Taking the Toeic 1 Answer Key New1

Chapter 1 Listening Practice Part 1 Picture Description Theme Notes (page 16) A. House

B. Workplace

C. Restaurants and Stores

D. Other Public Places

Tips Know the directions for Part 1. Look at the first few pictures while the directions are playing. Ask yourself, “Who?” “Where?” “What?” Focus on the main action in the photo. Eliminate the answer choices that are obviously incorrect. Evaluate the answer choices and mark the answer if you know it. If you fail to select your answer, make a guess and move on to the next picture.

B. Workplace (Page 23)

1. (B) The cars are on the assembly line. 2. (B) The women are working with microscopes. 3. (A) The man is washing the window. 4. (D) The men are looking at a blueprint. 5. (A) One man is gesturing with his hand. 6. (C) The man is painting a building. 7. (B) The house is under construction. 8. (D) The woman is pointing to the plans. 9. (C) The hood of the car is open. 10. (D) The man is taking inventory. 11. (A) The woman is sending a fax. 12. (C) The man is using the keyboard. 13. (D) The team is meeting in the conference room. 14. (B) Two people are exchanging business cards. 15. (C) There are glasses of water on the table.

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Mini-test (page 18) A. House

1. (A) The man is reading on the couch. 2. (D) The woman is chopping some vegetables. 3. (B) The woman is talking on the phone. 4. (C) The couple is watering the plants. 5. (D) The family is sitting down for a meal. 6. (D) There is a cup on the counter beside the woman. 7. (B) The woman is touching the microwave. 8. (A) The man is hanging the picture. 9. (D) The people are relaxing in a living room. 10. (C) The man is texting on his cell phone. 11. (A) The refrigerator has nothing in it. 12. (C) The woman is packing her suitcase. 13. (A) There are clothes on the floor. 14. (D) There are candles around the bathtub. 15. (D) One boy is holding the remote control.

C. Restaurants and Stores (page 28)

1. (B) The man is studying the menu. 2. (C) The server is waiting to take the man’s order.

3. (A) The man is shopping for groceries. 4. (C) The couple is paying for some clothes. 5. (A) The woman is shopping for shoes. 6. (A) The woman is trying on dresses. 7. (D) The pant legs are being shortened. 8. (B) The chef is preparing a meal. 9. (B) The shopping center is full of shoppers. 10. (A) The bartender is pouring a drink. 11. (A) The family is sitting down for a meal. 12. (B) The sales clerk is helping the couple. 13. (D) The people are drinking coffee at an outdoor café. 14. (B) A toast is being made. 15. (C) The table has cutlery on it.

D. Other Public Places (page 33)

1. (D) The man and woman are checking into a hotel. 2. (A) The musicians are holding their instruments. 3. (C) The woman’s suitcase has wheels.

4. (B) There is no one at the check-in counter. 5. (C) The woman is making the bed. 6. (B) Many people are waiting to use the escalators. 7. (D) There are no books on the table. 8. (B) The people are lined up to get on the bus. 9. (A) There are many people waiting to check in. 10. (A) The woman is picking up her bag. 11. (C) The passenger has his boarding pass. 12. (D) The campers are listening to some music.

13. (C) The man is taking a book from the shelf. 14. (B) The people are waiting for a bus. 15. (A) The passengers are boarding the plane.

__ I’ll go to New York on Friday.

Part 2 Questions and Responses

5. How

(additional explanation and examples)

Theme Notes (page 38) Questions with an interrogative: 1. Who / Whose / Whom

"Who" is used to ask which person does an action or which person is a certain way. "Whose" is used to find out which person something belongs to. e.g. Whose report will be used for the presentation today? __ I was told it would be Larry’s. __ The report is not yet finished. "Whom" is used to ask which person receives an action. e.g. Whom did you meet last Sunday? __ It was a fine Sunday morning. __ I met my mom for lunch. **You will seldom hear this question form in the test. 2. What / Which W hich “What” is use d to ask for information about someone

or something. e.g. What are you going to wear for the party? __ I haven’t decided yet.

__ Yes, the party was fun. “Which" is used to indicate or ask what is being shown,

pointed to, or mentioned out of a group. e.g. Which company will ABC Corp. merge with? __ The merger will be announced next week.

Why do you need to go to New York? __ I have a big client to meet there.

a. How can / do? “How can / do” are used to ask about manner of which something is done. e.g. How can they make the payment? __ They can pay us online. __ The payment hasn’t been made yet.

How do I get the books I ordered? __ Yes, I ordered new books. __ We’ll deliver them to your address.

b. How many / much? “How many / much” are used to ask about the number, value, or amount of something. e.g. How many people were at the conference? __ I think there were about a hundred. __ The conference started at 3:00 PM. c. How long? “How long” is used to ask about the length or specific period of time. e.g. How long have you known Ms. Jones? __ Since we were kids. __ Ms. Jones is hardworking. How long will you stay in Chicago? __ About two weeks. __ I’ll stay at the Four Seasons.

d. How often “How often?” is used to ask for frequency

__ I heard it’s with Luther Corp.

e.g. How often do you go to the movies? __ I e. How was / How do you like / How do you feel about?

3. When

“How was / How do you like / How do you feel about”

“When” is used to ask about time.

is used to ask for an opinion. e.g. How do you like my new dress? __ It looks great on you.

e.g. When do you need the report again? __ I need them by tomorrow afternoon. __ Yes, I need the report again. When are you going to Australia? __ I agree, Australia is a nice country. __ I’m scheduled to go there next month. 4. Why “Why” is used to ask for reason.

e.g. Why was the flight cancelled? __ Reports said it was due to bad weather. __ Please cancel my reservation.

__ No, I don’t want a new dress.

How do you feel about our president? __ I think I need a new pair. __ He looks strict.

Questions with No Interrogative (page 38)

1. Be / Do a. Be-verb question

Be-verb questions are usually used to get positive or negative information about the status or situation of something. e.g. Are you going to see the movie tomorrow? __ My schedule looks full tomorrow. __ I heard the movie is fantastic. Were you at the party last night? __ The party lasted all night. __ I just stayed home. b.Do-verb b.Do-verb question

Do-verb questions are usually used to get a positive or negative information about a habit or action. e.g. Do you know when the shipment will arrive? __ The shipment is ready. __ I think it will be here on Tuesday. Did you get the designs for our magazine cover? __ Yes, I got them this morning. __ Sure, let’s do the cover.

2. Auxiliary Verbs a. Can / May

These two can be used to ask for permission or a favor but “may” is used if formality and politeness are of

utmost importance. e.g. May I use your telephone? __ Of course, go ahead. __ You may use the lavatory. Can you fax this invoice to Mr. Smith? __ Sure, I’ll do that now.

__ Yes, the invoice is for Mr. Smith. b.Will? b.Will? “Will” question is used to get a yes/no answer or a

response about a future plan. c. Have? “Have” question is used to ask about someone’s experience or things they have or haven’t done. Other Types of Questions (page 39) 1. Indirect Questions

Direct vs. Indirect Direct questions are the normal questions we ask to people we know well such as friends and family.

e.g. Where is the restaurant? How do I turn this on? Indirect questions are more formal and polite; we use them when we ask people we don’t know very well or in professional situations.

e.g. Could you tell me where the restaurant is? Do you have any idea how to turn this on?

Indirect questions (for TOEIC) e.g. Could you tell me how much the package tour is? __ The package is ready for shipping. __ I think it’s around 500 dollars.

Do you know what time the bank closes? __ It closes at 4:00 PM. __ The bank is around the corner. 2. Tag Questions – Questions – used for asking confirmation. e.g. You really don’t like him, do you?

__ Because he is so annoying. __ I know you like him. She’s the new designer, isn’t she?

__ Of course, she can design the cover. __ Yes, she just started yesterday. 3. Negative Questions – Questions – used to ask for confirmation

or to politely express an opinion e.g. Aren’t the clients supposed to meet us today? __ Yes, they’ll be here at five.

__ Of course, I can meet you today. Wouldn’t it be nice to use reclaimed wood? __ Yes, he claimed it yesterday. __ That’s a great idea. 4. Alternative Questions – Questions – used to present options or

choices e.g. Would you like some tea or coffee? __ Black coffee, please. __ No, I don’t like it.

Which do you like better, black or grey? __ Thank you, I feel better now. __ Both are good options. 5. Declarative Sentences – Sentences – used to state an idea,

fact, opinion, or emotion e.g. I want to go to France for the holidays. __ That sounds like a good plan. __ Sure, I can go there for you. I heard Paul’s transferring to the head office in

Washington. __ The office is just straight ahead. __ That’s right. He’s leaving for Washington tomorrow. 6. Suggestions

a. Why don’t? – don’t? – used used when giving suggestion or recommendation e.g. Why don’t you buy b uy a new computer? __ Thanks, I’ll think about it. __ I think I can fix your computer. b. How about? – about? – used used when giving suggestion or recommendation

e.g. How about making the payment online? __ Use your credit card to pay online. online. __ That’s a brilliant idea. ide a.

What about? e.g. What about booking the itinerary today? __ We still haven’t finalized the dates for the trip. __ Yes, the itinerary itinerary was booked. Distinct uses (source: merriam-webster online) There are also some distinct uses of How about…? and What about …?, or uses that are not

Mini-test (page 40) A. Questions with an Interrogative

1. (B) That would be our office manager, Alice. 2. (C) This is my favorite. 3. (A) He didn’t say what time.

4. (B) Usually every other week. 5. (A) At the information booth.

shared between them.

6. (B) I believe it’s mine.

1. Only How abo ut...? ut...? can be used to ask someone to give you something, or to ask someone if they will do something:

7. (C) She never gave a reason.

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How about a a couple of dollars until payday? [=can

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you loan me a couple of dollars until payday?] How about offering offering me something to drink? [=will you offer me something to drink?]

1. Only What abo ut...? ut...? can be used to ask what should be done about something:

8. (A) I’m not sure.

9. (A) He got a great new opportunity. 10. (A) Anytime after lunch is fine. 11. (C) I left it on your desk. 12. (B) I slept most of the way. 13. (B) They haven’t found anyone yet. 14. (A) I’ve almost finished it.

15. (A) The courier picked it up this morning. 16. (B) Their information wasn’t accurate.

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What about the “You can throw this one away.” “ What the others?" [=what should we do about the others?][ What about people people who can't afford health insurance?

17. (A) It expires next week. 18. (C) The Australian sales office. 19. (A) I could work a few more hours. 20. (B) In the accounts office on the 3 rd floor.

c. Should/Shouldn’t? (just Should/Shouldn’t? (just refer to the textbook) B. Questions with No Interrogative

Part 2 Questions and Responses Theme Notes (page 38) A. Questions with an Interrogative

1. (A) Unfortunately, no. 2. (C) Not at this time of year. 3. (A) Yes, you just missed it. 4. (B) It all depends on the problem. 5. (C) No, it’s free.

6. (B) It totally slipped my mind. B. Questions with No Interrogative

7. (A) Yes, he’s been promoted.

8. (B) Maybe. Let me ask my boss. 9. (C) I’m not sure, but make one, just in case.

C. Other Types of Questions

10. (A) No, I’ll get to it first thing tomorrow. 11. (A) No, that one is for last week’s. 12. (B) I didn’t understand the last sectio n.

Tips Know the directions for Part 2. Know the question types, so you know what type of answer is required. Pay attention to: similar sounding words, tag questions, and indirect answers (i.e. sometimes a yes/no answer does not have “yes” or “no”). Note: Sometimes you will not hear a question but a statement. Focus on the purpose of the question. Eliminate Eliminate choices that obviously don’t fit the situation.  

