A) Bend left leg behind right, grab instep, palms outward (see 59-1) B) Palms are out in order to bring shoulder blades together and expand rib cage allowing for better posture and improved breathing C) Hold and stretch spine for 30 seconds D) Jump in place 10 seconds E) Repeat above twice then switch feet F) Repeat with closed eyes G) Concentrate on center will help 60. I AND Y [Purpose: balance and relaxation, blood circulation to the brain]: A) I position against wall B) Away from wall, hold 10 seconds (rotate ankles) C) Spread legs apart and hold for 10 seconds (rotate ankles) D) Repeat 10 times (rocking motion) E) Repeat entire sequences 3 times (see 60-1&2, A-E) 61. VIBRATOR [Purpose: relaxation]: A) Standing at ease, with weight equally distributed on the balls of your feet B) Shake your hands from the wrists, as fast as you can. C) Hold for 30 seconds, entire body 62. WATER INTAKE: A) Drink one or two tumblers in morning and night (several cups/day). 10.0 BROWN BELT THIRD GRADE PROGRAM Requirements: All the previous, plus the following. PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM: Learning defenses from the ground, special attack dodging techniques, and defenses against kicks. 10.1 DEFENSES FROM THE GROUND In this book we shall study only those defenses which provide the possibility of escaping an attack when on the ground, while allowing us to retaliate. Grappling in itself is studied as a separate subject. Assuming that you are on the ground, you can keep an opponent at bay by pointing at him your feet and legs. With knees close to the body, lift head and torso off the ground, shift on one of your sides and use forearms, elbows and hands to spin on your buttocks, so as to always point the feet at an opponent. The feet may be used not only to parry and deliver kicks, but also as we shall see, for throws. Should he get so close as to prevent you from spinning, then cross forearms and tuck in chin to protect the windpipe. In this "porcupine" position it becomes easier to defend. However, the best defense is to keep opponent at bay. If you become proficient at spinning and using your feet you can defend with some chances of success
even against a knife wielding attacker. The best way to get up from the ground and gain distance also is with a back roll. Let us now consider four situations differing mainly in terms of distance between D and A, going from the farthest to the closest. In the first situation, D can control A with his feet alone. Then A comes closer and D can control him with his lower legs, then A is over D's side, and finally, he is on top of D as in a grappling situation. #63. First Situation (farthest). (Fig 63-1) D is on the ground and his attacker rushes at him from the direction of the left or the right shoulder. According to a general principle in ASP, D reacts only after the attacker is fully committed to his attack and has developed enough momentum. D must realize that he cannot roll faster than A can run, therefore A's commitment is essential before D starts rolling. D extends his arms above the head and with extended legs, rolls sideways, away from A, as far as necessary to pivot and face him (side roll and pivot). At the end of the roll, D protects his groin and throat with bent legs and elbows. A is now on the side of D's feet. This technique is very versatile and quite efficacious, but we give here only one of several possible applications. Suppose for instance that D attacks A's right leg with his right foot. With foot bent upwards in the direction of the toes, D hooks A's right heel from the outside. Simultaneously, with the side of his left foot, D kicks the inner side of A's right knee. This will throw A down violently. As A is falling, D keeps A's right foot still hooked, and coordinates his motions with A, so as to get up as the latter lands, ready for further retaliation. Alternatively, he may get up with a back roll.
#64. Second Situation (far). (Fig 64-1) Similar to the previous, only now A is closer and reaches for D. D stretches his legs so that one of A's legs, for instance the right, is between them. D kicks with the right instep the inside of A's right thigh (or groin, if warranted) and, by applying a scissor like action with the legs, the inside against the inside of A's thigh and the outside at the level of A's ankle, D grabs A's arms and rolls leftward, to the outside of A's captured leg. A will fall on his head and right shoulder. This scissor like thrust must be directed up and around, mainly with D's right leg, which has delivered the blow to A's groin. In practice, D helps and guides A into a right forward roll.
#65. Third Situation (closer). (Fig 65-1,2) Suppose now that the attacker is on D's right side, close enough for D to control his right leg by the trousers, or otherwise under his right armpit. D kicks A's abdomen, or groin, with the left heel and throws him, facilitating his fall by bending the right thigh behind A's right heel. After A falls, D may kick him again in the groin with his left heel and get up with a back roll. +In any of the three first situations, D may roll away and kick in order to stop A. He may then use A's reaction to proceed with one of the described techniques.
#66. Fourth Situation (closest). In order to illustrate the difference between other fighting sports and ASP, we consider the case of judo immobilizations. These can practically always be broken by the application of pressure or striking techniques on the vital points mentioned in this book. In short, judo is mainly a sport, while ASP is also a fighting art. 10.2 DODGING TECHNIQUES
Since an important part of self-protection entails getting out of the way, or out of the reach of an assailant, particular emphasis is placed on dodging techniques. They all have in common to induce the attacker to commit himself to a course of action, so that it will not be possible for him to easily change the direction of his attack. The body does not move initially as a block, but first the part under attack moves away from it, so as to lead the attacker to commit himself. Only then the rest of the body shifts in appropriate fashion to complete the dodging technique. #67. Jumping Dodge. (Fig 67-1,2,3) An extremely versatile technique, the "Jumping Dodge" applies to all standing attacks. It has been described briefly in relation to technique #42. Here we describe it in more detail on the right side. Suppose A rushes toward D for any kind of attack of the reaching or striking type. D withdraws the right foot and lifts the right hand level with his opponent's eyes, fingers spread apart, thumb bent and tucked under the palm, as if he were about to strike A's eyes. If D thinks that the situation calls for it, he may do so. Bringing about a reaction on A's part is all he really wants. With right arm extended, D shifts his weight onto the right (rear) leg, lifts the left knee bent, thigh parallel to the ground and, gathering momentum, jumps back and around toward his rear left (counter clockwise), he is now in a position perpendicular to the direction of the attack. Without losing height, D's left knee swings out and around like a flywheel, to help him in this change of direction, D sets his left foot behind the right and, without stopping the momentum his arms have gathered, he swings them back, around and forward, as he steps forward into left rolling kick aimed at his opponent's crotch. A was attacking D in a given direction and, after he had committed himself to that direction, D changed to a perpendicular one. Now, if A attempts to redirect his attack, he will be momentarily unbalanced and wide open for retaliation. It is very important for D to react at the last possible moment, when A's attack is almost there: keeping calm and relaxed is essential. It takes some practice to master this technique, but it is well worth the effort, particularly since it applies to cases where D does not care to come to close quarters with his attacker. If D does not wish to roll and kick, he may let his momentum carry him one or two more sliding steps back. It is easy to gain thus a lot of distance for any purpose D chooses. As D reestablishes himself from his forward roll, he uses a heel spear to protect himself from any attack from the rear.
#68. Dropping Dodge. (Fig 68-1) Described briefly as applied to technique #47, this dodge allows D to get behind his opponent, and is particularly useful against striking attacks. Suppose A swings at D with his right. D moves his head back and away from the attack, as he thrusts both arms, hands overlapping like a protective wedge, in the direction of A's face. With the right foot D takes a big step outside A's left leg and drops low, left knee almost touching the ground. A misses D who, either starts moving away in the direction of his first step, or pivots around ready for retaliation. A must mean his attack and keep his momentum to give D a chance to apply the technique; A must carry his momentum to a forward breakfall or roll. The resulting smooth movement will help both partners to practice meaningfully.
#69. Pivoting Dodge. (Fig 69-1,2) This dodge is used throughout basic ASP. It develops smooth coordination between the arms legs and body and trains D to place himself on the side and behind his opponent. D may practice this dodge with or without a partner. He stands relaxed, feet apart at shoulder width and swings the arms in front of him in two overlapping circles, as he bends the torso backwards. D will notice that the thrusting circular motion of his extended arms protects his
body and head from being hit. At the same time, he steps with the left foot forward and to the left at approximately 45° from the direction he was initially facing; then he pivots to the rear right on the ball of the same foot. D's right foot describes a wide arc ending behind his left foot, which places him on A's side. D keeps the momentum of his arms as they come down, and swings them to the right. He now closes his fists and reverses their motion, swinging now hard to the left in an attack against the face or the abdomen of his opponent. All motions must be smooth and continuous. D will find that practiced upward and downward these simple motions will protect efficiently all his body from the groin up. For the downward motion it is assumed that D's abdomen is under attack and therefore, this is the part of the body he retracts first. A contact between D's arms and the arms of an actual opponent is not necessary for the successful performance of this technique.
10.3 AGAINST KICKS Dodging a kick with as little motion as absolutely necessary is desirable so as not to lose ground to the extent of becoming incapable to retaliate. The best dodging techniques let an attack flow by and add its momentum to the impetus of the retaliation. Particular care should be taken not to advance on an attack before dodging it first. Otherwise, if your timing is wrong, you will receive much punishment. Only experts can effectively dodge while moving inside the attacker's defenses. Beginners will do well to learn to dodge first without losing ground and wait for the opponent to come close carried by his own momentum, before retaliating. In the dodges described below, both partners start from the left BTS unless otherwise specified. #70. Against a Right Low Direct Kick to the Left Shinbone. Lift left leg as for a high direct kick. #71. Same Attack. Slide left foot on the floor either to the right or to the left, avoiding an unnecessarily wide motion. #72. Counter. In both cases, D may use the foot he dodges to deliver a side-of-foot kick to A's right (kicking) shinbone. #73. Stop Kick. (Fig 73-1) D may also prevent (stop) A's kick in its preparation by shifting his weight to his rear (right) foot, twisting his body to the right and extending his left leg, toes of the left foot pointing to
the right. A's shinbone hits against D's side-of-foot. D must keep his left foot tensed at the ankle just as for a side-of-foot kick.
