Taylor, McComas.THE LITTLE RED BOOK OF SANSKRIT PARADIGMS

THE LITTLE RED BOOK OF

SANSKRIT PARADIGMS Essential Grammatical Tables for Students Sixth Edition McComas Taylor 2009

i

Preface The key to the successful study of Sanskrit lies in knowing where to look things up, in dictionaries, grammars and tables of paradigms. First as a student, and later as a teacher, I used the grammatical tables in the texts written by Macdonell, Coulson, Bucknell and Egenes. Each of these has its strengths, yet none is particularly well suited to the needs of the beginning student. To meet this need, I have compiled from the above sources all the most common and useful paradigms that a student is likely to encounter in the first few years of study. I have attempted to present the information clearly and unambiguously, concentrating on common forms, and omitting rarely encountered ones. While acknowledging my great debt to all my kind teachers, I dedicate this slim volume to my dear students.

ii

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

gaja ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in a – masculine phala ‘fruit’. Nominal stems in a – neuter senā ‘army’. Nominal stems in ā – feminine muni ‘sage’. Nominal stems in i – masculine śuci ‘pure’. Nominal stems in i – neuter śruti ‘scripture’. Nominals stems in i – feminine guru ‘elder’. Nominal stems in u – masculine mṛdu ‘soft’. Nominal stems in u – neuter dhenu ‘cow’. Nominal stems in u – feminine dhī ‘intellect’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine, monosyllabic nadī ‘river’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine strī ‘woman’ ( irregular). Nominal stems in ī – feminine bhū ‘earth’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine, monsyllabic vadhū ‘woman’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine rājan ‘king’. Nominal stems in an – masculine ātman ‘self’. Nominal stems in an – masculine

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

iii

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

nāman ‘name’. Nominal stems in an – neuter kartṛ ‘maker’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculine pitṛ ‘father’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculine svasṛ ‘sister’. Nominal stems in ṛ – feminine mātṛ ‘mother’. Nominal stems in ṛ – feminine bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in at/ant – masculine bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in at/ant – neuter sumanas ‘benevolent’. Nominal stems in as – masculine/feminine manas ‘mind’. Nominal stems in as – neuter hastin ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in in – masculine dhanin ‘rich’. Nominal stems in in – neuter marut ‘wind’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – masculine vāc ‘speech’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – feminine mad/asmad ‘I’/’we’ tvad/yuṣmad ‘you’ tad ‘he’ – masculine (also yaḥ, kaḥ) tad ‘it’ – neuter (also yat, kim)

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

iv

34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

tad ‘she’ – feminine (also yā, kā) ayam ‘this’ – masculine ayam ‘this’ – neuter ayam ‘this’ – feminine asau ‘that’ – masculine asau ‘that’ – neuter asau ‘that’ – feminine nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – masculine nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – neuter Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, ātmanepada/middle endings Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ‘hate’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ‘hate’, ātmanepada/middle endings Class 2 (root class), as ‘be’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 2 (root class), han ‘kill’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, parasmaipada/active Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, ātmanepada/middle endings

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

v

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62.

Class 5 (ṇu class) , su ‘press’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 5 (ṇu class) , su ‘press’, ātmanepada/middle endings Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, parasmaipada/active Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, ātmanepada/middle endings Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, ātmanepada/middle endings Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, parasmaipada/active endings Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, ātmanepada/middle endings Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings Perfect paradigms, ātmanepada/middle endings Sandhi rules: vowels Sandhi rules: consonants

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

vi

The Alphabet

अ

a

आ

ā

इ

i

ई

ī

उ

u

ऊ

ū

ऋ

ṛ

क

ṝ

ऌ

ḷ

ख

ḹ

ए

e

ऐ

ai

ओ

o

औ

au

अं

ṃ

अः

ḥ

क

ka

ख

kha

ग

ga

घ

gha

ङ

ṅ

च

ca

छ

cha

ज

ja

झ

jha

ञ

ñ

vii

ट

ṭa

ठ

ṭha

ड

ḍa

ढ

ḍha

ण

ṇa

त

ta

थ

tha

द

da

ध

dha

न

na

ऩ

pa

प

pha

फ

ba

ब

bha

भ

ma

म

ya

य

ra

र

la

व

va

श

śa

ष

ṣa

स

sa

ह

ha

viii

Tricky Combinations

त्र

tra

ऻ

jña

श्व

śva

द्द

dda

द्य

dya

त्त

tta

ऺ

kṣa

श्र

śra

द्र

dra

द्ध

ddha

क्त

kta

क्र

kra

श्च

śca

दृ

dṛ

रू

rū

प्त

pta

ष्ट

ṣṭa

ष्ठ

ṣṭha

हृ

hṛ

रु

ru

ix

Generic endings for nominals Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.

Dual

Plur.

M. F.

N.

M. F.

N.

M. F.

N.

