Effects of Sustainable Livelihood Program of the Bottom – Bottom – up up Budgetting Program implemented by the Municipal Government of Ternate to the Living Condition of it Beneficiaries
An Undergraduat Undergraduate e Thesis Thesis Presented Presented to the Faculty of the College of Business Administration Cavite West Point College
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement in Methods of Research (Res1b)
April 2017 2017
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION:
Many development practitioners realized that even with significant national-level surpluses, many households were still not obtaining adequate amounts of food for a healthy life. It was determined that many households did not have enough income or resources to exchange for food to meet their food needs. This led to a shift from national food security to a concern with the food security and nutritional status of households and individuals. Farming systems research, focusing on the production activities of poor households, also provided a new perspective on the way to view the production and consumption decisions of households.
In the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, researchers began to widen their perspective from food security to a livelihood perspective. Some of the first writings on sustainable livelihoods were beginning to appear in the farming systems literature in the late 1980s.
During the 1990s until the present, there has been a shift from a material perspective focused on food production to a social perspective that focuses on the enhancement of
peoples' capacities to secure their own livelihoods. Much of this thinking is derived from the participatory approaches that have become well integrated into the various implementing agencies' activities for project diagnosis and design.
Thus, we can see that the sustainable livelihood approaches in vogue today build on the experiences of the past. They are not based on dramatically new methods but utilize the methods that have been developed over the past 20 years. These are the reasons why the reasearcher decided to focus on the effects of the Sustainable Livelihood Programs implemented by the Local Government of Ternate.
Statement of the Problem:
This study entitled Sustainable Livelihood Program implemented by the Municipal Government of Ternate to the Living Condition of its Beneficiaries, Generally aims to identify the results of the implementation of Sustainable Livelihood Program to the Living Condition of its Beneficiaries in the Municipality of Ternate, Cavite. It specifically aims to answer the following questions: 1. What are the different Sustainable Livelihood Program implemented by the Municipal Government of Ternate? 2. What are the objectives of each Sustainable Livelihood Program identified? 3. Who are the recipients of each Sustainable Livelihood Program identified?
4. What are the effects of Sustainable Livelihood Program implementing to the identified Beneficiaries in terms of: A.) Income
B.) Economic Stability of the Family C.) Impact on Community
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework:
Input
Process
Output
Identify the different Sustainable Livelihood Program implemented
Ternate
Objectives of Sustainable Livelihood
Government of Ternate to the Living
Municipal
Objectives
Government of
of
Sustainable
Livelihood Program
Identify
Beneficiaries
of
Sustainable Livelihood Program
implementation of
Municipal
Beneficiaries
focal person of the of Ternate
Livelihood Program
Condition of its
by
Municipal Government
Effects of Sustainable implemented by the
Interview to the BUB
Effects of Sustainable Livelihood
Program
Program to the Living Condition of
Survey to the
its Beneficiaries:
identified recipient
a.) Income
(source of data BUB
b.) Economic Stability of
focal person)
the Family c.) Impact on Community
Figure 1.1 (IPO Model) This figure shows the process that the researcher used in order
to collect data pertaining to the effects of Effects of Sustainable Livelihood Program implementing by the Municipal Government of Ternate to the Living Condition of its Beneficiaries. Hypotheses:
Ho:
The implementation of Sustainable Livelihood Program in the Municipal of
Ternate, Cavite has no significant effect in the income of its beneficiaries. Ho:
The implementation of Sustainable Livelihood Program in the Municipal of
Ternate, Cavite has no significant effect in the Economic Stability of the beneficiaries Family. Ho:
The implementation of Sustainable Livelihood Program in the Municipal of
Ternate, Cavite has no significant impact on the Community of the beneficiaries.
Scope and Delimitation:
This study is formed mainly in identifying the effects of implementing Sustainable Livelihood Program in the Living Condition of its Beneficiaries in the Municipality of Ternate, Cavite. More specifically it deals with the significant effect on the Income, Economic Stability of Beneficiaries Family and the Sustainable Livelihood Programs Impact to the Community. The target respondents were identified after a thorough one – on – one interview with the BUB (Bottom-Up Budgeting) Focal Person of the Municipal Government of Ternate. After identifying the Beneficiaries, the researcher randomly selected fifty (50) respondents on target population. Survey method was used by the researcher for data collection and the process was made from December to February 2016. All data gathered will be treated using mean, median, mode and percentile ranking.
