VOCATIONAL VOCAT IONAL TRAINING TRAIN ING REPO REPORT RT
Under the Guidance of Mr. K. Singh .E. ! i"i#iona$ Manager U$u%eria i"i#ion &'SECL Mr. A. A. Chatter(ee Chatt er(ee ! Mr. R. Aha))ed A##i#tant Engineer
Su%)itted %* Arna% 'hui*a '.Tech +rd *ear E$ectrica$ Engineering Co$$ege of Engineering ! Manage)ent, Ko$aghat
Table of Contents Table Preface Preface of the Project Report................ Report.................................... ........................................ .................................................. .............................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................... ....................................... ....................................... ................................. ........................... .............. 5 Rough Rough decr!pt!o" o" #$u%er!a D!&!!o"..................................... D!&!!o"..................................................................... .................................. ' (u%)tat!o" Na*e a"d Load Capac!t+................................. Capac!t+..................................................... ....................................., ................., (u%)tat!o"...................... (u%)tat!o"......................................... ....................................... ........................................ ................................................ ................................ .... De"!t!o" of (u%)tat!o"/..................... (u%)tat!o"/......................................... ....................................... ........................................... ........................... ... (!te e$ect!o" for 00122K3 u%)tat!o"......................................... u%)tat!o"............................................................. ............................ ........Eu!p*e"t !" a 00122K3 u%tat!o"/....................................... u%tat!o"/........................................................... ............................ ........ 26 7u %ar/........................... %ar/............................................... ....................................... ....................................... ............................................ ........................ 26 8o$ator/...................... 8o$ator/......................................... ....................................... ........................................ ................................................ .............................. 26 C!rcu!t %rea9er/............ %rea9er/................................ ....................................... ....................................... ........................................ ............................ ........ 22 Tra"for Tra"for*er/............ *er/................................ ........................................ ........................................ ................................................... ............................... 20 Protect!&e Protect!&e Re$a+ Re$a+/.................... /........................................ ........................................ ....................................... ..................................... ..................2, 2, 8"u$ator/.................. 8"u$ator/...................................... ........................................ ........................................ .................................................. .............................. :6 Co"ductor pec!cat!o"/........................ pec!cat!o"/............................................ ........................................ ......................................... .....................:2 :2 Ca%$e/................................ Ca%$e/.................................................... ........................................ ........................................ ......................................... ..................... :2 L!ghte"!"g arretor/............. arretor/................................. ....................................... ....................................... ........................................ .................... :: (u%tat!o" Earth!"g (+te*/................................................ (+te*/................................................................................. ................................. :: Earth *at/.................................... *at/........................................................ ........................................ ................................................ .............................. .. :: O"erhead ground -ire# ..................................... ......................................................... .................................... .............................. ................... ..... :0
7u Coup$er/...................... Coup$er/.......................................... ....................................... ....................................... ............................................. ......................... :0 D.C. %atter+ ource/.................................... ource/........................................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............. :0 Co"tro$ a"d Re$a+ Pa"e$/................... Pa"e$/....................................... ....................................................... ................................................ ............. :4 Tra"for*er Tra"for*er protect!o"/.................... protect!o"/........................................ ........................................ .................................................. ................................ .. :5 7uchho$; re$a+/....................... re$a+/........................................... ........................................ ........................................ ................................... ................... .... :5 PR3 PR3/...................................... /.......................................................... ........................................ ........................................ ................................. ..................... ........ :5 MOG/.................................... MOG/....................................................... ....................................... .......................................................... .......................................... .... :5 O(R/......................... O(R/............................................. ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ................................. ................ :5 D!
Table of Contents Table Preface Preface of the Project Report................ Report.................................... ........................................ .................................................. .............................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................... ....................................... ....................................... ................................. ........................... .............. 5 Rough Rough decr!pt!o" o" #$u%er!a D!&!!o"..................................... D!&!!o"..................................................................... .................................. ' (u%)tat!o" Na*e a"d Load Capac!t+................................. Capac!t+..................................................... ....................................., ................., (u%)tat!o"...................... (u%)tat!o"......................................... ....................................... ........................................ ................................................ ................................ .... De"!t!o" of (u%)tat!o"/..................... (u%)tat!o"/......................................... ....................................... ........................................... ........................... ... (!te e$ect!o" for 00122K3 u%)tat!o"......................................... u%)tat!o"............................................................. ............................ ........Eu!p*e"t !" a 00122K3 u%tat!o"/....................................... u%tat!o"/........................................................... ............................ ........ 26 7u %ar/........................... %ar/............................................... ....................................... ....................................... ............................................ ........................ 26 8o$ator/...................... 8o$ator/......................................... ....................................... ........................................ ................................................ .............................. 26 C!rcu!t %rea9er/............ %rea9er/................................ ....................................... ....................................... ........................................ ............................ ........ 22 Tra"for Tra"for*er/............ *er/................................ ........................................ ........................................ ................................................... ............................... 20 Protect!&e Protect!&e Re$a+ Re$a+/.................... /........................................ ........................................ ....................................... ..................................... ..................2, 2, 8"u$ator/.................. 8"u$ator/...................................... ........................................ ........................................ .................................................. .............................. :6 Co"ductor pec!cat!o"/........................ pec!cat!o"/............................................ ........................................ ......................................... .....................:2 :2 Ca%$e/................................ Ca%$e/.................................................... ........................................ ........................................ ......................................... ..................... :2 L!ghte"!"g arretor/............. arretor/................................. ....................................... ....................................... ........................................ .................... :: (u%tat!o" Earth!"g (+te*/................................................ (+te*/................................................................................. ................................. :: Earth *at/.................................... *at/........................................................ ........................................ ................................................ .............................. .. :: O"erhead ground -ire# ..................................... ......................................................... .................................... .............................. ................... ..... :0
7u Coup$er/...................... Coup$er/.......................................... ....................................... ....................................... ............................................. ......................... :0 D.C. %atter+ ource/.................................... ource/........................................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............. :0 Co"tro$ a"d Re$a+ Pa"e$/................... Pa"e$/....................................... ....................................................... ................................................ ............. :4 Tra"for*er Tra"for*er protect!o"/.................... protect!o"/........................................ ........................................ .................................................. ................................ .. :5 7uchho$; re$a+/....................... re$a+/........................................... ........................................ ........................................ ................................... ................... .... :5 PR3 PR3/...................................... /.......................................................... ........................................ ........................................ ................................. ..................... ........ :5 MOG/.................................... MOG/....................................................... ....................................... .......................................................... .......................................... .... :5 O(R/......................... O(R/............................................. ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ................................. ................ :5 D!
