted that • People will be listening to music wherever and whenever space travel would become an important industry. Today, they like by putting little ‘seashell radios’ into their ears. space vehicles are exploring the surface of Mars. And in • Radio wristwatches will have become common. Your friends the near future, NASA will be launching missions to one of and family will be able to call you no matter where you are. Jupiter’s largest moons. Even more amazing is space tourism, • Robots will be cleaning your house while you’re at work. which will allow private citizens to ride space ferries so they • Banks will have already installed robot tellers, so you can do can orbit the Earth and perhaps travel to the Moon and Mars. your banking 24 hours a day. American author Rod Serling once said, ‘Science fiction is the improbable made possible.’ So the next time you’re talking by videophone, think to yourself, ‘I’m living in the future.’
4
Read the article again and answer the questions. 1 Who first thought of many inventions we use today? 2 What planet is currently being explored? 3 What moon will be explored in the future? 4 What will space ferries allow private citizens to do?
90
5
Complete the sentences with the highlighted words from the text. 1 If you leave the Earth’s atmosphere, you will be in … . 2 … is the fourth planet from the Sun. It’s also called the Red Planet. 3 The island was … with people in the 17th Century. 4 The Moon … the Earth every 28 days. 5 NASA will … the rocket into space soon. 6 Private citizens will be able to travel in … .
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
9
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 78
Homophones are words that share the same pronunciation but have different meaning and spelling. Listen to these sentences and pay attention to the words in blue.
2 Tim graduates from university next month. In one year’s time, he … . 3 They will finish painting the house this week. By next week, they … . 4 I think paper money will disappear in less than 100 years. In 100 years’ time, paper … . 5 Mike has lived in London for three years now. In seven years’ time, Mike … . 6 I predict that cars will become obsolete in 2050. By the year 2100, cars … . 7 Andy will leave his parents’ house in April. By May, Andy … .
1 I write with my left hand, not my right. 2 Isabel was wearing a plain pink jumper when she got on the plane. 3 My son has been playing out in the sun all day. 4 After I said bye to my friends I went out to buy some bread. 5 I’ll go and get the milk, which is on aisle seven. 6 Mike needs to buy extra brakes for his bike as he often breaks them. 2 79
Future continuous
Listen and tick (3) the word you hear in each sentence. The context will help you. 1 a band 2 a fined 3 a pair
b banned b find b pear
4 a week 5 a rose 6 a piece
- Para hablar de una acción que se estará realizando en un momento del futuro se usa will + be + -ing. - Usamos expresiones como this time next year / month / tomorrow… , in the near future , … This time next year , we will be working on a new project. In the near future, robots will be cleaning your house while you’re at work.
b weak b rows b peace
Future for predictions
see page 127
Se usa will para predecir lo que uno piensa que va a ocurrir en el futuro. Astronauts will walk on Mar s one day . We’ ll never find a cure for the common cold .
5
1 On Sunday, I’m going to travel to New York from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. At 1 p.m., … . At 1 p.m., I will be travelling to New York . 2 They’re going to live in Liverpool after next month. By this time next year, … . 3 Dan has to study all next weekend. Next weekend, Dan … . 4 Nichol plans to swim from 6 to 8 p.m. At 7 p.m., Nichol … . 5 Charles always plays football in the afternoons. This afternoon, Charles … . 6 Henry always does the shopping on Saturday mornings. Next Saturday morning, Henry … . 7 My wife and I always watch the 9 o’clock news. At 9 p.m., we … . 8 I always sleep from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. At 3 a.m., I….
see page 127
3
Answer the questions using the future for predictions. Use the words in brackets. 1 Will astronauts travel to Jupiter? (never) No, astronauts will never travel to Jupiter. 2 Will everyone read digital books? (yes / soon) 3 When will researchers announce a cure for the flu? (in the next decade) 4 What is the weather forecast for tomorrow? (definitely / rain) Future perfect Para hablar de una acción que habrá terminado en un momento determinado en el futuro se utiliza will + have + participle . By 2020, I will have finished my third degree. In three years’ time, she will have written two more novels. see page 127
4
Complete the sentences using future perfect . 1 Class starts at 8:00, but I’ll arrive at 8:15. By the time I arrive, class … . By the time I arrive, class will have started.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Complete the sentences using future continuous .
6
Complete the text with the correct future perfect or future continuous form of the verbs in the box. drive
land
live
reach
disappear
I think the world will be a very different place in the 22nd century. By that time, the oil supply (1) … . However, everyone (2) … solar powered cars. People (3) … in energy efficient homes. I think before 2100, astronauts (4) … on Mars. Scientists predict the world population (5) … 16 billion.
91
Science fiction 7
Look at Brad and Amy’s diary for next week. Then complete the sentences with the future continuous or future perfect .
11 80
1 Who will use the contact lens blood sugar monitor? a doctors b diabetes patients c medical researchers 2 How will the contact lens help patients? a It will detect sugar level changes. b It will make patients more attractive. c It will carry out a blood test. 3 How will the skycar be controlled? a only by the driver b by the army c by satellites and computers 4 What colour do plants turn when an explosive device is near? a white b green c black 5 Who is interested in the bomb-detecting plant? a gardeners b terrorists c the military 6 When will the jetpack be on the market? a in two years b currently being sold c in 2065
12
Using the ideas in the boxes, complete the sentences to predict how our lives will have changed in the future. Use the future perfect and future continuous .
Monday: 2 to 6 p.m. prepare wedding Tuesday: 1 to 2 p.m. get married Wednesday: 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. fly to Acapulco Thursday: 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. relax on the beach Friday: 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. visit the Mayan ruins Saturday: 1 a.m. to 11 p.m. return to England Sunday: rest all day 1 At 3 p.m. on Monday, they … . (prepare) 2 By 5 p.m. on Tuesday, they … . (get married) 3 At 11 a.m. on Wednesday, they … . (fly) 4 On Thursday, they … all day. (relax) 5 At noon on Friday, they … . (visit) 6 By Sunday, they … . (return) 8
Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Use the future perfect and future continuous . 1 By 2020, I will have… 2 In two years’ time, I… 3 By tomorrow,… 4 By next year,… 5 At 4 p.m. next Saturday,... 6 At this time tomorrow,…
9
Look at the pictures (1-5) and match them with the inventions (a-e). 1
2
Listen again. Choose the correct option.
use
4
discover
travel
raise
live
alien life mind control children robots other planets through time 1 By the year 2050, … . By the year 2050 , we will have travelled to other planets but we won’t have gone farther than the Solar System .
5
2 By the year 2100, … . 3 By the year 2200, … . 4 By the year 2300, … . 5 By the year 2500, … . 3
a skycar b bomb-detecting plants c contact lens blood sugar monitor d laser gun e jetpack
10 80
92
Listen to a radio programme about these inventions. Which of them are mentioned?
13
In pairs, ask and answer questions to talk about your future predictions. What do you think will happen by the year 2050? By the year 2050, I think we will have discovered alien life in the universe.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
9
B Will sci-fi inventions become real? BEFORE YOU WATCH
Documentary 1
That’s Britain! 5
Look at these modern technological objects. Have you seen or read about these things in science fiction films or books before they were invented?
1 Plymouth is an important base for the British Air Force. 2 The Pilgrim Fathers departed from The Mayflower Steps in the 1800s. 3 Charles Darwin sailed from Plymouth on his journey to the Galapagos Islands. 4 According to Michael, Plymouth is famous for its waterfront. 5 Sir Francis Drake travelled to India in his ship The Golden Hind. 6 The Citadel, and other buildings in Plymouth are still in their original state.
That’s Britain! 2
European explorers set sail for the New World in the 1600s. Tick (3) the things you think they hoped to find. 1 wealth 2 a place to practice their religion 3 gold and silver
Decide if the sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones.
Same language, different lives 6
Listen to the speakers and complete the sentences. 1
3
5
7
2
4
6
8
AFTER YOU WATCH
Documentary 3
Match the inventions (1-5) to the science fiction books, film or TV programme (a-d). There is one extra invention you do not need to include. 1 e-paper 2 aeroplane 3 submarine 4 mobile phone 5 nuclear technology
In 100 years’ time,… 1 Nobody in England will be communicating ... . 2 New Zealand will be quite ... . 3 Canadians won’t want to ... during cold weather because of better technology. 4 People in England will ... and ... different. 5 There will be less difference between the very ... and the very ... in the USA. 6 South Africa will be more ... and advanced than it is now. 7 There will be more money and more ... for everybody. 8 India will be a world ... .
a Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, by Jules Verne b The World Set Free , by H.G. Wells c Star Trek TV programme d The Diamond Age , 1995 film 4
Choose the correct answer.
NOW YOU! 7
By the end of the 21st Century we won’t have invented … yet. 1 colonisation of the moon 2 teleportation 3 time travel
THAT’S ENGLISH!
What changes will you see in Spain in 100 years time? Consider social, economical and physical changes that may happen. There will be more people from other countries living in Spain. The language will be different as it gets mixed with these new cultures.
93
Science fiction
READING 1
Read the sentences and tick (3) the ones you agree with. 1 Technology has made our lives more difficult. 2 There is no better time to be alive than now.
2
Read the article and answer the questions.
81
1 What is the aim of human enhancement in medicine? 2 What is the aim of whole brain emulation technology?
3 I wouldn’t want to return to life in 1900. 4 Thanks to science people live longer.
Science fiction or reality? If our ancient ancestors had been able to look into the future, they would have seen a very different type of human being in the 20th century. Thanks to modern medicine and technology, people have become healthier, stronger and more intelligent than ever before. And scientists predict that we will be evolving even more with the help of human enhancement. Human enhancement helps to improve the quality of human life. While critics argue that people shouldn’t interfere with nature, the truth is that human enhancement has existed for centuries. For example, caffeine in coffee makes us more alert. Vaccines make us more resistant to diseases. Drugs make athletes faster and stronger. Corrective eye surgery gives us perfect eyesight. Artificial limbs restore an amputated leg. We can have face transplants and all sorts of impl ants. But just how far will human enhancement take us in t he future? The answer is, very far. In the near future, medical research will help to cure both physical and mental di sabilities. Prosthetic arms and legs will use more sophisticated bionic technology that will give us extraordinary powers and capabilities. Scientists predict these limbs will be used by the military to make bionic soldiers. And researchers believe that this same technology will be able to control depression and obsessive-compulsive behaviour. The distant future will be even more amazing. Scientists have already started developing technologies called whole brain emulation, which will allow humans to upload their biological brains onto computers. This way, people will be able to make backup copies of their memories so our brains will never get old! Another project seems straight out of a science fiction book, but it’s real – the U.S. military is developing avatar robots that will do the real fighting in a war. If we could look hundreds of years into the future, perhaps people will have changed into something unrecognisable to us today. Only time will tell.
3
Read the article. Decide if the sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 Modern-day people are quite different from their ancestors. 2 Human enhancement is very new. 3 Human enhancement can´t help people with mental problems. 4 We will never lose our memories thanks to human enhancement.
4
Choose the correct meaning of the words in bold. 1 The polio vaccine was tested in the ’50s. a immunity medicine b cleaner 2 People have four limbs. a internal organs b legs and arms
94
3 The patient will be given a prosthetic arm. a real b artificial 4 This documentary is about bionic technology. a part biological, part electronic b intelligent 5 Researchers are developing a cure. a administering b creating or producing 6 Darwin believed that humans evolved from another species. a stayed b changed or improved 7 Teens upload music and films to their computers. a transfer documents through the Internet b to connect artificial limbs
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
9
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 82
2 It stimulates research and imagination. 3 It has practical values. 4 It puts people at risk. 5 The money spent on it could be used to reduce poverty. 6 Satellites help predict and prevent environmental disasters. 7 It’s an important industry and provides many jobs.
In natural speech, we usually stress the ‘content’ words: the words that express meaning and important information. Listen and repeat. 1 Thanks to modern medicine and technology, people are healthier, stronger and more intelligent than ever before. 2 Scientists predict these limbs will be used by the military to make bionic soldiers. 3 This way, people will be able to make backup copies of their memories so our brains will never get old!
2
Listen and mark the words the speakers stress.
83
1 Vaccines make us more resistant to diseases. 2 Drugs make athletes faster and stronger. 3 Corrective eye surgery gives us perfect eyesight. 4 Artificial limbs restore an amputated leg.
83
Arguments for:
see page 135
5
Future continuous with still and anymore ,
.
,
.
Future perfect with yet and already By the end of next week she will have already finished her project By the end of next week she won’t have started her new project yet ,
.
,
.
see page 128
3
Complete the sentences with still , anymore , yet and already . 1 If you arrive at 10 a.m., it will be too late because the train will have … left. 2 In two years’ time, Nick won’t have graduated …. 3 In the distant future, will people … be driving cars? 4 By the time we get home, the mail will have … arrived. 5 In the 22nd century, I predict that no one will be using CDs … . 6 In July, they will … be travelling. 7 If you get to the restaurant before 5 p.m., it won’t have opened … . 8 At this time next year, he won’t be living in Wales … .
WRITING SECTION 4
Read the arguments ‘for and against’ space exploration. Put them under the correct heading. 1 It costs taxpayers a lot of money.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Read the ‘for and against’ text and answer the questions. Space exploration has fascinated people since the Russians launched the first satellite into orbit in 1957 but is it really worth it? On the one hand, it has always stimulated research and imagination. In addition, it has many practical values. For example, satellites help predict and prevent environmental disasters. Besides, it’s an important industry for many countries. On the other hand, space exploration costs taxpayers billions of dollars every year. Moreover, all the money spent on space exploration could be used to reduce poverty. Although this industry employs thousands of people, it also puts people at risk. In conclusion, space exploration has taught humans a lot about our world. Nevertheless, maybe we should solve our problems here on planet Earth first.
Listen again and repeat the sentences.
When I’m 60 I will still be working When I’m 70 I won’t be working anymore
Arguments against:
1 Which paragraph introduces the topic? 2 Which connectors are used for adding information? 3 Which connectors are used for contrasting information? 4 What is the conclusion and the writer’s opinion on the topic? 6
Choose the correct option. 1 Don has a lot of initiative. Moreover / However, he’s a good team worker. 2 The concert was brilliant. Besides / Nevertheless, it was free. 3 He didn’t study. However / In addition, he passed the exam. 4 Susan loves birds. Her sister, but / on the other hand, can’t stand them.
7
Use the information in activities 5 and 6 and write a ‘for and against’ text (120 words) about living on another planet in the future. Living on another planet is quite interesting, but it can be very stressful…
95
Science fiction
CONSOLIDATION 1
Look at the photographs. Think of one advantage and one disadvantage about two of t hese devices. 1
2
2
3
4
Read the article and match the photographs to the paragraphs.
Future forum Cinema has made some classic science fiction films about the future. Many of these films, such as Terminator and Minority Report, predict a dark future in which technology turns into man’s enemy. Technology, like any tool, makes our lives easier. But some people are beginning to wonder if too much techno logy is making life too easy and even unfair. Is science fiction becoming reality? Tell us what you think. What are your fears about the future of technology?
a … I think technology will allow for unfair competition in sports. Did you know that an athlete who has prosthetic legs was allowed to compete in the 2012 Olympic games? OK, he didn’t win, but by 2020, technology will have advanced enough to give some athletes an unfair advantage over those with natural legs. Human enhancement is going too far, in my opinion. If we continue to allow this, it will be the same as doping. Jim B. b … I read recently that paper money and coins will have disappeared by the year 2050, if not sooner. Some people think digital money is safer, but I disagree. I don’t think computers will ever be safe enough to allow real money to disappear. Helen G.
c … Robots are destroying jobs. My local bank doesn’t even have enough staff anymore. Just cashpoints ! It’s crazy. I heard on the radio recently that in the near future, robots will be replacing jobs like supermarket cashiers, fast-food workers and even radiologists in hospitals. Terry P. d … Gadgets and social networks are destroying real communication between people. Young people hardly talk to each other anymore, and if this continues, they won’t be talking to each other in person at all – they will only be writing messages or tweets on their phones all day long! Sharon C.
e n i l n o (
3
Read the text again. Are any of the forum participants in favour of the technology they’re describing?
4
Match each forum participant to one of these opinions. 1 Computers can never be totally safe for money. 2 People speak to each other less because of social networks and technology. 3 Machines are making the world a less personal place. 4 Athletes with artificial limbs shouldn’t be allowed to compete in sports.
5
Answer the questions. 1 Why is Jim B. against human enhancement in sports competition? 2 What will have disappeared in the future, in Helen G.’s opinion? 3 According to Terry P., what is the problem with robots? 4 According to Sharon C., how will people communicate with each other in the future?
96
) e c r u o s
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
6
Ask your partner his/her opinion about the following modern technology. Add two more items of your own.
8 84
9
Listen again and tick (3) yes or no. Film 1...
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
1 takes place in the distant future.
1 social networks 2 instant messaging 3 internet banking 4 self check-out 5 … 6 …
2 has an atmosphere of bad weather. 3 occurs in outer space. 4 has villain robots.
Film 2... 5 takes place in the present.
What do you think about social networks?
6 has a hero who can’t use his limbs. 7 takes place on the land of a distant moon.
I like social networks because they allow you to communicate easily with your friends who you can’t see every day. What about you?
8 has flying dragons.
Film 3... 9 takes place in the near future. 10 the action occurs on land.
I don’t like social networks because they are too impersonal.
11 is science fiction. 12 has a space ferry.
7 84
Listen to descriptions of three great science fiction films. Match each film (1-3) to the pictures (a-c). 1 Gravity
2 Avatar
9
3 Blade Runner
Read the blog and connect the paragraphs (1-3) to what they are about (a-c). Blog
a
a … Star Wars is a classic science fiction film that tells the adventures of a boy who has to rescue a princess. b … The story has all the elements of science fiction. It takes place in the distant future in a galaxy that’s far away. There are talking robots, space stations, and everyone flies in spaceships. It even has incredible gadgets, such as ‘light sabers,’ which are powerful energy swords.
b
c … I think Star Wars is a great film. It’s very imaginative and entertaining. Also, the special effects are amazing.
1 author’s opinion 2 why it’s science fiction 3 title, plot, setting c 10
Write a blog post about a science fiction film you have seen. Include the following information: the title, plot, setting the elements of the story that make it science fiction your opinion
THAT’S ENGLISH!
97
SELF TEST 1
UNIT
5 If the explorer safely lands on Mars, NASA … (complete) their mission. 6 My aunt Martha doesn’t think she … (get) a promotion this year. 7 Please don’t call me this evening – I … (study) at the library for my exams. 8 We … (move) into our new flat all next weekend. 9 Astronauts have been living on the space station for three months now. But by next week, they … (return) to earth. 10 My wife and I took out a 20-year loan two years ago. Ten years from now, we ... (still / pay) the bank.
Match the sentences 1-5 to a-e. 1 2 3 4 5
Human beings will never colonise… Scientists believe that humans evolved… The space vehicle was launched… The Earth orbits… The military is developing…
a into space this morning. b the sun every 365 days. c robots that can fight in a war. d the moon because there’s no air. e from apes. 2
Complete the paragraph with the correct words from the box.
9
4
Choose the correct option. 1 Researchers say that they will still / anymore / yet be working on the vaccine this time next year. 2 By the year 2500, space tourism will have yet / already / still become a reality. 3 If we arrive at the cinema before 7 o’clock, the film won’t have started already / yet / still . 4 In 100 years’ time, I don’t think we will be using nuclear energy still / anymore / yet .
bionics colonisation devices limb Mars outer space prosthetics space ferries vaccine
5
Listen to a conversation between two friends. Tick true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones.
85
I’ve just read a magazine called Future Science , which makes some interesting predictions. One article says that, one day, humans will be using (1) … to travel in (2) … as a part of the space tourism industry. It even suggests that there could be a (3) … of people on (4) … , also known as the Red Planet. Another article discusses medicine. It says that scientists are working on a (5) … that will prevent cancer. The most interesting article talks about (6) … , which is special technology combining biology and electronics. These (7) … can help people who have lost a (8) … , such as an arm or leg. Patients can wear (9) … , so they can walk or use their hands again. 3
Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the verbs. Use future simple , future continuous and future perfect . 1 Amy plans to finish her project on Monday. By Tuesday, she … (finish) her project. 2 My flight takes off at 2 o’clock and lands eight hours later. At 3 o’clock, I … (fly) over the Atlantic Ocean. 3 I think everyone … (have) robots at home in 50 years´ time. 4 Phyllis arrived in Edinburgh two years ago. In three years’ time, she … (live) there for five years.
98
1 William met a time traveller from the future. 2 Everything the man said was terrible. 3 The strange man gave William a souvenir from the future. 6 85
7
Listen again and choose the correct option. 1 By the year 2100, air pollution … . a will have disappeared b will still be a problem 2 Most people … . a will have died of diseases b will be living longer 3 Humans … . a will have lived on other planets b won’t have found alien life Write an essay (120-150 words) about the good and bad points of one of these topics: Whole brain emulation will make humans more intelligent. Avatar robots can replace human soldiers. Everyone should use digital money.
Paragraph 1: introduction Paragraph 2: two arguments in favour Paragraph 3: two arguments against Paragraph 4: conclusion and personal opinion
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
Superstitions and fears
10
S E V I T C E J B O
·To discuss the superstitions of different cultures ·To talk about fears and obsessive behaviour
A Friday the 13th 4 Rob is superstitious about … . a Friday the 13th b houses in the country c walking under ladders
BEFORE YOU WATCH 1
Match the pictures (1-3) to the superstitions (a-c). 1
2
5 Rob’s daughter Jessica … . a refused to eat breakfast b felt some spirits in the house c was scared to be alone
3
6 Laura thinks that … . a Rob is irrational b most people are a bit irrational c there is a rational explanation to Rob’s story
a Don’t walk on pavement cracks. b Touch wood to keep bad luck away. c Don’t walk under a ladder. 2
Which of the superstitions do you believe in? What other superstitions do you know about?
5
WHILE YOU WATCH 3
1 Fortune favours the … . 2 There’s no gain without … . 3 You can’t judge a book by its … .
Answer the questions. 6
1 Why is Bill wearing red socks today?
2 Why does scream?
Jessica
2 Laura visited a psychic … . a with her friend Eva b because she didn’t like her astrologer c after her grandmother died 3 Bill goes to buy his lottery ticket … . a around the corner b on the other side of town c next to the sock shop
THAT’S ENGLISH!
2
3
4
5
6
7
a Sometimes I get scared. b I didn’t have any superstitions growing up. c I don’t believe it because I’ve broken too many glasses. d I won’t walk under ladders or over three drains. e I don’t think any of my life is predetermined. f I think it’s a bit silly. g You make your own luck in this world.
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences. 1 Rob needs advice on … . a finding a tarot card reader b his career c choosing lottery numbers
a cover b brave c pain
Listen to the speakers talking about whether or not they are superstitious. Match the speakers (1-7) to the sentences (a-g). 1
AFTER YOU WATCH 4
Complete the proverbs that are mentioned in the video.
NOW YOU! 7
Do you have a lucky number, item of clothing or object? Do you believe in lucky objects? Give reasons for your answer. I always wear my red scarf to football games because my team won the first time I wore it.
99
Superstitions and fears
READING 1
Look at the photos that relate to superstitions in the UK. Which two bring you good luck and which two bring you bad luck?
four-leaf clover 2 86
magpie
ladder
black cat
Do the quiz below and check your answers to activity 1. Although most of us claim not to be superstitious, we often see people avoiding walking under a ladder in the street or saying ‘touch wood’ after mentioning their good luck. How superstitious are you? Try this quiz. 1
If you see a black cat walk across your path, do you… a feel happy? b turn around and walk the other way? c ignore it and go on walking?
2 When you are walking in the city, do you… a take care not to step on a crack in the pavement? b take care to walk on the right side of other p eople? c take care crossing the street? 3 If you break a mirror, do you… a worry for 7 years? b put the pieces together and make a wish? c pick up the pieces and put them in the rubbish? 4 If you see a horseshoe over a door, do you… a walk into the house happily? b use another entrance? c wonder if the house was a stable in the past? 5 You usually say ‘fingers crossed’ before an exam,… a when you are hoping to get the questions you like. b when you think the examiner is evil. c when you have a code system with your friend.
6 When you are walking in the country and you see a magpie alone, do you… a worry something sad will happen? b feel excited? c think it must be lonely? 7 If you accidentally spill salt on the table, do you… a pick some up and throw it over your shoulder to avoid bad luck? b say, ‘Sorry’ three times to avoid bad luck? c go on eating and move it under your plate? 8 When someone opens an umbrella inside your house, do you… a look up at the ceiling in case it falls? b smile because the weather will be good? c move your favourite vase out of the way? 9 If you blow out all the candles on your birthday cake in one breath, do you… a make a wish? b feel loved? c go red? 10 If your ears go red, do you think… a someone is talking about you? b someone is going to phone you? c the wind is cold?
) e c r u o s
Mostly a: You are very superstitious and you’ll always carry a rabbit’s foot or another lucky charm in your bag.
y e Mostly b: You are also superstitious, but probably have bad luck because you will never do the right thing. K Mostly c: You aren’t superstitious but very practical. You’ll always find a logical explanation for everything.
3
Complete the chart with the following actions (1-8). 1 breaking a mirror 2 crossing fingers 3 seeing a black cat 4 opening an umbrella in the house
4
5 having red ears 6 blowing out candles 7 finding a four-leaf clover 8 sneezing
Brings good luck
... , ... , ...
Brings bad luck
... , ... , ...
Brings neither good or bad luck
... , ...
Match the highlighted expressions in the text to the correct sentence.
2 Ella always tak es a special coin to job interviews. 3 Suddenly, my grandmother threw salt over her shoulder. 4 Mary said, ‘Everything in my life is fantastic!’ and she quickly touched the table. 5 I always walk around ladders and never open an umbrella inside the house. 6 As he lied to his mother, the boy put his hand behind his back. 7 Many farmers have this one or many of these on their barns for good luck. 8 I blew out my birthday candles and thought about travelling to Australia.
1 The little girl was jumping from pavement stone to pavement stone.
100
THAT’S ENGLISH!
e n i l n o (
UNIT
10
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 87
Homographs are words with the same spelling but different meaning and pronunciation. Listen.
4
Complete the text with the words from the box. There are 3 extra words. coincidence ladder cat Tuesday
1 I refuse / rfjuz / to walk under ladders. There is a lot of smelly refuse / refjus / on the street. 2 I needed a permit / p(r)mt / to park in my street. Will they permit / p(r)mt / you to wear those clothes at school? 2
Match the pronunciation with the sentences.
88
1 / wand / / wnd / a I have to wind my old watch. It’s stopped. b The wind blew the candle out.
I am definitely superstitious. I will never walk under a (1) … , for example. If I’m feeling unhappy I might walk around to find a black (2) … because if it crosses my (3) … , then my luck will change. I worry about dates too, I won’t leave the house on (4) … the 13th, and the first thing I say on the first day of each new (5) … is ‘rabbits’, and if it’s March then I say ‘white rabbits’, otherwise I’ll have a whole month of bad (6) … . Once I forgot and it was a terrible month. Bad luck always happens in (7) … , so first I burnt my hand ironing, next my (8) … broke down on the motorway and then I lost my lucky (9) … . It was not a (10) … !
2 / te(r)/ / t(r)/ a Marcus has a tear in his shirt. b I see a tear in your eye. 3 / manjut/ / mnt/ a Wait a minute! I’m coming! b My charm is a minute star, really small. 4 / bdekt / / bdekt / a I strongly object to cats in the house. b There’s a strange object in the sky. 88
luck rabbit threes month Friday table path charm car
5 89
Listen to six people talking about their superstitions before important events. Match each speaker (1-6) to his/her superstitions (a-f).
Listen, check and repeat.
Talking about continuing and repeated actions Para hablar de acciones que continúan o se repiten se usan: - Verbos como go on, carry on, keep on + -ing. You ignore it and go on walking. He didn’t listen and carried on talking.
Speaker 1 ...
Speaker 4 ...
Speaker 2 ...
Speaker 5 ...
Speaker 3 ...
Speaker 6 ...
a
d
b
e
c
f
- Reiteración del verbo. She laughs and laughs all the time. I cried and cried when I heard the news. see page 128
3
Complete the sentences with a verb in the box in the correct form. wear
cross
play
walk
listen
scream
1 I’m not very superstitious, but I go on … my fingers, just in case. 2 He saw the ladder but carried on … under it. 3 I … and … but I couldn’t hear anything. 4 When I saw the ghost, I … and … . 5 Sam … and … with those tarot cards. I’m sure it isn’t good for him. 6 I have to keep on … my green tie because it brings me good luck.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
101
Superstitions and fears 6
Listen again and answer the questions.
89
1 What is speaker 1’s lucky number? 2 What is speaker 2’s old object? 3 Which boot does speaker 3 always put on first? 4 What colour is speaker 4’s lucky tie? 5 When does speaker 5 perform his ritual with salt? 6 What happens if someone says Macbeth?
8
Complete the text with will , won’t , would / ’d or wouldn’t and a verb from the box.
go watch burn complain have miss let spend
Describing repeated and typical behaviour Para expresar un comportamiento habitual y/o repetitivo se usa: - will/won’t + infinitive en el presente. You’ ll always carry a rabbit’s foot. She won’t eat meat on Fridays.
Howard Hughes, the famous billionaire and aviator, had a strange life.
- would/wouldn’t + infinitive en el pasado. She’ d always give me good advice. They wouldn’t go out on Friday the 13th.
As a child he (1) … that he felt ill and so his mother (2) … him go to summer camps. He (3) … more time with his horse than with children his age.
see page 128
7
When he was an adult he (4) … to parties and social occasions. Instead, he (5) … movies alone in a dark room. He was obsessed with illness and (6) … his clothes after he met someone who was ill. Sadly, he was later diagnosed with obsessivecompulsive disorder.
Match the sentences 1-7 to a-g. Then rewrite the sentences using will / won’t or would / wouldn’t . 1 My superstitious friend puts her lucky charm on the table 1 b My superstitious friend will put her lucky charm on the table whenever she has an exam. 2 My grandmother didn’t drive her car... 3 An actor doesn’t wear yellow clothes... 4 That tennis player kissed the ground... 5 The dentist doesn’t eat onions... 6 John doesn’t play football... 7 Anne washed her hands... a every time he won a match. b whenever she has an exam. c on Friday 13th in case she had an accident. d before he starts work. e during a performance. f every time she met someone. g unless he has new socks.
Leonardo DiCaprio played Howard Hughes in The Aviator. Unlike Hughes, DiCaprio has always been very social: he (7) … never … a party and (8) … friends round for dinner almost every week. 9
Talk to your partner about typical habits you had in the past and any you have now. When I was a child, I’d always put my socks on first when I got dressed.
I’d have breakfast in my pyjamas when I was younger.
Now on Sundays I’ll spend the whole morning in my pyjamas. I’ll only put a coat on to get the newspaper.
102
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
10
B Fears and phobias BEFORE YOU WATCH
Documentary 1
A phobia is an irrational fear of an object or situation. Match the photos (1-4) to the phobias (a-d). What other phobias can you name? 1
3
2
4
That’s Britain! 4
Watch the video and review your answers from activity 2.
