SQL Queries SQL QUERIES TIPS IN SQL*PLUS SAVE or RUN or @ Can be used for running the .sql file sql> SAVE C:\AA.TXT - Saves the last executed query statement in the file AA.TXT can be re-runned as @c:\aa.txt Spool Sql> spool on Sql> spool c:\zz.txt Sql> select * from emp; Sql> spool off
DML, DDL, DCL, TCL:
DML : SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, EXPLAIN PLAN, LOCK TABLE.
DDL : CREATE, DROP, ALTER, TRUNCATE.
DCL : GRANT, REVOKE, SETROLE
TCL : COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, SET TRANSACTION
DML Select * from emp; Insert into emp values(‘’ , ‘’ , ‘’ , , , ) Update emp set netsal=sal+1000*1.05; Delete from emp where dname=’sales’; DDL Create table emp9 ( empno number(10), ename varchar2(20) ); Create table emp9 as select * from emp; Drop table emp9; Alter table emp9 ADD(newcolumn datatype(10) ); Alter table emp9 ADD PRIMARY KEY(empno); Alter table emp9 ADD CONSTRAINT deptno FOREIGN dept9; Alter table emp9 DROP PRIMARY KEY; Alter table emp9 DROP CONSTRAINT Constfk; Alter table emp9 MODIFY(columnname newdatatype(10) );
KEY(deptno) REFERENCES
Truncate table emp9; DCL Grant connect,resource to Krishna; Revoke Setrole TCL Commit; Rollback;
Savepoint :
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SELECT * FROM DEPT; SAVEPOINT A; INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(60,'IP','BANGALORE'); SAVEPOINT B; INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(70,'IT','GOA'); SELECT * FROM DEPT; 7 rows selected. ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT B; 6 rows selected. Set Transaction : ``
CONSTRAINTS : PRIMARY CONSTRAINTS
: PRIMARY, REFERENCES, UNIQUE, CHECK,(PRUC)
SECONDARY CONSTRAINTS
: NOT NULL,DEFAULT
CONSTRAINTS BASED ON 2 LEVELS o COLUMN LEVEL o TABLE LEVEL EXAMPLES For SECONDARY CONSTRAINTS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1. NOT NULL CONSTRAINT – Column becomes a Mandatory column for entry. CREATE TABLE EMP9( ENO NUMBER(3) NOT NULL, ENAME VARCHAR2(10)); 2. DEFAULT CONSTRAINT CREATE TABLE EMP9(ENO NUMBER(3) NOT NULL, ENAME VARCHAR2(10),DOJ DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE); EXAMPLES For PRIMARY CONSTRAINT(COLUMN LEVEL)
UNIQUE CONSTRAINT – uniqueness of value maintained across Column level. CREATE TABLE EMP9( ENO NUMBER(3) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT UNIEMP UNIQUE,ENAME VARCHAR2(10));
PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT PK is one or more column(s) in a table to uniquely identify each row in the table. CREATE TABLE EMP9( ENO NUMBER(3) CONSTRAINT PKEMP9 PRIMARY KEY,ENAME VARCHAR2(10));
CHECK CONSTRAINT
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries CREATE TABLE BANK( ACNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT PKBANK PRIMARY KEY, ACTYPE VARCHAR2(2) CONSTRAINT CKBANK CHECK (ACTYPE IN ('SB','CA','RD')), ACNAME VARCHAR2(10), AMOUNT NUMBER(4) );
REFERENCES CREATE TABLE EMP9( ENO NUMBER(3) CONSTRAINT PKE9 PRIMARY JOB VARCHAR2(10), ENAME VARCHAR2(10), MGR NUMBER(4) REFERENCES EMP9(ENO) );
KEY,
REFERENCES (REFERING TO DIFFERENT TABLE) CREATE TABLE DEPT9 (DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT PKDNO PRIMARY KEY, DNAME VARCHAR2(10), LOC VARCHAR2(10)); CREATE TABLE EMP9( EMPNO NUMBER(4),ENAME VARCHAR2(10), SAL NUMBER(7,2),DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT FKDNO REFERENCES DEPT9(DEPTNO)); [ ON DELETE CASCADE ]
Rejects an Insert and Update of value, if a corresponding value does not currently exist in the master key table. If the ON DELETE CASCADE option is set, a DELETE operation in the master table will trigger the delete operation for corresponding detail table ( fewer table / primary key table ). Must reference a Primary key or Unique key Column in Primary Table.
TABLE LEVEL CONSTRAINTS UNIQUE KEY (TABLE LEVEL) CREATE TABLE BANK( ACNO NUMBER(3), ACTYPE VARCHAR2(10), BAL NUMBER(7,2), PLACE VARCHAR2(10), CONSTRAINT UNIBANKCONS UNIQUE(ACNO,ACTYPE) ); PRIMARY KEY (TABLE LEVEL) CREATE TABLE BANK( ACNO NUMBER(2), ACTYPE VARCHAR2(2) CONSTRAINT CKBANK CHECK ( ACTYPE IN ('SB','CA','RD') ), AMOUNT NUMBER(5), PRIMARY KEY (ACNO) ); FOREIGN KEY (TABLE LEVEL)
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries CREATE TABLE TRANS( ACNO NUMBER(2), TRANSAMOUNT NUMBER(5), CONSTRAINT CONSTFK FOREIGN KEY(ACNO) REFERENCES BANK ); ===================================================================== 1. Display the Details of all employees working in the same Department as 'FORD' 2. Display the details of all employees who are joined before 'FORD' 3. Display the Names of all the employees who are all getting the salary Greater than the salary of 'SMITH' along with the difference in salary 4. Display all the employees working in chicago SUBQUERIES SINGLE ROW SUBQUERY MULTIPLE ROW SUBQUERY SINGLE ROW SUBQUERY
1. DISPLAY THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE JOB IS SAME AS THAT OF JONES XX Select * from emp where job = (select job from emp Where ename = ‘jones’); 2.
DISPLAY THE EMPLOYEES BELONGING TO MILLER'S DEPARTMENT XX Select * from emp where dname = (select dname from emp Where ename = ‘millers’);
3.
DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO KING XX Select * from emp where Ename = (select Ename from emp Where ename = ‘KING’);
4.
DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHO ARE GETTING MAX SALARY XX Select * from emp where sal < (select max(sal) from emp);
5.
DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS WHERE SAL IS GREATER THAN MILLER'S SALARY AND WHO ARE IN SALES DEPARTMENT. Select * from emp,dept where dname = ‘sales’ and basal > (select basal from emp where ename = ‘millers’);
6.
DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHO HAVE JOINED IN SAME DATE AS THAT OF JAMES. Select * from emp where HIREDATE = (select HIREDATE From emp where ename = ‘james’);
SUBQUERY RETURNING MULTIPLE ROW 7.
DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHERE DEPT IS EITHER SALES OR RESEARCH
XX Select * from emp where dname = any(select dname from emp where dname = ‘sales’ or dname = ‘research’);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SELECT * FROM DEPT,EMP WHERE DNAME=ANY(SELECT DNAME FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME='SALES' OR DNAME=’RESEARCH’); Select * from emp where dname = any(select dname from emp where Dname like(‘sales’,’research’)); SUBQUERY RETURNING MULTIPLE COLUMNS SELECT ENAME,JOB,MGR FROM EMP WHERE (JOB,MGR) IN(SELECT JOB,MGR FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7788);
EXPRESSIONS WITH SUBQUERIES SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL=(SELECT SAL+50 FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='JONES'); ROWID For each row in the database, the ROWID pseudocolumn returns a row address. ROWID values contain information necessary to locate a row: * which data block in the data file * which row in the data block (first row is 0) * which data file (first file is 1) ROWNUM For each row returned by a query, the ROWNUM pseudocolumn returns a number indicating the order in which Oracle selects the row from a table or set of joined rows. The first row selected has a ROWNUM Of 1, the second has 2, and so on. CORRELATED SUBQUERY FIRST TRY USING MAX 5TH HIGHEST SALARY SELECT * FROM EMP A WHERE 5=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP B WHERE A.SAL<=B.SAL); DELETE DUPLICATE DEPARTMENT NUMBERS DELETE FROM DEPT A WHERE ROWID NOT IN (SELECT MIN(ROWID) FROM DEPT B WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO); DISPLAY ALTERNATE ROWS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWID IN (SELECT DECODE(MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,ROWID) FROM EMP); TO DISPLAY NTH HIGHEST SALARY xxxxxxx SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP A WHERE &N=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP B WHERE A.SAL<=B.SAL); SELECT * FROM EMP A WHERE &N=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL)
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries FROM EMP B WHERE A.SAL<=B.SAL); DELETE DUPLICATE OCCURENCES xxxxxxxx DELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO IN(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING COUNT(DEPTNO)>1); DELETE FROM emp A WHERE ROWID NOT IN(SELECT MIN(ROWID) FROM emp WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO); Hirearchy select lpad(' ',level-1)||ename from emp START WITH job = 'PRESIDENT' CONNECT BY PRIOR EMPNO = MGR; DISPLAY from NTH ROW XXX
SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE ROWID NOT IN(SELECT ROWID FROM DEPT WHERE ROWNUM<=(SELECT COUNT(*)-&N FROM DEPT));
DISPLAY DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHOSE SAL IS GREATER THAN AVG(SAL) OF EMPLOYEES IN RESPECTIVE DEPTS SELECT A.ENAME,A.DEPTNO,A.SAL FROM EMP A,EMP B WHERE B.SAL> ANY(SELECT AVG(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP B GROUP BY DEPTNO); ???? displaying duplicate rows. DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHERE SAL> LOWEST SAL OF EMPLOYEES IN DEPTNO 20 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL> ANY(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20); SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL> ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20); DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHERE SAL> HIGHEST SAL OF EMPLOYEES IN DEPTNO 20 DECLARE NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE; DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE:='&JOB'; BEGIN SELECT ENAME,SAL,JOB INTO NAME,SALARY ,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE JOB=DESIG; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME||' '||SALARY||' '||DESIG); END; QUESTIONS : 1.display name,hiredate of all employees using cursors 2.DISPLAY DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHO ARE CLERKS >>> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB=ANY(SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE JOB=’CLERKS’);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 3.DISPLAY DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHEN DEPTNO IS 10. >>> SELECT * FROM EMP,DEPT WHERE DEPTNO=10; 4. EXAMPLES FOR %FOUND
A B
C
5.*ASSIGNMENT CLERK 200/-INCREMENT MANAGER INSERT TO TEMP ANALYST DELETE SALESMAN AND ANNSAL>15000 300/- DECREMENT 6. EXAMPLE FOR %ISOPEN 7.EXAMPLE FOR C1%ROWCOUNT (7 A, 7 B)* display first 5 records 8.
display details of first 5 highly paid employees
9.EVEN ROWS 10.NTH ROW 11.CURSOR USING FOR LOOP 12.IF ANNSAL>10000 AND JOB=CLERK INCOME TAX IS 10%,IF ANNSAL>15000 AND JOB=SALESMAN TAX IS 20%,IF ANNSAL>10000 AND JOB=MANAGAER INCOME TAX IS 30%,ELSE A MESSAGE <10000. 13 CURSOR PARAMETERS TO PASS EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND GET THE DETAILS 14 PASS JOB & GET THE DETAILS 15 PASS DEPTNO AND JOB AND GET THE DETIALS 16 CURSOR LOCKS 17 EXAMPLE FOR IMPLICIT CURSORS 18 INSERT WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS 19 UPDATE AND SELECT WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS 20 DELETE WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS 21.DISPLAY NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WITH SAL IN DESCENDING ORDER WITHOUT USING ORDER BY 22.DISPLAY JOB CATEGORIES ,COUNT(JOB) AND SUM(SAL) FROM EMP Answers: 1. display name,hiredate of all employees using cursors DECLARE cursor c1 is select ename, hiredate from emp; name varchar(20); hdate date; begin open c1; loop fetch c1 into name,hdate; exit when c1%NOTFOUND;
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SQL Queries dbms_output.put_line(name||' '||hdate); end loop; close c1; end; (VERY IMPORTANT POINT TO BE NOTED IS THAT EXIT WHEN CONDITION IS SATISFIED WHEN THE FETCH RETURNS FALSE AND WE WILL COME OUT OF LOOP WHEN EXIT CONDITION IS TRUE.) 4. EXAMPLES FOR %FOUND DECLARE cursor c1 is select ename,sal,DEPTNO from emp WHERE DEPTNO=10; name varchar(20); sl number; dno number; begin open c1; loop fetch c1 into name,sl,dno ; IF c1%notFOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR IS NOT FOUND'); exit; elsif c1%found then DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('FOUND'||' '||C1%ROWCOUNT); --INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(NAME,SL,DNO); END IF; end loop; close c1; end; 4B DECLARE cursor c1 is select * from emp WHERE DEPTNO=&deptno; a emp%rowtype; begin open c1; LOOP fetch c1 into a; IF c1%FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.ENAME||' '||A.SAL||' '||A.DEPTNO); else EXIT; END IF; END LOOP; close c1; end; 4C DECLARE cursor c1 is select * from emp WHERE DEPTNO=&deptno; a emp%rowtype; begin open c1; loop
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries fetch c1 into a; IF not c1%FOUND THEN exit; else DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(a.ename||' '||a.sal); END IF; end loop; close c1; end; 5.CLERK 200/-INCREMENT MANAGER INSERT NAME,SAL TO TEMP ANALYST DELETE SALESMAN AND ANNSAL>15000 300/- INCREMENT DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; IF A.JOB='CLERK' THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=A.SAL+200 WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; COMMIT; ELSIF A.JOB='MANAGER' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ROW INSERTED'); INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(A.ENAME,A.JOB,A.SAL); COMMIT; ELSIF A.JOB='ANALYST' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ROW DELETED'); DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; COMMIT; ELSIF A.JOB='SALESMAN' AND A.SAL*12>5000 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ROW SALESMAN UPDATED'); UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+300 WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; COMMIT; ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NO CHANGES'); END IF; END LOOP; CLOSE C1; END; CREATE TABLE TEMP( A VARCHAR2(10),B VARCHAR2(10),C NUMBER(7,2)); 6. EXAMPLE FOR %ISOPEN DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN IF C1%ISOPEN THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR ALREADY OPEN'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR IS YET TO BE OPENED'); OPEN C1; END IF; LOOP
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.SAL||' '||A.ENAME||' '||A.JOB); END LOOP; CLOSE C1; END; 6. B IF NOT C1%ISOPEN OPEN C1; ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR IS NOT OPEN'); END IF;
7.EXAMPLE FOR C1%ROWCOUNT display first 5 records /// Can be used for counting the no of rows at the target table loaded, when the session is broken in middle. DECLARE cursor c1 is select * from emp; a c1%rowtype; begin open c1; loop fetch c1 into a; exit when c1%rowcount>6; dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job||' '||C1%ROWCOUNT); end loop; close c1; end; 7 B other method for above pgm DECLARE cursor c1 is select * from emp; a c1%rowtype; begin open c1; loop fetch c1 into a; exit when c1%notfound; if c1%rowcount<=6 then dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job); end if; end loop; close c1; end;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 8 display details of first 5 highly paid employees
Satyam , I flex
DECLARE cursor c1 is select * from emp order by sal desc; a c1%rowtype; begin open c1; loop fetch c1 into a; exit when c1%rowcount>6; dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job||' '||C1%ROWCOUNT); end loop; close c1; end; 9. display only even rows DECLARE cursor c1 is select * from emp ; a c1%rowtype; begin open c1; loop fetch c1 into a; exit when c1%notfound; if mod(c1%rowcount,2)=0 then dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job); end if; end loop; close c1; end; (for odd rows change 0 to 1); 10 display nth row DECLARE cursor c1 is select * from emp ; a c1%rowtype; n number; begin n:=&n; open c1; loop fetch c1 into a; exit when c1%notfound; if c1%rowcount=n then dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job); end if; end loop; close c1; end; 11 cursor using for loop declare cursor c2 is select * from emp; begin
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries for a in c2 loop dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job); end loop; end; 12. IF ANNSAL>10000 AND JOB=CLERK INCOME TAX IS 10%,IF ANNSAL>15000 AND JOB=SALESMAN TAX IS 20%,IF ANNSAL>10000 AND JOB=MANAGAER INCOME TAX IS 30%,ELSE A MESSAGE <10000 alter table emp add(it number(3)); declare cursor c1 is select * from EMP; a c1%rowtype; begin open c1; loop fetch c1 into a; exit when c1%notfound; if a.sal*12>10000 and a.job='CLERK' THEN UPDATE EMP SET IT=A.SAL*12*0.1 WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; ELSIF A.SAL*12>15000 AND A.JOB ='SALESMAN' THEN UPDATE EMP SET IT=A.SAL*12*0.2 WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; ELSIF A.SAL*12>10000 AND A.JOB='MANAGER' THEN UPDATE EMP SET IT=A.SAL*12*0.3 WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; ELSIF A.SAL*12<10000 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.ENAME||' '||'SAL< 10000'); END IF; END LOOP; COMMIT; CLOSE C1; END; 13 CURSOR PARAMETERS TO PASS EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND GET THE DETAILS DECLARE CURSOR C1( z NUMBER) IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=z; A C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1(&DEPTNO); LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.ENAME||' '||A.DEPTNO||' '||A.SAL); END LOOP; CLOSE C1; END; 14 TO PASS JOB AND GET THE DETAILS DECLARE CURSOR C1( A VARCHAR) IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB=A; A C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1('&AJOB'); LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.JOB||' '||A.ENAME||' '||A.EMPNO||' ||A.SAL); END LOOP;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries CLOSE C1; END; NOTE :it will not take job in uppercase so upper(job)=upper(a) 15. TO PASS DESIGNATION AND DEPTNO AND GET THE DETAILS DECLARE CURSOR C1(A NUMBER,B VARCHAR) IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=A AND JOB=B; A C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1(&ADETNO,'&BJOB'); LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.ENAME||' '||A.JOB||' '||A.SAL||' END LOOP; CLOSE C1; END;
||A.DEPTNO);
16 CURSOR LOCKING DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP FOR UPDATE OF SAL; A C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.JOB||' '||A.ENAME||' '||A.SAL||' '||A.DEPTNO); IF A.JOB='CLERK' THEN UPDATE EMP SET JOB='FDC' WHERE empno=a.empno; end if; end loop; close c1; end; 17 EXAMPLE FOR IMPLICIT CURSORS DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C1%ROWCOUNT||' '||SQL%ROWCOUNT||' '||A.ENAME); END LOOP;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries CLOSE C1; END; (YOU WILL NOT GET THE OUTPUT BECAUSE SQL%ROWCOUNT WILL RETURN A VALUE ONLY WHEN THE PREVIOUS DML OPERATION IS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETLE) 18. IMPLICIT CURSOR WITH INSERT CREATE TABLE TEMP(A VARCHAR2(10),B NUMBER(7,2), C VARCHAR2(10)); DECLARE CURSOR C2 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C2%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN C2; LOOP FETCH C2 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C2%NOTFOUND; INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(A.ENAME,A.SAL,A.JOB); IF SQL%FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT||' '||C2%ROWCOUNT||' '|| A.SAL||' '||A.ENAME); ELSE EXIT; END IF ; END LOOP; CLOSE C2; END; 19 DELETE WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS DECLARE BEGIN DELETE FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT); END; 20. UPDATE AND SELECT WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS DECLARE A EMP%ROWTYPE; BEGIN SELECT * INTO A FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7788; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('AFTER SELECT SQLCOUNT'|| ' '||SQL%ROWCOUNT); UPDATE EMP SET DEPTNO=99 WHERE DEPTNO=10; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('AFTER UPDATE SQLCOUNT'|| ' '||SQL%ROWCOUNT); END; OUTPUT IS AFTER SELECT SQLCOUNT 1 AFTER UPDATE SQLCOUNT 3 21.DISPLAY NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WITH SAL IN DESCENDING ORDER WITHOUT USING ORDER BY DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C1%ROWTYPE; N NUMBER; BEGIN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries OPEN C1; SELECT MAX(SAL) INTO N FROM EMP; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(N); SELECT MAX(SAL) INTO N FROM EMP WHERE SAL
0 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD IS ALREADY EXISTS'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THERE IS NO RECORD'); END IF; END LOOP; END; DECLARE RDA AREAS.RADIUS%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT RADIUS INTO RDA FROM AREAS WHERE RADIUS =345; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD NOT FOUND'); END; Database objects
TABLES, VIEWS, SYNONYM,
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
INDEX, CLUSTER, SEQUENCE, PROCEDURE, FUNCTION PACKAGE, TRIGGER
VIEWS
A logical table based on one or more tables or views It is a Virtual table. Any changes made on Table reflects over the View & vice versa No data of its own No Redundancy and Security
1.CREATE VIEW EV AS SELECT * FROM EMP; 2.CREATE VIEW EV1 AS SELECT ENAME,EMPNO,DEPTNO FROM EMP; 3.CREATE VIEW EV2(EMPNO,SALARY) AS SELECT EMPNO,SAL FROM EMP; 4.CREATE VIEW EM1 AS SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO,EMPNO,JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20; READ ONLY VIEW VIEWS WITH GROUP BY,ORDER BY ,AGG , PRIMARY KEY AND CHECK CONSTRAINTS. THE VIEW BECOMES A READ ONLY VIEW. 1. CREATE VIEW EV AS SELECT DEPTNO,COUNT(*) COUNT FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO; 2. CREATE VIEW EM1 AS SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO,EMPNO,JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT CK1;
FORCED VIEWS CREATE FORCE VIEW ABC AS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL FROM EMPOP; SEE THE VIEWS SELECT * FROM ; DROP VIEW ABC; SELECT * FROM USER_VIEW; CREATE VIEW MAG AS SELECT M.MNO,M.NAME,MA.GP,MA.NP FROM MAGI M,MAG MA ; SYNONYMS A synonym is an alternative name for a table, view, sequence, procedure, stored function.