-ḥ -am

-

-au -au

-ī -ī

-aḥ -aḥ

-i -i

-ā -e -aḥ

-ā -e -aḥ

-bhyām -bhyām -bhyām

-bhyām -bhyām -bhyām

-bhiḥ -bhyaḥ -bhyaḥ

-bhiḥ -bhyaḥ -bhyaḥ

-aḥ -i -

-aḥ -i -

-oḥ -oḥ -au

-oḥ -oḥ -ī

-ām -su -aḥ

-ām -su -i

x

Vowel strength Simple (weak)

a, ā

i, ī

u, ū

ṛ, ṝ

ḷ

guṇa (middle)

a

e

o

ar

al

vṛddhi (strong)

ā

ai

au

ār

--

Use/meaning of cases Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Vocative

subject of sentence direct object of main verb with, by (with saha and vinā) for and indirect object from ‘s – indicated possession in, on, at (location) direct address

xi

1. gaja ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in a – masculine

Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

gajaḥ gajam gajena gajāya gajāt gajasya gaje gaja

gajau gajau gajābhyām gajābhyām gajābhyām gajayoḥ gajayoḥ gajau

gajāḥ gajān gajaiḥ gajebhyaḥ gajebhyaḥ gajānām gajeṣu gajāḥ

gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21

1

2. phala ‘fruit’. Nominal stems in a – neuter


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

phalam phalam phalena phalāya phalāt phalasya phale phala

phale phale phalābhyām phalābhyām phalābhyām phalayoḥ phalayoḥ phale

phalāni phalāni phalaiḥ phalebhyaḥ phalebhyaḥ phalānām phaleṣu phalāni

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

2

3. senā ‘army’. Nominal stems in ā – feminine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

senā senām senayā senāyai senāyāḥ senāyāḥ senāyām sene

sene sene senābhyām senābhyām senābhyām senayoḥ senayoḥ sene

senāḥ senāḥ senābhiḥ senābhyaḥ senābhyaḥ senānām senāsu senāḥ


3

4. muni ‘sage’. Nominal stems in i – masculine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

muniḥ munim

munī munī

munayaḥ munīn

muninā munaye muneḥ muneḥ munau mune

munibhyām munibhyām munibhyām munyoḥ munyoḥ munī

munibhiḥ munibhyaḥ munibhyaḥ munīnām muniṣu munayaḥ


4

5. śuci ‘pure’. Nominal stems in i – neuter


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

śuci śuci

śucinī śucinī

śucīni śucīni

śucinā śucine śucinaḥ śucinaḥ śucini śuci

śucibhyām śucibhyām śucibhyām śucinoḥ śucinoḥ śucinī

śucibhiḥ śucibhyaḥ śucibhyaḥ śucīnām śuciṣu śucīni


5

6. śruti ‘scripture’. Nominals stems in i – feminine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

śrutiḥ śrutim śrutyā śrut-yai/-aye śrut-yāḥ/-eḥ śrut-yāḥ/-eḥ śrut-yām/-au śrute

śrutī śrutī śrutibhyām śrutibhyām śrutibhyām śrutyoḥ śrutyoḥ śrutī

śrutayaḥ śrutīḥ śrutibhiḥ śrutibhyaḥ śrutibhyaḥ śrutīnām śrutiṣu śrutayaḥ


6

7. guru ‘elder’. Nominal stems in u – masculine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

guruḥ gurum guruṇā gurave guroḥ guroḥ gurau guro

gurū gurū gurubhyām gurubhyām gurubhyām gurvoḥ gurvoḥ gurū

guravaḥ gurūn gurubhiḥ gurubhyaḥ gurubhyaḥ gurūṇām guruṣu guravaḥ


7

8. mṛdu ‘soft’. Nominal stems in u – neuter


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

mṛdu mṛdu mṛdunā mṛdune mṛdunaḥ mṛdunaḥ mṛduni mṛdo

mṛdunī mṛdunī mṛdubhyām mṛdubhyām mṛdubhyām mṛdunoḥ mṛdunoḥ mṛdunī

mṛdūni mṛdūni mṛdubhiḥ mṛdubhyaḥ mṛdubhyaḥ mṛdūnām mṛduṣu mṛdūni


8

9. dhenu ‘cow’. Nominal stems in u – feminine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

dhenuḥ dhenum dhenvā dhenvai dhenvāḥ dhenvāḥ dhenvām dheno

dhenū dhenū dhenubhyām dhenubhyām dhenubhyām dhenvoḥ dhenvoḥ dhenū

dhenavaḥ dhenūḥ dhenubhiḥ dhenubhyaḥ dhenubhyaḥ dhenūnām dhenuṣu dhenavaḥ


9

10. dhī ‘intellect’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine, monosyllabic


