STRUKTUR MEMBRAN DALAM BANGUNAN TUGAS STRUKTUR & KONTRUKSI V JURUSAN ARSITEKTEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS 17 AGUSTUS 1945 SEMARANG PENYUSUN : Agusta Dicky Ferlana Reski A!i Pri"n" Ri#ky Luk$an Nul %aki$ Mu&a$$a Al'a Maulana
PENDA%ULUAN
Struktur membra meru!aka "a#a$ "atu a#terat% 'a( ba'ak )%(uaka )a#am ba(ua beta( #ebar* terutama beru("% "eba(a% !eutu! ata!+ a ta!+ Struktur membra "a(at !eka ter$a)a! eek aer,)%am%ka )ar% a(%+ Eek a(% me'ebabka ter-a)%'a (etara+ .e(a )em%k%a* membra 'a( )%(uaka !a)a (e)u( $aru" )%"tab%#ka )e(a /ara tertetu* $%((a betuk'a )a!at teta! )%!erta$aka !a)a "aat mem%ku# berba(a% k,)%"% !embebaa+ Ak%bat )ar% karakter%"t%k'a 'a( t%)ak kaku )a ke!ekaa'a ter$a)a! a(%* maka "truktur membra b%a"a'a t%)ak )a!at ber)%r% "e)%r%+ 0a)a !rakt%k'a )a#am ba(ua beta( #ebar* membra ba'ak )%(uaka ber)am!%(a )e(a "truktur kabe# )a "!a/e rame "e$%((a me-a)% #eb%$ kuat ter$a)a! (u/a(a+ Struktur membra mem%#%k% berba(a% -e%" )%#%$at )ar% t%!e ke#e(ku(a !ermukaa )a "%"tem "%"tem !e(ak !e(aku' u'a+ a+ Je%"-e Je%"-e%" %" ter"ebu ter"ebutt ber!e ber!e(ar (aru$ u$ ter$a)a! ter$a)a! ba(u ba(ua a 'a( 'a( aka aka )%betuk "e$%((a !er#u )%!er$at%ka betuk )a "%"tem !e(aku a!a 'a( "e$aru"'a )%!%#%$ )a#am !e(a!#%ka"%a'a !a)a ba(ua beta( #ebar+ Mate Mater%a r%a## memb membra ra 'a( 'a( )%(u )%(ua aka ka utu utuk k memb membe etu tuk k "tru "trukt ktur ur memb membra ra !u !u berma/amma/am* "emua mem%#%k% /%r% k$a"'a ma"%(ma"%( 'a( $aru" )%"e"ua%ka )e(a u("%+ 0erkemba(a tek,#,(% !u me(ak%batka mater%a# membra me-a)% k%a bera(am )a "emak% kuat )%(uaka "eba(a% "truktur ba(ua+ ba(ua+ Membra )a!at k%ta -um!a% !a)a ba(ua "ta)%,* (e)u( k,"er* )a #a%#a%+ Struktur %% mem%#%k% ke#eb%$a )ar% "e(% e"tet%ka* "e$%((a "truktur membra "er%(ka#% )%ek"!," )%ek"!," b%"a ter#%$at )ar% "%"% ek"ter%,r* ek"ter%,r* "e$%((a "e$%((a "truktur ter"ebut me-a)% "uatu )a'a tar%k )a ak"e )ar% "uatu ba(ua beta( #ebar+ Karea Karea %tu#a$ %tu#a$ te)a te)a #eb%$ #eb%$ ba'ak ba'ak )%(ua )%(uaka ka "eba(a "eba(a%% "truktu "trukturr "emet "emetara* ara* buka buka "eba(a% "truktur !ermae+ Me"ta Me"tab%#k b%#ka a membra membra )e(a )e(a me((u me((uak aka a tekaa tekaa %ter %tera# a# )a!at )a!at )%#aku )%#akuka ka a!ab%#a membra mem!u'a% 2,#ume tertutu!+ Ke#,m!,k membra )em%k%a b%a"a )%"ebut "truktur !eumat%"* "ebuta 'a( "e"ua% )e(a /ara "truktur me)a!at ke"tab%#a+
PENGERT(AN
Membra Membra a)a#a$ a)a#a$ "uatu "uatu "truktu "trukturr !ermuka !ermukaa a #ek"%b #ek"%be# e# t%!%" t%!%" 'a( 'a( mem%ku mem%ku## beba beba terutama me#a#u% !,"e" te(a(a tar%k+ Struktur membra /e)eru( )a!at me'e"ua%ka )%r% )e(a /ara "truktur ter"ebut )%beba%+ Struktur membra "a(at !eka ter$a)a! eek aer,)%am%ka )ar% a(%+ Eek a(% me'ebabka me'ebabka ter-a)%'a fluttering 3(etara+ 3(etara+ .e(a )em%k%a* membra 'a( )%(uaka !a)a (e)u( $aru" )%"tab%#ka )e(a /ara tertetu* $%((a betuk'a )a!at teta! )%!erta$aka !a)a "aat mem%ku# berba(a% k,)%"% !embebaa 3S/$,)ek*196+