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SQL Queries 1).Public synonym 2).Private synonym Changes done on original table will reflect the changes on synonym table and vice versa. CREATE SYNONYM Z FOR EMP; CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM VV FOR EMP; DROP SYNONYM Z; SELECT * FROM USER_SYNONYMS WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP'; //// Use CAPS for EMP INDEXES An index is a database object that contains an entry for each value that appears in the indexed column(s) of the table or cluster and provides direct, fast access to rows. PRIMARY KEY AUTOMATICALLY INDEXED HAS ITS EFFECT ON LARGER TABLES CREATE INDEX AB ON EMP(EMPNO); SELECT * FROM USER_INDEXES WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP'; IF YOU WANT TO INDEX A PRIMARY KEY COLUMN FIRST JUST DISABLE IT DROP INDEX AB; SEQUENCES A sequence is a database object from which multiple users may generate unique integers.You can use sequences to automatically generate primary key values. 1.CREATE SEQUENCE S1 INCREMENT BY 10 START WITH 10 MAXVALUE 50 2.CREATE SEQUENCE S5 INCREMENT BY 10 START WITH 10 MAXVALUE 50 MINVALUE 5 CYCLE CACHE 2; 3.CREATE SEQUENCE S5 INCREMENT BY –2 START WITH 10 MAXVALUE 20 MINVALUE –5 CYCLE CACHE 2; 4.CREATE SEQUENCE S6 INCREMENT BY –2 START WITH 6 MAXVALUE 20 MINVALUE –4 CYCLE CACHE 2; SELECT * FROM USER_SEQUENCES WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP'; DROP SEQUENCE S6;
CLUSTERS A cluster is a schema object that contains one or more tables that all have one or more columns in common. 1. create cluster c44(deptno number); 2. create table EMPC44(Eno number(9),deptno number, SAL NUMBER(7,2),HIREDATE DATE)cluster c44(deptno); 3. create table DMPC44(deptno number,DNAME VARCHAR2(10), LOC VARCHAR2(10))cluster c44(deptno); 4. create index c1i on cluster c4;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries tcl commands grant, revoke grant privilege on tablename to username (PRIVILEGES THAT CAN BE GRANTED ARE SELECT , UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT ALTER,REFERENCE,INDEX) 1. GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO SAVITHA 2. GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO SAVITHA WITH GRANT OPTION REVOKE ALL ON EMP FROM GEETHA; COMMIT, ROLLBACK , SAVEPOINT SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT; DEPTNO DNAME LOC --------- -------------- ------------10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 50 CS MYSORE SQL> SAVEPOINT A; Savepoint created. SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(60,'IP','BANGALORE'); 1 row created. SQL> SAVEPOINT B; Savepoint created. SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(70,'IT','GOA'); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT; DEPTNO DNAME LOC --------- -------------- ------------10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 50 CS MYSORE 60 IP BANGALORE 70 IT GOA 7 rows selected. SQL> ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT B;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries Rollback complete. SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT; DEPTNO DNAME LOC --------- -------------- ------------10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 50 CS MYSORE 60 IP BANGALORE 6 rows selected.
Triggers: A database trigger is a stored PL/SQL program unit associated with a specific database table. Oracle executes (fires) the database trigger automatically whenever a given SQL operation affects the table. So,unlike subprograms, which must be invoked explicitly, database triggers are invoked implicitly. Among other things, you can use database triggers to
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
audit data modifications log events transparently enforce complex business rules derive column values automatically implement complex security authorizations maintain replicate tables . CREATE TRIGGER AFTER UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE OF ON FOR EACH ROW BEGIN --------executable statements; --------END;
DATABASE TRIGGERS 1. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH WILLN'T ALLOW THE USER TO INSERT,UPDATE OR DELETE BETWEEN NIGHT 7 AND MORNING 6 2. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH FIRES IF YOU TRY TO INSERT , UPDATE OR DELETE AFTER 7'O' CLOCK. 3. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER BEFORE INSERTING VALUES ON TO EMP TABLE IF DEPTNO DOES NOT EXIST IN DEPT THEN RAISE THE ERROR. 4. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO ILLUSTRATE TABLE LEVEL AND ROW LEVEL TRIGGERS. 5. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH ACTS JUST LIKE PRIMARY KEY AND DOES NOT ALLOW DUPLICATE VALUE. 6. CREATE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH PERFORMS THE ACTION OF THE ON DELETE CASCADE; 7. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO INSERT DISTINCT EMPLOYEE NUMBER TO EMP TABLE (BEFORE INSERT) 8.
WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO UPDATE THE SAL FIELD.IF SAL IS MORE THAN 5000 OR LESS THAN 1000 THEN RAISE THE ERROR.(BEFORE UPDATE).
9.
WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHERE WHEN CONDITION IS SPECIFIED. WHEN JOB IS MANAGER THEN CHECK FOR SALARY. IF SAL IS <1000 THEN RAISE THE ERROR.
10. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT DELETE FROM EMP TABLE IF THE DAY IS SUNDAY. 11. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT ALLOW US TO UPDATE IF WE ARE DOING TRANSACTIONS IN LAST DAY OF THE MONTH 12. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGERS WHICH INSERTS THE EMPNO AND DEPTNO
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries INTO TEMP TABLE(AFTER INSERT) 13. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER USING INSERTING AND UPDATING WE SHOULD NOT INSERT ON SUNDAY AND WE SHOULD NOT UPDATE ON LAST DAY OF THE MONTH. 14. UPDATE EMP TABLE AND CHANGE OLD DEPTNO TO NEW DEPTNO. IF OLD DEPTNO IS 20 THEN DELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO IS EQUAL TO NEW DEPTNO 15. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO DELETE FROM DEPT TABLE .AFTER DELETING INSERT THE OLD VALUES TO A TABLE. 16. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT DELETE THE ROW IF THE MONTH IS APRIL. 17. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH FIRES BEFORE PERFORMING INSERT OR UPDATE OPERATIONS. IF THE JOB IS MANAGER THEN HIS SALARY SHOULD BE IN THE GRADE 5.ELSE RAISE THE APPLICATION ERROR. 1. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH WILLN'T ALLOW THE USER TO INSERT,UPDATE OR DELETE BETWEEN NIGHT 7 AND MORNING 6 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER GEETIME BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON EMP for each row DECLARE A VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN --select to_char(sysdate,'hh24') into a from dual; A:=TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24'); IF TO_NUMBER(A) > 19 OR TO_NUMBER(A) < 7 then RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20500,'YOU CANT DO THIS OPERATION NOW'); END IF; END; 2.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH FIRES IF YOU TRY TO INSERT ,UPDATE OR DELETE AFTER 7'O' CLOCK CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER GEETIME BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON EMP for each row DECLARE A VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH:MI') INTO A FROM DUAL; IF A > '06:00' then RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20500,'YOU CANT DO THIS OPERATION NOW'); END IF; END; 2.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER BEFORE INSERTING VALUES ON TO EMP TABLE IF DEPTNO DOES NOT EXIST IN DEPT THEN RAISE THE ERROR. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER IEMP BEFORE INSERT ON EMP FOR EACH ROW DECLARE A NUMBER; BEGIN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO=:NEW.DEPTNO; IF A=0 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20300,'PARENT KEY IS NOT EXISTING'); ELSE PRINT('RECORD IS ALREADY INSERTED'); END IF; END; OUTPUT OF THE QUERY IS AS BELOW SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(23,44); INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(23,44) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-20300: PARENT KEY IS NOT EXISTING ORA-06512: at "GEETHA.IEMP", line 6 ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'GEETHA.IEMP' 3.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO ILLUSTRATE TABLE LEVEL AND ROW LEVEL TRIGGERS. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER UPTABLE BEFORE update ON EMP BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('UPDATE ON TABLE IS FIRED'); END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER UPROW BEFORE UPDATE ON EMP FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('UPDATE ON ROW IS FIRED'); END; 4.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH ACTS JUST LIKE PRIMARY KEY AND DOES NOT ALLOW DUPLICATE VALUES CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER PRIKEY BEFORE INSERT ON EMP FOR EACH ROW DECLARE A NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=:NEW.EMPNO; IF A >=1 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_eRROR(-20500,'THE PRI KEY RULE IS VOILATED'); ELSIF A=0 THEN PRINT('RECORD IS INSERTED'); END IF; END; SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(7788,20); INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(7788,20) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-20500: THE PRI KEY RULE IS VOILATED
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries ORA-06512: at "GEETHA.PRIKEY", line 6 ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'GEETHA.PRIKEY' SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(77,20); 1 row created. 5. CREATE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH PERFORMS THE ACTION OF THE ON DELETE CASCADE; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER DELDEPT AFTER DELETE ON DEPT FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DELETE FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:OLD.DEPTNO; PRINT('RECORDS IN EMP ARE ALSO DELETED'); END; 6.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO INSERT DISTINCT EMPLOYEE NUMBER TO EMP TABLE (BEFORE INSERT) CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER PRIM_UNIQUE BEFORE INSERT ON emp FOR EACH ROW DECLARE NO NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT NVL(MAX(EMPNO),0)+1 INTO NO FROM EMP; :NEW.EMPNO:=NO; END; 7.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO UPDATE THE SAL FIELD.IF SAL IS MORE THAN 5000 OR LESS THAN 1000 THEN RAISE THE ERROR.(BEFORE UPDATE). CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER CHECK_SAL BEFORE update ON emp FOR EACH ROW BEGIN if :new.sal <1000 or :new.sal>5000 then raise_application_error(-20001,'check sal '); end if; END; 8.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHERE WHEN CONDITION IS SPECIFIED. WHEN JOB IS MANAGER THEN CHECK FOR SALARY. IF SAL IS <1000 THEN RAISE THE ERROR. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER EMPNO_CHECK BEFORE INSERT ON emp FOR EACH ROW when (NEW.job='MANAGER') BEGIN if :new.SAL<1000 THEN raise_application_error(-20001,'PLEASE INCREASE THE SALARY '); end if; END; 9.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT DELETE FROM EMP TABLE IF THE DAY IS SUNDAY. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER EMPNO_CHECK
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries BEFORE DELETE ON emp BEGIN if to_char(sysdate,'dAy')='SUNDAY' then raise_application_error(-20001,'TO DAY IS SUNDAY '); end if; END; 10.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT ALLOW US TO UPDATE IF WE ARE DOING TRANSACTIONS IN LAST DAY OF THE MONTH CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER EMPNO_CHECK BEFORE UPDATE ON emp BEGIN if to_char(sysdate)=LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) then raise_application_error(-20001,'TO DAY IS LAST DAY OF MONTH'); end if; END; 11.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGERS WHICH INSERTS THE EMPNO AND DEPTNO INTO TEMP TABLE(AFTER INSERT) CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER AFTER_INS AFTER INSERT ON emp FOR EACH ROW BEGIN INSERT INTO TEMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO)VALUES(:NEW.EMPNO,:NEW.DEPTNO); END; 12.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER USING INSERTING AND UPDATING WE SHOULD NOT INSERT ON SUNDAY AND WE SHOULD NOT UPDATE ON LAST DAY OF THE MONTH. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER EMPNO_CHECK BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON emp FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF INSERTING THEN if to_char(sysdate,'dy')='mon' then raise_application_error(-20001,'TO DAY IS SUNDAY '); end if; end if; IF UPDATING THEN if to_char(sysdate)=LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) then raise_application_error(-20001,'TO DAY IS MONTHY LAST DAY so no updating '); end if; END IF; END;
13.UPDATE EMP TABLE AND CHANGE OLD DEPTNO TO NEW DEPTNO. IF OLD DEPTNO IS 20 THEN DELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO IS EQUAL TO NEW DEPTNO CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER AFTER_UPDATE AFTER UPDATE ON EMP FOR EACH ROW
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries BEGIN IF :OLD.DEPTNO=20 THEN DELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO=:NEW.DEPTNO; END IF; END; 14.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO DELETE FROM DEPT TABLE .AFTER DELETING INSERT THE OLD VALUES TO A TABLE. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER AFTER_delete AFTER delete ON DEPT FOR EACH ROW BEGIN insert into dept1 values(:old.deptno,:old.dname,:old.loc); END; 15.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT DELETE THE ROW IF THE MONTH IS APRIL. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER month_CHECK BEFORE DELETE ON emp BEGIN if to_char(sysdate,'month')='july' then raise_application_error(-20001,'this month is holiday '); end if; END; 16.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH FIRES BEFORE PERFORMING INSERT OR UPDATE OPERATIONS. IF THE JOB IS MANAGER THEN HIS SALARY SHOULD BE IN THE GRADE 5.ELSE RAISE THE APPLICATION ERROR. create or replace trigger jobgrade before insert or update of JOB,SAL on emp for each row when (new.job='MANAGER') declare lo number; hi number; begin select losal,hisal into lo,hi from salgrade where grade=5; if :new.sal>lo and :new.sal
EXTRA INFORMATION FOR MISS.MG create or replace trigger days before delete on emp declare
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries a number:=to_number(to_char(sysdate,'d')) ; dummy varchar(20); begin if NOT a in(1,6) then raise_application_error(-20002,'today no transaction'); else begin select user into dummy from dual; if dummy <>'geetha' then raise_application_error(-20004,'NOT A PROPER USER'); else db('a proper user '); end if; end; end if; end; declare dummy varchar(20); begin select user into dummy from dual; if dummy <>'GEETHA' then raise_application_error(-20002,'today no transaction'); else db('a proper user '); end if; exception when no_data_found then db('no data found'); end; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER T2 BEFORE INSERT ON EMP FOR EACH ROW DECLARE A NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:NEW.DEPTNO; IF A>=1 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20101,'PRIMARY KEY VIOLATION'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('VALUE INSERTED'); END IF; END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER DELDEPT AFTER DELETE ON DEPT FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DELETE EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:OLD.DEPTNO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SDFSDF'); END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER CHECK_SAL BEFORE update ON emp FOR EACH ROW BEGIN if :new.sal <1000 or :new.sal>5000 then raise_application_error(-20001,'check sal '); end if;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries END; EXCEPTION --------PRE-DEFINED : ----------NO_DATA_FOUND TOO_MANY_ROWS VALUE_ERROR
A NUMBER(3) A:=1000;
INVALID_NUMBER
A NUMBER
A:='XXX'
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN INVALID_CURSOR ZERO_ERROR
100/0
STORAGE_ERROR PROGRAM_ERROR LOGIN_DENIED DUP_VAL_INDEX
VIOLATING UNIQUE
USER-DEFINED EXCEPTION -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VALUE_ERROR: ----------DECLARE S1 NUMBER; BEGIN A:=1000; SELECT SAL INTO S1 FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=700; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(S1); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NO SUCH EMPLOYEE'); WHEN VALUE_ERROR THEN A:=100; UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+A; END; ---------------------------------------------------------------------
USER-DEFINED EXCEPTION ---------------------DECLARE A1 EXCEPTION; S1 EMP.SAL%TYPE;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries BEGIN SELECT SAL INTO S1 FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7900; RAISE A1; EXCEPTION WHEN A1 THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=S1+2000 WHERE EMPNO=7900; END; --------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARE RAD NUMBER; AREA2 NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT RADIUS,AREA INTO RAD,AREA2 FROM TEST1 WHERE RADIUS IN(10,20); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RAD||AREA2); EXCEPTION WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('TOO MANY ROWS'); END;
1. WRITE A FUCTION TO DISPLAY THE SYSTEM TIME AND THE CORRESPONDING PL/SQL BLOCK. 2. (STORED FUNCTION) WRITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY THE JOB WHEN THE NUMBER IS PASSED WRITE A FUNCTION TO ACCEPT NAME AND PRINT JOB 3. WRITE A FUCTION TO ADD 2 NUMBERS. (STORED FUNCTION) WRITE A FUNCTION TO CHECK WHETHER NUMBER IS EVEN OR ODD 4. (LOCAL FUNCTION) WRITE A FUNCTION TO GET SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED.
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 5. WRITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE IN OUT PARAMETERS. 6. EXAMPLE FOR IN PARAMETER 7. WRITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE OUT PARAMETER. WRITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY NAME,JOB AND SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED 8. IF ANNSAL>10000 TAX IS 10% IF ANNSAL>15000 TAX IS 20% IF ANNSAL>20000 INCOME TAX IS 30% ELSE INCOME TAX IS ZERO. 9. WRITE A FUNCTION TO FIND THE FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER 10. WRITE A BLOCK TO CALCULATE GROSS SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED. GROSS=BASIC+HRA(30%)+DA(50%)-PF(10%) 11. WRITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN THE AVERAGE SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES.IF THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ARE MORE THAN 2 THEN ONLY CALCULATE THE AVERAGE. 12. write a pl/sql block to delete a record. If delete operation is successful return 1 else return 0. 13. write a pl/sql block to pass the employee number and the increment amount.FUNCTION SHOULD RETURN THE NET SALARY. 14. write a pl/sql block to illustrate default as in parameter.