Significance of the Study:
This study aimed to promote significance to the following proponents: Municipal Government of Ternate :
if this study proves the Sustainable Livelihood
Program implementation has significant effect on the Living Condition of the Beneficiaries the Municipal Government can be encouraged to promote more programs that will aid indigents, 4Ps members and less fortunate residents of the Municipality in starting up putting a Government funded source of income or livelihood. Sustainable Livelihood Program Beneficiaries :
This study were proven significant
will allow the target beneficiaries to appreciate the program implemented by the Municipal Government and encourage them to prosper their respective Livelihood projects and actively participate in other similar endeavours of the Local Government.
Definition of Terms:
Sustainable Livelihood Program - community-based capacity building program
which equips participants to actively contribute to production and labor markets by looking at available resources and accessible markets.
Income - money that an individual or business receives in exchange for providing
a good or service or through investing capital Economic Stability- is a common term used to describe the financial system of a
country that shows a consistently low rate of inflation and minor variations in the output growth Municipal Government - is a type of local council authority that provides local
services, facilities, safety and infrastructure for communities. Bottom up Budgeting Program- is a budgeting system in which the involved
budget holders are given the opportunity to participate in the process of settling their own budgets. It is usually defined as an approach to budget-setting in which managers determine how much is needed to achieve each of their planned objectives; these amounts are thencombined to establish the total operating budget Random Selection - refers to how sample members (study participants) are
selected from the population for inclusion in the study Survey Method - sampling of individual units from a population and the associated
survey data collection techniques, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses One – on – One Interview - conversation with one person acting in the role of the
interviewer and the other in the role of the interviewee Percentile Ranking - percentage of scores in its frequency distribution that are
equal to or lower than it
Mean- average that is used to derive the central tendency of the data in question Median- is a simple measure of central tendency. To find the median, we arrange
the observations in order from smallest to largest value. If there is an odd number of observations, the median is the middle value. If there is an even number of observations, the median is the average of the two middle values Mode- statistical term that refers to the most frequently occurring number found in
a set of numbers. The mode is found by collecting and organizing the data in order to count the frequency of each result. The result with the highest occurrences is the mode of the set.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
It is very difficult in the time allotted to give an overview on all of the work that has taken place on sustainable livelihood approaches over the past several years. This study will try to highlight some of the key issues and trends that are takin g place as the approach gets operationalized in the Municipality of Ternate, Cavite
THE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACHES
In the 1970s, many development practitioners were concerned about the famines that were taking place in Africa and Asia, and a concerted effort was made to put more resources into increasing food supplies globally. Out of this concern, the CGIAR centers were born, and significant increases in food supplies were created through crop research.
However, as we transitioned into the 1980s, many development practitioners realized that even with significant national-level surpluses, many households were still not obtaining adequate amounts of food for a healthy life. It was determined that many households did not have enough income or resources to exchange for food to meet their food needs. This led to a shift from national food security to a concern with the food security and nutritional status of households and individuals. Farming systems research,
focusing on the production activities of poor households, also provided a new perspective on the way to view the production and consumption decisions of households.
In the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, researchers began to widen their perspective from food security to a livelihood perspective. Some of the first writings on sustainable livelihoods were beginning to appear in the farming systems literature in the late 1980s.
During the 1990s until the present, there has been a shift from a material perspective focused on food production to a social perspective that focuses on the enhancement of peoples' capacities to secure their own livelihoods. Much of this thinking is derived from the participatory approaches that have become well integrated into the various implementing agencies' activities for project diagnosis and design.
Thus, we can see that the sustainable livelihood approaches in vogue today build on the experiences of the past. They are not based on dramatically new methods but utilize the methods that have been developed over the past 20 years. This is why SLA seems so familiar to those who have been involved in systems-oriented approaches such as farming systems research and household food security.
Common Definitions
There are a number of definitions currently in use that a number of agencies share in common. These are:
Livelihood. A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living (Chambers & Conway 1988).
S us tainable livelihood. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from the stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base (Chambers & Conway).
Household livelihood security. Household livelihood security is defined as adequate and sustainable access to income and resources to meet basic needs (Frankenberger 1996).
Different Labels For The Approach Should Not Prevent Partners From Working Together
It is important not to get hung up on the label, that is, whether you call it SLA, HLS or something else. When people are not familiar with the terms, labels can create divisions, even when different agencies may be pursuing similar approaches. It is more important to understand what are the underlying principles that govern these types of holistic approaches.
PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACHES
Holistic diagnosis and analysis
A sustainable livelihood approach attempts to take a holistic perspective in determining problems and opportunities for programme activities. This holistic perspective involves taking into account:
Context. What are the social, economic, political, historical, demographic trends that influence the livelihood options of a given population and what are the risks to which they are exposed?
Resources. What are the various assets (financial, physical, social, human and natural) that households and communities have access to and how are they differentiated and disaggregated? Vulnerability is determined by the risks that households and communities are exposed to and their ability to use assets to cope with these risks.
Ins titutions and org anizations . The institutions that operate within a given context will be critical to sustainable livelihood outcomes. It is important to identify which government, civic and private-sector institutions operate in a given livelihood setting to determine their relative strengths and weaknesses in delivering goods and services essential to secure livelihoods. The private sector is usually left out of such analyses. A stakeholder analysis is a critical first step in any diagnosis.
Livelihood strategies. A holistic diagnosis attempts to identify the various strategies people use to make a living and how they cope with stress. These are also referred to as adaptive and coping strategies in the food security literature. To tailor interventions appropriately, it is important to determine the variability that may exist across ethnic groups, households and individuals in the pursuit of different strategies
Livelihood outcomes. Outcomes are measured to determine how successful households are in their livelihood strategies. These outcomes can be based on normative standards (e.g. nutritional status) or on criteria identified by the communities. Such
outcome measures need to be differentiated and disaggregated across groups, households and individuals.
Application of participatory, people-centred approaches
SLA uses a wide variety of participatory tools for diagnosis, programme design and monitoring and evaluation. Participation and empowerment are the basic tenets of the approach.
Focused strategy
Although the SLA emphasizes holistic diagnosis, this does not mean that interventions must be multisectoral. Single-sector projects/programmes may be the most appropriate avenue to pursue based on a good problem and opportunity analysis. There are multiple entry points through which to begin programme activities. The analysis should determine which entry point to pursue.
Coherent information systems
The indicators used for monitoring and evaluation are clearly linked to the problem analysis and the objectives. Cross-sectoral impacts that are measured are derived from the links that are demonstrated from the holistic analysis. The project should not collect unnecessary data that is not clearly linked to the objective or the problem analysis.
Reflective practice
Programme information systems should be set up to capture both the intended and unintended consequences of programme activities. These lessons can be derived from participatory monitoring systems and other aspects of the M&E system. Documenting the lessons will be critical to programme improvements. One of the key problems that implementing agencies have is allocating time and resources to document the lessons learned.
MAJOR ISSUES REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF SLP
There are a number of issues that have arisen in the application of SLP in the past several years.
Programs design
As stated earlier, SL projects/programs can be either single-sector focused or multisector in scope. What is needed is a range of options that can be applied depending on where the project is in the programs cycle. Ongoing projects can incorporate a livelihood perspective during critical moments of their project cycle, such as during midterm reviews or evaluations to determine if other factors beyond the sector constraints that the project is focusing on could influence the achievement of project objectives.
Entry point
Although we may be concerned with the livelihood outcomes at the micro level, this does not mean that interventions have to be only at the micro level. Macro -level policy changes can have a significant impact at the local level. The problem analysis should
determine at which level it makes sense to operate program activities. Similarly, the program strategy may work with different people in the community than the group we wish to help. If the strategy is correct, then the livelihoods of the target group we wish to support should be improved. For example, working with merchants may assist poor farmers in obtaining inputs more easily. It is important to monitor the distribution of benefits to make program adjustments when needed.
Measuring impact
To measure the impact of a livelihood program, it is important to measure criteria relevant to communities as well as normative criteria. Criteria derived from participatory approaches are the changes that are meaningful to communities. If these changes do not occur, then the project has not brought about the kinds of improvements that are significant to the community. These measures may be location specific. Normative measures are important for targeting and allowing for cross-regional comparisons. Such measures are critical for donors and governments that need to make resource allocation decisions across regions or countries. Thus, both types of information need to be included in SLA M&E systems.
Changing structures and processes for sustainable outcomes
To sustain positive livelihood outcomes, effective local institutions that deliver goods and services must be in place. These include government agencies, civil organizations and the private sector. An important part of most livelihood programming activities has been community capacity-building and institutional strengthening. Capacity-
building efforts must focus on service delivery as well as risk-management. Institutions that are not able to manage risk effectively can quickly become overwhelmed, seriously jeopardizing their ability to continue to provide services. It is this risk-management aspect that is often overlooked in institutional strengthening efforts. Finally, much more work needs to be done on capacity-building indicators. Currently, we have few examples of indicators for measuring institutional improvements.