A)a bebera!a /ara )a"ar utuk me"tab%#ka membra+ Ra(ka !eum!u )a#am kaku m%"a#'a )a!at )%(uaka+ 0e"tab%#a )a!at )%#akuka )e(a me((uaka !rate(a( !a)a !ermukaa membra+ a# ter"ebut )a!at )%#akuka ba%k )e(a member%ka (a'a ek"tera# 'a( mear%k membra mau!u )e(a me((uaka tekaa %tera# a!ab%#a membra'a berbetuk 2,#ume tertutu! 3!eumat%/+ 8,t,$ !ember%a !rate(a( 'a( me((uaka (a'a ek"tera# a)a#a$ "truktur te)a+ Aka teta!% a)a !u#a te)a 'a( t%)ak mem!u'a% !ermukaa 'a( bearbear )%tar%k ,#e$ kabe# kabe# "e$%(( "e$%((aa )a!at )a!at ber(er ber(erak ak a!ab%# a!ab%#aa )%beba )%beba%+ %+ Seka#% Seka#%!u !u )a!at )a!at mem%ku mem%ku## beba beba a(% a(% ,rma#* m%"a#'a ba'ak !ermukaaa te)a 'a( )a!at ber(etar "eba(a% ak%bat )ar% eek aer,)%am%ka )ar% a(% ke/a(+ )*+ Ti,e Kelengkungan Per$ukaan Struktur Me$'ran er)a"arka betuk ke#e(ku(a'a* "truktur membra )%ba(% me-a)% : -e%"* 'a%tu betuk anticlastic )a anticlastic )a synclastic synclastic++ a+ Anticlastic a+ Anticlastic / negative surface curvature. etuk %% mem%#%k% ke#e(ku(a : ara$ 'a( 'a( ber#a; ber#a;aa aa** "e$%( "e$%((a (a betuk betuk te)a te)a 'a( 'a( )%$a"%#ka me-a)% /eku(+ etuk 'a( umum )%(uaka a)a#a$ betuk hyperbolic paraboloid, keru/ut* )a betuk #e(ku(+ # e(ku(+
Gambar 1< etuk membra anticlastic* anticlastic* hyperbolic paraboloid )a )a keru/ut+ b. b. Synclastic / positive surface curvature. etuk 'a( mem%#%k% : ara$ ke#e(ku(a 'a( "eara$* "e$%((a betuk 'a( )%$a"%#ka me-a)% /embu(+
Gambar :< etuk membra synclastic membra synclastic++
)*) Ti,e Siste$ Pengaku Struktur Me$'ran er)a"arka "%"tem !e(aku'a* "truktur membra terba(% me-a)% :* mechanically prestressed )a pneumatically )a pneumatically prestressed. prestressed. a+ Mechanically prestressed prestressed + .a#am t%!e %% ter)a!at t%(a k,"e! betuk )a"ar )ar% "truktur membra* 'a%tu< Sa))#e S$a!e"* R%)(e = Va##e' Va##e' S$a!e" )a 0,%t"u!!,rte) S$a!e"+ Saddle Saddle Shapes. Shapes. Sa))#e S$a!e" terbetuk ket%ka te!%a membra ter$ubu( ke !,% !e)uku( 'a( t%((% )a re)a$ "e/ara ber(at%a+ 0a)a betuk betuk %% te!%a membra beru!a kabe# 3/ab#e e)(e"+ Sa))#e "$a!e" -u(a )a!at terbetuk ket%ka "a#a$ "atu te!%a membra )%)uku( ,#e$ e#eme me#e(ku( 'a( kaku+
Gambar >< etuk )a"ar "a))#e "$a!e"+ Ridge and Valley Valley Shapes. etuk %% )%)uku( ,#e$ kabe# 'a( )%"u"u "e/ara !arare# atau ra)%a# !a)a !u/ak )a #emba$'a+ Kabe# !u/ak )%tar%k ke ba;a$ ,#e$ membra+ Kabe# !a)a #emba$ beru("% "eba(a% !ea$a (a'a a(%+ Kabe# %% -u(a )a!at )%(at% )e(a e#eme kaku ta!a meruba$ betuk (e,metr% )ar% membra+
Gambar 4< Ma/amma/am betuk ridge and valley shapes. valley shapes.