*********************************************************************************** FUNCTIONS ~~~~~~~~~ 1. WRITE A FUCTION TO DISPLAY THE SYSTEM TIME AND THE CORRESPONDING PL/SQL BLOCK. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION TIME1 RETURN VARCHAR IS TIM VARCHAR(10); BEGIN SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH:MI:SS') INTO TIM FROM DUAL; RETURN TIM; END; DECLARE AB VARCHAR(30); BEGIN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries AB:=TIME1; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(AB); END; _________________________________________________________________________ 2.(STORED FUNCTION) WRITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY THE JOB WHEN THE NUMBER IS PASSED CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION SAL (N NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR IS DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT JOB INTO DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; RETURN DESIG; END; SELECT SAL(&N) FROM DUAL; IF YOU GIVE THE VALUE FOR N IMMEDIATELY VALUE WILL BE DISPLAYED. DECLARE A VARCHAR(10); BEGIN A:=SAL(&EMPNO); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A); END; _____________________ WRITE A FUNCTION TO ACCEPT NAME AND PRINT JOB S CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN(N VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS J VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN SELECT JOB INTO J FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=N; RETURN J; END; Declare A varchar2(25); B varchar2(25); Begin A:= fun(&b); Dbms_output.put_line(a); End; _________________________________________________________________________ 3.(STORED FUNCTION) WRITE A FUNCTION TO CHECK WHETHER NUMBER IS EVEN OR ODD CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION EV_ODD(N NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR IS BEGIN IF MOD(N,2)=0 THEN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries RETURN('NUMBER IS EVEN'); ELSE RETURN('NUMBER IS ODD'); END IF; END; DECLARE NO_TEST NUMBER:=&NO_TEST; MES VARCHAR(25); BEGIN MES:=EV_ODD(NO_tEST); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(MES); END; ______________________ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ADD1(N1 NUMBER,N2 NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS RES NUMBER; BEGIN RES:=N1+N2; RETURN RES; END; SELECT ADD1(2,3) FROM DUAL; OR YOU CAN ALSO HAVE A PL/SQL BLOCK TO EXECUTE THE FUNCTION. _________________________________________________________________________ 4.(LOCAL FUNCTION) WRITE A FUNCTION TO GET SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED. DECLARE A NUMBER; FUNCTION F1(N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT SAL INTO SALARY FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; RETURN SALARY; END; BEGIN A:=F1(&N); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A); END; _________________________________________________________________________ 5. WRITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE IN OUT PARAMETERS. create or replace function FUN(n IN OUT number) return number IS BEGIN N:=N+10; RETURN N; END;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
declare n1 number :=10; n2 number; begin n2 :=fun(n1); dbms_output.put_line(n2); end;
_________________________________________________________________________ 6. EXAMPLE FOR IN PARAMETER CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN1(N IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS SALARY NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT SAL INTO SALARY FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; RETURN SALARY; END; DECLARE SALARY NUMBER(7,2); BEGIN SALARY:=FUN1(7788); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(SALARY); END; _________________________________________________________________________ 7. --WRITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE OUT PARAMETER. --WRITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY NAME,JOB AND SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN5(DESIG EMP.EMPNO%TYPE,SALARY OUT EMP.SAL%TYPE, S OUT EMP.JOB%TYPE) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS NAME VARCHAR(30); BEGIN SELECT ENAME,JOB,SAL INTO NAME,S,SALARY FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=DESIG; RETURN NAME; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN RETURN ('ERROR'); END; DECLARE A EMP.EMPNO%TYPE:=&EMPNO; B VARCHAR(30);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries C VARCHAR(30); D NUMBER(8,2); BEGIN B:=FUN5(A,D,C); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A||' '||B||' '||C||' '||d); END; OUTPUT OF THE QUERY IS Enter value for empno: 7900 old 2: A EMP.EMPNO%TYPE:=&EMPNO; new 2: A EMP.EMPNO%TYPE:=7900; Commit complete. 7900 JAMES CLERK 950 _________________________________________________________________________ 8. IF ANNSAL>10000 TAX IS 10% IF ANNSAL>15000 TAX IS 20% IF ANNSAL>20000 INCOME TAX IS 30% ELSE INCOME TAX IS ZERO. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION INCOMETAX(N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS SC NUMBER; ANN NUMBER; IT NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT SAL+NVL(COMM,0) INTO SC FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; ANN:=SC*12; IF ANN>10000 AND ANN<15000 THEN IT:=ANN*0.1; ELSIF ANN>15000 AND ANN<20000 THEN IT:=ANN*0.2; ELSIF ANN>20000 THEN IT:=ANN*0.3; ELSE IT:=0; END IF; RETURN IT; END; DECLARE IT NUMBER; BEGIN IT:=INCOMETAX(&EMPNO); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('INCOME TAX OF THE EMPLOYEE IS'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(IT); END; _________________________________________________________________________ 9. --WRITE A FUNCTION TO FIND THE FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FACT( N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS F NUMBER:=1; BEGIN FOR I IN 1..N LOOP F:=F*I; END LOOP; RETURN F; END; DECLARE RESULT NUMBER; N NUMBER:=&N; BEGIN RESULT:= FACT(N); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('FACTORIAL OF'|| N || 'IS'||RESULT); END; OR SELECT FACT(4) FROM DUAL; _________________________________________________________________________ 10. WRITE A BLOCK TO CALCULATE GROSS SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED. GROSS=BASIC+HRA(30%)+DA(50%)-PF(10%) CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION GROSS(N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS S NUMBER; HRA NUMBER; DA NUMBER; PF NUMBER; gross NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT SAL INTO S FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; HRA:=S*0.3; DA:=S*0.5; PF:=S*0.1; gross:=S+HRA+DA-PF; RETURN gross; END; DECLARE GROSS1 NUMBER; ENO NUMBER:=&EMPNO; SALARY NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT SAL INTO SALARY FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('BEFORE FUNCTION CALL SALARY IS'||' '||SALARY); GROSS1:=GROSS(ENO); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('AFTER FUNCTION CALL SALARY IS'||' '||GROSS1); END; OR SQL> SELECT GROSS(7934) FROM DUAL;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries GROSS(7934) ----------2210 _________________________________________________________________________ 11. WRITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN THE AVERAGE SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES.IF THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ARE MORE THAN 2 THEN ONLY CALCULATE THE AVERAGE. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION AVSAL(N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS CO1 NUMBER; AG NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO CO1 FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=N; IF N>2 THEN SELECT AVG(SAL) INTO AG FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=N; END IF; RETURN AG; END; DECLARE N NUMBER:=&DEPTNO; ASAL NUMBER; BEGIN ASAL:=AVSAL(N); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('AVERAGE SALARY OF DEPTNO'||' '||N||' IS '||ASAL); END; _________________________________________________________________________ 12. --write a pl/sql block to delete a record. If delete operation ISsuccessful return 1 else return 0.
--
create or replace function fun3(n emp.empno%type) return number is a number; begin delete from emp where empno=n; if sql%found then return 1; else return 0; end if; --exception --when no_data_found then --return 100; end; declare n number; begin n:=fun3(&empno);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries dbms_output.put_Line(n); if n=0 then dbms_output.put_line('deletion unsuccessfull'); elsif n=1 then dbms_output.put_line('deletion successfull'); end if; end; _________________________________________________________________________ 13. write a pl/sql block to pass the employee number and the increment amount . FUNCTION SHOULD RETURN THE NET SALARY create or replace function raise_sal(eno number,incre number) return number is a number; begin select count(*) into a from emp where empno=eno; if a=0 then raise_application_error(-20300,'employee does not exist'); else update emp set sal=sal+incre where empno=eno; select sal into a from emp where empno=eno; end if; return a; end; declare netsal number; begin netsal:=raise_sal(&empno,&salary); dbms_output.put_line('Net salary is'||' '||netsal); end; _________________________________________________________________________ 14. write a pl/sql block to illustrate default as in parameter. create or replace function def(n number default 7369) return number is salary emp.sal%type; begin select sal into salary from emp where empno=n; return salary; end; select def from dual; _________________________________________________________________________
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
functions : 1) single row functions 2) multiple row functions(group)(aggregate) Single row functions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1) ARITHMETIC 2) CHARACTER 3) GENERAL 4) DATE 5) CONVERSION 1 ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ABs ceil(>n) floor(
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries sqrt trunc round (SIN,COS,TAN,SINH,LOG,LN) 2 CHARACTER FUNCTIONS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ INITCAP LOWER UPPER LPAD RPAD SOUNDEX LTRIM RTRIM SUBSTR LENGTH INSTR
CONCAT 3 GENERAL FUNCTIONS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NVL DECODE TRANSLATE REPLACE GREATEST LEAST 4 DATE FUNCTIONS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SYSDATE ADD_MONTHS MONTHS_BETWEEN LAST_DAY NEXT_DAY 5 CONVERSION FUNCTIONS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TO_DATE TO_CHAR TO_NUMBER GROUP FUNCTIONS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ COUNT SUM MAX MIN AVG SYMBOL DEFINITION ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ D NUMBER OF DAY IN WEEK(1-7 STARTS WITH SUNDAY)
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SQL Queries DD DAY IN NUMBERS DDD NUMBER OF DAYS SINCE JAN1 DAY DAY FULLY SPELT OUT DY FIRST 3 CHARACTERS OF THE DAY MM MONTH IN NUMBERS MONTH MONTH FULLY SPELT OUT MON MONTH IN 3 LETTERS WW NUMBER OF WEEKS OVER SINCE JAN 1 W NUMBER OF WEEKS OVER IN THAT MONTH Y 1 DIGIT YEAR YY 2 DIGIT YEAR YYY 3 DIGIT YEAR YYYY 4 DIGIT YEAR YEAR YEAR FULLY SPELT OUT HH HOUR MI MINUTES SS SECONDS SSSS MILLISECONDS HH24 24 HOUR FORMAT HH12 12 HOUR FORMAT FMDDTH 1ST,2ND,3RD ----(ORDINAL FORMAT) RM ROMAN NUMERAL MONTH FMDDSPTH SPELLED FORMAT (FIRST, SECOND, THIRD)
GROUP BY AND HAVING CLAUSE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1). NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES DEPTNOWISE 2). SUM OF SALARIES DEPTNOWISE 3). NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES JOBWISE 4). SUM,MAX,MIN AND AVG OF SAL JOBWISE 5). AVG(SAL) DEPTNOWISE WITH SAL>4000
query to select nth record ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Query to delete nth record ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ delete from emp where rowid in ( select rowid from emp where rownum<=&n
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries minus select rowid from emp where rownum<=&n-1); HBN select * from emp where rowid in ( select rowid from emp where rownum<=&n minus select rowid from emp where rownum<=&n-1); display n records in between ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CORRECT QUERY ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SELECT ROWNUM,ROWID,ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=&N MINUS SELECT ROWNUM,ROWID,ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=&N (TRIALS) ~~~~~~~~~ select rownum,rowid,empno,ename,job FROM EMP A WHERE ROWID IN ( (SELECT ROWID FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM <= (SELECT COUNT(*)-&N FROM EMP)) minus (select rowid from emp where rownum<= (select count(*) -&n from emp)) ); (SECOND TRIAL) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ select rownum,rowid,empno,ename,job FROM EMP A WHERE ROWID IN ( (SELECT ROWID FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM < (SELECT COUNT(*)-&N FROM EMP)) minus (select rowid from emp where rownum<= (select count(*) -&n from emp)) ); (THIRD TRIAL) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DELETE FROM EMP A WHERE ROWID IN ( ( SELECT ROWID FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=&N) MINUS (SELECT ROWID FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=&N) );
DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WHOSE JOB IS SAME AS THAT OF JONES. 1. Display the Details of all Employees along with their Department Information.
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries select e.* ,d.dname,d.deptno,d.loc from emp e,dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno; 2. Display the Details of all Employees who are Getting Salary Greater than the Salary of ADAMS select a.ename,a.sal,b.ename,b.sal from emp a,emp b where a.ename='FORD' AND B.SAL>A.SAL; SELECT ENAME,SAL,JOB FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='ADAMS'); 3. Display the details of all employees who are joined before 'FORD' SELECT A.ENAME,A.SAL,A.HIREDATE,B.ENAME,B.SAL,B.HIREDATE FROM EMP A,EMP B WHERE A.ENAME='FORD' AND B.HIREDATE B.HIREDATE AND A.HIREDATE(SELECT HIREDATE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='SMITH') AND HIREDATE <(SELECT HIREDATE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='MILLER'); 5. Display the Details of all employees along with their managers Name AND Employee Number. SELECT A.EMPNO,A.ENAME,A.JOB,B.JOB"REPORT",B.ENAME "REPNAME" FROM EMP A ,EMP B WHERE A.MGR=B.EMPNO; 6. Display the Details of all employees working in the same Department as 'FORD' select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from emp where ename='FORD'); select a.ename,a.sal,a.job,a.deptno
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries from emp a,emp b where a.deptno=b.deptno and b.ename='FORD'; 7. Display the details of all the employees who are Getting the Less commision than 'FORD.'. Consider NULL commision as '0' SQL> SELECT A.ENAME,A.COMM,B.COMM,B.ENAME 2 FROM EMP A,EMP B 3 WHERE NVL(A.COMM,0) >NVL(B.COMM,0) AND B.ENAME='FORD'; ENAME COMM COMM ENAME ---------- --------- --------- ---------ALLEN 300 FORD WARD 500 FORD MARTIN 1400 FORD SELECT a.ename oriname,a.comm oricomm, b.ename,b.comm from emp a,emp b WHERE A.COMM < B.COMM AND B.ENAME='MARTIN'; SELECT a.ename oriname,a.comm oricomm, b.ename,b.comm from emp a,emp b where NVL(a.comm,0)
10.
Display the details of all the employees who are in the SALES Department SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME='SALES'); SELECT A.ENAME,A.DEPTNO,A.JOB,B.DEPTNO,B.DNAME FROM EMP A,DEPT B WHERE B.DNAME='SALES' AND A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO;
11.
Display the details of all the employees who are not ANALYSTS and Getting Salary Greeater than 'CLARK';
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SELECT A.ENAME,A.JOB,A.SAL,B.ENAME,B.SAL,B.JOB FROM EMP A,EMP B WHERE A.JOB!='ANALYST' AND A.SAL >B.SAL AND B.ENAME='CLARK'; SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB NOT IN 'ANALYST' AND SAL > (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='CLARK'); 12.
Display All the employee Names along with their Manager. SELECT A.EMPNO,A.ENAME,A.JOB,B.ENAME MANAGER,B.JOB REPORTING FROM EMP A,EMP B WHERE A.MGR=B.EMPNO;
13.
Display the Names of all the employees who are all getting the salary Greater than the salary of 'SMITH' SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL >(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='SMITH'); SELECT A.ENAME,A.JOB,A.SAL,B.ENAME,B.SAL FROM EMP A,EMP B WHERE B.ENAME='SMITH' AND A.SAL > B.SAL;
14.
Display the Names of all the employees who are all getting the salary Greater than the salary of 'SMITH' along with the difference in salary SELECT A.ENAME,A.JOB,A.SAL,B.ENAME,B.SAL,A.SAL-B.SAL FROM EMP A,EMP B WHERE B.ENAME='SMITH' AND A.SAL>B.SAL ;
15.
Display the details of all the employees whose sal is greater than the average salary of the employees in their respective deparments. SELECT * FROM EMP A WHERE SAL > ( SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP B WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO );
16.
WRITE A QUERY TO PRINT THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE SELECT &R || '*'||' ' ||LPAD(ROWNUM,4,' ')||' = '|| &R * ROWNUM FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM <= 10;
17. LIST FOLLOWING DETAILS FOR EMPLOYEES WHO EARN 36000/- A YEAR OR ARE CLERKS SELECT A.ENAME,A.JOB,A.SAL*12,B.DNAME FROM EMP A,DEPT B WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO AND A.SAL*12>30000 OR A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO AND A.JOB='CLERK'; 18. select ename,sal,
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries decode(sal,least(sal,1000),'<1000', greatest(least(sal,2000)),'>1000 and <2000', greatest(least(sal,3000)),'>2000 and <3000') from emp; ENAME SAL DECODE(SAL,LEAS ---------- --------- --------------SMITH 800 <1000 ALLEN 1600 >1000 and <2000 WARD 1250 >1000 and <2000 JONES 2975 >2000 and <3000 MARTIN 1250 >1000 and <2000 BLAKE 2850 >2000 and <3000 CLARK 2450 >2000 and <3000 SCOTT 3000 >2000 and <3000 KING 5000 TURNER 1500 >1000 and <2000 ADAMS 1100 >1000 and <2000 JAMES 950 <1000 FORD 3000 >2000 and <3000 MILLER 1300 >1000 and <2000 /*SILLY*/ select sal,count(*) aa, decode(sal,least(sal,1000),'<1000', greatest(least(sal,2000)),'>1000 and <2000', greatest(least(sal,3000)),'>2000 and <3000') from emp group by decode(sal,least(sal,1000),'<1000', greatest(least(sal,2000)),'>1000 and <2000', greatest(least(sal,3000)),'>2000 and <3000'),sal; OR SELECT SAL,DECODE(FLOOR(SAL/1000),0,'<1000',1,'> 1000 AND < 2000', 3,'>2000 AND < 3000','> 3000') FROM EMP; OR (SANJAYA) SELECT SAL,DECODE(GREATEST(SAL,1000),1000,'< 1000', LEAST(SAL,2000), ' > 1000 AND < 2000', LEAST(SAL,3000), '> 2000 AND < 3000', LEAST(SAL,4000),' = 3000',' > 3000 ') FROM EMP; 19. display the details of all the employees whose salary is equal to range as specified in grade 5. select sal from emp where sal > (select losal from salgrade where grade=5) and sal< (select hisal from salgrade where grade=5); 20. CREATE A SEQUENCE AND GENERATE SOME NUMBERS .INSERT THESE NUMBERS INTO THE TABLE BY CONCATENATING IT WITH E. create sequence s1 start with 1 increment by 1 maxvalue 10
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries insert into EM3(A) values (concat('e',s12.nextval)); 21. select lpad(' ',level-1)||ename from emp START WITH job = 'PRESIDENT' CONNECT BY PRIOR EMPNO = MGR; _________________________________________________________________________ END OF REPORT ________________________________________________________________________ select a.sal,a.ename,a.deptno from emp a group by a.deptno having a.sal>all(select avg(sal) from emp b from emp b group by deptno); select distinct a.sal, a.ename, a.deptno from emp a,emp b where a.deptno=b.deptno and a.sal >all(select avg(sal) from emp b group by deptno); -------------------------------------------------------------------
declare a number:=&a; b number:=&b; c number; begin c:=a*b; b:=a+b; a:=mod(c,b); dbms_output.put_line(' '||a); dbms_output.put_line(' '||b); dbms_output.put_line(' '||c); end;
declare a number:=&a; n number; begin for i in 1..10 loop n:=a*i; dbms_output.put_line(a||'*'||i||'='||n); end loop; end;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries declare a number:=&a; b number; c number:=2; begin for i in 1..10 loop if a:=1 then b:=c+2; else b:=2+i; dbms_output.put_line(b); end if; end loop; end;
declare begin for i in 1..3 loop dbms_output.put_line('?'); dbms_output.new_line; dbms_output.put(?); end loop; end; declare a number(10); begin a:=1; dbms_output.put_line(a); a:=12; dbms_output.put_line(a); a:=123; dbms_output.put_line(a); a:=1234; dbms_output.put_line(a); a:=12345; dbms_output.put_line(a); a:=123456; dbms_output.put_line(a); a:=1234567; dbms_output.put_line(a); a:=12345678; dbms_output.put_line(a); a:=123456789; dbms_output.put_line(a); a:=1234567890; dbms_output.put_line(a); end; declare e1 number; e2 number; e3 number;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries val number; begin val:=&e3; select deptno into e2 from emp where empno=val; if e2=10 then update emp set comm=1000 where empno=val; elsif e2 = 20 then update emp set comm=2000 where empno=val; elsif e3=30 then update emp set comm=3000 where empno=val; end if; end; declare type type1 is record(eno number(4) not null:=7788,ena emp.ename%type); erec type1; begin select empno,ename into erec from emp where empno=7788; dbms_output.put_line(erec.eno||erec.ena); end; declare salary emp.sal%type; mgr_num emp.mgr%type; emno emp.empno%type; enam emp.ename%type; begin select ename,empno,sal, mgr into enam,emno,salary, mgr_num from emp where empno=7788; while salary<4000 loop update emp set sal=1000 where empno=mgr_num; end loop; insert into emp1 values(null,salary,enam); commit; end; declare no number; name varchar2(20); salary number(7,2); begin select ename,sal into name,salary from emp where empno=&no; insert into emp1 values(name,salary); end; declare str varchar2(20); rev varchar2(20); begin str:='&input'; if length(str)=0 then dbms_output.put_line('null'); else for i in 1..length(str) loop rev:=substr(str,i,1); end loop; end if; dbms_output.put_line('rev string' ||rev); end;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
declare a number; b number:=1; begin a:=&no; for i in 1..a loop b:=b*i; end loop; dbms_output.put_line(b); end; ORACLE WORKSHEET QUESTIONS I.
