Perforación Direccional. Cálculo de coordenadas y direcciones de pozos petroleros.
Richard Ponce Delgado.
Solución. Aplicando la ecuación: =
+
, en la que los grados son 116
y los minutos son los 56, tenemos
= 116º +
= 116.93º
Rspta: a)
Solución. A la parte decimal, para encontrar los minutos para la dirección solicitada, debemos multiplicar por 60: 0.93x60= 55.8’ Simultáneamente para encontrar los segundos de esta dirección, debemos al último resultado multiplicar su decimal por 60: 0.80x60= 48’’ A la dirección original, solo conservamos la parte entera, por lo que la nueva dirección en grados, minutos y segundos queda como: 116º55’48’’, RPTA: b)
Aplicando la ecuación: =
+
, en la que los grados son 16y
los minutos son los 23, tenemos:
= 16º +
Richard Ponce Delgado.
= 16.83333º = .º
Rpta: a)
Solución.
+ , en la que los grados son 56, los minutos son los 46 y los segundos son 48, tenemos: Aplicando la ecuación: =
= 56 +
+
+ = 57.22º Rpta: b)
A la parte decimal, para encontrar los minutos para la dirección solicitada, debemos multiplicar por 60: 0.76x60= 45.6’ Simultáneamente para encontrar los segundos de esta dirección, debemos al último resultado multiplicar su decimal por 60: 0.60x60= 36’’ A la dirección original, solo conservamos la parte entera, por lo que la nueva dirección en grados, minutos y segundos queda como: 45º45’36’’. Rpta d)
A la parte decimal, para encontrar los minutos para la dirección solicitada, debemos multiplicar por 60: 0.22x60= 13.2’ Simultáneamente para encontrar los segundos de esta dirección, debemos al último resultado multiplicar su decimal por 60: 0.20 x60= 12’’
Richard Ponce Delgado.
A la dirección original, solo conservamos la parte entera, por lo que la nueva direcc ión en grados, minutos y segundos queda como: 167º13’12’’.
Rpta: a)
N
Sol: 25 250º-180º=70º Nos encontramos en el Tercer cuadrante Por lo que se usa la referencia sur.
E
W
Rpta: S70ºW b) 70º S
N N26.5W Usando la referencia Norte. Se está dirigiendo Al oeste 26.5º, por lo que debemos restar: 360º-26.5º=333,5º Azm.
W
E
Rpta: d) 333.5º
S
Richard Ponce Delgado.
N Solución: Los 125º nos indica la ubicación en el segundo
125º
Cuadrante, por lo que si usamos la referencia sur W
Nos queda:
E
180º-125º=55º S55ºE Rpta: b) 55º S
N
Solución: Primero debemos convertir 45º30’ en grados decimales:
= 45º +
134.5º
= 45.5º
Como se nos indica que estamos en la referencia
E
W
Sur hacia el Este 45.5º estamos en el segundo cuadrante Debemos restar: 180+45.5= 134.5º AZM Rpta: d)
Richard Ponce Delgado.
55.5º S
N Solución: Calculamos la Distancia D:
338.5º
= √ + = 825.7 +325
W
E
D=887.36ft Luego se procede a calcular el ángulo para el azimuth:
= − (. ) =68.51º
S
El azimuth=270º+68.51º=338.5º AZM. Rpta:
[email protected]ºAZM d)
N Solución: Calculamos la Distancia D: 118.3º
= √ + = 35 + 65
W
E
D=73.82ft. Luego se procede a calcular el ángulo para el azimuth:
= − ( ) = 28.30º S El azimuth=90º+28.30=118.3AZM. Rpta:
[email protected]ºAZM b)
Richard Ponce Delgado.
N Solución: 140º Calculamos las distancia para Sur y Este.
DE = 1679 ∗ cos(50) = 1079.24ft. DS = 1679 ∗ sin(50) = 1286.19ft. Rpta: E 1079.24ft, S1286.19ft
E
W 50º
b)
S
N Solución: 256º Calculamos las distancia para Sur y Oeste.
DO = 950 ∗ sin(76) = 921.78ft. DS = 950 ∗ cos(76) = 229.83ft. Rpta: W921.78ft, S229.83ft
W
E
a) 76º S
Richard Ponce Delgado.