Ma!"te"a"ce of u%)tat!o" eu!p*e"t/............................................ eu!p*e"t/............................................................... ..................... ..:= := Pred!ct!&e Pred!ct!&e *a!"te"a"ce/......................... *a!"te"a"ce/............................................. ........................................ ........................................... ....................... := Co"d!t!o" %aed *o"!tor!"g/........................ *o"!tor!"g/........................................... ...................................................... ................................... :, Precaut!o"ar+ Precaut!o"ar+ *a!"te"a"ce/.......................... *a!"te"a"ce/.............................................. ........................................ ....................................:................:Co"c$u!o"/.................... Co"c$u!o"/........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ................................................... ............................... 06 7!%$!ograph+ 7!%$!ograph+/........................................ /............................................................ ..................................................... ................................................ ............... 02
Preface of the Project Report I ha"e e/0erienced 1Vocationa$ Training2 in &'SECL U$u%eria i"i#ion fro) 34th 5une 6738 to +7th 5une 6738. I a) "er* than9fu$ to a$$ the officer# for their 0reciou# ti)e for )e. &e ha"e e$ectrica$ 0o-er #*#te) $a%, )achine $a% in our co$$ege -here -e ha"e %een trained in educationa$ en"iron)ent. :o-e"er, %* thi# "ocationa$ training I ha"e $earnt )an* thing# in rea$ $ife en"iron)ent, -hich -i$$ %e he$0fu$ for )* future. '* the 0ractica$ 9no-$edge, a00$ication and higher rated )achine ;tran#for)er ;37 MVA, 4.+ MVA, 377 KVA<, ca%$e<, I a) getting he$0fu$ to rea$i=e the theoretica$ 9no-$edge. Therefore, I a) "er* than9fu$ to &'SECL U$u%eria i"i#ion for a$$o-ing )e to 0erfor) thi# Vocationa$ Training on their #u%#tation#.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I -ou$d $i9e to e/0re## )* #incere gratitude to a$$ the 0eo0$e -ho had %een a##ociated -ith )e in #o)e -a* or the other and he$0ed )e a"ai$ thi# o00ortunit* for )* Vocationa$ Training on the to0ic I a) e#0ecia$$* than9fu$ to Mr. K. Singh .M. of U$u%eria i"i#ion for 0ro"iding )e e/c e$$ent guidance and )oti"ation. I -ou$d $i9e to than9 Mr. Ari(it Chatter(ee ! Ra>ui% Aha)ed, A##i#tant Engineer U$u%eria i"i#ion for their #u00ort and guidance throughout the "ocationa$ training. I a) a$#o than9fu$ to the other officer# for #haring their "a$ua%$e e/0erience# at the *ard -ith the 0ractica$ 0heno)enon.
Rough description on !u"eria Di#ision U$u%eria i"i#ion i# a di"i#ion of the :o-rah i#trict in &e#t 'enga$. It con#i#t# of U$u%eria Munici0a$it* and #e"en CCC %$oc9#. 3. 6. +. @. 8. 4. .
'uri9ha$i CCC 'i#h%0ur CCC 'agnan?I CCC 'agnan?II CCC A(odh*a CCC Panch$a CCC Garchu)u9 CCC
The #e"en %$oc9# contain B7 Gra)?Pancha*t# and #i/ cen#u# to-n#. The di"i#ion ha# it# head>uarter# at U$u%eria. U$u%eria i"i#ion ha# e$e"en ++33 KV #u%#tation# 3. 6. +. @. 8. 4. .
'anita%$a Su%?#tation 'agnan Su%?#tation U$u%eria Indu#tria$ Gro-th Centre Su%?#tation U$%eria Grid Su%?#tation Dood Par9 Su%?#tation Po$* 0ar9 Su%?#tation Doundr* Par9 Su%?#tation
. Mug?9a$*an0ur Su%?#tation B. Sh*a)0ur Su%?#tation 37. 'aganda Su%?#tation 33. Ranihati Su%?#tation 36. Ka$*an0ur Su%?#tation
$u"%station Na&e and Load Capacit' Sub-station Name
Installed Capacity MVA
'anita%$a Su%?#tation
+F4.+
Ranihati Su%?#tation
+F4.+
Dood 0ar9 Su%?#tation
+F37
Po$* 0ar9 Su%?#tation
+F37
Doundr* 0ar9 Su%?#tation
3F37, 3F4.+
U$%eria Indu#tria$ Gro-th centre Su%?#tation
3F37, 6F4.+
U$u%eria Grid Su%?#tation
+F4.+
'agnan Su%?#tation
+F4.+
Ka$*an0ur Su%?#tation
6F4.+
'aganda Su%?#tation
6F4.+
Mug9a$*an Su%?#tation
6F4.+
Sh*a)0ur Su%?#tation
6F4.+
$u"%station
De(nition of $u"%stations) The a##e)%$* of a00aratu# u#ed to change #o)e characteri#tic# ;e.g. "o$tage #te0 u0 to #te0 do-n or "ice "er#a< of e$ectric #u00$* #*#te) i# 9no-n a# #u%?#tation. The e$ectric 0o-er i# 0roduced at generating #tation#. It i# de$i"ered to the con#u)er end# through a $arge net-or9 of tran#)i##ion and di#tri%ution. At )an* 0$ace in the $ine of #u00$* #*#te), it )a* %e de#ira%$e to and nece##ar* to change #o)e characteri#tic# ;e.g. "o$tage #te0 u0 to #te0 do-n or "ice "er#a< of e$ectric #u00$* #*#te). Thi# i# acco)0$i#hed %* #uita%$e a00aratu# ca$$ed #u%?#tation. Dor e/a)0$e, generation "o$tage 33 KV at the generation #tation i# #te00ed high to 3+6KV or 667KV for tran#)i##ion and #te00ed do-n to ++ KV and further #te00ed do-n to 33KV for di#tri%ution.
$ite se!ection for **+,,K- su"%station Main 0oint# to %e con#idered -hi$e #e$ecting the #ite for Su%?Station are a# fo$$o-# i< ii< iii< i"<
"< "i<
"ii< "iii< i/< /<
The #ite cho#en #hou$d %e a# near to the $oad center a# 0o##i%$e. It #hou$d %e ea#i$* a00roacha%$e %* road or rai$ for tran#0ortation of e>ui0)ent#. Land #hou$d %e fair$* $e"e$ed to )ini)i=e de"e$o0)ent co#t. The #ource of -ater #hou$d %e a# near to the #ite a# 0o##i%$e. Thi# i# %ecau#e -ater i# re>uired for "ariou# con#truction acti"itie# H; E#0ecia$$* ci"i$ -or9#,<, earth$ing and for drin9ing 0ur0o#e# etc. The #u%?#tation #ite #hou$d %e a# near to the to-n cit* %ut #hou$d %e c$ear of 0u%$ic 0$ace#, aerodro)e#, and Mi$itar* 0o$ice in#ta$$ation#. The $and #hou$d %e ha"e #ufficient ground area to acco))odate #u%?#tation e>ui0)ent#, %ui$ding#, #taff >uarter#, #0ace for #torage of )ateria$, #uch a# #tore *ard# #and #tore #hed# etc. -ith road# and #0ace for future e/0an#ion. Set %ac9 di#tance# fro) "ariou# road# #uch a# Nationa$ :igh-a*#, State :igh-a*# #hou$d %e o%#er"ed a# 0er the regu$ation# in force. &hi$e #e$ecting the $and for the #u%#tation 0reference to %e gi"en to the Go"t. $and o"er Pri"ate $and. The $and #hou$d not ha"e -ater $ogging 0ro%$e). The #ite #hou$d 0er)it ea#* and #afe a00roach to out$et# for :V $ine#.