#74. Against a High Direct Kick to the Groin. (Fig 74-1) Shift forward (left) foot to the right, leading with the hip, so that the attacking (right) foot almost grazes your left buttock. Drop left arm by your left side, wrist turned outward and hand cupped, so as to catch his foot on its way down. Step with left foot to the oblique left and set foot under his right thigh. Retaliate with a right punch to the face or with a throw performed by sweeping his left calf with your right calf in the direction of his left toes. If you cannot step in with the left foot, twist hips to the left and attack with a right side-of-foot kick to the inside of his left (standing) knee.
#75. A Method of General Applicability. You can dodge a kick by retreating and changing stance. For example, from the left BTS slide your left foot behind the right switching to the right BTS. Notice that this removes you from the danger area, but essentially you do not lose ground since your right foot stays in
place and all you have to do to return to your initial position, is to slide back the left foot. This dodge is very efficient and versatile and it is particularly recommended for beginners. #76. Against a Circular Kick. As opponent kicks with the right foot, take a big step with the right foot to your oblique right, moving in the same direction, but away from the kick. At the end of this step you find yourself at the level of his knee. Then, take a step to your oblique left with the left foot, ducking low under the attacking leg, and throw him with a "Knee Throw" #77. Same Attack. Alternatively, you may throw him by lifting from under the attacking leg with your shoulders. #78. Same Attack. As A kicks with the right foot, D dodges the kick by changing BTS from left to right and strikes with his right side of fist A's foot behind the heel, in the direction of the kick. The impetus of the blow added to the momentum of the kick, will make A spin toward his left and present his back to D. The latter retaliates with a jumping side-of-foot kick, either on A's small of back, or on the back of his left knee. A is thus thrown violently.
10.4 HINTS FOR WOMEN Women are, by nature, muscularly weaker than men and, with some exceptions, much less prone to physical violence. Usually, they find it repulsive to hurt someone physically and to resort to violent and severe measures. Any meaningful training for women must take this into account; lack of muscular strength is much less of a handicap to women than this mental attitude. Numerous examples exist of attacked women hesitating to resort to violent measures until it was too late. It is hesitation combined with lack of strength, more than anything else, that makes women vulnerable. Because of this, building conditioned reflexes is perhaps more important for women than for men. They must pay particular attention to the dodging techniques so that they can foil an attack before major bodily contact. If the attacker does not attempt physical contact and asks only for money, or some other relatively unimportant object, a woman often will be better off to part with it, rather than be exposed to attack. However, if such an attack is attempted, her reaction should be immediate, with all the determination at her disposal. She may have only one chance, and hesitation could be fatal. Developing this attitude is the most difficult part of self-protection for women, and no effort should be spared to condition them mentally to this effect. A determined woman fighting all
out will deter many an assailant. Screaming is a powerful tool, whether anyone will hear you or not,, but it is helpful in conjunction with action. Screaming without going into action, particularly if you know that no one will hear you, will do more harm than good. It is appropriate to mention here that there is no secret formula and no pat answer for all situations. As long as a bodily attack has not been attempted, try to act self-assured and relaxed, to try to talk your attacker out of action. Unless you want to deceive him and thus make him more vulnerable to a decisive attack, never let him come close to you or touch you; do so without acting panicky. Keeping your distance is essential. Do not make the mistake of throwing projectiles which can be easily dodged. or which will not incapacitate: you will only succeed in angering him. Eventually you will run out of things to throw, and he will catch you. Do not use your shoes as projectiles, because losing them may hamper your flight; besides, you can use them more efficiently at close quarters. Do not take them off unless they have high heels. The first thing to do, if you are not impeded by your garments and high heels, is to run for safety. If he runs faster than you and is about to catch you, roll, then get up and start running in the opposite direction. You can be prepared for an eventual attack at all times by carrying in your purse a small container of pepper with a snap-on plastic cap. Throw the pepper in his eyes. Alternatively, a small aerosol can any unpleasant spray aimed at the eyes will discourage many an attacker; at the very least it will give you a head start for running. If you have at your disposal a liquid of any sort, including water, throw it in his eyes: this also will create enough of a diversion for you to start running. There are special products on the market for repelling an aggressor, but they are beyond the scope of this volume. Should the above fail, and your attacker comes closer, then you can use any sharp object at all against his face or groin. The eyes are the preferred target. A very efficient weapon is an umbrella used for thrusting. When you strike with a stick or umbrella, use thrusts in preference to ant, other blows because thrusts are more difficult to parry. Remember that a rolled newspaper or magazine may be used efficiently for thrusting, too. It stands to reason that if your hands are full, you must drop everything except the one item which may be used for thrusting. If nothing like that is available, use your shoe heel, not as a club, but for thrusting only.
PURPOSE: The main purpose in creating this web site was to make available the American SelfProtection System to the general public and to the members of the American SelfProtection Association (A.S.P.A.), Inc. in the U.S. and abroad. Even persons without any experience in A.S.P., who do not wish to follow its promotional progression will be able to understand, practice, and benefit from the exercises and information at this web site. Those who wish to progress in A.S.P rank will find the complete program from Novice to Black Belt X. We have adopted a belt ranking system only because of its didactic and psychological value. In order to derive full benefit from A.S.P, one should follow its progression as presented. While A.S.P. techniques taken out of context are quite effective, they lose much of their didactic value in terms of yield and degree of retention. Their progression follows the same consistent philosophy as in earlier volumes devoted to the ancillary programs of kickboxing and stickfighting A.S.P. By involving man’s instinct of self -preservation in training as well as in competition, A.S.P. reaches deeper than sports where the object is either to score points by well placing a ball, or winning a race. It also reaches deeper than other overspecialized contact sports because it is so much broader in scope and instead of just lip service, A.S.P. affords its practitioners a real opportunity to involve their minds as well. Combative knowledge is the most spectacular part of A.S.P. but not the most important one. Indeed, one may live all his life without ever being attacked physically, but he has to live with himself every single day. Our modern lifestyles involve interests and activities in numbers and diversity unknown to earlier generations. It becomes rather obvious that any system of self-protection based on self-improvement must afford high yields in terms of efficiency and degree of retention of the acquired knowledge, if it is to reach a large number of people in a world driven by fads. In summation, A.S.P. is a method for developing motor skills, which has been successfully applied to many areas of self-protection. FOUR LEVELS OF STUDENTS: I. Introductory Level (See Novice Red Belt): To assist the student in deciding if he/she wants to take the promotional path, while giving him/her some practically useful self-protective knowledge. II. Basic Promotional Levels: Leading to the rank of Black Belt I, II, and III degrees. This level offers well-rounded selfprotective knowledge, accessible to anyone with modest athletic capabilities wishing to exert him/herself moderately. III. Intermediate and IV. Advanced Promotional Levels: For those wishing to acquire well-rounded self-protective expertise. Intermediate includes Black Belt IV, V, and VI degrees. Advanced includes Black Belt VII through X. The primary source of information for the A.S.P. "Main Program" is taken directly from the following four references: A. Kickboxing - A Safe Sport, A Deadly Defense, by E. S. Baltazzi, Chas. E. Tuttle, Rutland VT, publishers, 1976; second printing 1981; third printing 1984. [OUT OF PRINT BUT AVAILABLE ON-LINE CLICK HERE] B. Basic American Self-Protection, by E. S.. Baltazzi, Evanel Associates. publishers, Northfield, OH, 1972; second printing 1976; third printing 1978; fourth printing 1981. Contains the complete program from Novice Red Belt to Black Belt A.S.P., and was
the official textbook of A.S.P.A., Inc. [OUT OF PRINT BUT AVAILABLE ON-LINE CLICK HERE] C. Stickfighting - A Practical Guide for Self-Protection. Complete Instruction Manual for Men and Women, by E. S. Baltazzi, Chas. E. Tuttle, Tokyo, Japan, publishers, 1983. Contains the complete A.S.P. stickfighting method for sport and self-defense. [OUT OF PRINT BUT AVAILABLE ON-LINE CLICK HERE]. The current updated text available from Dr. Baltazzi is: D. Self-Protection Complete. The A.S.P. System. A Complete System of Holistic Body-Mind Self-Protection. For Mental and Physical Fitness. For Self-Defense and Prevention. For Sport, by E. S.. Baltazzi, Evanel Associates, publishers. Contains all the Official Programs from Novice to Black Belt X degree A.S.P. inclusive.
