CEVB 211 SURVEYING PRACTICAL TRAINING LABORATORY LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 2 LEVELLING – ESTABLISHING A TEMPORARY BENCH MARK (TBM)
SECTION: 03
NAME MUHAMMAD FIKRIL AZIM BIN ABDUL SANI DATE DATE O LABORATORY LABORATORY SESSION DATE DATE O REPORT SUBMISSION LAB INSTRUCTOR AHMED
ID CE094946
: ! NOVEMBER 201! : 1" NOVEMBER 201!
: DR. AL MAHOODH ALI NA#AH
1
TABLE O CONTENT CONTENT Table of Content
PAGE
S!""a#$%Ab&t#a't
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Int#o)!'t*on
4
Mate#*al& o# E+!*,"ent&
-.1(
D*&'!&&*on
14
Con'l!&*on
14
Refe#en'e&
14
PROBLEM STATEMENT A& a '*/*l en*nee# $o! a#e #e+!*#e) to a,,l$ t2e 3nole)e of le/ell*n to e&tabl*&2 a te",o#a#$ ben'2"a#3 fo# a ne ,#o5e't &*te
ABSTRACT$SUMMARY Ba&*'all$ t2e e+!*,"ent t2at *ll be )*&'!&&e) *n t2*& #e,o#t *ll 2el, "e *n e&tabl*&2*n t2e te",o#a#$ ben'2"a#3 fo# an ea&*e# a$ an) "o#e a''!#ate "et2o) fo# le/ell*n
It 2a& no #ele/an'e to ,#o,e#t$ l*ne& #*2t.of.a$& o# ot2e# &!#/e$e) feat!#e& an) *& onl$ !&e) to 'o",lete t2e &!#/e$
A te",o#a#$ ben'2"a#3 7TBM8 *& a :e) ,o*nt *t2 a 3non ele/at*on !&e) fo# le/el 'ont#ol )!#*n 'on&t#!'t*on o#3& an) &!#/e$& Na*l& *n #oa) &eal& o# "a#3& on 3e#b ; '2annel a#e 'o""onl$ !&e) a& te",o#a#$ ben'2"a#3&
Ba&*'all$ t2e e+!*,"ent& a#e t2e "a*n 3e$ fo# t2e ,#a't*'al t#a*n*n E/en t2o!2 e al#ea)$ 3no t2e ba&*' 'on'e,t& of t2e )e/*'e& an) t2e ,#o'e)!#e of t2e le/ell*n fo# e:a",le *t2o!t t2e e+!*,"ent& e 'annot 'a##$ o!t t2e ,#a't*'al t#a*n*n &*n'e *t *& t2e "o&t '#!'*al 'o",onent& fo# t2*& ,#a't*'al 'o!#&e In a))*t*on e nee) lea#n an) "!&t be e:,o&e) to t2e !&ae an) 2o to 2an)le t2e e+!*,"ent& *t&elf In ot2e# o#)& e nee) to *)ent*f$ t2e a,,a#at!& an) t2e*# !&ae to be able to 'a##$ o!t t2e &!#/e$*n ,#o'e)!#e
(
INTRODUCTION
A te",o#a#$ ben'2"a#3 *n &!#/e$*n *& a 'ont#ol ,o*nt t2at *& &et b$ a &!#/e$o# to ba&e ot2e# ,o*nt& o< of T2e$ *ll a&&*n *t an ele/at*on an) ot2e# ,o*nt& t2at a#e &!#/e$e) o< of t2at ,o*nt *ll 2a/e a #elat*/e ele/at*on #at2e# t2an an ab&ol!te ele/at*on A "a#3*n o# lo'at*on *t2 a 3non ele/at*on T2e&e "a#3*n& a#e not !&!all$ ,e#"anent T2e$ a#e !