QUESTIONS BASED ON DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE COMMANDS :
1:
CREATE A TABLE EMP AND DEPT USING THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:-
a. DEPT : COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) ------------------------------- -------- ------------DEPTNO NUMBER(2) DNAME VARCHAR2(14) LOC VARCHAR2(13) -------------------------------------------------------b.EMP: COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) ------------------------------- -------- -----------EMPNO NUMBER(4) ENAME VARCHAR2(10) JOB VARCHAR2(9) MGR NUMBER(4) HIREDATE DATE SAL NUMBER(7,2) COMM NUMBER(7,2) DEPTNO NUMBER(2) 2:
CHECK THE DEFAULT SIZE OF A NUMBER,CHAR AND DATE DATATYPES
3:
DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF THE DEPT TABLE AND EMP TABLE
4:
ADD TWO COLUMNS TO THE TABLE EMP WITH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION IN ONE SINGLE ALTER COMMAND :COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) -------------------------------------------------------------SEX CHAR(1) PLACE CHAR(15)
5:
MODIFY THE COLUMN JOB PRESENT IN THE EMP TABLE WITH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION GIVEN BELOW :COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) ------------------------------------------------------JOB VARCHAR2(15)
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 6:
MODIFY THE COLUMN ENAME PRESENT IN THE EMP TABLE WITH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION GIVEN BELOW :COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) -----------------------------------------------------ENAME CHAR(15)
7:
DECREASE THE SIZE FOR THE COLUMN EMPNO WITH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION :COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) -------------------------------------------------------EMPNO NUMBER(2)
8:
MODIFY THE COLUMN NAME OF EMPNO TO EMPLOYEE_NUMBER PRESENT IN THE EMP TABLE VERIFY THE RESULT
9: ADD A NEW COLUMN NATIONALITY PLACED BETWEEN JOB AND MGR COLUMNS AND VERIFY THE RESULT 10:
DROP THE TABLE DEPT AND EMP
11:
WHAT IS THE DATA TYPE OF THE COLUMN HIREDATE AND HOW MANY BYTES IT OCCUPIES QUESTIONS BASED ON CONSTRAINTS :
12:
CREATE A TABLE EMP AND DEPT USING THE FOLLOWING INFORMATIOM
a. DEPT : COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) ------------------------------- -------- ------------DEPTNO NUMBER(2)CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO PRIMARY KEY, DNAME VARCHAR2(14) LOC VARCHAR2(13) EMP : COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) ------------------------------- -------- -----------EMPNO NUMBER(4)CONSTRAINT PK_EMPNO PRIMARY KEY, ENAME VARCHAR2(10)CONSTRAINT UQ_ENAME UNIQUE, JOB VARCHAR2(9), MGR NUMBER(4), HIREDATE DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE, SAL NUMBER(7,2)CONSTRAINT CK_SAL CHECK(SAL>0) NN_SAL NOT NULL, COMM NUMBER(7,2), DEPTNO NUMBER(2)CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO) 13:
SELECT ALL THE CONSTRAINTS IN EMP TABLE
SOL:
SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP';
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 14: SELECT THE OWNER,CONSTRAINT NAME,CONSTRAINT TYPE,TABLE NAME,STATUS FOR DEPT TABLE SOL:
SELECT OWNER,CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME,STATUS FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME='DEPT';
15:
DROP THE CONSTRAINT UQ_ENAME FROM EMP TABLE
SOL:
ALTER TABLE EMP DROP CONSTRAINT UQ_ENAME;
16:
ADD A NEW COLUMN PINCODE WITH NOT NULL CONSTRAINT TO THE EXISTING TABLE DEPT
SOL:
ALTER TABLE DEPT ADD(PINCODE NUMBER(6) NOT NULL);
17:
DISABLE THE CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO PRESENT IN DEPT TABLE
SOL:
ALTER TABLE DEPT DISABLE CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO;
18:
ENABLE THE CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO WHICH IS DEFINED IN THE DEPTNO COLUMN OF DEPT TABLE
SOL:
ALTER TABLE DEPT ENABLE CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO;
II. QUESTIONS BASED ON DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE COMMANDS :PROBLEMS BASED ON INSERT COMMAND:19:
INSERT THE GIVEN VALUES INTO THE TABLES:
EMP: (i)7369,SMITH,CLERK,7902,17-DEC-80,800,NULL,20 (ii)7499,ALLEN,SALESMAN,7698,20-FEB-81,1600,300,30 (iii)7521,WARD,SALESMAN,7698,22-FEB-81,1250,500,30 (iv)7566,JONES,MANAGER,7839,02-APR-81,2975,NULL,20 (v)7654,MARTIN,SALESMAN,7698,28-SEP-81,1250,1400,30 (vi)7698,BLAKE,MANAGER,7839,01-MAY-81,2850,NULL,30 (vii)7782,CLARK,MANAGER,7839,09-JUN-81,2450,NULL,10 (viii)7788,SCOTT,ANALYST,7566,19-NOV-96,3000,NULL,20 (ix)7839,KING,PRESIDENT,NULL,17-NOV-81,5000,NULL,10 (x)7844,TURNER,SALESMAN,7698,08-SEP-81,1500,0,30 (xi)7876,ADAMS,CLERK,7788,23-DEC-96,1100,NULL,20 (xii)7900,JAMES,CLERK,7698,03-DEC-81,950,NULL,30 (xiii)7902,FORD,ANALYST,7566,03-DEC-81,3000,NULL,20 (xiv)7934,MILLER,CLERK,7782,23-JAN-82,1300,NULL,10 (xv)7943,JOHN,CLERK,7943,10-DEC-83,2000,NULL,50 DEPT:
20: SOL:
(i)10,ACCOUNTING,NEW YORK (ii)20,RESEARCH,DALLAS (iii)30,SALES,CHICAGO (iv)40,OPERATIONS,BOSTON (v)50,COMPUTER,AMERICA INSERT ONLY THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEE NUMBER,NAME,SALARY INTO EMP TABLE INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,ENAME,SAL) VALUES('7955','PAUL',1200);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 21:
INSERT TWO ROWS INTO EMP TABLE USING PARAMETER SUBSTITUTION
SOL:
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&JOB',&MGR,'&HIREDATE', &SAL,&COMM,&DEPTNO);
22:
INSERT THE CURRENT TRANSACTION DATE TEMPORARY TABLE
SOL:
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(SYSDATE); PROBLEMS ON SELECT COMMAND:-
23:
LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL EMPLOYEES
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP;
24:
LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL THE DEPARTMENTS
SOL:
SELECT * FROM DEPT;
25: LIST THE DEPARTMENT NUMBERS,EMPLOYEE NUMBERS AND THEIR MANAGERS NUMBERS SOL:
SELECT DEPT.DEPTNO,EMP.EMPNO,EMP.MGR FROM EMP,DEPT;
26:
LIST DEPARTMENT NAME AND LOCATIONS FROM DEPT TABLE
SOL:
SELECT DNAME,LOC FROM DEPT;
27:
LIST THE INFORMATION OF EMPLOYEES AND THEIR DEPARTMENTS IN A SINGLE DML COMMAND
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP;
28:
COPY ALL THE RECORDS OF THREE COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,JOB FROM EMP TABLE AND INSERT THE RECORDS INTO A TEMP TABLE WITH COLUMN NAMES SAME AS EMPNO,ENAME,JOB
SOL:
INSERT INTO TEMP(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB) SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,JOB
29:
LIST THE DETAILS OF BOTH THE TABLES
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP,DEPT;
30:
LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES PRESENT IN THE USER NAMED SCOTT
SOL:
SELECT * FROM SCOTT.EMP;
31:
LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL THE DEPARTMENTS FROM YOUR BATCHMATES DEPT TABLE
SOL:
SELECT * FROM ORA252P.DEPT;
32:
LIST OUT ALL THE TABLE NAMES IN YOUR SCHEMA
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SOL:
SELECT * FROM TAB;
33:
LIST ALL THE SYSTEM TABLES
SOL:
SELECT * FROM SYS.DICTIONARY;
34:
GET THE INFORMATION OF THE MAXIMUM AVAILABLE BLOCKS ALLOTED TO A PARTICULAR USER FOR CREATING TABLES FROM THE SYSTEM TABLES
SOL:
SELECT * FROM USER_TS_QUOTAS;
35:
LIST OUT ALL THE PRIVILAGES GIVEN TO A PARTICULAR USER
36:
LIST OUT ALL THE TABLES WHICH START WITH 'S'
SOL:
SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM USER_TABLES WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE 'S%';
37:
COPY THE STRUCTURE OF DEPT TABLE ALONE TO A TEMPORARY TABLE CALLED TEMP1
SOL:
CREATE TABLE TEMP1 AS SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE 1=2; PROBLEMS ON UPDATE COMMAND:-
38:
UPDATE THE SALARY BY 10% HIKE TO ANALYSTS WORKING IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER 20 AND 30
SOL: 39:
UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+(SAL*0.1) WHERE DEPTNO IN (10,20) AND JOB='ANALYST'; GIVE 5% RAISE IN SALARY TO ALL THE SALESMAN
SOL:
UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+(SAL*0.5) WHERE JOB='SALESMAN';
40:
PROMOTE ALL THE EMPLOYEES DESCRIBED AS SALESMAN TO SALES OFFICER IF THEIR GROSS SALARY PER MONTH IS GREATER THAN 3000
SOL:
UPDATE EMP SET JOB='SALES OFFICER' WHERE JOB='SALESMAN' AND SAL>3000;
41:
GIVE ALL THE EMPLOYEES A COMMISSION OF RS.500
SOL:
UPDATE EMP SET COMM=500;
42:
CHANGE THE DEPARTMENT OF JAMES TO 20
SOL:
UPDATE EMP SET DEPTNO=20 WHERE ENAME='JAMES';
43.
CALCULATE ALL THE EMPLOYEES TOTAL SALARY WITH COMMISION
SOL:
SELECT SAL+NVL(COMM) "TOTAL" FROM EMP;
44:
PROBLEMS ON DELETE COMMAND:DELETE ALL THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEES
SOL:
DELETE FROM EMP;
45:
GET BACK THE ORIGINAL RECORDS OF EMPLOYEES BACK
SOL:
ROLLBACK;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
46:
DELETE ALLEN'S RECORD ONLY
SOL:
DELETE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='ALLEN';
47:
DELETE RECORDS OF ENAME COLUMN ONLY AND VERIFY IT
SOL:
NOT POSSIBLE
48:
DELETE THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEE NUMBER 7782
SOL:
DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7782;
49:
DELETE THE EMPLOYEE'S RECORDS WHO DOES'NT HAVE COMMISION
SOL:
DELETE FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NULL;
50:
GET BACK THE ORIGINAL RECORDS
SOL:
ROLLBACK;
51:
DELETE THE DUPLICATE RECORDS OF THE EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOl:
DELETE FROM EMP A WHERE ROWID<>(SELECT MIN(ROWID) FROM EMP B WHERE A.EMPNO=B.EMPNO);
52:
DELETE THE FIRST FIVE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL:
DELETE FROM EMP X WHERE 5>(SELECT COUNT(ROWID) FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.ROWID
53:
DELETE THE ROWS OF THE TEMP TABLE PERMANENTLY
SOL:
TRUNCATE TABLE TEMP;
III.
PROBLEMS ON TRANSACTIONAL COMMANDS :-
54:
UPDATE A RECORD OF EMP TABLE AND SAVE THE CHANGES PERMANENTLY IN THE DATABASE
SOL:
UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+100 WHERE EMPNO=100; COMMIT; SQL*PLUS HAS THE FACILITY TO AUTOMATICALLY SAVE ALL THE RECORDS, WITHOUT ISSUING THE TCL COMMAND WHICH IS THAT
55: SOL:
SET AUTOCOMMIT ON
56: USER
GIVE ALL THE PRIVILAGES YOU HAVE OF A DATABASE OBJECT TO ANOTHER
SOL:
GRANT ALL ON EMP TO ORA253A;
57:
GIVE ONLY SELECT,INSERT PRIVILAGES TO ANOTHER USER
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SOL:
GRANT SELECT,INSERT ON EMP TO ORA267A;
58:
LIST THE USER'S ID AND WHICH DATABASE OBJECT YOU HAVE GRANTED
SOL:
SELECT * FROM USER_TAB_PRIVS;
59:
GET BACK THE PRIVILAGES BACK FROM THE USER
SOL:
REVOKE ALL ON EMP FROM ORA267A;
IV.
PROBLEMS BASED ON OPERATORS :PROBLEMS BASED ON ARITHMETIC,RELATIONAL,LOGICAL AND CHARACTER OPERATORS:-
60:
LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES SALARY WITH COMMISSION PROVIDE A NEW HEADING AS TOTAL SALARY
SOL:
SELECT SAL+NVL(COMM,0) "TOTAL SALARY" FROM EMP ;
61:
GIVE THE SALARY WITH A REDUCTION OF 10% FROM THEIR SALARY TO PERSONS WHOSE JOB IS CLERK AND AND BELONGING TO DEPARTMENT
NUMBER 30 SOL:
UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL-(0.1*SAL) WHERE JOB='CLERK' AND DEPTNO=30;
62:
LIST THE EMPLOYEES BELONGING TO DEPARTMENT 20
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20;
63:
LIST THE NAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY IS LESS THAN 3000
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL<3000;
64:
LIST THE NAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY IS GREATER THAN 3000
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>3000;
65:
LIST THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND NAME OF MANAGERS
SOL:
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB='MANAGER';
66:
LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY IS NOT EQUAL TO 3000
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL!=3000;
67:
LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAME AND SALARY WHOSE SALARY IS BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>=2000 AND SAL<=3000;
68:
LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHO HAVE JOINED BEFORE 30TH SEPTEMBER 1981
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE<='30-SEP-81';
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 69:
LIST THE NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WHO ARE NOT MANAGERS
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB<>'MANAGER';
70:
LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES BELONGING TO THE DEPARTMENT 10,30
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN(10,30);
71:
LIST ALL EMPLOYEES NOT BELONGING TO MANAGER,PRESIDENT
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB NOT IN ('MANAGER','PRESIDENT');
72:
LIST EMPLOYEES NAME AND JOB WHOSE SALARY IS BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000;
73:
74:
LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES AND THEIR DESIGNATION WHO HAVE JOINED BEFORE 30TH JUNE '81 AND AFTER DECEMBER '81 SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE NOT BETWEEN '30-JUN-81' AND '31-DEC-81'; LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES WHO ARE NOT ELIGIBLE FOR COMMISSION
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NULL;
75:
LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES WHO ARE ELIGIBLE FOR COMMISSION
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL;
76:
LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEE NAMES BETWEEN THE LETTER 'M' AND 'O'
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ENAME BETWEEN 'M' AND 'O';
77:
LIST THE NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE AND JOB OF THE EMPLOYEE , WHO DOES NOT BELONGS TO ANY BODY
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMP WHERE MGR IS NULL;
78:
LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE NAMES START WITH AN "S"
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE 'S%';
79:
LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES ENDING WITH "S"
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE '%S';
80:
LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE NAMES HAVE EXACTLY 5 CHARACTERS
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE '_ _ _ _ _';
81:
LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES HAVING 'I' AS THE SECOND CHARACTER
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE '_I%';
82:
LIST THE DIFFERENT JOBS AVAILABLE IN THE EMP TABLE
SOL:
SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP;
83:
LIST THE DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP IN DEPARTMENT 30
SOL:
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SOL:
SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30;
84: 3000
LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAME,SALARY, WHOSE SALARY IS BETWEEN 2000 AND
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>=2000 AND SAL<=3000;
85:
LIST THE NAMES OF ANALYSTS AND SALESMAN
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB='SALESMAN' OR JOB='ANALYST';
86:
LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES WHOSE JOB IS CLERK AND DEPTARTMENT IS 30
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB='CLERK' AND DEPARTMENT=30;
87:
DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEE NAMES IN THE FORMAT AS "NAME IS ALLEN"
SOL:
SELECT 'NAME IS '||ENAME FROM EMP;
88:
DISPLAY THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF -25
SOL:
SELECT ABS(-25) "ABSOLUTE" FROM DUAL;
89:
DISPLAY THE SMALLEST INTEGER GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 16.7
SOL:
SELECT CEIL(16.7) "CEILING" FROM DUAL;
90:
DISPLAY THE GREATEST INTEGER LESSER THAN OR EQUAL TO 15.34
SOL:
SELECT FLOOR(15.34) "FLOOR" FROM DUAL;
91:
DISPLAY THE COSINE OF THE ANGLE IN DEGREES
SOL: DUAL;
SELECT COS(180*3.14159265359/180)"COSINE OF 180 DEGREES" FROM
92:
DISPLAY THE HYPERBOLIC COSINE OF 0
SOL:
SELECT COSH(0) "HYPERBOLIC COSINE OF 0 " FROM DUAL;
93:
DISPLAY THE EXPONENTIAL POWER OF THE VALUE 7
SOL:
SELECT EXP(7) "e TO THE 7TH POWER " FROM DUAL;
94:
DISPLAY THE NATURAL LOGARITHM OF 75
SOL:
SELECT LN(75) "NATURAL LOG OF 75" FROM DUAL;
95:
DISPLAY THE LOGARITHM, BASE 10, OF 100
SOL:
SELECT LOG(10,100) "LOG BASE 10 OF 100" FROM DUAL;
96: DISPLAY REMAINDER ZERO WHEN A NUMBER IS DIVIDED BY AN EVEN NUMBER SOL:
SELECT MOD(10,2) "MODULUS" FROM DUAL;
97:
CHECK THE O/P WHEN A VALUE M>N IN A MOD FUNCTION AND NOTE DOWN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries THE REASON FOR THAT KIND OF O/P SOL:
SELECT MOD(2,10) "MODULUS" FROM DUAL;
98:
DISPLAY THE VALUE WHEN 9 RAISED TO 2
SOL:
SELECT POWER(9,2) "RAISED AS " FROM DUAL;
99:
DISPLAY THE VALUE FOR 15.193 ROUNDED TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACE FORWARD
SOL:
SELECT ROUND(15.193,1) "ROUND" FROM DUAL;
100: DISPLAY THE VALUE FOR 15.193 ROUNDED TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACE BACKWARDS SOL:
SELECT ROUND(15.193,-1) "ROUND" FROM DUAL;
101:
DISPLAY THE SIGN OF -15
SOL:
SELECT SIGN(-15) FROM DUAL;
102:
DISPLAY THE SINE OF ANGLE 30 DEGREES
SOL:
SELECT SIN(30*3.14159265359/180) "SINE OF 30 DEGREES" FROM DUAL;
103:
DISPLAY THE HYPERBOLIC SINE OF 1
SOL:
SELECT SINH(1) "HYPERBOLIC SINE OF 1 " FROM DUAL;
104:
DISPLAY THE SQUARE ROOT OF THE VALUE 25
SOL:
SELECT SQRT(25) "SQUARE ROOT " FROM DUAL;
105:
DISPLAY THE TANGENT OF THE VALUE 135 IN DEGREES
SOL: DUAL;
SELECT TAN(135*3.14159265359/180)"TANGENT OF 135 DEGREES" FROM
106:
TRUNCATE THE VALUE 15.79 TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACES
SOL:
SELECT TRUNC(15.79,1)" TRUNCATE " FROM DUAL;
107:
TRUNCATE THE VALUE 15.79 TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACE N DIGITS LEFT TO THE DECIMAL POINT
SOL:
SELECT TRUNC(15.79,-1)"TRUNCATE" FROM DUAL;
108:
DISPLAY THE CHARACTER VALUE FOR THE NUMBER 75
SOL:
SELECT CHR(75) "CHARACTER " FROM DUAL;
109:
DISPLAY THE ENAME AND JOB OF EMPNO=7900 IN THE FORMAT eg:- ALLEN IS A SALESMAN
SQL:
SELECT ENAME || ' IS A ' || JOB FROM EMP;
110:
CAPITALISE THE FIRST LETTER OF "the soap "
SQL:
SELECT INITCAP(' brainware infotech(p) ltd') from dual;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 111:
DISPLAY THE WORDS IN LOWER CASE LETTERS
SQL:
SELECT LOWER('BRAINWARE INFOTECH(P) LTD') FROM DUAL;
112:
DISPLAY THE LEFT PADDED CHAR'S TO THE STRING BRAINWARE WHEN THE RETURN VALUE IS 15 AND PADDED CHARACTER IS '*'
SQL:
SELECT LPAD('BRAINWARE',15,'*') FROM DUAL;
113:
DISPLAY THE RIGHT PADDED CHAR'S TO THE STRING BRAINWARE WHEN THE RETURN VALUE IS 15 AND PADDED CHARACTER IS '*'
SQL:
SELECT RPAD('BRAINWARE',15,'*') FROM DUAL;
114:
REMOVE CHARAECTER 'RE' TOWARDS RIGHT OF THE STRING FROM THE LETTER 'BRAINWARE'
SQL:
SELECT RTRIM('BRAINWARE','RE') FROM DUAL;
115:
REMOVE CHARAECTER 'IN' TOWARDS LEFT OF THE STRING FROM THE LETTER 'BRAINWARE'
SOL:
SELECT LTRIM('INFOTECH','IN') FROM DUAL;
116:
REPLACE THE CHARACTER 'J' WITH 'BL' FROM THE WORD JACK AND JUE
SOL:
SELECT REPLACE('JACK AND JUE','J','BL') FROM DUAL;
117:
DISPLAY THE ENAME WITH THE PHONETIC REPRESENTATION OF 'SMYTHE' FROM TABLE EMP
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE SOUNDEX(ENAME)=SOUNDEX('SMYTHE');
118:
DISPLAY THE FIRST THREE LETTERS OF THE EMPLOYEE NAMES
SOL:
SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME,1,3) FROM emp;
119:
DISPLAY THE CHARACTERS 'AR' FROM THE WORD 'BRAINWARE'
SOL:
SELECT SUBSTR('BRAINWARE',-3,2) FROM DUAL;
120:
CONVERT ALL THE CHARACTERS WHICH IS 'ABC..Z' TO LETTER 'T' AND ALL DIGITS '012..9' TO DIGIT '9' FROM THE GIVEN CHARACTER '0123KASL'
SOL: SELECT TRANSLATE('0123KASL','0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ', '9999999999TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT') from dual; 121:
DISPLAY THE ASCII VALUE OF THE CHARACTER 'A'
SOL:
SELECT ASCII('A') FROM DUAL;
122:
DISPlay THE ASCII VALUE OF CHARACTER'S 'AB' FROM DUAL
SOL:
SELECT ASCII('AB') FROM DUAL HINT:ASCII WILL DISPLAY ONLY THE FIRST LETTER 'A' ONLY
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 123:
DISPLAY THE 3RD OCCURRENCE OF CD AT THE THIRD OCCURRENCE OF WORD "ABCDABCDABCDJJ"
SOL:
SELECT INSTR('ABCDABCDABCDJJ','CD',3,3) FROM DUAL;
124:
DISPLAY THE LENGTH OF THE WORD 'ALLEN'
SOL:
SELECT LENGTH('ALLEN') FROM DUAL;
125:
DISPLAY THE DATE OF THE NEXT TUESDAY AFTER MARCH 15,1992.