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13. (C) Yes, we should review them again. 14. (C) Yes, I move in the first of the month. 15. (B) Sorry, we’re fully booked.

16. (C) Let me just finish this first. 17. (B) Yes, he called the office a few minutes ago. 18. (A) No, only the women’s coats.

19. (B) Not that I know of. 20. (B) Yes, but it wasn’t helpful.

C. Other Types of Questions (page 41)

Mini-test

1. (C) Either, but customer service is faster.

A. Office Talk (page 44)

2. (B) Yes, I’m expecting it tomorrow.

1. (B) A financial report 2. (D) They could increase bonuses this year. 3. (C) The company has to pay higher taxes. 4. (B) Problems with the mail service 5. (A) She is surprised at the news. 6. (C) He knows couriers that can do the deliveries. 7. (C) He was away on business. 8. (B) Advertising to younger customers 9. (C) They are not open to new ideas. 10. (D) The president 11. (A) Ask for more time 12. (D) Thursday 13. (B) Complete some work 14. (A) He does not have time. 15. (A) Go for lunch

3. (C) He said he was feeling ill. 4. (A) It’s at 10th Ave nue and Vine Street. 5. (B) No, this is the new one. 6. (A) That’s a good idea.

7. (C) By debit card, actually. 8. (A) I’m not sure about that. 9. (B) That’s a shame. 10. (C) It’s supposed to be next week.

11. (A) Whichever is more convenient. 12. (C) No, it’s still on his desk. 13. (C) At 10 o’clock.

14. (B) Definitely the first one. 15. (A) We’ve changed it twice already.

16. (B) My schedule is too full. 17. (B) That’s too bad. I’m sorry to hear that.

18. (A) Ms. Penry has that position. 19. (C) Unfortunately, he has another appointment. 20. (A) That’s because of your hard work.

Part 3 Short Conversations Theme Notes (page 42)

Additional questions: A. Office Talk What has the man been working on?

B. Office Problems What will happen?

C. Personal Changes Who is interviewed in this conversation?

D. Daily Life When is he going back in town?

B. Office Problems ((page 46)

1. (A) How to change the toner 2. (C) Explains how to change the toner 3. (B) She will change the cartridge. 4. (C) He was on holiday. 5. (B) Last week 6. (D) Receive his new ID 7. (B) Some office equipment is broken. 8. (A) Responding so quickly 9. (C) Replace a wire 10. (B) He does not have enough equipment. 11. (C) In the third week of July 12. (A) Trying to borrow an old laptop 13. (D) He almost damaged the monitor. 14. (A) Finish cleaning his monitor 15. (A) Offered him her cleaning supplies

E. Travel What does the woman ask about?

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Know the directions for Part 3. Read the first few questions while the directions are playing. Know the question types, so you know what type of answer is required (main idea, detail, or inference). Listen for information in the questions. Eliminate choices that are obviously incorrect. Read the questions for the next conversation before it starts.

C. Personnel Changes (page 49)

1. (D) At a reception desk 2. (C) 12th floor 3. (A) Get a beverage 4. (C) A difficult coworker 5. (B) He is new at the company. 6. (A) Concerned 7. (B) Head of sales training 8. (D) His work experience 9. (C) Applicants will be contacted. 10. (C) A change in employees 11. (D) Next week 12. (A) Yuko’s transfer is very soon. 13. (B) The personnel manager 14. (A) Speak to Mr. Schmidt 15. (A) Connect her to the new manager

D. Daily Life (page 51)

1. (C) Whether they can see a movie 2. (B) The cost of a ticket 3. (C) Buy tickets online 4. (B) Their recent high gas bills 5. (A) To ask for advice 6. (D) Lower the temperature of her water heater 7. (D) A computer store clerk 8. (D) It was purchased more than 30 days ago. 9. (A) He should contact the manufacturer. 10. (A) A jewelry store 11. (B) Buy a present 12. (A) Buying a necklace 13. (D) A bank representative 14. (B) To get another card 15. (A) Get a card at a bank

Tips Know the directions for Part 4. Read the first few questions while the directions are playing. Know the question types, so you know what type of answer is required (main idea, detail, or inference). Listen for information in the questions (i.e. what kind of information is needed – needed –main main idea, detail, inference). Eliminate choices that are obviously incorrect. Read the questions for the next talk before it starts.  

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Mini-test A. Office Talk (page 58)

E. Travel (page 54)

1. (C) It does not stop between the mall and downtown. 2. (A) It needs to be fixed. 3. (A) Taking the subway 4. (D) A hotel clerk 5. (D) A last-minute cancellation 6. (A) She did not know about the policy. 7. (A) The air on the plane is dry. 8. (C) A flight attendant 9. (D) When the seat belt sign is off 10. (A) New York 11. (C) Extending his trip 12. (B) Take a vacation after the conference

Part 4 Short Talks Theme Notes (page 56) Additional Questions A. Office Talk What kind of office talk is taking place?

B. News and Weather What will the weather be like tomorrow?

C. Travel Information What can be enjoyed in Seychelles?

D. Advertisements What comes with all the appliances?

E. Public Facilities What time does the market open?

F. Voice Messages Who is on the voice message?

G. Events and Festivals Where will the bands perform?

H. Reports Where can the spirit bears be found?

1. (C) To remind staff of an upcoming event 2. (A) Make sure they are organized 3. (A) To keep its high rating 4. (A) The new computer system 5. (C) To make information easier to store 6. (D) Training sessions 7. (A) To announce a retirement 8. (B) He has been ill. 9. (C) A buffet lunch B. News and Weather (page 59)

1. (D) To warn of traffic problems 2. (C) There is road work. 3. (A) Take an alternate route 4. (A) At the beginning of the week 5. (C) The weather will be bad. 6. (D) A mix of clouds and rain 7. (B) A radio host 8. (A) To conclude a program 9. (C) A new book C. Travel Information (page 61)

1. (D) On a plane 2. (A) At the beginning of the trip 3. (D) They must be turned completely off. 4. (B) To explain the museum rules 5. (C) A notebook 6. (A) They could damage the art. 7. (D) San Francisco 8. (B) Passengers with connecting flights 9. (C) A discount for a future flight

D. Advertisements (page 62)

1. (C) A monitor 2. (D) The staff is available for assistance. 3. (D) Four days 4. (C) This coming Friday 5. (C) $30 a month 6. (D) A limited number of customers 7. (B) A furniture store 8. (A) By purchasing a sofa 9. (C) Delivery service is offered free. E. Public Facilities (page 64)

1. (A) Parents of pre-school children 2. (C) Five 3. (A) By telephoning the library 4. (B) Get a license 5. (B) Tuesday at 10 a.m. 6. (A) By cash 7. (C) It is modern and fully equipped. 8. (C) Weekdays 9. (C) Individualized care F. Voice Messages (page 65)

1. (C) To respond to a colleague 2. (C) The market is too weak now. 3. (B) An advertising campaign 4. (D) Press 4 5. (D) Stay on the line 6. (A) 10 minutes 7. (B) 95 minutes 8. (B) Two 9. (A) Monday at 2:30 p.m. G. Events and Festivals (page 67)

1. (D) To announce award nominees 2. (A) Teaching excellence 3. (D) Students vote for the winner. 4. (B) He is a heart specialist. 5. (C) There will be a question-and-answer period. 6. (B) At a city hospital 7. (D) To raise money for research 8. (D) 10:00 a.m. 9. (A) Through contributions H. Reports (page 68)

1. (D) To report evidence of global warming 2. (B) 0.5 meters per year 3. (B) They could harm Arctic animals. 4. (A) To talk about the effects of a disease 5. (B) Blindness 6. (D) About $150 million 7. (C) Once every year 8. (C) A company CEO delivered it. 9. (B) They could order a new phone.

1. Grammar Practice – Parts of Speech Nouns (page 72) Suggested activity:

Instruction: Identify the function of the noun in each sentence. 1. John is the executive vice president. (subject complement) 2. The payment has been made today. (noun as subject) 3. We chose their company to do the work. (noun as object) 4. They call her the timeless beauty. (object complement; noun is modified by an adjective) Verbs Useful notes:

1. Modal verbs are used to show if we believe something is certain or probable/possible (or not) OR to talk about ability, ask permission, make requests and suggestions/offers, etc. The bare infinitive is basically the base/simple form of the verb (infinitive without “to”). Modals: can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, must Suggested activity: Instruction: Identify the verb in eac h sentence. 1. The reports are sent by her assistant every day. 2. Traffic can worsen in the next hour. 3. Scott delivers pizza every day. 4. Do not hesitate to contact our customer service hotline for more inquires. 5. The artist performed in front of a large audience. Exercises A. (page 73)

1. (A) proposals — The correct choice is the noun proposals, meaning “a formal plan or suggestion.”

It is the subject of this sentence. 2. (D) remind — The verb remind is missing from this sentence. This is part of the expression remind (someone) to do (something). 3. (C) prepared — The simple past tense prepared is the correct choice. The sentence is missing a verb, and the time expression in just 30 minutes indicates that we are looking at a situation in the past. 4. (A) must — The correct choice is the modal verb must, used to say that something is necessary or important. It is usually followed by an infinitive without to. The phrase meet our deadline also

indicates that the delivery time is important. Exercises B.

1. (A) interest — The correct choice to complete this sentence is the noun interest. It is commonly used with the preposition in. 2. (D) keep — The correct choice is keep. Will is followed by an infinitive without to to form the future.

8. (B) regular — The correct choice is the adjective regular , meaning “at even intervals of time.” It modifies the noun basis. Regularly is not appropriate because it is an adverb while regularity does not fit because it is a noun. Regulatory is also an adjective, but with the meaning of controlling, it does not fit in this context. 9. (D) late — The correct choice is the adverb late. We cannot use the superlative form latest because the context does not deal with comparisons. Of

Exercises C.

late and lately both mean “recently”, and

1. (C) contract — We can sign both a contract and a pledge, however, in this context, contract is is the appropriate choice. 2. (B) file — The correct verb for placing documents in order in a specific location is file. 3. (A) techniques — The correct choice is the plural noun techniques, techniques, meaning “methods.” 4. (D) patient — The correct choice is the adjective

therefore do not fit here. 10. (B) Be — The correct choice is the plain form of the infinitive be. In this sentence, an order to do something is being given, so the imperative is needed. 11. (B) confidential — The correct choice is the adjective confidential . It is common to mark this on an envelope to indicate that it should not be opened by anyone other than the person to whom it is addressed. 12. (A) submits — We can submit a report (on time). However, the other three verb choices in this question do not fit in this sentence. 13. (A) agree — The correct choice in this sentence is the simple present form agree. The speaker I is the subject of two verbs, and these need to have the same tense. 14. (B) well — The correct choice is the adverb well ,

patient , meaning “able to stay calm and not get annoyed.”

Part 5 Mini-test (pag e 74) 74) 1. (B) violence — The correct choice is the noun violence. The phrasal verb be full of needs to be followed by a noun. 2. (D) astonishingly — The correct choice is the adverb astonishingly , meaning “very surprisingly.” In this

sentence, it modifies the adverb well. 3. (A) like — The simple present form like completes the sentence. We cannot use the present progressive with the verb like. The use of the present tense in the clause because it gives me lots of independence needs to be matched by a parallel tense. 4. (C) advice — The correct choice is the noun advice. Advise is a verb and therefore does not fit. The nouns adaptation and adjustment do not fit into the context of things we would expect from a consultant. 5. (A) interest — The correct choice is the noun interest. It is followed by the preposition in and completes the expression There + be-verb + an interest in. 6. (D) controversial — The correct choice is the adjective controversial , meaning “causing disagreement or discussion. ”Unpleasant images leads us to this choice. 7. (C) beneficial — An adjective is needed to complete this sentence. The adjective beneficial , meaning “having a good effect or influence,” is the correct

choice to describe the effect of the workshops.

meaning “in a good way.” The other choices cannot

be used with the adverb very. 15. (C) quiet — The adjective quiet is is needed in this sentence to describe the crowd. Grow is used before an adjective to talk about a gradual change.