5
Decide if the sentences relate to Stonehenge (S), Avebury Village (AV) or Silbury Hill (SH).
Stonehenge
a hydrophobia b claustrophobia
Silbury Hill
1 The church thought it was a place where people worshipped the devil. 2 People don’t know why it was built. 3 The stones weigh up to 4 tons each. 4 There were around 400 stones standing here. 5 It is part of a mythical legend. 6 There are fewer stones now than there were before. 7 It is a popular place for tourists to visit.
c arachnophobia d agoraphobia
That’s Britain! 2
Avebury Village
Look at the image of Stonehenge. Which of the statements do you think are true?
Same language, different lives 6
a Hold your breath when an ambulance passes. b Don’t walk under a ladder. c Don’t kill a spider. d Cross your fingers for good luck. e Don’t dress up as a monster. f Touch wood. g Pavement cracks
1 The stones come from Wales. 2 Stonehenge is around 1,000 years old. 3 Stonehenge was used as a calendar.
AFTER YOU WATCH
Documentary 3
Listen to the speakers talking about superstitions in their country. Tick ( 3) the superstitions that are mentioned.
NOW YOU!
Answer the questions. 1 Which type of phobia is an excessive fear of dogs? 2 When do social phobias usually start? 3 What is one of the symptoms of phobia? 4 What is Matthew Wong afraid of? 5 What is the main treatment for phobias? 6 What was Napoleon afraid of? 7 What are ombrophobes afraid of?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
7
Which places in Spain have mystical or spiritual stories connected with them? What do you know about the stories behind the places?
The Basilica de San Vicente, in Ávila, is the site where St. Vincent was executed. According to legend, a man nearly died after he laughed at the saint’s execution. 103
Superstitions and fears
READING 1
Answer the questions. 1 Can you name a horror story or film? 2 Can you describe what happens in it?
2
Read the short story and complete the gaps with phrases from the box. Sometimes more than one expression is possible. then
at first
finally
after that
next
at that moment
Never judge a book by its cover ‘It’s OK, you’re safe now.’ Lila had never needed to hear those words so desperately in her life before. She was breathing hard because she had been running and running for what seemed like hours. She’d found herself on the road and, luckily, a police officer was driving past (1) … . He opened the car door for her and she got in. She told him there was a madman out there and asked him to lock the doors. It was very dark on the road and she was scared the man could appear at any moment and attack them. The police officer smiled and showed her his gun. ‘Don’t be worried, my child. No one is going to attack me,’ he reassured her. ‘Tell me what happened first and then we’ll go to the police station. (2) … we can get you a hotel room.’ So Lila started her story; ‘I’m staying at the cabin near the lake on my own: it’s my uncle’s place. I’ve seen a boat on the lake every evening at about 10:00 o’clock, just sitting there.
3
(3) … I thought it was a fisherman, but (4) … I realised the man didn’t have any fishing equipment. I wasn’t really afraid, but this evening I saw the boat again, but it didn’t leave. I went to bed but woke up because I heard a noise in my room. (5) … , I saw the window open and went to close it, but then a person came up behind me. I think it was the man from the boat. I immediately screamed but he put a cloth over my mouth. (6) … he tied my hands together behind my back with a piece of rope. I was terrified! I heard him go outside – I think he was getting something from his boat. I managed to free my hands and the cloth around my mouth and after that I just ran. I could hear him following me but (7) … he stopped or I lost him and then I was on the road and I saw you. I’m so relieved I’m safe now.’ ‘Well, better late than never! Thank goodness you saw me,’ said the police officer, ‘because you were running so fast I thought I’d never catch you.’
What does the title of this story mean? Choose the correct option. 1 Don’t believe that all you read is true in a story. 2 Don’t think that the story was written by someone with legal experience. 3 Don’t think that someone’s appearance always shows their true qualities.
4 90
Read the story again. Put the pictures in the correct order. a
c
e
1 ... 2 ... 3 ... b
d
f
4 ... 5 ... 6 ...
5
104
A twist is an unexpected event or ending in a story. What is the twist in this story?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
10
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 91
In connected speech, grammar words such as prepositions, determiners and auxiliary verbs are frequently unstressed. Listen.
4
The excursion was terrible! I’ve never been (1) on / to a trip like it. We left (2) on / in a sunny Monday morning (3) at / by around midday. First we had to get (4) on / over a bus which took us (5) away from / towards the city centre (6) to / at a forest (7) in / on the middle of nowhere. There we had to wait (8) inside / into the bus (9) for / since over half an hour, getting hotter and hotter, (10) until / while a guide said we could get (11) off / in. Then, they made us walk (12) along / across the river for twenty minutes until we got (13) at / to a bridge. We walked (14) above / under it, but the path disappeared so we had to go (15) through / onto the water.
1 Jack loves to / t / go out, especially at / t / night. 2 Mary’s been / zbn / given a / / new car. 3 Jackson and Kate went to / t / watch the / ð / match in / n / the / ð / rain. 4 We’ve been / vbn / to / t / Rome five times in / n / two years. 2
Mark the unstressed words in these sentences.
92
1 Is Sarah living in London at the moment? 2 My children have often stayed at the cabin. 3 Mary was born on the first of June. 4 You can eat anything you want. 5 I have to go to the meeting in the afternoon.
92
Listen, check and repeat.
3
Match the proverbs (1-5) with the situations (a-e). 1 2 3 4 5
I certainly didn’t have the right shoes! Finally, we arrived (16) in / to the town and found the restaurant was closed, so we had to go (17) to / Ø home hungry. 5
Never judge a book by it s cover. Blood is thicker than water. Better late than never. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Out of sight, out of mind.
a I’m happy to see you although we agreed to meet an hour ago. b I have to support my brother even though he’s dishonest. c If you leave the country, your girlfriend won’t wait for you. d He looks like a homeless person, but in fact he’s a millionaire. e You’ll keep healthy if you eat properly.
fear
6
concern
calm
Read the story in activity 4 and answer the questions. Use adjectives from activity 5. 1 In your opinion, how did the travellers feel... a at the start of the trip? b when they could get off the bus? c when the path disappeared? d when they had to go through the water?
7
- Tiempo: We need to be at the station by two o’clock on Monday . The students took the exam for 2 hours, from 10 to 12.
- Movimiento: Matt walked away from me, through the doors and across the street. Sara ran towards her friends , along the street and up the stairs.
Classify the adjectives according to the feeling they express. scared terrified relieved afraid worried frightened anxious relaxed nervous
Expressing time, location and movement
- Lugar: The cat was outside, in front of the house, between two plants. You can find the cinema behind the shopping centre and next to the ice-cream shop.
Read the story and choose the correct option.
Talk to a partner about your feelings and explain why you feel that way. I feel scared when I have to walk home alone at night because there are no street lights along my road.
8
I’ve got lights on my street, but I still feel scared because it’s not a safe area.
Write a story that starts with the following paragraph. Use the story in activity 4 to help you. Martha was sitting on the beach on a hot summer’s day. She suddenly noticed a couple of men walking behind her .
see page 129
THAT’S ENGLISH!
105
Superstitions and fears
CONSOLIDATION 1
Read the film review. Who are the three main (human) characters in the film?
As Good As It Gets In the film As Good As It Gets , Jack Nicholson plays a character called Melvin who has an obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The film is a romantic comedy that is painful at times but very funny. The character Melvin has many compulsive habits associated with his mysophobia (a fear of germs and contamination). He’ll open a new bar of soap every time he washes his hands and throw the soap away each time he finishes. He‘ll even take his own plastic knives and forks to the restaurant where he eats his breakfast. Apart from this fear of germs, he has many other strange habits: he has to put on his shoes in a specific order and he’ll move his feet around his shoes in a certain way before he can put his feet in. What’s more, when he goes into his flat he’ll lock, unlock and lock the door again, counting to five while he does it. He will also turn the lights in his flat on and off five times before he can go to the bathroom to wash his hands. Melvin seems to hate everyone in the world except maybe Carol, the waitress who serves him his breakfast every day. In fact, she is the only person in the restaurant that will tolerate his often unpleasant behaviour. Except for Carol, he can’t stand people or animals touching him, so when he has to look after the dog belonging to his gay artist neighbour, Simon, at first he finds it incredibly difficult. However, the dog, called Verdell, brings the three characters together. Melvin gradually changes from b eing a cold-hearted egoist to a warmer character, helping Carol with financial difficulties and accompanying Simon on a trip to see his parents. In fact, he begins to fall in love with Carol. One of the best scenes in the film is when Melvin takes Verdell for a walk and the dog avoids stepping on the cracks in the pavement, just like Melvin. Finally…, well, I’m not going to tell you the end! See it for yourself!
2
Answer the questions. 1 What is Melvin afraid of? 2 What eating habits does he have? 3 What number is important to him? 4 Who makes Melvin’s personality begin to change? 5 What obsession does he share with the dog, Verdell?
3
Imagine you were Melvin’s neighbour last year. Write to a friend about five strange habits Melvin had. Use would/wouldn’t and the past simple. Hi, You say your neighbours are strange! I have to tell you about my neighbour last year. He’d always leave the house at the same time…
106
4
Talk to your partner about a teacher, colleague or boss who has or had irritating or unusual habits. My maths teacher would open the window every time he came into class – even in winter!
My boss is obsessed with coloured pens. He’ll write in a different colour depending on the day!
THAT’S ENGLISH!
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
UNIT
5 93
Listen to a psychologist talking about childhood fears. Answer the questions.
8
10
Think of a fear that you had when you were a child. Tell your partner and compare your experiences.
1 Is the speaker’s niece still afraid of dogs? 2 What is important to children aged 4-6? 3 Do girls’ fears last longer?
6
I was terrified of a character from a cartoon series called Mr Darkness. I’d imagine he was under my bed! I felt like this until I was about 7 years old.
Listen again and complete the table with the appropriate fears.
93
Age range
I wasn’t scared of monsters, but I’d feel anxious when I was home on my own. I always thought that someone would try to break into the house.
Fears
2-4
1 … 2 … 3 being left alone
4-6
1 … 2 ghosts 3 … 4 parent dying or leaving the family
8-11
1 doing badly at school 2 … 3 getting on with classmates 4 …
9
93
Do you remember the advice the expert gives at the end? Tick (3) the correct option. Then listen and check.
the
questions
about
1 Do you know anyone who is superstitious? 2 What superstitions do you believe in? 3 Why do you believe in these superstitions? 4 Does your family believe in the same superstitions as you do? 5 Would your life be different if you didn’t believe in superstitions?
10 7
Read and answer superstitions.
Use the information in activity 9 and write a blog entry about superstitions.
I am a very superstitious person…
1 Tell your child he/she mustn’t be afraid. 2 Ask your child to tell you about his/her fear. 3 See an expert if the child is still at school.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
107
SELF TEST 1
UNIT
Correct the words in bold in the text.
5
Barry is very superstitious. He can’t go out without saying his (1) unlucky number three times. He gets very worried if he thinks he’s about to have bad luck and can’t find something made of (2) glass to touch. He will stay at home all day on (3) Thursday the 13th in case a brick falls on his head, and above his front door he has a lucky (4) clock he got from a farm.
3
a Ursula … (read) her horoscope first. b Anne … (never put) them under a table. c Lily … (take) her lucky charm. d Terri … (always hide) in her bed. e Helen … (not open) it. f Yolanda … (make) a wish.
Match the correct parts of each proverb. 1 Blood is thicker... 2 Better late... 3 An apple a day... 4 Out of sight... 5 Never judge...
a than never. b keeps the doctor away. c out of mind. d a book by its cover. e than water.
6
rational
afraid
irrational
7
Listen again and order the events in the story.
94
a She got to her office. b She saw a black cat. c She left the house. d She got stuck in the lift. e She spilt her coffee. f She got on the bus. g She broke her shoe.
calm
1 Jenny is really … of spiders. She screams if she sees one. 2 I was … about my next exam. I thought it would be very difficult. 3 Sue is always so … . She never panics. 4 Fear of ghosts is … because they don’t exist. 5 John is so … . He has an explanation for everything.
Listen to the story. Which superstition does the speaker change her mind about?
94
Complete the sentences with the adjectives from the box related to fear and horror. anxious
Match the beginning (1-6) and ending (a-f) of each sentence. Then complete the second half with will / won’t or would / wouldn’t and the verb in brackets. 1 Every day she went out,... 2 Whenever she saw a bright star,... 3 On the days she buys a newspaper,... 4 When she’s frightened,... 5 When she bought new shoes,... 6 Every time a stranger comes to the door,...
When he’s in the street he carefully avoids standing on the (5) colours in the pavement. On his birthday he insists on making a (6) promise when he (7) touches the candles on his cake. 2
1 ...
8
Choose the correct preposition. 1 They are going to move house in / during / on six months’ time. 2 The car was coming towards / across / into me, but it stopped just in time. 3 We’re thinking of going away in / for / on the weekend. 4 He doesn’t want to live in / on / at the 13th floor of the building. 5 He got off / up to / out of the car and locked the door.
108
2 ...
3 ...
4 ...
5 ...
6 ...
7 ...
Write a blog post about your favourite superstition. Use some of the following questions.
4
10
What do you have to do? When do you have to do it? Does it bring good or bad luck? Where does it happen?
My favourite superstition is first footing from Scotland. This happens at midnight on New Year’s Eve. If a dark, good-looking man carrying a piece of coal, whisky and shortbread enters the house, the family will have good luck for the year.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
11 THAT’S ENGLISH!
THAT’S ENGLISH! Revision
THAT’S ENGLISH! THAT’S ENGLISH!
THAT’S ENGLISH!
S E V I T C E J B O
· To review the contents of module 7 · To prepare for the end of module test
GRAMMAR 1
Tom: Come on! Tell me about it, (3) … you? Chris: Well, you remember my colleague from the London office, (4) … you? Tom: Yes, that girl, Polly, (5) … brother was (6) … university with you. Chris: That’s right. Anyway, she just phoned to say that her brother, (7) … went to live in Scotland, has just had an accident. Tom: Oh dear! Is he (8) … hospital? Chris: Yes, I have to go and see him … (9) case he needs some help. (10) … only I didn’t have to finish this project! (11) … the time I get there after work it’ll be too late to visit. Tom: (12) … far as I can see, you need to go right now. Don’t worry. I’ll tell the boss you had to go and we can finish the project later.
Choose the correct option. 1 My ex-wife … always leave the window open when she went out. a will b would c should 2 They kept … talking even though I asked for silence. a off b at c on 3 By 2030, I hope we … a cure for cancer. a might found b will have found c will be finding 4 Don’t call his parents’ house. He won’t be living there ... . a still b anymore c already 5 … bring your partner to the party. I’d love to meet him. a Remember b Can c Do
4
6 The new manager promised … make any pay cuts. a he doesn’t b he not c not to
1 Gwen has been working … at the weekends in a soup kitchen. (volunteer) 2 Some laws seem very … . The punishment doesn’t fit the crime. (fair) 3 Working for a relief agency requires a lot of … . (commit) 4 There are too many people living in Mexico City. It’s … . (populate) 5 An important … to their lifestyle would be better housing. (improve) 6 There are several … projects that I would like to collaborate with. (human)
7 It’s strange … the burglar only took some milk from the fridge. a that b for that c what 2
Complete the text with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Why is life so unfair? In many countries in today’s world people (1) … (divide) into rich and poor. Why (2) … some people … (not have) access to basic medicine or food while others (3) … (live) in luxury? I wish there (4) … (be) more equality. If we gave only a very small percentage of our salary to feed the poor, there (5) … (not be) hunger in the world. Very little (6) … (do) to help underdeveloped countries where the poor population (7) … (exploit) by multinational companies. If I (8) … (be) a world leader, I (9) … (set) up a permanent fund and make sure that taxes (10) … (use) to help others.
3
Complete the conversation with a word (a contracted form is considered one word). Tom: What’s the matter Chris? Chris: I’ve just had some bad news, but (1) … not easy (2) … talk about it.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets using suffixes or prefixes.
5
Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets. 1 The river is so deep, we won’t be able to cross it. (such) 2 I wouldn’t ask him to help if I didn’t have a serious problem. (unless) 3 Nick isn’t as old as he looks. (than) 4 The strike was caused by the pay cut. (the reason for) 5 I regret that I took drugs before the competition. (wish) 6 There is no food so the people are hungry. (since) 7 Fiona went home because she felt ill. (that’s why)
109
Revision 5 I’m totally fed / made up with your complaints. 6 A new space shuttle was launched / landed last week. 7 The space travellers wanted to colonise / settle on another planet. 8 Scientists need to evolve / develop better processes to identify genes.
VOCABULARY 1
Replace the highlighted words with a word or expression from the box. There are two words that are not needed. bring up rich
class fight
customs danger help educate
4
Do families have more problems now than in the past? Changes in family structure mean that there are more single parents who have to (1) struggle (2) to raise their children. Social (3) background doesn’t seem to make a difference and even (4) wealthy classes have difficulties. As more parents go out to work they have less time to spend with their children. Without the traditional (5) support of family members there is a (6) threat that children will grow up isolated and lonely. 2
Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in the correct form. There are three verbs that are not needed. bring come do grow keep make move set take 1 Jack is thinking of … up a film production company. 2 You need to … up with new laws if you are a lawyer. 3 He … up with a fantastic idea to provide clean drinking water. 4 She … up climbing at the age of 50 because she wanted to try something new. 5 I hope the baby … up strong and healthy because of the treatment. 6 Many parents … up their children to be respectful.
Complete the texts with a word from the box. There are four words that are not needed. awards blackmail blockbuster disease famine homeless murder mug poverty relative role set soundtrack thriller issue widows
PRONUNCIATION The comedy film Trading Places was a (1) … in 1983, earning over $90 million. It’s the story of a (2) … man and an upper-class man who are forced to change places in society. The wealthy man finds himself in (3) … while the poor man becomes rich. The film Basic Instinct contains all the elements of a (4) ... . It starts with a (5) … as a man is found stabbed in his bed and includes sex, drugs and jealousy. The composer of the (6) … was nominated for several (7) … . The film Outbreak is about the spread of an infectious (8) … that threatens the world. Dustin Hoffman plays the leading (9) … as an army colonel fighting against time. Water is (10) … in India and is about a group of (11) … who are forced to live in an ashram after their husbands die. One of the major characters is a seven-year-old girl who is convinced that a (12) … will come to take her home.
1 95
partial yellow height bird Russian your alpine education perfect f ind young burn // partial 2 96
Choose the correct option. 97
1 The lake is safe for children. It’s very shallow / narrow . 2 The weather in the north of France can be very damp / humid in the winter. 3 The government is thinking of banning / forgiving smoking in private cars. 4 Her face is wrinkled / retired from too much sun.
110
/a/
/:/
/j/ yellow
Mark the stress in these words. Listen and check. 1 fertile 2 enhancement 3 expectancy 4 humanitarian
3 3
Think about the pronunciation of the marked letter(s) and put the words in the correct column. Listen and check.
5 capitalism 6 researcher 7 refugee 8 aristocracy
Listen and repeat the sentences. Mark the underlined words with rising ( ›) or falling intonation (› ). 1 She likes comedy films, doesn’t she? 2 Our best player was banned. As a result, we lost the match. 3 I wish I had given him some advice. 4 The charity, which was started in 1965, has helped thousands of people.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
READING COMPREHENSION I 1
READING COMPREHENSION II
Read the text. Choose the correct option.
3
The Celts have often been described as barbarians, but in fact their society was wellorganised. In Celtic tribes everyone worked for the common good. Much of the land was owned by the community, with areas reserved for the elderly, disabled and poorer members.
e n i l n o (
2
Many people think being afraid is a feeling that is not pleasant. However, others find the physical sensation of adrenaline produced by fear is stimulating. When we are scared our heart rate increases (3) … . Others enjoy watching something terrifying on a screen at the cinema or in the living room at home because they feel safe there, and would never want to see any of these things in real life. People also like an element of intrigue or surprise. For example, that nice doctor, (4) … , is really stealing parts of their bodies to carry out experiments to create a super race! Of course there are sometimes more practical reasons. Horror films are popular for first dates because it’s much more natural to put your arm around a person (5) … . Whatever the reason, horror stories have always existed and scary situations will continue to be a way to escape from reality. At least, we hope they aren’t real!
Laws were based on honour and telling the truth. The punishment for a crime was to repay the victim according to the victim’s status and the criminal’s possibilities. Surprisingly, in Celtic society it was not uncommon for women to fight side by side with men. In general, women had more power, respect and freedom than in later cultures and divorce was allowed.
1 The Celts were barbarians / tribal . 2 Celts belonged to a certain social class all their lives / because of their work . 3 Druids were the least powerful class / elected . 4 The most important Celtic laws were related to honesty / social status . 5 Celtic women sometimes went to war / never divorced . Complete the chart for the six Celtic social classes. Class
Person
lowest class
non- freemen
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Work
Duties
Complete the gaps (1-5) with the sentences (a-e).
Why do some people love horror stories? A typical evening on a school camping trip is spent sitting around the campfire telling stories of ghosts or murderers, (1) … . Some people are horror movie fanatics and will never miss the latest terrifying blockbuster, full of special effects and blood, with a title including the number 13 and sinister characters. These fans enjoy being scared, (2) … .
Social classes existed in Celtic society, but they were not as exclusive as many of our modernday classes. The lowest class was called ‘nonfreemen’. These people were not slaves but often criminals who were required to pay off their debt to society by working for the tribe, usually doing farm work. The next class was free travellers and often moved from one area to another looking for temporary work on the land. The third class was mostly landowners, who managed the farms, and sometimes they were craftsmen. The fourth class included officials responsible for many aspects of the administration of the society, such as collecting taxes, maintaining roads or organising supplies for the army. These people were elected to their position. The upper class consisted of druids who were doctors, lawyers, philosophers and musicians. They had many years of training and their power was greater than the chieftains who ruled the tribe and who were also elected.
) e c r u o s
11
a but for those of us who hate the genre it is difficult to understand b who was so concerned about his patients c if they are scared than if they are laughing d but most young people will remember that occasion as fun e so at the end of the horror film we feel excited and animated 4
Choose the best summary for the text. 1 Most people do not enjoy being frightened by horror stories. 2 The reasons why horror stories are so popular. 3 Horror stories are a good way to escape from reality.
111
) e c r u o s e n i l n o (
Revision LISTENING COMPREHENSION I
4 99
1 98
Look at the photos and listen to the radio programme about different solidarity projects. What does each ‘bank’ exchange? Choose one bank (1-3) for one option (a-f) and match them to the correct picture (A-C). 1 South West bank 2 North bank 3 Glasgow bank
a clothes b money c food d professional services e cars f benefits
A
Listen again and decide if the following sentences are true (3) or false ( 7). Correct the false ones. 1 Helen thinks old people don’t usually climb mountains. 2 Joe has taught his father a lot about technology. 3 Joe visited his father yesterday. 4 Joe’s father plays computer games well. 5 Joe thinks learning a language can help keep you young.
WRITING I 1
Write about a non-traditional family unit. It can be your own family, a famous family or an invented family. Describe: the members of the family the relationships between them people’s attitudes towards that family what they do together
B
C
Not all families are the same. Nowadays, a modern family can be composed of many different combinations of relationships. Couples are not just male-female anymore. I would like to describe a family I know...
2
Listen again and answer the questions.
98
Sandra’s report – South West 1 Where did many people in the town use to work? 2 What do the people produce for the South West bank? Gordon’s report – North 3 How many people belong to the North bank? 4 What kind of services can they ‘buy’/change? Andrew’s report – Glasgow 5 Who started the Glasgow bank? 6 Who are the clothes for?
LISTENING COMPREHENSION II 3 99
Listen to Joe talking to Helen about his father. Complete the sentences. 1 Joe’s father is … years old. 2 At the moment he is … through the Rocky mountains. 3 He enjoys spending time in … . 4 He communicates with family and friends using … . 5 He enjoys … with his grandchildren.
112
WRITING II 2
Read this email from a friend and write a response following these points.
Ask about her experiences in Vietnam. Answer her questions. Ask for more information about the teacher.
I’m writing to ask you a favour. You know I have been working in Vietnam for the past year. Well, I have a friend from here who wants to go to Spain. He’s a teacher who works with children here in a non-profit organisation which tries to provide a basic education. He wants to improve his Spanish, but he doesn’t have much money. Do you think you could help me find someone he could stay with? Is there any kind of work he could do to support himself while he is there? When would you suggest is a good time of year to go? Love Donna
Hi Donna, It´s so good to hear from you!...
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT
11
ORAL EXPRESSION: MONOLOGUE 1
Read the advertisements. Then speak for 90 seconds about which charity you would like to help and why, and explain why you wouldn’t be able to help the others. A Operation Peru
B Giving time
C Eyes for the blind
Help us by sponsoring a child in South America. A donation of 28 dollars per month will contribute towards his/her education until he/she is 16. You will receive monthly information about the child and the community projects we support.
Do you have a few spare hours a week? Are you 18 years old or over? Many people in hospital would love someone to chat to. Join our volunteer group in your area. You must be available to come to the hospital for at least three hours a week and commit to volunteering for a minimum of six months.
Do you like dogs? Would you take in a pet for a few months? We need people to help train future guide dogs. It requires training and caring for an animal over a period of a few months until they are ready to move on to the next stage of specialist training. If you are selected as a puppy raiser, you will care for a puppy from the age of about eight weeks to 14 months.
Use the following expressions.
As far as I’m concerned…
As for…
The reason why…
That’s why…
For this reason...
Regarding ...
ORAL EXPRESSION: INTERACTION 2
Select A or B and carry out the role-play with a partner.
A: You have just witnessed a crime. You go to the police station immediately to report it.
B: You are a police officer questioning the witness of a crime.
committed. the crime. etc. investigate the crime.
description of the site of the crime. place. crime that was committed. and after the crime. investigate the crime.
What was the suspect wearing?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
She was wearing a hat.
What were you doing when the crime happened?
I was waiting in a queue at the bank, when…
What did the suspect look like?
He looked like an ordinary person.
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Reference Section United States . This is the embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Philippines .
GRAMMAR REFERENCE Unit 1
1 USO Y OMISIÓN DEL ARTÍCULO THE
Recuerda la norma general para los nombres comunes: se usa el artículo the con sustantivos en plural para referirnos a elementos concretos.
Fíjate
Con las siglas UK y US se mantiene el uso del artículo. They are from the US but they live in the UK .
I’ve only seen the forests in Nova Scotia. (los bosques que hay en Nueva Escocia)
I would like to see the fjords in Norway. (los fiordos que hay en Noruega)
Sin embargo, el artículo the normalmente no se utiliza con nombres propios de continentes, países, ciudades, montes, bosques y lagos. Chicago is on Lake Michigan. Mount Ranier is the highest mountain in Washington.
Sin embargo, no se utiliza el artículo the cuando hacemos generalizaciones. A lot of Canada is covered with forests . (bosques en general)
Rivers are usually more difficult to navigate than lakes . (los ríos en general frente a los lagos
en general)
2 USO Y OMISIÓN DEL ARTÍCULO THE CON LUGARES Y ACCIDENTES GEOGRÁFICOS Se utiliza el artículo the en los siguientes casos:
Con nombres propios de lugares en plural (por ejemplo, cadenas montañosas y grupos de islas).
3 COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS Recordemos las normas básicas del uso de los comparativos y superlativos:
The Netherlands are far from the Pyrenees .
Con nombres propios de desiertos, ríos, mares, océanos, canales y otros elementos geográficos considerados únicos (the North Pole, the Equator ). The Nile flows into the Mediterranean Sea . The English Channel is part of the Atlantic Ocean .
Con los puntos cardinales (north , south-east , west , etc.). It rains a lot in the north-west of England . I live in the South .
Sin embargo, cuando nos referimos a la dirección de un verbo de movimiento o utilizamos otro punto como referencia no se usa artículo: They drove east for twenty miles. (hacia el este) The stadium is north of here . (al norte de aquí)
También usamos el artículo con nombres propios que incluyen palabras como kingdom o republic . I’ve been to the United Kingdom but not to the
114
Excepcionalmente, algunos nombres propios incluyen el artículo the . Los más frecuentes son the Caucasus , the Gambia , the Hague , the Maghreb .
Se usa el comparativo de superioridad para comparar dos cosas y expresar que una de ellas tiene una cualidad en mayor grado o le afecta con más intensidad que a otra. Para introducir el término con el que estamos comparando usamos la palabra than (que). The Pacific Ocean is deeper than the Atlantic . Sean crossed the desert more slowly than Martha.
El superlativo indica que el elemento al que se refiere el adjetivo o adverbio tiene el grado más alto posible. Aunque puede aparecer sin artículo, el superlativo generalmente lleva el artículo the . Si queremos delimitar a qué ámbito afecta un superlativo usamos in . It’s the longest river in Africa. Tokyo is one of the most expensive cities in the world .
Fíjate
En estos casos en español usamos la preposición de . Acuérdate de usar in . She’s the tallest person in her family .
THAT’S ENGLISH!
1 Formación del comparativo de superioridad y superlativo de los adjetivos Comparativo adj. + -er Adjetivos de una sílaba o de dos sílabas que terminen en -y
Adjetivos de dos sílabas que no terminen en -y o de más de dos sílabas
warm – warmer wet – wetter (1) nice –
nicer (2)
easy – easier (3)
good bad far
– better – the best – worse – the worst – farther / further – the farthest / the furthest a little (un poco) – more – the most little (poco) – less – the least
Superlativo the adj. + -est warm – the warmest wet – nice –
the wettest the nicest
easy –
the easiest
more + adj.
the most + adj.
humid – more humid
humid – the most humid
expensive – more expensive
expensive – the most expensive
2 Formación del comparativo y el superlativo de los adverbios
Los adverbios terminados en -ly siempre utilizan las formas more / the most + adverbio , independientemente del número de sílabas que tengan. slow ly – more slowly – the most slowly dangerous ly – more dangerously – the most dangerously
(1)
Cuando una palabra acaba en una sola consonante (excepto la w) precedida de una sola vocal y el acento de la palabra recae sobre esta vocal, la consonante final se dobla al añadir -er / -est . (2) Los adjetivos que terminan en -e la pierden al añadir -er / -est . (3)
Recuerda que los siguientes adjetivos tienen comparativos y superlativos irregulares:
Los adverbios hard , fast , well y badly se comportan como sus correspondientes adjetivos (hard , fast , good y bad ). hard fast well badly
– harder – faster – better – worse
– the hardest – the fastest – the best – the worst
Los adjetivos que terminan en consonante + -y , la transforman en -i al añadir -er / -est . 3 Comparativo de igualdad
Fíjate
Las sílabas son sonidos o grupos de sonidos y no siempre se corresponden con las letras. Recuerda que palabras como nice o cheap , por ejemplo, tienen una sola sílaba y forman el comparativo y el superlativo con -er / -est (nicer - the nicest , cheaper - the cheapest ).
Para indicar que los términos comparados tienen una cualidad en el mismo grado se usa la estructura as + adjetivo/adverbio + as . The north of the country is as hot as the south. They climbed as quickly as they could .