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

dhīḥ dhiyam dhiyā dhiye/yai dhiyaḥ/yāḥ dhiyaḥ/yāḥ dhiyi/yām dhīḥ

dhiyau dhiyau dhībhyām dhībhyām dhībhyām dhiyoḥ dhiyoḥ dhiyau

dhiyaḥ dhiyaḥ dhībhiḥ dhībhyaḥ dhībhyaḥ dhiyām/nām dhīṣu dhiyaḥ


10

11. nadī ‘river’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

nadī nadīm nadyā nadyai nadyāḥ nadyāḥ nadyām nadi

nadyau nadyau nadībhyām nadībhyām nadībhyām nadyoḥ nadyoḥ nadyau

nadyaḥ nadīḥ nadībhiḥ nadībhyaḥ nadībhyaḥ nadīnām nadīṣu nadyaḥ


11

12. strī ‘woman’ ( irregular).. Nominal stems in ī – feminine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

strī strīm/striyam

striyau striyau strībhyām strībhyām strībhyām striyoḥ striyoḥ striyau

striyaḥ strīḥ/striyaḥ

striyā striyai striyāḥ striyāḥ striyām stri

strībhiḥ strībhyaḥ strībhyaḥ strīṇām strīṣu striyaḥ


12

13. bhū’earth’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine, monsyllabic


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

bhūḥ bhuvam bhuvā bhuve/vai bhuvaḥ bhuvaḥ bhuvi/ām bhūḥ

bhuvau bhuvau bhūbhyām bhūbhyām bhūbhyām bhuvoḥ bhuvoḥ bhuvau

bhuvaḥ bhuvaḥ bhūbhiḥ bhūbhyaḥ bhūbhyaḥ bhuvām/nām bhūṣu bhuvaḥ

gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11, strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21

13

14. vadhū’woman’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

vadhūḥ vadhūm vadhvā vadhvai vadhvāḥ vadhvāḥ vadhvām vadhu

vadhvau vadhvau vadhūbhyām vadhūbhyām vadhūbhyām vadhvoḥ vadhvoḥ vadhvau

vadhvaḥ vadhūḥ vadhūbhiḥ vadhūbhyaḥ vadhūbhyaḥ vadhūnām vadhūṣu vadhvaḥ


14

15. rājan ‘king’. Nominal stems in an – masculine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

rājā rājānam rājñā rājñe rājñaḥ rājñaḥ rājñi/rājani

rājānau rājānau rājabhyām rājabhyām rājabhyām rājñoḥ rājñoḥ rājānau

rājānaḥ rājñaḥ rājabhiḥ rājabhyaḥ rājabhyaḥ rājñām rājasu rājānaḥ

rājan


15

16. ātman ‘self’. Nominal stems in an – masculine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

ātmā ātmānam ātmanā ātmane ātmanaḥ ātmanaḥ ātmani ātman

ātmānau ātmānau ātmabhyām ātmabhyām ātmabhyām ātmanoḥ ātmanoḥ ātmānau

ātmānaḥ ātmanaḥ ātmabhiḥ ātmabhyaḥ ātmabhyaḥ ātmanām ātmasu ātmānaḥ


16

17. nāman ‘name’. Nominal stems in an – neuter


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

nāma nāma nāmnā nāmne nāmnaḥ nāmnaḥ nāmni/nāmani

nāmnī/nāmanī

nāmāni nāmāni nāmabhiḥ nāmabhyaḥ nāmabhyaḥ nāmnām nāmasu nāmāni

nāma/nāman

nāmnī/nāmanī nāmabhyām nāmabhyām nāmabhyām nāmnoḥ nāmnoḥ nāmnī/nāmanī


17

18. kartṛ ‘maker’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

kartā kartāram kartrā kartre kartuḥ kartuḥ kartari kartar

kartārau kartārau kartṛbhyām kartṛbhyām kartṛbhyām kartroḥ kartroḥ kartārau

kartāraḥ kartṝn kartṛbhiḥ kartṛbhyaḥ kartṛbhyaḥ kartṝṇām kartṛṣu kartāraḥ


18

19. pitṛ ‘father’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

pitā pitaram pitrā pitre pituḥ pituḥ pitari pitar

pitarau pitarau pitṛbhyām pitṛbhyām pitṛbhyām pitroḥ pitroḥ pitarau

pitaraḥ pitṝn pitṛbhiḥ pitṛbhyaḥ pitṛbhyaḥ pitṝṇām pitṛṣu pitaraḥ


19

20. svasṛ ‘sister’. Nominal stems in ṛ – feminine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

svasā svasāram svasrā svasre svasuḥ svasuḥ svasari svasar

svasārau svasārau svasṛbhyām svasṛbhyām svasṛbhyām svasroḥ svasroḥ svasārau

svasāraḥ svasṝḥ svasṛbhiḥ svasṛbhyaḥ svasṛbhyaḥ svasṝṇām svasṛṣu svasāraḥ


20

21. mātṛ ‘mother’. Nominal stems in ṛ – feminine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

mātā mātaram mātrā mātre mātuḥ mātuḥ mātari mātar

mātarau mātarau mātṛbhyām mātṛbhyām mātṛbhyām mātroḥ mātroḥ mātarau

mātaraḥ mātṝḥ mātṛbhiḥ mātṛbhyaḥ mātṛbhyaḥ mātṝṇām mātṛṣu mātaraḥ


21

22. bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant – masculine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

bhagavān bhagavantam bhagavatā bhagavate bhagavataḥ bhagavataḥ bhagavati bhagavan

bhagavantau bhagavantau bhagavadbhyām bhagavadbhyām bhagavadbhyām bhagavatoḥ bhagavatoḥ bhagavantau

bhagavantaḥ bhagavataḥ bhagavadbhiḥ bhagavadbhyaḥ bhagavadbhyaḥ bhagavatām bhagavatsu bhagavantaḥ