&e) b$ a ,e#&on )o*n le/el*n o#3 a& *nte#"e)*a#$ ,o*nt& 2en 'a##$*n a 3non ele/at*on f#o" one ,o*nt to anot2e# TBM& 'an a& &*",le a& t2e to, of t2e #o!n) &!#fa'e 2e#e $o! )#a $o!# foot to "a#3 t2e &,ot T2e$ 'o!l) al&o be t2e to, of a #o'3 o# oo)en &ta3e o# e/en an =>= o# =?= &'#at'2e) *nto 'on'#ete o# #o'3 It *& )e&*#able fo# TBM& to be &o"et2*n t2at 'an be fo!n) at a late# t*"e &o t2at ele/at*on& 'an be #e'2e'3e) T2e &t!)ent& nee) to "*n*"*@e t2e e##o#& b$ #&t *)ent*f$*n t2e e##o# &o!#'e& an) t2e ,#o'e)!#e& It *& t2e "a*n 'o",onent of t2*& 'o!#&e In a))*t*on *t *& *",o#tant fo# t2e &t!)ent& to a'+!*#e &!#/e$*n )ata )!#*n labo#ato#$ ,e#*o)& a,,l$*n f!n)a"ental 'on'e,t& fo# )ata a)5!&t*n an) )e/elo,*n a ,#el*"*na#$ #o!te ,lan all b$ 'oo,e#at*/e e
OB#ECTIVE •
To e&tabl*&2 a ne Te",o#a#$ Ben'2 Ma#3 7TBM8
4
A%%&'&* 1 ( 4 -
A!to"at*' Le/el 71 !n*t8 T#*,o) 71 !n*t8 Le/ell*n Sta< 7 !n*t&8 Sta< B!bble 7 !n*t&8 Ha""e# na*l& an) &,#a$
P'+,-'1 T2e e:,e#*"ent *& bean f#o" a 3non #efe#en'e ,o*nt nea#e&t Ben'2 Ma#3 7BM8 o# TBM t2e#*&e a #efe#en'e ,o*nt to be BM *& &ele'te) an) t2e RL to be a&&!"e) a& 100000 " C2ane ,o*nt 7C8 *& e&tabl*&2e) alon t2e le/ell*n #o!te to t2e ne TBM ( T2e )*&tan'e beteen t2e Ba'3&*2t 7BS8 an) Fo#e&*2t 7FS8 &2o!l) be al"o&t e+!al 7not "o#e t2an 60 "ete#&8 4 T2e loo, to t2e &ta#t*n ,o*nt *& 'lo&e) 73non a& #efe#en'e ,o*nt8 - 2en 'lo&*n t2e le/ell*n loo, to t2e &ta#t*n ,o*nt t2e &a"e e&tabl*&2e) ,o*nt& 7C8 a#e ob&e#/e) 6 T2e "*&'lo&!#e *& 'al'!late) an) a''o#)*nl$ )*&t#*b!te) T2e alloable "*&'lo&!#e *& 001 "" All t2e ob&e#/at*on& &2all be boo3e) *n t2e ,#o/*)e) le/ell*n fo#" nl$ boo3*n b$ ,en *& a''e,te)
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DISCUSSION /HAT IS THE DIERENCES BET/EEN THEODOLITE AND TOTAL STATION 6
T-++-* A T2eo)ol*te *& an *n&t#!"ent fo# "ea&!#*n bot2 +'4+5& an) 6-',& anle& a& !&e) *n t#*an!lat*on neto#3& It *& a tool !&e) *n t2e &!#/e$*n an) en*nee#*n *n)!&t#$ b!t t2eo)ol*te& 2a/e been a)a,te) fo# ot2e# &,e'*al*@e) ,!#,o&e& a& ell A t2eo)ol*te 'on&*&t& of a tele&'o,e "o!nte) "o/abl$ *t2*n to ,e#,en)*'!la# a:e& t2e 2o#*@ontal a:*& an) t2e /e#t*'al a:*& T+& S&+5* Total &tat*on *& an o,t*'al *n&t#!"ent !&e) *n "o)e#n &!#/e$*n It *& a 'o"b*nat*on of an ele't#on*' t2eo)ol*te 7t#an&*t8 an ele't#on*' )*&tan'e "ea&!#*n )e/*'e 7EDM8 an) &ofta#e #!nn*n on an e:te#nal 'o",!te# &!'2 a& a la,to, o# )ata 'olle'to#