4 Comparativo de inferioridad
Es posible usar las formas en -er y -est cuando el adjetivo acaba en -le o -er (simp le – simp ler – the simp lest o clev er – clev erer – the clev erest ), pero cada vez es más frecuente que estas palabras y muchos otros adjetivos, sobre todo los poco frecuentes, se regularicen usando more y the most (more simple , the most clever ), sobre todo en la lengua hablada.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
También es posible hacer comparaciones de inferioridad con adjetivos y adverbios. Para ello se usa: - less (menos) + adjetivo/adverbio + than The weather in Spain is less damp than it is in England . People usually move less rapidly when it’s hot . - not as + adjetivo/adverbio + as The weather in Spain is not as damp as it is in England .
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Reference Section La forma not so + adjetivo/adverbio existe como alternativa a not as + adjetivo/adverbio pero solo es frecuente cuando no se menciona el término comparado.
The more you travel, the more you learn about your own country. (Cuanto más viajas, más aprendes sobre tu propio país.)
The more quickly you move, the less you appreciate the details. (Cuanto más rápido te
The weather in Spain is sometimes rainy , not as / so damp (as in England) .
mueves, menos aprecias los detalles.)
The colder the country, the harder it becomes to grow food. (Cuanto más frío es un país, más
4 EXPRESIONES COMPARATIVAS Las expresiones comparativas más utilizadas son:
Diferente
There’s a big difference between ... and ... ... is very different from ... ... differs (greatly) from ... Unlike (a diferencia de) + sustantivo, ...
Similar
... is similar to ...
Igual
... is (often/almost) the same as ... like + sustantivo
There is a big difference between the weather in Scotland and the weather in the south of Spain . Unlike Dublin , Madrid is generally a sunny city .
Ten cuidado con las preposiciones que acompañan a los adjetivos same , different y similar .
difícil resulta cultivar alimentos.)
Fíjate
Cuando nombramos un sustantivo en la primera parte de la doble comparación, siempre lleva el artículo the . The wider the river, the longer it takes to cross it.
Unit 2
1 EXPRESAR FINALIDAD, INTENCIÓN O PROPÓSITO Para expresar con qué fin se realiza una acción podemos utilizar las siguientes estructuras:
The weather in Florida is the same as in Cuba. The north of Italy is very different from the south. Canada is similar to the United States .
He had to take drugs to do well in competitions . She exercised very hard in order to lose weight . They woke up extra early in order not to miss the race .
Fíjate
En inglés americano es frecuente usar different than en lugar de different from.
Fíjate
También se puede expresar finalidad con so that + oración subordinada. Es muy frecuente usar esta expresión con el verbo can / could . En lenguaje más informal, that se puede eliminar.
reportero)
She wears special clothes so (that) she doesn’t get cold during the race . (Lleva una ropa especial
He travelled like a millionaire . (como si fuera
para no enfriarse durante la carrera.)
millonario)
They gave him a camera so (that) he could film the match.
He travelled as a reporter . (en calidad de
5 DOBLE COMPARATIVO
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for + -ing se usa para referirse al propósito de un objeto o acción: This money is for buying new equipment.
Cuando se usan con un sustantivo, as y like tienen significados distintos.
to / in order to + infinitivo. En negativo se usa in order not to .
Esta estructura sirve para relacionar dos cosas diciendo que cuanto más aumenta o disminuye la cantidad o una cualidad de la primera, más aumenta o disminuye un factor de la segunda.
2 ZERO CONDITIONAL
Se llama zero conditional a las oraciones condicionales que tienen la estructura if + sujeto + present simple , sujeto + present simple . Estas
THAT’S ENGLISH!
oraciones se utilizan para expresar verdades universales (el resultado de la condición siempre se cumple).
un adverbio. - Cuando el objeto de estos verbos es un sustantivo, la partícula se puede colocar delante o detrás de él:
If you do a lot of exercise , you get tired . If it rains , the race becomes more difficult . If you don’t train , you don’t get any fitter .
We need to carry out more experiments before we can approve the new medicine . We need to carry more experiments out before we can approve the medicine .
En estas oraciones if equivale a when : If / When you do a lot of exercise , you get tired . If / When it rains , the race becomes more difficult .
- Sin embargo, cuando el objeto es un pronombre, este se coloca obligatoriamente entre el verbo y la partícula: We need to carry them out before we can approve the new medicine .
3 VERBOS COMPUESTOS (PHRASAL AND PREPOSITIONAL VERBS) Los verbos compuestos (phrasal verbs ) son verbos acompañados de partículas con las que forman una sola unidad léxica. Es decir, es todo el conjunto, y no solo el verbo, el que se corresponde con un significado. El significado de un phrasal verb puede tener poco que ver con la suma de los significados de las palabras que lo componen (get = obtener, on = encima / sobre, get on = progresar). Hay dos tipos de verbos compuestos:
Verbos preposicionales (no separables). Se trata de verbos acompañados de una preposición.
The police are focusing on the new evidence . They are also looking for new suspects .
4 OTRAS MANERAS DE DESCRIBIR DATOS CIENTÍFICOS Y EXPRESAR VERDADES UNIVERSALES Ya hemos visto que podemos utilizar el zero conditional para expresar verdades universales (If you touch a burning match, you get burnt ). Las siguientes estructuras son otras formas de describir datos científicos o expresar verdades universales:
Esta es la estructura más utilizada para describir datos o expresar verdades universales.
- La combinación verbo + preposición no es separable. El objeto siempre se pone detrás de la partícula, tanto si el objeto es un sustantivo como si es un pronombre. The experiment will focus on the effects of the drug . The experiment will focus on them.
Fíjate
Todos los verbos que tienen dos partículas son de este tipo. La primera partícula forma significado con el verbo (keep up , en el ejemplo) y la segunda partícula siempre es una preposición ( with ): We are working hard in order to keep up with our competitors . We are trying to keep up with them.
Present simple
Doctors use medicines to cure diseases like cancer . Does it take long to obtain results? Many people don’t agree with some forms of genetic engineering .
Present simple passive
Los hechos en present simple también suelen ir expresados en voz pasiva cuando el sujeto de la acción no es importante. Recuerda la estructura de la voz pasiva: be + past participle . Many vegetables are genetically modified to resist plagues . Meat will be produced artificially in the near future .
Phrasal verbs (separables)
En el caso de los phrasal verbs (separables), la partícula complementa el sentido del verbo y es
THAT’S ENGLISH!
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Reference Section If I buy a new car , I will travel more . If you don’t help her , she will never finish the exercise .
Fíjate
Si queremos mencionar el agente en una oración pasiva usamos la preposición by .
Genetically modified vegetables aren’t affected by pesticides . Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin . Can + infinitivo
También es frecuente usar el verbo can para expresar hechos y datos. Recuerda que can va seguido de infinitivo sin to .
If you need help , call me .
2 SECOND CONDITIONAL 1 Forma
The Internet can help you to plan routes . Doctors can’t cure every disease . Can scientists predict tornadoes?
If + sujeto + past simple , sujeto + would (‘d) / would not (wouldn’t) + infinitivo If I retired now , I wouldn’t know what to do all day. If he didn’t live so far , he would visit us more often . You ’d feel better if you stopped smoking .
Unit 3
Las oraciones condicionales son estructuras que usamos para hablar de acciones posibles y sus resultados. Tienen dos partes, la oración condicional (que suele empezar con la partícula if ) y la oración principal (que es la que expresa el resultado). Los distintos tipos de oración condicional (primera, segunda, tercera...) marcan distintos grados de certeza de que el resultado se cumpla.
También se pueden usar para dar instrucciones, con un imperativo en lugar de la forma con will / won’t .
Con el verbo be se puede usar tanto was como were con I / he / she / it . Were es más formal y más frecuente con I que con he / she / it . If I was / were rich, I would retire young . If she wasn’t / weren’t my daughter , I wouldn’t pay for her studies .
Se pueden usar los verbos could o might en lugar de would para expresar posibilidad o menor seguridad. We could eat outside if it stopped raining . If her parents found out about this , they might get angry .
1 FIRST CONDITIONAL Recuerda la forma y el uso de la primera condicional. 1 Forma
If + sujeto + present simple , sujeto + will / won’t + infinitivo If I retire next year , I will have a lot of free time . You will feel better if you stop smoking . If they don’t pay me this month, I won’t have enough money for the holidays .
2 Uso
Este tipo de oraciones describen una situación presente o futura, hipotética o poco probable, dependiente de la condición (parte de la oración que comienza con if ). If I had a car (but I don’t) , I would travel more . (Si tuviera un coche, viajaría más.)
If I won the lottery , I would buy a new house . (but I probably won’t)
Fíjate
En todas las condicionales, la parte que lleva if puede ir al principio (siempre seguida de coma) o al final de la oración.
3 USO DE UNLESS Y DE IN CASE
2 Uso
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Este tipo de oraciones se usa para hablar de lo que probablemente sucederá si se cumple una condición.
Unless es una alternativa a if que significa a menos que. You will have health problems unless you stop smoking . (Tendrás problemas de salud a menos que dejes de fumar.)
THAT’S ENGLISH!
I wouldn’t accept the offer unless they doubled the salary . - Las oraciones con unless son equivalentes a una oración condicional con if not . She wouldn’t be here unless she wanted to help . She wouldn’t be here if she didn’t want to help .
Unit 4 1 QUESTION TAGS
1 Forma
In case es otra alternativa a if que significa por si .
I would take a sweater in case it gets cold (because it may get cold) (Yo me llevaría un jersey
Jane is divorced , isn’t she?
por si hace frío.)
En la lengua informal también se puede usar la expresión just in case (por si acaso) con el mismo significado que in case . Como en español, es frecuente no mencionar la razón. I’d save some money for retirement just in case . (you may need it)
1 Forma
If + sujeto + past perfect , sujeto + would / wouldn’t + have + past participle If I had retired earlier , I wouldn’t have met my new wife .
2 Uso
Igual que en la segunda condicional, también se pueden usar los verbos could o might en lugar de would para expresar menor certeza o posibilidad.
Con los pronombres que se refieren a personas (somebody , anybody , nobody , someone , anyone , everybody , everyone ) se usa el verbo en singular en la oración principal pero el pronombre they y el verbo en la tercera persona del plural en la question tag .
If you had phoned me , I could have helped you . If I had emigrated to Australia, I might have found a better job .
Somebody should be at the reception at all times , shouldn’t they? Everyone knows what to do , don’t they?
llamado [pero no te llamé])
Con everything , anything , nothing y something , el sujeto de la question tag es it . Something seems to be wrong , doesn’t it? Everything is important , isn’t it?
If I had had a mobile phone (I didn’t have one) , I would have called you (I didn’t call you) . (Si hubiera tenido un móvil [que no lo tenía], te habría
Las question tags son preguntas abreviadas, por lo tanto, el verbo auxiliar de la question tag es el mismo que utilizamos para poner la oración principal en interrogativa: is / are , was / were , do / did , have / had , will / would , can / could , etc. y sus correspondientes formas negativas. She wasn’t very helpful , was she? You ’ll be at the party , won’t you? They wouldn’t say no to a good offer , would they? He can do what he wants , can’t he?
You would have had a better pension if you had worked a bit longer .
Este tipo de oraciones se usa para hablar de situaciones imposibles en el pasado porque no se cumplió una condición previa.
Por el contrario, si la oración es negativa, la question tag normalmente es afirmativa. They didn’t like the film , did they? There isn’t a solution for that , is there?
La question tag normalmente va en negativa si la oración principal es afirmativa. You smoke , don’t you? She ’s been to London , hasn’t she?
4 THIRD CONDITIONAL
Son preguntas breves que se colocan al final de una oración, precedidas de una coma. Se forman con auxiliar + pronombre sujeto (correspondiente al sujeto de la oración principal) + ?
Con palabras negativas como nothing , nobody , no one , never , etc., tanto el verbo de la oración principal como la question tag van en afirmativas. Nothing lasts forever , does it?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
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Reference Section You would never do that to me , would you?
La question tag de I am es aren’t I?
Fíjate
La question tag para let’s es shall we?
I’m your best friend , aren’t I? I’m going to get a job , aren’t I?
Let’s eat in a restaurant tonight, shall we?
Cuando
la oración principal contiene un imperative , la question tag suele ser will you? Help your brother with his homework , will you? Don’t tell me what to do , will you?
3 USO DE DO Y DID PARA DAR ÉNFASIS
2 Uso
Las question tags generalmente se usan para confirmar con el interlocutor la información que se ha dado.
I don’t like fruit but I do like vegetables. (Sí que
You don’t like cheese , do you? These are your parents , aren’t they?
La entonación de la question tag es muy importante. Si la entonación es ascendente, se requiere del interlocutor que confirme si la información es o no correcta. Por el contrario, si la entonación es descendente, se indica que el hablante espera que el interlocutor esté de acuerdo. You’re English, aren’t you?
me gustan las verduras .)
‘John and Michelle didn’t go to the party, did they?’ ‘Oh, they did come to the party but they left early’. (Sí que vinieron a la fiesta .)
(¿Verdad que eres
inglés? / Tú eras inglés, ¿no?).
En el caso de los imperativos, la question tag (will you? ) sirve para suavizarlos: Open the door for me , will you? (¿Me haces el
4 PREGUNTAS SIN VERBO (ELIPSIS)
favor de abrirme la puerta? / Anda, ábreme la puerta.)
2 HACER SUGERENCIAS
+ inf. + ?
Why don’t you adopt a child?
Shall we
Shall we invite your aunt to the wedding?
Let’s + infinitivo
Let’s spend the weekend on the beach.
How about
How about going out this evening?
+ -ing + ? What about
120
What about having the party in the garden?
Al igual que en español, al hacer una pregunta en inglés se pueden omitir el verbo y otros elementos cuando quedan claros por el contexto. ‘Mike said he saw Anna again last weekend.’ ‘ Where? ’ ‘I’ve finally managed to start the car!’ ‘ How? ’
Las siguientes estructuras se pueden usar para hacer sugerencias: Why don’t we
También se puede usar un do enfático en las oraciones imperativas (incluidos los imperativos con be ). Do tell me if you think you need help. (No te calles si crees que necesitas ayuda.) Do be quiet, please. (Haz el favor de callarte.)
(Tú eres inglés,
¿no?).
You’re English, aren’t you?
El auxiliar do / did se puede usar para dar énfasis en oraciones afirmativas con los verbos que requieren este auxiliar para formar oraciones interrogativas y negativas. Normalmente se utiliza en contraste con una negación o para contradecir lo que otra persona ha dicho anteriormente.
Si la partícula interrogativa necesita ir acompañada de preposición, esta se pone al final de la pregunta. ‘I’m going out .’ ‘ Who with? ’ ‘I need more money .’ ‘ What for? ’
Fíjate
Las expresiones what about y how about pueden ir seguidas directamente de sustantivos. How about pizza tonight? What about a film after dinner?
THAT’S ENGLISH!
5 REMEMBER / DON’T FORGET Podemos utilizar los verbos remember y forget , siempre seguidos de infinitivo, para recordarle algo a otra persona.
Unit 5 Podemos usar las siguientes expresiones para indicar causa: AS, SINCE, BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF
Remember to call me at the office after the meeting . Don’t forget to lock the door when you leave .
Estas expresiones son las que se utilizan con mayor frecuencia.
6 PROMISE
As y since (como, ya que) suelen aparecer al principio de la oración. Estas dos expresiones son más formales que because , since en mayor medida que as . As / Since the factory where he worked shut down, he had to move to London .
Podemos usar las siguientes estructuras para hacer promesas:
She stayed in a cheap hostel as / since she couldn’t afford an expensive hotel .
PROMISE (NOT) TO Do you promise to help me? The children promised not to tell their mother .
Fíjate
No hay que confundir este since explicativo con el de las expresiones de tiempo.
WILL / WON’T + INFINITIVO I will be / I’ ll be there at eight , don’t worry . We won’t be late again .
GIVE SOMEONE’S WORD (THAT)
I’ve lived in this town since 2010 .
Because (porque) es la expresión causal más frecuente. Se suele colocar en medio de la oración y va seguida de una frase. En cambio because of (por) siempre va seguida de un sustantivo.
I give you my word I have never lied to you . He gave me his word that he would be here on time .
FOR THIS REASON , THE REASON WHY + FRASE THE REASON FOR + SUSTANTIVO
La estructura will / won’t + infinitivo se puede combinar con el verbo promise (that) o la expresión give someone one’s word (that) . I promise / I give you my word (that) I won’t tell anyone .
We couldn’t go out because it was raining . We couldn’t go out because of the rain .
Las expresiones I promise / I give you my word también pueden aparecer solas al final de la oración, detrás de una coma.
Estas expresiones son más formales que las anteriores pero se usan igualmente para identificar la razón de una acción o un suceso.
For this reason inicia siempre la oración y va seguida de coma. She was black . For this reason , she wasn’t allowed to sit in the front of the bus .
You will get what you need, I promise / I give you my word .
The reason why va seguida de una frase. The reason why they went on strike was the new working conditions.
The reason for va seguida de un sustantivo. The reason for the delay was a mechanical failure.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
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Reference Section THAT’S WHY + FRASE THAT’S THE REASON WHY + FRASE BECAUSE OF THIS Estas expresiones se utilizan también en lenguaje formal para indicar la causa de algo y aparecen al inicio de una nueva oración. That’s why / that’s the reason why van seguidas de una frase y because of this va seguida de coma. She was very tired . That’s why / That’s the reason why she refused to move to the back of the bus . Rose Parks was arrested . Because of this , she became a symbol of the struggle against racial oppression .
Unit 6 1 LA VOZ PASIVA 1 Forma
Voz activa: sujeto + verbo + complemento directo They showed a film during the presentation . Voz pasiva: sujeto + be + participio A film was shown during the presentation .
En una oración pasiva, el verbo be puede ir conjugado en cualquier tiempo. Films are often shot in studios . This film was made in 2005 . The sequel is being filmed now and will be released next year . 520 new films have been produced in the USA this year .
REGARDING, CONCERNING, AS REGARDS + SUSTANTIVO AS FAR AS + SUJETO + AM/IS/ARE CONCERNED Todas estas expresiones significan en cuanto a, respecto a, en lo que se refiere a y su uso es formal. Regarding / Concerning / As regards your working conditions , nothing has been decided yet . Regarding / Concerning / As regards the most suitable date for the meeting , I suggest May or June . As far as money is concerned , it shouldn’t be a problem . As far as I’m concerned , you should get the job .
Si se quiere expresar el agente de la acción en una oración en voz pasiva, este se coloca al final, precedido por by . This film was directed by Spielberg . The theatre was destroyed by the fire .
2 HACER REFERENCIA A TEMAS CONCRETOS Para referirse a un tema del que vamos a hablar podemos usar las siguientes expresiones:
La voz pasiva se forma con be + participio pasado del verbo que conjugamos. El complemento directo de una oración en voz activa se convierte en sujeto en voz pasiva.
En español, solo el complemento directo puede convertirse en sujeto de una frase en voz pasiva. En inglés, sin embargo, también puede hacerlo el complemento indirecto. De hecho, cuando hay dos complementos, es más frecuente que sea el complemento indirecto el que se convierta en sujeto de la oración en voz pasiva. Esta estructura es frecuente con los verbos give , send , show , lend , ask , tell , offer , order , pay y similares. They awarded an Oscar to the film . CD CI
AS FOR + SUSTANTIVO
The film was awarded an Oscar . An Oscar was awarded to the film .
Esta es una alternativa menos formal a las expresiones anteriores.
They will give the director a prize. CI CD
As for your salary , it will depend on your productivity .
The director will be given a prize . A prize will be given to the director .
2 Uso
122
Usamos la voz pasiva cuando queremos dar más importancia a una acción o a los resultados de una acción que a quién la realizó, bien porque no se sepa quién es o porque es obvio o irrelevante.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Ten new films are released every week . The thieves were arrested (by the police) last Monday .
Como hemos visto, también se puede usar la voz pasiva en oraciones con dos complementos para dar importancia a la persona que recibe la acción más a que al agente del verbo.
En voz pasiva también se pueden usar los verbos modales can y could para expresar capacidad o posibilidad, en presente o pasado. The group’s new album can be downloaded from our online store . Years ago, public phones could be found in every public place . Con los verbos must be / ought to be / should be + participio pasado se expresa obligatoriedad, conveniencia o consejo en voz pasiva. The original spirit of a novel must be kept in its film version . This film ought to be nominated for an award . That type of advertising should be banned .
Unit 7
1 EXPRESAR DESEOS SOBRE EL PRESENTE Para expresar deseos sobre una situación presente podemos usar las siguientes estructuras:
dinero.)
She wishes you could see us more often . They wish they didn’t need to live like that . - Con el verbo be se puede usar tanto was como were para las personas I / he / she / it . El uso de were es más formal, especialmente con it .
Sujeto + verbo + so + adjetivo/adverbio + that + consecuencia
Sujeto + verbo + such (a/an) + adjetivo + sustantivo + that + consecuencia Such siempre va acompañado por un sustantivo. Si este sustantivo es contable singular, usaremos such a / an .
It was such a good film that they gave it three Oscars . The Academy has such strong feelings against that director that he probably won’t get an award .
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Wish + past simple I wish I had more money . (Ojalá tuviera más
1 Forma
The film was so good that they gave it three Oscars . The main actor speaks so quickly that it’s sometimes difficult to understand him .
De igual manera podemos expresar cantidad con such + sustantivo incontable. The film had such strength that we all cried watching it .
2 SO / SUCH ... THAT
También se puede expresar cantidad con las expresiones so much + sustantivo incontable singular o so many + sustantivo plural. There is so much violence in this book that I can’t read it . There were so many fans at the concert that it was dangerous to be there .
The young actor was offered a role in a new television series . (no es importante indicar quién le ofreció el papel)
Usamos so / such ... that... para describir una causa o razón y su efecto o resultado. The film was so expensive (causa) that they eventually lost money with it (resultado) . It was such a famous book (causa) that the film version was immediately popular (resultado) .
La voz pasiva también se usa para describir procesos. TV programmes are recorded in front of an audience. Later, the programmes are edited before they are broadcast .
2 Uso
I wish he was / were here . They wish the situation was / were different .
If only + past simple If only they lived closer to us . If only she didn’t have to take the exam again . If only we could help them more . Como la expresión if only es más formal que I wish , es más frecuente usar were con todas las personas del verbo be , aunque también se puede usar was con I / he / she / it . If only he were / was more responsible. If only the price were / was lower .
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Reference Section - Sufjijos para formar sustantivos
2 EXPRESAR ARREPENTIMIENTO Para expresar arrepentimiento por algo que sucedió o no sucedió en el pasado podemos usar las siguientes estructuras, con significados muy parecidos:
Wish + past perfect I wish I had spent more time with them . (Ojalá hubiera pasado más tiempo con ellos.)
He wishes he had kept his other job . They wish they hadn’t cancelled the match.
If only + past perfect If only we had given them another chance . If only I had kept my mouth shut . If only we had paid more attention in class .
3 FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS CON SUFIJOS
En inglés es frecuente utilizar una misma palabra como sustantivo y como verbo ( answer , email , end , glue , kiss , phone , surprise , volunteer , etc.). They haven’t given me an answer yet . They haven’t answered my question yet . Can you phone them this evening? I’ve just bought a new phone . Three volunteers came to help . They have volunteered to help us .
También se suelen utilizar sustantivos como adjetivos. She’s watching a television programme . I’d like a strawberry ice-cream , please . We had a telephone conversation .
Sin embargo, es más frecuente usar prefijos y sufijos para formar nuevas palabras. Estos son algunos de los sufijos más importantes.
-age
pack age , bagg age , short age
-al
refus al , propos al , deni al
-ify
simpl ify , cert ify , qual ify
-ance -ancy -ence -ency
accept ance , perform ance , attend ance pregn ancy , expect ancy , inf ancy independ ence , prefer ence , differ ence delinqu ency , presid ency , tend ency
-er/or
teenag er , driv er , advis or
-hood
neighbour hood , child hood , brother hood
-ism
commun ism, femin ism, tao ism
-ity
abil ity , responsibil ity , probabil ity
-ment
arrange ment , govern ment , unemploy ment
-ness
dark ness , good ness , happi ness
-ship
friend ship , dictator ship , citizen ship
-sion -tion
aggres sion , conclu sion , preci sion civilisation , education , interpretation
- Sufijos para formar adjetivos -able
count able , washable , drink able
-al
economic al , politic al , option al
-ful
beauti ful , power ful , care ful
-ic
econom ic , artist ic , traumat ic
-ive
attract ive , effect ive , repetit ive
-less
care less , end less , home less
-ous
danger ous , fam ous , ambiti ous
Fíjate
- Sufijos para formar verbos -ise/-ize
special ise , symbol ise , legal ise
-ate
differenci ate , celebr ate , demonstr ate
-ify
simpl ify , cert ify , qual ify
-en
hard en , lenght en , short en
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econom ic = económico (relativo a la economía) econom ical = económico (barato)
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Unit 8
1 ROB , STEAL , BURGLE
Rob a place or a person: rob se utiliza con lugares y personas. Cuando se quiere indicar qué se roba, se usa la preposición of . The thieves robbed two banks before they were arrested . He was robbed of all his money in the middle of the street .
Steal something (from a place or from a person): steal significa llevarse algo, por ejemplo dinero o un coche. Si queremos indicar de dónde o a quién, se usa la preposición from.
He seems to like his new job . They seemed to be very busy when I called .
Burgle a place: burgle consiste en forzar la entrada a un sitio, generalmente una casa, para robar en su interior. Es más frecuente usarlo en voz pasiva. Several houses were burgled in the neighbourhood during the weekend . They burgled the office to steal some documents .
Fíjate
La expresión it looks también existe pero solo puede ir seguida de as if y, aunque también indica una impresión, esta va asociada a una percepción física. It looks as if it is going to rain . He looked as if he was ready to go .
3 ORACIONES DE RELATIVO EXPLICATIVAS (NON-DEFINING ) Las oraciones de relativo aportan información sobre un sustantivo y pueden clasificarse en dos tipos: oraciones de relativo especificativas (defining relative clauses ) y explicativas (non-defining relative clauses ).
2 LOOK , LOOK LIKE , SEEM
- Con estas oraciones se usan los pronombres that o who para personas y that o which para animales y cosas.
Look y seem se utilizan como verbos copulativos, seguidos de adjetivos. Aunque los dos significan parecer, look se refiere exclusivamente al aspecto o apariencia física de algo o alguien, mientras que seem puede referirse tanto al aspecto físico como a otras cualidades o estados.
Utilizamos look like seguido de un sustantivo para hablar de la apariencia de algo o alguien o bien a qué o a quién se parece She looks like a film star . Her husband looks like a turtle . I look like my uncle . My feet looked like balloons .
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Las defining relative clauses identifican a la persona, animal o cosa a los que se refieren. Can you bring me the book that I lent you ?
A mechanic is a person who / that fixes machines . That is the dog which / that bit me . - Si el pronombre relativo no es sujeto (es decir, no le sigue inmediatamente un verbo conjugado), se puede omitir.
She looks very happy . Those two men look suspicious . He seems interested in the offer. That problem seems easy .
También existe la posibilidad de expresar una impresión sobre una situación con la estructura sujeto + seem + that / as if + oración. It seems that she is enjoying her holiday . They seemed as if they had better things to do .
Someone stole my wallet at yesterday’s party . Our car was stolen from our garage during the night .
Para hablar de nuestras impresiones sobre una situación podemos usar seem + to + infinitivo.
Peter is the person that you need . That is the book that I read for my class .
Las non-defining relative clauses no identifican al sustantivo al que se refieren, sino que añaden información adicional, (prescindible). Van siempre precedidas y seguidas de una pausa que se marca con comas al escribir. Estas oraciones son más comunes en la lengua escrita. The thief , who had been arrested twice before , managed to escape again .
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References The house , which was in the middle of the country , was easy to burgle .
- En este tipo de oraciones se utiliza siempre who para personas y which para animales y cosas. En las non-defining relative clauses no se puede usar el pronombre that ni se puede omitir nunca el pronombre relativo.
The house, where they had always felt safe , seemed different after the robbery . The hotel where we stayed was very old . The day when we left , we felt very sad . That moment , when we realized that we were in love , changed our lives .
The police , who were looking for clues , stayed in the office for two hours . The door , which looked new , had been forced . - El siguiente cuadro resume las características principales de las oraciones de relativo: Defining
- definen o especifican
- añaden información
- sin comas
- con comas
who (personas) which (animales o cosas) that (personas, animales o cosas)
- se puede omitir el pronombre relativo cuando no es sujeto
Non-defining
4 EXPRESAR PUNTOS DE VISTA CON LA ESTRUCTURA IT + BE + ADJETIVO Para expresar diferentes puntos de vista sobre un asunto se pueden utilizar las siguientes estructuras: It + be + adjetivo + that + oración It is obvious that they are hiding something . It is wonderful that they’ve found the lost child .
who (personas) which (animales o cosas) that
- no se puede omitir el pronombre relativo cuando no es sujeto
El pronombre whose (cuyo, -a, -os, -as) se puede utilizar tanto con las defining como con las non-defining relative clauses y nunca se puede omitir. Su uso es mucho más frecuente en inglés que en español.
It + be + adjetivo + to + infinitivo It won’t be easy to solve this mystery . It is useless to worry about the past .
He hasn’t called me this week , which is very strange . They always take a taxi home , which must be very expensive .
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Por otro lado, en las oraciones con that , evitamos tener un sujeto muy largo antes del verbo, que además tendría que venir introducido por la expresión the fact that si ponemos primero el sujeto. It is incredible that they haven’t caught those thieves yet . The fact that they haven’t caught the thieves yet is incredible .
Existe un uso especial de which con las non- defining relative clauses refiriéndonos a lo expresado en toda la oración anterior. Podríamos traducirlo por lo que o lo cual .
En las dos estructuras el pronombre it nos permite poner el sujeto detrás del adjetivo. Con esto conseguimos que el adjetivo que expresa el punto de vista quede resaltado. It is unbelievable that they’ve managed to avoid the alarm . It’s impossible to rob this bank .
There is a car in the car park whose owner has been missing for three days . The building, whose windows had been replaced recently , looked very modern . The woman whose jewels had disappeared went directly to the police . The teacher , whose daughter was a student in his own class , was especially strict with her .
También pueden utilizarse los adverbios relativos when y where con los dos tipos de oraciones de relativo. Estos adverbios no se pueden omitir.
En inglés moderno no es frecuente usar el infinitivo con to como sujeto, sino la forma -ing del verbo. Por lo tanto, la alternativa a la estructura it + be + adjetivo + to + infinitivo sería así: It would be difficult to prove his innocence . Proving his innocence would be difficult .
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Unit 9 1 WILL PARA HACER PREDICCIONES
2 FUTURE PERFECT 1 Forma Sujeto + will + have + participio pasado
Se usa la estructura sujeto + will + infinitivo para hablar de algo que pensamos o creemos que sucederá en el futuro. Humans will live in Mars one day . The economy will improve in the next few years .
The film will have finished at ten. 2 Uso
She will have finished the book in the morning . They won’t have cleared the tunnel until tomorrow . Will I have learned enough English to survive in Canada before I get there ?
La forma abreviada de will es ‘ll . Para el negativo usamos la forma won’t (will not) . She ’ll win the elections again next year . You won’t have any problems with the new car .
Las predicciones con will están basadas en nuestras ideas, opiniones, intuiciones o en la información que tenemos. Es frecuente introducir estas predicciones con verbos como think o believe y expresiones como I’m sure , I wonder if .