E.uip&ent/s in a **+,,K- su"station) 0us "ar) &hen no of feeder# are o0erating at the #a)e "o$tage ha"e to %e direct$* connected e$ectrica$$*, %u# %ar i# u#ed a# the co))on e$ectrica$ e>ui0)ent. 'u# %ar# are )ade of 0anther ca%$e to o0erate at con#tant "o$tage. In #u%?#tation it i# i)0ortant to %rea9 do-n and )aintenance #hou$d %e interfere a# $itt$e a# 0o##i%$e -ith continuit* of #u00$*, to achie"e thi# high %u# and $o- %u# #*#te) are u#ed.
1so!ator) I#o$ator i# a )echanica$ #-itch -hich i#o$ate# a 0art of circuit fro) re#t of the #*#te). Circuit %rea9er a$-a*# tri0# the circuit %ut o0en contact# of %rea9er cannot %e "i#i%$e 0h*#ica$$* fro) out#ide of the %rea9er. So for %etter #afet* there )u#t %e #o)e arrange)ent #o that one can #ee the o0en condition of the #ection of the circuit %efore touching it. There are different t*0e# of i#o$ator# a"ai$a%$e de0ending u0on #*#te) re>uire)ent #uch a# 3. T.P.G.O. 6. C.R.T.
Circuit "rea2er) E$ectrica$ circuit %rea9er i# a #-itching de"ice -hich can %e o0erated )anua$$* a# -e$$ a# auto)atica$$* for contro$$ing and 0rotection of e$ectrica$ 0o-er #*#te) re#0ecti"e$*. Genera$$* Vacuu) circuit %rea9er# are u#ed in ++33KV #u%?#tation.
Vacuum circuit breaker: A "acuu) circuit %rea9er i# #uch 9ind of circuit %rea9er -here the arc >uenching ta9e# 0$ace in "acuu). The o0eration of o0ening and c$o#ing of current carr*ing contact# and a##ociated arc interru0tion ta9e 0$ace in a "acuu) cha)%er in the %rea9er -hich i# ca$$ed "acuu) interru0ter. The "acuu) interru0ter con#i#t# of a #tee$ arc cha)%er in the center #*))etrica$$* arranged cera)ic in#u$ator#. The "acuu) 0re##ure in#ide a "acuu) interru0ter i# nor)a$$* )aintained at 37 ? 4 %ar.
Advantages of Vacuum Circuit Breakers
3. Vacuu) circuit %rea9er# doe# not re>uire fi$$ing of an* ga# or oi$. The* do not need au/i$iar* air #*#te), oi$ hand$ing and free fro) 0eriodic )aintenance 6. Ra0id reco"er* of "er* high die$ectric #trength on current interru0tion #o that on$* ha$f c*c$e or $e## arcing occur# after 0ro0er contact #e0eration +. No e)i##ion of ga#e#, hence 0o$$ution free @. Current interru0tion occur# at fir#t current =ero after contact #e0aration -ith no re? #tri9ing, )a9ing it e/ce0tiona$$* good for ca0ac itor and ca%$e #-itching and $ong $ine droo0ing 8. Non e/0$o#i"e and #i$ent o0eration co)0ared to air %$a#t and SD4 %rea9er#. isadvantages of Vacuum Circuit Breakers
3. Vacuu) circuit %rea9er# are unecono)ica$ a%o"e +4KV and SD4 %rea9er# ha"ing e>ui"a$ent 0ro0ertie# are econo)ica$. :ence for E:V ;"o$tage# a%o"e 6+7KV < #*#te)# SD4 circuit %rea9er# are e)0$o*ed 6. Lo## of "acuu) due to tran#it da)age or fai$ure )a9e# the entire interru0tion u#e$e## and it cannot %e re0aired at #ite.
Specification of !!"V Vacuum Circuit Breaker#
T*0e +4KV, 68KA Vo$tage +4KV Current 3687A Dre>uenc* 87:= No. of 0o$e# + 'rea9ing current +3.89A)0# Ma9er# Rated Current 79A)0# Short Circuit -ith#tand current ! duration +3.89A)0# for +#ec# .C. Co)0onent 87J 'IL 737KV0 Shunt Tri0 6+7 V ;d.c.< Ma## B779g Ma9er A''
Transfor&er) In #u%?#tation# t-o t*0e# of tran#for)er are u#ed.
A. Po-er tran#for)er ;++KV33KV< '. Station tran#for)er ;++KV.@@KV< C. In#tru)ent tran#for)er
Power transformer: Tran#for)er i# a #tatic de"ice %* )ean# of -hich e$ectric 0o-er in one circuit i# tran#for)ed into e$ectric 0o-er of the #a)e fre>uenc* in another circuit. The 0h*#ica$ %a#i# of a tran#for)er i# )utua$ induction %et-een t-o circuit# $in9ed %* a co))on )agnetic f$u/. It con#i#t# of t-o inducti"e coi$# -hich are e$ectrica$$* #e0arated %ut )agnetica$$* $in9ed through a 0ath of $ore$uctance. The fir#t coi$ in -hich e$ectrica$ energ* i# fed fro) the a.c. #u00$* )ain#, i# ca$$ed 0ri)ar* -inding and the other fro) -hich energ* i# dra-n out, i# ca$$ed #econdar* -inding.
A# the #*#te) "o$tage goe# u0, the techni>ue# to % e u#ed for the de#ign, con#truction, in#ta$$ation, o0eration# and )aintenance a$#o %eco)e )ore and )ore critica$. The tran#for)er# u#ed in #u%?#tation# ha# de$ta #tar ;< connection.
Accessories of transformer# Core $ %inding#
There are t-o genera$ t*0e# of tran#for)er#, the core t*0e and the #he$$ t*0e. The )agn etic core i# a #tac9 of thin #i$icon?#tee$ $a)ination#. In order to reduce the edd* current $o##e# the#e $a)ination# are in#u$ated fro) one another %* thin $a*er# of "arni#h. Dor reducing the core $o##e#, the )agnetic core )ade fro) co$d?ro$$ed grain?oriented #heet #tee$ ;C.R.G.O.<. The core i# 0$aced at the %otto) of the tan9. The tan9# are con#tructed fro) #heet #tee$ for #)a$$ tan9 ! %oi$er #heet for $arge tan9. Transformer oil#
The tan9 i# fi$$ed -ith tran#for)er oi$. It i# a )inera$ oi$ o%tained % * refining crude 0etro$eu). It #er"e# the fo$$o-ing 0ur0o#e# I. II.
Pro"ide# additiona$ in#u$ation. Coo$ing 0ur0o#e.
Good tran#for)er oi$ #hou$d ha"e I. II. III.
:igh f$a#h 0oint. Dree fro) inorganic acid, a$9a$i and corro#i"e #u$fur. :igh die$ectric #trength.
It i# i)0ortant to chec9 the oi$ in regu$ar inter"a$.