1.0 INTRODUCTION The origin of all fighting arts is survival and war. Man's deeply ingrained fighting spirit is such that when strife subsides, he finds pleasure in duplicating fighting under more or less safe conditions. He cannot, however, easily dismiss the horror and the killing which are its integral parts. Rationalizing, he tries to guide his fighting instincts toward apparently worthwhile goals. Readiness against aggression is a time honored subterfuge. Thus, the channeling of the fighting spirit and excess energy of youth are at the origin of all combative sports. Through their practice, young people are benefited in the area of general physical fitness and appropriate mental attitudes, learning to accept challenge and face victory and defeat. Physical, mental and even spiritual benefits derived from the practice of sports, have been recognized through the ages and young people of both sexes have been and are being encouraged to practice them. It is in this context that the various warlike arts in which one either uses his own body as a weapon, or weapons as such, became idealized into the various combative sports as we know them today. Their practice has become relatively safe by the adoption of rules of more or less stringent nature. With the progress of civilization and man's increased concern for his fellow man, restrictions aiming toward greater safety were gradually introduced resulting in more or less stylized forms of fighting with or without weapons. Typical examples of such evolution can be found in the comparison of modern fencing to ancient and medieval forms of swordfighting and of primitive all-out weaponless fighting to Graeco-roman wrestling. The main differences among various combative sports reside mainly in their systematic approach to the corresponding knowledge and in the rules adopted to make their practice safe. For instance, men have noticed from time immemorial that poking someone in the eyes, or twisting his joints brought about spectacular results. Depending on a number of reasons, such dangerous practices were either eliminated or stylized for safe practice, according to the often arbitrary requirements of each particular fighting system. It would be naive to consider that any one person or people has invented such elements. For example, many judo, jujitsu, or aikido holds are known in their fundamentals to free style wrestlers; however, much of this knowledge cannot be used in the practice of their sport, because it happens to be prohibited by its rules. Many other such parallels exist. In actuality, it is hard to draw a sharp distinction between a safely practiced fighting art and a so-called combative sport. Much confusion exists in the use of these terms. Such nomenclature should mainly be understood as a cautioning to practitioners against the extent of potential danger.
In recent years, particularly after WWII many oriental martial arts were introduced to the Western World, mainly because of the impression they made on the minds of members of the Allied Forces stationed in Japan. These arts known hitherto under the inappropriately exclusive name of "martial", were transplanted to Europe, Australia, and the Americas where they quickly met with great popularity. In view of this historic development, systems of fighting knowledge imported from Japan were generally considered by the non-initiated as an exclusively Japanese invention. Later, when it was realized that the Japanese did not have the monopoly of such knowledge, Chinese and generally oriental martial arts were incorporated under the "martial" denomination. Today, the word "martial" (pertaining to the Graeco-roman god of war Aries, or Mars) is almost exclusively used in connection with oriental martial arts and sports. Few will accept this term as applicable to e.g., fencing, savate, free style, Graecoroman, Swiss, and Turkish forms of wrestling, cornu-breton, or any other non-oriental combative system. This state of affairs is unfortunate because it creates the wrong impression. The Japanese, Chinese and some other with vested interests in this field, carefully cultivate this misconception which serves them so well. A brief excursion in history will perhaps serve to clarify some facts. Those who wish to keep their mind open will be easily convinced that neither exclusivity, nor superiority exist on the part of the oriental systems. Since the bulk of the population in Australia and the Americas has originated from European immigrants, we shall briefly consider the evolution of fighting arts in Europe. Even the most superficial student of European history will be amazed by the incredible number of fighting arts and weapons used by the Europeans since earliest recorded times. Ample evidence of this may be seen by any casual visitor of European historic museums. The student of European history will also notice that the intermingling of essentially all the European peoples through wars and invasions, and their astounding technological advances tended to destroy traditions related to various forms of fighting as soon as these became of questionable usefulness. Furthermore, the interpenetration of ideas and fighting methods, and the slow disintegration of the rigid feudal structure prevalent in the Middle Ages, led Europeans toward new fighting arts and sports better adapted their needs. Where tradition was somehow maintained, as for instance in the case of fencing, unexcelled mastery was the result. On the contrary, isolation and social thought patterns of an essentially feudalistic society helped many oriental nations such as China and particularly Japan, to maintain their traditional combative systems and to develop from them sports suited to local needs. However, there is no doubt that the elements in e.g., judo, aikido, gung fu, etc. were known since time immemorial. They have only been put together in such a way as to yield systems best suited to local needs at the time of their inception. Their novelty then resided precisely and uniquely in the system and not in its elements. The foregoing should not be misconstrued as an attempt to detract anything from the merits of the oriental and in particular the Japanese martial arts. Far from it. We are only challenging the claims to exclusivity and unquestionable superiority of many exponents of the so-called "martial" arts. Particularly so, since such claims extend not only to a given martial art per se, but also, to the supposedly inherent superiority of Orientals as its exponents. The so prevalent attitudes of granted superiority and infallibility of many oriental "masters" cannot be justified by facts and should be dismissed as braggadocio. Let us repeat, oriental martial arts introduced to the West have several merits which, however, are neither unique nor novel. It is, furthermore, questionable whether they are well suited to occidental, or even to modern needs in general. It would seem that there is room for a combative system better adapted to
the modern way of life. Such is the "Art of Self-Protection" known also as ASP, a new SYSTEM which has been developed with the needs of modern man in mind. WHAT IS ASP? ASP is a self-protection system concerned with man as a whole, since self-protection of the mind, as well as the body, is by far more important than self-defense per se. In order to be practical, ASP is simple and contains little that is vague or• esoteric in nature. Since modern man thinks along pragmatic lines and, being solicited by many activities, has little time to devote to any one field, his efforts must be guided toward high yields. For this reason, the techniques developed for basic ASP are simple, versatile, yet efficacious: they build conditioned reflexes through the repetition of a small number of simple motions. ASP teaches also to work with principles rather than with a large number of individual techniques; thus, the type of a given threat becomes relatively unimportant. Furthermore, the defender must be given a very real choice to proportion the severity of his defense to that of a given attack. Many of the recently imported arts hardly take into consideration the legal aspects of self-defense; one may well win a fight, but land in jail, and have to face lengthy and very, very costly legal procedures. The movements of the human body and their combination are infinite in number. Developing intricate and complex systems is, therefore, much easier than developing a simple yet efficient and, for all practical purposes, well rounded selected on a basis of their frequency in the modern world. It also comprises exercises for developing timing, the sense of distance and direction, and the use of the principles of leverage and momentum. Defensive techniques of limited applicability are discarded since ASP aims at the development of conditioned reflexes by repetition of a few versatile techniques of great effectiveness. 1. ASP aims to personal well being. 2. ASP imparts the ability to protect oneself mentally and physically. ASP is a body of systematic knowledge just like wrestling, judo, aikido, fencing, boxing, karate, and savate, only it is better adapted to the modern way of life. Students of ASP are encouraged to study other fighting arts and to compare results in terms of similar efforts. It is this author's belief and observation that the yield of ASP is superior. Other. systems are either unilateral, or esoteric, or vague, or require a lifetime of dedication. ASP can also be used to help others. Let us see first what ASP does not claim to be: It does not claim to be the one and only superior art because no art can seriously claim that. It does not claim that it renders its practitioners invulnerable for this reason: the best art in the world can only give a fighting chance in case of danger. It does not claim to render its practitioners "fearless of no man". Being fearless is a frame of mind independent of fighting knowledge. Besides, it is well known that many acts of bravery were performed by men who were afraid indeed. It does not claim to be an "instant" art to be learned in ten easy lessons. It DOES claim that it can give its practitioners a fighting chance in case of danger as well as any other art, but with considerably better yield in terms of efforts devoted to its study. It claims also that it is better adapted to the needs of modern man. ASP SHOULD NOT BE REGARDED AS A CONCOCTION OF JUDO, AIKIDO, JUJITSU, KARATE, YOGA, ETC., As stated earlier, the elements of these arts were known since time immemorial and no one can claim that he has invented them without considerable lack of modesty and without distorting the truth. Such elements, however, may be organized in different ways to yield different systems. ASP is one of them in its own right. It is not in competition with any other system such as judo, karate, etc. Its goals are distinct and well defined: "To keep in good order the mind-body relationship and to afford a fighting chance in case of danger." These