Point supported shapes. etuk shapes. etuk %% a)a#a$ betuk te)a !a)a umum'a* mem%#%k% 1 t%t%k !u/ak* atau )a!at -u(a berbetuk te)a ter ba#%k 3mem%#%k% 1 t%t%k re)a$+ Strate(% utuk me)uku( t%t%k !u/ak )a re)a$ ber2ar%a"%+ T%t%k re)a$ )a!at )%$ubu(ka #a("u( ke !,)a"%+ T%t%k !u/ak )a!at )%(atu( )ar% t%a(t%a( !e'a((a 'a( )%tem!atka )% te(a$* me#a#u% /%/% 'a( )%tar%k "e$%((a aka #eb%$ me(akuka membra+
Gambar Gambar 5< Strukt Struktur ur membra membra berbe berbetuk tuk keru/u keru/ut* t* ter(,# ter(,#,( ,( )a#am -e%" -e%" point supported shapes 'a( shapes 'a( mem%#%k% 1 t%t%k !u/ak+ b+ Pneumatically b+ Pneumatically prestressed. prestressed. 0a)a -e%" "truktur !emumat%k* membra mem!er,#e$ te(a(a !ermukaa me#a#u% tekaa u)ara* "e$%((a )a!at terma"uk ke )a#am "truktur membra 'a( )a!at ber)%r% "e)%r%+ Teta!% !a)a -e%" "truktur %%* memu(k%ka )%ber% !e(uata )e(a !eu#a(a+ 0a)a 0eumat%/* (a'a tar%k ter-a)% karea a)a'a !erbe)aa tekaa u)ara )% )a#am "truktur !eumat%/ )e(a tekaa u)ara )%#uar "truktur+ Pneumatic Structure )%ba(% Structure )%ba(% )a#am )ua ke#,m!,k be"ar 'a%tu Air 'a%tu Air Supported Structure Structure )a Air-nflated )a Air-nflated Structure. Struktur 'a( )%tum!u u)ara u)ara 3 Air Supported Air Supported Structure! ter)%r% ata" "atu membra 3meutu! rua( 'a( ber(ua "e/ara u("%,a# 'a( )%tum!u ,#e$ !erbe)aa teka tekaa a %te %ter ra# a# ke/%# ke/%#++ .e( .e(a a )em% )em%k% k%a a** 2,#um 2,#umee %te %ter ra# a# u)ar u)araa )a#a )a#am m (e)u (e)u( ( %% %% mem!u'a% tekaa #eb%$ be"ar )ar% !a)a tekaa u)ara b%a"a+
Gambar ?< Air ?< Air Supported Structure. Structure. 3S/$,)ek< 196+ Struktur 'a( )%(e#embu(ka u)ara 3 Air-nflated 3 Air-nflated Structure! Structure! )%tum!u ,#e$ ka)u(a u)ara bertekaa 'a( me((e#embu(ka e#emee#eme (e)u(+ V,#ume %tera# u)ara (e)u( teta! "ebe"ar tekaa u)ara+
Gambar 7< Air-nflated 7< Air-nflated Structure. Structure. 3S/$,)ek< 196+
Namu "e/ara !rakt%k )% #a!a(a* "truktur membra )e(a !e)ekata !eumat%k -ara( )%(uaka karea mu)a$ ter-a)% keb,/,ra+ Ket%ka ter-a)% keb,/,ra membra* membra* maka tekaa u)ara aka meuru* meuru* 'a( me'ebabka me'ebabka "truktur ata! t%)ak beru("% "eba(a%maa me"t%'a + Ke#ema$a #a% 'ak% reta'a "truktur ter$a)a! ter-a)%'a kebakara+ a$a !e#a!%" 'a( )%!aka% meru!aka ba$a 'a( mem%#%k% t%t%k #ebur re)a$ "e$%((a mu)a$ terbakar+
-* Material