También es frecuente expresar predicciones con will en combinación con una oración condicional.
If you continue studying like that , you ’ll pass every test . If we destroy the environment , it will become difficult for us to survive .
Cuando queremos usar will con adverbios como probably , definitely , certainly , always o never , si el verbo es afirmativo, los colocaremos entre will y el infinitivo.
En cambio, si la frase es negativa, colocaremos este tipo de adverbios delante de won’t . We probably won’t have flying cars in the near future . Mobile phones definitely won’t be the same in the future .
THAT’S ENGLISH!
También se puede usar future perfect para hacer conjeturas sobre el presente con la expresión by now . I can’t call them at the office because they will have finished work by now .
3 FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Computers will definitely be more powerful in the future . 3D printers will probably change our lives . People will never choose pills over real food .
Con future perfect , es frecuente usar by (para) + expresión de tiempo, by the time (para cuando) + frase, o in (dentro de) + expresión de tiempo para especificar el momento en el futuro antes del cual se habrá desarrollado la acción. They will have completed the project by Friday . Scientists will have discovered a cure for cancer by the end of the century . By the time you get there , the programme will have finished . At the rate she’s going , she will have spent her fortune in ten years’ time . In a few years from now , we will have destroyed enormous areas of forest so we need to stop cutting down trees now .
Some people think humans will one day live on the moon . I don’t think I ’ll ever live on another planet . We believe that traditional books will only be found in museums . She’ s sure her son will be famous one day. I’m sure he won’t . I wonder if 3D television will continue to be popular in the future .
Generalmente se usa future perfect para predecir que una acción habrá tenido lugar o no antes de un determinado momento del futuro.
Future continuous se usa para describir una acción que estará en desarrollo en un momento determinado del futuro. When you arrive tomorrow , someone will be waiting for you at the airport . We won’t be living under the sea any time soon .
Es frecuente usar future continuous con expresiones como this time next year , month , week , in the near future o X weeks , months , years from now .
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References This time next week I ’ll be skiing in the Alps. She’s just had a baby so she won’t be going out much at night in the near future . Will you be working here ten years from now ?
4 FUTURE CONTINUOUS CON STILL Y
Unit 10 1 ACCIONES CONTINUADAS O REPETIDAS
ANYMORE
Con still y future continuous indicamos que una acción seguirá en proceso, es decir, aún no estará terminada en un momento concreto del futuro. Still se coloca entre will y el infinitivo.
Although he’s had a heart attack , he continues smoking like a chimney . They will go on living in the same house , even after the fire . She carried on visiting him for months after the accident . My son kept (on) watching the film although it was very scary .
People will still be reading news in twenty years , but not news printed on paper . We will still be watching the film when you get home .
Sin embargo, con una oración negativa en future continuous y la expresión anymore , indicamos que una acción ya habrá dejado de realizarse en un momento concreto del futuro. Anymore se coloca al final de la oración.
Ten years from now, we won’t be using keyboards anymore . When you come back next year , I won’t be studying here anymore .
5 FUTURE PERFECT CON YET Y ALREADY
Los verbos continue , go on , carry on y keep (on) seguidos de un verbo en forma -ing se usan para indicar que una acción continúa o se repite. Todos tienen un significado muy parecido.
Otra manera de expresar que una acción se realiza reiteradamente o continúa durante mucho tiempo es mediante la repetición del verbo que la describe usando and . He talks and talks about the ghost he says he saw . You just eat and eat all day long! She just insisted and insisted until someone listened to her .
2 WILL Y WOULD PARA HABLAR DE COMPORTAMIENTOS HABITUALES
Con future perfect en negativo y yet , indicamos que algo aún no habrá sucedido en un momento concreto del futuro. Yet normalmente se coloca al final de la oración.
The typical smoker will tell you that he or she can quit smoking whenever they want . Jake is a very friendly person . He will come and sit here and talk to us for hours . My daughter won’t answer the phone when she’s watching TV . She’ll just keep watching and ignore it .
If we get there early enough, they won’t have left yet . When I retire next year , they won’t have changed the laws yet .
En cambio, con una oración en future perfect y already , indicamos que una acción se habrá realizado ya en un momento determinado del futuro. Already se coloca entre have y participio. By the time we get to the airport , the plane will have already left . When the new model comes out , the old one will have already become obsolete .
En ocasiones, will no hace referencia al futuro, sino que se utiliza para describir acciones o comportamientos habituales.
- En estos casos will no hace referencia al futuro sino al presente (lo que suelen decir, hacer o no hacer estas personas).
De igual manera, para describir acciones o comportamientos habituales en el pasado usamos would seguido de un infinitivo. My father would sometimes take us out to a restaurant for no reason . My sister just wouldn’t play with me when we were little. We lived in different worlds . She was a very good student . She would spend every evening doing homework .
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THAT’S ENGLISH!
3 PREPOSICIONES DE TIEMPO, LUGAR Y MOVIMIENTO
Lugar
Las principales preposiciones de tiempo, lugar y movimiento tienen los siguientes usos y significados: Tiempo
in
con los años, estaciones del año, meses, y partes del día
in 2010 , in summer , in August , in the morning
on
con los días de la semana o fechas en las que se mencione el día
on Monday , on 1st January , on New Year’s Day
at
con horas, periodos festivos, noon , midday , night y the weekend
at two o’clock , at Easter , at Christmas , at night , at the weekend
for
con periodos de tiempo
for two hours , for a while
above
behind
between
inside
in front of
next to
outside
on the left
on the right
under
Movimiento
con puntos en el tiempo en since Monday , since los que dio comienzo una since 1998 acción from... para marcar comienzo to... y final
by
para marcar límite de tiempo antes del cual se desarrolla una acción
from two to four , from Monday to Friday
by Tuesday , by the end of the month
across
around
away from
down
into
off
onto
out
over
past
through
toward
under
up
para marcar el límite de until / until tomorrow , tiempo hasta el que sucede till until two o’clock una acción
Lugar con países, ciudades y espacios cerrados en general (habitaciones, interiores de edificios, etc.)
in Spain , in London , in the kitchen , in a shop , in the garden , in the car
on
con medios de transporte colectivos y superficies
on a plane , on the bus , on a ship , on the floor ,on the table , on the shelf
at
con lugares cuando van asociados a una actividad concreta, sitios públicos con espacios abiertos, lugares tomados como punto de referencia y con la palabra home
at school, at church , at work , at the airport , at the door , at the table , at home
in
THAT’S ENGLISH!
The children walked down the stairs but then ran across the street and into the car . My cat likes jumping onto the kitchen table when I’m cooking, but I just push him away from the food . I usually drive past your house on my way to work .
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Reference Section WRITING REFERENCE
ESTRUCTURA DEL TEXTO
CONECTORES MÁS FRECUENTES (I) PARA EXPRESAR CONTRASTE U OPOSICIÓN But although even though though
My father wanted me to be an engineer but I became a carpenter Although / Even though / Though my father wanted me to be an engineer I became a carpenter
Still however nevertheless sin embargo aun así
I never went to university However / Nevertheless / Still I had a successful career
Ejercicios 1
2 although However As a result
130
In contrast on the contrary In contrast on the contrary I have always lived in Glasgow In contrast my brother moved to London when he was very young I wouldn’t change anything in my life On the contrary if I could I would do the same things again
PARA EXPRESAR PREFERENCIA O ELECCIÓN Instead of something doing something rather than something doing something en lugar de, en vez de Instead of mov ing to London I stayed in Glasgow My brother moved to London I stayed in Glasgow instead Rather than mov ing to London I stayed in Glasgow I became a carpenter rather than an engineer
THAT’S ENGLISH!
PARA EXPRESAR CAUSA (I)
PARA AÑADIR UNA VALORACIÓN SUBJETIVA A LO QUE SE VA A DECIR
Because for * frase because of sustantivo *for
I was lucky because / for I found a good job I had a good salary because of my job
As since because As since As / Since / Because I was young I wasn’t afraid of the future That’s why I worked for a very successful company That’s why I always had a steady job
PARA EXPRESAR CONSECUENCIA (I) So I wanted economic independence so I got a job as soon as I finished school So if I could change something in my life I would only change my age
Therefore consequently as a result por lo tanto I didn’t choose to follow my father’s advice Therefore / Consequently / As a result , no one in my family went to university
luckily fortunately regrettably sadly unfortunately I was very happy with my new job Regrettably Sadly Unfortunately I was made redundant
Honestly frankly in my opinion as I see it Honestly Frankly In my opinion As I see it my father’s decision was very unfair hopefully surprisingly to my surprise funnily clearly interestingly Hopefully you will soon find the right person Surprisingly To my surprise Funnily Interestingly they chose me as president Clearly there are better options for you in the city
Ejercicio 3
Clave de los ejercicios: PARA EXPRESAR FINALIDAD To in order to infinitivo para in order not to I had to move to London to / in order to find a better job I had to accept the new salary in order not to lose my job
For -ing para I needed money for buying a new car
So (that) oración subordinada para que that My father sent me to university so (that) I could become an engineer
THAT’S ENGLISH!
1Párrafo 1. Párrafo 2.
Párrafo 3.
2 3 Although but even though though I suppose that makes me quite old Still However Nevertheless I don’t actually feel like that yet However Still Nevertheless As a result: So Consequently Therefore But: though although even though I am old
131
Reference Section AUTOCORRECCIÓN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -s -ing -s 9 10
- -
Ejercicios
PARA EXPRESAR CAUSA Y CONSECUENCIA (II)
For this reason the reason why frase the reason for
He didn’t believe in justice For this reason he became an anarchist The reason why they made a new version of the film was the success of the musical version The reason for the strike was the salary conditions
That’s why frase that’s the reason why frase because of this Her first film wasn’t successful That’s why / That’s the reason why she didn’t take part in another film for many years He appeared in many famous films Because of this , his face became immensely popular PARA ANUNCIAR EL TEMA QUE SE VA A TRATAR
Regarding concerning as regards sustantivo as far as sujeto am is are concerned As far as her career is concerned she should be more than worried
As for sustantivo As for your future as an actor, it will depend on the success of this production
1 2 Descripción de una película
CONECTORES MÁS FRECUENTES (II)
EXPRESIONES PARA SECUENCIAR
first first of all at the beginning at first at the beginning at first at first First / First of all , you see a family on their way to America At the beginning of the film there is a long battle scene
THAT’S ENGLISH!
At first the story is sad but it has a very happy ending
next then after that later after some time a while Next / After that / After some time the story moves back to Europe Then / Later / After a while the plot becomes more complicated
while frase meanwhile in the meantime While part of the family is trying to find a new life in the city the rest keep working on the farm Meanwhile / In the meantime a war breaks out in their homeland
finally at the end (of) in the end eventually at the end (of) At the end of the film you can see the closing credits In the end eventually finally Finally eventually Finally / Eventually / In the end the whole family manages to get together again He finally / eventually realised that he was wrong and apologised Ejercicios 1 Writing Reference 2 3 4 5 6 7
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Clave de los ejercicios: 1 Les Miserables 2 1 musical 2 after many adventures 3 he becomes 4 afraid of being 5 -s dies 6 agrees 7 in Paris Valjean and Cosette 8 and it is guaranteed 9 10 superb 3 2 3 4 5 6
ORGANIZAR UN TEXTO ARGUMENTATIVO brainstorming
133
Reference Section
minerals professional development well paid job
adventure
new life new opportunities
exploration
opportunities money
Advantages money
adventure relationships
Advantages
Living on another planet challenges
different society
missing earth
Living on another planet fear unknown
Disadvantages
nature
Disadvantages
danger
entertainment
danger missing earth fear friends natural disasters family accidents
134
THAT’S ENGLISH!
CONECTORES MÁS FRECUENTES (III)
Paragraph 1: Introduction
PARA PRESENTAR IDEAS ENFRENTADAS
Paragraph 2: Disadvantages
Paragraph 3: Advantages
Paragraph 4: Conclusion
Living on another planet in the future
THAT’S ENGLISH!
on the one hand on the other hand On the one handOn the other hand
In contrast Computers are quite cheap nowadays In contrast fifty years ago nly big companies could afford them Americans are very keen on innovation In contrast Europeans are more conservative
PARA AÑADIR INFORMACIÓN
In addition Besides Moreover In additionBesides Moreover
In addition to sustantivo -ing besides sustantivo -ing In addition to / Besides the psychological effects of video games they also have negative physical effects In addition to / Besides being psychologically harmful video games can make your children obese
Ejercicio 1
Clave del ejercicio: 1 1 2 3
Reference Section WORDLIST UNIT 1
Adjectives brdrd
klamt
muv has
kntrisad
raz
dezr djun
UNIT 2
ð kwetr frmlnd
Adjectives
fjd
kseptbl
frst
mrl
fsl sat
nfer
dirfkl fitr
rnk
dip dfrnt frm
lsir
dra
rslnd
kstrim
lf
frtal
hl
flt
as fild
fi
lek
fre
lndskep
ha
lx
ht hjumd
mantn rend
asletd
pm tri
lketd
pik
mald
plen
mantns
plt
nr
renfrst
vrppjletd
rvr
pisfl
snd
sem z
sisad
l
stret
hjumn embriz
sni
vli
mpruvmnt
/sni
/wtrfl
temprt
wtr pul
a vi ef
wrm
wldrns
wet
waldlaf
medkl sans
kladi kld kul dmp
rvr bk
wad
prfrmns nhns
Nouns sstd riprdkn zanr bebi krp kjr dziz di en e dr test ek dnetk endnr gi m f
mrl dlem rnk fud
wndi
Verbs
Nouns
bi dfrnt frm
brdr
bi smlr tu
prvsi
knjn
bi ð sem z
sbstns
kep
brdr
skses ret
kev
dfr frm
sprtr
klf
fl
smptm
prfrmns pestsad
THAT’S ENGLISH!
test tjub bebi
sdli
Useful expressions
tral
nfrtntli
t sevntin/
Nouns
bi vr ði hl
nbrn tald wnd frm
dlesns
Verbs
dlthd
bk p
ed
bn
edzm
bust
brdm
taldhd
brek sm dan
kt
kri at
dziz
tek
a sat
kln
ftns levl
km t knklun
hel ker
km p w
lns
kjr
nfnsi
du rsr fl bhand
laf kspektnsi
fks n
memri ls
en n dvntd
mdl ed
mpruv
/ld ed
kip p wð
pennr
lk nt
rtarmnt
rliv set p
sinir stz n
sprt
ju
hr
msl ms
tek drs test fr
Verbs
n hz sev ntiz t ð rap ld ed v UNIT 4
Adjectives kspektd atreds prennt prad
Adverbs simli
Nouns dptv pernt bedtam stri ð bumr denren trt wed kstmz ex-wife /eks hzbnd/ /eks waf fmli mil
kt jr ed
e mrd
ed br p
lv kspenses/
Adjectives
a flfl drim
ln
ln
et ldr
edls
r p
mkstres rlenp
/eldrli
rez fmli
fretfl
rtar
lnli
ste j
rtard
tek p hbi
sseptbl
trn n ed
sem seks rlenp
trn re
sl pernt
rkl
sl pernt fmli
UNIT 3
Adverbs rretbli
THAT’S ENGLISH!
nn-baldkl fð nn-baldkl mðr prtnr
Reference Section stepfðr
mdlkls
snb
nuv ri
stepmðr
pisfl
sl brir z
stepsstr
p
sl kls
trends
sksesfl
stet skul
tjun
nmpld
stets
/wd wdr
prkls
strl
weli
tred junjns
weledjketd
tjun fiz
wrkkls
junvrsti dri
Adverbs
pr kls
nferli
wel
Verbs dpt rend t du: sm bnd
welfer
br p tald
Nouns
kmprmaz
mant
et dvrst
rstkrsi
v dvas
bkrand
r p
benfts
Verbs
bl
tiv
rez e tald
bm tk
bl tu
rimri
bkt
bl
rn ð has
kst
mbl
sepret
kls sstm
p rand
strt fm li
kl
spred
demnstre nz
stnd p fr
dskrmne n
strl
entrns zm
prad t se sm
trit z
kwlti
n
bi ttli enst sm
hr strak
Useful expressions
nkwlti
bi dskrmnetid enst
Useful expressions
ftr k s vr
tend jr mand
med mdl kls
et n wel
plsi
ju wnt rret t
prprtiz
kjpen
prtest pvrti pblk skul
Adjectives
reszm
iknmk
rat
lti
srvnt
hmls
slev
wrk kndnz
strak retn
ikwl rats
kdnt bi hpir
UNIT 5
wrk kls
bi fed p wð bi fard bi med rdndnt klzd srkl n strak mek sin san ptn tek tam f wrk vrtam
THAT’S ENGLISH!
men krktr
rlis
Adjectives
mek p
ut
blk n wat
mstrpis
sbmt
b bdt ik
mjuzkl
sbtatl
kmrl
rdnl vrn
Useful expressions
dbd
plt
frn
reknn
lmrs
rimek
ndpendnt
rvend
ndpendntliprdjust
rvju
lbdt
sin
prestds
sa fa
prazwn
skrin
sbtatld
skrinple
rl
UNIT 6
Nouns
nmen flm wrd dins blkbstr bks fs bdt slebrti kmdi kru
stlat d
salnt flm spel fekts stnd ven
skrin
b mni mekr ð sevn rt UNIT 7
Adjectives
kmtd dsebld dsdvntdd fndrez hmls rretfl Adverbs
str
krntli
sbtatls
rretfli
telfn pl
vlntrli
rlr /venju wtr pmp wrk v rt
Nouns
ed pil kn
krtk
Verbs
bek sel
dzstr flm
kt
kmpen
dstrbjtr
wrd
tlnd
drm
kmpit
trti
db
dzrv
trti rn
ekstr
db
trti /p
fitr le flm
edt
svk djuti
flm
fidbk
fand
klin drk wtr
flm mekr
v prfrmns
flp nr
kmtmnt dmestk valns
ht
hld premier
lid rl
nmnet
ikwl prtjuntis
lken
premier
fer tred
prmt
fmn
THAT’S ENGLISH!
139
Reference Section rnt
bi wrwal
haz
knt frd t
si si ti vi
hr
klekt dnens
kmjunti srvs
bi kmtd tu ð kz
kram
du spnsrd wk mrn/ rn
sabrkram
us liflt lil rkwarmnts mskt nnprft rnazen prft refjdi
fes tlnd dn prdekt
krmnl dr dilr junezi evdns fan hk
refjdi kmp
rret
mek n efrt
huln
rlif ed nsis
rez fnds mni
hulnzm
eltr
rit trt
nsdnt
strit klek n
set trt
del
spla
set p trti
kdnpr
trt
tek kn
klr
tek sm tam f
mr
teln vlntr wr zn wtr spla
UNIT 8
hdi
adentti if
kdnp
m f/ mrdr
Adjectives
mrdrr
nnms
fens
bldi
pdestrin
fer /nfer
przn
lti
prznr
/lakli nlakli
pnmnt
lkt p
rnsm
fanns
Nouns
rep
v we
rsn
repst
lnt
rsnst
rbr
prmt
rbri
prvad
bk stetmnt
rret
blkmel
smlr
spnsr
blkmelr
sml
sfr frm
bdi
sspekt
sprt
brlr
terrst
trst
brlri
if /ivz
vlntr
kes
eft retn
Useful expressions
k min/ /kpnt
Verbs
pla fr kmt kntrbjut dstrbjut dnet
140
plft
vndlzm
THAT’S ENGLISH!
vrdkt vktm ju
d
Nouns
elin
t wevz tam trvl vksin
nsestr
vkjmswipr
bkp kpi
wtrfrnt
Verbs
bhevjr
wev
rest
banks
wel
blkmel
kn
brl
dvas
weðr frkst
krdn f
dabitiz
kdnp
rbd hedfnz
m
ð r
dvelp
prtend
ipepr
vlv
rep
asat
ntrfr
rb
flt pnl ti vi
lnd
dt
rbt
hrm
rsrt
hjumn nhnsmnt
sel
wepn wtns
plft sml spt stb stil
Verbs
klnaz
lnt
pld
vndlaz
nstnt mesd
Useful expressions
Useful expressions
ntrnet bk
lnt mn
detpk
set sel fr
bi rstrd drav vr ð r spid lmt
lezr n UNIT 10
et sentns
lm
t krt
mrz
Adjectives
n ðr bit
mand kntrl
fred
kmt kram
ð mun
ks
rprt kram
atr spes
km
spend tam n przn
pepr mni
fratnd
rkt
rnl
rlis nfrmen
stlat
lki
self tekat
mstkl
mkl nrvs
Adjectives
sl netwrks
bank
spes feri
rlivd
dnetkli endnrd
speskrft
rlkst
spesp
sef
bmdtekt
srdri
skerd
prsetk
teknldi
suprsts
slrpar
teliprten
terfad
UNIT 9
THAT’S ENGLISH!
rnl
141
Reference Section wrid Nouns
strldr kl
Useful expressions
vd bd lk bl at brde kndls
knsd
br d bd lk
devl
frs krsd
dren
hld jr bre
ivl fr fr lif klvr
kip bd lk we mek w
hrsu
spl slt n ð tebl
ldr
step n krk
lk
r slt vr jr ldr
st
lki trm lki nmbr mpa mrr
tt wd wk ndr ldr
bsen si di p pevmnt krks fbi sakk rbt rp ldr sprt suprstn Verbs
kri n dres p z fri et stk n kip n ta wrp
THAT’S ENGLISH!
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Vowels
Diphthongs
i:
u:
eat / i:t /
look / lk /
it / t /
e
too / tu: /
here / h /
e : : bed / bed /
about / 'bat /
bird / b:d /
door / d:r /
cure / kj /
: cat / kt /
cup / kp /
hard / h:d /
day / de /
boy / b /
go / g /
e a a
not / nt /
chair / te /
my / ma /
now / na /
Consonants
p b t d k g pen / pen /
big / bg /
two / tu: /
day / de /
choose / tu:z /
f v ð s f all / f:l /
vain / ven /
think / k /
then / ðen /
m n h meet / mi:t /
THAT’S ENGLISH!
no / n /
sing / s /
house / has /
see / si: /
l long / l /
job / db /
keep / ki:p /
get / get /
z zoo / zu: /
shop / p/
pleasure /'ple /
r w j right / rat /
will / wl /
yes / jes /
143
List of Irregular Verbs Infinitive
Past simple
Past participle
Infinitive
Past simple
Past participle
awake
/wek/
awoke
/wk/
awoken /wkn/
fall
/fl/
fell
/fel/
fallen
/fln/
be
/bi/
was were
/wz/ /w(r)/
been
/bin/
feed
/fid/
fed
/fed/
fed
/fed/
bear
/be(r)/
bore
/b(r)/
born / borne
/b(r)n/
feel
/fil/
felt
/felt/
felt
/felt/
beat
/bit/
beat
/bit/
beaten /bit()n/
fight
/fat/
fought
/ft/
fought
/ft/
become /bkm/
became /bkem/ become /bkm/
find
/fand/
found
/fand/
found
/fand/
begin
/bn/
began
/bn/
begun
/bn/
fit
/ft/
fit fitted
/ft/ /ftd/
fit fitted
/ft/ /ftd/
bend
/bend/
bent
/bent/
bent
/bent/
fly
/fla/
flew
/flu/
flown
/fln/
bet
/bet/
bet
/bet/
bet
/bet/
bite
/bat/
bit
/bt/
bitten
/bt()n/
bleed
/blid/
bled
/bled/
bled
/bled/
forbid /f(r)bd/ forget /f(r)et/ forgive /f(r)v/
forbade /f(r)bd/ forgot /f(r)t/ forgave /f(r)ev/
blow
/bl/
blew
/blu/
blown
/bln/
freeze
/friz/
froze
/frz/
break
/brek/
broke
/brk/
broken /brkn/
get
/et/
got
/t/
got
/t/
bring
/br/
brought /brt/
brought /brt/
give
/v/
gave
/ev/
given
/v()n/
broadcast /brdkst/ broadcasted /brdkstd/
broadcast /brdkst/ broadcasted /brdkstd/
go
//
went
/went/
gone
/n/
grind
/rand/
ground /rand/ ground /rand/
/bld/
built
built
grow
/r/
grew
/ru/
grown
/rn/
/b(r)n/
burnt /b(r)nt/ burnt /b(r)nt/ burned /b(r)nd/ burned /b(r)nd/
hang
/h/
hung
/h/
hung
/h/
have
/hv/
had
/hd/ /hd/
had
/hd/ /hd/
hear
/h(r)/
heard
/h(r)d/
heard
/h(r)d/
hide
/had/
hid
/hd/
hidden /hd()n/
hit
/ht/
hit
/ht/
hit
/ht/
hold
/hld/
held
/held/
held
/held/
hurt
/h(r)t/
hurt
/h(r)t/
hurt
/h(r)t/
keep
/kip/
kept
/kept/
kept
/kept/
know
/n/
knew
/nju/
known /nn/
lay
/le/
laid
/led/
laid
/led/
lead
/lid/
led
/led/
led
/led/
lean
/lin/
leaned /lind/ leant /lent/
broadcast /brdkst/ build burn burst buy catch
/b(r)st/ burst /ba/ /kt/
choose /tuz/
/blt/
/b(r)st/ burst
bought /bt/ caught /kt/ chose
/tz/
/blt/
/b(r)st/
bought /bt/ caught /kt/ chosen
/tz()n/
come
/km/
came
/kem/
come
/km/
cost
/kst/
cost
/kst/
cost
/kst/
cut
/kt/
cut
/kt/
cut
/kt/
deal
/dil/
dealt
/delt/
dealt
/delt/
dig
/d/
dug
/d/
dug
/d/
/dav/
dived dove
/davd/ /dv/
dived dove
/davd/ /dv/
did
/dd/
done
/dn/
dive do
/du/
forbidden /f(r)bd()n/ forgotten /f(r)t()n/ forgiven /f(r)v()n/ frozen /frz()n/
draw
/dr/
drew
dream
/drim/
dreamed /drimd/ dreamed /drimd/ dreamt /dremt/ dreamt /dremt/
learn
/l(r)n/
learned /l(r)nd/ learned /l(r)nd/ learnt /l(r)nt/ learnt /l(r)nt/
drink
/drk/
drank
/drk/
drunk
/drk/
leave
/liv/
left
/left/
left
/left/
drive
/drav/
drove
/drv/
driven
/drv()n/
lend
/lend/
lent
/lent/
lent
/lent/
eat
/it/
ate
/eit/ /et/
eaten
/it()n/
let
/let/
let
/let/
let
/let/
144
/dru/
drawn
leaned /lind/ leant /lent/
/drn/
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Infinitive
Past simple
lie
/la/
lay
light
/lat/
lit /lt/ lighted /lated/
lose
/luz/
lost
make
/mek/
mean meet
Past participle
Past simple
Past participle
sing
/s/
sang
/s/
sung
/s/
lit /lt/ lighted /lated/
sink
/sk/
sank
/sk/
sunk
/sk/
/lst/
lost
/lst/
sit
/st/
sat
/st/
sat
/st/
made
/med/
made
/med/
sleep
/slip/
slept
/slept/
slept
/slept/
/min/
meant
/ment/
meant
/ment/
smell
/smel/
smelled /smeld/ smelt /smelt/
smelled /smeld/ smelt /smelt/
/mit/
met
/met/
met
/met/
speak
/spik/
spoke
spoken /spkn/
/le/
lain
Infinitive
/len/
/spk/
mistake /mstek/
mistook /mstk/
mistaken /msteken/
spell
/spel/
spelled /speld/ spelt /spelt/
spelled /speld/ spelt /spelt/
overcome /v(r)km/
overcame /v(r)kem/
overcome /v(r)km/
spend
/spend/
spent
/spent/
spent
/spent/
overtake /v(r)tek/
overtook /v(r)tk/
overtaken /v(r)teken/
spill
/spl/
spilled spilt
/spld/ /splt/
spilled spilt
/spld/ /splt/
pay
/pe/
paid
paid
spit
/spt/
spat
/spt/
spat
/spt/
split
/splt/
split
/splt/
split
/splt/
prove
/pruv/
proved /pruvd/
spoil
/spl/
spoiled /spld/ spoilt /splt/
spoiled /spld/ spoilt /splt/
spread /spred/
spread /spred/
spread /spred/
stand
/stnd/
stood
/std/
stood
/std/
steal
/stil/
stole
/stl/
stolen
/stl()n/
stick
/stk/
stuck
/stk/
stuck
/stk/
strike
/strak/
struck
/strk/
struck /strk/ stricken /strkn/
swear
/swe(r)/ swore
/sw(r)/
sworn
/sw(r)n/
sweep
/swip/
swept
/swept/
swept
/swept/
swim
/swm/
swam
/swm/
swum
/swm/
swing
/sw/
swung /sw/
swung /sw/
tear
/te(r)/
tore
/t(r)/
torn
/t(r)n/
take
/tek/
took
/tk
/ taken
/tekn/
teach
/tit/
taught
/tt/
taught
/tt/
tell
/tel/
told
/tld/
told
/tld/
think
/k/
thought /t/
thought /t/
throw
/r/
threw
thrown /rn/
/ped/
/ped/
proved /pruvd/ proven /pruv()n/
put
/pt/
put
/pt/
put
/pt/
quit
/kwt/
quit
/kwt/
quit
/kwt/
read
/rid/
read
/red/
read
/red/
retell
/ritel/
retold /ritld/
retold /ritld/
ride
/rad/
rode
ridden
/rd/
/rd()n/
ring
/r/
rang
/r/
rung
/r/
rise
/raz/
rose
/rz/
risen
/rz()n/
run
/rn/
ran
/rn/
run
/rn/
say
/se/
said
/sed/
said
/sed/
see
/si/
saw
/s/
seen
/sin/
seek
/sik/
sought /st/
sought /st/
sell
/sel/
sold
/sld/
sold
/sld/
send
/send/
sent
/sent/
sent
/sent/
set
/set/
set
/set/
set
/set/
sew
/s/
sewed
/sd/
sewed sewn
/sd/ /sn/
shake
/ek/
shook
/k/
shaken /ekn/
shine
/an/
shined /and/ shone /n/
shined /and/ shone /n/
shoot
/ut/
shot
shot
show
//
showed /d/
shrink
/rk/
shut
/t/
THAT’S ENGLISH!
/ru/
understand /nd(r)stnd/
understood /nd(r)std/
understood /nd(r)std/
upset
/pset/
upset
/pset/
upset
/pset/
wake
/wek/
woke
/wk/
woken
/wkn/
shown /n/ showed /d/
wear
/we(r)/
wore
/w(r)/
worn
/w(r)n/
shrank /rnk/
shrunk /rk/
win
/wn/
won
/wn/
won
/wn/
shut
shut
write
/rat/
wrote
/rt/
written /rt()n/
/t/
/t/
/t/
/t/
145
Audio Scripts UNIT 1. OUR PLANET LANGUAGE STUDY 1 (page 12) Activities 12 and 13 3
Mike: Hi Barry, how are you? Barry: Hi, Mike. To be honest, I’m tired of my job, and I’m tired of living in London. I’m thinking of moving. Mike: Really? Barry: Yes. I’d love to live somewhere much quieter; somewhere with as few people as possible. Mike: Like where? Barry: Well, I saw a programme about north-west Scotland on TV and it looks fantastic. They say it’s one of the last true wilderness areas in Europe. It’s got really beautiful landscapes: snowy peaks and deep crystal-blue lakes. Mike: Hmm, it sounds cold. And isn’t it wet and damp up there? Barry: Well, obviously the climate isn’t exactly tropical, and winters can be hard. But with a good fire, you can keep nice and warm. Mike: Are you seriously going to do this? Barry: I’m not sure yet. I’m going there next weekend to explore the area. Do you want to come?