Conservator tank#
Thi# i# a c*$indrica$ tan9 )ounted on #u00orting #tructure on the roof of the tran#for)er )ain tan9. &hen tran#for)er i# $oaded and -hen a)%ient te)0erature ri#e#, the "o$u)e of oi$ in#ide the tran#for)er increa#e#. The con#er"ator tan9 0ro"ide# ade>uate #0ace to thi# e/0and tran#for)er oi$ and it a$#o act# a# a re#er"oir for tran#for)er oi$. Breat&er#
&hene"er tran#for)er i# $oaded, the te)0erature of the tran#for)er oi$ increa#e#, con#e>uent$* the "o$u)e of the oi$ i# increa#ed and the air a%o"e the oi$ $e"e$ in con#er"ator -i$$ co)e out. &hen the oi$ te)0erature i# $o-, the "o$u)e of the oi$ i# decrea#ed -hich cau#e# air to enter into the con#er"ator. The out#ide air a$-a*# contain# )oi#ture -hich i# "er* har)fu$ for tran#for)er in#u$ation. A #i$ica ge$ %reather i# u#ed for fi$tering air fro) )oi#ture. Si$ica ge$ %reather i# connected -ith con#er"ator tan9 %* )ean# of %reathing 0i0e. To re)o"e the du#t 0artic$e a 0ot i# attached -ith %reather end .
'adiator#
Under $oaded condition, heat i# 0roduced in the -inding -hich in turn increa#e the te)0erature of the oi$. The -ar) o i$ increa#e# in "o$u)e and co)e# to the u00er 0ortion of the )ain tan9. Then thi# oi$ enter# in the radiator through to0 "a$"e and coo$# do-n %* di##i0ating heat through the thin radiator -a$$. Thi# co$d oi$ co)e# %ac9 to the )ain tan9 through the %otto) radiator "a$"e. Bus&ing#
It i# fi/ed on the tran#for)er tan9 and the#e connection# are )ade to the e/terna$ circuit#. Ordinar* 0orce$ain in#u$ator# can %e u#ed a# %u#hing u0 to "o$tage of ++KV.
Mars&aling Bo(#
It ha# t-o )eter -hich indicate# the te)0erature of the oi$ and -inding if the )ain tan9. If te)0erature of oi$ or -inding e/ceed# than #0ecified "a$ue, re$a* o0erate# to #ound a$ar). If there i# further increa#e in te)0erature than re$a* co)0$ete# the tri0 circuit %rea9er contro$$ing the tran#for)er. )'V#
PRV ;Pre##ure re$ief "a$"e< i# one of the 0rotection co)0onent# in the tran#for)er. It i# u#ed to )aintain in#ide 0re##ure for the #afet* 0ur0o#e. It# -or9# auto)atica$$* -hen in#ide 0re##ure i# out of $i)it#.
Arcing &orn#
It con#i#t# of t-o horn #ha0ed )eta$ rod# #e0arated %* a #)a$$ air ga0. The horn# are )ounted on the 0orce$ain in#u$ator#. On the occurrence of high "o$tage, arcing ta9e# 0$ace acro## the ga0 ! the arc tra"e$ u0 the ga0. Con#e>uent$* the arc i# e/tingui#hed ! the e/ce## charge on the $ine i# conducted to ground.
Buc&&ol* relay#
It i# a ga# actuated re$a* in#ta$$ed in oi$ i))er#ed tran#for)er# ha"ing rating )ore than 877KVa for 0rotection again#t a$$ 9ind# of interna$ fau$t#. Such re$a *# can on$* %e fitted to the tran#for)er# e>ui00ed -ith con#er"ator tan9# a# it i# in#ta$$ed in %et-een the con#er"ator tan9 and tran#for)er tan9.
It con#i#t# of t-o hinged f$oat. The to0 f$oat i# connected -ith a$ar) circuit and the $o-er f$oat i# connected -ith the tri0 circuit. &hene"er a fau$t occu r# in#ide the tran#for)er the oi$ of the tan9 get# o"erheated and ga#e# are generated and co$$ected in the cha)%er #o the oi$ $e"e$ gradua$$* fa$$# ! c$o#ing the a$ar) circuit. I f no attention i# 0aid to it, the ga# co$$ection -i$$ %e )ore ! c$o#e# another circuit -hich -i$$ cut out the tran#for)er fro) the $ine. +,TC#
In 0o-er tran#for)er, for 0ro0er "o$tage regu$ation of tran#for)er , on $oad ta0 changer i# re>uired. A# there i# no 0er)i##ion of #-itching off the tran#for)er during ta0 changing. The ta00ing arrange)ent i# 0$aced in #e0arate di"erter tan9 attached to e$ectrica$ 0o-er tran#for)er )ain tan9. In#ide thi# tan9, the ta0 #e$ector# are genera$$* arranged in a circu$ar for). The di"erter #-itche# ha"e contact# o0erating in ra0id #e>uence -ith u#ua$$* four #e0arate )a9e and %rea9 unit#. of .V Turns
Tap S%itc& )osition 8 3 6.8 6 N + ?6.8 @ ?8 8 ?.8 + ?37 Specification of transformer#
Connections
.V Side Volts
,V Side Volts
to 4 4 to to 8 8 to B B to @ @ to 37 37 to +
+@487 ++68 ++777 +638 +3+87 +7868 6B77
33777 33777 33777 33777 33777 33777 33777
MVA rating
4.+
37
Vo$tage at no $oad :V #ide LV #ide Current at :V #ide LV #ide
++KV33KV
++KV33KV
337.68A++7.44A
38A868A
I)0edance "o$tage J
.8B
Dre>uenc*
87:=
87:=
T*0e of coo$ing
ONAN
ONAN
Vector grou0
*n?33
*n?33
87>
87>
Ma## of oi$ Tota$ )a## Vo$u)e of oi$ Ma/i)u) te)0erature ri#e in oi$
Station transformer: E"er* #u%?#tation ha# one #tation tran#for)er. The #tation tran#for)er i# a ++KV@@7"o$t tran#for)er. It )aintain# the continuou# 0o-er #u00$* of #u%?#tation.
Instrument transformer: I.
Current transformer /
Current tran#for)er# are %a#ica$$* u#ed to ta9e the reading# of the current# entering the #u%#tation. Thi# tran#for)er #te0# do-n the current fro) @77 a)0# to 3 a)0. Thi# i# done %ecau#e -e ha"e no in#tru)ent for )ea#uring of #uch a $arge current. The )ain u#e of thi# tran#for)er i# • • •
II.
i#tance Protection 'ac9u0 Protection Mea#ure)ent
)otential transformer#
There are t-o 0otentia$ tran#for)er# u#ed in the %u# conn ected %oth #ide of the %u#. The 0otentia$ tran#for)er u#e# a %u# i#o$ator to 0rotect it#e$f. The )ain u#e of thi# tran#for)er i# to )ea#ure the "o$tage through the %u#. Thi# i# done #o a# to get the detai$ infor)ation of the "o$tage 0a##ing through the %u# to the in#tru)ent. There are t-o )ain 0art# in it • •
Mea#ure)ent Protection
Protecti#e Re!a') A 0rotecti"e re$a* i# a de"ice that detect# the fau$t and initiate# the o0eration of the C.'. i# to i#o$ate the defecti"e e$e)ent fro) the re#t of the #*#te). The re$a* detect# the a%nor)a$ condition in the e$ectrica$ circuit %* con#tant$* )ea#uring the e$ectrica$ >uantitie#, -hich are different under nor)a$ and fau$t condition. Mo#t of the re$a* o0erate# on the 0rinci0$e of e$ectro)agnetic attraction or e$ectro)agnetic induction. The fo$$o-ing i)0ortant t*0e# of re$a*# are u#ed in ++33KV #u%?#tation#.