goals are attained with minimum effort and maximum efficiency. ASP comprises two parts: (I) "Somatic ASP," which studies means of protection against physical attacks and, (2)"Psychosomatic ASP," dealing with the mind-body relationship with appropriate practical knowledge and exercises. and leverage. Blocking techniques are not used since they require strength and destroy relaxation. Rather, ASP makes use of deflections. Throwing and striking techniques, and attacks on pressure points are simple and kept to a strict minimum. Indeed, efficient self-defense requires only a few techniques mastered to perfection. Complexity generates confusion and, therefore, inefficiency. Chokes and locks are dealt with at a later stage. Defense against multi-opponent attacks, attacks from certain animals and techniques for giving help to others are part of intermediate and advanced ASP, which also includes many other aspects of self-protection. ASP Guidelines and Progression Perhaps it will help to better understand ASP if we briefly describe its guidelines and progression. A. Any form of self-protection must consider man as a whole, otherwise it becomes not only incomplete, but also inefficient. As already mentioned, ASP is geared to total selfprotection, including physical fitness and body-mind coordination. B. Man lives in the society of his likes. None of his actions may disregard his responsibility toward his fellow man, no matter who he is. For instance, if one pushes me, I have no right to kick him in the groin. The defender must always proportion his defense to the attack, else he is legally liable. In order to do this efficiently, it is imperative that he be given a choice of retaliations through appropriate conditioning. Naturally, because one could apply a given technique this does not imply that he must abdicate his judgment. C. The best and most efficient bodily, "somatic," self-protection against armed and unarmed attacks is accessible to any whole and healthy individual. This is evasive action. Therefore, the first goal for efficient self-protection is to learn how to dodge an attack. Retaliation, if necessary, is subordinate to this goal. D. In his daily active life man prefers the erect posture to all others. The sense of balance enabling him to preserve this posture is at the same time delicate and essential to selfprotection. Indeed, a good sense of balance increases one's capability of avoiding attacks. Here is a blueprint of ASP progression: 1. Our first concern is to develop coordination, particularly with what is described in ASP as body motion management, that is to say, the use of the body to evade an attack and to position oneself advantageously for retaliation. Initially at least, the latter is mainly achieved with throws emphasizing the use of balance, weight, leverage and momentum. Striking and kicking techniques are deliberately deemphasized. These are studied, however, but mainly as a means to develop coordination and, particularly the kicks, balance "Somatic ASP" in its basic form comprises fifty defensive techniques against fifty different armed and unarmed attacks 2. After this goal is reached, kicking and striking are further studied per se in conjunction with the fullest utilization of the body. The so-called "focusing" is studied at later stages, in such manner that ASP exponents may kick or strike adding the extra dimension of "focusing" only when the occasion calls for it. 3. Means of controlling an opponent with joint twisting techniques and chokes are gradually introduced. Finally, grappling is studied mainly with a view of getting back to the standing position, or making the opponent give up by appropriate application of controlling techniques.* unnecessarily damaging, and even lethal. Against a moving target such as the human body, "focusing" affords little control. If one, however, has learned first to use ordinary kicks and punches in full balance and after he has mastered this, has been trained
in the extra dimension of "focusing", he then has the choice, not only of the target, but also of the type of kick or blow he is going to use. We in ASP believe that this degree of freedom is invaluable. ASP Style 4. An ASP system of physical fitness is incorporated from the beginning of training. Other aspects of self-protection are studied later, and special emphasis is placed on exercises for keeping the body-mind relationship in good order. Means of recognizing people who are potentially dangerous on other accounts than bodily harm are also dealt with. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASP AND THE "ORIENTAL MARTIAL ARTS"? l. ASP reaches a broader public. Grappling and kickboxing have been purposely left outside the basic promotional program. The homemaker, as well as the fighter can progress, find something worthwhile for their taste and needs, and receive recognition in doing so. Those who are interested in grappling and kickboxing may practice these skills in special classes. 2. ASP is to the martial arts like the new mathematics are to the old. It deals with basic principles leading to a variety of applications, rather than with several individual techniques. *NOTE: Name and insignia filed with the U.S. Patent Office #865,959 March 4, 1969. For this reason, the yield and degree of retention are much higher. Furthermore, the legal aspects of self-defense are never lost from sight. 3. ASP aims at an integral approach. We do not believe that all situations can be handled indiscriminately with PUNCHES AND KICKS alone, with JOINT TWISTING alone, or with THROWS alone, as some martial arts seem to preach. In our basic system we achieve this integral approach in a simple, yet effective way accessible to everyone in good health who is willing to exert him/ herself moderately. 4. ASP offers a practical way to keep the mind-body relationship in good order.
THE FIVE PRINCIPLES EXPLAINED: All forms of fighting with or without weapons, in attack or in defense, rest on FIVE and ONLY FIVE UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES. It is immaterial whether one fires a naval gun or uses his bare fists. A very common mistake is to confuse these PRINCIPLES with the ATTRIBUTES, or individual qualities, necessary for effective fighting. Such as fast reflexes, strength, good coordination, balance, etc. These vary, not only from person to person, but also for the same person as a function of time. Indeed, one s reflexes and strength are not the same at twenty and at sixty. Sickness and worry can affect him even at the age of twenty, while the FIVE PRINCIPLES ARE INDEPENDENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES, THEY ARE ALWAYS VALID, BECAUSE UNIVERSAL. They are: DISTANCE, DIRECTION, TIMING, MOMENTUM TRANSFER) and LEVERAGE. We are explaining them below.
(KINETIC
ENERGY
DISTANCE: The necessity of judging accurately the distance from which an attack can be successful is obvious, while if one is out of the range of an attack, he does not have to worry about it. Should an attacker misjudge the proper distance of his target, he will reach it only by chance. DIRECTION: When one who is being attacked in one direction, changes the direction of his position as the attack is about to land, not only will he evade it, but he might also place himself so as to be able to retaliate powerfully. For example, an opponent is facing me and attacks with a left jab; if I move my head back as I pivot on my right foot toward my rear left, thus assuming a position parallel to the direction of the attack, I shall be safe from it and able to retaliate. Furthermore, if I am the attacker and I am able to accurately judge the distance and direction of my target, I will be able to reach it with a high degree of probability. This is what a hunter does when he shoots at moving game. TIMING: Proper timing in attack and defense is so obvious as not to necessitate any explanation. At times, good timing gives the impression of speed. MOMENTUM AND LEVERAGE: Both serve to develop power which is then transferred onto the target either in the form of a blow, for breaking a hold, or for throwing an opponent. Actually the term momentum is used
for the sake of brevity. Momentum is the force possessed by a body in motion, impetus. The kinetic energy thus developed is transferred onto the chosen target. The smaller the latter, the more penetrating the result. This is the principle behind the so-called "focused" kicks and punches. As for leverage, all motions of the human body involve it. Even releasing an atom bomb by pressing on a button involves the use of leverage. T h e r e a re N O o t h e r p r i n c i p l e s g o v e r n i n g a t t ac k a n d d e f e n s e !
FM 23-25 WAR DEPARTMENT BASIC FIELD MANUAL BAYONET WAR DEPARTMENT WAR FM 23-25
7 SEPTEMBER 1943
DEPARTMENT
BASIC
FIELD
MANUAL
BAYONET This manual supersedes FM 23-25, 2 January 1940. Attention is directed to FM 21-7 for details as to how appropriate Training Films and Film Strips are intended to be used and how they are made available for use during training with the bayonet. WASHINGTON, 1943. WAR DEPARTMENT WASHINGTON 25, D. C, 7 September 1943. FM 23-25, War Department Basic Field Manual, Bayonet, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned. [A. G. 300.7 (23 Jul 43).]. BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR: G. C. MARSHALL, Chief of Staff OFFICIAL: J. A. ULIO, Major General, The Adjutant General. DISTRIBUTION: R2, 4, 44 (5), 7 (15); Bn 2, 4, 7, 19, 44 (5); C 2, 4, 44 (10), 7, 19, (20), 9 (2); IC and H 5 (10). (For explanation of symbols see
FM 21-6.)
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I. GENERAL: The spirit of the bayonet Uses of the bayonet Principles of bayonet fighting Developing bayonet fighter II. POSITIONS AND MOVEMENTS : General Guard High port Whirl Long thrust Withdrawal from long thrust Short thrust and withdrawal Parries Butt strokes and slashes III. GROUP ASSAULT TACTICS : General Group assault tactics IV. BAYONET AND KNIFE DISARMING : General Bayonet disarming Knife disarming V. ADVICE TO INSTRUCTORS : The instructor Conduct of classes Sequence of training Conduct of training Training aids Training in group assault tactics Assault course Bayonet and knife disarming SECTION GENERAL
Par.