Study questions. 1. Which of the following is the correct definition for directional drilling? a) The science and art of deviating a wellbore along a planned course to a surface target location that is a given lateral distance and direction from the horizontal b) The science and art of deviating a wellbore along a planned course to a subsurface target location that has not been Determined c) The science and art of deviating a wellbore along a planned course to a subsurface target location that is a given vertical distance and direction from the horizontal d) The science and art of deviating a wellbore along a planned course from a surface location to a target location, both defined with a given coordinate system Rpta: d) 2. Which of the following is the most important aspect of controlled directional drilling? a) It enables producers all over the world to develop subsurface deposits that could never be reached economically in any other manner. b) It is the science of deviating a wellbore along a planned course to a surface target location that is a given lateral distance and direction from the horizontal. c) It enables producers all over the world to develop subsurface deposits that could have been lost due to improper drilling equipment. d) It enables producers all over the world to kill wild wells. Rpta: a) 3. Directional drilling was used initially for remedial operations. Which of the following are examples of these earlier uses? Select all the correct answers. a) To drill relief wells to kill blowouts b) To sidetrack around stuck tools c) To bring the wellbore back to vertical d) For salt dome drilling e) For offshore multiwell drilling Rptas: a), b) y c)
Richard Ponce Delgado.
4. Where was the first controlled directional well drilled in 1930? a) Conroe, Texas. b) Huntington Beach, California. c) Seminole field, Oklahoma. d) Long Beach, California. Rpta: b) 5. Exploration wells are drilled for which of the following reasons? Select all the correct answers. a) To produce an existing field. b) To determine the extent of a field. c) To determine whether oil or gas exists in a subsurface rock formation. d) To probe the earth where no known hydrocarbons exist. e) To reach a reservoir that is in excess of 15,000 ft. Rptas: c) y d) 6. Appraisal wells are drilled for which of the following reasons? Select all the correct answers. a) To determine the extent of a field. b) To probe the earth where no known hydrocarbons exist. c) To produce an existing field. d) To determine how much area a field covers. e) To reach a reservoir that is in excess of 15,000 ft. Rptas: a) y d) 7. Development wells/Production wells are drilled for which of the following reasons? a) To probe the earth where no known hydrocarbons exist. b) To remove hydrocarbons from an existing field. c) To determine the extent of a field. d) To reach a reservoir that is in excess of 15,000 ft.
Richard Ponce Delgado.
Rpta: b) 8. Match each well with its reason for being drilled. a) To determine whether oil or gas exists in a subsurface rock formation b) To remove hydrocarbons from an existing field. c) To determine the extent or area of coverage of a field. 1) Exploration wells-------- a) 2) Development wells/Production wells------b) 3) Appraisal wells-------c)
9. Which of the following are reasons for drilling a directional well? Select all the correct answers. a) To get to trapped oil beneath salt domes. b) To get to a target located beneath a city or a sensitive area. c) To get past a fish. d) To reach a reservoir located below large bodies of water. e) To allow for exploration without drilling other complete wells. Rpta: Todas son correctas. 10. Which of the following directional drilling applications is the most economical way to develop an oil field that is below a large body of water but within drilling reach of land? a) Offshore multiwell drilling. b) Offshore drilling to onshore locations. c) Onshore drilling to offshore locations. d) Multiple exploration wells from a single offshore wellbore. Rpta: a) 11. Which of the following are applications for drilling a directional well? Select all the correct answers. a) Onshore drilling to offshore locations. b) Relief wells.
Richard Ponce Delgado.
c) Offshore multiwell drilling. d) Horizontal wells. e) Multiple exploration wells from a single wellbore. Rpta: Todas son correctas. 12. Which of the following are applications for drilling a directional well? Select all the correct answers. a) Sidetracking. b) Salt dome drilling. c) Offshore drilling to onshore locations. d) Fault controlling. e) Inaccessible locations. Rptas: a), d) y e) 13. Which of the following is the best description of a directional drilling application that is used specifically to kill a well that is blowing? a) Salt dome drilling b) Horizontal wells c) Offshore multiwell drilling d) Relief wells Rpta: d) 14. Which of the following is the best description of a directional drilling application that is used specifically to intersect a producing formation horizontally to better produce the reservoir? a) Onshore drilling to offshore locations b) Offshore multiwell drilling c) Horizontal wells d) Relief wells Rpta: c)
Richard Ponce Delgado.
15. Identify each picture with its directional drilling application. a) Sidetracking------3) b) Inaccessible location-------2) c) Salt dome drilling-----1)
16. Identify each picture with its directional drilling application. a) Onshore drilling to offshore location b) Fault controlling c) Offshore multiwell drilling
Richard Ponce Delgado.