Interviewer: Really? Tell me more. Ralph: It’s very hard to advance. You have to cut all the time with your machete—there are no roads! The climate is very hard too—it’s incredibly humid. And of course, you have to be careful—there are lots of dangerous animals everywhere. Interviewer: So you don’t like the rainforest? Ralph: Oh no, I love it!
SELF TEST (page 18) Activities 9 and 10 8
Girl: Boy: Girl: Boy: Girl: Boy: Girl: Boy: Girl:
CONSOLIDATION (page 17) Activities 7 and 8
Boy:
Where would you like to live? Oh, somewhere with a nice climate — cool in the winter and warm in the summer. Well, that sounds like England! You’re already living in the right country! No, I don’t like it here. It’s too cold in the winter and it rains a lot in the summer. It’s boring, too. What do you mean, boring? The landscape is so flat. It’s not very mountainous or spectacular. I don’t agree. I think it’s a beautiful country. It’s so green! It’s just as beautiful as any other country. Well, that’s your opinion! I want to live somewhere more dramatic, with high peaks and fast rivers. Well, England can’t be too bad. After all, it’s one of the most visited countries in the world. Yes, but everyone comes to see London. They don’t come to see England!
7
Interviewer: Ralph, you’re an explorer.Tell us about the most interesting places you’ve been to. Ralph: The most interesting? That’s difficult—but I love the Gobi Desert. Interviewer: Where’s that? Ralph: It’s in Mongolia. Interviewer: And what’s so special about it? Ralph: It’s so isolated and peaceful. You can travel for days and see no one. It’s also got some amazing animals. Interviewer: Really? In the desert? Ralph: Oh yes! For example, I’ve seen snow leopards and brown bears. Interviewer: Snow leopards? But don’t they live in very cold climates? Ralph: Yes, they do, but the Gobi Desert can get very cold. Interviewer: Really? Why’s that? Ralph: Well, it’s quite high—about 1,000 metres above sea level. And it’s also very near Siberia. So in the winter it can get incredibly cold—about 40 degrees below zero. Interviewer: I see. Is it the most hostile environment you’ve been in? Ralph: I wouldn’t say that. I think the ra inforest is more difficult.
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UNIT 2. GOOD SCIENCE, BAD ETHICS? LANGUAGE STUDY 1 (page 21) Activities 5 and 6 12
Interviewer: Dr Wilson, what is your opinion of athletes taking drugs? Dr Wilson: Well, this is a difficult question. At the end of the day, all athletes take substances to boost their performance. Interviewer: Are you saying that all athletes take drugs? Dr Wilson: No, I didn’t say drugs! I said substances. Think about professional tennis players for example. You often see them eating bananas between games. Interviewer: I don’t really understand what you’re saying. Dr Wilson: Well, just think about why they’re eating the bananas. It’s in order to boost their energy levels because bananas contain a lot of carbohydrates. Interviewer: Yes, but bananas aren’t drugs. Dr Wilson: No they’re not, but they have a similar
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effect to drugs: they improve your performance and give you an advantage. Interviewer: Yes, but if both players are eating bananas, then no one gains an unfair advantage. Dr Wilson: That’s absolutely true. But you could say exactly the same thing about drugs!
CONSOLIDATION (page 27) Activities 6 and 7 16
Today on ‘The World of Science’, we look at four incredible new inventions.
Speaker 1: For thousands of years, soldiers have worn helmets on their head for protection. Now scientists are carrying out experiments on a revolutionary new type of helmet which will control how soldiers feel! For example, if they are very tired, the helmet makes them more alert, or if they are afraid it eliminates their fear. Speaker 2: Man has always wanted to fly. Now it might just be possible. A company has designed a suit based on how bats fly. It hasn’t got an engine and it uses no batteries. The idea is simple: you put on the suit, go to the top of a mountain or get in a plane, and then jump! Would you like to try? Speaker 3: If you drive a lot, this next invention is perfect for you. Imagine you’re on the motorway and a car comes up very close behind you. Now you can press a button and your number plate shows a message to the driver behind you. For example, ‘Slow down!’ or possibly something ruder! Speaker 4: Robots are often used in factories. However, they are now doing something which is a typically human activity: playing music. If you go to YouTube, you can see an amazing clip of robots playing the heavy metal classic ‘Ace of Spades’. Although they are excellent musicians, they can’t sing very well ... yet.
SELF TEST (page 28) Activities 7 and 8 17
Interviewer: Excuse me, madam. Can I ask you a few questions? It’ll only take a minute. Woman: OK, go ahead. Interviewer: Thank you. Could you tell me which invention has changed your life the most? Woman: Err... let me think. Ah yes, I suppose it’s the Internet. Interviewer: Could you tell me why? Woman: Well, I use it for so many things! I do the shopping online, I keep up with the news online, and I even make video calls to my
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daughter who is living in Australia. Life just wouldn’t be the same without it! Interviewer: How was your life different before you started to use the web? Woman: To be honest, it’s quite difficult to remember! I suppose that I used to write a lot more letters, and I also watched more TV. Now, I hardly ever switch it on. I can see all the best series online! Interviewer: Some people say that our quality of life was better in the days before the Internet. Do you agree? Woman: Well, I don’t really know if life was better. It was certainly slower. Everything is so instant nowadays! But speaking personally, I really wouldn’t want to live without the Internet.
UNIT 3. THE OLDER GENERATION
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 (page 32) Activities 10 and 11 21
Interviewer: Welcome to our programme today on ageing in the 21st century. Today, our guest is Anjali Verma. Anjali is a representative for the World Health Organization in India. Anjali, thank you for joining us. Anjali: It’s a pleasure. Interviewer: So, Anjali, could you tell us a little about how the elderly are treated in India? Anjali: Well, in India, we respect older people, and we take care of them… It’s part of our culture. And we feel that a society must take care of its senior citizens… that we have a moral obligation to do this. Interviewer: I see… Could you give us an example of this? Anjali: Of course. For example, in 1996 the government passed a law making it obligatory for children to take care of their elderly parents. This means that children have to look after their parents when they are elderly. Interviewer: That’s good, isn’t it? Anjali: Yes, of course it is! And it sounds great, but my question is… if there is so much respect for older people in India, then why do we need a law to make sure that people really do treat the elderly well? Interviewer: Uh-huh. Anjali: The answer is that Indian society has changed a lot recently... and our traditional family values don’t seem to be so important for everyone any more. Interviewer: Really? So, what was it like before? Anjali: Well, for many centuries in India, all the different generations, children,
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Audio Scripts grandchildren, parents and grandparents all lived together in the same house. This meant that the family was very important and the different generations respected each other. Interviewer: Ahh, I see, and now of course, I guess that both men and women have to work, so no one’s at home to take care of their ageing family members. Anjali: Yes, that’s right! And another problem is that many middle-class families are leaving the countryside and moving to the big cities. Interviewer: For work? Anjali: Yes. Big cities have more opportunities for young people, so they’re moving and leaving their parents behind. Interviewer: Ah. Anjali: Unfortunately, even if younger people wanted to take their parents with them, they wouldn’t be able to. Interviewer: Really? Why not? Anjali: Because, in the big cities, apartments are too small and rents are too expensive. Interviewer: And just one last question. What’s the life expectancy in India today? Anjali: 65. Interviewer: Really? That’s much less than in Europe and North America. Well, Anjali, thank you for coming. Anjali: Not at all.
Interviewer: Jan:
Interviewer: Jan:
Interviewer: Jan: Interviewer:
will help people live longer and also more comfortably. Also, life in Norway is much more expensive than in Spain… Norway is actually one of the most expensive countries in the world, so it’s a lot cheaper for everyone... the government and for us… the pensioners! Do you miss Norway? Six weeks is a very long time to be on holiday! Frankly, we don’t miss the winters much. You know, the older you get, the more you like being in the sun. And Spain is incredi bly warm and sunny, while Norway is cold and the days are much much shorter. But what I miss the most are my grandchildren and the countryside. What about the senior citizens who don’t come to Spain? All senior citizens are very well taken care of in Norway. Did you know that almost half of women and a third of men aged 80 in Norway are looked after by nurses and personal caregivers? That’s fantastic. Thank you very much for being with us today… You’re welcome. And next week we’ll be talking about something very close to my heart…
SELF TEST (page 38) Activities 7 and 8
CONSOLIDATION (page 37) Activities 3 and 4 25
Interviewer: Studies show that Norway is one of the best countries in the world for providing care for its elderly population. And part of its programme involves sending some of its pensioners to sunny Spain. I’d like to welcome Norwegian pensioner Jan Olsen to the programme. Jan: Thank you. It’s a pleasure to be here. Interviewer: Jan, it must be nice to live in a country that provides free health care to its senior citizens. Jan: Well, wait a minute. It’s not free at all. You know, Norwegians work hard all their lives, and we pay some of the highest taxes in the world. The difference is that this money is given back to the people. Interviewer: Ah, right. So, I understand that, every year, Norway sends thousands of its senior citizens to Spain for six weeks…er… so they can relax in the sun and take health cures. Tell us a little more about that. Jan: Yes, we mostly go to Alicante in the south… The idea is that this kind of trip
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26
Radio news announcer: And now for the international news… A report published today by the United Nations says that the over-60s is the fastest-growing age group on the planet. By the year 2020, there will be around one billion people over 60 years old… and by the year 2050, this number will probably reach two billion! But the report includes both good news and bad news… The good news is that in many countries people are living longer thanks to better nutrition, healthcare and sanitation… We eat more healthily, people go to see their doctor more often and our water is cleaner… But the bad news is that taking care of so many elderly people is going to be very expensive. The report says it’s really important that countries start preparing immediately for the future… Governments need to study their pension plans and healthcare systems and start making changes right now. The report also looks at specific countries, for example, India… Traditionally India has always taken care of its elderly population very well, but unfortunately, this is changing… and there are now many cases of older people who have been abused or abandoned by their family. Another country which the report talks about is Bolivia and its extreme attitude towards its elderly population. For example, all Bolivians over 60 receive a modest state
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pension. Also, many senior citizens in Bolivia volunteer at organisations that help during emergencies, such as flooding or earthquakes. And now the sports news. Rafa Nadal has won the Open in…
UNIT 4. MODERN FAMILY
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 (page 42) Activities 10 and 11 31
Helen:
My mother was the most important person in my life when I was a child. I don’t really remember my father because he disappeared when I was still very young. I think I was a happy child – not having a father was not really a big problem for me. Actually, I think the fact that I didn’t have any brothers and sisters was more important. I remember feeling lonely sometimes when I got home from school.
Andrew: I come from a big family – I’m the youngest of five children. I remember that there was always a lot of noise and laughing in the house. That’s inevitable, I suppose, with so many children. I didn’t like being the youngest very much, because I always had to wear my brothers’ old clothes. I almost never had anything new. What’s more, when I had a fight with my brothers or sisters, I always lost because I was the smallest.
LANGUAGE STUDY 2 (page 45) Activities 5 and 6 35
Call me when they arrive. Alice! You promised to peel the potatoes! I’ll do them later! Don’t worry mum. I’ll give you a hand. Oh no!
Mum: Alice: Sam: Mum:
CONSOLIDATION (page 47) Activities 3 and 4 36
1 My mother died 10 years ago and my father has just remarried. The problem is that his new wife is 5 years younger than me! As my father is quite elderly and has problems walking, his new wife is always asking me to go shopping with her, or to the gym and even to the disco! I feel so embarrassed! What can I do? 2 I had my children very young, when I was only 18 and I’ve had to bring them up on my own because their father left and went to live in South America. My son, George, is now 16 and is constantly getting into trouble at school. I think he needs a father figure in his life. How can I help him? 3 I cannot get my children to help in the house. They seem to think it's a hotel, but because I’ve got six children to look after I can’t manage on my own. My husband is always working and we can’t afford to pay for a cleaner. Please give me an idea how to convince the kids to cooperate. 4 I have three brothers and sisters and I am the eldest daughter. My father and mother are very strict, and I have to spend all day looking after the younger children, so I can never go out with my friends. I need to find a way of getting out of this situation. If I had a job, I could become more independent, but it’s difficult to find work. I’m going crazy living in this house! How can I get away?
Mum:
OK kids, grandma and granddad are coming for lunch today with auntie Linda and the cousins, so I’ll need some help. Alice and Sam: Alright, mum. Mum: Well, someone has to peel the potatoes and wash the lettuce. Alice: I’ll do that. Mum: Fine. Who’s going to lay the table? Sam: I will, mum. Which glasses do you want to use? Mum: The best ones. We want to have a special meal, don’t we? Alice and Sam: Yes, mum. Mum: Sam, don’t forget the serviettes this time, will you? Sam: I know what I’m doing! Last time Alice didn’t remember to put the drinks in the fridge. Alice: Well, you can do that as well, can’t you? Sam: OK, I will. Alice: Anyway, I’m going to have my shower.
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SELF TEST (page 48) Activity 1 37
1 very 2 ban 3 vote 4 bet 5 mobile
SELF TEST (page 48) Activities 6 and 7 38
Eric: Mandy: Eric: Mandy:
Hi darling, I’m home! Hi, how did it go? I got the job! That’s wonderful! When do you start?
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Audio Scripts Eric:
Well, there’s a little problem there. I have to start next week in the office in Glasgow. Mandy: OK. So you’ll have to move there this weekend, will you? Eric: Yes, I’m sorry. I’m leaving you with all the family to organise. Why don’t we ask my sister Julie to come and help for a few days? Mandy: Yes, she can take the kids to school for me, but there’s your mother to think about too. It’s alright for the moment, but are we going to take her to Scotland with us when we find a house? Eric: We need to discuss this with Julie — I know my brother-in-law is not going to like it if we go so far away and leave his mother-in-law here! Mandy: Let’s call Julie and organise a family reunion to talk about it. How about tomorrow night? Eric: I can be home by 7 o’clock, so good idea. Shall we do a barbecue? That’s easy, isn’t it?
UNIT 5. SOCIAL CLASSES
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 (page 52) Activities 10 and 11 43
1 Betsy:
I used to work as a maid for the TorkingtonSmythe family.They belong to the aristocracy and I was proud to be part of such an important family. I lived in the big house in a small room in the attic and worked six days a week. On Mondays I had the day off to go and visit my family. In those days we knew our social position, but they did look after us. When I retired they gave me a little cottage in the village and I have never been hungry. 2 Chrissie: I’ve been with the company for ten years and never missed a day. No one has ever complained about my work, but when I told them I was expecting a baby in June, my boss began to talk about reducing staff and slowly asked me to take on less and less responsibility. I moved from being her personal assistant to making photocopies for everyone in the office! Now the company says because of pay cuts I’ve been made redundant. I’m going to find a lawyer! 3 Jamil: I thought I was lucky to get my job in an important legal firm, but it soon became clear that I was going nowhere. Although I have better qualifications than many of my colleagues and I often work longer hours than most of them, every time there is an opportunity to move up someone else gets the job. I heard my boss say the other day, ‘He’s got potential, but the clients just won’t like his face. It doesn’t fit in with our traditional image to have an Indian representing them.'
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CONSOLIDATION (page 57) Activity 7 47
Presenter:
Today’s programme is about social change in India and we are going to interview Sachin Shinde, an Indian businessman who lives and works in Delhi. Presenter: Good morning. Sachin Shinde: Good morning. Presenter: Well Mr Shinde. We have all heard of the caste system in India. How does this affect the world of work? Sachin Shinde: Traditionally, your caste determined the job you do and it was impossible to move into a different sector. I belong to a shoemaker caste, but I don’t make shoes. I employ 10 people and we make luxury leather wallets. So, it is possible to be prosperous even if you come from a lower caste. In business people never ask me what caste I’m from; they are only interested in the quality of my products. Presenter: Is there less discrimination then than in the past? Sachin Shinde: In that sense yes, but people do have preconceptions about who you are. I wanted to study in Britain and had to ask the bank for a loan. The bank manager was surprised and asked me, ‘Why are you asking for money to study in England? You’re from the shoemaker caste, you shouldn’t be doing that.’ Presenter: What about social customs? Are they influenced by caste? Sachin Shinde: Yes, society is still ruled by the caste system. It is difficult for people to marry someone from a higher or lower caste. However, young people are demanding more freedom and there are organisations that defend the rights of lower caste workers. Presenter: Thank you Mr Shinde. So we can see that although the caste system is still a major influence, change is possible.
SELF TEST
(page 58)
Activity 5 49
Chairman: So, I’d like to hear everyone’s opinion about how to spend the government money for social services in the town. Who would like to start? Speaker 1: I think the most important problem is that teenagers have nowhere to go in town. We haven’t got a place where they can meet. For that reason, they spend all day and night
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Speaker 2:
Speaker 3:
Speaker 4:
Speaker 5:
in the park drinking and making noise. I agree and I think that if we had a decent sports centre that would mean we could organise teams and competitions. This would encourage teenagers to train regularly and improve their physical condition. How about the elderly? The old people in the town don’t go out at all. That’s why I think we should build a social club where they can meet, play cards or bingo and have a cup of tea. But what about the unemployed? We could use the money to support local businesses. Since businesses are closing here, young people can’t find work. Well maybe you’re right, but that would be a lot of money to benefit very few people. As far as I’m concerned, I think the main problem is security. The police force has been reduced by half this year. That’s why our community is not safe.
George: How often does that happen? Joanne: Oh, all the time. Let me give you an example. In 2006, a low-budget independent film was shown at the Sundance Festival. It was so popular with audiences and critics that a Hollywood distributor bought the rights. Now, this film only cost eight million dollars to make. George: That’s cheap for Hollywood, isn’t it? Joanne: Very cheap. But this film became a huge success! It earned over 100 million dollars at the box office and was nominated for four Academy Awards. Of course, I’m talking about Little Miss Sunshine . George: Yes! That’s such a sweet film! Joanne: My third reason is the best of all. Film festivals give audiences a chance to see lesscommercial films. They’re also a lot of fun. Fans get to see their idols, movie stars and directors. George: Thank you, Joanne. It’s been a pleasure. Joanne: Likewise.
UNIT 6. FILMS
CONSOLIDATION (page 67) LANGUAGE STUDY 1 (page 62) Activities 9 and 10 53
George:
This is George Pullman, and welcome to our programme ‘On Film.’ Today, we’ll be interviewing film critic Joanne Adams about the influence of film festivals. Joanne, welcome to our programme. Joanne: Thank you, George. It’s so nice to be here. George: Joanne, you make a living reviewing and writing about films. Do film festivals really matter? Joanne: Well, I think that they are very important. If not, there wouldn’t be so many of them. George: And just how many film festivals are there around the world? Joanne: Oh, thousands. Of course, only maybe twenty of those have any real influence. George: So, tell me why they’re so important. Joanne: In my opinion, film festivals are important for three reasons. Number one is that they support young talent. If festival audiences and critics like the film, it helps the film to find distribution. George: It helps them get a foot in the door, you mean. Joanne: Precisely. Unknown filmmakers can meet other filmmakers and make contacts in the film industry. George: Right. Joanne: Festivals also help distributors. George: How is that? Joanne: Well, film distributors from all over the world attend film festivals because they’re looking for their next big hit.
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Activities 4 and 5 57
Reporter:
Hello there. Mind if I ask you a few questions about films? Young woman: Yeah, s ure. Why not? Reporter: Do you have a favourite film from modern cinema? Young woman: The Impossible . Reporter: Really? And why is that? Young woman: Because the special effects are amazing. And it’s such a dramatic story, you know? You really get to understand the immensity of the tsunami disaster of 2004. Reporter: So, you like disaster films then? Young woman: Yes, I do. But I also like dramas and enjoy a good cry. Reporter: Thank you. How about you, madam? Do you have any favourite films from modern cinema? Woman: I certainly do. I go to the cinema at least once a week, and I think this last decade produced some great films. I love films from other countries, especially French and Chinese cinema. Reporter: Do you speak foreign languages, then? Woman: A little French. But I always see films subtitled. I can’t stand dubbed films. Reporter: Could you tell me some of your favourite films? Woman: It’s hard to choose just one. But I’d have to include Amour , from France. Ummmm. I also enjoy indie films like Little Miss Sunshine , from the States,
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Audio Scripts
Reporter: Reporter:
Older man: Reporter: Older man:
Wife:
Older man:
Wife:
and anything by the great English independent director, Ken Loach. The Wind that Shakes the Barley was absolutely stunning. Oh, I could go on all day. Thank you, madam. Hello, sir. Hello, madam. May I ask you a few questions about your taste in films? Yes, of course. I’d like to know if you have a favourite film from modern cinema. My wife and I don’t go out to the cinema much anymore. Today’s films are full of swearwords and naked people. And they’re so violent. When we see a film, we want to escape from reality. I don’t want to leave the cinema more depressed than when I came in. I much prefer the old MGM musicals of the fifties. You know, like Gene Kelly in Singin ’ in the Rain . Ah, those were the days. Nobody could dance like Gene Kelly, could they? Except maybe Fred Astaire. Do you remember how he danced on the ceiling in Royal Wedding ? Oh, they don’t make them like that anymore. They sure don’t.
SELF TEST (page 68) Activities 6 and 7
UNIT 7. HELP THE WORLD
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 (page 72) Activities 7 and 8 62
Presenter: Today’s programme is about two different UK-based charities. With me are Mark Santer from the charity Food Extra and Priya Kapoor from Housing Aid. Mark:
Good morning.
Priya:
Hello, good morning.
Presenter: So, let’s start with Food Extra. What do you do, Mark? Mark:
Presenter: People don’t have enough to eat in the UK? Mark:
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Yes, more than 43,000 people rely on Food Extra. We distribute food to over 900 communities and charities across the UK. Most of this food is from supermarkets. All supermarket food has a sell-by date. Supermarkets are not allowed to sell this food after this date. So, before we started, they simply threw the food away. Now, we collect it and give it to people who are hungry on the same day.
Presenter: Where do you take the food? Mark:
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Narrator: During the silent film era, movies were truly an international art form. There was no sound, so there was no spoken dialogue. Therefore, actors needed to act with their eyes and bodies. When The Jazz Singer opened in 1927, movies started speaking. Since then, when films are distributed in foreign countries, they can be dubbed or subtitled. Woman: I prefer subtitled films. Of course, I don’t understand everything, but great actors have great voices and are so expressive. Besides, in a dubbed film, the words you hear don’t match the actor’s mouths. That’s so annoying! The exception is for animated films. I love watching the old Disney classics in their dubbed version. Another advantage of seeing films in the original version is that they help me to learn English. Man: I go to the movies to watch, not to read. I like action films and movies with lots of special effects. You know, li ke Star Wars or Ironman . If you want to enjoy the visuals, subtitles are too distracting. There are excellent dubbing actors in Spain. I’ve seen Star Wars in English and Spanish — and Darth Vader’s voice in Spanish is great!
Well, Food Extra is an amazing charity because we provide fresh and packaged food to people who don’t have enough to eat, in the UK.
We deliver to homeless shelters, soup kitchens, disabled and elderly people in their homes… lots of people. If only we had more money, we could buy new vans, pay for more petrol and literally reach more people in need.
Presenter: Thanks Mark. So, Priya what about Housing Aid? Priya:
Our aim is to provide a safe place for young adults to stay. Because of us more than 9,000 young adults currently have a place to live. If we didn’t help them, they would be sleeping on the streets. The people we help are homeless or unemployed. They might be on drugs or involved in criminal activities, but they all need help.
Presenter: How do you help? Priya:
Well, our latest project is to buy old buildings that need renovating — no one wants to live in them. We look for large properties in particular… ones that can have many bedrooms and then we buy them and turn them into homes for young adults across the UK.
Presenter: Thank you. Now we have a caller on the line. Good morning, how can we help you? Caller:
Well, I’d like to help you. I would like to donate money to charity, but it’s difficult to choose. After hearing about these charities, I
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think I’ve made up my mind.
Presenter: Which charity have you chosen? Caller:
I’m going to give the money to help homeless young people who have nowhere to live. I can’t imagine sleeping on the streets.
Presenter: Thank you so much for your call and for your generous donation. That’s all we’ve got time for today, but thanks for listening. Next weekend...
CONSOLIDATION (page 77) Activities 6 and 7 66
Speaker 1: This is Sue and she lives in the Philippines. Last year, they suffered a massive typhoon. The strong winds destroyed buildings, hospitals, schools, parks… everything. Many people died from it and lots more were hurt. But the worst came later when, without proper cleanliness, people got infections and there were no hospitals or medicines to help them. I wish more people could help them rebuild their country. Speaker 2: This is Fatima and she lives in Afghanistan. Her village was bombed two years ago. Now the nearest school is twelve miles away. It’s not safe to send her sons that far so now she tries to educate them at home, but she worries about what future they will have. When they are older they will probably want to join the army and there is a real possibility that they will die young. If only there was peace in this country, the people could begin to lead normal lives again. Speaker 3: This is Nelson and he lives in Rwanda. He hasn’t eaten for two days. This year the rain did not come, so his family has no food for the winter. There is only a little grain that they can use to make bread. There is no money for seeds to plant crops for next year. If only someone could help them, give them seeds to plant… some cereal to eat… a goat to give milk for the children… perhaps some chickens… They may not survive the winter. Speaker 4: This is Sumon and he lives in Bangladesh. His wife is very sick with intestinal problems, and two of his children have already died from dehydration because of diarrhoea. They are poor and live in the slum areas of the city where thousands of people are crowded together in terrible conditions. There is no running water and no toilets – women collect water from pools or the river nearby. If only there was some way to connect them to a clean water supply, then they would not get sick.
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SELF TEST (page 78) Activities 6 and 7 67
Sam: Hi Tina. Great to see you again after all these years. Tina: Hi, it’s Sam, isn’t it? You haven’t changed much! Sam: Well, a little greyer and a little bigger now! Tina: Tell me about what you’ve been doing the past twenty years. Work? Family? Sam: Oh... it’s a long story. I left university after two years. I wish I had finished my degree, but my father had an accident, so I had to work in his company to help the family. Tina: Did you enjoy working there? Sam: Yes, in fact, I learnt a lot about business. After my father recovered, I started a travel agency with a friend and we did quite well. After a while I really felt I wanted to do something to help others, so we set up a non-profit company in London. We collaborate with relief agencies, organising their travel arrangements. You know, finding transport to disaster areas for volunteers and sending essential supplies like tents or blankets. Tina: That sounds really interesting! Sam: Yes, but it’s a lot of work. If only I had more help I could take some time off to be with my children. I sometimes feel I’ve missed their childhood. How about you? Tina: Well, I’ve been lucky. I got a job in a bank after completing my degree, but I hated it so I decided to leave and start writing. One of my novels is now selling really well, so I have a lot of free time. I wish I’d done something lik e you. I’d love to get involved in a worthwhile project. Sam: How are your computer skills? I need someone to keep our database in order and maintain the website. It takes hours of my time. Tina: I could try!
UNIT 8. CRIME
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 (page 82) Activities 11 and 12 71
Police Officer:
Suspect 1:
On Saturday evening at 11:30 p.m. a crime was committed in Green Street outside the bank. A gang of thieves stole £4,690 from the cashpoint. We have CCTV photos as evidence and we believe that you are in those photos. Could you please tell me where you were on Saturday evening. That’s easy… it’s impossible. It wasn’t me… Lots of people saw me that evening, including my boss,
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Audio Scripts
Suspect 2:
Suspect 3:
who will tell you where I was. I work as a barman in the pub next to the station. Any of the people who came off the 11.20 train can tell you I was there. Hmm… ten thirty... What was on at that time? Ah yes! It was a detective crime programme — really exciting! I always watch it after I get back home from work. I can tell you the story, if you want. It wasn’t me. I was nowhere near Green Street on Saturday evening. I was going to Edinburgh to visit my sick granny. I don’t know if I still have my ticket, but I can tell you what film was showing on the train, and I did buy a coffee in the bar — maybe the barman will remember me.
We use to chat about the weather… I still can’t believe it.
SELF TEST (page 88) Activities 5 and 6 76
1 Police Officer 1: Lady:
Police Officer 1: Lady:
CONSOLIDATION (page 87) Activities 6 and 7 75
Policeman: Well madam, can you tell me what your job is? Woman: Of course, I’m assistant manager here. I usually make the cash payments to customers, but I also deal with letters, parcels, you know, anything that customers need. Policeman: So what can you tell me about Mrs Oshima? Woman: Well, she comes in every week on a Tuesday to collect her pension. Well, I always thought it was her pension... that is until those police officers came into the post office this morning and told me she was an identity thief and that she was pretending to be someone else and to collect their pension. It’s such a surprise! Policeman: What does she look like? Woman: She always seemed so sweet… I mean she must be at least 70. She’s got grey hair, I always thought how attractive it was on a Japanese lady. She looked very neat and her hair was tidy, you could just see a bit under her hat. Policeman: What else can you tell me about her appearance? Woman: Well, she is very short, but walks very straight, she doesn’t walk with a stick or a frame – just short and slim. But she didn’t look like a criminal at all… She was always dressed really smartly – nice dresses, a pretty necklace, elegant shoes and a handbag. Policeman: Were you at all suspicious of her? Woman: Oh no! She was very polite, she spoke quietly, and never pushed in the queue – she always waited for her turn really patiently. Always said hello, please and thank you.
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2 Police Officer 2: Man:
Police Officer 2: Man:
So madam, can you describe what happened? Yes, I was walking down the high street at 11 o’clock when I saw a group of youths on the corner of the street. As I walked past, one of them, who was wearing a hoodie and jeans, stood in front of me and told me to give him my bag. And what happened next? Well, I was frightened so I handed over my bag and then he and his gang ran away. So sir, can you give me the details again, please? As I told your colleague. I was driving my car through the centre of town around midday and I stopped at the petrol station in West Street. While I was paying I noticed two women getting into my car. They drove off before I could stop them. So… the keys were in the car? Hmmm... Yes.
3 Police Officer 3:
Ok, Mr and Mrs Tanner, so you were at a friend’s house for dinner, is that right?
Mr Tanner:
Yes, that’s right.
Police Officer 3:
And you got home at what time?
Mrs Tanner:
At about 10.30.
Police Officer 3:
Ok, and your address is…?
Mr Tanner:
25 London Road.
Police Officer 3:
And when you returned home what did you find?
Mr Tanner:
The front door was open and the glass had been smashed.
Mrs Tanner:
And our TV and computer and stereo and passports were all gone.