22

23. bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant – neuter


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

bhagavat bhagavat bhagavatā bhagavate bhagavataḥ bhagavataḥ bhagavati bhagavat

bhagavatī bhagavatī bhagavadbhyām bhagavadbhyām bhagavadbhyām bhagavatoḥ bhagavatoḥ bhagavatī

bhagavanti bhagavanti bhagavadbhiḥ bhagavadbhyaḥ bhagavadbhyaḥ bhagavatām bhagavatsu bhagavanti

Note: feminine bhagavatī is declined like nadī. gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11 strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21

23

24. sumanas ‘benevolent’. Nominal stems in as – masc/fem


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

sumanāḥ sumanasam sumanasā sumanase sumanasaḥ sumanasaḥ sumanasi sumanaḥ

sumanasau sumanasau sumanobhyām sumanobhyām sumanobhyām sumanasoḥ sumanasoḥ sumanasau

sumanasaḥ sumanasaḥ sumanobhiḥ sumanobhyaḥ sumanobhyaḥ sumanasām sumanaḥsu sumanasaḥ


24

25. manas ‘mind’. Nominal stems in as – neuter


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

manaḥ manaḥ manasā manase manasaḥ manasaḥ manasi manaḥ

manasī manasī manobhyām manobhyām manobhyām manasoḥ manasoḥ manasī

manāṃsi manāṃsi manobhiḥ manobhyaḥ manobhyaḥ manasām manaḥsu manāṃsi


25

26. hastin ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in in – masculine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

hastī hastinam hastinā hastine hastinaḥ hastinaḥ hastini hastin

hastinau hastinau hastibhyām hastibhyām hastibhyām hastinoḥ hastinoḥ hastinau

hastinaḥ hastinaḥ hastibhiḥ hastibhyaḥ hastibhyaḥ hastinām hastiṣu hastinaḥ


26

27. dhanin ‘rich’. Nominal stems in in – neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc.

dhani dhani dhaninā dhanine dhaninaḥ dhaninaḥ dhanini dhani/dhanin

Dual dhaninī dhaninī dhanibhyām dhanibhyām dhanibhyām dhaninoḥ dhaninoḥ dhaninī

Plur. dhanīni dhanīni dhanibhiḥ dhanibhyaḥ dhanibhyaḥ dhaninām dhaniṣu dhanīni


27

28. marut ‘wind’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – masc


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

marut marutam marutā marute marutaḥ marutaḥ maruti marut

marutau marutau marudbhyām marudbhyām marudbhyām marutoḥ marutoḥ marutau

marutaḥ marutaḥ marudbhiḥ marudbhyaḥ marudbhyaḥ marutām marutsu marutaḥ


28

29. vāc ‘speech’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – fem


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

vāk vācam vācā vāce vācaḥ vācaḥ vāci vāk

vācau vācau vāgbhyām vāgbhyām vāgbhyām vācoḥ vācoḥ vācau

vācaḥ vācaḥ vāgbhiḥ vāgbhyaḥ vāgbhyaḥ vācām vākṣu vācaḥ


29

30. mad/asmad ‘I’/’we’


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

aham mām/mā

āvām āvām/nau

vayam asmān/naḥ

mayā

āvābhyām

asmābhiḥ

mahyam/me

āvābhyām/nau

asmabhyam/naḥ

mat/mattaḥ

asmat/asmattaḥ

mama/me

āvābhyām āvayoḥ/nau

mayi

āvayoḥ

asmāsu







asmākam/naḥ


30

31. tvad/yuṣmad ‘you’


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

tvam tvām/tvā

yuvām yuvām/vām

yūyam yuṣmān/vaḥ

tvayā

yuvābhyām

yuṣmābhiḥ

tubhyam/te yuvābhyām/vām

yuṣmabhyam/vaḥ

tvat/tvattaḥ

yuṣmat/ yuṣmattaḥ

tava/te

yuvābhyām yuvayoḥ/vām

tvayi

yuvayoḥ

yuṣmāsu







yuṣmākam/vaḥ


31

32. tad ‘he’ – masculine (also yaḥ, kaḥ)


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

saḥ tam tena tasmai tasmāt tasya tasmin

tau tau tābhyām tābhyām tābhyām tayoḥ tayoḥ

te tān taiḥ tebhyaḥ tebhyaḥ teṣām teṣu








32

33. tad ‘it’ – neuter (also yat, kim)