(2)
(1) (3)
17. Identify each picture with its directional drilling application.
a) Horizontal well---------3) b) Multilateral well--------2) c) Relief well---------------1) 18. Identify each picture with its directional drilling application. a) Extended reach wells-----2) b) Fault controlling-----------1) c) Short radius wells---------3)
19. Extended reach wells are drilled to reach reservoirs that are in excess of _____ meters from the starting point. a) 500,000 b) 5,000
Richard Ponce Delgado.
c) 500 d) 50 Rpta: b) 20) Which of the following would apply to short radius directional drilling? Select all the correct answers. a) Used to isolate higher-/lower-pressured production zones or water sands without setting and cementing a liner b) Typically reentries of old vertical well c) Has curves with a 200 to 500 ft. radius d) Has curves with a 143 ft. radius or smaller that cannot be drilled with conventional motors Rptas: a), b) y c) 21. Write in the correct term to correctly complete the following sentence. A well profile is the planned well trajectory from the ___ _surface ___ to the final drilling depth. 22. Which of the following must be known to determine the best geometric well profile from the surface to the bottomhole target? Select all the correct answers. a) The TVD of the target b) The position of the surface location c) The position of the target location d) The density of the target Rptas: a), b) y c) 23. Identify the features of a directional well profile. a) Surface Location-----1) b) Tangent Section-----2) c) KOP-------------------4) d) Hold Angle-----------3) e) Target Location------5)
Richard Ponce Delgado.
24. Match each well profile feature with its definition. a) The geographical position on earth where the well starts b) The location at a given depth below the surface where the wellbore is deviated in a given direction c) The change of inclination of a wellbore where the angle is increased d) Determines the rate a well profile turns in azimuth direction 1) Kickoff Point-------b) 2) Surface Location---a) 3) Buildup Rate--------c) 4) Turn Rate-----------d) 25. Match each well profile feature with its definition. a) Occurs where the inclination of the boreh ole is held constant b) The location where the wellbore starts dropping inclination c) The angle by which the wellbore deviates from the vertical d) The change of inclination of a wellbore where the angle is purposely reduced 1) Well Inclination------c) 2) Drop Off Rate--------d) 3) Hold Angle-----------a) 4) Start of Drop---------b)
26. Match each well profile feature with its definition. a) The actual measured vertical depth from a reference point on the surface to a point of interest b) The lateral distance from the surface location to the target c) Direction of a course measured in a clockwise direction from 0-360o referred to North
Richard Ponce Delgado.
d) The length of the projection of the horizontal displacement onto the vertical section plane defined by its azimuth. 1) True Vertical Depth--------a) 2) Target Displacement-------b) 3) Vertical Section-------------d) 4) Azimuth---------------------c) 27. Match each well profile feature with its definition. a) The actual length of the wellbore from its surface location to any specified station b) The distance between two points that are projected onto a horizontal plane c) A point where a well profile finished dropping inclination d) The point or location of the oil and gas reservoirs 1) Measured Depth---------a) 2) Target--------------------d) 3) Horizontal Displacement----b) 4) End of Drop------------------c)
28. Match each well profile feature with its definition. a) Occurs after a buildup where the inclination of the borehole is held constant for a certain distance b) The azimuth angle measured from North or South in the direction of East or West c) A point defined by a distance and a direction relative to North d) Used to give a target's position in feet or meters with direction of North/South and East/West e) The location where the wellbore has finished increasing 1) Tangent Section--------a) 2) Polar Coordinate--------c) 3) Rectangular Coordinate----d)
Richard Ponce Delgado.
4) Quadrant----------b) 5) End of Buildup----e) 29. Match each well profile feature with its definition. a) Occurs after a buildup where the inclination of the borehole is held constant for a certain distance b) The azimuth angle measured from North or South in the direction of East or West c) A point defined by a distance and a direction relative to North d) Used to give a target's position in feet or meters with direction of North/South and East/West e) The location where the wellbore has finished increasing 1) Tangent Section--------a) 2) Polar Coordinate--------c) 3) Rectangular Coordinate---d) 4) Quadrant-------------------b) 5) End of Buildup--------------e)
30. Which of the following are general types of directional well profiles? Select all the correct answers. a) Straight b) Slant
Rptas: Todas correctas
c) S-type d) Horizontal 31. This graphic represents which of the following types of directional well profiles.
a) Straight well
Richard Ponce Delgado.
b) Horizontal well c) S-type well d) Slant well Rpta: b) 32. Write in the correct terms to correctly complete the following sentence. Well planning is an important stage pri or to the commencement of actual drilling operations to ensure that all aspects of the well are tailored to meet the specific _____ _objectives _______ of that well.
33. Which of the following are components of a well plan? Select all the correct answers. a) Drop Quadrant b) Azimuth c) Quadrant d) Rectangular Coordinate e) End of Well f) Vertical Section g) Polar Coordinate Rptas: b), c), d), f) y g) 34. Which of the following are components of a well plan? Select all the correct answers. a) Hold Angle b) Depth Control c) Kickoff Point d) Buildup Rate e) Surface Location f) Start of Drop g) True Value Down h) Turn Rate
Richard Ponce Delgado.
Rptas: a), c), d), e), f), g), h)