Part 6 Mini-test (pag e 76) 76) 1. (C) tired — The correct choice is the adjective tired because it describes how the affected agent feels. 2. (A) improve — The correct choice is the verb improve. In this context, the subject matter is the benefits of stretching. An improvement in flexibility is given as one of those benefits. 3. (B) strenuous — The correct choice is the adjective strenuous, strenuous, meaning “requiring a lot of physical effort.” The superlative form most strenuous does

not fit because no comparison is being made. Additionally, the adverb strenuously and the noun strenuousness cannot be used to modify the noun exercise. 4. (C) contributions — The correct choice is the noun contributions. Donors make contributions.

5. (B) donate — The correct choice is the simple present donate because we are talking about a regularly occurring action. 6. (D) usual — The adjective usual, meaning “normal” is used here. It is not used in a comparative form because the comparison is expressed by later. The Red Cross will be open later.

2. Grammar Practice – Tenses Useful notes: (page 78)

1.Past 1. Past Perfect - often used with when + past simple clause; but also used with as soon as, the moment, and after e.g. a. The hotel had cancelled the the reservation when they notified me. (the cancellation happened before I got notified) b. As soon as I had finished the the meeting with our CEO, I went straight to the sales office. c. We walked on the shore after we had eaten our dinner. Suggested activity (after disc uss ion of all tenses):

Instruction: Use the correct tense of the verb in each sentence. 1. He ____ (is eating / was eating) when I got home. 2. I ____ (will ( will call / called) the office this morning. 3. Sandra ____ ( has worked / has work) there since the merger. 4. Mr. Takeuchi ____ (is going / are going) to check the proposal tomorrow. 5. As As soon as I ____ (got / get) to the bank, I will make the deposit. Exercises A. (page 79)

1. (D) is — The simple present is used in time clauses that have a future meaning, making is the correct choice. 2. (B) met — The correct choice is the simple past tense met , referring to a completed action in the past (a week ago). 3. (D) has been — The present perfect is needed here to refer to a situation that has continued up to the present. 4. (D) was cleaning — The past progressive is used here to refer to something that was happening at a certain point in the past. Exercises B.

1. (B) have complained — The present perfect have complained is used here because the complaints were received in the past but have a result in the present.

2. (C) assistance — The correct choice is the noun assistance. It is used to complete the expression ask someone if they need assistance. Exercises C.

1. (A) candidate — We usually refer to someone who applies for a job or position as a candidate. 2. (C) success — The correct choice is the noun success. In the given context of a business idea, only success fits in the structure be a (huge) ___. 3. (D) annual — The correct choice is the adjective annual, meaning “occurring every year.” It modifies the noun meeting. 4. (A) concerns — The correct choice is the noun concerns, meaning “worries.” It is the word that

best fits with ease.

Part 5 Mini-test (pag e 80) 80) 1. (A) will visit — The simple future form will visit is is used because the sentence is talking about an event in the future (next year). 2. (B) negotiated — The correct choice is the simple past negotiated because because it refers to a completed action in the past. 3. (B) had never had — The past perfect is used here to refer to something which happened before a certain point in the past. 4. (B) am going — Be going to is used for plans already made. The speaker has already decided to study abroad. 5. (B) was thinking — The past progressive was thinking is is used to express something that was happening at a certain point in the past. 6. (A) receipts — The correct choice is the noun receipts, meaning “a slip of paper paper that proves the purchase of something.” In this context of business business travel expenses, only receipts fits with submit. 7. (C) was working — The correct choice is the past progressive because it refers to an action that was in progress at a certain point in the past. 8. (A) gets — The correct choice is the simple present because it refers to an activity performed regularly. This is indicated by the adverb of frequency every day. 9. (D) convened — The correct choice is the verb convened , meaning “got together.” It is the only choice that is appropriate in this context. 10. (D) had been living — The correct choice is the past perfect progressive had been living because it refers to an action that was in progress before a certain point in the past. 11. (A) was talking — The past progressive is needed here because it refers to something that was happening in the past.

12. (A) presentation — The correct choice is the noun presentation, presentation, meaning “a talk gi ven to explain or introduce something.”

13. (B) was studying — The correct choice is the past progressive was studying . It refers to an action that was taking place at a certain point in the past. 14. (A) see — The present simple is used in subordinate clauses with a future meaning. 15. (A) proposal — The correct choice is the noun proposal , meaning “a suggestion or plan.”

Part 6 Mini-test (pag e 82) 82) 1. (C) will refund — The correct choice is the simple future form will refund because because it refers to an action that will occur at a future time. 2. (A) have returned — The present perfect form have returned is is needed because it refers to an action that has happened several times up to the present (multiple items in the past six months). 3. (B) notified — The sentence refers to a completed action in the past, so the correct choice is notified . 4. (C) will have — The sentence refers to an action in the future, therefore will have is the correct choice. 5. (C) are considering — The correct choice is are considering because because it refers to an action currently in progress. 6. (A) Are — The 3rd person plural form of the be-verb, are is needed to form a yes/no question here.

3. Grammar Practice – Voice

3. I saw the janitor cleaning for hours. ______________________________ (The janitor was seen cleaning for hours.) 4. We resolved the issue quickly. ______________________________ (The issue was resolved quickly (by us).)

Exercises A. (page 85)

1. (D) been corrected — The correct choice is been + the past participle of the verb correct. This completes the present perfect passive here. 2. (B) returned — The correct choice is the past participle returned . Here it completes the present perfect form has returned. 3. (C) were seen — The correct choice is the simple past passive were seen. The agent of the verb is not given, making a passive form necessary. 4. (C) was preoccupied — Because of yesterday, the past tense is needed. With the adjective preoccupied , the be-verb is needed. This means was preoccupied is the only possible choice. Exercises B.

1. (C) was conducted — The correct choice is the passive form was conducted . The agent of the verb is the National Telecommunications Institute. 2. (A) interviewed — The past participle interviewed completes the passive form in this sentence. The agent of the verb is not mentioned in this sentence, which is one of the key features of the passive.

(page 84) Passive Voice is used when the receiver of the action

Exercises C.

is more important than the doer of the action or when the doer of the action is not specific.

1. (C) personnel — Personnel refers refers to the department of a company where hiring decisions are made. 2. (A) urgent — The correct choice is the adjective

Useful notes:

urgent , meaning “needing immediate attention.”

1. Intransitive verbs do not have objects, therefore they cannot take passive forms. Examples of intransitive verbs: happen, agree, belong, depend, exist, occur, sit, and swim Suggested activity:

Instruction: Rewrite the following sentences, changing the underlined verbs to passive voice. 1. He transferred the funds today. The funds were transferred (by him) today.

2. The manager made us sign the memo. ______________________________ (We were made to sign the memo.)

3. (C) likely — The correct choice is the adjective likely , meaning “probably going to happen.” 4. (A) warm — The correct choice is the adjective warm. It modifies the noun reception. A warm reception means “a friendly welcome.”

Part 5 Mini-test (pag e 86) 86) 1. (D) vehicles — The expression motor capital alerts us to the need of a word word related to cars. Among the choices given, vehicles is the only appropriate choice. 2. (C) were seen — The correct choice is were seen. The robbers were seen (passive). What they were doing when they were seen is leaving the bank. 3. (B) refused — The correct choice is the simple past refused because because it refers to a completed action in the past. 4. (B) shouting — In passive sentences, perceptual

verbs like hear are followed by a to-infinitive for habitual actions or an -ing form for an action in progress at a certain point. Yesterday indicates that we are not talking about a habitual action, so the correct choice is shouting . 5. (A) were surveyed — The correct choice is the passive form were surveyed . The agent of the verb is not given. 6. (B) judge — The correct choice is the noun judge. In a legal context, the person who makes decisions in court is a judge. 7. (A) was satisfied — The correct choice is was satisfied . This is often used with the preposition with. 8. (C) arrived — The correct choice is the simple past form arrived to to refer to a completed action in the past. 9. (B) established — The correct choice is the past participle established . It forms the passive with was. 10. (B) has been employed — The correct choice is the present perfect passive because it refers to something that started in the past but is still related to the present time. 11. (A) will be crowded — The correct choice is the simple future passive will be crowded . It refers to a future situation. The agent of the verb is people. 12. (D) success — The correct choice is the noun success . The words hard work and dedication are words that are suggestive of success. 13. (C) considering — The correct choice is the present participle considering . It completes the present progressive form is considering. The committee is in the process of making a decision. 14. (B) has not been announced — The correct choice is the present perfect passive. Among the choices, this is the only grammatically correct answer. The use of the word yet indicates a connection with the present time. 15. (A) are subsidized — The correct choice is the simple present passive. It describes a current situation.

Part 6 Mini-test (pag e 88) 88) 1. (D) attention — The correct choice is the noun attention. It completes the expression to bring (something) to one’s attention.

2. (C) were purchased — The correct choice is the simple past passive were purchased . The agent of the verb is not given in the sentence, making the passive the obvious choice. 3. (C) impression — The noun impression is needed in this sentence. It completes the expression to give a good impression, meaning “to create a favorable opinion.”

4. (B) are needed — The correct choice is the simple present passive form are needed . In this context, it has the meaning of “are necessary.” 5. (C) involved — The past participle involved completes the passive in this sentence. 6. (A) will be asked to — The correct choice is the simple future passive will be asked to, referring to a situation in the future.

Review Test 1 Part 5 (pag e 90) 90) 1. (A) was held — The correct choice is the passive form was held . The agent of the action is not given, indicating the need for the passive. 2. (B) announced — The correct choice is the simple past announced because because it refers to a completed action in the past. 3. (C) stationery — The correct choice is the noun stationery , meaning “paper, envelopes, and other such items.”

4. (D) have attended — The correct choice is the present perfect have attended . It refers to an action in the past with a connection to the present. 5. (B) to be made — The correct choice is to be made . To completes the modal verb has to, meaning “necessary or needed.” It is used here in the

passive form with the past participle made. 6. (D) authorization — The correct choice in this context is the noun authorization, authorization, meaning “official permission.”

7. (A) manufacturing — The correct choice is the gerund manufacturing. 8. (B) delivered — The correct choice is the past participle delivered , completing the passive form in this sentence. 9. (B) been determined — The correct choice is the passive form been determined . Together with has, it completes the present perfect passive. 10. (C) location - The correct choice is the noun location in this context. The presence about the indefinite article alerts us to the need for a noun. 11. (A) be installed — The correct choice is the passive form be installed . 12. (A) happened — The correct choice is the simple past tense. The time expression last week indicates that the past tense is needed. Happen cannot be used in the passive. 13. (C) will have been — The correct choice is the future perfect tense, talking about an action which began in the past but has a relation to the present. 14. (A) accountant — The correct choice is the noun accountant . A noun is needed in this sentence. The expression speak six languages tells us that a person is needed. 15. (C) was working — The correct choice is the past progressive to express one action taking place at

the same time as another in the past. The speaker


attended a meeting, and at the same time, Sandra’s

1. (C) is — Data analysis is a singular noun, so it needs to be followed by the 3rd person singular form of the be-verb. 2. (D) have been — The verb needs to agree with the plural noun pages and needs to be in the present perfect for an action which occurred in the past but has a connection to the present. 3. (B) have — The noun in the of-phrase of a fraction determines the number of the verb. In this case, the noun is employees, so we need a plural form of the verb. The past participle passed is given in the sentence, therefore we need the verb have to complete the present perfect. 4. (C) comes — The correct choice is the 3rd person singular simple present form. The subject is bus, and because the sentence refers to a regularly occurring activity, the correct choice is comes.

work on the presentation was in progress.