Page
1 2 3 4
1 1 2 2
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
3 4 5 7 7 9 11 11 14
14 15
20 21
16 17 18
26 27 29
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
34 35 37 40 41 57 58 60 I
1. THE SPIRIT OF THE BAYONET The will to meet and destroy the enemy in hand-tohand combat is the spirit of the bayonet. It springs from the fighter's confidence, courage, and grim determination, and is the result of vigorous training. Through training, the fighting
instinct of the individual soldier is developed to the highest point. The will to use the bayonet first appears in the trainee when he begins to handle it with facility, and increases as his confidence grows. The full development of his physical prowess and complete confidence in his weapon culminates in the final expression of the spirit of the bayonet — fierce and relentless destruction of the enemy. For the enemy, demoralizing fear of the bayonet is added to the destructive power of every bomb, shell, bullet, and grenade which supports and precedes the bayonet attack. 2. USES OF THE BAYONET a. A determined enemy may not be driven from his position by fire alone. Making full use of cover and concealment, he will often remain in his position until driven out in hand-to-hand combat. The bayonet or the threat of it, therefore, is the ultimate factor in every assault. b. At night, on infiltration missions, or whenever secrecy must be preserved, the bayonet is the weapon of silence and surprise. c. In close combat, when friend and foe are too closely --1-intermingled to permit the use of bullets or grenades, the bayonet is the primary weapon of the infantry soldier. 3. PRINCIPLES OF BAYONET FIGHTING a. The bayonet is an offensive weapon. With it, aggressiveness wins. Hesitation, preliminary maneuvering, and fencing are fatal. The delay of a fraction of a second may mean death. b. The bayonet fighter attacks in a fast, relentless assault until his opponent is destroyed. He takes instant advantage of any opening; if the enemy gives no opening, the attacker makes one by parrying his opponent's weapon and driving blade or butt into him with killing force. c. As the throat area is especially sensitive to attack by the bayonet, an opponent will act instinctively to protect this area from a thrust. By threatening his opponent's throat with the point of the bayonet, the attacker will frequently cause him to uncover other vulnerable parts of the body. Other sensitive parts frequently exposed to the attacker's thrust are the face, chest, abdomen, and groin. 4. DEVELOPING BAYONET FIGHTER From the outset bayonet training will be conducted with constant emphasis on developing proper form, quickness with the rifle and bayonet, footwork, and accuracy. Continued striving for these four essential qualities will develop the coordination, balance, speed, strength, and endurance that mark the expert bayonet fighter. Differences in conformation of individuals may require minor deviations from the prescribed bayonet technique. Those deviations which do not detract from the effectiveness of the individual's attack will be disregarded. --2-SECTION POSITIONS AND MOVEMENTS
II
5. GENERAL a. In assuming any position or executing any movement, the bayonet fighter relaxes the muscles not used directly in the effort. He holds the rifle firmly but without tenseness. Tense muscles induce fatigue and retard speed. b. By proper emphasis in training, all movements become instinctive. The bayonet fighter strikes automatically at openings and presses the attack relentlessly. He avoids any fixed sequence of movements. He achieves balance in all his movements and constant
readiness to strike instantly in any direction and to keep striking until his opponent has been destroyed. At all times he watches his opponent's bayonet and body. The positions and movements described in this section are designed to accomplish these ends. c. The bayonet fighter's positions are guard, short guard, and high port. He executes the following movements: whirl, long thrust, short thrust, withdrawal, parry right and left, vertical and horizontal butt strokes, smash, and slash. The beginner learns these movements as separate actions. By training, however, he learns to execute them in varying combinations as swift, continuous actions. --3-6. GUARD a. TO ASSUME POSITION OF GUARD (1) Face the opponent. (2) Leading with the left foot, take a short step and space the feet laterally as well as in depth, toes pointing toward the opponent. Bending the knees slightly, incline the body slightly forward, hips level (fig. 1) . (3) At the same time throw the rifle forward, point of the bayonet moving straight toward the opponent, and catch the rifle with both hands. This movement must be swift and sure. (4) Grasp the rifle with the left hand, palm against the left side of the rifle at the most convenient point forward of the balance, usually just in front of the lower band, with the left arm slightly bent. With the right hand, palm to the left, grasp the small of the stock. To prevent bruising the right forefinger, hold the small of the
FIGURE 1.-- Guard. --4-stock so that the finger is not touching the trigger guard. Hold the under and inside portion of the forearm against the comb of the stock, with the base of the butt snugly against the side of the hip. Hold the rifle firmly but not rigidly with both hands, without canting it. Point the bayonet at the base of the opponent's throat. (5) Balance the weight of the body on both legs, ready for instant movement in any direction. (6) Keep the eyes on the opponent's bayonet and body. b. SHORT GUARD To assume the position of short guard from guard, bring the rifle back so that the right hand is at the right hip. This is a convenient carrying position when moving through dense woods, brush, trenches, around buildings, or when the enemy may be encountered suddenly at very close quarters. c. COMMON ERRORS (1) Feet not separated in a well-balanced stance. (2) Hips not facing straight forward. (3) Body too erect. (4) Right forearm not firmly pressing comb of stock against the body. (5) Left arm straight, or bent too much. (6) Rifle gripped tensely, restraining freedom of movement.
(7) Point of bayonet too high. 7. HIGH PORT a. TO ASSUME POSITION OF HIGH PORT From the position of guard, without changing the position of the feet or the grasp of the hands on the rifle, carry the piece diagonally across the body, sling to the front, until the left wrist is level with and in front of the left shoulder (fig. 2) . --5-b. EMPLOYMENT IN JUMPING TRENCHES AND HURDLING OBSTACLES (1) To jump holding the rifle at high port, throw the piece sharply upward and forward from the high port on taking off, and bring it back on landing. This jumping will also be practiced with the position of the piece approximately maintained with the left hand alone, leaving the right hand free to assist in clearing the obstacle. (2) To jump holding the rifle in the guard position, snap it up quickly on taking off, maintaining the grasp of the hands, and start the piece down from the highest
FIGURE 2.-- High port. --6-point in the jump. The piece will be snapped down to guard position as the jumper alights. 8. WHIRL To execute the whirl from the position of guard, bring the piece to high port, whirl to the left about by pivoting on the ball of the left (leading) foot, and resume the position of guard. 9. LONG THRUST a. EXECUTION (1) To execute the long thrust from the guard position, advance the rear foot and lunge forward, extending the entire body (fig. 3) . (2) Complete the extension of the body as the rear foot strikes the ground. During this movement drive the rifle, gripped firmly by both hands and guided by the left hand, forcefully in a straight line at the opponent's throat or other opening on his body. Quickly extend the left arm to its full length so that the bayonet darts toward the target. At the instant of full extension, hold the butt of the rifle inside of and pressed against the right forearm, bend the leading knee, incline the body well forward, and straighten the rear leg. (3) Keep the eyes on the point of attack during the entire movement. (4) If the thrust is evaded, move in swiftly with another thrust, or butt stroke. Retraction and recovery after the thrust will be instantaneous. There must never be any lingering in the extended position. (5) The power of the long thrust comes from the arms, shoulders, back, legs, and weight of the body. The distance from which the long thrust is launched depends --7--
FIGURE 3--- Long thrust from position of guard. --8-on the reach and speed of advance of the attacker. The maximum distance for each individual is determined by trial at the thrusting dummies. It is imperative for each soldier to know his reach and be able to judge his attack distance accurately so that his thrust will reach the target. By increasing the number of steps, the soldier will be trained to execute the thrust with either foot forward. b. COMMON ERRORS (1) "Telegraphing" the thrust by drawing the rifle back just before delivering the thrust. (2) Thrust made with the arms alone and not with the power of the legs and body. (3) Thrust accompanied by a slight slash, preventing straight forward penetration. (4) Point of bayonet carried too high, or at a lateral angle to target. (5) Butt not braced against inside of the right forearm. (6) Body not inclined far enough forward. (7) Loss of balance, caused by taking too long a step. (8) Leading knee not sufficiently bent. (9) Eyes not on the point of attack. 10. WITHDRAWAL FROM LONG THRUST a. EXECUTION To withdraw if the long thrust has been made with the right foot forward, advance the left foot and jerk the rifle straight back along the line of penetration with the force and weight of the entire body, carrying the body to the rear by straightening the forward leg (fig. 4) . If necessary, maintain balance by shifting the right foot to the rear. If the long thrust has been --9--
FIGURE 4.-- Withdrawal from long thrust. --10-made with the left foot leading, bring up the right foot sufficiently to maintain balance, and withdraw in the same manner as above. If the opponent is down, place one foot on him and withdraw. In any event, withdraw instantly, prepare to execute the short thrust or a butt stroke or assume the position of guard or short guard. Do not linger in the extended position. b. COMMON ERRORS (1) Not making the withdrawal vigorously, caused by using the arms alone to make the withdrawal. (2) Not withdrawing the bayonet back on the line of penetration, caused by allowing the butt of the rifle to drop. 11. SHORT THRUST AND WITHDRAWAL a. EXECUTION Being in the guard or short guard position, or on withdrawal from a long thrust, execute the short thrust in the same manner as the long thrust, except that the leading foot is advanced in lunging forward (fig. 5) . The short thrust is used when an opponent is encountered suddenly or at a range too close for the long thrust. Practice will include executing the short thrust with either the right or left foot forward. b. WITHDRAWAL Withdrawal from a short thrust in the same manner as from a long thrust. Upon completion of the withdrawal, recover to the guard position, or execute another thrust or butt stroke. 12. PARRIES a. PURPOSE The parry is an offensive blow to create an opening by beating the opponent's --11--
FIGURE 5.-- Short thrust.
bayonet out of the way. It is made by a forward and lateral speed. The lateral movement of the blade is limited to the opponent's weapon clear of your body. The momentum of thrust or butt stroke. The position of the opponent's weapon the parry. The parry invariably --12--
movement of great force and extent necessary to beat the the parry is continued into a will determine the direction of
will be made in the direction that will best create an opening for instant execution of a thrust or butt stroke. b. EXECUTION (1) PARRY RIGHT (a) To parry right from the position of guard, lunge forward as in a long thrust (fig. 6) . (b) At the same time, thrust the piece diagonally forward and to the right by straightening the left arm in the direction of the parry, moving the butt to the right and keeping the piece parallel to the guard position. Keep the comb of the stock pressed firmly against the under and inner surface of the right forearm. Limit the diagonally forward movement to beat the opponent's blade just clear of the body. (c) Continue the parry into a long thrust during
FIGURE 6.-- Parry right.
FIGURE 7.-- Parry left . --13-the same forward step. As the bayonet strikes the opponent's blade, beating it clear of the body, and at the instant the bayonet glances off of the opponent's weapon, drive it into him in the same continuous movement.