A)a beber!a akt,r 'a( $aru" )%!er$%tu(ka )%!er$%tu(ka )a#am mem%#%$ mater%a# "truktur "truktur membra 'a( aka )%(uaka* )%(uaka* akt,r ter"ebut atara #a%< a((ara* a((ara* -a(ka ;aktu* u("% ba(ua* akt,r kebakara* !er"'arata !e/a$a'aa )a e"tet%ka+ Ter)a!at 4 -e%" mater%a# 'a( "er%()%(uak "er%()%(uaka a )a#am !eera!a !eera!a "truktur "truktur membra !a)a ba(ua beta( #ebar m,)er* 'a%tu< a.PV" "oated Polyester + Mater%a Mater%a## %% mu)a$ )%ta(a )%ta(a% % )a )%#a" )%#a" )e(a )e(a me((u me((uaka aka #a" rekue rekue"% "% t%((%+ t%((%+ 0ara %"%'u %"%'urr !r,'ek !r,'ek b%a"a' b%a"a'aa meetu meetuka ka -e%" -e%" membra "ete#a$ me#akuka aa#%"%" betuk+ A)a bebera!a -e%" 0V8 )%k#a"%%ka"%ka )%k#a"%%ka"%ka meurut #a!%"a !ermukaa* 'a%tu< Acrylic - %a"a'a %a"a'a )%(uaka )%(uaka -%ka ka% 'a( )%%(%ka )%%(%ka ber;ara+ ber;ara+ Je%" ka% %% t%)ak mem%#%k% mem%#%k% kemam!ua kemam!ua utuk member"%$ka member"%$ka )%r% )a u"%a !emaka%a !emaka%a 'a( #eb%$ !e)ek )%ba)%(ka )e(a )e(a 0V.F atau 0TFE+ Akr%#%k 'a( )%#a!%" )a!at )%#a" "e/ara k,2e"%,a# ta!a !era;ata !ermukaa+ PV#$ %Polyvinyl #ene$louride! - La!%"a %% mem%#%k% "%at 'a( "a(at ba%k )a mem%#%k% mem%#%k% kemam!ua kemam!ua utuk !emaka%a !emaka%a -a(ka !a-a(+ !a-a(+ a$a %% -u(a mem%#%k% mem%#%k% kemam!ua utuk member"%$ka )%r% )a me#%)u(% 0V8 )a !,#%e"ter+ T%!e ka% %% mem%#%k mem%#%k%% kemam!u kemam!ua a anti&ic' + @%/k%( a)a#a$ ma"a#a$ %tera# )% maa a%r me(a#%r "e!a-a( (ar%" bea( ka% me'ebabka !eruba$a ;ara )ar% ka% )a memu(k%ka ter-a)%'a )e#am%a"%+
Gambar < Membra t%!e 0V8+
b+ P($) "oated $iberglass. 0TFE 3 Polytetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene mea;arka "%at member"%$ka )%r% 'a( t%((%* t% ((%* keta$aa a!% )a ma"a !emaka%a me#eb%$% )ua !u#u$ #%ma ta$u+ 0TFE 'a( )%#a!%"% %ber(#a"" "a(at ma$a# teta!% k,m!et%t% )e(a ka/a+ Ma"a#a$ utama )e(a 0TFE a)a#a$ ba$;a %a memer#uka !ea(aa 'a( "a(at $at% $at% "e#ama a"e k,"truk"%+ I"ta#a"% I"ta#a"% 0TFE 'a( )%#a!%"% %ber(#a"" membutu$ka membutu$ka !era;ata #eb%$ ba'ak )a )eta%# 'a( #eb%$ k,m!#ek" )ar%!a)a 0V8 )%#a!%"% ka% !,#%e"ter+ Ka% %% t%)ak )a!at )%#a" )e(a !era#ata rekue"% t%((% k,2e"%,a# k,2e"%,a# teta!% me((uaka me((uaka be"% k$u"u"+ S%at k$u"u" )ar% 0TFE memu(k%ka utuk )%#a" )a u;e#)e) me((uaka me"% 'a( "ama+ a# %% memu(k%ka !ae# 'a( ru"ak utuk )%!erba%k% )% tem!at+
Gambar 9< Membra T%!e 0TFE+