Part 6 (page 92) 16. (B) has been rejected — The correct choice is the present perfect passive. The sentence does not identify the agent of the verb. 17. (A) advise — The correct choice in this context is the verb advise. 18. (C) luck — The correct choice is the noun luck . Here it completes the expression wish someone luck. 19. (D) has — The correct choice is the 3rd person singular form of the simple present. 20. (A) will be — The correct choice is the simple future form will be. 21. (A) application — The correct choice is the noun application in this context.

Exercises B.

4. Grammar Practice – Agreement Useful notes: (page 94) 1. A Singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb. 2. The key to making sure that the subject and verb agree is to identify whether the subject is singular or plural. Additional examples for Subject-Verb Agreement 1. Not only Mrs. White but also many other respectable women are expected at the summit. (the noun after but also determines the verb) 2. The employees as well as the department head want a a new attendance policy. (the noun before as well as determines the verb) Suggested activity:

Instruction: Choose the correct form of the verb in each sentence. 1. Neither Mr. Tamiya nor the board of directors ____ (know / knows) about the decline in last month’s sales.

2. The speed limit in this town ____ (is / are) 20 miles per hour. 3. People ____ (has noticed / have noticed) the recent changes in the office. 4. 75% of the complaints often ____ (come / comes) from female customers.

1. (B) along — The correct choice is along . In this sentence, it forms the prepositional phrase along with, meaning “together with.”

2. (C) all — The correct choice is the determiner all . The other answer choices cannot be used with a plural noun. Exercises C.

1. (D) announced — The correct choice in this context is announced, meaning “to make publicly known.”

2. (A) fined — The correct choice is fined , the past participle of th e verb fine, meaning ”to charge money as a punishment.”

3. (A) estimate — The correct choice is the verb estimate, meaning “to guess (the cost, size, or value) of something.” It is common to use this verb when talking about asking for the approximate cost of something. 4. (D) reserve — The correct choice is reserve, meaning “to keep something for someone’s use.”

Part 5 Mini-test (pag e 96) 96) 1. (D) were — The correct choice is were. It completes the past progressive (were waiting) to talk about an action in progress at a certain point in the past. 2. (A) offer — The 3rd person plural form offer is is the correct choice. It agrees with the subject several branches. 3. (C) is — Expressions of time need a singular verb. 4. (A) is — In the expression neither . . . nor, the number of the verb is determined by what is next to it. In this sentence, the singular noun performance precedes the verb. 5. (A) is — In this sentence, the verb agrees with the singular noun climbing.

6. (B) departments — In the context of a company, the various sections are usually referred to as departments. 7. (B) is attending — Modifiers do not affect the number of the verb. Since the subject of the sentence is head of HR, a singular verb is needed. 8. (A) is required — We do not know the agent of the verb, and every employee is a singular noun, so the correct choice is the singular present form of the passive. 9. (B) has been sold — The noun in the of-phrase of a fraction governs the number of the verb. The correct choice is the present perfect passive because we do not know who did the selling. 10. (D) is — Mail is an uncountable noun, so we need the 3rd person singular verb. 11. (A) is — Beef is an uncountable noun, so the 3rd person singular verb is needed. 12. (D) current — The correct choice is the adjective current, meaning “up -to-date.” Fashionable, trendy, and present cannot be used to describe news. 13. (A) is — The verb agrees with global warming, an uncountable noun. 14. (A) is too little — Expressions of time take a singular verb. The sentence talks of the need to adequately discuss new projects, suggesting a lack of time. For this reason, is too little is the correct choice. 15. (C) themselves — The 3rd person plural reflexive pronoun themselves is the correct choice because it refers to a 3rd person plural noun, the directors. Part 6 Mini-test (page 98)

1. (C) is — The verb needs to agree with mentor, therefore the correct choice is the 3rd person singular is. 2. (C) work — The sentence describes a regularly occurring activity, so the simple present is required. The subject is composed of two nouns (you and your mentor), so a plural verb form is needed. 3. (B) realistic — The correct choice is the adjective realistic , meaning “based on fact.”

4. (B) their — The correct choice is the possessive pronoun their because it refers to the noun products belonging to the plural noun advertisers. 5. (D) have received — The noun in the of-phrase of a fraction determines the number of the verb. Companies requires a plural verb. Of the two plural verbs among the choices, only the present perfect have received fits fits with in recent years which implies an action occurring in the past. 6. (D) equally — The correct choice is the adverb equally , meaning “to the same degree.”

5. Grammar Practice – Infinitives and Gerunds Useful notes: (page 100)

1. Gerunds may function as subject or object of a verb. e.g. Smoking is bad for your health. Do you like baking? 2. Infinitives are also used to express a purpose. e.g. I came here to tell you about the changes in the project. Ms. Jennings called to check the status of her application. Suggested activity:

Instruction: Change the verb to infinitive or gerund to complete the sentence. 1. Sarah managed ____ (finish) the campaign on her own. [ to finish] 2. I cannot imagine ____ (go) to the summit unprepared. [going ] 3. He enjoys ____ (play) golf on weekends. playing [ playing ] 4. The president wants us ____ (work) efficiently using the new computers. [ to work] 5. The management was surprised about Richard’s ____ (treat) the customers unfairly. [treating ] Exercises A. (PAGE 101)

1. (C) to arrive — With the verb expect, a to-infinitive is usually needed. 2. (D) to admit — A to-infinitive is used after want + object. 3. (C) coming — The correct choice is the gerund coming. After stop, we can use a gerund or an infinitive. To come is inappropriate because it would give the meaning of “stop in order to come.”

4. (B) to meet — A to-infinitive is used with the verb promise. Exercises B.

1. (A) to succeed — With the verb expect, a toinfinitive is usually needed. 2. (C) trying — We use an -ing form with stop to express an action in progress. In this case, successful people continue their efforts. Exercises C.

1. (C) win — The cor rect rect choice is win, meaning “to achieve first place in a contest or competition.”

2. (D) resign — The correct choice is resign, meaning “to quit one’s job.”

3. (C) speech — The correct choice is speech. At a conference, the keynote speech is the main or most important speech.

4. (B) succeeded — The correct choice is succeeded, the past participle of succeed, meaning “to

6. (B) to create — An infinitive of purpose to create is needed here to express the reason for the visit.

come after another person.”

Part 5 Mini-test (pag e 102) 102) 1. (B) being — The verb enjoy is followed by a gerund. 2. (B) ordering — The correct choice is ordering. The expression be responsible for is followed by a gerund. 3. (B) Selling — The gerund selling, used as a noun, is the subject of this sentence. 4. (B) to bring — The verb allow is followed by a toinfinitive. 5. (B) giving — The verb regret is followed by a gerund. Regret cannot be followed by a to-infinitive in this context, talking about an event in the past. 6. (C) forbidden — The correct choice is the adjective forbidden, meaning “not allowed.”

7. (A) to turn — After the verb forget, we use a toinfinitive to express a purpose. In this sentence, the speaker should have turned off the coffee maker but did not. 8. (C) to pursue — After the verb want, a to-infinitive is needed. 9. (B) to give — After the verb ask, a to-infinitive is needed. 10. (B) to make — After it is important, we use a to infinitive. 11. (A) to enter — A to-infinitive is needed here to show purpose. 12. (B) stealing — After the verb deny, we use an -ing form. 13. (A) to inform — In this sentence, after the verb regret, a to-infinitive needs to be used. The speakers feel regret because of the information they have to give. I/We regret to . . . is a formal way of apologizing for something you are about to do. If the -ing form were used in this sentence, the meaning would change to I informed you. Now I feel regret. 14. (A) making — After the phrasal verb specialize in, an -ing form is needed. 15. (C) to check — The correct choice is to check. After try, a to-infinitive expresses purpose.

Part 6 Mini-test (pag e 104) 104) 1. (B) surprised — The correct choice is the past participle used as an adjective. This is used to describe how Gwen might feel. 2. (D) such a — Such is used to talk about degree and is used with nouns and noun phrases. When the indefinite article is present, it goes before it. 3. (D) to figure — After the verb manage, a to-infinitive is used. 4. (D) to bring — With the expression deliver on a promise, meaning “to keep a promise,” a to -infinitive is used. 5. (B) advice — The correct choice is the noun advice, meaning “an opinion on what one should or shouldn’t do.”

6. Grammar Practice – Participles and Participle Clauses Useful notes: (page 106)

Participles also function as adjectives. 1. Use –ed participle to express how a person feels or to describe the one feeling the emotion e.g. Frustrated customers customers complained about the new product. The customers were frustrated and and complained about the new product. (the customers felt frustrated) Use –ed participle if you want to describe what is done to the noun or describe its condition e.g. boiled eggs, baked potatoes, limited budget, revised document Some past participles do not end in –ed but they are also used as adjectives. e.g. rotten tomatoes, broken glass, written message, 2. Use –ing participle to describe the noun that causes the emotion e.g. It was another inspiring speech speech from the president. The president gave another inspiring speech. speech. (the speech inspired the listeners) Use –ing participle to describe what the noun is doing or is capable of doing/ causing someone to feel e.g. satisfying dishes, thrilling sites, changing climate, boring movie, participating stores Suggested activity:

Instruction: Change the verbs into –ed or –ing participle to make each sentence correct. 1. The ____ (change) weather condition makes it difficult for us to plan trips. [changing] 2. I felt felt ___ [bore] because the movie was too too long. 3. People like ___ (interest) stories to read or watch. [interesting] 4. ___ (interest) buyers are willing to spend even if the product is expensive. [interested] 5. We heard the ___ (depress) news news about the mass layoff yesterday.


1. (C) exciting — An -ing form is needed here because news is the agent. The news is causing people to feel excitement. 2. (D) Surprised — An -ed form is used when the object of its original verb serves as the subject of the main clause. She is caused to feel surprise. 3. (C) Being — An -ing form is used when the original verb is intransitive. 4. (A) seen — A past participle is used when the object of its original verb serves as the subject of the main clause. Exercises B.

1. (B) Located — An -ed form is used when the object of its original verb serves as the subject of the main clause. 2. (B) worn — The past participle is used because it is not the agent of the noun (not doing the action of the participle). Exercises C.

1. (A) quota — The correct choice is the noun quota, meaning “a fixed limited amount.” 2. (C) variety — The correct choice is the noun variety,

8. (B) specified — The correct choice is the past participle. Among the two possible choices, specified, meaning “stated or described clearly” is the answer.

9. (A) recycled — The correct choice is the past participle recycled. The noun modified by the participle is not the agent, so a past participle is appropriate. 10. (C) broken — In this sentence, the past participle is needed as an adjective. The noun modified by the participle is not the agent so a past participle is appropriate. 11. (D) clarity — The correct choice is the noun clarity, meaning “the qua lity of being clear and easy to understand.”