3. 6. +. @. 8.
Induction t*0e o"er current re$a* ifferentia$ Re$a* Earth fau$t re$a* Re#tricted earth fau$t re$a* Ma#ter tri0 re$a*
Instantaneous type over current relay: The o"er current re$a* re#0ond# to a )agnitude of current a%o"e a #0ecified "a$ue. There are four %a#ic t*0e# of con#truction The* are 0$unger, rotating di#c, #tatic, and )icro0roce##or t*0e. In the 0$unger t*0e, a 0$unger i# )o"ed %* )agnetic attraction -hen the current e/ceed# a #0ecified "a$ue. In the rotating induction?di#c t*0e, -hich i# a )otor, the di#c rotate# %* e$ectro)agnetic induction -hen the current e/ceed# a #0ecified "a$ue.
Restricted earth fault relay: An e/terna$ fau$t in the #tar #ide -i$$ re#u$t in current f$o-ing in the $ine current tran#for)er of the affected 0ha#e and at the #a)e ti)e a %a$ancing current f$o-# in the neutra$ current tran#for)er, hence the re#u$tant current in the re$a* i# therefore =ero. So thi# RED re$a* -i$$ no t %e actuated for e/terna$ earth fau$t. 'ut during interna$ fau$t the neutra$ current tran#for)er on$* carrie# the un%a$ance fau$t current and o0eration of Re#tricted Earth Dau$t Re$a* ta9e# 0$ace. Thi# #che)e of re#tricted earth fau$t 0rotection i# "er* #en#iti"e for interna$ earth fau$t of tran#for)er. The 0rotection #che)e i# co)0arati"e$* chea0er than differentia$ 0rotection #che)e.
)rotection Sc&eme
Master trip relay: Ma#ter tri0 re$a* 4 i# the )ain tri0 re$a*. The %rea9er -i$$ tri0 through thi# re$a* on$*. In tran#)i##ion ! di#tri%ution $ine there are #o )an* 0rotection re$a*# $i9e o"ercurrent re$a*, earth fau$t re$a*. A$$ re$a*# contact -i$$ connect 0ara$$e$ to )a#ter tri0 re$a*. If an* of the 0rotection re$a* #en#e the fau$t. It -i$$ energi=e the )a#ter tri0 re$* and the )a#ter tri0 re$a* -i$$ tri0 the %rea9er. It got one )ore na)e $i9e $oc9 out re$a*.
1nsu!ator) There are )ain$* three t*0e# of in#u$ator u#ed in #u%?#tation. 3. Pin In#u$ator 6. Su#0en#ion In#u$ator +. Po#t In#u$ator
Pin type insulator: A# the na)e #ugge#t#, the 0in t*0e in#u$ator i# )ounted on a 0in on the cro##?ar) on the 0o$e. There i# a groo"e on the u00er end of the in#u$ator. The conductor 0a##e# through thi# groo"e and i# tied to the in#u$ator -ith annea$ed -ire of the #a)e )ateria$ a# the conductor. Pin t*0e in#u$ator# are u#ed for tran#)i##ion and di#tri%ution of co))unication#, and e$ectric 0o-er at "o$tage# u0 to ++ KV. 'e*ond o0erating "o$tage of ++ KV, the 0in t*0e in#u$ator# %eco)e too %u$9* and hence unecono)ica$.
Suspension insulator: Dor "o$tage# greater than ++ KV, it i# a u#ua$ 0ractice to u#e #u#0en#ion t*0e in#u$ator#, con#i#ting of a nu)%er of g$a## or 0orce$ain di#c# con nected in #erie# %* )eta$ $in9# in the for) of a #tring. The conductor i# #u#0ended at the %otto) end of thi# #tring -hi$e the to0 end i# #ecured to the cro##?ar) of the to-er. The nu)%er of di#c unit# u#ed de0end# on the "o$tage.
Post Insulator: Po#t in#u$ator i# )ore or $e## #i)i$ar to Pin in#u$ator %ut for)er i# #uita%$e for higher "o$tage a00$ication. Po#t in#u$ator ha# higher nu)%er# of 0etticoat# and ha# greater height. Thi# t*0e of in#u$ator can %e )ounted on #u00orting #tructure hori=onta$$* a# -e$$ a# "ertica$$*. The in#u$ator i# )ade of one 0iece of 0orce$ain %ut ha# fi/ing c$a)0 arrange)ent are in %oth to0 and %otto) end.
Conductor speci(cation)
Conductor na)e
Area ;))<
og
377
Current carr*ing ca0acit* ;A)0< 647
Panther
677
847
A00$ication
:igh current tran#)i##ion 0ur0o#e# 'u#
Ca"!e) Cro##?$in9ed 0o$*eth*$ene, co))on$* a%%re"iated PEF or FLPE, i# a for) of 0o$*eth*$ene -ith cro##?$in9#.
)articular Rated "o$tage :ighe#t #*#te) "o$tage Short circuit current
ata ++KV +4KV 3< @.3 KA for 3Sec for ++ KV 877 #>.)) 6< +.4 KA for 3Sec for ++ KV @77 #>.))
ata 33KV 36KV 3< @.7 KA;B8.@MVA< for 3 #ec for 33KV 877 #>.)) 6< +.4 KA ;34.+MVA< for 3 #ec for 33 KV @77 #>.))
Ma/i)u). Per)i##i%$e #hort circuit Te)0erature Continuou# -ith#tand current Materia$ of conductor In#u$ation
687deg for 3 #ec
687deg for 3 #ec
B7deg A$u)inu) FLPE of thic9ne##, . ;Mini)u)< for ++ KV
B7deg A$u)inu) FLPE of thic9ne##, +.4 )). ;No)ina$< for 33 KV
Lightening arrestor) A $ightning arre#ter i# a de"ice u#ed on e$ectrica$ #*#te)# to 0rotect the e>ui0)ent# and conductor# of the #*#te) fro) the effect# of $ightening. The $ightening arre#tor can -or9 in an ang$e of @8degree# around the). Meta$ o/ide arre#tor# are u#ed for $ightening 0ur0o#e. In nor)a$ ca#e, it %eha"e# $i9e a high re#i#tance 0ath %ut -hen $ightening occur# it %eha"e# $i9e a $o- re#i#tance 0ath. &hen $ightening #urge 0a##e# through thi# the #urge i# di"erted through the arre#tor to earth. The LA# e)0$o*ed for 0rotecting tran#for)er# #hou$d %e in#ta$$ed a# c$o#e a# 0o##i%$e to the tran#for)er.
$u"station Earthing $'ste&) Earth &at) In #u%#tation an earth )at i# in#ta$$ed at 0$ace# -here a 0er#on or an o0erator -ou$d #tand to o0erate a #-itch or a00aratu#. In the "icinit* of e$ectro#tatic #en#iti"e de"ice#, an earth )at i# u#ed to ground the #tatic e$ectricit* generated %* e>ui0)ent#.