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

tat tat tena tasmai tasmāt tasya tasmin

te te tābhyām tābhyām tābhyām tayoḥ tayoḥ

tāni tāni taiḥ tebhyaḥ tebhyaḥ teṣām teṣu








33

34. tad ‘she’ – feminine (also yā, kā)


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

sā tām tayā tasyai tasyāḥ tasyāḥ tasyām

te te tābhyām tābhyām tābhyām tayoḥ tayoḥ

tāḥ tāḥ tābhiḥ tābhyaḥ tābhyaḥ tāsām tāsu








34

35. ayam ‘this’ – masculine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

ayam imam anena asmai asmāt asya asmin

imau imau ābhyām ābhyām ābhyām anayoḥ anayoḥ

ime imān ebhiḥ ebhyaḥ ebhyaḥ eṣām eṣu








35

36. ayam ‘this’ – neuter


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

idam idam anena asmai asmāt asya asmin

ime ime ābhyām ābhyām ābhyām anayoḥ anayoḥ

imāni imāni ebhiḥ ebhyaḥ ebhyaḥ eṣām eṣu








36

37. ayam ‘this’ – feminine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

iyam imām anayā asyai asyāḥ asyāḥ asyām

ime ime ābhyām ābhyām ābhyām anayoḥ anayoḥ

imāḥ imāḥ ābhiḥ ābhyaḥ ābhyaḥ āsām āsu








37

38. asau ‘that’ – masculine


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

asau amum amunā amuṣmai amuṣmāt amuṣya amuṣmin

amū amū amūbhyām amūbhyām amūbhyām amuyoḥ amuyoḥ

amī amūn amībhiḥ amībhyaḥ amībhyaḥ amīṣām amīṣu








38

39. asau ‘that’ – neuter


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

adaḥ adaḥ amunā amuṣmai amuṣmāt amuṣya amuṣmin


amūni amūni amībhiḥ amībhyaḥ amībhyaḥ amīṣām amīṣu







gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11, strī 12 bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 21

39

40. asau ‘that’ – feminine Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Gen. Loc.

asau amūm amuyā amuṣyai amuṣyāḥ amuṣyāḥ amuṣyām


amūḥ amūḥ amūbhiḥ amūbhyaḥ amūbhyaḥ amūṣām amūṣu

Voc.







Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl.


40

41. nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – masc


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

nayan nayantam nayatā nayate nayataḥ nayataḥ nayati nayan

nayantau nayantau nayadbhyām nayadbhyām nayadbhyām nayatoḥ nayatoḥ nayantau

nayantaḥ nayataḥ nayadbhiḥ nayadbhyaḥ nayadbhyaḥ nayatām nayatsu nayantaḥ


41

42. nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – neuter


Sing.

Dual

Plur.

nayat nayat nayatā nayate nayataḥ nayataḥ nayati nayat

nayantī nayantī nayadbhyām nayadbhyām nayadbhyām nayatoḥ nayatoḥ nayantī

nayanti nayanti nayadbhiḥ nayadbhyaḥ nayadbhyaḥ nayatām nayatsu nayanti

Note: Feminine present active participles nayantī decline like nadī

42

43. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, parasmaipada/active endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

nayāmi

anayam

nayāni

nayeyam

2

nayasi

anayaḥ

naya

nayeḥ

3

nayati

anayat

nayatu

nayet

1

nayāvaḥ

anayāva

nayāva

nayeva

2

nayathaḥ

anayatam

nayatam

nayetam

3

nayataḥ

anayatām

nayatām

nayetām

1

nayāmaḥ

anayāma

nayāma

nayema

2

nayatha

anayata

nayata

nayeta

3

nayanti

anayan

nayantu

nayeyuḥ

43

44. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, ātmanepada/middle endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

naye

anaye

nayai

nayeya

2

nayase

anayathāḥ

nayasva

nayethāḥ

3

nayate

anayata

nayatām

nayeta

1

nayāvahe

anayāvahi

nayāvahai

nayevahi

2

nayethe

anayethām

nayethām

nayeyāthām

3

nayete

anayetām

nayetām

nayeyātām

1

nayāmahe

anayāmahi

nayāmahai

nayemahi

2

nayadhve

anayadhvam

nayadhvam

nayedhvam

3

nayante

anayanta

nayantām

nayeran

44

45. Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ’hate’, parasmaipada/active endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

dveṣmi

adveṣam

dveṣāṇi

dviṣyām

2

dvekṣi

adveṭ

dviḍḍhi

dviṣyāḥ

3

dveṣṭi

adveṭ

dveṣu

dviṣyāt

1

dviṣvaḥ

adviṣva

dveṣāva

dviṣyāva

2

dviṣṭhaḥ

adviṣṭam

dviṣṭam

dviṣyātam

3

dviṣṭaḥ

adviṣṭām

dviṣṭām

dviṣyātām

1

dviṣmaḥ

adviṣma

dveṣāma

dviṣyāma

2

dviṣṭha

adviṣṭa

dviṣṭa

dviṣyāta

3

dviṣanti

adviṣan

dviṣantu

dviṣyuḥ

45

46. Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ’hate’, ātmanepada/middle endings Present Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1 dviṣe