/+ )($) %ethylene-tetra-fluoro-ethylene! %ethylene-te tra-fluoro-ethylene!++ ETFE membra -e%" ter)%r% )ar% #a!%"a t%!%" et%#ea tetra#u,r,et$ tetra#u,r,et$'#ea+ '#ea+ Karea ke$a#u"a ke$a#u"a 'a* membra membra ETFE -au$ #eb%$ tra"!ara tra"!ara 3tra!ara/' 3tra!ara/' t%(kat 96B )%ba)%(ka )%ba)%(ka )e(a -e%" membra #a%'a "e$%((a )a#am bata" tertetu )a!at me((at%ka ka/a "eba(a% ba$a ata! tra"!ara+ T%!e membra %% b%a"a'a t%)ak )%(uaka utuk "truktur membra !ratar%k teta!% #eb%$ )%(uaka "eba(a% !eutu! ata! 3, "truktura# atau "truktur !eumat%/+ )+ e0TFE+ e0TFE meru!aka meru!aka !e(emb !e(emba(a a(a mater%a# membra 0TFE+ e0TFE %% #eb%$ #ek"%be# )a mem%#%k% !er%#aku 'a( #eb%$ ba%k )ar% ba$a membra #a%'a )a #eb%$ tra"!ara )ar%!a)a membra 0TFE b%a"a 3t%(kat tra!ara/' 46B+ Se#a% %tu* mater%a# %% mu(k% utuk )%)aur u#a( "e$%((a "e$%((a )a!at )%#%r%k "eba(a% ba$a )e(a t%(kat keber#a-uta 'a( t%((%+
.* Stui Kasus: D/0"st Sea#"" Se$arang
Gambar 16 < Tam!%#a ek"ter%,r .C8,"t Sea,,) Semara( L,ka"% < J#+ 0emu)a N,+949?* Kemba("ar%* Semara( Te(a$* Te(a$* K,ta Semara(* Ja;a Te(a$ 561>>* I),e"%a
Gambar 11< .C8,"t Sea,,) Semara( ter#etak )% te(a$ k,ta .C8,"t Sea,,) Semara( meru! meru!aka aka ,ut#et 'a( ke 5? )ar% .C8,"t 'a( te#a$ $a)%r )% 17 K,ta )% I),e"%a+ Ruma$ maka %% me($a)%rka meu makaa terutama $%)a(a #aut 'a( "e(ar* $a(at )a #eDat )e(a $ar(a "a(at ter-a(kau+ .C8,"t mer .C8,"t meru!a u!aka ka ba ba(u (ua a re" re"t, t, "ea "ea,,) ,,) 'a 'a( ( ber ber#a #ata% ta% )ua )ua** #a #ata% ta% "atu meru!a mer u!aka ka rua rua( ( mak maka a 'a 'a( ( "e#u "e#uru$ ru$'a 'a %) %),,r ,,r "e) "e)a( a(ka ka #a #ata% ta% )ua ter) ter)a!at a!at rua rua( ( maka ma ka u utu tuk k % %), ),,r ,r )a )a ,u ,ut) t),, ,,rr+ a a( (u ua a % %%% me me( ((u (ua aka ka ata ata! ! mem membr bra a 'a 'a( ( berbetuk keru/ut+.e(a me((uaka ata! membra member%ka betuk 'a( "a(at e"tet%"* e"te t%"* ter# ter#eb% eb%$ $ keu keu(( ((u#a u#a ata! mem membra bra )e )e(a (a ba$ ba$a a 0V8 'a 'a( ( tra tra"!ar "!ara+ a+ 0a) 0a)aa ma#am ma# am $ar $ar%% /a$ /a$a'a a'a )ar )ar%% )a# )a#am am rua rua( (a a aka aka temb tembu" u" mem mema/ a/arka arka ke# ke#uar uar "e$ "e$%( %((a (a meamba$ ke%)a$a ba(ua+