Police Officer 3:
OK, don’t worry — we’ll do our best to find whoever did this.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT 9. SCIENCE FICTION
LANGUAGE STUDY (page 91-92) Activity 2 79
1 Smoking is banned in all public buildings. 2 I was fined 100 euros for driving too fast. 3 I ate a pear for dessert. 4 I’ll see you next week. 5 What a beautiful red rose! 6 Would you like a piece of cake? Activities 10 and 11 80
Welcome to ‘Science or Science Fiction.‘ Today, I’m going to tell you about four incredible inventions that will soon be available. If you suffer from diabetes, this is good news for you. Scientists have invented a new type of contact lens that will measure your blood sugar level. How does it work? Well, the colour of the contact lenses will change as the level of your blood sugar changes. This way, patients don’t have to take blood tests every day. Have you ever been in a traffic jam and wished you could fly over the other cars? Believe it or not, NASA is developing a flying car that can do just that! It’s called ‘Skycar’, and it will be able to fly at 300 miles per hour. This amazing flying car will be controlled by satellites and a computer, which will make flying easy for everyone. Car designers hope the flying car will be on the market by the year 2030. Scientists are developing plants whose colour changes from green to white whenever they are near explosives. The military is very interested in this technology because it will help them search for bombs. In every James Bond film, the British secret agent uses incredible gadgets to help him to fight his enemies. In the 1965 classic, Thunderball , Bond was able to escape by flying away while he was wearing a special jetpack. Well, aeronautical engineers are currently perfecting the technology so that everyone will be able to wear a jetpack and fly wherever they want! You will be able to buy your own jetpack in two years time. The price? Probably about 200,000 pounds. Ouch!
CONSOLIDATION (page 97) Activities 7and 8
Film 2 This science fiction blockbuster takes place in the 22nd century. It tells the story of a soldier whose legs are paralyzed. The soldier is sent to a distant moon called Pandora, where his mind is remotely connected to a genetically engineered body of another species called Na’vis. The world of this film is filled with flying dragons, robot soldiers and a mystical tree of life. Film 3 If our final film had been made 50 years ago, we would have considered it science fiction. But this film was made in 2013 and it takes place in the present. Although the story is fiction, everything in it could really happen. It tells the story of two astronauts working on a space shuttle in outer space, just outside the Earth’s atmosphere. During a spacewalk, a satellite crashes into their space shuttle and destroys it. The two astronauts are left floating alone in outer space, with only each other to talk to, waiting to be rescued.
SELF TEST (page 98) Activities 5 and 6 85
Young man: Young woman: Young man:
Young woman: Young man: Young woman: Young man: Young woman: Young man: Young woman: Young man: Young woman: Young man: Young woman: Young man: Young woman: Young man:
84
Film 1 The world of our first science fiction classic takes place in 2019, in Los Angeles. This metropolis has become a city whose skies are always raining and filled with flying cars. The skyscrapers constantly project video advertisements on their outside walls. The film’s hero is a policeman who has to kill robots, or ‘replicants’ who have broken the law.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Young Young Young Young Young
woman: man: woman: man: woman:
Hey Julie, you’re never going to believe what happened to me yesterday! Hi, William. What is it? I was riding my bike in the park, when a strange man suddenly appeared out of nowhere. He said he was from the 23rd century and he was travelling in a time machine. You’re joking, right? I know it sounds unbelievable, but I’m telling you the truth. All right then. So, what happened next? Well, he told me three interesting things about the future! Oh, did he now? Just three? Yeah. He said that by the year 2100, air pollution will have disappeared. And why is that? Because by then, everyone will be using solar power. Amazing. He also said that people will be living into their hundreds. Because… Because scientists will have found a cure for most diseases. Did he tell you any bad news? Just that humans won’t have communicated with intelligent life from other planets yet. That’s a pity. But they’ll still be trying. Good for them. And then, suddenly, he disappeared! Sorry to tell you this, my friend, but I
155
find your story difficult to believe. Young man: That’s exactly what he told me. That no one would ever believe me. And that’s why he gave me this. Young woman: OK. So he gave you a coin. Young man: Ahhh, look at the date on it. Young woman: Two thousand two hundred and fifty. Oh, my…
UNIT 10. SUPERSTITIONS AND FEARS
LANGUAGE STUDY 1 (pages 101-102) Activities 5 and 6 89
Speaker 1:
Speaker 2:
Speaker 3:
Speaker 4:
Speaker 5:
Speaker 6:
I always get a bit nervous before I do a concert because there are usually thousands of people watching me! So, before I go on stage, just for good luck really, I draw the number 7 on my hand. Seven is my lucky number, and it gives me the confidence to give a great show. Well, this is obviously my biggest, most important day ever. I don’t want anything to go wrong, so I’m following the old tradition of making sure I wear something old, which is a ring from my great grandmother, something new, which is a pair of new shoes, something borrowed, which is a necklace from my mother and something blue, which is my garter. We all have our little superstitions. Some players I know wear crosses, or kiss the ground when they come out to play a match. Mine is that I always have to put my left boot on first. It can be very frightening standing up in front of people and giving presentations so anything that makes you feel more confident is a good thing. I always wear my favourite tie — it’s blue with purple stripes. It gives me more confidence and makes me feel lucky. I always throw salt over my left shoulder at breakfast on the day of an interview – I think it brings me good luck. Well, it seems to, because so far I’ve always got the job! We are very superstitious in the theatre – for example, it is an unwritten rule that no one is allowed to mention the name of Shakespeare’s dark play Macbeth in the dressing rooms. If anyone does, the play will be a disaster.
CONSOLIDATION (page 107) Activities 5, 6 and 7
156
93
Interviewer: Good afternoon Doctor Clark. Could you please explain childhood fears to us and why children have them? Dr Clark: Well yes, I’d be happy to. First of all, let me tell you that it’s perfectly normal to be afraid of certain things when you’re a child. Some fears are rational… For example, my niece was terrified of dogs simply because there was a large dog in a garden on the way to school that would bark loudly when she went past. But she is not afraid of them anymore. Now she is twelve and is desperate to have a puppy. Interviewer: So, you’re saying that some fears are rational but as children grow up, those fears tend to disappear. Dr Clark: Yes, of course. The problem comes when that doesn’t happen. This is when the fear becomes a phobia. I’d like to explain what ‘normal’ fears are at different stages in childhood. To begin with, very small children, maybe aged 2 to 4, are typically afraid of animals, loud noises, umm... being left alone whereas, older children, from 4 to 6 years old tend to have more imaginary or irrational fears about monsters under the bed, ghosts, or strangers… They may also worry about their family — a parent dying or leaving the family.The family unit is very important to them at this age. Interviewer: Interesting. What you are saying is that children of different ages have different fears. Dr Clark: Yes that is correct, and as they grow up, children’s fear s become more rational. The things they worry most about at this age are doing badly at school, being late, not getting on with their classmates even car accidents. Interviewer: I see. Is there any difference in the way boys and girls react to these fears? Dr Clark: Yes, there is. After the age of 11, evidence suggests that boys lose most fears quite quickly, whereas girls may take longer. Fears reflect more adult fears such as death, dentists, disapproval, injections, hospitals, spiders, etc. Interviewer: So, how do we deal with these fears and help our children? Dr Clark: Take your children seriously. Don’t tell them they are being silly or make fun of them. Encourage your child to talk to you and show you under stand. Above all, don’t panic! However, if the fear is affecting your child’s health, then you might think about asking for expert help. Interviewer: Great advice! Thank you very much Dr Clark. Now, in other news matters…
SELF TEST (page 108) Activities 6 and 7 94
It was last Friday. I was on my way to work when a black cat crossed my path. ‘Great!’ I thought, ‘I’m going to be lucky today.’ I saw the bus and ran down the street. Before I could get on the bus, I fell over a crack in the pavement and broke my shoe. I managed to get on the bus. Then when I got to work I took the lift but would you believe it, I got stuck between the 12th and 13th floors! It took the firemen 30 minutes to get us out. Finally, I got to the office and made a cup of coffee, which I immediately spilt all over my white skirt! Who says trouble doesn’t come in threes? And, I don’t believe black cats are lucky anymore.’
News reporter 1 And finally, let’s move to Glasgow with Andrew. Andrew: Four years ago, a group of mums with young children got together to exchange baby clothes. This worked so well that they decided to create the Glasgow Bank where families, who were struggling to raise small children, could get help with clothes and some of the larger items needed for small children, such as pushchairs and car seats. The clothes bank works on an exchange system. You bring in clothes which you ‘bank’ and then you can buy new clothes with the credit you have. Once your child has grown bigger you can exchange them for a larger size. The bank offers free clothes to newborn babies.
LISTENING COMPREHENSION II (page 112) UNIT 11. REVISION
LISTENING COMPREHENSION I (page 112) Activities 1 and 2 98
News reporter 1: In today’s programme we are going to take a look at how some groups of people have worked to beat the financial crisis and survive in a world of pay cuts, redundancies and unemployment. Many of us think the reason for these problems are the commercial banks, but here is news of different types of banks that are helping in these troubled times. Sandra, what can you report from the south-west area? Sandra: Well, this town depended heavily on the manufacturing car industry, but nowadays over 50% of the people are unemployed and many of them no longer receive unemployment benefit. However, just outside the town there is fertile land and a group of people have started the South West Bank. Basically, they grow fruit and vegetables, not to sell, but to exchange for other food. One person produces too many tomatoes for a family to eat, but they can exchange them for potatoes, apples or other products that are in season. Gordon, what about the situation in the north? Gordon: The banking system in this Yorkshire town has nothing to do with money. It’s called The North Bank. Nearly 60% of the residents have joined the bank which organises an exchange of services instead of paying money for them. Everyone puts some of their time in the ‘bank’ and can then use time belonging to other people. That way a dentist may give an hour of her time and be able to have an hour’s cleaning service while the cleaner in turn will be able to have an hour of yoga classes.
Activities 3 and 4 99
Helen: How’s your father these days, Joe? Joe: Great! He just hit 80 on his last birthday, but he’s still going strong. He looks much younger than he is. Most people think he’s around 60. Helen: Have you seen him recently? Joe: No, he went off on a holiday trekking through the Rocky Mountains two weeks ago and still hasn’t come back. Helen: How does he do it? Isn’t he getting a bit elderly for running up and down hills? Joe: Well, he seems to have a lot of energy. I think it’s because he keeps himself busy. He loves nature and wilderness areas and he’s planning a trip to the Amazon rainforest next year. Helen: I suppose you don’t have much contact with him when he’s away. Joe: In fact, he keeps up with all of us all the time. He’s so interested in communication that he knows more about technology than me. He’s got Skype on his phone and he’ll always find a place that has wi-fi to catch up with friends and family. I was talking to him only yesterday. Helen: I thought senior citizens couldn’t learn about these new technologies. Joe: Not my dad! I think that’s how he keeps so young. Do you know that he has a Nintendo Wii at home? When we go to visit, he’ll spend hours playing with my children and he usually wins! Helen: So do you think technology is the secret for increasing your life expectancy? Joe: I think so and I read that the more you use your brain the better your capacity for learning new things. New devices, learning languages, even doing puzzles or crosswords keeps your mind active so the ageing process slows. Helen: I’d better start doing those things now, before it’s too late!!
157
Answer Key Activity 3 1 the Pyrenees (mountain range) 2 Ø (proper noun of lake) 3 the fjords (geographical area) 4 Ø (general reference) 5 Ø (proper noun of mountain) 6 Ø (geographical area); the (proper noun of desert)
UNIT 1. OUR PLANET
The best place on Earth
(page 9)
Activity 1 Student’s own answers. Activity 2 1 Simon grew up in the mountains and Jade grew up by the sea / on the coast. 2 Jade thinks the best idea is to stay in London and go on lots of holidays to the mountains. Activity 3 1 c 2 a Activity 4 1 C 2 M
3 b
3 C
4 c
5 b
4 C
6 a
5 M
Activity 5 1 The Lake District 2 London 5 London 6 Croydon
Activity 4 1 flat 2 mountainous 6 shallow
3 Cornwall
4 Loch Ness
2 shallow
3 wet
Activity 8 Student’s own answers.
READING (page 10)
Activity 10
2 7 The deserts are in the south-west. 3 7 The Mississippi is the 4th longest river in the world. 4 7 It contains spectacular sandstone formations. 5 3
3 c
4 b
5 wide
6 damp
3 more quickly
4 the flattest
the same
(2) similar to
4) the same as
(7) Like
(5) as ... as
(3) different from
(7) Like
(6) differs greatly from
(9) As
4 a
Activity 11 1 as 2 There 5 b
6 g
7 c
8 f
9 d
10 e
LANGUAGE STUDY (pages 11-12)
3 Like
4 differs greatly from
5 as
Activity 12 1 c 2 a Activity 13
2 landscapes 3 peaks 4 wilderness 6 plain 7 rises 8 flows 9 bank
Activity 2 farmland landscape valley geographical feature wilderness area mountain mountainous desert fertile located
158
4 warm
(8) Unlike
Activity 4 1 h 2 i 3 j
Activity 1 1 features 5 farmland
3 hot, warm; cool
similar
(1) There’s a big difference between
1 3
Activity 3 1 a 2 a
Activity 9 1 more slowly 2 the wettest 5 deeper 6 the driest
different
Activity 2
5 deep
Activity 7 1 bordered 2 borders 3 flat 4 mountainous 5 narrow 6 wide 7 shallow 8 deep 9 temperate 10 warm 11 cool 12 damp
Activity 6 Suggested Answer: I grew up in the countryside. I really liked being in nature, the fresh air and the peace and quiet. I liked playing outside with my friends and exploring many different places. However, what I didn’t like about living in the countryside was that there weren’t any shops or cinemas nearby. So I didn’t eat many sweets or see many films.
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
4 wide
Activity 5 1 wet, mild; dry, hot 2 hot; cold 4 cold, hot, extreme; mild, warm Activity 6 1 humid
6 M
3 narrow
1 3 2 7 He saw a programme on TV about it. 3 7 Barry would like to live somewhere much quieter. 4 7 The climate isn’t tropical and the winters can be hard. 5 7 He isn’t sure yet.
Wonders of the world
(page 13)
Activity 1 Suggested answer: Teide National Park, Doñana National Park The Mosque of Cordoba, The Alhambra and the Generalife, Granada, Burgos Cathedral, Monastery and Site of the Escorial in Madrid
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Activity 2 Student’s own answers. Activity 3 1 b 2 a
Activity 5 1 Gulf 2 Cape 6 plateau 7 hill
3 c
Activity 4 1 rocks 2 95 3 dinosaurs watching 6 an advantage
4 geologists
5 do bird
Activity 5 1 daffodils 2 humid and wet 3 Mediterranean 4 Olive trees and cork trees 5 the rainforest biome 6 It is the longest zip wire in England. Activity 6 1 a 2 b
3 grassland 8 sand dune
4 rainforest
5 Strait
Activity 6 Suggested answer: My ideal holiday would be to go on a skiing trip. I don’t like hot weather. The cooler, the better. What’s more, it is a problem for me if it is quite humid. On the other hand, I love cold weather, so I would go to Colorado with its big mountains and lots of snow. I wouldn’t like to go to the Caribbean with its high temperatures and humidity. I usually spend my summer holiday in the Alps. It is cool and beautiful.
CONSOLIDATION (pages 16-17) 3 a
4 a
5 a
6 b
7 b
Activity 7 I have been to the Grand Canyon. I was amazed by its size. It was very spectacular and very beautiful. I’d also like to go to Yosemite Park to see the forests and the wilderness areas.
READING (page 14)
Activity 1 1 1 North America 2 South America 5 Europe 6 Asia 7 Australia 2 Antarctica Activity 2 1 c 2 e
3 b
4 d
3 Africa
4 Antarctica
5 a
Activity 3
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
1 7 Some deserts contain ice. 2 3
Activity 2 1 d 2 b
3 7 It never rains or snows in the area called the Dry Valley. 3 c
4 a
5 e
4 3
Activity 3 1 They all show the beauty of nature or the diversity of nature. 2 Australia became a separate continent. 3 Because they show how animals in Australia adapted to different ecosystems. 4 Because it is the third largest reserve of fresh water in the world. 5 The Perito Moreno glacier 6 They are in the middle of the desert. 7 Yes, they agree. They both think that nature is wonderful. Activity 4 1 fresh; water pools 4 caves 5 ice field
2 grasslands 3 sand dunes; palm 6 stones 7 fossil site
LANGUAGE STUDY (page 15) Activity 2 /a//
//
/a/
/e/
//
liar higher tired drier
lower
our Howard sour
layer greyer
loyal royal destroyer
Activity 3 1 b 2 e
3 d
4 a
5 c
Activity 4 1 The bigger the country, the more varied the landscape. 2 The higher you climb, the better the view. 3 The more I know about Kenya, the more I want to go there. 4 The more spectacular the landscape, the more easily you remember it. 5 The further / farther you travel, the more you love the world.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
5 3 6 7 Very few people live there. Activity 4 1 different from 2 different geographical features from 3 Unlike 4 differs greatly / is very different 5 more mountainous 6 easier 7 colder and damper/wetter 8 deserts / the desert 9 an ice field / a glacier 10 similar to Activity 5 Suggested answer: The landscape in the Amazon is completely different from the landscape in the mountains. For example, the temperature is higher in the rainforest and the climate is very humid. There is dense vegetation and very little sunlight reaches the rainforest floor. The mountains have trees and peaks and valleys. It is also cooler and drier in the mountains. Activity 6 Suggested answer: I think the desert is the most difficult habitat to live in because of the extreme heat. There are very few places to find water, and there are very many dangerous insects and animals. Activity 7 Suggested answer: The rainforest: It’s hard to walk through the rainforest because of the humidity and vegetation, and because there are many dangerous animals. Activity 8 1 loves 2 aren’t than
3 snow leopards
4 need
5 more hostile
Activity 9 1 different 2 bigger 3 more extreme 5 more mountainous 6 highest 7 longest 9 differ
4 milder 8 longer
10 bordered
159
Answer Key Activity 10 1 Australia is bigger than New Zealand. 2 Yes, both countries have extreme variations in climate. 3 New Zealand is greener than Australia. 4 New Zealand is more mountainous than Australia. 5 Australia has the longest river. 6 Yes, the sea is an important element in both countries. Activity 11 Suggested answer: Geographically, Australia is very different from New Zealand. First of all, it’s much bigger. Both countries have extreme variations in climate, but New Zealand isn’t as hot as Australia. New Zealand is greener than Australia and it’s also more mountainous. Its highest point is 3,700 metres above sea level. The highest point in Australia, on the other hand, is only 2,200 metres above sea level. Australia’s rivers are longer. For example, the Murray, the longest river in Australia, is six times longer than the River Waikato, the longest river in New Zealand. Although the countries differ greatly in many aspects, the sea is an important element in both of them: they are both islands and so are bordered by the sea on all sides.
Activity 11 Suggested answer: Hi Robert, I am really excited that you are coming to visit me. The Cantabria region in the North of Spain is beautiful. It is on the coast so there are many long, wide, sandy beaches. The weather is quite warm and humid in the summer, and in the winter it is mild and windy. The Cantabria region is not very populated. Therefore, it is quite quiet and relaxing. The surrounding areas are very mountainous and full of vegetation. This is why it is called the Green Spain. I am sure you are going to love this place and don’t forget to bring your surfboard!! All the best, Tony
UNIT 2. GOOD SCIENCE, BAD ETHICS? Sports and performance-enhancing drugs
SELF TEST (page 18)
19)
Activity 1 1 banks 2 peak 6 feature
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
Activity 2 1 the 2 Ø
3 rises; flows
3Ø
4 The
Activity 3 1 flat 2 narrow temperate
4 landscapes
Activity 2 1 Joes thinks that if nobody catches you, it doesn’t matter. 2 They can stay in your system for years.
5 Ø
3 shallow
4 wet
Activity 4 1 the deepest 2 harder 3 the driest 5 the largest 6 more difficult 7 easier Activity 5 1 as 2 to
5 warm
6 mild /
4 the most quickly 8 more strongly
Activity 3 1 national trials 2 trainer 3 knee 4 performance-enhancing drugs 5 qualify 6 cheats 7 banned Activity 4 b, c, e Activity 5 3, 6
3 difference
4 Unlike
5 as
READING (page 20) Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
Activity 7 1 ice fields (not found in desert) 2 caves (not a body of water) 3 stones (not a geographical feature) 4 cloudy (not associated with wetness) Activity 8 1 humid 2 damp
3 wet
Activity 9 1 the girl Activity 10 1 7 2 3 3 3
4 7
53
6 7
6 differs Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
Activity 6 1 The more; the more 2 The longer; the more interesting 3 The wetter; the more 4 The more; the better 5 The simpler; the more delicious
160
5 wilderness
(page
73
Activity 2 2 Activity 3 1 7 He lost his seven Tour titles three months before he made his public confession. 2 7 He thinks that Armstrong’s actions were understandable. 33 4 7 He doesn’t say that sport will become more interesting if drugs are allowed. He says that t it will become fairer because drugs will not give anyone an advantage. 53 63 Activity 4 1a 2b
3b
4a
5b
6a
THAT’S ENGLISH!
On the other hand, others think that sport is a test of our natural abilities. If athletes take drugs to boost their performance, they are performing at an unnatural level. Furthermore, if taking drugs is made legal in professional sport, it is very possible that many teenagers in amateur sport will start taking drugs too. This is a situation that no one wants. In conclusion, while many people think that athletes should take enhancing drugs, others believe that they shouldn’t take them. In my view, it is best for everyone if we try to keep professional sport free of drugs.
LANGUAGE STUDY (pages 21-22) Activity 2 /a/
/e/
tired drier wire fire
//
greyer payer layer sprayer
Activity 3 1 take 2 improve 7 check 8 carry Activity 4 1 to 2 so that
3 for
3 ban
royal lawyer destroyer employer
4 gain
5 done
6 come
Activity 1 Student’s own answers. 4 in order to
5 in order not to
6 so
Activity 5 3 Activity 6 1 7 All athletes take substances to boost their performance. 33 3 7 It will only boost your energy. 43 53 Activity 7 Student’s own answers. Activity 8 1 c 2 d
3 a
4 b
4 come up with
4 a
3 b
4 a, d
4 c
5 c
6 a
Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
5 look into
Activity 12 1 It’s about spending money on scientific research. 2 Scientific research saves and improves people’s lives. It creates new industries and new jobs. 3 Private companies should invest in scientific research and the government could spend the money on social matters like education and social care. 4 The writer thinks that our lives shouldn’t depend on private companies’ interests. Activity 13 Suggested answer: Some people believe that athletes should take performance-enhancing drugs, while others are strongly against it. On the one hand, it is clear that some athletes will always take drugs. If all athletes are allowed to take drugs, no one will gain an unfair advantage. Besides, if everyone can take drugs, the best athlete will still win. Therefore, the basic character of sport will not change.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
3 b
Activity 3 13 2 7 The technique has also worked for goats, mice, cows and pigs. 33 4 7 Out of every 100 cells, 2 or 3 live. 5 7 Through human enhancement technology, parents can choose physical features of their babies. 6 7 Cloning will happen in the near future. 73
Activity 5 1 e 2 d
Activity 10 2 concentrate on 3 organise 4 be constantly informed 5 justify 6 find about / support / invent 7 progress more slowly than
3 focus on 7 set up
Activity 2 1c 2 d
Activity 4 1 c 2 f 3 b, e
Activity 9 1 they feel ill. 2 you need to exercise more often. 3 you can’t work in this company. 4 if you aren’t fit.
Activity 11 2 back ... up 6 fall behind
Two is better than one (page 23)
READING (page 24) Activity 1 Student’s own answers. Activity 2 1 d 2 b
3 e
4 c
5 a
Activity 3 1 It allows them to have children. / Science has helped infertile parents to have children. 2 Its height, hair colour, and information about its mental and physical health. 3 Because they come from genetically modified embryos. 4 They say designer babies are immoral because they go against nature. 5 Clinical trials have to use human embryos. Activity 4 2 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 3 GMCs (genetically modified crops) Activity 5 1 human embryos 2 Genetic engineering 4 diseases 5 Designer babies
3 symptoms
161
Answer Key LANGUAGE STUDY (page 25)
SELF TEST (page 28)
Activity 2 1 second
Activity 1 1 carry, do
2 first
Activity 3 1 progresses 2 progress 5 increase 6 increase
3 presents
Activity 4 1 turns 2 boils 3 are used 5 is … produced 6 can … survive Activity 5 1 Medical 6 designer
2 diseases 3 relieve 7 crops 8 engineering
4 presents
4 can’t breathe
4 IVF 5 assisted 9 embryos
CONSOLIDATION (pages 26-27)
Activity 4 1 look into 2 back up 3 focus on 6 set up 7 keep up with
3 f
4 h
5 g
6 a
4 fall behind
5 come up
4 are used 5 does ... rise 7 are banned
7 b
8 d
3b
3 b
4 a
5 c
Activity 5 Student’s own answers. Activity 6 1 d 2 b
3 a
4 c
Activity 7 1 b 2 c
3 b
4 a
3 a
Activity 10 1 Paragraph d
Activity 9 1 while 2 On the one hand 3 In addition, Furthermore, Moreover, Besides, Also 4 On the other hand 5 Furthermore, Moreover, Besides, Also, In addition 6 In conclusion
What’s the perfect age? (page 29) Activity 1 Suggested answer: My parents retired eight years ago. They wake up early every day and go for a long walk on the beach. Afterwards, they have breakfast together. Then, my father usually plays golf with his friends, and my mum does arts and crafts at the community centre. My parents spend the afternoon at home relaxing, watching TV or gardening. They often go out for dinner and then watch TV before going to bed.
4 b
2 Paragraph c
Activity 8 1 She uses the Internet to do the shopping, keep up with the news and make video calls. 2 She used to write letters and watch TV more often. 3 She doesn’t know if it was better, but it was slower.
UNIT 3. THE OLDER GENERATION
Activity 8 Student’s own answers.
3 Paragraph a
4 Paragraph b
Activity 11 Suggested answer: Some people believe that GMCs should be part of our diet, while others don’t agree with this opinion. On the one hand, they argue that it is eas ier and cheaper to grow GMCs. Besides, it will save us money and gives us more food. On the other hand, others think that GMCs are unhealthy for human consumption and the food doesn’t have the same flavour. In conclusion, while many people are in favour of GMCs, others believe that they should not be used. In my view, we must be aware of the consequences of GMCs and use natural foods.
162
4 not
Activity 7 2, 3, 1
Activity 4 1 Pet cloning success rate is only around 20%. 2 Cloning a pet costs £66,000. 3 Genetically modified crops have been designed so that they resist insects and diseases. 4 Supporters of GMCs call them ‘super foods’.
Activity 9 1 d 2 c
3 so
4 ban; gain
Activity 3 1 don’t do; get 2 don’t heat; doesn’t boil 3 don’t like; work 4 Is there; spend 5 Does ... affect; produce
Activity 6 1 c 2 e
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
Activity 3 1 c 2 a
Activity 2 1 to 2 for
3 come
Activity 5 1 has 2 is covered 3 can 6 is ... changed / does ... change
Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
Activity 2 1c 2a
2 take; boost
Activity 2 Suggested answer: If I were you, I would take up some new hobbies. You will have a lot more free time now that you have retired. You could learn to play golf, take yoga classes or start gardening. If you like travelling now is the perfect time to do it. You can travel when the prices are lower and visit many new places. It might be a good idea to do volunteer work too. This way you can help other people who need it. This will make you feel good and keep you busy at the same time. Activity 3 1 Paul realised that lots of older people don’t understand technology.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
2 Paul wants to help young people with maths and English. Activity 4 1 b 2 a
3 b
4 c
Activity 5 1 History of Art 2 Poker 3 A supermodel 4 Design birthday 5 He writes a poker blog. 6 Kathleen introduced cards them. Activity 6 1 d 2 a
3 c
4 f
5 e
READING (page 30) Activity 1 a infancy (happiness, play, vulnerability) b childhood (learning, playing, growing) c adolescence (physical changes, growing up, relationships with friends) d adulthood (responsibility, marriage, parenting) e middle age (responsibility, caring for ageing parents, helping children) f old age (helping with grandchildren, retirement, new hobbies) Activity 2 1 We lose muscle mass, our eyesight deteriorates, we get wrinkles, our hair turns grey, we may experience memory loss and we become more susceptible to illnesses. Activity 3 1 The ageing process begins at the moment we are born. 2 We become susceptible to illnesses such as cancer and heart disease. 3 Scientists have discovered the area of the brain that controls the ageing process, and when this area is manipulated mice live 20 per cent longer than usual. 4 It may help to prevent diseases due to ageing. 5 Ponce de León popularised the legend of the fountain of youth. 6 Better health care and sanitation have helped to increase the average life expectancy. Activity 4 1 the ripe old age 2 pensioners 3 in your seventies 4 ageing 5 wrinkles 6 turned 7 memory loss 8 life expectancy
LANGUAGE STUDY (pages 31-32) 3 at
THAT’S ENGLISH!
4 of
Activity 5 1 c 2 d
3 b
Activity 6 1 didn’t smoke 5 didn’t sunbathe
4 a
5 f
6 e
2 would feel 3 wouldn’t lose 6 wouldn’t wrinkle
4 did
6 b
Activity 7 Suggested answer: The older people in Spain usually spend a lot of time with their families. They are treated with respect and they often help to bring up their grandchildren. The older people receive a monthly pension from the government. They usually have less money than when they were working, and sometimes it is not enough to take care of themselves. Older people have a few advantages as well. They get discounts to go to the cinema, for public transport and for travelling. These discounts allow them to be able to do things that they like and to visit places they haven’t been to before. One disadvantage of being older is becoming ill and needing special attention that requires living in a residence. The elderly person could miss their home and independence and the residences are often quite expensive.
Activity 3 1 in 2 into
Activity 4 1 eyesight 2 middle age 3 adulthood 4 susceptible 5 pensioners 6 old age 7 The ageing process 8 Memory loss
Activity 7 2 If it weren’t / wasn’t raining, we would have a picnic. 3 If (so many) people weren’t overweight, their life expectancy wouldn’t be so low. 4 If Julie drove slower / didn’t drive so fast, she wouldn’t get so many traffic fines. 5 Carlo would travel abroad if he spoke English. Activity 8 3 I would never call you after midnight unless it was/were an emergency. 4 Irene wouldn’t travel to South America unless she had a lot of money. 5 I wouldn’t live in New Your unless I had lots of money. 6 If I were you, I wouldn’t volunteer unless I had extra time. 7 I would close the windows in case there was /were a storm. 8 I wouldn’t buy a car unless mine was / were broken down. 9 I’d put on a coat in case it got cold. Activity 9 Student’s own answers. Activity 10 1 d 2 c 3 b
4 a
Activity 11 13 2 7 In 1996 the government passed a law making it obligatory for children to take care of their ageing parents. 33 4 7 Attitudes towards the elderly have changed because more people live in the cities now. 5 7 The life expectancy in India is 65. Activity 12 Suggested answer: In my country younger people respect the elderly because our parents teach this to us when we are growing up. I don’t think we should be forced by law to take care of elderly family members because I think that most people will do it because they care for their elderly relatives. The average life expectancy in Spain is 78 for males and 84 for females.
Planning your retirement? (page 33) Activity 1 Student’s own answers. Activity 2 Suggested answer: I think there are two big advantages to living by the sea. Firstly, you can take long walks along the beach in the fresh air and sunshine, and secondly, the lifestyle is a lot more relaxing. It is quieter and less stressful than living in the city. In summary, the lifestyle by the sea is more relaxing and healthier.