12. (B) design — The correct choice is the noun design. It forms a compound noun with company to refer to a company engaged in producing designs. 13. (C) Hand-written — The past participle handwritten is used as an adjective to describe letters. The noun modified by the participle is not the agent, so a past participle is appropriate. 14. (D) unattended — The correct choice is unattended, me aning “not watched.” It is co mmonly used in announcements at railway stations and airports. 15. (C) understood — The past participle understood is needed to complete the expression make oneself understood, meaning “to communicate effectively.”

meaning “having the characteristic of being different.”

3. (B) registered — The correct choice is registered,

Part 6 Mini-test (pag e 110) 110)

meaning “listed officially.”

1. (B) expected — The noun modified by the participle is not the agent, so a past participle is appropriate. 2. (C) goals — The correct choice is the noun goals,

4. (D) depression — The correct choice is the noun depression, meaning “a period in which there is little business activity.”

Part 5 Mini-test (pag e 108) 108) 1. (B) bored — The participle of the noun is not the agent doing the action, so a past participle is used. 2. (C) certified — The past participle is used as an adjective to describe accountant. 3. (A) exhausted — Here an -ing clause is an explanation of the following main clause. Exhausted describes how Mark felt. Feeling exhausted is the reason that Mark felt he was entitled to a vacation. 4. (D) confusing — The -ing form is used because the noun modified by the participle is the agent. The policy causes people to experience confusion. 5. (A) arrested — The past participle is used here to form a passive. Tom was arrested, but we do not know who did the arresting. 6. (B) written — The past participle is used here because the object of its original verb serves as the subject of the main clause. 7. (D) annoying — The tapping is the agent which makes Juan feel annoyed, therefore annoying is the correct choice.

meaning “target or aim.”

3. (B) pricing — The correct choice is the present participle pricing. In this context, when pricing has the meaning of "when making the price." 4. (B) thinking — The -ing form is used here. It is a shortened version of when we are thinking. 5. (A) internationally — The correct choice is the adverb internat ionally, meaning “in several countries.” 6. (D) distributed — The past participle is needed here to complete the simple present passive are distributed.

Review Test 2 Part 5 (page 112)

1. (B) to be updated —- The correct choice is to be updated because needs is followed by a to-infinitive. 2. (D) to fill — The correct choice is the infinitive form to fill because of the use of the verb stop. In this context, it has the meaning of “stop in order to do something.”

3. (C) every other — The correct choice is the determiner every other which which modifies day. 4. (C) Located — The correct choice is the past participle. A past participle is used when the object of the original verb serves at the subject of the main clause. Therefore, located is needed here.

5. (D) to be promoted — The correct choice is the passive form to be promoted . 6. (A) Struggling — The correct choice is the -ing form struggling .

7. (A) these — The correct choice is the plural determiner these. 8. (B) is — The correct choice is the 3rd person singular form is. The noun in the of-phrase determines the number of the verb. 9. (C) is — Sums of money are followed by the 3rd person singular form of the verb, making is the correct choice. 10. (A) to finish — After order, a to-infinitive is needed. 11. (D) Hoping — The correct choice is the -ing form, hoping. 12. (B) is — The time expression three weeks is followed by a singular verb form. 13. (B) exhausted — The correct choice is the past participle exhausted. It acts as an adjective to describe workers. 14. (C) is — With the expression neither . . . nor, the number of the verb is determined by what is next to it. 15. (A) smiling — The present participle is used here to modify the noun chairman. Part 6 (page 114)

16. (A) taking — The expression be responsible for takes the gerund. 17. (B) Living — The correct choice is the -ing form living. 18. (B) their — The correct choice is the possessive pronoun their . In this sentence, it refers to the family of Mrs. McGarrity. While family is a singular noun, because it refers to a group of people, the plural 3rd person possessive is used here. 19. (C) located — The correct choice is the past participle located, used here with the present passive form. 20. (C) you to live — The verb allow is used with a toinfinitive. 21. (A) have — The correct choice is the auxiliary verb have because the noun in the of-phrase of the fraction two-thirds is plural.

7. Grammar Practice – Relative Clauses Useful Notes: (page 116)

1. Relative clauses are used to give additional information about something without making another sentence. To do this, we need relative pronouns and adverbs. 2. Grammar purists would say using “reason why” is incorrect and redundant. However, if we focus on the role of “why” in a relative

clause, it is actually grammatically correct.

Reason is com monly used with “why” and we use this to express a cause or an explanation for something that happened or something we have done. >>> The relative adverb connects the relative clause to the main clause. e.g. He wants to know the reason(main clause) why you’re mad at him (relative clause). This is the reason why I should leave the country.

>>> Reason why only only becomes redundant when you say it like this: “This is the reason why.” vs. why.” vs. “This is the reason”. Suggested activity:

Instruction: Write the correct relative pronoun or adverb to complete each sentence. 1. It was 1997 ___ I first visited France. [when] 2. She gets ___ she wants. [what] 3. That is the restaurant ___ I used to hang out with my university friends. [where] 4. The woman ___ account we we opened yesterday designed these furniture sets. [whose] 5. He did not tell me the reason ___ he chose to study in that university. [why] Exercises A. (page 117)

1. (D) What — The relative pronoun what is not preceded by a noun. It acts as a noun + relative pronoun together and means “the things which.” 2. (C) whose — The relative possessive whose is used here because the antecedent is a person. 3. (A) who — The antecedent is a person, so who is needed. That cannot be the correct choice because it is rarely used in non-identifying clauses. 4. (A) where — The relative adverb where is used when referring to a place. Exercises B.

1. (A) which — The relative pronoun which is used when the antecedent is a not a person. 2. (B) apologize — The correct choice is the verb apologize. It completes the expression to apologize for (the) inconvenience. Exercises C.

1. (B) lose — The correct choice is the verb lose. It completes the phrase lose focus, which means “to lose concentration.”

2. (D) overtime — The correct choice is the noun overtime, meaning “work in addition to one’s regular working hours.” It completes the expr ession ession to work overtime.

3. (B) distract — The correct choice is the verb distract, meaning “to stop someone from concentrating.”

8. Grammar Practice – Conjunctions and Prepositions

4. (B) asked — With the noun favor, the verb ask is most commonly used.

Useful notes: (page 122)

Part 5 Mini-test (page 118)

1. (C) which — The relative pronoun which is needed in this non-restrictive (non-identifying) clause. 2. (B) which — Because the antecedent is not a person, the relative pronoun which is needed. The preposition to means that cannot cannot be used. Which is used instead of that, for example, in which, for which, about which, through which. 3. (D) when — The correct choice is the relative adverb when, used to express time. 4. (A) where — The relative adverb where is needed because it refers to a place (the area of the country). 5. (D) conferences — The correct choice is the noun conferences. Logically, this is the only occasion among the choices that would require a catering service. 6. (A) trips — This completes the compound noun business trips, trips, meaning “travel und ertaken for the purpose of one’s job.” In this context, none of the other choices fit. 7. (A) whichever — The relative pronoun whichever is is used here with the m eaning of “any one.” 8. (B) whose — The relative possessive is needed here to refer to the antecedent people. 9. (B) who — The relative pronoun who is used here because the antecedent is a person (my first boss). 10. (A) why — The relative adverb why is is used for giving a reason. 11. (B) to whom — The object relative pronoun whom with the preposition to is the correct choice. 12. (D) who — The relative pronoun who is used here because the antecedent is a person (James). 13. (C) for whom — The relative pronoun whom is used as the object of the preposition for . 14. (B) mistake — The correct choice is the noun mistake, meaning “not correctly.” 15. (A) that — The relative pronoun that is is used here. It can be used whether the antecedent is a person or not. Part 6 Mini-test (page 120) 1. (D) recent — The correct choice is the adjective recent , meaning “of a short time ago.” 2. (C) reduce — The correct choice is the verb reduce. It is the only choice that makes sense with the noun stress in this sentence. 3. (C) who — The relative pronoun who is used because the antecedent is a person. 4. (D) who — The relative pronoun who is used because the antecedent is a person. 5. (C) that — The relative pronoun that is is used here. It can be used whether the antecedent is a person or not. 6. (A) available — The correct choice is the adjective available, available, meaning “able to be obtained.”

Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions 1. Coordinating conjunctions join j oin two independent clauses together in one sentence, where both clauses will have equal emphasis/value. e.g. Jack cleaned the kitchen. Amy did the laundry. >>> Jack cleaned the kitchen and Amy did the laundry. 2. Subordinating conjunctions are used to trans form independent clauses into dependent clauses, thus, making it less emphasized in the joined sentence. e.g. Because she needed a long break, she went on a trip to Paris for a month.

3. Conjunctions are also used to avoid redundancy. e.g. Do you want to talk now? Do you want to talk later? >>> Subordination examples: Simultaneous actions: actions: He looked at his bride as she walked down the aisle. The moment they arrived, I ordered pizza. Sequential actions: I left for Chicago when she got home. After completing my master’s degree, I took on a job as compliance officer. Reason: Now that the new hires are here, we can start the training. Since the team needed a new member, we started interviewing applicants yesterday. Condition: Condition: We can’t go out unless the weather is good tomorrow. If our boss approves the proposal, we can start working on the project right away. Concession: Although I’ve made my decision , I am still considering my manager’s advice.

The conference will push through even if there are not many attendees. Purpose: Human Resources sent out a new memo so that employees are reminded of the company’s

important rules. In order that we will achieve our goals, we cooperate with each other. Contrast: John likes to study, whereas his sister does not. Unreal comparison: We played in the park as if we were little kids.


1. (C) but — The conjunction but is used because it joins two contrasting ideas. 2. (D) While — The subordinating conjunction while is used. It links two simultaneous actions. 3. (B) although — The subordinating conjunction although is used here to express concession.

4. (B) for — The correct choice is the preposition for used here to indicate how long.


1. (A) However — This conjunction is used at the start Exercises B.

of a sentence to express the meaning “but.”

1. (C) while — The subordinating conjunction while is used. It links two simultaneous actions. 2. (D) development — The correct choice is the noun development. The use of the definite article the informs our choice here.

2. (A) deadlines — The correct choice is the noun deadlines. The context is about things which cause stress, and deadlines are a common source of stress. 3. (C) lonely — The adjective lonely is used here to describe hobby. 4. (B) regret — The noun regret completes the commonly used phrase It is with great regret that . . .,

Exercises C.

1. (D) on the contrary — The prepositional phrase on the contrary is used here to link two contrasting ideas. 2. (C) Shortly — The adverb shortly, meaning “soon after,” is the correct choice.

3. (A) nearly — The adverb nearly, meaning “almost,” is the correct choice to modify go bankrupt. 4. (D) approximately — The adverb approximately, meaning "about," is the correct choice to modify broadcast.

meaning “I am very sorry that . . .”

5. (A) during — The correct choice is the preposition during, meaning “throughout the duration of a period.” 6. (A) so — The conjunction so is used with the meaning of “therefore,” expressing reason.

9. Grammar Practice – Modification Useful notes: (page 128)


1. (B) for — This preposition expresses a duration of time. 2. (A) whether — This conjunction introduces alternate choices (go to the meeting or not). 3. (C) about — This preposition is used here to state what is being discussed. 4. (D) between — The preposition between is followed by a noun and used to express the involvement of two people. 5. (B) While — The subordinating conjunction while is used here to link two simultaneous actions. 6. (C) Now that — This subordinating conjunction is used to express reason. 7. (D) until — This subordinating conjunction is used to express sequential actions. In the 1950s, an effective vaccine was found, but not before. 8. (B) with — The preposition with is used here to express the meaning “having.”

