ENGLISH-STRUCTURE 2 Chapter 6&7 Maulida Mazaya
Universitas Terbuka Korea Selatan 2014
MODUL 6 : INIFINITIVES AND GERUNDS II
UNIT 1 VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES 1. Kelompok 1 (Verb + Infinitve) a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.
Afford to Agree to Appear to Arrange to Care to Decided to Deserve to Demand to Expect to Endeavor to
k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t.
Fail to Hesitate to Hope to Learn to Plan to Pretend Promise Refuse Seem struggle
u. v. w. x.
Swear Threaten Volunteer Wait
UNIT 1 VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES 2. Kelompok 2 [Verb + Pro(noun) + Infinitive a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.
Allow Cause Challenge Convince Command Dare Encourage Forbid Force Hire
k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u.
instruct Invite Oblige Order Permit Persuade Remind Tach Tell Urge warm
UNIT 1 VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES 3. Kelompok 3
Kata-kata kerja yang dapat diikuti oleh infinitive dan bisa juga diikuti oleh noun/pronoun, kemudian infinitive a. b. c. d. e. f.
Ask Beg Expect Want Wish Promise
UNIT 2 VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVES OR GERUNDS Kata-kata erja yang memiliki pengertian berbeda ketika diikuti oleh infinitives dan diikuti oleh gerunds:
• begin* • neglect • prefer** • plan • continue • start • dislike • dread • intend
o can’t bear o can’t stand o can’t help
UNIT 3 VERBS THAT HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS WHEN FOLLOWED EITHER BY A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
• • • • • • • •
forget like remember regret try need* require* stop
UNIT 4 ‘BY’ AND ‘WITH’ USED TO SHOW HOW SOMETHING IS DONE Penggunaan by apabila kita mengatakan apa yang kita lakukan untuk memperoleh hasil yang kita inginkan. 1. Dalam kalimat pasif, by digunakan sebagai (penunjuk) pelaku. 2. By dapat digunakan untuk mengacu pada alat transportasi. 3. Penggunaan by yang berkaitan dengan waktu.
Sementara penggunaan with untuk menyatakan bagaimana seseorang mengerjakan sesuatu.
UNIT 4 ‘BY’ AND ‘WITH’ USED TO SHOW HOW SOMETHING IS DONE • • • • •
Harry Potter story is written by J.K. Rowling. I like traveling by train. You must arrive here by ten a.m. They made a living by fishing and hunting. Fire was kept all night by covering the coals and wood with ashes. • The hair is cut with scissors.
UNIT 5 INFINITIVES WITH ‘TOO’ AND ‘ENOUGH’ A. Too Noun/ Noun phrase + be/Verb + too + adjective/ noun + to infinitive Noun/ Noun phrase + be/Verb + too + adjective/ noun + for + object + to infinitive
UNIT 5 INFINITIVES WITH ‘TOO’ AND ‘ENOUGH’ A. Too • He has too much book to read. • The task is too difficult for me to do. • She walks too fast for the others to follow.
UNIT 5 INFINITIVES WITH ‘TOO’ AND ‘ENOUGH’ B. Enough
Noun/ Noun phrase + be/Verb + Adjective/ Adverb + enough + for + object + to infinitive • His grades are good enough for him to pass the exam. • The speed is not fast enough for the car to win the race.
MODUL 7 : COMPARISON
CLASS 5: COMPARISON • This module is the continuation of comparisons in Structure 1 Class. In this module, we will be discussing about: 1. Unclear Comparison: comparison that can be ambiguous or illogical 2. Repeating Comparative : repetitive comparative and how competitive can be use as superlative between 2 things 3. Double Comparative : comparative to express continuous changes 4. More used as Non-comparative : other utilization of comparative 5. Less and Fewer
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Unclear Comparison
UNCLEAR COMPARISON Perbandingan dimana terdapat ketidak-jelasanan mengenai bagian yang dibandingkan. • John likes Rina better than Mary Kalimat ini dapat memiliki dua arti yang berbeda: 1. John likes Rina better than Mary likes Rina, or 2. John likes Rina better than John likes Mary Pengartian diatas dibedakan berdasarkan hal yang dibandingkan. Dalam kalimat pertama yang dibandingkan adalah subjeknya (John), sementara dalam kalimat ke-dua yang dibandingkan adalah objeknya (Rina).
ILLOGICAL COMPARISON Illogical comparison adalah perbandingan yang tidak masuk akal, sehingga perlu diperbaiki. Contoh: 1. Rina has a car smaller than her brother 2. Mary‟s grades are better than last year Seharusnya: 1. Rina has a car smaller than her brother‟s car 2. Mary‟s grades are better now than they were last year
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2
Repeating Comparative
THE + COMPARATIVE, COMPARATIVE
THE
+
Dalam bahasa Indonesia : semakin …, semakin …
Contoh: the bigger, the better → semakin besar, semakin baik the more, the merrier → semakin banyak, semakin ramai Read this!
1. The sooner you start, the more quickly you will finish 2. The more dangerous it is, the more I like it Learning points: • More + adjective/adverb/noun tidak bisa dipisahkan • More harus didahului oleh the
THE + COMPARATIVE FORM Dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan superlative antara 2 benda. Caranya? Dengan menambahkan proposition phrase, seperti : of the two, between them or between the two pada the + comparative form. Contoh: 1. I think the painting is the more beautiful of the two. 2. Between them, Rina is the smarter Learning point:
LEARNING ACTIVITY 3
Double Comparative
DOUBLE COMPARATIVE Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan perubahan terus menerus For example: He is getting fatter and fatter. She is being more and more impatient. Learning point: 1. Untuk kata dengan suku kata lebih dari 2, hanya kata “more” yang diulang. 2. Untuk kata dengan suku kata kurang dari atau sama dengan 2, pengulangan kata tersebut dengan akhiran -er. 3. Tidak boleh menggabungkan kata “more” dengan akhiran –er dan kata “most” dengan akhiran -est Ex: He is more fatter → salah!
He is most fattest → salah!
LEARNING ACTIVITY 4
More used as Non-comparative
MORE AS NOUN, PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE More as Noun (kata benda) • What more do you want? • May I have one more, please
More as Pronoun (kata ganti) • There is still a lot of food. Do you want some more? • There are some mangoes. Do you want many more?
More as Adjective (kata sifat) • I need more time to finish this job • She needs more books
Learning point: 1. Sebagai kata benda “more” dapat berdiri sendiri ataupun didahului dengan kata one, few atau any 2. Sebagai kata ganti, biasanya “more” didahului oleh some atau many 3. Sebagai kata sifat, “more” dapat digunakan untuk countable dan
Jika “more” diikuti oleh determiner, maka yang digunakan adalah „more of‟. What are determiner??? 1. Article : a, an, the. 2. Possessive : my, your, her, his, their. 3. Demonstrative : this, that, these, those. Example: 1. I would like to see more of the picture 2. May I have more of your grapes? 3. You have to read more of this information.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 5
Less and Fewer
LESS AND FEWER
Adjective dan determiner After his marriage, Bill had less money than before. Mr. Benny had fewer customers yesterday than today. Adverb tidak terlalu banyak Eat less, drink less, and sleep more. Please behave less foolishly. Less = ‘tidak kurang’ apabila didahului kata ‘no’ His salary is no less than 5 million rupiahs a month. Noun kurang atau jumlah yang lebih sedikit
LESS • Diikuti kata sifat dan membentuk comparative – He was less hurt than frightened. – Try to be less impatient.
• Bisa di ganti dengan „not so ... as.. „ – He was not so hurt as frightened. – Try to be not so impatient.