L-6-* T2e b!*l)e#& le/el *& often "*&ta3en fo# a t#an&*t b!t *& a't!all$ a t$,e of *n'l*no"ete# It "ea&!#e& ne*t2e# 2o#*@ontal no# /e#t*'al anle& It &*",l$ 'o"b*ne& a b!bble le/el an) tele&'o,e 2*'2 allo& t2e !&e# to /*&!all$ e&tabl*&2 a le/el l*ne of &*2t alon a ,lane
Ba&*'all$ t2e total &tat*on 'an &*"!ltaneo!&l$ "ea&!#e t2e 6-',& +'4+5& anle& an) *+%- *&5,-* t2en *t 'an be t#an&fe##e) to a 'o",!te# to ene#ate "a, B!t fo# t2e t2eo)ol*te *t 'an be !&e) fo# "ea&!#*n bot2 +'4+5& an) 6-',& anle& onl$
D*,**+5 #e'*&*on of le/ell*n A& *t2 all te'2n*+!e& !&e) *n en*nee#*n &!#/e$*n *t *& *",o#tant to e&t*"ate 2o a''!#a'$ of t2e "ea&!#e"ent& ta3en An a&&e&&"ent of t2e +!al*t$ of le/ell*n 'an be "a)e b$ 'al'!lat*n t2e "*&'lo&!#e fo# a l*ne of le/el& T2*& *& )ete#"*ne) b$ 'o",a#*n t2e #e)!'e) le/el of t2e 'lo&*n ben'2 "a#3 *t2 t2e le/el obta*ne) fo# *t b$ 'al'!lat*on f#o" t2e &ta< #ea)*n& n 'on&t#!'t*on &*te& an) ot2e# en*nee#*n ,#o5e't& le/ell*n *& !&!all$ 'a##*e) o!t o/e# &2o#t )*&tan'e& an) *t 'an *n/ol/e a lot of *n&t#!"ent ,o&*t*on& T2e alloable "*&'lo&!#e fo# a l*ne of le/el& *& */en b$G
Alloable "*&'lo&!#e
2e#e " *& a 'on&tant an) n *& t2e n!"be# of *n&t#!"ent ,o&*t*on& !&e) T2e /al!e "o&t often !&e) fo# " *& -"" " n
2en t2e "*&'lo&!#e obta*ne) f#o" &ta< #ea)*n& *& 'o",a#e) to t2e alloable "*&'lo&!#e *f "*&'lo!#e *& #eate# t2an t2e alloable /al!e t2e le/ell*n *& #e5e'te) an) "!&t be #e,eate) If t2e "*&'lo&!#e *& le&& t2an t2e alloable /al!e t2en t2e le/ell*n *& a''e,te) an) a)5!&te) T2e /al!e of " )e,en)& on t2e &*te 'on)*t*on& Fo# e:a",le *f t2e le/el& fo!n) a#e to be !&e) fo# ea#t2 o#3 e:'a/at*on& m "*2t be (0"" Fo# &ett*n o!t &teel an) 'on'#ete &t#!'t!#e& e:'a/at*on& m "*2t be ("" In &o"e 'a&e& " *& &,e'*e) *n t2e 'ont#a't )o'!"ent&
C+5,*+5 T2e ,#*"a#$ ,!#,o&e of t2*& #e,o#t *& to *)ent*f$ t2e !&ae of all e+!*,"ent& !&e) fo# &!#/e$*n ,#o'e)!#e t2!& enable "e to !&e t2e e+!*,"ent& ,#o,e#l$ ba&e) on 2at I 2a/e lea#nt f#o" t2e 'la&& an) t2e f!#t2e# *n/e&t*at*on abo!t t2o&e e+!*,"ent&
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