SOL:
SELECT NEXT_DAY('15-MAR-92','TUESDAY') "NEXT DAY" FROM DUAL;
126:
DISPLAY THE LAST DAY OF THIS MONTH
SOL:
SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;
127:
DISPLAY THE DIFFERENCE DATE BETWEEN CURRENT DATE AND LAST DAY OF THE SYSDATE
SOL:
SELECT SYSDATE,LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) "LAST",LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)-SYSDATE "DAYS LEFT" FROM DUAL;
128:
DISPLAY THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO DATES "02-02-1992" AND "01-01-1992"
SOL:
SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE('02-02-1992','DD-MON-YYYY'), TO_DATE('01-01-1992','DD-MON-YYYY')) FROM DUAL;
129:
DISPLAY THE CURRENT DATE AND TIME
SOL:
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YY HH24:MI:SS') FROM DUAL;
130:
ADD TWO MONTHS TO SYSDATE
SOL:
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,2) FROM DUAL;
131:
ADD 10 DAYS TO SYSDATE
SOL:
SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YY'),'DD')+10 FROM DUAL;
132:
DISPLAY THE NUMBER FORMAT OF THE NUMBER 1234
SOL:
SELECT TO_NUMBER('1234') FROM DUAL;
133:
CONVERT ROWID OF EMPLOYEE NAME SMITH TO EMPLOYEE NAME
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ROWID='00000707.0000.000D';
134:
DISPLAY THE SYSTEM DATE AS "MON DD YYYY"
SOL:
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MON DD YYYY') FROM DUAL;
135:
DISPLAY THE CURRENT DATE IN THE FORMAT DDTH MONTH YYYY
SOL:
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'FMDDTH MONTH YYYY') FROM DUAL;
136:
CONVERT THE FOLLOWING STRING TO ORACLE DATE FORMAT. "12-AUGUST-97"
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SOL:
SELECT TO_DATE('12-AUGUST-97','DD-MONTH-YY') FROM DUAL;
137:
DISPLAY THE USERNAME IN WHICH YOU ARE WORKING
SOL:
SELECT USER FROM DUAL;
138:
DISPLAY TH USERID NUMBER IN WHICH YOU ARE WORKING
SOL:
SELECT UID FROM DUAL;
139:
DISPLAY THE GREATEST OF THE LIST OF EXPRESSIONS "HARRY" "HARRIOT" "HAROLD"
SOL:
SELECT GREATEST('HARRY','HARRIOT','HAROLD') FROM DUAL;
140:
DISPLAY THE LEAST OF THE LIST OF EXPRESSIONS "HARRY" "HARRIOT" "HAROLD"
SOL:
SELECT LEAST('HARRY','HARRIOT','HAROLD') FROM DUAL;
141:
DISPLAY ALL THE ENAMES WHERE COMMISSION IS NULL AND PLACE THE EXPRESSION " NOT POSSIBLE " IN DEPTARTMENT 30 WHERE COMMISSION IS NULL ELSE DISPALY THEIR COMMISSION
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,NVL(TO_CHAR(COMM),'NOT POSSIBLE') "COMMISSION" FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30;
142:
DISPLAY THE GREENWICH TIME OF 05:15 A.M
SOL:
SELECT TO_CHAR(NEW_TIME(TO_DATE('05:15','HH24:MI'),'PST','GMT'), 'HH24:MI') FROM DUAL;
143: DISPLAY THE LANGUAGE AND TERRITORY CURRENTLY USED BY YOUR SESSION SOL:
SELECT USERENV('LANGUAGE') FROM DUAL;
144:
DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF BYTES EACH EMPLOYEE OCCUPIES INTERNALLY
SOL:
SELECT VSIZE(ENAME) "BYTES" FROM EMP;
145:
DISPLAY THE AVERAGE SALARY DEPARTMENTWISE
SOL:
SELECT AVG(SAL),DEPTNO FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;
146:
DISPLAY THE SUMMATION OF SALARIES DEPARTMENTWISE
SOL:
SELECT SUM(SAL),DEPTNO FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;
147:
DISPLAY THE SUMMATION OF SALARIES OF FIRST FIVE RECORDS
SOL:
SELECT SUM(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=5;
148:
DISPLAY THE MINIMUM SALARY IN THE TABLE EMP
SOL:
SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP;
149:
DISPLAY THE MAXIMUM SALARY FROM THE TABLE EMP
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SOL:
SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP;
150:
DISPLAY ALL THE SALARIES SUPRESSING THE DUPLICATES
SOL:
SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP;
151:
DISPLAY ALL THE JOB SUPRESSING THE DUPLICATES
SOL:
SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP;
152:
DISPLAY NUMBER OF RECORDS PRESENT IN EMP TABLE
SOL:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMP;
153:
DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF JOBS IN EMP TABLE
SOL:
SELECT COUNT(JOB) FROM EMP;
154: DISPLAY NUMBER OF RECORDS FOR DESIGNATION SUPRESSING THE DUPLICATES SOL:
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT JOB) FROM EMP;
155:
DISPLAY THE MINIMUM HIREDATE HIRED FOR EMPLOYEES
SOL:
SELECT MIN(HIREDATE) FROM EMP;
156:
CALCULATE THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF SALARIES FROM EMP TABLE
SOL:
SELECT STDDEV(SAL) FROM EMP;
157:
CALCULATE THE VARIANCE OF ALL THE SALARIES FROM EMP TABLE
SOL:
SELECT VARIANCE(SAL) FROM EMP;
158:
DISPLAY THE YEAR 2017
SOL:
SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('27-NOV-25','DD-MON-RR'),'YYYY') FROM DUAL;
159:
IF DEPARTMENT NUMBER IS 10 DISPLAY GOODCHOICE ELSE DISPLAY BADCHOICE IN ALL OTHER DEPARTMENT FIELDS
SOL:
SELECT DECODE(DEPTNO,10,'GOODCHOICE','BADCHOICE') FROM EMP; PROBLEMS ON JOINS:-
160:
LIST THE DEPARTMENT NAME,EMPLOYEES NAME,EMPLOYEE NUMBER
SOL:
SELECT EMP.EMPNO,EMP.ENAME,DEPT.DNAME FROM EMP,DEPT; WHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO;
161:
LIST THE TOTAL SALARIES OF EACH DEPARTMENT
SOL:
SELECT EMP.DEPTNO,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP,DEPT WHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO GROUP BY EMP.DEPTNO;
162:
LIST THE TOTAL EMPLOYEES SALARIES WHO DOES NOT BELONG TO ANY DEPARTMENT
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SOL:
SELECT DEPTNO,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP,DEPT WHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO(+);
163:
LIST THE MANAGER'S NAME AND EMPLOYEES NAME WHO BELONGS TO THEIR MANAGER'S
SOL:
SELECT M.ENAME||' '||'IS THE MANAGER FOR'||' '|| E.ENAME FROM EMP E,EMP M WHERE E.MGR=M.EMPNO;
164:
LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARIES BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000);
165:
LIST THE DEPARTMENT NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE WHOSE NAME IS OF JONES
SOL:
SELECT DEPT.DNAME FROM EMP,DEPT WHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO AND ENAME LIKE 'JONES%';
166:
LIST THE DEPARTMENT OF THE EMPLOYEES
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO =ANY(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT);
167:
FIND OUT THE EMPLOYEES WITH SAME JOB AS JONES
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMP INTERSECT SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMP WHERE JOB IN (SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE 'JONES%');
168:
DISPLAY INFORMATION ABOUT EMPLOYEES WHO EARN MORE THAN ANY EMPLOYEES IN DEPARTMENT 30
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL>ALL(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30);
169:
LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER 10 WITH THE SAME JOB AS IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER 30
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10 INTERSECT SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB IN (SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30);
170:
LIST THE EMPLOYEES WITH EITHER THE SAME JOB AS JONES OR SALARY GREATER THAN OR SAME AS FORD
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP INTERSECT SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB IN(SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE 'JONES%' OR SAL>=(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE 'FORD%'));
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 171:
LIST THE EMPLOYEES IN DEPARTMENT 10 WITH THE SAME JOB AS ANY ONE IN SALES DEPARTMENT
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMP WHERE JOB IN (SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10) INTERSECT SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE JOB='SALESMAN');
172:
LIST EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY IS SAME AS THAT OF SCOTT OR WARD
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP
173:
TO LIST THE DEPARTMENT THAT HAS NO EMPLOYEES
SOL:
SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT MINUS SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP; (OR) SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO NOT IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP);
174:
TO LIST THE DEPARTMENT AND COUNT OF JOB IN WHICH THERE ARE MORE THAN ON SALESMANS.
SOL:
SELECT DEPTNO,JOB,COUNT(*) FROM EMP WHERE JOB='SALESMAN' GROUP BY DEPTNO,JOB HAVING COUNT(*)>1;
175:
LIST THE DEPARTMENT IN WHICH THEIR ARE MORE THAN ONE SALESMAN
SOL:
SELECT DEPTNO,JOB FROM EMP WHERE JOB='SALESMAN' AND DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING COUNT(JOB)>1); SELECT THE EVEN NUMBER OF ROWS FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE
176: SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWID IN (SELECT DECODE(MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,ROWID,NULL) FROM EMP);
177:
LIST THE ODD NUMBER OF ROWS FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWID IN (SELECT DECODE(MOD(ROWNUM,2),1,ROWID,NULL) FROM EMP);
178:
DELETE THE ODD NUMBER ROWS FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL:
DELETE FROM EMP WHERE ROWID IN (SELECT DECODE (MOD(ROWNUM,2),1,ROWID,NULL) FROM EMP);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 179:
DELETE THE EVEN NUMBER ROWS FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL:
DELETE FROM EMP WHERE ROWID IN (SELECT DECODE (MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,ROWID,NULL) FROM EMP);
180:
LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY IS GREATER THAN THE AVERAGE SALARY OF HIS DEPARTMENT
SOL:
SELECT DEPTNO,EMPNO,SAL FROM EMP X WHERE SAL>(SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP Y WHERE X.DEPTNO=Y.DEPTNO);
181:
QUERY DEPARTMENTWISE AVERAGE/MAXIMUM/MINIMUM SALARIES
SOL:
SELECT EMP.DEPTNO,DNAME,MAX(SAL),MIN(SAL),AVG(SAL) FROM EMP,DEPT WHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO GROUP BY EMP.DEPTNO,DNAME;
182:
COUNT THE NUMBER OF MALE AND FEMALE EMPLOYEES
SOL:
ALTER TABLE EMP ADD (SEX CHAR(1)); SELECT SEX,COUNT(*) FROM EMP GROUP BY SEX HAVING SEX ='M'; UNION SELECT SEX,COUNT(*) FROM EMP GROUP BY SEX HAVING SEX='F';
183:
DISPLAY THE YEAR AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES FOR THE YEAR IN WHICH MORE THAN ONE EMPLOYEE WAS HIRED
SOL:
SELECT TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'YYYY') YEAR,COUNT(*) FROM EMP GROUP BY TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'YYYY') HAVING COUNT(*)>1;
184:
DELETE THE DUPLICATE ROWS FROM DEPT TABLE.
SOL:
DELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING COUNT(DEPTNO)>1);
185:
DELETE THE DUPLICATE ROWS EXCEPT ITS MINIMUM VALUE
SOL:
DELETE FROM EMP A WHERE ROWID<>(SELECT MIN(ROWID) FROM EMP B WHERE A.EMPNO=B.EMPNO);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 186:
LIST LAST FIVE RECORDS FROM EMP TABLE
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP MINUS SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<(SELECT MAX(ROWNUM)-4 FROM EMP );
187:
LIST THE THIRD HIGHEST SALARY FROM EMP TABLE
SOL:
SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL<(SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL<(SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP));
188:
LIST FIVE EMPLOYEES IN LOWEST ORDER OF SALARY
SOL:
SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP MINUS SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP))));
189:
LIST THE GIVEN RANGE OF RECORDS AS PER THE STORAGE OF ROWS IN A GIVEN DATABASE TABLE NAMED EMP SELECT ROWID FROM EMP X WHERE NOT &N>(SELECT COUNT(ROWID) FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.ROWID=(SELECT COUNT(ROWID) FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.ROWID
SOL:
190:
LIST THE NTH HIGHEST SALARY IN THE EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL:
SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL=(SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP X WHERE &N=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.SAL>X.SAL));
191:
LIST THE NTH LOWEST SALARY IN THE EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL:
SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP X WHERE &N=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP Y WHERE X.SAL>Y.SAL);
192:
LIST EMPLOYEES IN THE EMPLOYEE TABLE ACCEPTING THOSE FIRST FIVE AND LAST THREE IN THE ORDER OF DATA STORAGE
SOL:
SELECT ROWID FROM EMP X WHERE 5>(SELECT COUNT(ROWID) FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.ROWID(SELECT COUNT(ROWID) FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.ROWID>X.ROWID);
193:
LIST THE TREE STRUCTURED QUERY WITH EMPLOYEE NAME STARTING WITH KING ( HIERARCHY )
SOL:
SELECT LPAD(' ',6*(LEVEL-1))||ENAME NAME FROM EMP START WITH ENAME='KING' CONNECT BY MGR=PRIOR EMPNO;
194:
LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries AVERAGE SALARY OF DEPARTMENT NUMBER 10 SOL:
SELECT SAL,ENAME FROM EMP WHERE SAL>=(SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING DEPTNO=10);
195:
SELECT ALL THE ENAMES WITH THE OCCURANCES OF THE LETTER 'S'
SOL:
SELECT INSTR(ENAME,'A') FROM EMP;
196:
LIST THE DIFFERENT DESIGNATIONS IN DEPARTMENT 20 AND 30
SOL:
SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 UNION SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30;
197:
LIST THE JOBS COMMON IN DEPARTMENT 20 AND 30
SOL:
SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 INTERSECT SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30;
198:
LIST THE JOBS UNIQUE TO DEPARTMENT 20
SOL:
SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 MINUS SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10 MINUS SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30;
199:
LIST THE EMPLOYEES IF AND ONLY IF MORE THAN 10 EMPLOYEES ARE PRESENT IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER 10
SOL:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EXISTS (SELECT DEPTNO,COUNT(*) FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10 GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING COUNT(*)>=3);
200:
LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES WHOSE SALARY IS GREATER THAN THE LOWEST SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE BELONGING TO DEPARTMENT 20
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE SAL>ANY(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20);
201:
LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES WHOSE SALARY IS GREATER THAN THE HIGHEST SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE BELONGING TO DEPARTMENT NUMBER 20
SOL:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE SAL>ALL(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
202:
CREATE A VIEW WITH COLUMNS EMPNO AND A 10% HIKE SALARY COLUMN AND TRY TO INSERT A ROW IN THIS VIEW AND VERIFY IT
SOL:
CREATE VIEW EMPSAL AS SELECT EMPNO,SAL*.1 TOT_SAL FROM EMP; HINT: THE FOLLOWING VIEWS ARE READ - ONLY VIEWS i.e NO INSERT OR UPDATE THROUGH THESE VIEWS IS POSSIBLE THIS IS A READ - ONLY VIEW BECAUSE OF THE PRESENCE OF AN AGGREGATE FUNCTION
203:
CREATE A VIEW WITH THE COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO SELECTED FROM THE TABLE EMP AND CORRESPONDING DEPARTMENT NUMBER 30 INSERT ROWS INTO THIS VIEW AND VERIFY THE RESULT
SOL:
CREATE VIEW EMPDEPT AS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30; HINT: THIS IS NOT A READ - ONLY VIEW. ROWS CAN BE INSERTED INTO THE EMP TABLE USING THIS VIEW , BUT CANNOT BE VIEWED BY THE EMPDEPT VIEW AS THE VIEW CAN ONLY RETRIEVE ROWS BELONGING TO DEPARTMENT 30
204:
CREATE A VIEW WITH COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO AND DEPTNO=30 WITH A CHECK OPTION AND INSERT A ROW INTO THE VIEW WITH DEPARTMENT NUMBER 20 AND VERIFY THE RESULT
SOL:
CREATE VIEW EMPDEPT1 AS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30 WITH CHECK OPTION;
205:
DERIVE A VIEW FROM ANOTHER VIEW HAVING CHECK OPTION
SOL:
CREATE VIEW EMPDEPT2 AS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMPDEPT1;
206:
LIST ALL THE VIEW NAMES CREATED IN YOUR LOGIN
SOL:
SELECT * FROM USER_VIEWS;
207:
CREATE A SIMPLE SEQUENCE
SOL:
CREATE SEQUENCE S1 INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1000;
208:
INSERT THE SEQUENCE NUMBER INTO THE EMPNO COLUMN OF EMP TABLE
SOL:
INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO) VALUES(S1.NEXTVAL);
209:
CREATE A SEQUENCE WITH STEP VALUE=1; START VALUE=2;MINIMUM VALUE=1;MAXIMUM VALUE=22 AND THE SEQUENCE TO RESET AUTOMATICALLY WHEN IT COMES TO START VALUE
SOl:
CREATE SEQUENCE S2 INCREMENT BY 1
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries START WITH 2 MINVALUE 1 MAXVALUE 22 CYCLE; 210:
DROP THE SEQUENCE
SOL:
DROP SEQUENCE S2;
211:
LIST ALL THE SEQUNCES CREATED IN YOUR LOGIN
SOL:
SELECT * FROM USER_SEQUENCES;
212:
CREATE AN INDEX ON COLUMN ENAME OF EMP TABLE
SOL:
CREATE INDEX ID1 ON EMP(ENAME);
213:
CREATE INDEX ON TWO COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME
SOL:
CREATE INDEX ID2 ON EMP (EMPNO,ENAME);
214:
DROP THE INDEX YOU HAVE CREATED
SOL:
DROP INDEX ID1;
215:
LIST THE INDEXES CREATED ON THE TABLE EMP
SOL:
SELECT * FROM USER_INDEXES WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP';
216:
CREATE A CLUSTER BASED ON THE DEPT AND EMP TABLE FOR THE FIELD DEPTNO
SOL:
CREATE CLUSTER C1 (DEPTNO NUMBER(2)); CREATE INDEX ID3 ON CLUSTER C1; CREATE TABLE DEPT1 (DNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY, DNAME CHAR(15), LOC CHAR(15)) CLUSTER C1(DNO); CREATE TABLE EMP1 (EMPNO NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY, ENAME CHAR(15), HIREDATE DATE, SALARY NUMBER(9,2), DEPTARTMENTNO NUMBER(2) REFERENCES DEPT1(DNO)) CLUSTER C1(DEPTARTMENTNO);
217:
INSERT INTO TABLES DEPT1 AND EMP1 EACH THREE ROWS AND CHECK THE ROWID OF THE TWO CLUSTER TABLES;
SOL:
INSERT INTO DEPT1 VALUES(&DNO,'&DNAME','&LOC'); INSERT INTO EMP1 VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&HIREDATE',&SALARY, &DEPARTMENTNO); SELECT DEPT1.ROWID,EMP1.ROWID FROM DEPT1,EMP1;
218:
LIST ALL THE CLUSTERS CREATED IN YOUR LOGIN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries SOL:
SELECT * FROM USER_CLUSTERS;
219:
CREATE A SYNONYM FOR TABLE EMP
SOL:
CREATE SYNONYM SY1 FOR EMP;
220:
LIST INFORMATION OF SYNONYM
SOL:
SELECT * FROM SY1;
221:
LIST ALL THE SYNONYM CREATED IN YOUR LOGIN
SOL:
SELECT * FROM USER_SYNONYMS;
222:
DROP THE SYNONYM CREATED
SOL:
DROP SYNONYM SY1;
EMPNO ENAME COMM DEPTNO 223:
HEADER:
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
CREATE THE EMPLOYEE REPORT OF THE COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,JOB MGR,HIREDATE,SAL,COMM,DEPTNO IN THE FORMAT BELOW: BRAINWARE INFOTECH(P)
LTD
EMPLOYEES REPORT COLUMN: NAMES EMPLOYEE EMPLOYEE DESIGNATION MANAGER DATE OF CURRENT NUMBER NAME NUMBER JOINING SALARY COMMISION DEPARTMENT NUMBER
FOOTER: HAVE A NICE DAY ! SOL:
TTITLE LEFT'BRAINWARE INFOTECH(P) LTD| CENTER 'EMPLOYEES REPORT' BTITLE 'HAVE A NICE DAY!' COLUMN EMPNO HEADING 'EMPLOYEE | NUMBER' COLUMN ENAME HEADING 'NAME OF | EMPLOYEE' COLUMN JOB HEADING ' DESIGNATION' COLUMN MGR HEADING 'MANAGER | NUMBER' COLUMN HIREDATE HEADING ' DATE OF | JOINING ' COLUMN SAL HEADING ' CURRENT | SALARY ' COLUMN COMM HEADING 'COMMISION ' COLUMN DEPTNO HEADING 'DEPARTMENT | NUMBER'
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries Package Specification The package specification contains public declarations. The scope of these declarations is local to your database schema and global to the package. So, the declared objects are accessible from your application and from anywhere in the package. #****************# PACKAGES #****************# #****************##****************##****************##****************# 1.
WRITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN MAX(EMPNO)+1 . WRITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE DETAILS WHEN EMPNO=RESULT OF FUNCTION. WRITE A FUNCTION TO PASS EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND GET THE JOB WRITE A PROCEDURE TO ACCEPT DEPTNO AND DISPLAY THE DETAILS ALL EMPLOYEES OF THAT PARTICULAR DEPARTMENT.(HINT : CURSOR)
OF
WRITE A PACKAGE WHICH INCLUDES ALL THESE PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS _________________________________________________________________CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE EMP_PACK IS FUNCTION NEXTEMP RETURN NUMBER; PROCEDURE P1; FUNCTION F2(ENO NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR; PROCEDURE P2(DNO NUMBER); CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; END emp_pack; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY EMP_PACK IS FUNCTION NEXTEMP RETURN NUMBER IS CURR_MAX NUMBER:=0; BEGIN SELECT MAX(EMPNO) INTO CURR_MAX FROM EMP; CURR_MAX:=CURR_MAX+1; RETURN CURR_MAX; END NEXTEMP;
PROCEDURE P1 IS ENO NUMBER; NAME VARCHAR2(10); DEPNO NUMBER; SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries BEGIN ENO:=EMP_PACK.NEXTEMP; PRINT('NEW EMPLOYEE NUMBER IS'||ENO); SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO INTO NAME,SALARY,DEPNO FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO; PRINT(ENO||' '||NAME||' '||DEPNO||' '||SALARY); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN PRINT('NO DATA FOUND'); END P1;
PROCEDURE P2(DNO NUMBER) IS CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=DNO; BEGIN FOR I IN C1 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(I.ENAME||' '||I.JOB||' '||I.DEPTNO); END LOOP; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_dATA_FOUND THEN PRINT('NO DATA FOUND'); END P2; FUNCTION F2(ENO NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR IS DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT JOB INTO DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO; RETURN DESIG; END F2; END EMP_PACK; CALLING PACKAGE : DECLARE NEXTEMP NUMBER; F2 EMP.JOB%TYPE; BEGIN NEXTEMP:=EMP_PACK.NEXTEMP; PRINT('NEXTEMP IS '||NEXTEMP); EMP_PACK.P1; F2:=EMP_PACK.F2(&EMPNO); PRINT('PRINTING JOB FROM F2 '||F2); EMP_PACK.P2(&DEPTNO); END; #****************##****************##****************##****************# 1. Create a package that contains the following sub programs (a) Procedure NEW_EMP to add a new employee to the emp table. (b) Procedure UPDATE_EMP to update the employee details (display error message if i.e error) (c) Function CHECK_EMP to check if an employee is existing in the table
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries _________________________________________________________________________ CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE GEEPACK IS PROCEDURE NEW_EMP(eno number,dno number,mg number,name varchar2); PROCEDURE UPDATE_EMP(N NUMBER); FUNCTION CHECK_eMP(N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER; END GEEPACK;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY GEEPACK IS PROCEDURE NEW_EMP(ENO NUMBER, DNO NUMBER,MG NUMBER,NAME VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO,MGR,ENAME) VALUES(ENO,DNO,MG,NAME); END NEW_EMP; PROCEDURE UPDATE_EMP (N NUMBER) IS DESIG VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN SELECT JOB INTO DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMPNO = '||N||' JOB = '||DESIG); IF DESIG='CLERK' THEN UPDATE EMP SET JOB='FDC' WHERE EMPNO=N; print('job updated to fdc'); ELSIF DESIG='MANAGER' THEN UPDATE EMP SET JOB='DGM' WHERE EMPNO=N; print('job updated to dgm'); END IF; END UPDATE_EMP; FUNCTION CHECK_eMP (N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS N1 NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO N1 FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; IF n1=0 then PRINT('EMPLOYEE '||n||' does not EXISTS '); ELSE PRINT('EMPLOYEE '||n||' EXISTs'); END IF; return n1; END CHECK_EMP; END GEEPACK; declare eno number:=&empno; dno number:=&deptno; mg number:=&mgr; name varchar2(10):='&name'; res number; begin print('new_emp is called and values will be inserted'); geepack.new_emp(eno,dno,mg,name); geepack.update_emp(&updateno); res:=geepack.CHECK_eMP(&checkno);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries print(res); end;
#****************##****************##****************##****************# WRITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN MAX(EMPNO)+1 . WRITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE DETAILS WHEN EMPNO=RESULT OF FUNCTION. WRITE A PROCEDURE TO ACCEPT DEPTNO AND DISPLAY THE DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES OF THAT PARTICULAR DEPARTMENT.(HINT : CURSOR) WRITE A PACKAGE WHICH INCLUDES ALL THESE PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE PACK IS FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER ; PROCEDURE P1(N NUMBER); PROCEDURE P2(DNO NUMBER); END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY PACK IS FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER IS Z NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT MAX(EMPNO)+1 INTO Z FROM EMP; RETURN Z; END;
PROCEDURE P1(N NUMBER) IS A NUMBER; NAME VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN A:=F1; SELECT ENAME INTO NAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=A; PRINT('THE NAME IS '||A); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN PRINT('NO DATA'); END;
PROCEDURE P2(DNO NUMBEr) IS CURSOR C2 IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=DNO; BEGIN FOR I IN C2 LOOP PRINT(I.ENAME||' '||I.DEPTNO); END LOOP;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries END ; END;
DECLARE F1RES NUMBER; BEGIN F1RES:=PACK.F1; PRINT('THE RESULT OF FUNCTION IS '||F1RES); PACK.P1(F1RES); PACK.P2(&DEPTNO); END;
create table OrdTab ( OrdId Number, Customer_Name varchar2(10), OrdDate Date, Total Number ) Partition By Range(OrdId) ( Partition P1 VAlues Less Than (100), Partition P2 Values Less Than (200), partition p3 values less than(300) ); For the column ordid of the ordtab table i have inserted the below specified values 99 98 100 150 199 200 250 290 when i was above to insert 300 this is what happened insert into ordtab(ordid) values(300) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-14400: inserted partition key is beyond highest legal partition key
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
So,to overcome this create table OrdTab ( OrdId Number, Customer_Name varchar2(10), OrdDate Date, Total Number ) Partition By Range(OrdId) ( Partition P1 VAlues Less Than (100), Partition P2 Values Less Than (200), Partition P3 Values Less Than (MaxValue) ); NOW I INSERTED THE VALUES 90 1000 250 350 450 200 SELECT * FROM ORDTAB PARTITION (P1); ORDID CUSTOMER_N ORDDATE --------- ---------- --------- --------90
TOTAL
TRY THE SAME THING WITH P2 AND P3. SQL> SELECT PARTITION_NAME FROM USER_TAB_PARTITIONS; PARTITION_NAME -----------------------------P1 P2 P3 SQL> ALTER TABLE ORDTAB SPLIT PARTITION P1 AT (50); Table altered. SQL> SELECT PARTITION_NAME FROM USER_TAB_PARTITIONS; PARTITION_NAME -----------------------------P2 P3 SYS_P61 SYS_P62 SQL> SELECT * FROM ORDTAB PARTITION(SYS_P61);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries ORDID CUSTOMER_N ORDDATE --------- ---------- --------- --------45
TOTAL
SQL> SELECT * FROM ORDTAB PARTITION(SYS_P62); ORDID CUSTOMER_N ORDDATE --------- ---------- --------- --------90 65
TOTAL
ALTER TABLE ORDTAB SPLIT PARTITION P2 AT (150) INTO (PARTITION P5,PARTITION P6); Table altered. SQL> SELECT PARTITION_NAME FROM USER_TAB_PARTITIONS; (ALSO GIVE THE COMMAND SELECT PARTITION_NAME,TABLE_NAME FROM USER_tAB_PARTITIONS) SELECT TABLE_NAME,PARTITION_NAME,HIGH_VALUE FROM USER_tAB_PARTITIONS; PARTITION_NAME -----------------------------P5 P3 SYS_P61 SYS_P62 P6 ADD PARTITION ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CREATE TABLE GG ( ACNO NUMBER(3), actype varchar2(3), acbal number(4)) partition by range(acbal) (partition p1 values less than(5000), partition p2 values less than(6000)); Table created. SQL> alter table gg add partition maxp values less than(maxvalue); Table altered. DROP PARTITION ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ALTER TABLE GG DROP PARTITION P1; ALTER TABLE DROP PARTITION RENAME PARTITION ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ALTER TABLE EMP RENAME PARTITION P5 TO P6;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries create table ordtab ( ordid number(4), prdid number(4), ordname varchar2(10) ) partition by range(ordid,prdid) ( partition p1 values less than(25,50), partition p2 values less than(50,75), partition p3 values less than(75,100) ); ************************************************************************ TO CREATE AN INDEXED PARTITION create table OrdTab ( OrdId Number, Customer_Name varchar2(10), OrdDate Date, Total Number ) Partition By Range(OrdId) ( Partition P1 VAlues Less Than (100), Partition P2 Values Less Than (200), partition p3 values less than(MAXVALUE) );
CREATE INDEX ORDID ON ORDTAB(ORDID) LOCAL (PARTITION P1,PARTITION P2,PARTITION P3); CREATE INDEX ORDID ON ORDTAB(ORDID) GLOBAL PARTITION BY RANGE(ORDID) (PARTITION P1 VALUES LESS THAN(10), PARTITION P2 VALUES LESS THAN(20), PARTITION P3 VALUES LESS THAN(MAXVALUE)); LIST THE TREE STRUCTURED QUERY WITH EMPLOYEE NAME STARTING WITH KING SOL:
SELECT LPAD(' ',6*(LEVEL-1))||ENAME NAME FROM EMP START WITH ENAME='KING' CONNECT BY MGR=PRIOR EMPNO;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SIMPLE PL/SQL BLOCKS
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ declare a number; b number; begin A:=25; B:=50; dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF A IS'||A); dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF B IS'||B); end; declare a number:=&A; b numbeR:=&B; begin dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF A IS '||A); dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF B IS '||B); end; declare a number:=&A; b numbeR:=&B; PROD NUMBER; begin PROD:=A*B; dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF A IS '||A); 0dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF B IS '||B); dbms_output.put_line('THE PRODUCT IS '||PROD); end; declare a number:=10; b number:=20; res number; begin res:=a+b; dbms_output.put_line(a|| ' '||b); dbms_output.put_line('The sum is '||res); end;
declare a number:=&a; b number:=&b; res number; begin res:=a+b; dbms_output.put_line(a|| ' '||b); dbms_output.put_line('The sum is '||res); end; declare a number:=&a; b number:=&b;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries begin if (a>b) then dbms_output.put_line('Biggest number is'||' '||a); else dbms_output.put_line('Biggest number is'||' '||b); end if; end; declare a number:=&a; begin if mod(a,5)=0 then dbms_output.put_line('It is divisible by 5'); else dbms_output.put_line('It is not divisible by 5'); end if; end;
declare n char(10):='&n'; begin SELECT UPPER(N) INTO N FROM DUAL; if n='F' then dbms_output.put_line('FIRST CLASS'); ELSIF N='S' THEN dbms_output.put_line('SECOND CLASS'); ELSIF N='T' THEN dbms_output.put_line('THIRD CLASS'); else dbms_output.put_line('FAILED'); END IF; END; declare n number:=1; begin loop dbms_output.put_line(n); n:=n+1; exit when n=11; end loop; end; declare a number:=1; begin while (a<=10) loop dbms_output.put_line(a); a:=a+1; end loop; end; declare begin for a in 1..10 loop
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries dbms_output.put_line(a); end loop; end; declare begin for a in reverse 1..10 loop dbms_output.put_line(a); end loop; end; declare n number:=&n; i number:=1; begin while i<=n loop dbms_output.put_line(i); i:=i+2; end loop; end; declare n number:=&n; i number:=1; begin while i<=n loop dbms_output.put(i); i:=i+2; end loop; dbms_output.new_line; end; DECLARE BEGIN FOR I IN 1..10 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I); IF I=5 THEN EXIT; END IF; END LOOP; END; declare n number:=&n; begin dbms_output.put_line('even numbers are'); for i in 1..n loop if mod(i,2)=0 then dbms_output.put_line(i); end if; end loop; end; to display numbers from 1 to n in same line. declare n number:=&n;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries begin for i in 1..n loop dbms_output.put(i); end loop; dbms_output.new_line; end; to display the sum of n numbers declare n number:=&n; sum1 number:=0; begin dbms_output.put_line('the numbers are'); for i in 1..n loop dbms_output.put_line(i); sum1:=sum1+i; end loop; dbms_output.put_line('SUM IS '||SUM1); END;
DECLARE N NUMBER:=&N;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries RES NUMBER; BEGIN FOR I IN 1..10 LOOP RES:=N*I; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(N || ' * '|| I || ' = '|| RES ); END LOOP; END; GENERAL PROBLEMS 1 . Write a PL/SQL Program to display all the EVEN Number from 1 to 100. 2. Write a PL/SQL Program to list all the EVEN & ODD Number from 1 to 100 as Follows Even Numbers Odd Numbers ----------------------------------0 1 2 3 4 5 . . . . 3. Write a PL/SQL Program to Find the sum of numbers between 1 and 100 that are divisible by 5 but not divisible by 7 4. Write a PL/SQL Script to find all the PRIME NUMBERS from 1 to 100 5. Write a PL/SQL program to find ARMSTRONG NUMBERS from 100 to 999. 6. Write a PL/SQL program to List to FIBBNOCI SERIES FROM 0 TO 100 7. Write a PL/SQL Program to Display the Multiplication Table for the given input. 8. Write a PL/SQL Program to Display the given input string is PALINDROME OR NOT. 9. Write a PL/SQL Program to REVERSE the given input string. 10. Write a PL/SQL Program to Find out the Given Input data is LEAP YEAR OR NOT. 11. Write a PL/SQL Program to display First, Second,Third Greatest number From give three numbers 12. Write a PL/SQL Program to find out the RAMAN NUMBER between 1000 and 9999 ex : 1233 , 12*12+33*33 = 1233 13. Write a PL/SQL Program to display the vowels from the input string 14. Write a PL/SQL Program to display the vowels, No.of vowels,position of each vowels and occurrences of each vowels. 15. Write a PL/SQL Program to find out a given sub string from the
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries given Main string.(Without using INSTR FUNCTION). 16. Write a PL/SQL Program to find out No.of characters, No.of digits, No.of special Characters from the given input. ***************************************************************************** CURSOR PROBLEMS 1. Write a PL/SQL Program to Copy the data from One table to another which has the same structure with the RECORD NUMBER. 2. Assume the following table for the given problem : ID NAME MARK1 MARK2 MARK3 MARK4 1000 AYYAPPAN 100 99 90 95 1002 BASKER 30 20 25 70 1001 N.B.SING 90 60 50 35 Write a PL/SQL Program to display all the student information with the TOTAL, AVERAGE, GRADE. The GRADE is base on the following condition. 1 . between 100 and 90 A GRADE 2. between 89 and 80 B GRADE 3. between 79 and 70 C GRADE 4. otherwise WASTE. 3. Write a PL/SQL Program to display the following output base on the department :
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries Department No. 10
Department Name computer Empno
Loc Bangalore
Ename
Sal
Comm
john
5000
100
SMITH
6000
NULL
.........
.......
.........
Hiredate 1000 12-MAR-98 1001 30-JAN-98 ....... ........... 4. Write a PL/SQL Program to display the following output : job : MANAGER No. of Managers Sum of Salary 3 54000 job : CLERK --------------
Names John,smith,miller -------------
5. Write a PL/SQL Program to Display the First 5 Maximum Salary by using Parameter to The cursor 6. Write a PL/SQL Program to display all the salary in the descending order without using the order by clause in the CURSOR SELECT statement ***************************************************************************** EXCEPTION Assume the following table for the problems given below: Table Name : BANK Acc_no number(6) Acc_name varchar(40) Curr_balance number(20,4) 1. Write a PL/SQL Program to WITHDRAW money from a particular account. The Acc_no and Curr_balace should be entered from keyboard. The exceptions raised are a) Acc_no not found b) Over Drawn c) too many rows returned 2. Write a PL/SQL Program to CREDIT money to a particular account and return the current balance. The account number and amount should be entered through keyboard. The exceptions are : a) account number not found b) 3. Write a PL/SQL Program to add a NEW account holder by getting the input from the user using the exception a) duplicate account number b) too many rows c) invalid number and value error
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 4. Write a PL/SQL Program to DELETE account holder by entering the account number. The exception a)no data found b)Before delete display the current balance ***************************************************************************** SUBPROGRAM 1. Write a PL/SQL Program to SWAP the two input number without using the temporary variable, by using the PROCEDURE. 2. Write a PL/SQL Program to find out the factorial of a given input number using recursive function. *****************************************************************************
DATABASE TRIGGERS 1. Write a database trigger to implement the PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT. 2. Write a database trigger to implement the FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT. 3. Write a database trigger to implement the ON DELETE CASCADE. 4. Write a database trigger to disallow the DELETE operation from others User except Owner. 5. Write a database trigger to automatically convert the lower case employee name to UPPER CASE employee name while entering. 6. Write a database trigger to disallow any operation on SUNDAY and any day BEFORE 9 AM AND AFTER 6 PM 7. Write a database trigger to copy the record which has been deleted with USER,DATE,TIME 8. Write a database trigger to generate the serial number for the particular table. 9. Write a database trigger to validate the empno as a 4 digit number. 10. Write a database trigger to validate the comm may be NULL or less then 1/4 of the salary and must not be negative ***************************************************************************** PACKAGES 1. Create a package that contains the following sub programs
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries (a) Procedure NEW_EMP to add a new employee to the emp table. (b) Procedure UPDATE_EMP to update any empoyees details with proper error message (c) Function CHECK_EMP to check if an employee is existing the table (d) Procedure DELETE_EMP to delete an employee `s record. (e) Procedure ERROR_MESSAGE to display error message generated by any of the above procedure or functions. 2. Create a package to conduct bank transactions involving the following procedures and functions. (a) Debit (b) Credit (c) New account (d) Journal entry recording all transaction(Acct_id, Trans_type, sysdate) (e) Enter the transactions with status pending BLOCKS CREATED ON 1. GOTO 2. EXIT 3. EXIT WHEN 4. GENERATE EVEN/ODD SERIES 5. GENERATE MULTIPLICATION TABLES 6. REVERSE OF NUMBER 7. REVERSE OF STRING 8. PRIME OR NOT 9. SQUARE 10. M TO POWER N 11. ODD AND EVEN SERIES TOGETHER 12. ACCEPT SYMBOL FROM USER AND DEPENDING ON THAT ADD,SUBTRACT,MULTIPLY OR DIVIDE 2 NUMBERS. 13. GENERATE NUMBERS IN FIBONACCI SERIES. 14. FACTORIAL OF NUMBER 1.---------GOTO STATEMENT ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECLARE BEGIN FOR I IN 1..10 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(I); IF I=5 THEN GOTO AA; END IF; END LOOP; <> DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('OUTSIDE THE LOOP'); END; OUTPUT IS 1 2 3
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries 4 5 HELLO DECLARE A NUMBER:=&A; B NUMBER:=&B; BEGIN a:=a+b+100; if a>1000 then goto zz; else dbms_output.put_line('out put not greater than 1000'); end if; <> dbms_output.put_line(a); END ; 2.-----------------EXIT STATEMENT ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECLARE BEGIN FOR I IN 1..10 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(I); IF I=5 THEN EXIT; END IF; END LOOP; END; OUTPUT IS 1 2 3 4 5
3.----------------EXIT WHEN STATEMENT ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECLARE BEGIN FOR I IN 1..10 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(I); EXIT WHEN I=5; END LOOP; END; OUTPUT IS 1 2 3 4 5 4.-----------------------WHILE LOOP
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries ~~~~~~~~~~ GENERATE ODD/EVEN NUMBERS DECLARE N NUMBER:=&N; I NUMBER:=1; BEGIN WHILE(I
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6.----------------REVERSE OF A NUMBER ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECLARE N NUMBER:=&N; R NUMBER:=0; L NUMBER; BEGIN L:=LENGTH(N); FOR I IN 1..L LOOP R:=R*10+MOD(N,10); N:=FLOOR(N/10); END LOOP; --DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(N); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(R); END;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
DECLARE N NUMBER:=&N; R NUMBER; L NUMBER; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE NUMBER IS '||N); L:=LENGTH(N); FOR I IN 1..L LOOP R:=R||MOD(N,10); N:=FLOOR(N/10); END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE REVERSE OF THE NUMBER IS '||R); END; 7. ------------------REVERSE OF A STRING DECLARE N VARCHAR2(12):='&N'; REV VARCHAR2(12); LEN NUMBER; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('STRING IS '||N); LEN:=LENGTH(N); FOR I IN REVERSE 1..LEN LOOP REV:=REV||SUBSTR(N,I,1) ; END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('REVERSED STRING IS END;
'||rEV);
8---------------------PRIME OR NOT ~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECLARE N NUMBER:=&N; FLAG NUMBER:=1; BEGIN FOR I IN 2..N-1 LOOP IF MOD(N,I)=0 THEN FLAG:=0; EXIT; END IF; END LOOP; IF FLAG=0 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NUMBER IS NOT PRIME'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('NUMBER IS PRIME'); END IF; END;
9.------------------DRAW A SQUARE
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries DECLARE BEGIN FOR I IN 1..10 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT('?'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT(' '); END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.NEW_LINE; FOR I IN 1..10 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('? END LOOP; FOR I IN 1..10 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT('?'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT(' '); END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.NEW_LINE; END;
?');
10.-----------------M RAISED TO NTH POWER DECLARE M NUMBER:=&M; N NUMBER:=&N; RES NUMBER; BEGIN RES:=POWER(M,N); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('M TO POWER OF N IS '||RES); END; 11.----------------DISPLAY ODD AND EVEN SERIES DECLARE BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ODD-----------EVEN'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('__________________'); FOR I IN 1..20 LOOP IF MOD(I,2) = 0 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT(I); END IF; END LOOP; END;
'||I);
12.--------------------------ACCEPT SYMBOL FROM USER AND DEPENDING ON THAT ADD,SUBTRACT,MULTIPLY OR DIVIDE 2 NUMBERS.