adviṣi

dveṣai

dviṣīya

2 dvikṣe

adviṣṭhāḥ

dvikṣva

dviṣīthāḥ

3 dviṣṭe

adviṣṭa

dviṣṭām

dviṣīta

1 dviṣvahe

adviṣvahi

dveṣāvahai

dviṣīvahi

2 dviṣāthe

adviṣāthām

dviṣāthām

dviṣīyāthām

3 dviṣāte

adviṣātām

dviṣātām

dviṣīyātām

1 dviṣmahe

adviṣmahi

dveṣāmahai

dviṣīmahi

2 dviḍḍhve

adviḍḍhvam

dviḍḍhvam

dviṣīdhvam

3 dviṣate

adviṣata

dviṣatām

dviṣīran

46

47. Class 2 (root class), as ‘be’, parasmaipada/active endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

asmi

āsam

asāni

syām

2

asi

āsīḥ

edhi

syāḥ

3

asti

āsīt

astu

syāt

1

svaḥ

āsva

asāva

syāva

2

sthaḥ

āstam

stam

syātam

3

staḥ

āstām

stām

syātām

1

smaḥ

āsma

asāma

syāma

2

stha

āsta

sta

syāta

3

santi

āsan

santu

syuḥ

47

48. Class 2 (root class), han ‘kill’, parasmaipada/active endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

hanmi

ahanam

hanāni

hanyām

2

haṃsi

ahan

jahi

hanyāḥ

3

hanti

ahan

hantu

hanyāt

1

hanvaḥ

ahanva

hanāva

hanyāva

2

hathaḥ

ahatam

hatam

hanyātam

3

hataḥ

ahatām

hatām

hanyātām

1

hanmaḥ

ahanma

hanāma

hanyāma

2

hatha

ahata

hata

hanyāta

3

ghnanti

aghnan

ghnantu

hanyuḥ

48

49. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, parasmaipada/active

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

juhomi

ajuhavam

juhavāni

juhuyām

2

juhoṣi

ajuhoḥ

juhudhi

juhuyāḥ

3

juhoti

ajuhot

juhotu

juhuyāt

1

juhuvaḥ

ajuhuva

juhavāva

juhuyāva

2

juhuthaḥ

ajuhutam

juhutam

juhuyātam

3

juhutaḥ

ajuhutām

juhutām

juhuyātām

1

juhumaḥ

ajuhuma

juhavāma

juhuyāma

2

juhutha

ajuhuta

juhuta

juhuyāta

3

juhvati

ajuhavuḥ

juhvatu

juhuyuḥ

49

50. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, ātm./middle endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

juhve

ajuhvi

juhavai

juhvīya

2

juhuṣe

ajuhuthāḥ

juhuṣva

juhvīthāḥ

3

juhute

ajuhuta

juhutām

juhvīta

1

juhuvahe

ajuhuvahi

juhavāvahai

juhvīvahi

2

juhvāthe

ajuhvāthām

juhvāthām

juhvīyāthām

3

juhvāte

ajuhvātām

juhvātām

juhvīyātām

1

juhumahe

ajuhumahi

juhavāmahai

juhvīmahi

2

juhudhve

ajuhudhvam

juhudhvam

juhvīdhvam

3

juhvate

ajuhvata

juhvatām

juhvīran

50

51. Class 5 (nu class) , su ‘press’, parasmaipada/active endings Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

Sing.

1 2 3

sunomi sunoṣi sunoti

asunavam asunoḥ asunot

sunavāni sunu sunotu

sunuyām sunuyāḥ sunuyāt

Dual

1

asunuva/ asunva asunutam

sunavāva

sunuyāva

2

sunuvaḥ/ sunvaḥ sunuthaḥ

sunutam

sunuyātam

3

sunutaḥ

asunutām

sunutām

sunuyātām

1

sunumaḥ/ sunmaḥ sunutha sunvanti

asunuma/ asunma asunuta asunvan

sunavāma

sunuyāma

sunuta sunvantu

sunuyāta sunuyuḥ

Plur.