Gambar 1: < Tam!%#a ek"ter%,r .C8,"t Sea,,) Semara( !a)a ma#am $ar% 0a)a #ata% )ua )ea$ rua( maka ,ut),,r ter#etak )% !%((%r!%((%r rua( maka %),,r 'a( )%te(a$+ Rua( maka %),,r !a)a ba(%a ata" )% tutu! )e(a !#a, karea me((uaka !e)%(% rua(a+ Se)a(ka rua( maka ,ut),,r )%b%arka ter# %$at ra(ka ra(ka ra (ka 'a 'a( ( !e !e,!a ,!a( ( "tr "trukt uktur ur mem membra bra** 'a 'a( ( )% "a "a((a ((a )e )e(a (a k,# k,#,m ,mk,# k,#,m ,m 'a 'a( ( berba$a be"%+ Keutu(a "truktur membra %% -u(a mu)a$ )%b,(kar karea t%)ak !ermae+
Gambar 1> < K,#,mk,#,m K,#,mk,#,m be"% !a)a #ata% )ua Rua( %),,r #ata% )ua ter)a!at k,#,m 'a( beba$a bet, "eba(a% !e,!a( t%a( "truktur ra(ka membra 'a( member%ka betuk keru/ut )a kemu)%a ra(kara(ka )% "ambu(ka ke k,#,m be"% 'a( a)a )% "eke#%#%('a+
Gambar 14 < K,#,mk,#,m K,#,mk,#,m bet, !a)a #ata% )ua utuk me,!a( "truktur ra(ka be"% )% te(a$
Gambar 15 < T%a( "tuktur 'a( bera)a )%te(a$ Sambu(a !a)a ra(ka )%"ambu(ka )e(a baut )a #a" 'a( mu)a$ b%#a %(% )%b,(kar amu teta! kuat )e(a !er$%tu(a 'a( te#a$ )%tetuka+
Gambar 1? & 17 < .eta%# "ambu(a
K,#,m bet, !a)a #ata% "atu )%"u"u "e/ara (r%) )e(a betuk k,#,m 'a( u%k !a)a )a"ar k,#,m berbetuk k,tak b%a"a amu !a)a ba(%a ata" 'a( me,!a( #ata% )ua k,#,m k,tak 'a( ber/aba( em!at* member%ka "truktur 'a( kuat )a betuk 'a( e"tet%"+
Gambar 1 & 19 < K,#,m "truktur !a)a #ata% "atu
1* Kesi$,ulan
0e((uaa 0e((uaa membra "eba(a% "truktur !a)a ba(ua ba(ua meru!aka "a#a$ "atu a#terat% 'a( )a!at )%(uaka+ 0e((uaa'a 0e((uaa'a )a!at )%k,)%"%ka )%k,)%"%ka )e(a u("% 'a( )%au(%'a* )%au(%'a* "e"ua% )e(a kebutu$a* terutama utuk me/%!taka me/%!taka ba(ua ba(ua beta( #ebar ta!a k,#,m !e'a((a )% te(a$te(a$ ba(ua+ et etuk ukbe bet tuk uk !e(a! !e(a!#% #%ka" ka"%a %a "tru "truktu kturr memb membra ra terba terba(% (% meme-a)% a)% :* 'ak 'ak%% anticlastic )a syncalstic, amu !e((uaa !e((uaa betuk anticla anticlasti sticc #eb%$ ba'ak )%-um!a% !a)a ba(uaba(ua -ama "ekara( " ekara( 'a( me((uaka "truktur membra+ S%"tem !e(aku !a)a "truktur membra !u terba(% me-a)% :* 'ak% )e(a )%!re"tre""e) )%!re"tre""e ) "e/ara meka%k mau!u "e/ara !eumat%k+ Namu* "%"tem !e(aku "e/ara !eumat%k -ara( )%(uaka karea reta ter$a)a! ba$a'a keb,/,ra )a kebakara+ Mater%a# 'a( )%(uaka )%(uaka "eba(a% "eba(a% "truktur "truktur !u berma/amma/am* berma/amma/am* mu#a% )ar% 0V8* 0TFE* ETFE* )a e0TFE+ 0e((uaa 0TFE #eb%$ ba'ak )%(uaka karea )a!at berta$a #ama* "e)a(ka mater%a# "e!ert% ETFE #eb%$ ba'ak )%(uaka "eba(a% !eutu! ba(ua 'a( ber"%at ,"truktura# karea "%at'a 'a( kura( kuat )a#am mea$a beba+
Da#tar Pustaka
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