+ver&ead ground %ires# The )o#t effecti"e )ethod of 0ro"iding 0rotection again#t direct $ightning #tro9e# i# %* the u#e of o" erhead ground -ire#. The ground -ire# are 0$aced o"er the $ine conductor# at #uch 0o#ition that 0ractica$$* a$$ $ightning #tro9e# are interce0ted %* the). The ground -ire i# ground at each to-er through a# $o- re#i#tance a# 0o##i%$e. &hen the direct $ightning #tro9e# occur on the $ine -i$$ %e ta9en %* the ground -ire. The hea"* current# f$o- to the ground through thi# -ire.
0us Coup!er) The %u# cou0$er con#i#t# of circuit %rea9er and i#o$ator. Each feeder )a* %e connected to either )ain %u# %ar or #0ar %u# %ar -ith the he$0 of %u# cou0$er. Re0airing, )aintenance and te#ting of feeder #ection can %e done %* 0utting the) on #0ar %u# %ar, thu# 9ee0ing the )ain %u# %ar undi#tur%ed. 'u# cou0$er i# a de"ice -hich i# u#ed to #-itch fro) one %u# to another %u# -ithout an* interru0tion in 0o-er #u00$* and -ithout creating ha=ardou# arc#.
D3C3 "atter' source) The o0eration of )onitoring de"ice# #uch a# re$a*# and the tri00ing )echani#) of %rea9er# re>uire an inde0endent 0o-er #ource, -hich doe# not "ar* -ith )ain #ource %eing )onitored. 'atterie# 0ro"ide thi# 0o-er #ource for the #ucce##fu$ o0eration of #-itching and contro$ the de"ice in #u%?#tation. Each %atter* i# con#idered 6.6 "o$t and 34 %atterie# are re>uired to contro$ the 0ane$.
Contro! and Re!a' Pane!) The contro$ and re$a* 0ane$ i# of cu%ica$ con#truction #uita%$e for f$oor )ounting. A$$ 0rotecti"e, indicating and contro$ e$e)ent# are )ounted on the front 0ane$ for ea#e of o0eration and contro$. The hinged rear door -i$$ 0ro"ide acce## to a$$ the interna$ co)0onent# to faci$itate ea#* in#0ection and )aintenance. Pro"i#ion i# )ade for ter)inating inco)ing ca%$e# at the %otto) of the 0ane$# %* 0ro"iding #e0arate $ine?u0 ter)ina$ %$oc9#. Dor ca%$e entr* 0ro"i#ion i# )ade %oth fro) to0 and %otto). The contro$ and re$a* 0ane$ acce0t# CT, PT au/ 6+7 AC and 667V37V C connection# at re#0ecti"e de#ignated ter)ina$ 0oint#. 667V37V C #u00$* i# u#ed for contro$ #u00$* of a$$ interna$ re$a*# and ti)er# and a$#o for energi=ing c$o#ing and tri00ing coi$# of the %rea9er#. 6+7V AC #tation au/i$iar* #u00$* i# u#ed for interna$ i$$u)ination $a)0 of the 0ane$ and the #0ace heater. Protecti"e :RC fu#e are 0ro"ided -ith in the 0ane$. 'rea9er# are 0ro"ided -ith a $ine a))eter -ith #e$ector #-itch for + 0ha#e #*#te) ! o"er current re$a* ;6 0ha#e# and 3 Earth fau$t for + 0ha#e #*#te)<. Neutra$ Current Un%a$ance Re$a*# are for %oth A$ar) and Tri0 faci$itie# %rea9er contro$ #-itch -ith $oca$re)ote #e$ector #-itch, )a#ter tri0 re$a* and tri0 a$ar)# ac9no-$edge and re#et faci$itie#.
Transfor&er protection) 0uchho!4 re!a') It i# a ga# actuated re$a* in#ta$$ed in oi$ i))er#ed tran#for)er# ha"ing rating )ore than 877KVa for 0rotection again#t a$$ 9ind# of interna$ fau$t#. Such re$a *# can on$* %e fitted to the tran#for)er# e>ui00ed -ith con#er"ator tan9# a# it i# in#ta$$ed in %et-een the con#er"ator tan9 and tran#for)er tan9. It con#i#t# of t-o hinged f$oat. The to0 f$oat i# connected -ith a$ar) circuit and the $o-er f$oat i# connected -ith the tri0 circuit. &hene"er a fau$t occu r# in#ide the tran#for)er the oi$ of the tan9 get# o"erheated and ga#e# are generated and co$$ected in the cha)%er #o the oi$ $e"e$ gradua$$* fa$$# ! c$o#ing the a$ar) circuit. I f no attention i# 0aid to it, the ga# co$$ection -i$$ %e )ore ! c$o#e# another circuit -hich -i$$ cut out the tran#for)er fro) the $ine.
PR-) PRV ;Pre##ure re$ief "a$"e< i# one of the 0rotection co)0onent# in the tran#for)er. It i# u#ed to )aintain in#ide 0re##ure for the #afet* 0ur0o#e. It# -or9# auto)atica$$* -hen in#ide 0re##ure i# out of $i)it#.
MOG) Thi# de"ice i# u#ed to indicate the 0o#ition of tran#for)er in#u$ating oi$ $e"e$ in con#er"ator of tran#for)er. A$$ oi$ i))er#ed di#tri%ution and e$ectrica$ 0o-er tran#for)er# are 0ro"ided -ith e/0an#ion "e##e$ -hich i# 9no-n a# con#er"ator of tran#for)er. Thi# "e##e$ ta9e# care of oi$ e/0an#ion due to te)0erature ri#e. &hen tran#for)er in#u$ating oi$ i# e/0anded, the oi$ $e"e$ in the con#er"ator tan9 goe# u0. Again -hen oi$ "o$u)e i# reduced due to fa$$ in oi$ te)0erature, the oi$ $e"e$ in the con#er"ator goe# do-n. 'ut it i# e##entia$ to )aintain a )ini)u) oi$ $e"e$ in the con#er"ator tan9 of tran#for)er e"en at $o-e#t 0o##i%$e te)0erature. A$$ $arge e$ectrica$ 0o-er tran#for)er# are therefore 0ro"ided -ith a )agnetic oi$ $e"e$ indicator or )agnetic oi$ gauge/ Magnetic oi$ $e"e$ indicator i# a$#o incor0orated -ith a )ercur* #-itch. A# the a$ign)ent of )ercur* #-itch change# a$ong -ith the 0ointer, thi# #-itch c$o#e# and actuate# an audi%$e a$ar) -hen 0ointer reache# near e)0t* 0o#ition on the dia$ of )agnetic oi$ gauge.
O$R) The Oi$ Surge Re$a* i# connected in %et-een OLTC cha)%er and con#er"ator tan9 -ith %reather. A #e0aration #hou$d %e arranged #uch that the oi$ in OLTC cha)%er and tran#for)er )ain tan9 #hou$d not %e )i/ed together. In ca#e an* 0ro%$e) occu r# during on $oad ta0 changing o0eration, a ga# i# de"e$o0ed and that ga# -i$$ actuate the OSR. And the re$a* acti"ate# the a$ar) circuit.