(d) To parry right preceding a short thrust, execute the movement as described above, making the parry just prior to the forward lunge with the forward foot. (2) PARRY LEFT To parry left, lunge forward as in the parry right, thrust the rifle forward and to the left so that the butt is approximately in front of the left groin, deflecting the opponent's bayonet clear of the body (fig. 7) . The parry left is followed by a thrust, or by a butt stroke in case the point of the bayonet is not on a line toward the opponent. c. COMMON ERRORS (1) Failure to use sufficient force and speed, caused by using the arms alone without the weight and momentum of the body. (2) Making a wide sweeping movement, without any forward movement of the piece. (3) Eyes not on the opponent's weapon. 13. BUTT STROKES AND SLASHES a. GENERAL The bayonet fighter does not use butt strokes and slashes in combat when it is possible to use a thrust. But he can use them advantageously in many situations, particularly in close-in fighting when there is not enough room to deliver a thrust or immediately after a thrust that has been evaded. When using a butt stroke the fighter can often knee his opponent in the groin, trip --14-him, or kick him in the legs. Butt strokes and slashes lend themselves especially to fighting in trenches, woods, and brush, or in a general melee when lateral movements are restricted. b. EXECUTION (1) VERTICAL BUTT STROKE SERIES (a) To make the vertical butt stroke from the guard position, step in with the rear foot and, at the same time, drive the butt forward and upward in a vertical arc to the groin, solar plexus, or chin. Put the force of the whole body into the blow (fig. 8). The vertical butt stroke may also be started from a crouched position so as to hit low points on the opponent's body while offering him a small, difficult target. (b) SMASH If the opponent moves backward and the vertical butt stroke misses, step forward swiftly with the left foot (fig. 9) and drive the butt at his head, extending the arms fully forward, and advancing the right foot to retain balance. (c) SLASH If the opponent again retreats out of butt range or falls, continue to advance, slashing diagonally downward with the bayonet. Guide the slash toward the junction of the neck and shoulder, hitting either this point or the head, throat, or arms. If the slash misses (note that a miss brings the movement close to the position of guard), continue the attack vigorously. (2) HORIZONTAL BUTT STROKE SERIES In this series the plane of the rifle and bayonet is horizontal instead of vertical. (a) HORIZONTAL BUTT STROKE To make the horizontal butt stroke from the guard position (fig. 11), --15--
FIGURE 8.-- Vertical butt stroke. --16--
FIGURE 9.-- Smash following vertical butt stroke. drive in vigorously, advancing the rear foot, and swing the butt diagonally upward through an arc to the opponent's head or body. (b) SMASH If the horizontal butt stroke misses because the opponent has moved backward, deliver a --17-smash, maintaining the butt in the same horizontal position. (c) SLASH If the smash misses, continue the attack with a slash, executing the movement as directed in the vertical butt stroke series. c. COMMON ERRORS (1) Failure to reach out at the opponent.
FIGURE 10.-- Slash following smash. --18--
FIGURE 11.--Horizontal butt stroke. (2) The force of the arm and body not in the movement, occurring when the plane of the bent right arm is not in the plane of the rifle and bayonet. (3) Insufficient speed. --19-SECTION GROUP ASSAULT TACTICS
III
14. GENERAL a. While actual bayonet fighting is individual, each man must understand from the very first that he is fighting for his organization and not for himself alone. When one body of soldiers assaults the position of another group, none can know which enemy he will engage until the attackers get within bayonet range. No man knows whether he will be suddenly confronted and attacked by several enemies at the same time, or if one of several friends will confront a single enemy. The fighters who have the teamwork, skill, and presence of mind to capitalize quickly on such inequalities will gain momentary numerical advantage. b. If two soldiers, suddenly confronting one of the enemy, are able to put him out of action in a few seconds, they can quickly turn on another opponent. Such systematic assaults occurring in the first critical seconds of meeting in hand-to-hand fighting may reduce the enemy's initial strength by many men. In another few seconds these tactics can operate with annihilating effect on the remainder of the enemy. However, if assault groups lack a prearranged system of team attack, a single enemy --20-can hold off a pair of bayonet fighters for a few seconds, by which time one of his comrades may rush to his assistance and end the two-to-one advantage which existed. c. To be effective, group assault tactics must be simple and flexible, since it is impossible to predict what the exact situation will be until the opposing fighters are within a few paces of each other. Movements are fast and automatic, for the quickness and turmoil of hand- tohand fighting will rarely permit verbal coordination of attack. 15. GROUP ASSAULT TACTICS a. TWO AGAINST ONE (1) APPROACH Two bayonet fighters, part of an assaulting echelon, approach a single enemy. Since these fighters cannot know what the opponent will do, they cannot plan for coordinated action at this stage. Hence they advance directly forward on a run, neither one converging on the opponent. (2) CONTACT As the fighters get within bayonet range, one of them initially will be opposed by the single enemy. The selected man advances upon him in a frontal attack.
--21--
The other man quickly advances until opposite the opponent's flank and then turns sharply to strike his exposed flank or rear. (See also figs. 12 and 13.) (3) ALTERNATIVE ATTACK If the enemy turns suddenly toward the flanking fighter to fend him off, he thereby exposes himself to the fighter making the frontal attack. This man strikes instantly.
In any such coordinated attack, the man who makes the kill usually is the one who is not closely engaged with the enemy's bayonet (fig. 14). The entire operation is carried out in a few seconds. The approach, contact, and attack flow into one continuous assault. --22--
FIGURE 12.-- Group assault tactics, two against one--the approach.
FIGURE 13.--Group assault tactics, two against one--contact.
FIGURE 14.--Group assault tactics, two against one--alternative attack. --23-b. THREE AGAINST TWO (1) APPROACH
Three attackers approach two of the enemy. At this stage none of the three knows who will be engaged initially by the enemy. They advance directly forward at a run.
(2) CONTACT As they get within bayonet range, two of the attackers will normally be engaged by two of the enemy. One attacker is thus left momentarily free. He continues directly forward until opposite the flank of the nearest or most accessible enemy, at which point he veers suddenly toward that enemy and strikes him in the exposed side, as in the two-against-one maneuver. The other two attackers maintain their frontal attacks. With one enemy disposed of, the other enemy is struck in the flank by the first free attacker who can reach him. If either enemy being attacked on his flank turns to defend himself, he leaves himself open to the attacker making the frontal assault.
--24--
c. TWO AGAINST THREE In a situation where two bayonet fighters are confronted by three of the enemy, they dart to the flanks, leaving the enemy in the center the last to be encountered. When one of the attackers has disposed of his opponent, he immediately attacks the remaining enemy.
d. ONE AGAINST TWO Where two of the enemy confronts one soldier, this man darts forward and immediately turns to the flank of one or the other enemy. Under no circumstances does he permit himself to he caught between them. By moving quickly to one side or the other, whichever is more expedient, he keeps the nearer enemy between himself and the farther enemy, and concentrates on disposing of one enemy at a time.
--25--
SECTION BAYONET AND KNIFE DISARMING
IV
16. GENERAL a. The soldier who in combat becomes unarmed because of a lost or useless weapon, is not helpless. He does one of two things: he immediately secures another weapon, any weapon, and continues to fight; if this is not possible, he disarms his opponent and kills him with his own weapon. b. The temporarily unarmed fighter reacts just as aggressively as if he were armed. With his eyes, his brain, and his muscles he gets set for a timed, close-in attack. The time is that instant when the opponent has charged, or committed himself to a thrust from which he is unable to recover or to counter the unarmed fighter's sudden maneuver. c. The basic principles in disarming are: (1) Do not "telegraph" or give away the intended disarming movement to the attacker before he charges. (2) Whatever the movement used, use it at the last possible moment and at top speed. d. The disarming movements described herein are simple maneuvers. Through training they become instinctive. --26-If the soldier does not immediately succeed in wresting the enemy's weapon from him, several supplementary attack movements may be employed effectively. Such movements include-(1) Kneeing him in the groin and kicking him in the knee, shin, or instep. (2) Hitting him with the elbow, fist, and heel or outer edge of the hand on the face, throat, neck, or solar plexus. (3) Jabbing his eyes or throat with stiff fingers. (4) Suddenly throwing anything at the eyes of an armed attacker, as he closes in, that will distract him momentarily and provide an opening for the disarmer. 17. BAYONET DISARMING a. FIRST METHOD With the right hand, parry the opponent's bayonet to the left at the same time side-stepping to the right. With the left hand, palm up, grasp the rifle between the bands. Then with the outer edge of the right hand, strike the inside of the attacker's left elbow and grasp his upper forearm. Keeping a firm hold on the rifle, move quickly past the attacker on his left, jerking the rifle up and backward in an arc over his shoulder. If he still retains his hold on the rifle, kick and hit him, yanking the piece loose; whirl, and attack him with the bayonet. b. SECOND METHOD With the left hand, parry the opponent's bayonet to the right, at the same time side-stepping to the left. With the right hand, palm up, grasp the rifle between the bands. Then with the left hand, palm down, grasp the receiver and jerk the piece sharply up and backward in an arc over the attacker's --27--
FIGURE 15.-- To disarm an opponent, following a right hand pa rry. --28-shoulder. Keeping a firm hold on the rifle with both hands, move quickly past the attacker, twisting the rifle out of his hands; smash him with the butt, or whirl and attack him with the bayonet. 18. KNIFE DISARMING a. GENERAL To disarm an opponent armed with a knife, the basic actions are to deflect the knife and immediately apply pressure, or a blow, to cause the attacker to release the knife. The disarming movements described are those which the soldier uses to meet a right-handed attacker. For a left-handed attack, the directional movements of the disarmer are reversed. b. OVERHAND ATTACK With the left forearm, block the knife arm before it becomes extended. The forearm is bent at the wrist to prevent the knife arm from slipping sideways. Bring the right foot forward, driving the knee into the groin, or, if that is not possible, stepping past to protect the front of the body. Carry the right forearm under and behind the opponent's upper arm and grasp your left wrist with the right hand. Backward pressure will cause the opponent to drop the knife and will probably break the elbow. c. UNDERHAND ATTACK Side-step quickly to the left outside of the thrust and knock the knife arm to the side with the left forearm. With the right hand, grasp the opponent's right wrist, and at the same time bring pressure on the right elbow with the left hand or forearm. As the opponent's wrist is twisted, the left hand continues to put pressure on the right elbow from above. By placing a leg in front of the opponent's nearest --29--
FIGURE 16.-- To disarm an opponent following a left hand parry. --30-leg, you are in a position to kick out the leg and throw him to the ground. d. AGAINST OTHER TACTICS Against a knife fighter who does not use overhand or underhand thrusts or slashes, but moves his weapon in swift arcs in all directions, disarming tactics are extremely difficult if not impossible. Against such an opponent, it is best to keep out of range of his blade and to attack him by throwing anything at his face and kicking at his knees, meanwhile keeping alert for an opening to get inside the range of his weapon.
