TC 31-25 Special Forces Waterborne Operations

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TC 31-25

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TC 31-25

Emergency Procedures

Personnel taking part in diving operations should know the following procedures: Surface Personnel Falling into the Water. Water temperature in icecovered regions may vary from 280 to 29°F. In such water, consciousness lasts 5 to 7 minutes, and death occurs in 10 to 20 minutes. Personnel who are not required to assist a diver should stay clear of entry holes. Surface personnel should never work alone in the vicinity of an entry hole. A fully clothed individual without a flotation device will have difficulty puffing himself out of an entry hole. Crampons may be useful in bad cases of ice buildup around an entry hole. Stricken Diver. If a diver is stricken, his partner should get him to the surface as quickly as possible. The time lost in attracting the attention of another diver is often not worth the extra support he can provide. As soon as the dive supervisor is aware of a problem, he should prepare to receive the diver on the surface and to provide assistance. Breathing System Failure. If a diver’s breathing system fails, he should• Switch to his backup system, if available. • Notify his partner. • Exit to the surface with partner. • Exit to the surface without partner if necessary and have him recalled by surface personnel. Suit Failure. If a diver’s suit tears or is flooded, he should surface immediately. The time available to him will depend on the extent of flooding. Regardless of the degree of flooding, the extreme chilling effect of the water will cause thermal shock in the diver within minutes. Uncontrolled Ascent. If a diver’s suit blows up, resulting in an uncontrolled inflation, or if a diver loses his weight belt, he should• Exhale continuously during ascent. • Relax against the ice. • If his suit inflates, relieve the excess pressure with the exhaust valve.

• Either pull the air intake out or cut the supply hose if air is still

entering the suit. This may allow a slight amount of water to enter the suit.

• If on tether, signal the tender to haul him in. 17-14


































TC 31-25  Bow towline, green, 5/8 inch diameter by 28 feet long, 2 each  Equipment transfer line, yellow, 3/4 inch diameter by 28 feet long, 2 each  Sail tangent line, blue and white, 7/8 inch diameter by 30 feet long, 2 each  STINKEE hose regulators, 4 each  One 8-cubic-foot safety bottle with J-valve  On octopus ring with sea view gauge and three second stages  Screwdrivers Phillips and flathead, assorted sizes,  Crescent wrenches, assorted sizes  Small CO2 bottles for buoy, 12 each  Firing lanyards for small CO2 bottles, 5 each  Storage pouch for small CO2 bottles, 2 each  Air line from CO2 bottle to pumpkin, 2 each  Safety line, with aircraft seat belt-type quick release, to open equipment storage area, 18 inches, 2 each NOTE: Inspect equipment for maintenance and serviceability prior to packing.

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TC 31-25

APPENDIX

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BEYOND THE HORIZON COMPUTATIONS Waterborne operations will include the airdrop of one or more inflatable rubber boats used to reach the BLS. This airdrop must be completed beyond the horizon so as to prevent detection by coastal radar or visual observation. This appendix provides you with the formulas needed to calculate the distance beyond the horizon where you will airdrop the personnel and equipment.

It is a fairly simple matter, using geometry and algebra, to calculate the critical distances. The first necessary calculation is that of the radar-horizon tangent distance. In diagram #1 there is a radar located (d) feet above sea level and the radar-horizon tangent distance (e) is unknown. The radius of the earth (R) is 2.09 x 107 feet or 3441.15 nautical miles.

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TC 31-25 EMERGENCY PLANS: (1) CAPSIZED/SINKING BOAT: (2) LOST DIVER: (3) DIVING INJURY/ILLNESS: (4) EVACUATION PLANS: (5) CONTACT PLANS FOR EMERGENCY FACILITIES: SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS: ANNEXES: As Required.

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TC 31-25 Special Forces Waterborne Operations

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