9. (C) unless — This subordinating conjunction is used here to express a condition. 10. (B) only — The adverb only completes the correlative conjunction not only . . . but also . . . 11. (A) because — The conjunction because is used to express reason. 12. (C) concerns — The prepositional phrase because of is followed by a noun. The correct choice here is concerns, meaning “worries.” In this context, worries about the environment are the cause of the increased interest in green energy. 13. (A) in case — The correct choice is the subordinating conjunction in case, meaning “if there is a need.”

14. (D) during — The correct choice is the preposition during, meaning “throughout the duration of a period.” 15. (B) whereas — This conjunction is used to express contrast.

1. a/an vs. the a. a/an is an indefinite article used before a singular countable noun, to refer to one thing but it is not specific, and to mention something for the first time e.g. a door; an apple; a report; an e-mail I need to send an e-mail to to Mr. Smith today. I saw a woman woman in the stock room earlier. Maybe she’s t h e new new employee.

b. the is a definite article article used before singular or plural countable and uncountable nouns… we

use the to refer to specific things or people; refer to something for the second time; before collective nouns to refer to a group of people; before names of seas, rivers, group of islands, chains of mountains, deserts, regions, and a few names of countries e.g. The girl next next door works as a model. (the girl next door, not from any other place) She used to have a cat and and a dog at at home. The dog is is now in a new home. the government; the British; the army, the management


1. (B) sociable — The correct choice is the adjective sociable which modifies the noun person. 2. (B) terribly — The adverb terribly modifies the adjective difficult to intensify the degree.

3. (B) the — The correct choice is the definite article the because it is referring to a specific book. 4. (D) in — The correct choice is the preposition in. We keep stock in a warehouse. Exercises B.

1. (B) scheduled — The correct choice is the past participle scheduled used here as an adjective to describe changes. 2. (C) immediately — This adverb, me aning “straight away,” modifies the adjective effective. Exercises C.

1. (B) terminated — The correct choice is the past participle terminated, meaning “stopped.”

2. (D) return — The correct choice is the verb return. It completes the phrase return a (phone) call. 3. (A) probable — The correct choice is the adjective probable, meaning “likely to be true.” It modifies the noun cause. 4. (C) stapled — The correct choice is the verb stapled, meaning “to join together with small metal strips.” Part 5 Mini-test (page 130)

1. (D) extremely well — In this sentence, the verb designed is modified by the adverb well which is further modified by the adverb extremely to show degree. 2. (C) an essential — The correct choice is the indefinite article an + the adjective essential. They modify part, expressing that market research is just one of several important parts. 3. (D) every — This determiner is used to refer to all members of a group of three or more, in this case the days of the week. 4. (A) little — The determiner little is used here to refer to a small quantity and implies that it is insufficient. 5. (B) complete — The correct choice is the adjective complete, meaning “whole.”

6. (C) its — The determiner its, meaning “belonging to,” refers to the company. 7. (A) remit — The correct choice is the verb remit, meaning “to send money.”

8. (B) something — The pronoun something is the correct choice here to express an undetermined quality. 9. (A) it is — The correct choice is the 3rd person singular pronoun it and the be-verb is. 10. (D) very — The adverb very is used here to modify the adjective well. 11. (B) really good — The correct choice is the adjective good, modified by the adverb really, which adds emphasis. 12. (C) 7-year-old — The correct answer is 7-year-old, NOT 7-years-old because adjectives never agree with the noun they modify.

13. (B) the most — The correct choice is the superlative form the most because more than two things are being compared. 14. (D) contractually — The correct choice is the adverb contractually, which modifies the adjective obligated. 15. (A) any — The correct choice is the determiner any. In this sentence, it modifies interest with a negative meaning. Part 6 Mini-test (page 132)

1. (A) other — The determiner other is not used in the plural when it is used with a noun. 2. (A) possible — The correct choice is the adjective possible, meaning “able to be done or happen.”

3. (B) distract — The correct choice is the verb distract, meaning “to impede concentration.” 4. (C) research — The correct choice is the noun research. It is the only logical choice in this context. 5. (D) likely — In this sentence, the adjective likely is modified by the determiner more. 6. (B) a few — The determiner a few modifies the noun years, meaning “a small number.”


1. (D) Each — The correct choice is the determiner each. It modifies the noun employee. 2. (B) that — The correct choice is the relative pronoun that. It is used because the antecedent is not a person. 3. (A) as though — The correct choice is the subordinating conjunction as though. 4. (A) whose — The correct choice is the relative possessive pronoun whose. 5. (A) initial — The correct choice is the adjective initial, meaning “first or early.” 6. (B) During — The correct choice is the preposition during. 7. (D) how — The correct choice is the relative adverb how, meaning “the way that” in this context.

8. (D) which — The correct choice is the relative pronoun which. Here it introduces the non-identifying clause is a Portuguese-speaking country. 9. (D) among — The correct choice is the preposition among, meaning “part of a group.”

10. (B) 6-month — The correct choice is the modifier 6-month because adjectives do not agree in number with the noun they modify. 11. (C) Now that — The correct choice is the subordinating conjunction now that. It connects cause and effect. 12. (C) unhappy — The correct choice in this context is the adjective unhappy. 13. (C) by — The correct choice is the preposition by, meaning “before or no later than.”

14. (D) equally — The correct choice is the adverb equally.

15. (C) when — The correct choice is the relative adverb when. It completes the expression the time . . . when.

4. (B) conclusive — The correct choice is the adjective conclusive, meaning “definitive or certain.” Part 5 Mini-test (page 140)

Part 6 (page 136)

16. (C) and — The correct choice is the conjunction and. It connects two similar ideas. 17. (A) who — The correct choice is the relative pronoun who because the antecedent is a person. While that is is also used for people in identifying clauses, in this sentence, that is is not used because we are dealing with a non-identifying clause. 18. (B) highly — The correct choice is the adverb highly. Here it modifies the verb discourage. 19. (D) which — The correct choice is the relative pronoun which. It is used here to refer to a non-human thing in a non-identifying clause. 20. (B) because of — The correct choice is the prepositional phrase because of. Because of is used before a noun or pronoun. 21. (C) accordingly — The correct choice is the adverb accordingly. It modifies the past participle increased.

10.

Grammar Practice – Pronouns


1. (B) none — None is used to express the idea that there is nothing. In this sentence, it expresses that paper was not found. 2. (D) himself — The correct choice is the reflexive pronoun himself because he (the subject) is the person who had to do the work. 3. (D) our — The correct choice is the possessive pronoun our because it refers to the office that belongs to we and it is followed by a noun. 4. (B) That — The demonstrative pronoun that is used here to refer to something which is singular and distant from the speaker. Because the speaker is talking about bids, that is replacing bid in this sentence. Exercises B.

1. (B) What — What is used here in the function of noun + relative pronoun. It is expresses the things which.

2. (C) it — In this sentence, the correct choice is the personal pronoun it . Be worth it is an idiomatic expression, meaning “to be reasonable or to have value.”

1. (B) hers — The correct choice is the possessive pronoun hers. It is needed here because it refers to a program belonging to a woman, and because it is not followed by a noun. 2. (A) Whoever — The interrogative pronoun whoever is used here to introduce a noun clause. It is also used because it refers to an unidentified person. 3. (C) these — The plural demonstrative pronoun these agrees with the verb are and acts as the subject to replace an unspecified non-human item on sale. 4. (D) none — None is used to express the idea that there is nothing. In this context, it expresses that there were no complaints. 5. (C) Those — The demonstrative pronoun those is used in this sentence wit h the meaning “all the people.”

6. (B) us — The correct choice is the objective pronoun us. It is the direct object of the sentence. 7. (D) herself — The reflexive pronoun herself is used to emphasize that it is the queen who did the visiting, and not someone else. 8. (A) he — The use of the possessive pronoun his informs us that the owner is male, therefore he is the correct choice. 9. (A) responsibility — The correct choice is the noun responsibility, meaning “duty.”

10. (C) what — The correct choice is the relative pronoun what. In this sentence, it expresses the things which. 11. (D) this — The correct choice is the singular demonstrative pronoun this. It is used for things close to the speaker. We can assume that the meeting is going to take place soon, and that is why the speaker is trying to avoid it. 12. (B) the others — The others is used because there are more than three people being referred to. 13. (A) the other — The indefinite pronoun the other expresses an additional, but unnamed, person and agrees with believes. The writer is contrasting Mr. Hodson's opinion with that of someone else. 14. (A) myself — Because the subject is my greatest achievement, the correct choice is the 1st person singular reflexive pronoun myself. 15. (A) how — The correct choice is the adverb how, meaning “in what way.” The speaker is talking

about fixing something, so word to express a method or means is needed.

Exercises C.

1. (B) Safety — The correct choice is the noun safety. It is used with regulations to form the compound noun safety regulations. 2. (A) proceeds — The correct choice is the noun proceeds, meaning “profits.” 3. (D) considerable — The correct choice is the adjective considerable, considerable, meaning “large or significant.”


1. (B) another — The pronoun another, meaning “one more; an addition al one,” is the correct choice. Because there is no article, another, NOT other is needed here. 2. (A) appreciate — The correct choice is the verb appreciate. It is used when you are thanking someone and want to show gratitude.

3. (C) whatever — The correct choice is the interrogative pronoun whatever. It expresses the idea that what kind of wine Mary purchases is unimportant. 4. (D) themselves — The correct choice is the reflexive pronoun themselves because it refers to seniors and their ability to perform their own personal care. 5. (A) isolation - The correct choice is the noun isolation, meaning “being alone.” 6. (C) allocated — The correct choice is the past participle allocated , meaning “set aside for a specific use.” It is commonly used when talking about government funding.

11. Grammar Practice – Comparisons Exercises A. (page 145)

1. (C) better — The correct choice is better , the comparative form of good. Two things are being compared: the expectation and the reality. 2. (A) far — Far is is used to modify the comparative form more. It is used for emphasis. 3. (C) quickest — The correct choice is the superlative form quickest . Three or more things are being compared. Also the presence of the definite article the indicates that a superlative is needed. 4. (B) most persuasive — The correct choice is the superlative form most persuasive. Three or more things are being compared. Also the presence of the definite article the indicates that a superlative is needed. Exercises B.

1. (A) recent — The correct choice is the adjective recent. No comparison is being made in this sentence, and an adjective is needed to describe the noun question. 2. (D) best — The correct choice is the superlative form best. Three or more things are being compared. Also the presence of the definite article the indicates that a superlative is needed. Exercises C.

1. (C) request — The correct choice is the noun request. It completes the expression available upon request which has t he meaning of “being able to be obtained if you wish to ask for (them).” 2. (C) effect — The correct choice is the noun effect. It completes the expression to take effect, meaning “to produce a result.”

3. (B) Attention — The correct choice is the noun attention. It completes the expression to pay attention (to something), meaning “to watch or listen to something carefully.”

4. (B) balance — The correct choice is the noun balance. A bank balance is the amount of money in one’s bank account.


1. (B) more — The correct choice is the comparative form more. It compares two things: what everyone thought was possible and the reality. 2. (D) aspect — The correct choice is the noun aspect, meaning “one part of a situation.”