--31--
FIGURE 17.-- To disarm an opponent who uses overhand attack. --32--
FIGURE 18.-- To disarm an opponent who uses underhand attack. --33-SECTION V ADVICE TO INSTRUCTORS 19. THE INSTRUCTOR a. The instructor should have a good physique and be able personally to demonstrate all the positions and movements. He must possess an intense enthusiasm, vigor, and those qualities of leadership which will inspire the best efforts of the men being trained. These qualities, or their lack, will be reflected in the efforts of the men. b. The instructor impresses upon the men that the bayonet fight may be the culmination of a gruelling advance or a determined defense under conditions when men approach exhaustion. Therefore, throughout the training, he emphasizes continued driving forward with the bayonet by sheer power of will even though the body may be ready to collapse. c. The instructor avoids boisterous, bullying, impatient methods. He uses a clear, earnest, and encouraging delivery to secure alert and willing response. d. The instructor does not use or encourage the use of profanity to instill fighting spirit. He encourages --34-spontaneous yelling but does not demand forced yelling. Noise is no substitute for enthusiasm of ability. e. Men must be in good physical condition before commencing bayonet training. Further conditioning is progressive. To obtain best results the instructor does not permit the men to become unduly muscle-sore. f. Explanations and demonstrations are concurrent. They are brief and clear. The instructor and assistants first demonstrate at full speed; then at slow motion, broken down and analyzed so that the details of the movement are clear to the pupils. g. The instructor stresses speed, balance, timing, and judgment of distance. Since tenseness counteracts all those qualities, he emphasizes relaxation of muscles. h. Each man must think and act for himself. Therefore, the instructor avoids the harmful practice of turning bayonet work into a drill. Training by command should be used only at the start of the training. As quickly as possible, training should be by coach-and-pupil methods, in order to insure eye and muscle coordination, without command. i. Teamwork is instilled in the men during instruction in group assault tactics and on the assault course. (See pars. 24 and 25.)
20. CONDUCT OF CLASSES a. MASS FORMATION A mass formation; preferably of not more than 200 men, may be used during training in the fundamentals of bayonet technique, positions, and movements. The formation is similar to that used in massed calisthenics except for increased distances and intervals between --35-men. This formation will frequently be found advantageous in order to utilize the services of an instructor of outstanding qualities of leadership who can imbue a mass with enthusiasm and effort. Trained assistants aid in making corrections. Backward men are taken out of the formation for additional instruction. b. GROUP FORMATION (1) For bayonet training in platoons or smaller groups, the men form in two ranks at normal interval. The instructor designates one man in the rear rank as "base man," who immediately assumes the position of high port. The instructor then commands: 1. form for bayonet training, this man (pointing) base, 2. MOVE. At the command move, the base man assumes the guard position. The remainder of the men of the rear rank run to the right and left, respectively, to secure 3-pace intervals, face to the front, and assume the position of guard. Each front rank man runs by the shortest route to a position about 10 paces from and immediately in front of his rear rank file, whirls about, and assumes the position of guard. While moving to positions all men carry rifles at high port. (2) To assemble the group, the instructor commands: 1. assemble, 2. MARCH. At the command march, the base man originally designated assumes the position of "attention." All others form on him at a run and assume the position of "attention." (3) To form for more detailed instruction, being in two ranks facing in as described in (1) above, the instructor stands at one end of the formation and directs the opposite ends to close toward the center, producing a three-sided formation. This position is suitable for conducting a conference or demonstration that can be --36-seen and heard by the entire group. Upon completion, the instructor directs "Back to your places." c. EMPLOYMENT OF TRAINING STICK As soon as working knowledge of positions and movements has been learned, either in a mass formation or in platoon or smaller group formations, the men continue to practice working in pairs as coach and pupil, using the training stick. (See par. 23d. ) In handling the training stick, the coach is speedy and aggressive. He moves fast in offering logical targets at proper distances and avoids restricting the pupil's freedom and vigor of movement. He is on the alert to detect and correct errors made by the pupil. The coach-and-pupil method permits individual instruction, provides variety in the frequent interchange of duties, and affords an excellent means of developing coordination in both coach and pupil. (See FM 21-5.) d. QUICKENING EXERCISES Five or ten minutes devoted to quickening exercises at the beginning of training periods relax the men and help to develop coordination of muscles used in bayonet combat. The exercises may include boxing, wrestling, personal contests, and group games involving teamwork. (See FM 21-20.) Calisthenics are not recommended for this purpose. 21. SEQUENCE OF TRAINING The following sequence is suggested at the beginning of bayonet training. Periods should not exceed 50 minutes.
a. FIRST PERIOD (1) Lecture: Spirit of the Bayonet. (2) Positions and movements. --37-(a) Guard and short guard. (b) High port. (c) Whirl. (d) Long thrust and withdrawal. (e) Short thrust and withdrawal. (3) Practical work under centralized control in mass formation or in platoon or smaller groups under assistant instructors. b. SECOND PERIOD (1) Review previous lesson. (2) New movements. (a) Vertical butt stroke and return to guard. (b) Horizontal butt stroke and return to guard. (c) Parry right, thrust, withdrawal; against each other advancing; repeated on the run. (d) Parry left, vertical butt stroke; against each other. c. THIRD PERIOD (1) Review previous lessons. (2) New movements. (a) Vertical butt stroke series. (b) Horizontal butt stroke series. (c) Thrusting at swinging dummies from a halt and from a walk. d. FOURTH PERIOD (1) Review previous lessons. (2) Training sticks--introduction. (3) Thrusts and parries with training stick--coach and pupil--without scabbards. (4) Thrusting at swinging dummies from a run. --38-e. FIFTH PERIOD (1) Review (practice thrusts and parries with the training stick). (2) Butt strokes with the training stick. (3) Group assault tactics--two against one--with scabbards. (4) Parries and thrusts at dummies from a run. f. SIXTH PERIOD (1) Review all movements with training stick. (2) Group assault tactics: (a) Two against one. (b) Three against two. (c) Two against three. (d) One against two. (3) Assault course, at a walk. g. SEVENTH PERIOD (1) Review. (2) Assault course, at a run.
h. EIGHTH PERIOD (1) Review. (2) Assault course, at a run. i. NINTH PERIOD (1) Disarming, bayonet and knife. (2) Assault course, at a run. j. TENTH PERIOD (1) Review disarming, bayonet and knife. (2) Assault course, at a run, with pack and haversack. k. Continuing and repeated periods of bayonet practice --39-are necessary to train and keep the bayonet fighter in condition. These periods should follow the basic training outlined above. Twenty minutes of practice during 3 days of each week are required to maintain form and physical perfection. Emphasis during such periods will be placed on assault course practice and other training procedures of a varied and vigorous nature. 22. CONDUCT OF TRAINING a. Front sight covers for rifles so equipped will always be attached for bayonet training. b. The pupil first practices movements in slow motion, rather than by the numbers, to acquire form and precision. He then increases his pace in order to develop progressively greater speed and aggressiveness. c. Initial training in parries includes the actual parrying of an opponent's piece to acquire a sense of distance, force, and timing. The men work by the coach-and-pupil method in two ranks. Both ranks have rifles with bayonets fixed and scabbards on. The instructor directs the coaches to thrust at half speed. The pupils, in the other rank, parry right and thrust, or parry left and thrust, or butt stroke at half speed. After practicing for about 1 minute at will, the instructor directs the coach and pupil to reverse their relation. He supervises and controls the exercise to detect errors, to avoid sparring tactics, and to give equal practice to both ranks. He limits this exercise to brief periods only. d. As soon as men attain a degree of proficiency in positions and movements, they use the training stick. Its purpose is to give the soldier a small target which --40-he can attack with speed, force, accuracy, and aggressiveness without endangering the coach. The pupil uses the bare bayonet so that both coach and pupil will become accustomed to seeing it. e. Training on the swinging dummies emphasizes judgment of distance, balance, and force. The instructor stresses full extension of the body and piece to attain a maximum reach. f. Practice in group assault tactics and on the assault course develops the essential element of teamwork. g. Throughout bayonet training the instructor trains the men to see and strike instantly at any opening, thus developing coordination between eyes and muscles, and mental and physical alertness. He combats all tendencies toward tense, mechanical, plodding motion and slow reaction to sudden situations. h. Instructors may improvise training techniques which will assist in developing the essential qualities of the bayonet fighter and add them to the training procedures outlined herein.
