Topic 15 : Hydrocarbon ⦁
SMK Sacred Hart, Sibu Mechanism: Initiation, Propagation, Termination CH3Cl Excess CH4 1. Extra an and hi high Excess Cl2 CCl4 Alkene grade petrol Thermal (600oC – 800oC) 2. Petr Petroc oche hemi mica cals ls Alkane Catalytic (Al2O3, SiO2, ∆ ) 3. Source of of H
Substitution
Alkane Cracking
2
⦁ Substitution Cycloalkane
Excess Excess Cl2
alkenes
Cl
Combustion Catalytic oxidation (O2, Ag, ∆)
Oxidation
CH2=CH2 + O2
Alkene
, ∆
by KMnO4/H+
+
Addition
2
CO2 + H2O
Cold : Hot :
X2 (g) X2 (aq) minor o H2, Ni, 180 C HX, ZnCl2, ∆ H2O(g), H3PO4, 300oC, 60atm
+
Alcohol 2
Cold Cold conc conc H2SO4 Polymerisation
major
+ H2SO4
LDPE , 1200atm, 200oC, O 2 HDPE, Zieglar-Natta catalyst, 60oC, 1 atm
Ozonolysis (i) O3 (ii) Zn/H+, ∆
+ H2O2
(Only benzylic hydrogen can be oxidized)
KMnO4/H+ Cl2, UV light
Cl2, dry AlCl3
+
Nitrati Nitration on (Conc (Conc HNO3 , conc onc H2SO4, <55oC) Sulp Sulpho honat natio ionn (Conc (Conc H2SO4, ∆) Alkylation (RX, dry AlCl3, ∆)
NO2
SO3H R
Acylation (RCOX, dry AlCl3, ∆) H2, Ni, 180oC Attached to benzene ring
EDG (Ortho and para activator) Halogen (Ortho and para activator) EWG (meta activator)
(yellow oily liquid with almond smell)