3. (C) best — The correct choice is the superlative form best because three or more things are being compared (all hotels). 4. (C) most qualified — The correct choice is the superlative most qualified because three people are being compared. Also the presence of the definite article the indicates that a superlative is needed. The past participle qualified is used rather than the present participle qualifying because the candidate is the receiver, not the source. She is not the agent or cause of the condition. 5. (B) far more — The correct choice is the comparative form more with the modifier far. The things being compared here are: branches Sally visits and branches that other people visit. 6. (A) as — The correct choice here is the adverb as. It completes the comparative form as + (modifier) adjective + as. 7. (C) more than — The correct choice is the comparative form more than. Here it is used to emphasize the degree of enthusiasm expressed by the management: they were very enthusiastic. 8. (D) better — The correct choice is the comparative form better. The two things being compared are: requesting estimates from several companies and requesting an estimate from only one. 9. (A) best — The correct choice is the superlative form best. The outcome was the best of all possible outcomes in the conditions given. 10. (B) larger — The correct choice is the comparative form larger. The two things being compared are: the usual bonus and the bonus received. 11. (B) the least — The correct choice is the superlative form the least because three or more things are being compared: Jerry and all the other staff members. 12. (C) organized — The correct choice is the adjective organized, meaning “arranging things carefully in order.” 13. (C) diligently — The plain form of an adjective or adverb fits between as . . . as. Because a verb is being modified, an adverb is needed to complete the sentence. 14. (D) as impressive — The correct choice is as impressive. It completes the adverb as + adjective + as, used for comparison. 15. (A) most — The correct choice is the superlative form most. Three or more things are being compared. Also the presence of the definite article the indicates that a superlative is needed. Part 6 Mini-test (page 148)

1. (C) enter — The correct choice is the verb enter. In business, it is common to talk about entering a market, meaning “to carry out business.”

2. (C) as much progress — The correct choice is the comparative form as much progress which completes the expression as + (modifier) + adjective + as. 3. (A) much — The determiner much is used here to modify the comparative form more to add emphasis. 4. (B) passengers — The correct choice is the noun passengers, meaning “people travelling in a vehicle.” 5. (D) strongly — The correct choice is the adverb strongly which is used here to modify the verb recommend. 6. (A) more — The correct choice is the adverb more which modifies the adverb quickly.

12. Grammar Practice – Comparisons Useful notes: (page 150)

1. Negation is when we say something is the opposite of something positive or true. This can be done by using negative words such as no, not, never, none, nobody, etc. 2. Non-finite verbs are verbs that are not marked for tense and cannot stand alone as the main verb in a sentence. e.g. I love swimming . (gerund) We tried to make sushi yesterday. (to-infinitive) We had roasted chicken chicken for dinner. (-ed participle) Exercises A. (page 151)

1. (A) hard enough — The correct choice is adjective + enough. Enough is always placed after an adjective. 2. (D) Having not — In this sentence, the first clause (a participial clause) is an explanation of the clause that follows, so the -ing form having is used. Since the subject of both clauses is the same, it is omitted in the first. The first clause is an abbreviated form of He had not finished the task. For this reason, having not is the correct choice. 3. (D) nothing new — Words ending in -thing come before adjectival modifiers, making nothing new the correct choice. 4. (B) not — The correct choice is not. Not is placed after the be-verb to make it negative. Exercises B.

1. (B) Not turning — The correct choice is not turning. Not is placed before the non-finite verb turning. 2. (C) enough light — Enough is placed before a noun, making enough light the correct choice. Exercises C.

1. (A) charges — The correct choice is the noun charges, meaning “the price asked for something.” 2. (B) policy — The correct choice is the noun policy, meaning “an official set of plans or actions.”

3. (A) cash — The correct choice is the verb cash, meaning “to exchange for money.”

4. (C) transfer — The correct choice is the verb transfer, meaning “to move from one place to another.” Part 5 Mini-test (page 152)

1. (C) Not knowing — The correct choice is not knowing. Not is placed before the non-finite verb knowing. 2. (A) not to call — With an infinitive, the to-verb is placed after the negative word. 3. (B) contribution — The correct choice is the noun contribution, meaning “something done to benefit or help make something successful.”

4. (B) not to smoke — Both a to-infinitive and an -ing form can be used after the verb prefer. However, an –ing form is used when there are choices, e.g. I prefer driving to walking. This sentence has the meaning of “Management doesn’t want employees to smoke,” so a to-infinitive is the appropriate choice. 5. (A) not enough — The negative word not is placed before enough in the construction not + enough + noun to express insufficiency. 6. (A) to go somewhere different — The verb want is followed by a to-infinitive while words ending in -where come before adjectival modifiers, making to go somewhere different the correct choice. 7. (A) could hardly — Although the overall meaning of the sentence is negative, a negative word is never used with the adverb hardly. 8. (D) not driving — Not is placed before the non-finite verb driving. 9. (B) no — The negative word no is used as an adjective, and is placed before a noun. 10. (D) I needed — The correct choice is I needed. In this indirect question, the subject and verb are not inverted. 11. (C) do you find — With the negative adverb rarely, the subject comes after the auxiliary verb. 12. (B) not taking — The correct choice is not taking. Not is placed before the non-finite verb taking. 13. (C) hardly afford — The adverb hardly is not used with a negative word and is placed before the verb. 14. (D) no longer — No longer is the correct choice. It has the meaning of “not anymore.” No longer is usually placed before a verb. 15. (A) not ready yet — Not is placed after the be-verb to make it negative. Yet is used to say that something which is expected has not happened (but will) and is placed at the end of a clause. Part 6 Mini-test (page 154)

1. (C) issuing — The correct choice is issuing, meaning “to provide or produce.” 2. (D) enough — The correct choice is the adjective enough, meaning “sufficient.” 3. (A) cannot — The correct choice is cannot, the negative form of the modal verb can. 4. (B) Not knowing — The correct choice is not knowing. Not is placed before the non-finite verb knowing.

5. (C) any — The negative word any is not used with another negative word. When using any, we avoid double negatives. 6. (A) opportunity — The correct choice is the noun opportunity, meaning “chance or occasion.”


1. (D) easier — The correct choice is the comparative form easier because two things are being compared. 2. (A) those — The correct choice is the plural demonstrative pronoun those. Here it replaces the noun people. 3. (C) whichever — The correct choice is the interrogative pronoun whichever. 4. (D) long — With the comparative expression as . . . as, the plain form of the adjective is used. 5. (B) one — The correct choice is the indefinite pronoun, one. A replacement suggests that just one item is needed. 6. (A) something different — The special word ending -thing is used before its adjectival modifier, making something different the correct choice. 7. (D) enough — The determiner enough is placed before a noun. In this context, it is used in the negative construction not have enough inventory, expressing, in this context, that there are inadequate supplies. 8. (A) Rarely does — When the sentence begins with a negative word as in this case, the subject and verb are inverted. 9. (B) far — The adverb far is used to modify the comparative adjective higher. 10. (C) best — The correct choice is the comparative adverb best. 11. (C) no — The negative word no is used as an adjective and placed before the noun. 12. (C) the most — The correct choice is the superlative form the most because more than two things are being compared. 13. (C) more than qualified enough — This question tests word order with enough. It comes after adjectives. 14. (B) any — The determiner any is used for negative meanings. 15. (A) tallest — The correct choice is the superlative adjective tallest because more than two things are being compared.

Part 6 (page 158)

16. (D) has the world — After the negative word never, the subject and verb are inverted. 17. (B) some — The pronoun some is used to express a positive meaning. In this sentence, it substitutes for some people. 18. (C) as well as — In this sentence, the verb perform is being modified. Since a verb is modified by an adverb, than and more than are not suitable choices. Better and well are both adverbs. However, better cannot be used here without than. Therefore, as well as is the correct choice. 19. (A) than — Than is needed in this sentence to complete the comparative construction more of an increase than. 20. (D) not to fail — The negative word not is needed before the non-finite verb to fail. 21. (D) Whoever — The correct choice is the interrogative pronoun whoever because the person is not specified.

Chapter 3 Reading Practice Part 7 Reading Comprehension Tips Pay attention to the introduction. It will tell you the number of questions and a hint about the information in the passage. As you read the passage, ask yourself, “Who is it for?” “Why was it written?” First, glance quickly through the passage, and read the questions. Then, go back to the passage, and try to look for the answers to the questions. Tricks Many answers use information that appears in the passage. However, they may not directly answer the question. Watch out for similar sounding words, confusing numbers, wrong word forms, and words with similar meanings. Don’t be confused by questions that follow these formats: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the reading? The text refers to all of the following EXCEPT… 











A. Emails and Letters (page 166) 1. (B) To apologize for a delay in processing 2. (D) By expediting his shipment for free 3. (B) To inquire about a place for rent 4. (C) Outside of town 5. (A) He withdrew too much money from it. 6. (D) He owes money to the bank. 7. (A) Signing up for a special program 8. (C) She wants to find a new company for office

supplies. 9. (B) They did not always have enough products. 10. (A) Mr. Jones will call to set up a meeting. 11. (D) A marketing campaign idea 12. (D) To cut advertising costs 13. (D) It was considered too modern. 14. (C) The board of directors 15. (A) The video will not be made by Mitchell. 16. (A) To rearrange an appointment 17. (C) A last-minute assignment 18. (B) He is sympathetic. 19. (D) Thursday or Friday 20. (D) They will both have enough time then. 21. (C) The agenda for a meeting 22. (D) The topics on the agenda are not clear. 23. (C) He is not sure which campaign he needs to speak on. 24. (B) He has only just begun his project. 25. (C) Information on the agenda is inaccurate.

B. Advertisements (page 176) 1. (B) Receive 50% off a second item 2. (A) Watercolors 3. (D) From low- to high-end 4. (D) You will receive a refund. 5. (D) Interacting with and supporting people 6. (A) Strong people skills 7. (B) A cover letter and résumé with desired salary 8. (A) Between 6:30 a.m. and 8:30 a.m. 9. (A) Designer furniture 10. (D) Parking 11. (C) Supporting the payroll department 12. (C) A professionally recognized certificate 13. (A) On a website 14. (B) A diploma in accounting 15. (D) She is inexperienced. 16. (C) Many games are available. 17. (C) Free unlimited service with conditions 18. (B) It is too advanced to work well. 19. (A) Many were lost due to incompatibility. 20. (D) The screen was clear. 21. (A) 2 22. (C) August 1st 23. (B) By emailing the theater 24. (A) She coordinates social events. 25. (D) To inquire about group rates

C.

Office Memos and Notices (page 186)

1. (C) To remind staff to follow procedures 2. (A) Keep all receipts if they want reimbursement 3. (B) A colleague’s demands are unreasonable.

4. (D) To talk to their colleague 5. (C) The airport is being remodeled. 6. (B) There is a limit to the amount of liquid you can carry on. 7. (A) Your identity may be checked at any time. 8. (B) To explain the new green initiatives 9. (A) To encourage more recycling 10. (C) To produce no garbage 11. (B) A surprise safety inspection 12. (D) Keep their stations neat and tidy 13. (B) Return them to the supply room immediately 14. (B) Decreased productivity 15. (C) By temporarily lowering productivity quotas 16. (C) To raise money for research 17. (D) Free to participants

18. (D) $65 19. (C) You have to forfeit your entrance fee. 20. (A) Your race number

D. Articles and Reports (page 194) 1. (A) Many new jobs were created last month. 2. (C) Many people are still unemployed. 3. (C) To more easily compare them with other companies 4. (A) To decide on the investment potential 5. (D) In Central Africa 6. (A) Cutting down of the forest for lumber 7. (B) Because of human activity 8. (D) It is cheaper than a regular sale. 9. (D) A bank 10. (B) The buyer must pay the full price immediately. 11. (C) A series of science fiction books 12. (A) It was far too long and uninteresting. 13. (C) She felt the criticism was too harsh. 14. (C) She did not enjoy it as much as the other books. 15. (D) That the critic should learn to relax more 16. (A) The latest technological advances in gadgets 17. (D) More than 2,000 18. (D) In Las Vegas 19. (B) They are rivals in the high-tech industry. 20. (C) Their market share has been declining.