23. TRAINING AIDS a. DUMMIES Dummies of various types should be constructed as an aid to training. (1) Thrusting dummies can be made by pressing suitable materials, such as cane, willow, bamboo, swamp grass, or small brush, into a rectangular form approximately 36 by 12 by 9 inches. This material is bound together with wire or rope, a heavy cardboard placed on one side, and the bundle covered with burlap or other suitable material. --41--
FIGURE 19.-- Thrusting dummy. (1) Dummy in fixed frame. --42--
(2) Swinging dummy and frame. (May be made free-swinging for advanced training by disconnecting anchor.) (2) Suggested frames and their specifications are shown in figures 19, 20, and 21. (3) Where the construction of thrust dummies is required in large quantities, some mechanical method of construction should be improvised. For details of construction of a hand-power press, see figure 22. (4) Details of construction of the vertical butt stroke dummy are shown in figure 23. (5) The horizontal butt stroke dummy is made by stuffing heavy cloth or burlap bags with some light material --43--
such as straw or old rags. For details of construction, see figure 24. (6) Additional dummies for use on the assault course, and suggested types of obstacles, include those shown in figures 25 to 35, inclusive. (See par. 25.) b. SWINGING DUMMIES When the techniques of the long thrust and short thrust have been learned, the men practice thrusting at paper disks or
FIGURE 20.-- Parry and thrusting dummy. --44--
FIGURE 21.-- Movable thrusting dummy (with ground frame). --45--
FIGURE 22.-- Press for construction of thrusting dummies. circles painted on swinging dummies. Groups consist of not more than six or eight men per dummy. They remove scabbards and proceed as follows: (1) The soldier scratches a takeoff line on the ground for the first few thrusts. He makes a full extension of --46--
FIGURE 23.--Vertical Butt Stroke dummy.
the body and rifle in a correct long thrust, to determine the proper location of this line. The position of the leading foot is the location of the take-off line. He discontinues the use of the take-off line as soon as he learns the range of his thrusts, since its continued use will cause him to concentrate on his feet rather than on executing a proper thrust. (2) The soldier first executes the thrust from a halt. He then executes it after advancing several paces. He gradually increases the distance and speed of advance. Finally, he makes the advance at a run from a point about 20 paces from the dummy. When he is about 5 paces from the dummy he assumes the guard position before executing the thrust. He advances in a practical --47--
FIGURE 24.-- Movable horizontal butt stroke dummy (with ground frame). --48--
FIGURE 25.-- Prone dummy to be attacked.
FIGURE 26.-- Individual prone shelter with prone dummy to be attacked.
FIGURE 27.-- Fox hole with exposed head. To be attacked by a thrust. --49--
FIGURE 28.-- Hurdles to be stepped over.
FIGURE 29.-- Log balance and horizontal ladder.
FIGURE 30.-- Fence vault. --50--
FIGURE 31.--Wall scale.
FIGURE 32.-- Ditch jump. --51--
FIGURE 33.-- Tunnel crawl.
FIGURE 34.-- Double apron fence. and natural way, without regard to which foot is to the front when making the thrust. (3) After mastering the procedure outlined above, the soldier will execute a long thrust at one circle and one or several short thrusts at other circles in quick succession. c. WITHDRAWAL BOARDS (1) The instructor uses withdrawal boards to teach the --52--
FIGURE 35.-- Surprise dummy, to be hung from any tree limb along the assault course. This dummy is to be attacked by the soldier at the moment that it is dropped in his path. More than one such dummy may be used. --53-use of the weight of the entire body in making a withdrawal when the bayonet has become tightly imbedded. (2) The boards may be any pieces of lumber 1/2 to 1 inch thick, 4 inches wide, and 1 1/2 to 2 feet long, placed on the 4 by 4 swinging dummy uprights by nailing or screwing the lower end of the board to the upright aboutfeet from the ground. (3) The pupil inserts his bayonet, scabbard removed, between the board and upright. The coach presses the upper end of the board so that the bayonet is clamped. The difficulty of withdrawal illustrates the necessity for proper technique. d. TRAINING STICK (1) The training stick is made from any light piece of wood about 6 feet long and 1 inch thick. One end is padded with cloth or waste; a 5-inch loop of stiff rope or insulated thick wire is attached to the other end. (a) When the coach places either end of the training stick on the ground, the pupil immediately assumes the guard position (fig. 36(1)), and threatens the coach with his point as long as he is close enough to attack. The coach then offers either end of the stick in varying positions. (b) If the ring is presented, the pupil attacks either with a long or short thrust, as indicated by the distance between his point and the stick (fig. 36(2)). If the ring is holed, the withdrawal is made and the position of guard resumed, or the attack continued if another target is offered. (c) If the padded end of the stick is thrust at the pupil (fig. 37(1)), he executes a right or left parry (fig. 37(2)). Care will be exercised that the coach does --54--
FIGURE 36.--Ttrusting at ring of training stick. --55--
FIGURE 37.-- Thrusting at padded end of training stick. not swing the stick into the pupil. If sweeping movements are made with the stick, the pupil will probably develop a sweeping parry. (d) If the coach presents the padded end of the stick, the pupil delivers a butt stroke at it. If this is a miss, he comes on with a smash and slash until he hits the padded end. As soon as he hits it, he resumes the guard, or continues the attack if the coach continues to offer a target. (2) To develop the pupil's accuracy in hitting a target, the coach initially lets the pupil penetrate or strike the target. As the pupil attains accuracy and speed, however, --56-the coach draws the target away to cause the pupil to miss. The coach then quickly places the target to indicate the next attack. Whenever the pupil pierces the loop in a thrust or strikes the padded end in a butt stroke, he automatically assumes the guard position, ready to continue the attack. (3) For parries, the coach holds the training stick at the loop end in the manner of a pool cue, with the padded end toward the pupil. The coach stands about 12 feet in front of the pupil. Guiding the stick initially with his left hand, the coach thrusts the padded end directly at the pupil's head or body, lunging forward as he thrusts. The pupil parries the stick in the most expedient direction. The coach immediately follows up by presenting a suitable target for the attack which must follow the parry. 24. TRAINING IN GROUP ASSAULT TACTICS a. GENERAL Training in group assault tactics will not begin until the soldier has become proficient in bayonet technique. The men practice group assault tactics in groups of three and five, with fixed bayonets covered with scabbards. The movements are gone through as in actual combat, except that the represented enemy is struck lightly, simulating the actual killing blow. Individuals who simulate the enemy in group assault practice will not take the offensive, but will remain on the defensive in order to illustrate plainly to the attacker the principles and tactics involved.
When the enemy (or any attacker) has been touched on the body by the opponent's bayonet, he drops to one knee --57-and remains out of action until that bout terminates. After the principles have been learned, the men rotate so that each fights in every position several times. Initially, practice will be at half speed, emphasizing position and coordination. When the men acquire these essentials, they accelerate the pace to top speed. b. SEQUENCE OF TRAINING Group assault tactics will be practiced in the following sequence (see par. 15): (1) Two against one enemy. (2) Three against two of the enemy. (3) Two against three of the enemy. (4) One against two of the enemy. 25. ASSAULT COURSE a. PURPOSE A qualification course requiring the execution of fixed sequences of movements to achieve a score in points as an indication of proficiency of the bayonet fighter has been eliminated from bayonet training. Assault course practice incorporated in the sixth and subsequent periods of training (see par. 21) accomplishes the following: (1) It provides practice in bayonet fighting under conditions approximating combat conditions. (2) It aids the bayonet fighter to develop speed, strength, and endurance. (3) It offers a challenge to the soldier's determination and will power which are so essential in combat. (4) It provides a means of instilling habits of group action and teamwork in assault tactics. (5) It furnishes a gage of proficiency in bayonet fighting. (6) It provides a means for maintaining a state of proficiency --58-by continued periodic training, including practice after hours. b. DESCRIPTION (1) Assault courses should be laid out on rough terrain, preferably wooded. The length of the course may vary from 200 to 300 yards. The number and type of obstacles on the course will depend upon local conditions and the ingenuity of the builder. The builder should make effective use of natural obstacles, such as streams, ravines, ridges, and thick woods. He should improvise artificial obstacles, such as trenches, ditches, craters, wire entanglements, fences, log walks, hurdles, and horizontal ladders. (2) Targets should consist of logically placed dummies, preferably movable, so that the course can be altered frequently. The builder should place surprise targets at various points, and suspend dummies from trees to swing out as the attacker approaches. He may hinge others to swing out from behind trees or thickets. He can build thrusting and butt stroke dummies with 4- by 4-inch timbers, set into boarded holes. He can move the dummies by placing similar holes at different points on the course. He should include several targets for employment of group assault tactics. (3) The course should have six lanes, permitting one-half squad to run the course under the squad, assistant squad, or other designated leader. c. RUNNING THE COURSE