163
Answer Key Activity 3 1 a 2 c
3 b
4 a
5 b
Activity 4 1 Riviera 2 coastline 3 beaches 6 roller skating 7 climate Activity 5 1 f 2 b 3 e
4 c
5 a
6 d
4 boat
5 honeymoon
7 a
Activity 6 Suggested answer: A lot of older people who live in their hometown go for long walks in the morning and in the evening. It’s a great way for them to stay healthy. Many also enjoy playing Petanca and cards with their friends and family. These hobbies keep them busy and active. There is always something to do in the villages. Alicante and Malaga are popular areas with retired people, mainly because of the mild weather and the sea.
READING (page 34) Activity 1 Student’s own answers. Activity 2 1 Roy 2 Hattie
3 Hattie
4 Roy
Activity 3 1 He rides his bicycle, works out at the gym and swims. 2 He is fitter now than when he was younger. 3 Because her friends and family told her it was a ridiculous idea. 4 Her granddaughter convinced her. Activity 4 1 (to be) over the hill 2 grow up 3 raise a family/bring up 4 (being /feeling) ageless 5 take up a new hobby 6 stay young 7 act my age
LANGUAGE STUDY (page 35) Activity 1 1 wouldn’t have got married 2 hadn’t left 3 hadn’t made 4 would’ve been Activity 2 1 hadn’t been 2 would have flown 3 would have written 4 had had 5 had had 6 might / would have stayed 7 hadn’t been 8 wouldn’t have found Activity 5 1 b 2 c
CONSOLIDATION (pages 36-37) Activity 1 1 Suggested answer: Three advantages of growing older: you have more free time to travel and take up new hobbies, you get discounts to see films, on public transport, and trips, and you have less daily stress. Three disadvantages of growing older: your health will get worse, costly medicines and you have less money than when you were working. 2 Suggested answer: I don’t think that older people are well taken care of in my country. They receive their pension which is less than what they earned while working. They have to adjust to this new change and many have a hard time paying for everything they need. There aren’t many centres for the elderly to go during the day for entertainment and many are bored and lonely. Activity 2 Student’s own answers. Activity 3 1 3 2 3 (Norwegians have to pay for healthcare through taxes) 3 3 4 3 5 7 They can come with other pensioners. 6 7 Almost half of women and a third of men aged 80 in Norway are looked after by nurses and personal caregivers. Activity 4 1 a 2 b
3 a
4 a
Activity 5 Student’s own answers. Activity 6 1 raise 2 hadn’t been 5 stay young 6 took up
3 a
Activity 6 Regret: unfortunately
Reason: because
Result: as a result, so, therefore
Contrast: but, however
Activity 7 1 She wanted to go to university but she couldn’t afford it, so she found a job as a shop assistant. 2 She had a boyfriend.They were about to marry but she died. As a result, she remained single / she didn’t have a family.
164
Activity 8 Suggested answer: My name is Elsie and I am now retired. My father died when I was five so my mother had to work hard to educate her children. When I was a child, I wanted to study and have a large family. However, neither my brothers nor I could afford to go to university. So, I found a job as a shop assistant in a department store. If I’d had the money I could have gone to school and become somebody important. Then I met a good man and we planned to marry. However, he died because of cancer. As a result, I remained single and didn’t have a family. As you can see, my life could have been very different if I had gone to university and my boyfriend hadn’t died. Nevertheless, I finally got a good job and I retired with a substantial pension. I also have good friends here, so I love my life as it is now.
3 would have 7 met
4 is over the hill
Activity 7 Suggested answer: I am very close to my grandparents. My grandparents helped to bring me up because both my parents worked. If they hadn’t spent so much time with me, they could have travelled more. Neither of them is over the hill yet, as they are both very active. They are both in their 80s and they love going for walks in the parks near their house. They say this helps them stay young. Last year, they both walked the St James Way in Galicia! If you knew them, I am sure you would agree that they are the best.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
SELF TEST (page 38) Activity 1 1 infancy 5 old age
2 childhood
Activity 2 1 retired 2 turn grey up Activity 3 1 ageless
3 adulthood
3 wrinkle
2 Bringing
3 get
4 get older
4 take
4 middle age
5 are bringing
b change 3 a open-minded b sexuality Activity 6 Suggested answer: My best friend grew up in a mixed-race family unit. His father was from Nigeria and his mother from London. People treated him kindly and he didn’t have any problems. Nowadays, this is becoming more and more common.
READING (page 40)
5 act
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
Activity 4 1 c 2 c 3 b
4 c Activity 2 1 b 2 a
Activity 5 1 Unless 2 in case Activity 6 1 Sadly 2 why
3 weren’t
3 But
4 c
4 would
4 As a result
5 Nevertheless
Activity 7 1 3 why people live longer 2 3 pension plans 4 3 the elderly population 5 3 a country whose attitude towards the elderly is changing 7 3 a country with a positive attitude towards the elderly Activity 8 13 2 7 People are living longer because of better nutrition, health care and sanitation. 3 7 There are now many cases of older people who have been abused or abandoned by their family. 4 7 The disadvantage is that it is expensive. 53
Activity 3 13 23 3 7 Both of them always wanted to have children. 43 5 7 They have been living together for three years, but they aren’t married. 6 7 Rose’s relationship with Rachel’s parents is non-existent. Activity 4 1 Stephen is happy about an expected event. 2 Jenny finds life difficult at the moment. 3 Stephen recommends people do the same as he did. 4 Rose is having problems with Rachel’s parents. Activity 5 1 I’m proud to say that 2 get support from 3 couldn’t be happier 4 after thinking things over / changed her mind 5 really won’t regret 6 totally against the idea
LANGUAGE STUDY (pages 41-42) Activity 2
UNIT 4. MODERN FAMILY
1 rising: Pass me the salt, will you? ( ›) 2 falling: Don’t leave your shoes in the living room, will you? › ( ) 3 rising: Call me later, will you? ( ›) 4 rising: Get down from there, will you? ( ›)
It’s great to see you again (page 39) Activity 1 Student’s own answers. Activity 2 1 Ron doesn’t like the fact that Gerri is gay. 2 Because it was just too stressful.
Activity 3 1 Don’t smoke here, will you? (
›
Activity 3 1 7 Pete and Gerri used to share a house at university. 23 3 7 Ron actually liked Gerri ‘s girlfriend when he met her. 4 7 Pete’s divorced brother lives with his mother. 5 7 Claude and Jodie have been married for five years. 63 73 Activity 4 1 G 2 C, J
3 P
4 N/A
Activity 5 1 a accepting b common 2 a single mother
THAT’S ENGLISH!
5 J
6 P
7 G
)
›
8 N/A
2You’ve got a stepsister, haven’t you? ( ) 3 Not all parents are the same, are they? ( ›) 4 Let me see the letter, will you? ( ›) ›
5 You didn’t go to the match with your uncle, did you? ( ›
6 Stephen works a lot of hours, doesn’t he? ( Activity 4 1 will you 2 hasn’t he 3 could she 6 wouldn’t they 7 will you
)
)
4 did he
5 is he
Activity 5 1 parents 2 mother 3 stepbrothers 4 stepfather 5 partner / girlfriend 6 widower 7 single parent / single mother Activity 6 1 choose 6 remarry
2 live 3 marry 7 bring up 8 run
4 get divorced
5 separate
165
Answer Key Activity 7 1 e 2 c
3 b
4 d
Activity 3 1 C 2 A
5 a
Activity 8 Suggested answer: 1 Why don’t you stay and talk to your husband about your problems? 2 Shall we adopt a child from India? 3 How about celebrating your birthday at the park with a picnic lunch? 4 Dad, let’s go to the pub and watch the football match. Activity 9 2 Do come in! 3 I do want to have a child! 4 I did remember! 5 Do sit down! 6 I did tell you! 7 I do help you.
3 B
4 D
Activity 4 1 Routines give children a sense of identity and belonging. 2 The family that eats together stays together. 3 Children could have problems in their teens. 4 Playing games together is a great way for the family to bond. 5 Because it gives them responsibility. 6 To spend time together and create a good relationship.
LANGUAGE STUDY (page 45) Activity 2 1 best 2 bury
3 vet
4 van
5 voice
6 boat
Activity 10 mother, father, brothers, sisters, children
Activity 3 1 Who 2 What/How
Activity 11 1 Helen 2 mother
Activity 4 1 Don’t forget to water / Remember to water 2 Remember to turn off / Don’t forget to turn off 3 Don’t forget to open / Remember to open 4 Remember to clean / Don’t forget to clean
3 home
4 youngest
5 old
Activity 12 Suggested answer: You have a lot of friends, haven’t you? You like to play basketball, don’t you? You don’t like travelling, do you? You’re interested in music, aren’t you?
Activity 6 1 Alice 2 Alice
Activity 1 Suggested answer: 1 Most people don’t leave home in their 20s. 2 Young people find it very difficult to find a job today due to high unemployment. 3 Most young people can’t leave home until they are in their 30s because of unemployment and high housing prices. 4 Most university students are still dependent on their parents. Activity 2 b
3 Sam
4 Sam
5 Alice
Activity 7 Children: I promise to make my bed in the morning. I promise not to leave my clothes and shoes on the floor. Mum: I promise to give you your allowance on Friday evening. I promise not to shout at you.
Activity 1 1 a 2 c 3 b
4 b
5 a
2 work
3 b
6 b Activity 2 1 b 2 a,c
Activity 5 1 India 2 Scotland 6 USA
3 homes
3 England
4 old
5 100
4 England
3 a,c
4 c
5 Australia
Activity 3 1 c 2 a
3 d
4 b
Activity 4 1 a 2 a
3 b
4 a
Activity 5 Student’s own answers.
READING (page 44)
Activity 7 Student’s own answers.
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
3 c
4 a
5 b
5 a
6 c
6 market
Activity 6 Suggested answer: I left home when I was 18 years old. I went to university to study and then found a job immediately afterward. I think it is an advantage to leave home when you are young because you learn to be independent and you also learn to manage your finances.
166
5 Why / What for
CONSOLIDATION (pages 46-47)
Activity 4 1 Prince Charles hall 7 play
Activity 2 1 d 3 e
4 Where
Activity 5 Grandma and granddad are coming for lunch.
The boomerang generation (page 43)
Activity 3 1 a 2 a
3 When
Activity 6 2
Activity 8 Suggested answer: In my family the three generations are very different. My grandparents’ generation and my generation
THAT’S ENGLISH!
are quite different. My grandparents weren’t allowed to live together before getting married. However, my wife and I lived together for 3 years before we got married. My grandfather worked in an office and my grandmother stayed home to look after us and the house. I work at home full time and my wife is at her office from 8 to 5. One similarity is that my grandparents got married in their early 20s and so did my wife and I.
SELF TEST (page 48) Activity 1 1 very 2 ban
3 vote
4 bet
2 What / How about 6 How / What about
Activity 5 1 doesn’t he 2 didn’t he she 6 will you
3 were they
5 remember
3 What for 7 do we
4 won’t she
4 Shall
5 has
Activity 6 1 Because he got a job. 2 He starts next week. 3 He has to move this weekend. 4 In Glasgow 5 Mandy’s sister could take the children to school. 6 They are going to organise a family reunion for tomorrow night. Activity 7 1 Eric 2 Eric
4 c
5 a
Activity 5 1 c 2 d
3 a
4 f
5 e
Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
Activity 2 13 2 7 Rosa sat down in a seat just behind the section reserved for whites. 3 7 Other people organised the boycott, not Rosa. Activity 3 1 They were not allowed to use the same schools or the same toilets as white people. They had to sit at the back on public transport. 2 She was going home from work. 3 Because she refused to get up and move to the back of the bus. 4 They organised a boycott of the bus service. 5 Segregation of blacks and whites on buses Activity 4 1 make a scene 2 struggle 3 spread 4 guilty with 6 threatened 7 rights 8 stand up for
4 Eric
Activity 8 Suggested answer: Dear Bob, For our weekend away, why don’t we go camping? We could go canoeing in the Lake District. It’s only two hours away by car and we could take the tent and stay at one of the campsites. And what about stopping on the way at the outdoor zoo? Let’s talk about it when we see each other at lunchtime tomorrow...
UNIT 5. SOCIAL CLASSES
Life was hard for my father (page 49) Activity 1 1 a 2 b Activity 2 1 He started a (catering) business. 2 She was from a lower caste. Activity 3 1, 2, 4
THAT’S ENGLISH!
5 fed up
LANGUAGE STUDY (pages 51-52) Activity 1 Student’s own answers. Activity 2 /j/
3 Mandy
6 b
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
Activity 3 2 Don’t forget to phone your brother-in-law! 3 Shall we adopt a child from Africa? 4 Pick up your sister from school, will you? / Will you pick up your sister from school? 5 I promise not to / I won’t leave you 6 I do think he’s a great father. Activity 4 1 Why don’t we we 5 don’t we
3 b
READING (page 50)
5 mobile
Activity 2 1 widow 2 up 3 stepsister 4 single parent 6 support 7 bring up 8 totally
Activity 4 1 b 2 a
/ju:/
young yogurt yoga yuppie
fuel new Europe you youth
// jealous judge marriage angel gesture
Activity 3 1 The judges changed the law yesterday. 2 Life is a journey from youth to age. 3 You can’t joke about young people’s protests. 4The yellow badge meant you were Jewish. Activity 4 1 treated as, slaves 2 Racism, unfairly 3 receive, benefits 4 trade unions, protect 5 achieve, equal rights 6 belongs to, caste Activity 5 2 e She got a pay rise when she was promoted. 3 a I was made redundant because the company closed. 4 c I worked overtime to earn more. 5 d I had to take time off because my partner was ill. 6 f We went on strike to protest about our working conditions. Activity 6 1 c 2 b
3 a
4 e
5 d
167
Answer Key Activity 7 Suggested answer: 1 As my boss is taking time off, my workmates and I are going to have to work harder. 2 I’m moving to another country because I want to learn a new language. 3 Since I am upper class, I speak French, Spanish, English and German. Activity 8 1 because of
2 because
3 because of
4 because of
Activity 9 Suggested answer: 1 Sex discrimination is illegal. For this reason, men and women earn the same amount of money where I work. 2 The reason for the protest was that the workers wanted better working conditions. 3 The reason why they can’t go into the restaurant is because they are not wearing any shoes. Activity 10 1 (C) / (J) 2 (J) / (C)
3 (B)
Activity 11 1 She worked in a big house. 2 Betsy belonged to the working class. 3 Because she is/was pregnant. Because she’s/was expecting a baby. 4 Chrissie is going to get a lawyer. 5 He has better qualifications. 6 He didn’t get the promotion because he is Indian. Activity 12 Student’s own answers.
Social barriers (page 53) Activity 1 Student’s own answers. Activity 2 1 d 1 b
1 a
1 c
Activity 3 1 government ministers 2 private education 3 tuition fees are expensive 4 only successful people 5 class 6 the way they talk Activity 4 1 Pulteney Bridge 2The city of Bath 3 A sedan chair 4 Royal Crescent Buildings 5 Roman baths 6The Pump Room Activity 5 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
168
READING (page 54) Activity 1 1 middle class
2 upper class
3 working class
Activity 2 1 upper class, middle class, working class, nouveau riche, lower middle class 2 a Fiona b Ewan c Dave Activity 3 1 7 Dave doesn’t know people from the upper class. 2 3 3 7 There are very few class differences in Australia. There are more class differences in Britain. 4 7 Nouveau riche are people who are from the working class but have made a lot of money. 5 3 Activity 4 1 snob 2 background 3 working class 5 middle class 6 upper-class 7 wealthy
4 closed circles
LANGUAGE STUDY (page 55) Activity 2 4 syllables socialism demonstration equality
5 syllables pronunciation inevitable educational aristocracy
Activity 3 1 aristocracy 2 poverty 5 socialism 6 economic
3 equality
4 demonstrations
Activity 4 2 c Jerry went to a public school. That’s why / For this reason, his parents had to pay a lot of money. 3 d Kevin has lost his job. That’s the reason why I have offered to give him work. / As Kevin lost his job, I have offered to give him work. 4 a Steve is a disabled student. That’s why the university gave him a special computer. / The university gave Dave a special computer because he is a disabled student. Activity 5 1 Regarding
2 As far as
3 That’s why
4 As for
5 Because
Activity 6 Suggested answer: Concerning the disco opening soon near my house, I think there shouldn’t be any discos in my neighbourhood. Many people need to wake up early and the music won’t allow them to rest properly. Because of this, people won’t perform well on the job and will feel tired. This is why I am against the opening of a disco on my street.
CONSOLIDATION (pages 56-57) Activity 1 middle class Activity 2 1 John and Douglas are in favour of the project. 2 Edward and Mary are against the project. 3 People in the village are middle class.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Activity 3 1 7 Edward comes from a middle-class background. 23 33 4 7 Douglas is a retired senior citizen. 5 7 Mary is worried about the children in the village. 6 7 Mary isn’t against rehabilitation.
Activity 5 1 b 2 a
3 c
4 e
5 h
Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
UNIT 6. FILMS Activity 4 Student’s own answers. Activity 5 1 b 2 c
Lights, camera and action! (page 59) Activity 1 1 writing a screenplay 2 finding a location 4 editing 5 holding a premiere
3 a
Activity 6 Suggested answer: I think a shoemaker and a road sweeper are lower caste and a priest is upper caste. Activity 7 13 2 7 Ten people work for Shinde. 3 7 In business, people aren’t worried about which caste he belongs to. 43 53 Activity 8 Student’s own answers. Activity 9 1b 2 David thinks the government should solve the problem. Activity 10 Suggested answer: Dear Sir, As far as I’m concerned, it is better to employ a younger person than an older person for three reasons. The first one is that it is important to provide young people with jobs. Older people should retire by 65, or even earlier. In addition, it’s better to employ younger people because they have not earned seniority. That’s why employers don’t have to pay them a high salary. Finally, young people learn more quickly than older people. Because of these reasons, it is better to employ younger people.
Activity 2 1 It’s a horror movie. 2 They cut it from the film. / They didn’t use it in the film. Activity 3 1 c 3 b
3 c
Activity 4 1 low-budget 6 film festival
4 b
5 c
2 shy
Activity 5 1 reading a book 5 lazy
6 b
7 c
3 married
2 most
3 better
4 revenge
Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
READING (page 60) Activity 1 San Sebastian is a famous film festival that is celebrated in Spain. Activity 2 1 c 2 b
3 a
Activity 3
This festival…
Cannes Sundance 3
SELF TEST (page 58)
2 is open to any filmmaker.
3
Activity 1
3 is organised in a small town.
young yet your
Activity 2 1 classes 5 education 9 inequality
/ju:/ university using unite reduce
/d/ teenage village juice
Activity 3 1 boycott 2 strike 6 redundant Activity 4 1 Because of this 5 Regarding
THAT’S ENGLISH!
3 discrimination
2 because
4 Wealthy 8 private
4 is programmed in spring.
3
5 has shown films by Quentin Tarantino.
3
6 awards films for being “different.”
3
7 accepts films of all genres.
3
4 aristocracy
3 why
5 snob
9 is more international. 10 can be attended by anyone.
3 3
8 prefers good storytelling. 2 background 3 economic 6 working-class 7 Political 10 equality
5 homicidal
4 I’m not a good reader
1 is considered very prestigious.
/j/
3 shooting
3
3 3
3 3
Activity 4 1 submitted 2 screening 3 blockbuster 4 recognition 5 feature-length 6 low-budget 7 masterpiece 8 filmmaker 9 dubbing 10 subtitles
4 That is why
169
Answer Key LANGUAGE STUDY (pages 61-62)
Activity 4 1 indies 2 brochures or newspapers 4 multiplexes and DVDs
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
Activity 5 1 LV 2 CC
Activity 2 /d/ discovered entered filmed married Activity 3 1 / d / 2 / d /
/t/
/ d /
financed finished obsessed released
submitted selected exploded applauded
Activity 6 1 England 6 USA
3 / t /
Activity 7 1 Filmmakers 5 low-budget
4 g
5 i
6 c
7 f
8 a
9 b
2 submitted 3 screenings 4 feature-length 6 masterpiece 7 blockbuster 8 recognition
Activity 8 1 DVD 2 thrillers 3 blockbusters 6 subtitled 7 Festival
4 budget
5 foreign
Activity 9 2 They help new filmmakers make contacts in the industry. 5 Film distributors can find new films. 6They are a way for audiences to see less commercial films. Activity 10 1 c 2 b 3 a
4 c
5 LV
3 Australia
6 LV
7 CC
4 New Zealand
5 Jamaica
READING (page 64)
Activity 5 1 will be released 2 is directed 3 is played 4 give 5 does 6 sounds 7 is expecting/expects 8 are receiving 9 is expected 10 will be distributed
3 h
2 India
4 CC
Activity 7 Student’s own answers.
Activity 4 1 were founded 2 will be released 3 be written 4 have been awarded 5 to be nominated 6 be submitted 7 is going to be held 8 is being filmed 9 is shown 10 be subtitled
Activity 6 1 d 2 e
3 B
3 digital media
5 c
6 c
7 a
Activity 1 Casablanca, The Great Gatsby and Singing in the Rain . Activity 2 Student’s own answers. Activity 3 2 and 3 Activity 4 13 2 7 It was the most popular. 33 4 7 People wouldn’t accept remakes of classics. Activity 5 1 big-budget 3 releases 3 remakes 6 hit 7 special effects 8 silent film
4 flop
5 box office
LANGUAGE STUDY (page 65) Activity 2 1 We don’t have an invitation to the film festival. So ( ›), we can’t attend. 2 Cannes Film Festival promotes European cinema. As a result › ( ), Hollywood films rarely win. 3 Most films are available on DVD. Consequently ( ›), everyone can enjoy the old classics. 4 It’s a four-hour documentary. Therefore recommend it for children.
(
›
), I can’t
Activity 11 Student’s own answers.
Activity 3 1 so 2 such
Activity 12
Activity 4 1 In the beginning / At first 2 Then 3 Then / After that 4 At first 5 Finally / Eventually 6 after that / then 7 In the end / Finally
Student’s own answers.
What’s on? (page 63) Activity 1 1 and 3 Activity 2 1 Westerns could be filmed here because it looks dry. 2 Historic films could be filmed here because it is the perfect setting for royalty. Activity 3 1, 3, 4, 5, 8
3 such
4 so
5 such
6 so
Activity 5 1 Tate Taylor 2 Jackson, Mississippi, USA; in the 1960s 3 Skeeter Phelan, Aibileen Clark, Minny Jackson 4 Skeeter writes about the experiences of African American maids who work in white households in southern USA in the 1960s. 5 She likes it because of its great actors and amusing dialogues. She recommends seeing it. Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
170
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Activity 7 Suggested answer: Titanic , directed by James Cameron, tells the story of the maiden voyage of a large, luxurious cruise ship. It begins in England in 1912, but most of the action tak es place on the Atlantic Ocean. There are two main characters, a young man named Jack Dawson and Rose DeWitt Bukater. At first, Jack didn’t have a ticket for the voyage, but he manages to get one. Later, he meets a nice lady on the ship and they eventually fall in love. During one foggy night, the ship crashes into an iceberg and in the end, the ship sinks. This movie is fantastic. It’s exciting, romantic, tragic and even a true story. Leonardo DiCaprio, who plays Jack Dawson, is very convincing in his role, and Kate Winslet does a great job in her role as Rose. The special effects are very realistic and amazing. Titanic is sure to become a classic. If I were you, I wouldn’t miss this film!
CONSOLIDATION (pages 66-67) Activity 1 disaster, drama
3 c
4 b
5 a
6 b
UNIT 7. HELP THE WORLD
If only (page 69) Activity 1 1 b 2 c
3 a
Activity 2 Student’s own answers.
Activity 4 1 b 2 c
Activity 3 1 On the radio 2 30 million euros 3 To guarantee financing and an international audience 4 Alicante and Thailand 5 real sets, miniatures and CGI 6 It doesn’t look realistic enough. 7 10 8 It received a standing ovation.
Activity 5 1 refugees Activity 6 1 c 2 a
3 c
4 a
2 26
3 d
5 a
6 c
3 survival
4 medicine
5 food
4 b
Activity 7 Student’s own answers.
Activity 4 4, 5, 6, 7, 9
READING (page 70) Activity 1 A children’s charity 3 b
4 a
5 b
6 a Activity 2 1 b 2 c
Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
SELF TEST (page 68) Activity 1 1 comedy 2 horror 6 animated films
3 war
4 science fiction
Activity 2 1 released 2 big budget 3 flop office 6 dubbed 7 special effects Activity 3 1 d 2 a
Activity 7 1 a 2 b
Activity 3 1 To buy some survival boxes for refugees in East Africa 2 Cal wants Matt to make a documentary film about his homeless shelter.
Activity 2 3
Activity 5 1 c 2 a
33 4 7 Spain has excellent dubbing actors.
3 b
Activity 4 1 such 2 such a
4 blockbuster
5 thriller
3 e
4 a
5 d
Activity 3 1 7 The first BBC children’s charity appeal was on the radio. 2 7 People donated money to the first appeal. 33 43 53 6 7 Children in Need helps children in the UK.
5 box Activity 4 1 shelter 2 appeal
3 disabled
4 funds
5 grants
6 raise
LANGUAGE STUDY (pages 71-72)
4 c
Activity 1 Student’s own answers. 3 so
4 such an
Activity 5 1 is being edited 2 are put 3 shows reshot 5 was changed 6 include Activity 6 1 7 There was no spoken dialogue. 2 7 She sees animated films.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
5 so
6 such
4 will be reshot / are
Activity 2 1 b prediction 5 a beneficial Activity 3 1 b 2 b
3 a
2 a official 6 a partial
4 a
5 b
3 a donation 7 b financial
4 b contribution 8 b musician
6 b
171
Answer Key Activity 4 1 do a sponsored walk 2 make an effort 3 take action 4 set up a charity 5 set a target 6 make a contribution Activity 5 2 I wish / If only I had a place to sleep. 3 I wish / If only the children weren’t hungry. 4 I wish / If only we could raise enough money. 5 I wish / If only he was / were generous. 6 I wish / If only those people didn’t have such terrible lives. 7 I wish / If only people didn’t always ask me for money for charity.
Activity 4 1 The doctor volunteered for one of the relief agencies that sent help to the disaster victims. 3 I regret that I didn’t help the charity. 3 The children escaped from the war to a refugee camp. 4 The aid project is really worthwhile. 5 They are volunteering at a local hospital. 6 I work for a non-profit organisation. 7 Working in Africa with poor people requires a lot of commitment.
LANGUAGE STUDY
(page 75)
Activity 1 1 I wish / If only I hadn’t left school at 16. 2 I wish / If only I hadn’t got a job washing dishes in a bar. 3 I wish / If only I had listened to my friend Joe. 4 I wish / If only I had gone to Australia with Joe. 5 I wish / If only I had studied another language.
Activity 6 Sugggested answer: A I wish / If only I had a bed to sleep in. I wish / If only I was in the Caribbean. I wish / If only I could go away on holiday. B I wish / If only we had some food. I wish / If only I had a bigger house. I wish / If only my children weren’t hungry.
Activity 2 1 had travelled 2 could 3 had 4 had spent 5 had gone
Activity 7 1 c 2 c 3 b Activity 8 1 more than 43,000 2 from supermarkets 3 Food Extra collects the food and gives it to people who are hungry on the same day. 4 vans and petrol 5 more than 9,000 6 homes for young adults
Activity 4 1 I wish I’d donated some money. 2 I wish I didn’t live in a village. 3 If only I spoke more languages. 4 If only I hadn´t been too busy. Activity 5
Activity 9 Student’s own answers.
verb
noun
adjective
adverb
regret
regret
regretful
regretfully
Charities (page 73)
commit
commitment
committed
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
contribute
contribution
volunteer
volunteer / volunteering
Activity 2 Student’s own answers. Activity 3 1 no 2 yes Activity 4 1 b 2 b
3 yes
3 b
4 yes
4 a
5 b
5 no
6 no
7 yes
6 a
Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
(page 74)
Activity 1 Student’s own answers. Activity 2 1 work 3 travel Activity 3 1 B 2 J
172
3 H
5 charity work
4 H
5 H
6 J
voluntarily
3 commitment
4 regrets
Activity 7 1 He regrets that he studied Business Administration. 2 He regrets that he didn’t have the confidence to study somewhere different from his friends. 3 He regrets that he was so scared of failing. 4 He regrets that he didn’t go to the Photography Institute. 5 He regrets that he didn’t listen to his father. 6 He regrets that he didn’t follow his dreams.
Activity 5 1, 3, 4, 6, 7
READING
Activity 6 1 voluntary 2 contribution 5 regret 6 committed
voluntary
6 money
7 J
8 H
9 J
Activity 8 Suggested answer: Hi, I really regret that I didn’t follow my older brother’s advice. I wish I had played tennis at school, and I wish I hadn’t played football and broken my leg. If only I had listened to my friend, Brad, who tried to convince me to study medicine. He is now a very rich man and lives in a mansion. I live in a small house and have very little money. I bought a very expensive car and I have to pay for it for 8 years. If only I hadn’t done that!
THAT’S ENGLISH!
Activity 2 1 take 2 help 7 provide
CONSOLIDATION (pages 76-77) Activity 1 Suggested answer: They don’t have enough food. They don’t have clean water. They don’t have any shelter. There is a lot of violence. They are separated from their families. Children can’t go to school.
4 a
Activity 5 1 d 2 a
3 c
4 b
5 a
6 c
Activity 6 1 Sue; The Philippines, natural disaster (typhoon) 2 Fatima; Afghanistan, war zone 3 Nelson; Rwanda, famine 4 Sumon; Bangladesh, water supply Activity 7 13 2 7 In the Philippines the main problem after the typhoon was people with infections and no hospitals or medicines to help them. 33 4 7 In Afghanistan it isn’t obligatory for men to join the army. 53 6 7 Nelson doesn’t have / he needs a goat and chickens. 7 7 Sumon’s family lives in the city slums. 83 Activity 8 1 The name of the charity is Safe Water. 2The charity wants to bring clean water to villages in Zambia. 3They are holding a market fair in the park. Activity 9 Suggested answer: Hi everyone, Please read this mail as I really need your support. This is an appeal for the dog shelter, Helping Canines, in the town. They are working hard to look after abandoned dogs in the area and find them a good home. They make sure they are healthy and well-fed and then offer them for adoption. Last week, they picked up a puppy that had been thrown out of the window of a car on the motorway! Please, can you help? You can either make a financial contribution or adopt a dog yourself. Many thanks.
SELF TEST (page 78) Activity 1 1 homeless 5 hunger
2 fair trade
THAT’S ENGLISH!