DECLARE
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries NUM1 NUMBER:=&NUMBER1; SYB CHAR:='&SYMBOL'; NUM2 NUMBER:=&NUMBER2; RESULT NUMBER; BEGIN IF SYB='+' THEN RESULT:=NUM1+NUM2; ELSE IF SYB='-' THEN RESULT:=NUM1-NUM2; ELSE IF SYB='*' THEN RESULT:=NUM1*NUM2; ELSE IF SYB='/' THEN RESULT:=NUM1/NUM2; END IF; END IF; END IF; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RESULT); END;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
PL/SQL Tables Objects of type TABLE are called "PL/SQL tables," which are modelled on (but not the same as) database tables. PL/SQL tables use a primary key to give you array-like access to rows. The size of a PL/SQL table is unconstrained. That is, the number of rows in a PL/SQL table can increase dynamically. PL/SQL tables can have one column and a primary key, neither of which can be named. The column can belong to any scalar type, but the primary key must belong to type BINARY_INTEGER. Declaring PL/SQL Tables PL/SQL tables must be declared in two steps. First, you define a TABLE type, then declare PL/SQL tables of that type. You can declare TABLE
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries types in the declarative part of any block, subprogram, or package using the syntax TYPE type_name IS TABLE OF { column_type | variable%TYPE | table.column%TYPE 'D [NOT NULL] INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; where "type_name" is a type specifier used in subsequent declarations of PL/SQL tables and "column_type" is any scalar datatype such as CHAR, DATE, or NUMBER. You can use the %TYPE attribute to specify a column datatype. In this example, you declare a TABLE type called "EnameTabTyp": DECLARE TYPE EnameTabTyp IS TABLE OF CHAR(10) INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; You could have used %TYPE to provide the column datatype, as follows: DECLARE TYPE EnameTabTyp IS TABLE OF emp.ename%TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; Once you define type "EnameTabTyp," you can declare PL/SQL tables of that type, as follows: ename_tab EnameTabTyp; The identifier "ename_tab" represents an entire PL/SQL table. Like scalar variables, PL/SQL tables can be declared as the formal parameters of procedures and functions. Some packaged examples follow: PACKAGE emp_actions IS TYPE EnameTabTyp IS TABLE OF emp.ename%TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; TYPE SalTabTyp IS TABLE OF emp.sal%TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; ename_tab EnameTabTyp; sal_tab SalTabTyp; ... PROCEDURE hire_batch (ename_tab EnameTabTyp, sal_tab SalTabTyp, ...); PROCEDURE log_names (ename_tab EnameTabTyp, num BINARY_INTEGER); ... END emp_actions; Referencing PL/SQL Tables
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries To reference rows in a PL/SQL table, you specify a primary key value using the array-like syntax plsql_table_name(primary_key_value) where "primary_key_value" belongs to type BINARY_INTEGER. For example, you reference the third row in PL/SQL table "ename_tab" as follows: ename_tab(3) ... You can assign the value of a PL/SQL expression to a specific row using the following syntax: plsql_table_name(primary_key_value) := plsql_expression; In the next example, you assign the sum of variables "salary" and "increase" to the fifth row in PL/SQL table "sal_tab": sal_tab(5) := salary + increase; Until a row is assigned a value, it does not exist. If you try to reference an uninitialized row, PL/SQL raises the predefined exception NO_DATA_FOUND. Consider the following example: DECLARE TYPE JobTabTyp IS TABLE OF CHAR(14) INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; job_tab JobTabTyp; BEGIN job_tab(1) := 'CLERK'; IF job_tab(2) = 'CLERK' THEN -- raises NO_DATA_FOUND ... END IF; ... EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN -- here because job_tab(2) does not exist ... END; Inserting/Fetching Rows You must use a loop to INSERT values from a PL/SQL table into a database column. Likewise, you must use a loop to FETCH values from a database column into a PL/SQL table. For example, given the declarations DECLARE TYPE EmpnoTabTyp IS TABLE OF NUMBER(4) INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; TYPE EnameTabTyp IS TABLE OF CHAR(10) INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; ... empno_tab EmpnoTabTyp;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries ename_tab EnameTabTyp; ... you might use the following procedure to INSERT values from the PL/SQL tables into the "emp" database table: PROCEDURE insert_emp_data (rows BINARY_INTEGER, empno_tab EmpnoTabTyp, ename_tab EnameTabTyp, ...) IS BEGIN FOR i IN 1..rows LOOP INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, ...) VALUES (empno_tab(i), ename_tab(i), ...); END LOOP; END; Conversely, you might use the next procedure to FETCH all rows from the database table into PL/SQL tables "empno_tab" and "ename_tab": PROCEDURE fetch_emp_data (rows OUT BINARY_INTEGER, empno_tab OUT EmpnoTabTyp, ename_tab OUT EnameTabTyp, ...) IS BEGIN rows := 0; FOR emprec IN (SELECT * FROM emp) LOOP rows := rows + 1; empno_tab(rows) := emprec.empno; ename_tab(rows) := emprec.ename; ... END LOOP; END; However, you cannot reference PL/SQL tables in the INTO clause. For example, the following SELECT statement is illegal: PROCEDURE fetch_emp_data (rows OUT BINARY_INTEGER, empno_tab OUT EmpnoTabTyp, ename_tab OUT EnameTabTyp, ...) IS BEGIN SELECT empno, ename INTO empno_tab, ename_tab -- illegal FROM emp; ... END; Deleting Rows You cannot delete individual rows from a PL/SQL table because the
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SQL Queries DELETE statement cannot specify PL/SQL tables. However, you can use a simple workaround to delete entire PL/SQL tables. When you want to delete a PL/SQL table, simply assign a null to it, as shown in the following example: DECLARE TYPE NumTabTyp IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; sal_tab NumTabTyp; ... BEGIN /* Load salary table. */ FOR i IN 1..50 LOOP sal_tab(i) := i; END LOOP; ... /* Delete salary table. */ sal_tab := NULL; -- releases all PL/SQL table resources ... END; See also: Datatypes, Variables and Constants, Records, FETCH Statement, INSERT, DELETE
1. pl/sql block to print details of employees when number=7788; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ declare num number(5); name varchar(10); sal number(7,2); begin select empno,ename,sal into num,name,sal from emp where empno=7902; dbms_output.put_Line(num||' '||name||' '||sal); end; 2. pl/sql block to print details of employees when number=n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ declare num number(5); name varchar(10); sal number(7,2); begin select empno,ename,sal into num,name,sal from emp where empno=&n; insert into areas values(100,4000); dbms_output.put_Line(num||' '||name||' '||sal); end; DECLARE NAME VARCHAR2(10):='&NAME'; DESIG VARCHAR2(12); SALARY NUMBER(7,2);
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SQL Queries NETSAL NUMBER(7,2); BEGIN SELECT JOB,SAL INTO DESIG,SALARY FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=NAME; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME||' '||DESIG||' '||SALARY); IF DESIG='CLERK' THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SALARY*0.1 +SALARY WHERE ENAME=NAME; NETSAL:=SALARY*0.1+SALARY; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE NET SALARY IS '||NETSAL); ELSE UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SALARY*0.2 +SALARY WHERE ENAME=NAME; NETSAL:=SALARY*0.1+SALARY; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE NET SALARY IS '||NETSAL); END IF; END; 3. update statement in pl/sql block ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ declare num number(5):=&EMPNO; name varchar(10); salary number(7,2); desig varchar2(10); begin select empno,ename,sal,job into num,name,salary,desig from emp where empno=NUM; dbms_output.put_Line(num||' '||name||' '||salARY||' '||DESIG); if desig='CLERK' THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+200 WHERE EMPNO=NUM; ELSIF DESIG='MANAGER' THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+300 WHERE EMPNO=NUM; END IF; COMMIT; end; 4. DELETE STATEMENT IN PL/SQL BLOCK ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ declare num number(5); name varchar(10); salary number(7,2); desig varchar2(10); begin select empno,ename,sal,job into num,name,salary,desig from emp where empno=&n; IF desig='CLERK' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD DELETED'); DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=NUM; ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD NOT DELETED'); END IF; dbms_output.put_Line(num||' '||name||' '||salARY||' '||DESIG); end;
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SQL Queries 5. INSERT STATEMENT IN PL/SQL BLOCK ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECLARE ENO NUMBER(4); MGR NUMBER(4); DEPNO NUMBER(3); BEGIN INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,MGR,DEPTNO)VALUES(&ENO,&MGR,&DEPNO); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ENO||' '||MGR||' '||DEPNO); COMMIT; END;
6. SELECTING THE VALUES FROM EMP & INSERTING TO TEMP TABLE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ declare num number(5); name varchar(10); salary number(7,2); desig varchar2(10); begin select empno,ename,sal,job into num,name,salary,desig from emp where empno=&n; if desig='CLERK' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD INSERTED'); INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(NUM,NAME,SALARY,DESIG); END IF; dbms_output.put_Line(num||' '||name||' '||salARY||' '||DESIG); COMMIT; end; 7. DISPLAY NAME AND DESIGNATION OF MANAGERS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (THE BLOCK GIVES ERRORS. IT IS JUST TO ILLUSTRATE THAT exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows ) DECLARE N NUMBER; NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO N FROM EMP WHERE JOB='MANAGER'; FOR I IN 1..N LOOP SELECT ENAME,JOB INTO NAME,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE JOB='MANAGER'; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME||' '||DESIG); END LOOP; END;
EXAMPLE FOR SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE STATEMENTS IN PL/SQL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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SQL Queries CREATE TABLE TEMP ( ENAME VARCHAR2(10), DESIG VARCHAR2(10), SAL NUMBER(7,2)); DECLARE NAME VARCHAR2(10); DESIG VARCHAR2(10); SALARY NUMBER(7,2); ENO NUMBER(4):=&EMPNO; BEGIN SELECT ENAME,JOB,SAL INTO NAME,DESIG,SALARY FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ENO||' '||NAME||' '||SALARY||' '||DESIG); IF DESIG='CLERK' THEN DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO; INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(NAME,DESIG,SALARY); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('DELETED FROM EMP AND INSERTED TO TEMP'); COMMIT; ELSIF DESIG='MANAGER' THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SALARY+200 WHERE EMPNO=ENO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('INCREMENTED SALARY IS '||TO_CHAR(SALARY+200)); END IF; END; 8.SELECT MAX(DEPTNO) FROM DEPT TABLE AND INSERT TO TEMP TABLE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECLARE MDEPNO NUMBER(3); BEGIN FOR I IN 1..4 LOOP SELECT MAX(DEPTNO) INTO MDEPNO FROM DEPT5; INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(MDEPNO); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(MDEPNO); DELETE FROM DEPT5 WHERE DEPTNO=MDEPNO; COMMIT; END LOOP; END; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9. 2 tables are created. In one table the quantiy and the product name is stored and the other table is dummy table. If we give product name the details will be displayed.If the number of products is below 5 then insert into temp table out of stock and sysdate ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ inventory table (inv) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ quantity prodname 9 Racket 8 Book 5 Pencil 1 Marker create table inv(quantity number(3),prodname varchar(10)); temp ~~~~
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SQL Queries prodname
comment
date1
create table temp( prodname varchar2(10), comm varchar2(16), date1 date); declare qty NUMBER(5); pname VARCHAR2(10); begin select quantity,prodname into qty,pname from inv where prodname='&productname'; if qty>5 then DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THANK U FOR THE PURCHASES MADE VISIT AGAIN'); update inv set quantity=quantity-1 where prodname=pname; commit; else DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('STOCK LEVEL IS BELOW ORDER LEVEL'); insert into temp values(pname,'out of stock',sysdate); commit; end if; end; 10. example for constant ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ declare a constant number:=5; begin dbms_output.put_Line(a); end; (If we make a as an constant we cannot use a as a assignment target. We can just print a+2,a+3 etc.....) declare a constant number:=5; begin dbms_output.put_Line(a); dbms_output.put_Line(a+2); end; 11.example for default *********************** declare a number default 3; begin dbms_output.put_Line(a); end; (hERE A CAN BE USED AS ASSIGNMENT TARGET). 12. Write a pl/sql block to fetch the details of all the employees whose number is 7902. Now if his sal is less than 4000 then fetch salary mgr and name of the employees whose empno should be equal to MGR.
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SQL Queries 13. WAP TO CHECK THE BANK DETAILS. IN BANK TABLE ACCNO AND BALANCE IS STORED. USER HAS TO ENTER THE ACCOUNT NUMBER AND WITHDRAW AMOUNT. IF WITHDRAWL AMOUNT < BALANCE THEN UPDATE BALANCE OF BANK TABLE AND SUBTRACT THE WITHDRAWL AMOUNT FROM BALANCE ELSE INSERT A MESSAGE LIKE INSUFFICIENT FUNDS TO TEMP TABLE create table bank ( accno number(3), bal number(6)); ACCNO BAL -------- --------10 5000 20 6000 30 20 create table temp ( accno number(3), bal number(6), rem varchar2(20)); declare awith number(3):=&awith; ac_no number(3):=&accno; abal number(6); begin select bal into abal from bank where accno=ac_no; if abal>awith then update bank set bal=bal-awith where accno=ac_no; commit; else insert into temp values(ac_no,abal,'insuffunds'); commit; end if; end; 14. ILLUSTRATE %TYPE ********************* declare a emp.deptno%type; begin select deptno into a from emp where empno=&A; dbms_output.put_line(a); end; 15.ILLUSTRATE %ROWTYPE *********************** declare a emp%ROWtype; begin select * into a from emp where empno=&N; dbms_output.put_line(A.ENAME||' '||A.SAL||' '||A.COMM); end;
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SQL Queries 16 write a pl/sql block to calculate the sum and average salaries of ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ all the employees of a particular department. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECLARE NO NUMBER:=&DEPTNO; SUM1 NUMBER(7,2); AVG1 NUMBER(7,2); BEGIN SELECT SUM(SAL),AVG(SAL) INTO SUM1,AVG1 FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=NO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_line('Sum of salary is'||SUM1); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_Line('Average salary is'||AVG1); END;
NESTED TABLE CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE EMPLOYEE AS OBJECT _ CREATE TYPE EMPLOYEE AS OBJECT (NO NUMBER(4),
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SQL Queries NAME VARCHAR2(20), JOB VARCHAR2(10), SAL NUMBER(7,2)); ------------------------------------------CREATE TYPE EMPTAB AS TABLE OF EMPLOYEE; ------------------------------------------CREATE TABLE DEPTNEST (DNO NUMBER(2), DNAME VARCHAR2(20), EMPL EMPTAB) NESTED TABLE EMPL STORE AS EMPNEST; --------------------------------------------INSERT INTO DEPTNEST VALUES (10,'ACCOUNTS',EMPTAB( EMPLOYEE(1,'RAJ','CLERK',1000), EMPLOYEE(2,'SARAV','SALES',2000))); ------------------------------------------------------------INSERT INTO THE(SELECT EMPL FROM DEPTNEST WHERE DEPTNO=10) VALUES (EMPTAB(3,'SHIV','SUPERV',2300));
SELECT X.EMPL.NAME FROM DEPTNEST X WHERE X.DNO=10; ----------------------------------------------------SELECT TYPE_CODE,ATTRIBUTES FROM USER_TYPES WHERE TYPE_NAME='DEPTNEST'; SELECT COLL_TYPES,ELEM_TYPE FROM USER_COL_TYPES WHERE TYPE_NAME=' '; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VARRAY: ------------CREATE TYPE PHONE AS OBJECT (NO NUMBER(6)); ---------CREATE TYPE PHONETYPE AS VARRAY(5) OF PHONE; ---------CREATE TABLE CUST (NAME VARCHAR2(20), PHONENO PHONETYPE); ----------INSERT INTO CUST VALUES ('XXXX', PHONETYPE(PHONE(232322),PHONE(345345)); ----------SELECT COLumn_NAME,DATA_TYPE_NAME FROM USER_TAB_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME=' '; SELECT TYPE_CODE,ATTRIBUTES FROM USER_TYPES WHERE
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SQL Queries TYPE_NAME='
';
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--------------------------------------------------------------#**************# PROCEDURES #**************# #**************##**************##**************##**************##**************# 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
WRITE A PROCEDURE TO DRAW A LINE WRITE A PROCEDURE WHICH ACTS JUST LIKE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE WRITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE NAME AND JOB WHEN NO IS PASSED (this is to illustrate both in and out parameters) WRITE A PROCEDURE TO PASS THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND THE AMOUNT TO BE INCREMENTED. example to illustrate in out parameter. EXAMPLE TO ILLUSTRATE LOCAL PROCEDURE I.E DYNAMIC CREATION OF PROCEDURES.(PROCEDURE WITHIN A BLOCK)
#**************##**************##**************##**************##**************# 1.---------- WRITE A PROCEDURE TO DRAW A LINE CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE LINE IS BEGIN FOR I IN 1..40 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT('_'); END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.NEW_LINE; END; EXEC LINE OR DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB='CLERK'; CURSOR C2 IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB='MANAGER'; BEGIN LINE;
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SQL Queries LINE; FOR I IN C1 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I.ENAME||' '||I.JOB); END LOOP; LINE; LINE; FOR I IN C2 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I.ENAME||' '||I.JOB); END LOOP; LINE; LINE; END; __________________________________________________________________________ 2---------------WRITE A PROCEDURE WHICH ACTS JUST LIKE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE PRINT( N VARCHAR2) is begin dbms_output.put_line(n); end; declare A NUMBER:=25; begin PRINT(A); print('BRAINWARE'); end; ________________________________________________________________________ 3------------WRITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE NAME AND JOB WHEN NO IS PASSED -------(this is to illustrate both in and out parameters) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DISP(N NUMBER) IS NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT ENAME,JOB INTO NAME,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME||' '||DESIG); END; EXEC DISP(7499) DECLARE BEGIN DISP(&N); END; OR CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DISP1(ENO NUMBER, NAME OUT VARCHAR,DESIG OUT VARCHAR) IS
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SQL Queries BEGIN SELECT ENAME,JOB INTO NAME,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO; END; DECLARE NAME1 VARCHAR2(30); DESIG1 VARCHAR2(10); N NUMBER:=&EMPNO; BEGIN DISP1(N,NAME1,DESIG1); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME1||' '||DESIG1||' '||N); END; __________________________________________________________________________
4---------------WRITE A PROCEDURE TO PASS THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND THE AMOUNT TO BE INCREMENTED. example to illustrate in out parameter. create or replace procedure hike_sal(a in out number,incre number) is begin update emp set sal=sal+incre where empno=a; if sql%found then a:=1; else a:=0; end if; end; declare n number:=&empno; incre number:=&increment; begin dbms_output.put_line('n = '|| n||' '||' increment='||incre); hike_sal(n,incre); dbms_output.put_line('n = '|| n||' '||' increment='||incre); if n=1 then dbms_output.put_line('salary incremented'); else dbms_output.put_line('salary is not incremented'); end if; end; ______________________________________________________________________ 5-----------EXAMPLE TO ILLUSTRATE LOCAL PROCEDURE ------------I.E DYNAMIC CREATION OF PROCEDURES.(PROCEDURE WITHIN A BLOCK) DECLARE A NUMBER:=10; J VARCHAR2(10); ENO NUMBER;
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SQL Queries PROCEDURE DISPJOB(N NUMBER,J OUT VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN SELECT JOB INTO J FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; END; BEGIN ENO:=&EMPNO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMPLOYEE NUMBER IS'||ENO); DISPJOB(ENO,J); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('EMPNO='||ENO||' JOB='||J); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('MESSAGE'); PRINT('SORRRY NO EMPLOYEE EXISTS WITH THAT NUMBER'); END; _________________________________ ______________________________________ CURSORS ------DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT ENAME,COMM FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7900; NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; COMMISSION EMP.COMM%TYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1; FETCH C1 INTO NAME,COMMISSION; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE VALUES ARE'||' '||NAME||' '||COMMISSION); CLOSE C1; END; DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME ,DEPTNO FROM EMP; EMPNUM EMP.EMPNO%TYPE; EMPNAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; DEPTNUM EMP.DEPTNO%TYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO EMPNUM,EMPNAME,DEPTNUM; if c1%notfound then exit; else dbms_output.put_line(EMPNUM||' '||EMPNAME||' '||DEPTNUM); end if; END LOOP; end; DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME ,SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10; EMPNUM EMP.EMPNO%TYPE; NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP
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SQL Queries FETCH C1 INTO EMPNUM,NAME,SALARY; IF C1%NOTFOUND THEN EXIT; END IF; INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(EMPNUM,NAME,SALARY); END LOOP; --CLOSE C1; END; //CURSOR ALREADY OPEN DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMP; EMPNUM EMP.EMPNO%TYPE; EMPNAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; DEPTNUM EMP.DEPTNO%TYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1; OPEN C1; FOR I IN 1..5 LOOP FETCH C1 INTO EMPNUM,EMPNAME,DEPTNUM; IF C1% NOTFOUND THEN EXIT; END IF; --INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(EMPNUM,EMPNAME,DEPTNUM); END LOOP; CLOSE C1; END;
DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,SAL,COMM FROM EMP; EMPCODE EMP.EMPNO%TYPE; SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE; COM EMP.COMM%TYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO EMPCODE,SALARY,COM; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(EMPCODE,SALARY,COM); END LOOP; CLOSE C1; END; ////////(ISOPEN WITH CLOSE) DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,SAL,COMM FROM EMP; EMPCODE EMP.EMPNO%TYPE; SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE; COM EMP.COMM%TYPE; BEGIN LOOP IF C1%ISOPEN THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR IS OPEN'); EXIT; ELSE OPEN C1;
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SQL Queries FETCH C1 INTO EMPCODE,SALARY,COM; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(EMPCODE,SALARY,COM); END IF; END LOOP; CLOSE C1; END; DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,COMM FROM EMP; BEGIN --OPEN C1; FOR I IN C1 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I.EMPNO||' '||I.ENAME||' '||I.COMM); INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(I.EMPNO,I.ENAME,I.COMM); END LOOP; --CLOSE C1; END; %ROWTYPE -------DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; TEMPROW EMP%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO TEMPROW; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TEMPROW.EMPNO||' '||TEMPROW.SAL); END LOOP; CLOSE C1; DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL FROM EMP; TEMPROW C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO TEMPROW; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TEMPROW.EMPNO||' '||TEMPROW.SAL); END LOOP; CLOSE C1; END; END; IMPLICIT CURSOR ---------------BEGIN UPDATE EMP SET HIREDATE='01-SEP-98' WHERE DEPTNO=20; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT||'ROW UPDATED'); END;
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SQL Queries ROWCOUNT -------DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN IF NOT C1%ISOPEN THEN OPEN C1; END IF; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; IF C1%FOUND THEN IF C1%ROWCOUNT<5 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.EMPNO||' '||A.ENAME||' '||A.DEPTNO); ELSE EXIT; END IF; ELSE EXIT; END IF; END LOOP; CLOSE C1; END; EXCEPTION; ---------(ZERO_DIVIDE) -----------DECLARE A NUMBER:=&A; B NUMBER:=&B; C NUMBER; BEGIN C:=A/B; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C); EXCEPTION WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE DENOMINATOR IS ZERO'); B:=A; C:=A/B; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C); END; VALUE error; --------------DECLARE EMPNUM NUMBER(3); NAME VARCHAR2(10); NO NUMBER:=&NO; BEGIN SELECT EMPNO,ENAME INTO EMPNUM,NAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=NO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(EMPNUM||' '||NAME); EXCEPTION WHEN VALUE_ERROR THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('WIDTH IS NOT SUFFICIENT'); DECLARE ENUM EMP.EMPNO%TYPE;
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SQL Queries BEGIN SELECT EMPNO,ENAME INTO ENUM,NAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=NO DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ENUM||' '||NAME); END; END;
;
INVALID NUMBER; --------------DECLARE NAME VARCHAR2(10):='&NAME'; NUM NUMBER(3); BEGIN SELECT TO_NUMBER(NAME) INTO NUM FROM DUAL; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NUM); EXCEPTION WHEN INVALID_NUMBER THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('INVALID NUMBER IS RAISED'); END; TOO MANY ROWS: -------------DECLARE NAME emp.ENAME%type; EJOB EMP.JOB%TYPE:='&JOB'; BEGIN select ENAME into NAME from emp WHERE JOB=EJOB; dbms_output.put_line(NAME); exception when too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line('too many rows are found'); DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT ENAME,JOB,SAL FROM EMP WHERE JOB=EJOB; BEGIN IF C1%ISOPEN THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR IS OPEN'); END IF; FOR I IN C1 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I.ENAME||' '||I.JOB||' '||I.SAL); END LOOP; END; END; NO_DATA_FOUND ------------DECLARE NO EMP.EMPNO%TYPE; NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE; DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,JOB INTO NO,NAME,SALARY,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&EMPNO; IF SQL%FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NO||' '||NAME||' '||SALARY||' '||DESIG); END IF;
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SQL Queries EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NO DATA FOUND'); DECLARE NEWNO EMP.EMPNO%TYPE; NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT ENAME,JOB INTO NAME,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&NEWNO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME||' '||dESIG); END; END;
INVALID CURSOR(OPENING IN LOOP) -------------DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A EMP%ROWTYPE; BEGIN LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; OPEN C1; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.ENAME||' '||A.JOB||' '||A.SAL); END LOOP; CLOSE C1; EXCEPTION WHEN INVALID_CURSOR THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('INVALID CURSOR'); END;
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN -------------------DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP ; A C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN open c1; LOOP OPEN C1; FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOtFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(a.sal||' '||a.ename); END LOOP; CLOSE C1; exception when cursor_already_open then dbms_output.put_line('cursor already openED'); END; WHEN OTHERS -----------DESC TEMP A VARCHAR2(10) B VARCHAR2(25)
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SQL Queries C VARCHAR2(25) DECLARE ENO NUMBER(4); NAME VARCHAR2(10); DEPNO NUMBER(3); ACODE NUMBER(4); BMSG VARCHAR2(40); EMPNO NUMBER(4); BEGIN SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO INTO ENO,NAME,DEPNO FROM EMP WHERE empno=&empno; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ENO||' '||NAME||' '||DEPNO); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ACODE:=SQLCODE; BMSG:=SQLERRM; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ACODE:'||' '||ACODE||' '||BMSG); --INSERT INTO temp VALUES(ACODE,BMSG ,'asds'); END; DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX ----------------create table temp(a number(3) primary key, b varchar2(10),c varchar2(10)); declare dno dept.deptno%type; dname dept.dname%type; loc dept.loc%type; begin insert into DEPT values(&deptno,'&dname','&loc'); exception when dup_val_on_index then dbms_output.put_line('DUP_VALUES_ON_INDEX'); end;
USER_DEFINED_EXCEPTION ---------------------DECLARE SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE; COM EMP.COMM %TYPE; MIS_COMM EXCEPTION; NETSAL NUMBER(7); BEGIN SELECT SAL,COMM INTO SALARY,COM FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&N; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SALARY||' '||COM); IF COM IS NULL THEN RAISE MIS_COMM; ELSE NETSAL:=SALARY+COM; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SALARY||' '||COM||' '||NETSAL); END IF; EXCEPTION
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries WHEN MIS_COMM THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('ORA421'||' '||'MISS_COMM EXCEPTION'); END;
PARAMETER(ERROR) ---------DECLARE I EMP%ROWTYPE; CURSOR C1(TEMPENO NUMBER) IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=TEMPENO; BEGIN OPEN C1(7499); FETCH C1 INTO I ; INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO) VALUES(I.EMPNO,I.ENAME,I.DEPTNO); --EXIT WHEN C1%NOT FOUND; --END LOOP; END; WEAK CURSOR(NO RETURN TYPE DECLARATION) --------------------------------------DECLARE TYPE T1 IS REF CURSOR; T2 T1; A EMP%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN T2 FOR SELECT * FROM EMP; LOOP FETCH T2 INTO A; EXIT WHEN T2%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.EMPNO); END LOOP; CLOSE T2; END; DATA BASE TRIGGER: -----------------BEFORE/AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON TABLENAME FOR EACH ROW
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
(ERROR) CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER T1 BEFORE INSERT ON EMP DECLARE A VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY') INTO A FROM DUAL; IF A ='TUESDAY' THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20909,'INSERTION NOT POSSIBLE'); END IF; END; ERROR NO: -20000 TO -20999 (FIND T1 OR T2 )(OK) CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER T2 BEFORE INSERT ON EMP FOR EACH ROW DECLARE A NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:NEW.DEPTNO; IF A>=1 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20101,'PRIMARY KEY VIOLATION'); END IF; END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER DELDEPT AFTER DELETE ON DEPT FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DELETE EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:OLD.DEPTNO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('PARENT CHILD DELETED'); END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER CHECK_SAL BEFORE update ON emp FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF :NEW.SAL<1000 OR :NEW.SAL>5000 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001,'CHECK SAL '); END IF; END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER T1 BEFORE INSERT ON DEPT FOR EACH ROW DECLARE A DEPT.DEPTNO%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(DEPTNO) INTO A FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO=:NEW.DEPTNO; IF A>=1 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001,'MASTER EXIST'); END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('-20001 NO MASTER RECORD'); END;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
(MUTATING ERROR) CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER T3 AFTER UPDATE ON EMP FOR EACH ROW DECLARE A NUMBER(1); BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:old.DEPTNO; dbms_output.put_line('new.depttno'||' '||:old.deptno); IF A>1 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001,'UPDATED'); END IF; END ; VARRAY SELECT STATEMENT ----------------------/*DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM TABLENAME; A CI%ROWTYPE; BEGIN FOR I IN C1 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SDFS :'|| ); FOR I IN C1.COUNT LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SDA); END LOOP; END LOOP END;
*/
NESTED TABLES: -------------SELECT X.NAME FROM THE (SELECT EMPL FROM DEPTNEST WHERE DNO=10) X WHERE X.NAME='YYYY'; SUBPROGRAMS 1. PROCEDURE Syntax: CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE (PARAMETERLIST) IS BEGIN EXECUTABLE STATEMENTS EXCEPTION HANDLERS END; Eg.: CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE P1 (A NUMBER,B NUMBER) IS COMMISSION NUMBER; NULL_COMM EXCEPTION; BEGIN SELECT COMM INTO COMMISSION FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=A; IF COMMISSION IS NULL THEN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries RAISE NULL_COMM; ELSE UPDATE EMP SET COMM=SAL+B WHERE EMPNO=A; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN NULL_COMM THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE VALUE COMM IS NULL'); END; EXEC P1(7499,1000); 1.1 IN PARAMETER CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE P2 (NO IN NUMBER) IS PRICE NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT ACTUALPRICE INTO PRICE FROM ITEM WHERE ITEMID=NO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ORIGINAL PRICE IS'||' '||TO_CHAR(PRICE)); IF PRICE IS NULL THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('PRICE IS NULL'); END IF; END; EXEC P2(10); 1.2 IN OUT PARAMETER CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE P3 (INNER IN NUMBER, A OUT NUMBER) IS ID NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT DEPTNO INTO ID FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=INNER; IF ID<40 THEN A:=50; END IF; END;
DECLARE INNER NUMBER; A NUMBER; BEGIN P3 (7499,A); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE OUT VALUE IS '||' '||TO_CHAR(A)); END; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE SAMPLE (A IN NUMBER,B IN OUT NUMBER) IS ID NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT ORDID,PRODID INTO ID ,B FROM ITEM WHERE ITEMID=A; IF B<500 THEN B:=B+100; END IF; END; DECLARE
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries A NUMBER; B NUMBER; BEGIN SAMPLE(10,B); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('B VALUE IS'||' '||B); END;
FUNCTIONS -------- {(ARGUMENT) - IN ,OUT ,IN OUT} RETURN DATATYPE IS > DECLARATION BEGIN EXECUTABLE STATEMENTS EXCEPTION EXCEPTION HANDLERS END; create or replace function f1 return number is a emp.sal%type; begin SELECT SAL INTO A FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='ALLEN'; RETURN A; END; DECLARE B NUMBER; BEGIN B:=F1; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(B); END; CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN(ID NUMBER,AMOUNT NUMBER) RETURN BOOLEAN IS MINI NUMBER; MAXI NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT MINPRICE,STDPRICE INTO MINI,MAXI FROM PRICE WHERE PRODID=ID; RETURN (MINI>=AMOUNT) OR (MAXI>=AMOUNT); END; TO EXECUTE IT: DECLARE ID NUMBER; AMOUNT NUMBER; REMARK BOOLEAN; BEGIN ID:=&A; AMOUNT:=&B; REMARK:=FUN(ID,AMOUNT); IF REMARK=TRUE THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('TRUE'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('FALSE');
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries END IF; END; CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN(N VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS J VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN SELECT JOB INTO J FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=N; RETURN J; END; SELECT FUN('BLAKE') FROM DUAL; IN PARAMETER ------------CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION F1(NAME IN VARCHAR2) RETURN NUMBER IS A EMP.SAL%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT SAL INTO A FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=NAME; RETURN A; END; DECLARE B NUMBER; BEGIN B:=F1('&A'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(B); END; IN AND OUT ---------CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION F1(NAME IN VARCHAR2,B OUT VARCHAR2) RETURN NUMBER IS A EMP.SAL%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT SAL,JOB INTO A,B FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=NAME; RETURN A; END; DECLARE A NUMBER; JOB VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN A:=F1('&c',JOB); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A||' '||JOB); END; IN OUT -----CREATE OR REPLACE function F1(A IN number,c OUT NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS B EMP.COMM%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT SAL,COMM INTO sal1,comm1 FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=A; RETURN sal1; END; /* ERROR */
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries DECLARE M2 NUMBER(5); M3 NUMBER; M1 NUMBER; SALARY NUMBER; BEGIN M1:=F1(&M2,M3); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(M2||' '||SALARY); END;
PACKAGE SPECIATION ------------------CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE PACK1 IS PROCEDURE P1; FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER; A NUMBER; END PACK1; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY PACK1 IS PROCEDURE P1 IS BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('P1 PACKAGE'); END P1; FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER IS BEGIN A:=1000; RETURN A; END F1; END PACK1; DECLARE N NUMBER; BEGIN N:=PACK1.F1; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(N); PACK1.P1; END; /* CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE PACK2 IS PROCEDURE DDEP; FUNCTION BALANCE RETURN NUMBER; NAME VARCHAR2(15); END PACK2;
CREATE PACKAGE BODY PACK2 IS FUNCTION BALANCE (NAME IN VARCHAR2) RETURN NUMBER AS BALANCE NUMBER(10,2); BEGIN SELECT SAL INTO BALANCE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=NAME; RETURN(BALANCE); EXCEPTIONS WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20101,'NO WORKER ON THAT NAME'); END PACK2; PROCEDURE DDEP(NAME IN VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO DEPT(DEPTNO,DNAME,LOC) VALUES(10,NAME,NULL); END DDEP; END PACK2; */ PL/SQL COMPOSITE DATA TYPE -------------------------DECLARE TYPE T1 IS TABLE OF EMP.sal %TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; M BINARY_INTEGER :=1; T2 T1; BEGIN FOR I IN 1..20 LOOP T2(M) :=I*10; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(T2(M)||' '||m); M:=M+1; END LOOP; END; DECLARE TYPE T1 IS TABLE OF EMP.ENAME%TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; M BINARY_INTEGER:=0; T2 T1; BEGIN FOR I IN (SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ) LOOP T2(M):=I.ENAME; --INSERT INTO DEPT1(DNAME) VALUES(T2(M)); dbms_output.put_line(t2(m)||' '||m); M:=M+1; END LOOP; END; DECLARE TYPE T1 IS TABLE OF EMP.ENAME%TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; M BINARY_INTEGER :=1; T2 T1; T3 T1; BEGIN FOR I IN(SELECT ENAME FROM EMP) LOOP T2(M) :=I.ENAME; T3(M):=T2; DELETE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=T2(M); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(T3(M)); M:=M+1; END LOOP; END; DECLARE
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries TYPE T1 IS TABLE OF DEPT%ROWTYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; T2 T1; M BINARY_INTEGER :=1; BEGIN FOR I IN (SELECT * FROM DEPT) LOOP T2(M).DEPTNO :=I.DEPTNO; T2(M).DNAME :=I.DNAME; T2(M).LOC :=I.LOC; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(T2(M).DEPTNO||' '||T2(M).DNAME||' '||T2(M).LOC); M :=M+1; END LOOP; END; --RECORD(ONE ROW) DECLARE TYPE T1 IS RECORD (A NUMBER(3),B VARCHAR2(30),C VARCHAR2(30)); T2 T1; BEGIN SELECT * INTO T2 FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO=10; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(T2.A||T2.B||T2.C); END; BEGIN SELECT * FROM EMP; END; ----------------------------------------BEGIN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+2000; END; ----------------------------------------DECLARE I NUMBER :=7788; J NUMBER :=10000; BEGIN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=J WHERE EMPNO=I; END; ----------------------------------------DECLARE I NUMBER:=&I; J NUMBER:=&J; BEGIN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=J WHERE EMPNO=I; -----------------------------------------DECLARE I NUMBER; J NUMBER;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries BEGIN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=&J WHERE EMPNO=&I; END; -----------------------------------------FOR LOOP -------FOR IN .. LOOP END LOOP; ------------------------------------------declare begin FOR I IN 1..5 LOOP INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES (I); END LOOP; end; ------------------------------------------WHILE LOOP ---------WHILE LOOP END LOOP; ------------------------------------------DECLARE A NUMBER(2); BEGIN A:=&A; FOR COUNT IN 1..A LOOP INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES (COUNT); END LOOP; END; ------------------------------------------DECLARE I NUMBER:=10; BEGIN WHILE I <=15 LOOP INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES (I); I:=I+1; END LOOP;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries END; ------------------------------------------DECLARE I NUMBER:=1; BEGIN WHILE I<=10 LOOP INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(I,'XXXX'); IF I>5 THEN EXIT; END IF; I:=I+1; END LOOP; INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(I,'YYYY'); END; ------------------------------------------GO TO STATEMENT --------------DECLARE I NUMBER:=1; BEGIN WHILE I<=10 LOOP INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(I,'XXXX'); IF I=5 THEN GOTO PROC; END IF; I:=I+1; END LOOP; <> INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(I,'PROC'); END; -----------------------------------------------------------USING INTO CLASS ---DECLARE TEMP NUMBER: = &TEMPNO; TEMPSAL NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT SAL INTO TEMPSAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=TEMP; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TEMPSAL); END; SET SERVEROUT ON; -----------------------------------------------------------////////////////(UPDATE ERROR) DECLARE TNO NUMBER:=&TEMPNO; TEMPSAL NUMBER; TEMPCOMM NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT SAL,COMM INTO TEMPSAL,TEMPCOMM FROM EMP WHERE
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries EMPNO=TNO; IF TEMPCOMM >1000 AND TEMPSAL <=5000 THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+2000 WHERE EMPNO=TNO; ELSIF TEMPSAL >2000 THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+1000 WHERE EMPNO=TNO; END IF; END; ------------------------------------------------------------------DECLARE TEMPEMPNO NUMBER:=&TEMPEMPNO; TEMPHIREDATE DATE; TEMPNAME VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN SELECT HIREDATE,ENAME INTO TEMPHIREDATE,TEMPNAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO; IF TEMPHIREDATE >='01-JAN-80' AND TEMPHIREDATE <='30-JAN-85' THEN UPDATE EMP SET COMM=COMM+COMM*0.1 WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO; END IF; END; ------------------------------------------------------------------DECLARE TEMPEMPNO NUMBER:=&TEMPEMPNO; TEMPDEPTNO NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT DEPTNO INTO TEMPDEPTNO WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO; IF TEMPDEPTNO=10 THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+1000 WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO; ELSIF TEMPDEPTNO=20 THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+2000 WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO; ELSIF TEMPDEPTNO=30 THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+3000 WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO; ELSE UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+4000 WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO; END IF; END; ------------------------------------------------------------------DECLARE A NUMBER; B NUMBER; C NUMBER; BEGIN A:=&A; B:=&B; C:=A+B; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C); END; ------------------------------------------------------------------------%TYPE -------DECLARE SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries DOJ
EMP.HIREDATE%TYPE;
BEGIN SELECT SAL,HIREDATE INTO SALARY,DOJ FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7900; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SALARY||' '||DOJ); END; ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Krishna Prasad T.K.