Di5erentia! protection) Genera$$* ifferentia$ 0rotection i# 0ro"ided in the tran#for)er rated )ore than 8MVA. The ifferentia$ Protection of Tran#for)er ha# ad"antage# o"er other #che)e# of 0rotection.
The fau$t# occur in the tran#for)er in#ide the in#u$ating oi$ can %e detected %* 'uchho$= re$a*. 'ut if an* fau$t occur# in the tran#for)er %ut not in oi$ then it cannot %e detected %* 'uchho$= re$a*. An* f$a#h o"er at the %u#hing# are not ade>uate$* co"ered %* 'uchho$= re$a*. ifferentia$ re$a*# can detect #uch t*0e of fau$t#. Moreo"er 'uchho$= re$a* i# 0ro"ided in tran#for)er for detecting an* interna$ fau$t in the tran#for)er %ut ifferentia$ Protection #che)e detect# the #a)e in fa#ter -a*.
O#er current and Earth fau!t protection) 'ac9u0 0rotection of e$ectrica$ tran#for)er i# #i)0$e O"er Current and Earth Dau$t 0rotection a00$ied again#t e/terna$ #hort circuit and e/ce##i"e o"er $oad#. The#e o"er current and earth Dau$t re$a*# )a* %e of In"er#e efinite Mini)u) Ti)e ;IMT< or efinite Ti)e t*0e re$a*#. Genera$$* IMT re$a*# are connected to the in?feed #ide of the tran#for)er. The o"er current re$a*# cannot di#tingui#h %et-een e/terna$ #hort circuit, o"er $oad and interna$ fau$t# of the tran#for)er. Dor an* of the a%o"e fau$t, %ac9u0 0rotection i.e. o"er current and earth fau$t 0rotection connected to in?feed #ide of the tran#for)er -i$$ o0erate. 'ac9u0 0rotection i# a$though genera$$* in#ta$$ed
Restricted earth fau!t protection) An e/terna$ fau$t in the #tar #ide -i$$ re#u$t in current f$o-ing in the $ine current tran#for)er of the affected 0ha#e and at the #a)e ti)e a %a$ancing current f$o-# in the neutra$ current tran#for)er, hence the re#u$tant current in the re$a* i# therefore =ero. So thi# RED re$a* -i$$ no t %e actuated for e/terna$ earth fau$t. 'ut during interna$ fau$t the neutra$ current tran#for)er on$* carrie# the un%a$ance fau$t current and o0eration of Re#tricted Earth Dau$t Re$a* ta9e# 0$ace. Thi# #che)e of re#tricted earth fau$t 0rotection i# "er* #en#iti"e for interna$ earth fau$t of tran#for)er. The 0rotection #che)e i# co)0arati"e$* chea0er than differentia$ 0rotection #che)e.
Oi! and Winding Te&perature 1ndicator of Transfor&er) The#e are genera$$* 0reci#ion in#tru)ent#. A te)0erature indicator of 0o-er tran#for)er i# #0ecia$$* de#igned for 0rotection of tran#for)er in addition to it# te)0erature indication and coo$ing contro$ feature#. That )ean#, thi# de"ice 0erfor)# three function# 3. The#e in#tru)ent# indicate in#tantaneou# te)0erature of oi$ and -inding# of tran#for)er. 6. Thi# a$#o record )a/i)u) te)0erature ri#e of oi$ and -inding#. +. The#e in#tru)ent# o0erate high te)0erature a$ar) at a 0redeter)ined "a$ue of a$$o-a%$e te)0erature $i)it. @. Te)0erature indicator# of tran#for)er can a$#o tri0 the circuit %rea9er# a##ociated -ith the 0o-er tran#for)er -hen the te)0erature of oi$ or -inding reache# a 0redeter)ined $i)it. &TI ! OTI #ha$$ %e #et to o0erate at the fo$$o-ing te)0erature Oi$?A$ar)?7 >, Tri0?B7 > &$nding?A$ar)?8>, Tri0?B8 >
Maintenance of su"%station e.uip&ent/s) • •
Predicti"e Maintenance. Precautionar* Maintenance.
Predicti#e &aintenance) Predicti"e )aintenance i# gaining 0o0u$arit* a# a 0roducti"it* too$ %ecau#e it he$0# e$i)inate un#chedu$ed do-nti)e of e/0en#i"e e>ui0)ent and reduce the o"era$$ co#t of )aintenance. Thi# a00roach, #o)eti)e# ca$$ed condition?%a#ed )aintenance. It ha# #o)e ad"antage#. The* are a# fo$$o-#, 0/ Reduced $ife c*c$e co#t# through $o-er )aintenance co#t#, reduced e/0enditure for #0are 0art#, and e/tended co)0onent $ife. 1/ Ma/i)i=ed co)0onent $ife through con#i#tent 0re"ention of condition# that reduce the $ife e/0ectanc* of the e>ui0)ent.
!/ O0ti)i=ed 0erfor)ance through $oading a%o"e %oo9 rating. 2/ Mini)i=ed do-nti)e through 0roacti"e re0air 0$anning %a#ed on infor)ation gained fro) a##et )onitoring. 3/ Reduction of in#urance co#t# %* de)on#trating re#0on#i%$e cu#todian#hi0 o"er grid a##et#. 4/ A"oidance of 0ena$tie# through effecti"e 0rediction and 0re"ention of e>ui0)ent fai$ure#. 5/ En"iron)enta$ %enefit# through 0re"ention of en"iron)enta$$* ha=ardou# condition#.
Condition "ased &onitoring) IR thermometer for detecting hot spot:
The identification and the 0o##i%$e e$i)ination of :ot S0ot# in ti)e can #afeguard )an* e>ui0)ent in a #u%?#tation. It he$0# to a"oid un#chedu$ed outage# and the con#e>uence )onetar* $o##. Thu# %* 0rior detection of the hot #0ot#, the #u%?#tation i# #afeguarded and entire re0$ace)ent of the 0$ant co)0onent# -i$$ %e )ade o%#o$ete. The i)0ortance of IR ca)era in detecting :ot #0ot# in a high "o$tage #u%#tation i# -e$$ e#ta%$i#hed e#0ecia$$* the i)0ending fai$ure of CT #. Detection of PD by ultrasonic method:
Partia$ di#charge ;P< i# u#ua$$* ha00ened cau#ed %* f$a- and deterioration of tran#for)er in#u$ation. It i# the )ain rea#on of the accident of tran#for)er and 0o-er #*#te). Therefore, it# nece##ar* and i)0ortant to detect the 0artia$ di#charge of tran#for)er -hi$e o0erating and )anufacturing. &hen P of tran#for)er interna$ in#u$ation occur#, e$ectro)agnetic -a"e#, #ound -a"e# and other #igna$# are 0roduced. According to #u0er#onic #igna$, -e can detect the $ocation of P. 'ut thi# )ethod cannot te#t the nu)%er of charge. &ith u$tra#onic detection )ethod, it i# ea#* to $ocate P and te#t the nu)%er of charge. In thi# 0a0er, a )ethod of u$tra#onic detection i# 0re#ented, -hich i# %a#ed three?di)en#iona$ #catter 0oint and u$tra#onic hit to ti)e. The )ethod i# effecti"e to $ocate fau$t of tran#for)er in#u$ation. hermal imaging:
Mo#t tran#for)er# are coo$ed %* either oi$ or air -hi$e o0erating at te)0erature# )uch higher than a)%ient. In fact, o0erating te)0erature# of 48 C for oi$?fi$$ed tran#for)er# are co))on. Ne"erthe$e##, 0ro%$e)# -ith tran#for)er# often )anife#t the)#e$"e# in o"erheating or hot #0ot#, )a9ing ther)a$ i)aging a good too$ for finding 0ro%$e)#. In oil-filled transformers6 monitor t&e follo%ing e(ternal components .ig& and lo% voltage bus&ing connections O"erheating in a connection indicate# high re#i#tance and that the connection i# $oo#e or dirt*. A$#o, co)0are 0ha#e#, $oo9ing for un%a$ance and o"er$oading. Cooling tubes# On oi$?coo$ed tran#for)er#, coo$ing tu%e# -i$$ nor)a$$* a00ear -ar). If one or )ore tu%e# are co)0arati"e$* coo$, there )a* %e a 0ro%$e).
