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Starch and Sugar Analysis An Update Mary Beth Hall U. S. Dairy Forage Research Center USDA – Agri Agricultur cultural al Research Research Service Service Madison, WI
Topics AAFCO / AOAC: Carbohydrate Labeling Fructan Analy Analysis sis Sugar & Fructan AOAC: Starch Analysis of Animal Feeds Comparability of “Sugar” Methods Digestibility: How do we get where we want to be?
Page 1
Labeling: Considerations AAFCO receiving pressure to allow labeling for carbohydrates in feeds
Must / will cover all animal species
Which carbohydrates?
Nutritionally relevant & defined
Verifiable by AOAC / other recognized method
Regulatory analyses consistent with those used for diet formulation?
Which Measures Are Relevant?
Ethanol or water-soluble carbohydrates?
Nonstructural carbohydrates or nonfiber carbohydrates by difference?
Analytes or empirically measured fractions?
Page 2
Empirical Analyses As percentage of water increases, more & larger carbohydrates are extracted. Difference in values depend on composition of the feedstuff. Composition of extract will vary by feedstuff. Mono-, di- & ………..+ fructans oligosaccharides
Error related to nutritional relevance will vary. Smith and Grotelueschen, 1966
Carbohydrate Consensus Class (DP)
Components
Sugars (1-2)
Mono- & disaccharides, polyols
Oligosaccharides Malto- & other oligosaccharides (3-9) Polysaccharides (>9)
Proposed AAFCO Definitions Starch The non-structural storage polysaccharide of plants, an alpha-glucan with the glucose released after gelatinization through the use of purified amylases and amyloglucosidases that are specifically active only on a-(1-4) and a-(1-6) linkages. Its concentration in feed is determined by enzymatically converting the starch component to glucose and then measuring the liberated glucose.
Page 4
Proposed AAFCO Definitions Sugars The sum of all free disaccharides and monosaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, maltose, glucose, fructose and galactose or others digestible by enzymes found in the animal’s digestive tract.
Fructans Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides in which fructose is the major constituent and glucose is the minor constituent. Glucose content is 33% or less.
Analysis Approaches Starch: enzymatic / colorimetric. Need a new AOAC method for animal feeds.
Sugars: HPLC, HPIC
Fructans: Not yet.
Page 5
Sugars & Fructans
Collaboration: USDA-ARS Logan, UT
Comparison of “gold standard” HPIC and current sugar methods
Effect of extraction method: water, 50% or 80% ethanol (solubility, preservation) – will not use denatured alcohol.
KK-Blue K-Italian K-Oat Hay K-Smooth Bermuda Gramma Ryegrass Brome Hay Hay Hay Hay
Empirical Analysis vs Analytes MBH Phenol Sulfuric Values vs Dionex Sucrose Program + Neutral sugar program results corrected for glucose in glucose and sucrose in Sucrose program 12.00
M10.00 D f o % , s e 8.00 u l a V y a s s A 6.00 d i c A c i r u 4.00 f l u S l o n e h P 2.00