Working with multiple partners at various levels
SLA activities may be initiated at different levels (i.e. national, regional, local) depending on where the greatest leverage can be achieved. For this reason, SLA program must be able to manage partnerships at various levels. This is a different way of operating than working with local partners only, and it may require a different set of skills.
Balancing natural resource management objectives with poverty-alleviation objectives
It is important to take into consideration that natural resource management interventions that have public benefits do not always have direct benefits for the poor. Care must be taken to determine whether the poor are participating in project activities. If the poor are not involved, then consideration must be given to opportunities for including additional components that address the livelihood needs of the poor. These needs may be addressed by partner organizations and not directly by the project.
The Bottom-Up Budgeting Program
The Aquino administration, through the Human Development and Poverty Reduction Cluster(HDPRC) and Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Cluster (GGACC), launched the BUB Program in 2012. The BUB aims to empower civil society organizations (CSOs) including people’s organizations (POs) to engage and make the government more responsive to the people’s needs, while promoting a “meaningful devolution” to the local government for service delivery. BUB mandates an annual participatory planning process where municipal or city governments known as LGUs and CSOs jointly identify priority poverty reduction projects based on the local needs. The priority projects are to be within a pre-determined budget ceiling for each LGU, which is calculated based on the number of poor households in each LGU. The prioritized proj ects are consolidated into Local Poverty Reduction Action Plans (LPRAPs). The projects can be identified on a relatively open basis as per the BUB menu of programs. LGUs are also allowed to propose a project of their own outside the menu. Once the LPRAPs are approved, the projects listed in the LPRAPs are included in the subsequent fiscal year budget of each of the 15 participating line agencies known as the National Government Agencies (NGAs). BUB is funded from within the existing NGA budget and complemented by LGUs’ counterpart funds. The BUB program oversight is provided by five national agencies which include: 1. Department of Budget and Management (DBM) 2. Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) 3. National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC) 4. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) 5. National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)
An Executive Committee composed of the Secretaries of the five agencies provides overall policy guidance and addresses any major program implementation issues. A Technical Working Group (TWG) composed of officials from the five agencies is responsible for technical and policy oversight of the Program. The TWG serves as the main focal point for the World Bank’s assistance for BUB. A Program Management Office (PMO), established within DILG, manages the day-to-day implementation and coordination of the Program. A total of 15 NGAs are participating in the BUB Program, and allocate budget for the prioritized projects that fall under their respective sectors. Actual implementation of the projects is undertaken either by the NGA Regional Offices (ROs) or the LGUs. LGUs that meet specific local governance criteria along with financing, administrative, and technical requirements are allowed to implement the projects using funding disbursed to them from the concerned sector NGAs. For LGUs that do not meet the requirements, the identified projects are implemented by the concerned sector NGAs.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
Research Design:
The study applied the Inductive Method of Research where the researcher collected data based from the survey results from the target population to be able to formulate an assessive explanation on the effects of implementing sustainable livelihood program to the income, economic stability, and community where the target respondent live The Inductive Method Approach is also known as inductive reasoning, it star ts with the observations and theories are proposed towards the end of the research process as a result of observations.