2 3

51

52. Class 5 (nu class) , su ‘press’, ātmanepada/middle endings Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

sunve

asunvi

sunavai

sunvīya

2

sunuṣe

asunuthāḥ

sunuṣva

sunvīthāḥ

3

sunute

asunuta

sunutām

sunvīta

1

asunuvahi/ asunvahi asunvāthām

sunavāvahai

sunvīvahi

2

sunuvahe/ sunvahe sunvāthe

sunvāthām

sunvīyāthām

3

sunvāte

asunvātām

sunvātām

sunvīyātām

1

asunumahi/ asunmahi asunudhvam

sunavāmahai

sunvīmahi

2

sunumahe/ sunmahe sunudhve

sunudhvam

sunvīdhvam

3

sunvate

asunvata

sunvatām

sunvīran

52

53. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, parasmaipada/active

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

ruṇadhmi

aruṇadham

ruṇadhāni

rundhyām

2

ruṇatsi

aruṇat

runddhi

rundhyāḥ

3

ruṇaddhi

aruṇat

ruṇaddhu

rundhyāt

1

rundhvaḥ

arundhva

ruṇadhāva

rundhyāva

2

runddhaḥ

arunddham

runddham

rundhyātam

3

runddhaḥ

arunddhām

rundhhām

rundhyātām

1

rudmaḥ

arundhma

ruṇadhāma

rundhyāma

2

runddha

arunddha

runddha

rundhyāta

3

rundhanti

arundhan

rundhantu

rundhyuḥ

53

54. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, ātm./middle endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

rundhe

arundhi

ruṇadhai

rundhīya

2

runtse

arunddhāḥ

runtsva

rundhīthāḥ

3

runddhe

arunddha

runddhām

rundhīta

1

rundhvahe

arundhvahi

ruṇadhāvahai

rundhīvahi

2

rundhāthe

arundhāthām

rundhāthām

rundhīyāthām

3

rundhāte

arundhātām

rundhātām

rundhīyātām

1

rundhmahe

arundhmahi

ruṇadhāmahai

rundhīmahi

2

runddhve

arunddhvam

runddhvam

rundhīdhvam

3

rundhate

arundhata

rundhatām

rundhīran

54

55. Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, parasmaipada/active endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

karomi

akaravam

karavāṇi

kuryām

2

karoṣi

akaroḥ

kuru

kuryāḥ

3

karoti

akarot

karotu

kuryāt

1

kurvaḥ

akurva

karavāva

kuryāva

2

kuruthaḥ

akurutam

kurutam

kuryātam

3

kurutaḥ

akurutām

kurutām

kuryātām

1

kurmaḥ

akurma

karavāma

kuryāma

2

kurutha

akuruta

kuruta

kuryāta

3

kurvanti

akurvan

kurvantu

kuryuḥ

55

56. Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, ātmanepada/middle endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

kurve

akurvi

karavai

kurvīya

2

kuruṣe

akuruthāḥ

kuruṣva

kurvīthāḥ

3

kurute

akuruta

kurutām

kurvīta

1

kurvahe

akurvahi

karavāvahai

kurvīvahi

2

kurvāthe

akurvāthām

kurvāthām

kurvīyāthām

3

kurvāte

akurvātām

kurvātām

kurvīyātām

1

kurmahe

akurmahi

karavāmahai

kurvīmahi

2

kurudhve

akurudhvam

kurudhvam

kurvīdhvam

3

kurvate

akurvata

kurvatām

kurvīran

56

57. Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, parasmaipada/active endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

krīṇāmi

akrīṇām

krīṇāni

krīṇīyām

2

krīṇāsi

akrīṇāḥ

krīṇīhi

krīṇīyāḥ

3

krīṇāti

akrīṇāt

krīṇātu

krīṇīyāt

1

krīṇīvaḥ

akrīṇīva

krīṇāva

krīṇīyāva

2

krīṇīthaḥ

akrīṇītam

krīṇītam

krīṇīyātam

3

krīṇītaḥ

akrīṇītām

krīṇītām

krīṇīyātām

1

krīṇīmaḥ

akrīṇīma

krīṇāma

krīṇīyāma

2

krīṇītha

akrīṇīta

krīṇīta

krīṇīyāta

3

krīṇanti

akrīṇan

krīṇantu

krīṇīyuḥ

57

58. Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, ātmanepada/middle endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

Present

Imperfect

Imperative

Optative

1

krīṇe

akrīṇi

kriṇai

krīṇīya

2

krīṇīṣe

akrīṇīthāḥ

krīṇīṣva

krīṇīthāḥ

3

krīṇīte

akrīṇīta

krīṇītām

krīṇīta

1

krīṇīvahe

akrīṇīvahi

krīṇāvahai

krīṇīvahi

2

krīṇāthe

akrīṇāthām

krīṇāthām

krīṇīyāthām

3

krīṇāte

akrīṇātām

krīṇātām

krīṇīyātām

1

kriṇīmahe

akrīṇīmahi

krīṇāmahai

krīṇīmahi

2

krīṇīdhve

akrīṇīdhvam

krīṇīdhvam

krīṇīdhvam

3

krīṇate

akrīṇata

krīṇatām

krīṇīran

58

59. Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

dṛś ‘see’

kṛ ‘do’

vac ‘speak’

dhā ‘put’