E. Information (page 202) 1. (C) $11.90 2. (B) Fruit 3. (C) Wednesday 4. (C) It will feel hotter than Monday. 5. (B) 12 hours before your flight 6. (C) Leave your bags at a specified area 7. (B) You may lose your reservation otherwise. 8. (C) You can exchange any item for something else. 9. (D) The original receipt 10. (A) By mail or in person 11. (C) Amusement park rides 12. (C) In the Arco Dome 13. (D) September 6th 14. (C) $52.50 15. (B) The finale parade

F. Forms (pag e 208) 208) 1. (D) Giving away clothes 2. (A) Spaghetti and meat sauce 3. (C) An office supply store 4. (D) About a month 5. (D) A. Simpson 6. (B) To apologize for a disconnected call 7. (C) Starting a project together 8. (C) TV and Internet service 9. (A) The customer overpaid on the previous bill. 10. (A) -$26.39 11. (C) From St. John to Puerto Rico 12. (D) Mostly overnight 13. (B) From the daily newsletter 14. (D) The levels where the staff work 15. (C) You will have to arrange to reach the next destination yourself.

Chapter 4 Practice Test Part 1 Picture Description (page 216) 1. (C) A woman is making a presentation. 2. (B) They are having a conversation. 3. (D) The man is adjusting the wires. 4. (A) A woman is making a purchase. 5. (D) The cars are parked at angles. 6. (C) The people are in a gallery. 7. (D) The man is mowing his lawn. 8. (A) The shelves are loaded with goods. 9. (B) The taxi cabs are lined up along the road. 10. (A) The airplane is parked at the terminal gate.

Part 2 Questions and Responses (page 222) 11. (B) Jane is in charge of office supplies. 12. (A) I t’s coming along nicely. 13. (B) Yes, I wanted to discuss the merger. 14. (C) No, I haven’t had time. 15. (B) Wherever, it doesn’t matter. 16. (A) Press the button that says “sort”. 17. (B) I’d prefer not to be in charge on this one. 18. (B) No, but I’ve heard it’s really well done.

19. (C) We get four weeks per year at our company. 20. (A) No, check the schedule on the board. 21. (A) Of course, how many people are in your party? 22. (C) I’m taking them on a tour of the city.

23. (B) We did well, exceeding $25 million in profits. 24. (A) I’ll send it out with the other mail.

25. (B) But we still have so much left to do. 26. (B) Everyone is in the break room. 27. (A) Tap water is just fine for me. 28. (A) I only have one more page to read. 29. (C) It’s a 10-week intensive course. 30. (B) No, the technician fixed it already. 31. (B) I’m sorry, I didn’t realize that.

32. (A) Not very well, unfortunately. 33. (B) The flight attendant said number 17A. 34. (C) Not until late next month. 35. (B) Then we’l l have to cancel the picnic. 36. (B) No, I had Chinese last night. 37. (B) We use a popular job search website. 38. (A) No, I have a 5-hour layover. 39. (C) You’ll have to ask accounting about that.

40. (A) yes, I always make sure to be fully insured.

Part 3 Short Conversations (pag e 223) 223) 41. (B) A pair of pants 42. (A) A sales clerk th 43. (C) Ask someone on the 7 floor for assistance 44. (D) Take his children to a movie 45. (C) She is calm. 46. (B) Go to a computer class 47. (D) The mayor 48. (C) They need to repair machinery. 49. (D) Until the end of the year. 50. (C) 30 minutes 51. (D) Never 52. (C) To catch a meeting 53. (B) Lock the front door 54. (D) His new shoes are comfortable. 55. (B) They were too tight. 56. (B) The yearly staff picnic 57. (C) It rained all day. 58. (B) The weather should be fine. 59. (A) The problem will be too expensive to fix.

60. (B) Two parts need to be replaced. 61. (D) Many people use the copier. 62. (A) A coworker 63. (A) She thought it was great. 64. (C) It was poor value and quality. 65. (B) To City Hall 66. (B) Twice every hour 67. (D) Take a taxi 68. (A) A change in schedule 69. (C) Thursday 70. (A) He is the head of marketing.

Part 4 Short Talks (pag e 226) 226) 71. (C) Exploding gas canisters 72. (A) $75 million 73. (D) It is still too soon to say. 74. (A) At a department store 75. (A) Dresses 76. (B) One 77. (C) Because of extreme weather 78. (D) Connect to the company network at home 79. (B) Two days 80. (C) It has a lot nutrition for its weight. 81. (D) As a liquid or solid supplement 82. (C) Buy a 2-month supply 83. (B) A travel agency 84. (C) Press 3 85. (A) No one is free to take the call. 86. (D) Overcoming difficulties 87. (A) He was hurt in a skateboarding accident. 88. (D) All kinds of people 89. (C) Wednesday and Thursday afternoons 90. (B) If meetings run overtime 91. (B) Before the weekend 92. (B) To reschedule a meeting 93. (A) Head of research and development 94. (A) As soon as he can 95. (C) Go to the ticket gate 96. (D) In the cargo area 97. (A) 15 minutes before departure 98. (D) A local bakery 99. (C) $75 100. (A) Orders to be delivered nearby

Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 229) 101. (B) by – The preposition by is used to express no later than a particular time or date.

102. (A) most – The correct choice is the determiner most, which modifies the countable noun households. Its meaning here is “the majority of. ” 103. (B) a lot – The correct choice is the modifier a lot, which modifies the comparative form more. 104. (B) insists – The correct choice is the simple rd present, 3 person singular of the verb insist. 105. (D) much – The correct choice is the adverb much. Here it modifies the comparative adjective harder.

106. (D) was fixing – The correct choice, was fixing is used because it expresses an action in progress at a specific moment in the past ( when she arrived at the office). 107. (B) before – The correct choice is the conjunction before, which refers to an earlier period of time in the past. It expresses how much time passes between the Joneses leaving and the speakers leaving.

108. (C) profits – The correct choice is the noun form profits

109. (A) Seen – The correct choice is the past participle seen. When the object of the original verb serves as the subject of the main clause, the past participle is used. 110. (D) easily – The correct choice is the adverb easily. It modifies the verb solve. 111. (A) different – The correct choice is this context is the adjective different. Because the sentence is talking about contrast in two items that initially seem to be similar, it is the only logical choice. c hoice. 112. (B) nor – The correct choice is the conjunction nor, which is commonly paired with neither. 113. (B) until – The correct choice is until which expresses something happening up to a particular point, and then stopping. He stayed on the platform for as long as the train was visible. 114. (D) seldom – The correct choice is the adverb seldom , meaning “rarely or not often. ” 115. (C) was seen – The correct choice is the simple past form of the passive voice. The action occurred in the past, but we do not know the agent of the verb (the person/people who watched the security camera). 116. (D) information – The correct choice is the noun information. 117. (A) yet – The correct choice is the conjunction yet, linking two contrasting ideas. 118. (C) in person – The correct choice is the prepositional phrase in person, meaning “directly; without involving anyone else. ” 119. (C) respectable – The correct choice is this context is the adjective respectable, meaning “of good moral standards.” 120. (B) has – The correct choice is the verb form has which agrees with the determiner + noun ( each + machine). 121. (B) were damaged – The correct choice is the

simple past passive. The action occurred in the past, and the agent was the windstorm. 122. (B) not to fail – The correct choice is not to fail where the negative word not is placed before the nonfinite verb fail . 123. (A) Since – The correct choice is the conjunction since, meaning “because.” 124. (A) deadline – The correct choice is deadline, meaning “ a date by which something must be done. ” 125. (A) will be – The correct choice is the simple future form will be to talk about something that will happen in the future. 126. (C) fixing – The correct choice is the –ing –ing form fixing which is used with the verb need. 127. (C) each other – The correct choice is the pronoun each other, which is used to show that each person does something to the other. 128. (C) glance – The correct choice is the noun glance, meaning “a quick look. ” 129. (A) disappeared – The correct choice is the simple past form disappeared. The verb disappear cannot be used in the passive voice. 130. (B) going – The correct choice is going because an –ing –ing form is used after the verb consider.

131. (A) with – The correct choice is the preposition with. It completes the expression be disappointed with. 132. (D) where – The correct choice is the relative adverb where (the place at which) referring to location. 133. (A) who – The correct choice is the relative pronoun who, identifying the noun bosses. 134. (D) locally – The correct choice is the adverb locally which modifies the past participle made. 135. (B) standing – The correct choice is the present participle standing. It is used here instead of a relative pronoun and full verb ( the man who is standing). 136. (C) Doing – In this sentence, the first clause is an explanation of the main clause ( we learned …). For this reason, an –ing –ing form is used. 137. (A) variations – The correct choice in this context is the noun variations, meaning “the existence of differences. ” 138. (C) converse – The correct choice in this context is the verb converse. 139. (D) did I lose – In this clause beginning not only, the subject and verb are inverted. 140. (C) steadily – The correct choice is the adverb steadily. It modifies the verb increase in this sentence.

Part 6 Text Completion (page 234) 141. (B) for – The correct choice is the preposition for to complete the expression be inappropriate for. 142. (A) suitable – The correct choice is suitable, meaning “appropriate.” 143. (B) will continue – The correct choice is the simple future for a situation which is expected to occur in the future. 144. (C) during – The correct choice is the preposition during, meaning “throughout a period of time. ” 145. (D) All – The correct choice is the determiner all, which here modifies the plural noun residents. 146. (D) To claim – In this sentence, the to-infinitive to claim is used to show purpose. 147. (B) instead of – The correct choice is the prepositional phrase instead of, reflecting a change in date. 148. (C) best – The correct choice is the superlative form best, describing the optimal of several possibilities that have been compared. 149. (C) inform – The correct choice in this context is inform, meaning “to tell someone something officially. ” 150. (D) our – The correct choice is the possessive pronoun our because the subject is we. 151. (B) not – The correct choice is the negative word not which follows the be-verb. 152. (B) much – The correct choice is the determiner much, which modifies the comparative adjective better.

Part 7 Reading Comprehension (page 238) 153. (C) A pet food supplier 154. (B) The loading area 155. (C) Take another company to court 156. (B) He needs money. 157. (A) It needs brand new tires. 158. (C) Thursday morning 159. (C) Denver

160. (D) To explain a situation th 161. (C) August 16 162. (C) Friday 163. (A) According to customer preferences 164. (D) Midnight 165. (B) Information about stock 166. (C) Write an email 167. (B) Their products are very attractive. 168. (C) Ladybug bowls 169. (C) To promote a cruise 170. (D) Additional taxes 171. (C) By telephoning an agent 172. (D) For one week 173. (B) In the library 174. (C) Speakers at the next meeting 175. (C) People wanting to speak at the meeting 176. (C) It will not be closed this winter. 177. (B) Find out more about the seller. 178. (B) In case there are disputes 179. (C) Wide variety of goods 180. (C) A customer watchdog 181. (A) Their vacation plans 182. (B) To introduce a marketing contest 183. (D) Because it is fun and energetic 184. (C) They worry about medical care. 185. (B) Travel agents 186. (C) Seven days 187. (D) It is inaccurate. 188. (B) The band feels the paper treats it unfairly. 189. (B) To complain about the article 190. (B) Trustworthy and reliable 191. (C) It is a large market. 192. (D) It increased less than beef. 193. (D) Wine 194. (B) Climate troubles 195. (C) People want more unusual wines. 196. (C) Two companies were merged. 197. (B) To introduce a new policy about paper th 198. (D) On the 4 floor 199. (C) By keeping detailed records 200. (B) Some extra money

Taking the Toeic 1 Answer Key New1

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