3 sponsoring
5 promote
3 contribute
Activity 4 1 hadn’t joined 2 had helped 3 were 5 had reached 6 hadn’t lost 7 contributed
Activity 3 1 Syrian refugees living over the Syrian borders 2 the number of young children 3 the temperature in winter 4 the temperature in summer 5 the price of a shelter
3 b
4 donate
Activity 3 1 volunteer 2 committed 6 take 7 funds 8 appeal
Activity 2 2
Activity 4 1 b 2 c
3 raise
Activity 5 1 had helped 2 had had 5 were 6 could
3 had done
4 do
6 sponsor
5 civic
4 had stayed 8 had
4 had been able to
Activity 6 Sam’s charity organises transport for relief agencies. Activity 7 1 Sam 2 Neither of them regrets it. 3 Neither of them regrets it. 4 Neither of them regrets it. 5 Tina 6 Sam
UNIT 8. CRIME
Crime and punishment (page 79) Activity 1 Student’s own answers. Activity 2 1 He had to go to the police and give a description of the mugger. 2 He was sentenced to two years in prison. Activity 3 5, 2, 7, 6, 1, 3 Activity 4 1 7 This is the third person who hasn’t paid this month / Vandals broke into the bakery last week. 23 3 7 The young man returns to the cafe to pay for his food. 43 53 63 7 7 Laura thinks more money should be spent helping criminals stay out of prison. Activity 5 1 b 2 a
3 b
4 b
Activity 6 Suggested answer: Prison is an effective form of punishment for dangerous criminals. Putting criminals in prison keeps innocent people safe and prevents the criminal from committing other crimes. It is an effective form of punishment because people who break the laws need to be punished so that it doesn’t happen again.
4 contributions
173
Answer Key 7 In December, when I turn 30, I am going to Hawaii. 8 The university, where I studied, is very expensive.
READING (page 80) Activity 1 1 e 2 d
3 a
4 c
5 b
Activity 2 Thieves get people’s personal information from personal documents and computers. Activity 3 1 b 2 e
3 f
4 a
5 c
6 d
7 g
Activity 4 1 Identity thieves use people’s per sonal information to use their credit card to buy things or order more credit cards and to access their finances. Examples of personal information are name, address, social 2 security number, credit card number, holiday plans, bank statements and passwords. 3 Because a thief might be memorising your address or pin number. 4 He posted details of his holiday plans and mentioned his full name and where he lived. 5 Phishing asks you to confirm or change your passwords.
Activity 2 //
driver twitter computer
/ e /
emergency service verdict
terrorist terrace error
Criminals rob …
money a wallet a credit card a car
a house a bank a bar a person
burgle … a house
commit …
Activity 5 1 b 2 a
3 d
Activity 7 1 seems 6 seems
4 rob /
2 crime / offence
3 looked like
3 which
4 where
3 theft / robbery
4 looked
5 who
5 looks
6 when
Activity 9 2 The doctor, whose name was Henry, examined the body. 3 The information, which came from an anonymous caller, was false. 4 The woman, whose hair was red, was carrying a large bag. 5 The knife, which was 10 cm long, was used in the fight. 6 The policeman, who was drinking a coffee, waited in his car.
174
Activity 12 Suspect 1 a He was in the pub working. b He was with his boss and the customers in the bar. c Lots of people saw him in the bar, including his boss and the people who came off the 11:20 train. Suspect 2 a She was at home. b She wasn’t with anyone. c There weren’t any witnesses.
Activity 2 Suggested answer: I think they smuggled illegal goods such as wine, spirits, silk, gold… etc. Activity 3 2
2 looks like
Activity 8 1 whose 2 which
Activity 11 Crime time: 11:30 p.m. Place: Green Street, outside the bank Objects stolen: £4,690 Witnesses / Evidence: CCTV photos
Activity 1 Suggested answer: Police officers in Spain carry guns and night sticks. I don’t think it affects their relationship with the public because most people know that police officers need these weapons to protect themselves and sometimes innocent citizens.
4 c
Activity 6 1 robber / thief 4 robbers / thieves
4 theft / robbery
On the beat (page 83)
a crime a murder
Activity 4 1 stealing 2 stole 3 was burgled / was robbed burgle 5 robbed 6 steal
3 two
Activity 13 Suggested answer: The first man looks old and tired, probably because he works long hours. He looks like a waiter. He is tall, thin and Caucasian. The second man looks like a businessman. He is confident. The woman looks sad and nervous. She is wearing a pink jumper and pink trousers. She is average height and thin. She seems to be guilty of something.
Activity 3
steal …
2 At night
Suspect 3 a He was going to Edinburgh / He was on a train. b He was alone. c Perhaps the barman in the bar.
LANGUAGE STUDY (pages 81-82) //
Activity 10 1 At a bank cashpoint
Activity 4 1 b 2 b
3 a
4 c
5 a
6 b
Activity 5 1 poor 2 hide 3 museum 6 ghosts 7 write a book Activity 6 1 a lot of respect 2 the media drinking 6 bigger cities
4 alcohol
5 blacken their face
3 corruption
4 helpful
5
Activity 7 Suggested answer: Stealing public money is the most problematic criminal activity in Spain right now. Many famous people are using their influence to steal money from public institutions for their own benefit. This activity needs to be stopped, the public money returned and the criminals sent to prison.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
READING (page 84)
CONSOLIDATION (pages 86-87)
Activity 1 They are all detectives.
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
Activity 2 1 2 3
Activity 2 Student’s own answers.
Activity 3 1 It was freezing cold. 2 Because the area was cordoned off. 3 Because her picture was shown on the television. 4 Harry Strotter started a fire in a factory. He committed arson. 5 They celebrated that the arsonist, Harry Stotter, was finally sent to jail. 6 He didn’t understand why they killed her instead of just taking the ransom money. 7 Because it was too dark too see.
Activity 3 2
Activity 4 1 killer, murderer 2 kidnapper 5 witness 6 arsonist Activity 5 1 jail 3 stabbed 3 ransom 7 cordoned off 8 release
3 victim
4 reporter
Activity 4 1 3 2 7 The mother killed her son because he was in an irreversible coma. 3 3 4 7 A criminal went to prison for the rest of his life after he stole a pair of socks because of two previous offences. 5 7 The pub owner whose clients smoke in a pub can be fined. 6 7 If you are a suspected terrorist you can be treated differently to other suspected criminals. Activity 5 Student’s own answers.
4 murder
5 body
6 bloody Activity 6 3
LANGUAGE STUDY (page 85) Activity 2 1 The burglar, who had escaped through the window ( ›), ran › down the street ( ). 2The victim, who lived in a remote area ( ›), was found in her › kitchen ( ). 3The village post office, where I like to have a chat ( ›), is › closing next week ( ). Activity 3 1 b 2 c Activity 4 1 Hacking 5 blackmail
3 g
4h
5 f
6 e
2 smuggling
7 d
8 a
3 vandalism
4 mugging
Activity 5 verb
crime
criminal
Activity 7 1 woman 2 elderly 3 Asian 6 thin 7 smart 8 polite
4 covered hair
Activity 8 1 incident of suspect
4 witness
2 action 3 evidence 6 reporting officer
burglary
burglar
rob
robbery
robber
smuggle
smuggling
smuggler
kidnap
kidnapping
kidnapper
vandalise
vandalism
vandal
SELF TEST (page 88)
mug
mugging
mugger
--------
arson
arsonist
Activity 1 1 b 2 c
2 difficult
3 likely
4 essential
5 unlikely
Activity 7 Suggested answer: I think it is very difficult to be a police officer because it can be very dangerous. It is likely that policemen deal with criminals every day, putting their own lives in danger. It must be wonderful when they put a criminal in prison.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
5 description
Activity 9 Suggested answer: Elkhorn Police Station, 8 th September, 2013. Incident: The computer shop was robbed on the night of 7 th September, 2013 at around 10:15 p.m.. Thieves stole four laptop computers and six tablets. Action: Officer McGrath visited the shop, dusted for fingerprints and asked the owner questions. Evidence: The surveillance tape from the shop has been confiscated and will be examined. Witnesses: James McClure was walking along the street and claims to have seen a man loading a car with computers on the same night and at the approximate time. Description of suspect: The suspect is approximately 20 years old, male, black, 6 feet 5 inches tall, short hair, and wearing a green hoodie, blue jeans and trainers. Reporting officer: PC Daniel McGrath.
burgle
Activity 6 1 terrible
5 short
Activity 2 1 offence 6 Hacking
3 b
4 b
5 a
2 blackmail
Activity 3 1 who 2 whose
3 who
6 c
7 a
8 b
3 vandalism
4 where
4 arson
5 which
5 jail
6 when
Activity 4 2The police, who have been working all night, still haven’t found any evidence.
175
Answer Key 3 My sister, whose boyfriend is away, wants to stay at my house. 4 Green Park, where my children used to play, is very dangerous. 5 Last Wednesday, when I got home, there was a thief going out of my bedroom window. 6 The burglar, who was caught last night, broke into my neighbour’s house. 7 The man, whose son is accused of robbery, is very wealthy. Activity 5 1 c 2 a
3 b
Where the When the crime What item(s) crime took place took place were taken Crime The high street 1
11 o’clock
bag
Crime West Street petrol station 2
midday
car
Crime 25, London Road 3
Before 10:30
TV, computer, stereo, passports
Activity 7 Suggested answer: Last week there was a murder in my town. A woman was alone at home when some burglars broke a window and went into the house. She went downstairs. When they saw her, they shot her and then ran away. The police haven’t caught the criminals yet.
UNIT 9. SCIENCE FICTION
What will life be like in 2100? (page 89) Activity 1 Transport will be much faster and safer in the future. Humans will live to be over 100 years old and city architecture will be eco-friendly. Activity 2 1 They come from the end of the 21st century. 2 He lost his job at the bank. Activity 3 1, 2, 4, 5
3 c
Activity 5 Speaker 1: c
4 b
5 a
Speaker 2: d
6 b
7 c
Speaker 3: a
Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
176
3 e
4 f
5 h
Speaker 4: b
2 Mars
3 colonised
4 orbits
5 launch
LANGUAGE STUDY (pages 91-92) Activity 2 2 I was fined 100 euros for driving too fast. 3 I ate a pear for dessert. 4 I’ll see you next week. 5 What a beautiful red rose. 6 Would you like a piece of cake? Activity 3 2 Yes, everyone will read digital books soon. 3 Researchers will announce a cure for the flu in the next decade. 4 It will definitely rain tomorrow. Activity 4 Suggested answer: 2 In one year's time, he will have found a job. 3 By next week, they will have finished painting the house. 4 In 100 years' time, paper money will have disappeared. 5 In seven years' time, Mike will have lived in London for 10 years. 6 By the year 2100, cars will have become obsolete. 7 By May, Andy will have left his parents' house. Activity 5 2 By this time next year, they will be living in Liverpool. 3 Next weekend, Dan will be studying. 4 At 7 p.m., Nichol will be swimming. 5 This afternoon, Charles will be playing football. 6 Next Saturday morning, Henry will be doing the shopping. 7 At 9 o’clock, we’ll be watching the news. 8 At 3 a.m., I will be sleeping. Activity 6 1 will have disappeared 2 will be driving 3 will be living 4 will have landed 5 will have reached Activity 7 1 will be preparing 2 will have got married 3 will be flying 4 will be relaxing 5 will be visiting 6 will have returned
READING (page 90)
Activity 2 1 c 2 b
Activity 4 1 Science fiction writers of the 20th century 2 Mars 3 Jupiter 4 They will allow us to orbit the Earth and perhaps travel to the Moon and Mars. Activity 5 1 outer space 6 space ferries
Activity 6
Activity 4 1 b 2 a
Activity 3 Robotic vacuum sweeper, cashpoint machine, ear-bud headphones flat panel TV, smart phone and space tourism.
6 d
7 a
8 g
Activity 8 Suggested answer: 1 By 2020, I will have graduated. 2 In two years ’ time, I will be living abroad. / I will have finished my degree. 3 By tomorrow, I will have completed this unit.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
4 By next year, I will be working at my new job. / I will have moved to another city. 5 At 4 p.m. next Saturday, I will be driving to the beach. 6 At this time tomorrow, I will be studying for an exam. Activity 9 1 e 1 b
1 d
1 c
1 a
Activity 10 Jetpack, bomb-detecting plants, contact lens blood sugar monitor,, Sk ycar monitor Activity 11 1 b 2 a 3 c
Activity 3 1 3 2 7 It has existed for centuries. technology will help control depression and obsessive3 7 The technology compulsive behaiour behaiour.. 4 3 Activity 4 1 a 2 b
4 a
5 c
Activity 13 Student’s own answers.
Will sci-fi inventions become real? (page 93) Activity 1 I remember watching movies that used futuristic computers that worked very fast and did many things that my computer wasn’t able to do. Activity 2 Student’s own answers.
4 c
5 b
Activity 4 2 Activity 5 1 7 Plymouth is an important base for the British Navy. 2 7 The Pilgrim Fathers departed the Mayflower steps in the 1600s. 33 43 5 7 Sir Francis Drake travelled around the world in his ship The Golden Hind. 63 Activity 6 1 face to face 2 populated 3 leave their homes 4 look and sound / act 5 wealthy / poor 6 peaceful 7 housing 8 superpower
Activity 7 Student’s own answers.
READING (page 94) Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
3 b
4 a
5 b
6 b
7 a
6 a
Activity 12 Suggested answer: 2 By the year 2100, we won’t have discovered alien life. 3 By the year 2200, the military will be using mind control. 4 By the year 2300, robots will be raising our children. 5 By the year 2500, people will be living on other planets.
Activity 3 1 d 2 - 3 a
Activity 2 1 To improve the quality of human life. 2 To upload humans’ biological brains onto computers.
LANGUAGE STUDY (page 95) Activity 2 Vaccines make make us more resistant to resistant to diseases diseases.. 1 Vaccines Drugs make make athletes faster and faster and stronger stronger.. 2 Drugs surgery gives us perfect eyesight. eyesight . 3 Corrective eye surgery gives limbs restore an amputated leg. leg . 4 Artificial limbs restore Activity 3 1 already 2 yet 7 yet 8 anymore
3 still
4 already
5 anymore
6 still
Activity 4 It stimulates research and imagination. For: It has practical uses. Satellites help predict and prevent environmental disasters. It’s an important industry and provides many jobs. taxpayers a lot of money. money. Against: It costs taxpayers It puts people at risk. The money spent on it could be used to reduce poverty. Activity 5 topic. 1 The first paragraph introduces the topic. 2 On the one hand, In addition, besides, moreover, In conclusion nevertheless 3 On the other hand, although, nevertheless 4 Space travel has taught us a lot about our world. However, the writer’s opinion is that we should solve the problems here on Earth first. Activity 6 1 Moreover
2 Besides
3 However
4 on the other hand
Activity 7 Suggested answer: Living on another planet could be quite interesting, but it could be quite stressful. On the one hand, it would allow you to travel into space and learn many things about a new planet. In addition, you would learn about a new lifestyle and a different form of life. On the other hand, it would be very expensive to travel into space. Moreover, the money could be used for more important issues here on the Earth. Although the experience would be fantastic, you might be separated from your family and friends. In conclusion, living on another planet would be an amazing learning experience. Nevertheless, maybe it would be better to stay on Earth.
CONSOLIDATION (pages 96-97) Activity 1 Suggested answer: 1 Mobile phones make it easier to reach people in an
THAT’S ENGLISH!
177
Answer Key emergency. However, they can be distracting. 2 Self-checkout lanes in supermark ets are faster, but this thi s means machines are replacing humans.
Activity 2 1 space ferries 2 outer space 5 vaccine 6 bionics 7 devices
Activity 2 1 d 2 c
Activity 3 1 will have finished 2 will be flying 3 will have 4 will have lived 5 will have completed 6 will get 7 will be studying 8 will be moving 9 will have returned 10 10 will will still be paying
3 b
4 a
Activity 3 No, they’re all against it. Activity 4 1 Helen G.
Activity 4 1 still 2 already 2 Sharon C.
3 T Terr erry y P.
Activity 6 Student’s own answers.
3 b
Activity 8 Yes …takes place in the distant future. Film 1
…has an atmosphere of bad weather.
3 3 3
…takes place in the present. …has a hero who can’t use his limbs. Film 2 …takes place on the land of a distant moon. …has flying dragons.
No 3
…occurs in outer space. …has villain robots.
Film 3
3 3 3 3
…takes place in the near future.
3
…the action occurs on land.
3
…is science fiction.
3
…has a space ferry. Activity 9 1 c 2 b
3
3 a
Activity 10 Suggested answer: Gravity is is a new sci-fi film about a medical engineer and an astronaut who work together to survive after an accident that leaves them floating in space. The story has the elements both of a sci-fi and suspense film. It takes place in space and there is a life threatening situation happening.There are international space stations and amazing technology that they use to help save themselves. I think this will be a classic sci-fi film in the future. The film is a thriller. It has drama and suspense as well. The actors give magnificent performances and you are on the edge of your seat until the end.
SELF TEST (page 98) Activity 1 1 d 2 e
178
3 a
4 b
4 anymore
4 Jim B.
Activity 5 1 Because it gives some athletes an unfair advantage over those with natural legs. 2 Paper money and coins will have disappeared. 3 They are destroying jobs. 4 People will communicate by writing messages (texting) or tweets.
Activity 7 1 c 2 a
3 yet
3 colonisation 4 Mars 8 limb 9 prosthetics
Activity 5 13 2 7 Only one negative thing–we have not made contact with others in the universe. 3 3 Activity 6 1 a 2 b
3 b
Activity 7 Suggested answer: Who answer: Whole le brain emulation is an excellent idea, but what are the consequences? On the one hand, copying or transferring a mind from a human to a computer could allow us to make great advance with developing humanoid robots. In addition, it might help us overcome mental diseases that develop as we get older. On the other hand, transferring the mind of a person to a computer could be used by certain people for evil purposes. Moreover, we don’t really know the negative consequences that this could have on the donor. In summary, although there could be positive effects to whole brain emulating, I think we need to do more research and make sure it will be safe for everyone. Suggested answer: Avatar answer: Avatar robots can replace human soldiers is an interesting idea, but at what cost? On the one hand, if avatar robots fight for human soldiers, there would be no more loss of human lives due to wars. In addition, avatar robots would be more precise and programmed to kill only enemy soldiers. Therefore, there would be fewer casualties. On the other hand, governments would feel freer to invade other countries in order to gain more territory or wealth. Furthermore, the amount of money to produce the avatar robots would be extremely high, and this would take away from programmes that governments could offer to its citizens. In conclusion, using avatar robots to replace human soldiers could have some advantages, but we must keep the disadvantages in mind. Suggested answer: Digital answer: Digital money should be used by everyone, but is it really the best idea? On the one hand, using digital money would mean that you always had money available without having to worry about finding a cashpoint to get cash to pay for the goods. In addition, it would allow you to travel to other countries without having to exchange money. On the other hand, it would make it easier to buy goods, and some people might buy more things than they can actually afford. Moreover, Moreover, the banks would make even more money on the interests that they charge shop owners for using the cards. In conclusion, everyone using digital money might be a good idea. Nevertheless, each person should look carefully at their personal economy and needs.
5 c
THAT’S ENGLISH!
UNIT 10. SUPERSTITIONS AND FEARS
Friday the 13th (page 99) Activity 1 1 c 2 a
3 b
Activity 2 Student’s own answers. Activity 3 1 He was wearing them when we won £500, so he believes they are lucky. 2 There is a huge spider in the bathroom. bathroom. Activity 4 1 b 2 c
3 b
Activity 5 1 b 2 c
3 a
Activity 6 1 d 2 a
3 g
4 a
5 b
6 b
4 b
5 f
6 e
Activity 4 1 ladder 2 cat 3 path 7 threes 8 car 9 charm
4 Friday 5 month 10 coincidence 10 coincidence
Activity 5 1 c 2 f 3 g
6 b
7 c
Activity 6 1 His lucky number is 7. 2 Her old object is a ring from her great grandmother. grandmother. 3 He always puts on his left boot first. 4 His lucky tie is blue with purple stripes. 5 He does his ritual with salt on the day of a job interview. 6 The play will be a disaster disaster..
Activity 8 1 would / ’d complain 2 wouldn’t let 3 would / ’d ’d spend 4 wouldn’t go 5 would / ’d watch 6 would / ’d burn 7 will miss 8 will have
READING (page 100) Activity 1 Student’s own answers.
Activity 9 Student’s own answers.
Activity 2 Good luck: 1, 4 (in UK) Bad luck: 2, 3
Fears and phobias (page 103) Activity 1 1 c 2 d
Activity 3 Brings bad luck
Neither good nor bad luck
crossing fingers
breaking a mirror
having red ears
seeing a black cat
opening an umbrella in the house
blowing out candles
finding a four-leaf clover
5 a
Activity 7 2 c My grandmother wouldn’t drive her car on Friday the 13th in case she had an accident. 3 e An actor won’t wear yellow clothes during a performance. 4 a The tennis player would kiss the ground every time he won a match. 5 d The dentist won’t eat onions before he starts work. 6 g John won’t play football unless he has new socks. 7 f Anne would wash her hands every time she met someone.
Activity 7 Student’s own answers.
Brings good luck
4 d
sneezing
Activity 4 1 step on a crack 2 lucky charm 3 spill salt on the table 4 touch wood 5 avoid bad luck 6 fingers crossed 7 horseshoe 8 make a wish
LANGUAGE STUDY (pages 10 101-102) 1-102)
3 b
4 a
Activity 2 Student’s own answers. Activity 3 1 It’s a specific phobia. 2 They begin early in life. 3 The main symptoms are rapid heartbeat, hyperventilating, feeling hot, or sweaty and also feeling sick. 4 Matthew Wong is afraid of public spaces or agoraphobia. 5 Talking therapy is the main treatment for phobias. 6 Napoleon was afraid of cats. 7 They are afraid of rain. Activity 4 13 2 7 It was completed around 3,500 years ago. 33
Activity 2 wand / 1 a / a / wa b / wnd / 2 a / a / te te(r)/ b / tr /
Activity 5 1 A AV V 2 SH
3 a / a / mnt / manjut / b / ma
3 S
4 A AV V
4 a / a / bdekt / b / bdekt /
Activity 6 b, c, f, g
Activity 3 1 crossing screamed
Activity 7 Student’s own answers.
2 walking 3 listened, listened 5 plays, plays 6 wearing
THAT’S ENGLISH!
6 luck
4 screamed,
5 SH
6 A AV V
7 S
179
Answer Key READING (page 104) Activity 1 Student’s own answers. Activity 2 1 at that moment 2 Then / After that / Next 3 At first 5 At first 6 Then / After that / Next 7 finally
4 then
Activity 3 Suggested answer: First he’d put on his gloves. He wouldn’t leave the flat until he unlocked, locked and unlocked the door again. Then, he’d turn the lights on and off five times. Next, he’d walk to the restaurant avoiding the cracks in the pavement. In the restaurant, he’d take his own plastic knife and fork out and use them.
Activity 3 3 Activity 4 1 b 3 f 3 d
4 a
5 e
6 c
Activity 5 The twist is that the police officer is the person who attacked Lila and she is not safe.
LANGUAGE STUDY (page 105) Activity 2 1 Is Sarah living in London at the moment? 2 My children have often stayed at the cabin. 3 Mary was born on the first of June. 4 You can eat anything you want. 5 I have to go to the meeting in the afternoon. Activity 3 1 d 2 b
3 a
4 e
Activity 5 fear
concern
Activity 5 1 No, she isn’t afraid of dogs anymore. 2 The family unit is important to children at this age. 3 Yes, boys lose their fears quite quickly, whereas girls take longer. Activity 6 Age range
Fears
2-4
1 animals 2 (loud) noises 3 being left alone
4-6
1 monsters (under the bed) 2 ghosts 3 strangers 4 parent dying or leaving the family
8-11
1 doing badly at school 2 being late 3 not getting on with classmates 4 car accidents
worried anxious nervous
calm
relaxed relieved
Activity 6 Suggested answer: a They felt relaxed. b They felt relieved. c They felt worried. d They felt afraid. Activity 7 Student’s own answers. Activity 8 Suggested answer: Martha was sitting on the beach on a hot summer’s day. She suddenly noticed a couple of men walking behind her. At first, she didn’t pay any attention because she was reading a book. Then, she looked up at them, and she realised they were carrying a heavy black bag. Next, the men went round the rocks nearby and she heard a shout. After that, she ran towards the men to see what had happened. Finally, she saw the men laughing because they had dropped their picnic in the sand.
CONSOLIDATION (pages 106-107) Activity 1 Melvin, Carol and Simon
180
Activity 4 Student’s own answers.
5 c
Activity 4 1 on 2 on 3 at 4 on 5 away from 6 to 7 in 8 inside 9 for 10 until 11 off 12 along 13 to 14 under 15 through 16 in 17 Ø
scared afraid terrified frightened
Activity 2 1 He is afraid of germs and contamination. 2 He takes his own plastic knives and forks to a restaurant. 3 The number five is important to him. 4 Verdell, his neighbour’s dog. 5 Both of them avoid the cracks in the pavement.
Activity 7 2 Activity 8 Student’s own answers. Activity 9 Student’s own answers. Activity 10 Suggested answer: I’m not a very superstitious person, but there are a few superstitions that I believe are true. For example, one superstition that I believe will bring you bad luck is seeing the girl you are going to marry before the wedding starts. I saw my future wife one hour before our wedding, and she got very upset. She said it would bring bad luck, but I didn’t believe her. After that, we got married and everything was horrible. We got divorced four months later. My family is more superstitious than I am. My mother will always cross her fingers for good luck, and my brother will touch wood to avoid bad luck. In the end, a superstition is only a belief and it won’t hurt you to cross your fingers or touch wood for good luck.
SELF TEST (page 108) Activity 1 1 lucky 2 wood 7 blows out
3 Friday
4 horseshoe
5 cracks
6 wish
THAT’S ENGLISH!
VOCABULARY (page 110) Activity 2 1 e 2 a
3 b
4 c
Activity 3 1 afraid 2 anxious Activity 4 1 in 2 towards
Activity 1 1 fight 2 bring up
5 d
3 calm
3 for
4 irrational
4 on
4 f
5 d
5 help
6 danger
3 poverty 4 thriller 8 disease 9 role 10 set
5 out of
6 a
Activity 3 1 shallow 6 launched
7 e
Activity 8 Suggested answer: My favourite superstition is making a wish when you see a shooting star. This happens at night when you are looking at the stars. If you see a shooting star, you make a wish and people believe it will come true.
2 damp 3 banning 7 settle 8 develop
Activity 4 1 setting 2 keep
3 came
4 wrinkled
4 took
5 grows
5 fed
6 bring
PRONUNCIATION (page 110) Activity 1 // Russian education
Activity 6 The one which says black cats are lucky.
3 g
4 rich
Activity 2 1 blockbuster 2 homeless 5 murder 6 soundtrack 7 awards 11 widows 12 relative
5 rational
Activity 5 1 c Every day she went out, Lily would take her lucky charm. 2 f When she saw a bright star, Yolanda would make a wish. 3 a On the days she buys a newspaper, Ursula will read her horoscope first. 4 d When she’s frightened, Terri will hide in her bed. 5 b When she bought new shoes, Anne would never put them under a table. 6 e Every time a stranger comes to the door, Helen won’t open it.
Activity 7 1 c 2 b
3 class
/a/ height alpine find
//
/j/
bird perfect burn
your young
Activity 2 1 FERtile 2 enHANCEment 3 exPECtancy 5 CAPitalism 6 reSEARCHer 7 refuGEE Activity 3 1 She likes comedy films, doesn’t she? ( ›) 2 Our best player was banned. As a result ( › match ( ).
4 humaniTArian 8 arisTOCracy
), we lost the
›
›
3 I wish I had given him some advice ( ). 4 The charity which was started in 1965 ( › thousands of people ( ).
UNIT 11. REVISION
READING COMPREHENSION I (page 111)
GRAMMAR (page 109) Activity 1 1 b 2 c
3b
4 b
5 c
6 c
Activity 1 1 tribal 2 because of their work 5 sometimes went to war
7 a
Activity 2 1 are divided 2 don’t / have 3 live 4 was / were 5 wouldn’t be 6 is done 7 is being exploited 8 was / were 9 would set up 10 were used Activity 3 1 it’s 2 to 9 in 10 If
3 will 11 By
4 don’t 12 As
5 whose
Activity 4 1 voluntarily 2 unfair 3 commitment 5 improvement 6 humanitarian
6 at
7 who
8 in
3 elected
4 honesty
Activity 2 Class
Person
1 lowes t clas s non- freemen
Work farm work
Duties working for the tribe
2 second class free travellers temporary farm work
---
3 third class
land owners
craftsmen
manage farms
4 fourth
officials
tax-collecting- administration maintain of society roads organize supplies for army
5 u pper class
druids
doctors, rule the tribe lawyers, philosophers, musicians
6 highest class
chieftains
elected leader
4 overpopulated
Activity 5 1 It is such a deep river, that we won’t be able to cross it. 2 Unless I had a serious problem, I wouldn’t ask him to help. / I wouldn’t ask him to help unless I had a serious problem. 3 Nick is younger than he looks. / Nick looks older than he is. 4 The reason for the strike was the pay cut. 5 I wish I hadn’t taken drugs before the competition. 6 Since there isn’t any food, the people are hungry. 7 Fiona felt ill. That’s why she went home.
THAT’S ENGLISH!
), has helped
›
rule the tribe
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READING COMPREHENSION II (page 111) Activity 3 1 d 2 a
3 e
4 b
I can’t wait to hear from you! Why don’t we Skype with your friend next time? Lots of love, Victoria
5 c
Activity 4 2
ORAL EXPRESSION: MONOLOGUE (page 113) Student’s own answers.
LISTENING COMPREHENSION I (page 112) Activity 1 1 c, B 2 d, A
ORAL EXPRESSION: INTERACTION (page 113) 3 a, C
Student’s own answers.
Activity 2 1 In the manufacturing car industry 2 fruit and vegetables 3 nearly 60% 4 dental work, house cleaning, yoga classes 5 a group of mums 6 families, small children, newborn babies
LISTENING COMPREHENSION II (page 112) Activity 3 1 80 2 trekking 3 nature / wilderness areas 5 playing Nintendo Wii
4 Skype
Activity 4 13 2 7 Joe’s father knows more about technology than Joe. 3 7 Joe talked to his father yesterday. 43 5 7 Joe thinks learning new technologies keeps you young.
WRITING I (page 112) Suggested answer: Not all families are the same. Nowadays, a modern family can be composed of many different combinations of relationships and generations. I would like to tell you about my family. My family is made up of me my mother, my father, my older brother and my younger sister. My father died 3 years ago. My mother is a retired widow but my parents were very close, yet very independent of each other. My mother often took trips with her friends, and she still does. Both of my parents have always been well respected in the community and my father especially enjoyed volunteering at the homeless shelter. My older brother and I are extremely different and we are constantly fighting. He likes heavy metal and I like reggae. He gets into trouble at school and I get good marks. My little sister is close to both of us and adores animals. The only thing we really did together when I was younger was to go on holiday to the beach in the spring. Apart from that, my father was always working.
WRITING II (page 112) Suggested answer: Hi Donna! It’s so good to hear from you! What is your new life in Vietnam like? What about the people and food? You asked if I could help your friend find housing and employment here in Spain. Well, I spoke to my husband and children and we would love to have him stay with us. There would be no need for him to pay rent. Regarding employment, it’s quite tricky if he doesn’t have a work permit and residency card. Does your friend speak English? How much teaching experience has he got? There is an organisation in Spain that places international teachers in Spanish public schools to help teach English classes. Here is the link: www.teachspain.educa.espana
182
THAT’S ENGLISH!