Inductive research “involves the search for pattern from
observation and the development of explanations – theories – for those patterns through series of hypotheses”. No theories or hypotheses wou ld apply in inductive studies at the beginning of the research and the researcher is free in terms of altering the direction for the study after the research process had commenced
Respondents of the study:
The target population is composed of one hundred (100) residents of the Municipality of Ternate who are recipients/beneficiaries of the various Sustainable Livelihood Programs under the Bottom – up Budgetting implemented by the Department of Interior And Local Government in partnership with the Local Government of Ternate. The respondents were identified by gathering the list of Bottom – up Budgetting Sustainable Livelihood Program through a one – on – one interview with the Bottom – up Budgetting Focal Person of the Municipal Government of Ternate, Mr Carlo Magno Llagas. From the list obtained random selection was applied to the population to be able to select one hundred (100) respondents that will sure as the target population. Research Instrument of Validation
The data – collection method applied were first, one – on – one interview with the Bottom – up Budgetting Focal Person of the Municipality of Ternate, Cavite, Mr Carlo Magno Llagas. One – on – one Interview is defined as is a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. In common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation with one person acting in the role of the interviewer and the other in the role
of the interviewee. The interviewer asks questions, the interviewee responds, with participants taking turns talking. Second Method applied was Survey Method. Survey Method is defined as a method of
questioning individuals on a topic or topics and then describing their
responses” (Jackson, 2011, p.17). In business studies survey method of primary data collection is used in order to test concepts, reflect attitude of people, establish the level of customer satisfaction, conduct segmentation research and a set of other purposes. To proceed with the study, first the researcher submitted an appointment request with Mr Carlo Magno Llagas (seen as Annex A) with an attached Interview Questions Forms as seen as Annex B. The form was drafted and its approval was sought from the researcher’s adviser. After the request has been scheduled the researcher proceeded with the interview. From the interview, the researcher obtained the following information: 1. Background of Sustainable Livelihood Program under BUB program. 2. Sustainable Livelihood Programs implemented under BUB program. 3. Objectives of each Sustainable Livelihood Programs 4. List of recipients of each Sustainable Livelihood Programs. After the pertinent information has been collected, the researcher proceeded with randomly selecting target population from each list obtained totalling to 100 respondents. After which, the target population were to undergo survey method. A survey form was
drafted and was submitted for approval to the research adviser. The approved survey form was attached as annex C. The survey form includes questions that require the respondent to qualify their answers.
Each survey form has five questions to collect the responses of the target population pertaining to the effect of Sustainable Livelihood Program on the following aspects: A:
Income of the Family
B:
Economic Stability of the Family
C:
Effect to the Community
After the survey have been completed, the results were tallied and statistical treatment was applied to the data. Statistical Treatment of Data
For preliminary statistical treatment, the researcher used weighted mean. This was used to measure the respondents’ assessment. It was computed by multiplying the value in the groups by appropriate weight factors and the products were summed up and divided by the total number of respondents. This was used to answer the four specific problems of this study. The formula for weighted mean is shown below:
X = F(1)+ F(2)+ F(3)+ F(4)+ F(5) N
Where: X= Weighted Mean F= Weight of each item N= the total number of respondents
The data were interpreted using the Five-Point Likert Scale as the criteria. It served as the basis for the interpretation of the data. The concept boundary of role was used as well as the options, to wit:
Scale
5
4
3
2
Ratings
Description
Interpretation
4.50-5.00
Strongly Agree
When the item described by the statement is true
Agree
When the item described by the statement is frequently true.
Neutral
When the item described by the statement is neutral.
Disagree
When the item described by the statement is not true all the time.
3.50-4.49
2.50-3.49
1.50-2.49
1
1.0-1.49
Strongly Disagree
When the item described by the statement rarely true.
Table 3.1 Five Point Likert Scale
Mr. Carlo Magno V. Llagas Licensing Officer / BUB Focal Person Municipality of Ternate, Cavite
Dear Mr. Llagas : I am Joshua A. Arellado currently a graduating student from Cavite WestPoint College in Business Administration Major in Accounting Management. I am conducting a research study entitled “Effects of Sustainable Livelihood Program of the Bottom – up Budgetting Program implemented by the Municipal Government of Ternate to the Living Condition of it Beneficiaries ” relative to this, may I humbly request for an appointment schedule for a one – on – one interview with you as BUB Focal Person. Attached here to in the interview form that I will be using in its conduct, Rest assured that all the data collected will be applied as foundation of the research study and solely for that purpose.
Thank you very much and more power! Looking forward for your approval
Mr. Joshua A. Arellado “Effects of Sustainable Livelihood Program of the Bottom – up Budgetting Program implemented by the Municipal Government of Ternate to the Living Condition of it Beneficiaries”
Interview Data Sheet A. Personal Information Name: Position: Years of Service in BUB Focal Person: B. Format Data Collection
1. Please provide me a brief background of the BUB program? (If possible, can you provide me references about the BUB Program) 2. What are the various Sustainable Livelihood Programs implemented in the Municipality? (If possible, can you provide me a copy of the project proposal for each Sustainable Livelihood Program) 3. What are the objectives of each Sustainable Livelihood Program?
4. Who are the beneficiaries of each Sustainable Livelihood Program? (If possible, can provide me a list for each Sustainable Livelihood Program) ------------------ END OF INTERVIEW-----------------------