1

dadarśa dadarśitha

uvaca/ uvāca uvaktha/

dadhau

2

cakara/ cakāra cakartha

dadhitha dadhau

dadhātha/

3

dadarśa

cakāra

uvacitha uvāca

1

dadṛśiva

cakṛva

ūciva

dadhiva

2

dadṛśathuḥ

cakrathuḥ

ūcathuḥ

dadhathuḥ

3

dadṛśatuḥ

cakratuḥ

ūcatuḥ

dadhatuḥ

1

dadṛśima

cakṛma

ūcima

dadhima

2

dadṛśa

cakra

ūca

dadha

3

dadṛśuḥ

cakruḥ

ūcuḥ

dadhuḥ

59

60. Perfect paradigms, ātmanepada/middle endings

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

dṛś ‘see’

kṛ ‘do’

vac ‘speak’

dhā ‘put’

1

dadṛśe

cakre

ūce

dadhe

2

dadṛśiṣe

cakṛṣe

ūciṣe

dadhiṣe

3

dadṛśe

cakre

ūce

dadhe

1

dadṛśivahe

cakṛvahe

ūcivahe

dadhivahe

2

dadṛśāthe

cakrāthe

ūcāthe

dadhāthe

3

dadṛśāte

cakrāte

ūcāte

dadhāte

1

dadṛśimahe

cakṛmahe

ūcimahe

dadhimahe

2

dadṛśidhve

cakṛdhve

ūcidhve

dadhidhve

3

dadṛśire

cakrire

ūcire

dadhire

60

61. Sandhi rules: vowels (a space indicates a word break) Final vowels -a/-ā -ā-ā-e-e-o-o-ar-ai-ai-au-au-

-i/-ī -ya-yā-ī-ī-yu-yū-yṛ-ye-yai-yo-yau-

-u/-ū -va-vā-vi-vī-ū-ū-vṛ-ve-vai-vo-vau-

-ṛ -ra-rā-ri-rī-ru-rū-ṝ-re-rai-ro-rau-

-e -e ‘-a ā-a i-a ī-a u-a ū-a ṛ-a e-a ai-a o-a au-

-ai -ā a-ā ā-ā i-ā ī-ā u-ā ū-ā ṛ-ā e-ā ai-ā o-ā au-

-o -o ‘-a ā-a i-a ī-a u-a ū-a ṛ-a e-a ai-a o-a au-

-au -āva-āvā-āvi-āvī-āvu-āvū-āvṛ-āve-āvai-āvo-āvau-

Initials aāiīuūṛeaioau-

61

62. Sandhi rules: consonants (After Coulson; a hyphen indicates a join) -k -k-g-k-g-k-g-k-g-k-g-ṅ-

-ṭ -ṭ-ḍ-ṭ-ḍ-ṭ-ḍ-ṭ-ḍ-ṭ-ḍ-ṇ-

-t -t-d-c-j-ṭ-ḍ-t-d-t-d-n-

-p -p-b-p-b-p-b-p-b-p-b-m-

Final letter -ṇ -n -ṇ-n-ṇ-n-ṇ-ṃś-ṇ-ñ-ṇ-ṃṣ-ṇ-ṇ-ṇ-ṃs-ṇ-n-ṇ-n-ṇ-n-ṇ-n-

-m -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ -ṃ

-ḥ/-r -ḥ -r-ś-r-ṣ-r-s-r-ḥ -r-r-

-āḥ -āḥ -ā -āś-ā -āṣ-ā -ās-ā -āḥ -ā -ā

-aḥ -aḥ -o -aś-o -aṣ-o -as-o -aḥ -o -o

Initial k-/khg-/ghc-/chj-/jhṭ -/ ṭhḍ-/ḍht-/thd-/-dh p-/phb-/bhn-/m-

62

Final letter -ṭ -k -t -p -ṇ -n -g-ḍ-d-b-ṇ-n-g-ḍ-d-b-ṇ-n-g-ḍ-l-b-ṇ-ṃl-2 -ṭ- -c(ch)- -p-k-ṇ- -ñ(ś/ch)-ṭ-k-t-p-ṇ-n-g(gh)- -ḍ(ḍh)- -d(dh)- -b(bh)- -ṇ-n3 3 -ṇ/ṇṇ-n/nn-g-ḍ-d-b-ṭ -k -t -p -ṇ -n

-m -ḥ/-r -āḥ -aḥ Initial -ṃ -r-ā -o y-/v1 -ṃ zero -ā -o r-ṃ -r-ā -o l-ṃ -ḥ -āḥ -aḥ ś-ṃ -ḥ -āḥ -aḥ ṣ-/s-ṃ -r-ā -o h-m- -r-ā -a4 vowels -m -ḥ -āḥ -aḥ zero

1. ḥ or r disappears, and if a/ i/ u precedes, this lengthens to ā/ ī/ ū 2. e.g. tān + labhasva = tāṃl labhasva 3. Doubling occurs when the preceding vowel is short. 4. Except that aḥ + a = o ‘/ऽ (avagraha)

63

Taylor, McComas.THE LITTLE RED BOOK OF SANSKRIT PARADIGMS

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