Pro%$e)# -ith #urge 0rotection and $ightning arre#tor# $ea9ing to ground and current trac9ing o"er in#u$ator# can a$#o %e detected u#ing ther)ogra0h* and ther)a$ i)ager#. Dor ther)a$ i)aging to %e effecti"e in 0in0ointing an interna$ tran#for)er 0ro%$e), the )a$function )u#t generate enough heat to %e detecta%$e. A good a00roach i# to create regu$ar in#0ection route# that inc$ude the tran#for)er# on a$$ e##entia$ e$ectrica$ circuit#. Sa"e ther)a$ i)age# for co)0ari#on and reference# of 0ro0er o0erating e>ui0)ent. !ltra "V Partial Discharge Detector
EA Techno$og*# U$tra TEV Partia$ i#charge etector Kit detect# %oth #urface and interna$ di#charge acti"it* -ithin )ediu) "o$tage e>ui0)ent. The U$tra TEV etector i# a hand he$d, dua$ #en#or, Partia$ i#charge detector, -hich ena%$e# #i)0$e fir#t 0a## identification of 0otentia$$* da)aging :V e>ui0)ent fau$t# and MV e>ui0)ent fau$t# %efore the* %eco)e fai$ure#.
Precautionar' &aintenance) The 0recautionar* )aintenance acti"itie# are underta9en on the #er"ice $ife of the co)0onent and conducted after a fai$ure or %rea9do-n. Such )aintenance re#u$t# in outage of circuit and #u00$*. In genera$, it con#i#t# of $ocating the trou%$e, re0air and deco))i##ioning. Precautionar* )aintenance co"er# a -ide range of acti"itie# ai)ed at 9ee0ing the e>ui0)ent in 0erfect -or9ing condition for 0erfor)ing it# function a# 0er a##igned dutie#. The choice of acti"itie# and #chedu$e de0end# u0on $oca$ re>uire)ent#. Inspection# Thi# refer# to the )aintenance acti"it* -hich co)0ri#e# carefu$ o%#er"ation#crutin* of the e>ui0)ent -ithout di#)ant$ing it. It u#ua$$* inc$ude# "i#ua$ and o0erationa$ chec9#. Servicing# Thi# refer# to c$eaning, ad(u#t)ent, $u%rication and other )aintenance function# -ithout di#)ant$ing the e>ui0)ent. 7(amination Thi# refer# to in#0ection -ith nece##ar* di#)ant$ing, )ea#ure)ent# and non? de#tructi"e te#t# to o%tain data regarding the condition of co)0onent##u%?a##e)%$ie#. +ver&aul# Thi# refer# to the -or9 done -ith the o%(ecti"e of re0airingre0$acing -orn?out 0art# and defecti"e 0art#. The e>ui0)ent, #u%?a##e)%$ie# are di#)ant$ed 0art$* or co)0$ete$*. The condition of co)0onent# i# in#0ected. i)en#ion# of -orn?out co)0onent# are )ea#ured. The co)0onent# -orn?out %e*ond acce0ta%$e $i)it are re0$aced. The a##e)%$* i# fo$$o-ed %* functiona$ chec9# and )ea#ure)ent# to en#ure #ati#factor* o0eration.
Conc!usion) No- I ha"e #tudied a $ot a%out the e$ectrica$ tran#)i##ion #*#te). One )u#t ha"e ne"er thought that #o )an* thing# are re>uired for (u#t #-itching on a te$e"i#ion or a refrigerator or #a* an e$ectric tri))er. The three -ing of e$ectrica$ #*#te) "i=. Generation, tran#)i##ion and di#tri%ution are connected to each other and that too "er* 0erfect$*. :ere )an and e$ectricit* -or9 a# if the* are a fa)i$*. Lot# of $a%or, ca0ita$ and infra#tructure i# in"o$"ed in the #*#te) (u#t to ha"e a #ing$e 0ha#e,667V,87:= 0o-er #u00$* at our hou#e#. At $a#t I -ou$d #a*... Energ* Sa"ed I# Energ* Produced The centra$ co)0onent of the #u%#tation i# the tran#for)er, a# it 0ro"ide# the effecti"e in enface %et-een the high?and $o-? "o$tage 0art# of the #*#te). Other crucia$ co)0onen t# are circuit%rea9er# and #-itche#. 'rea9er# #er"e a# 0rotecti"e de"ice# that o0enauto)atica$$* in the e"ent of a fau$t, that i#, -hen a 0rotecti"e re$a* indicate# e/ce##i"e current due to #o)e a%nor)a$ condition. S-itche# are contro$ de"ice# that can %e o0ened or c$o#ed de$i%erate$* to e#ta%$i#h or %rea9 a connection. An i)0ortant difference %et-een circuit %rea9er# and #-itche# i# that %rea9er# are de#igned to interru0t a%nor)a$$* high current# ;a# the* occur on$* in tho#e "er* #ituation# for -hich circuit 0rotection i# needed<, -herea# regu$ar #-itche# are de#igned to %e o0era%$e under nor)a$ current#. 'rea9er# are 0$aced on %oth the high?and $o-?"o$tage #ide of tran#for)er#.
0i"!iograph') htt0---.edgef/.ine$ectrica$?engineering?#u%#tation?co)0onent#?and?their?-or9ing#
htt0---.e$ectrica$@u.co)e$ectrica$?circuit?%rea9er?o0eration?and?t*0e#?of?circuit?%rea9er
htt0e-h.ieee.org#oc0e#ne-*or9Ne-SitePD#Protection J67Re$atedTran#for)erProtection.0df
htt0---.circuit#toda*.co)-or9ing?of?re$a*#
htt0---.e$ectrica$@u.co)e$ectrica$?in#u$ator?in#u$ating?)ateria$?0orce$ain?g$a##?0o$*)er? in#u$ator
htt0---.cea.nic.inre0ort#artic$e#godguide$ine#Q#huntQca0Qdi#tQ)eter#Qca%$e#cha03@.0df
