No. 1.
Article: ˝The Discourse Basis for Lexical Categories in Universal Grammar
Author(s): Author(s ): Paul J. Hopper and Sandra A. Thompson
2.
˝The Classical Approach to Categorization˝
John. R. Taylor
3.
˝English Word Classes˝
David Crystal
4.
˝The Importance of Categorization˝
George Lakoff
5.
˝Parts of Speech˝
Otto Jespersen
6.
˝Vagueness˝
Bertrand Russel
How to recognize it? They discuss classification classification,, there's a look at some earlier categorizations, categorizations, but namely this has to do with verbs and nouns and how they are constituted by discourse. discourse. Semantic property VS function and the real life situation/discourse situation/discourse setting the semantic rules/meanings. -fox, specific fox-semantic/pragmatic ; nonprototypical environments neutralize the contrast betw.categories -N or V become N or V only in discourse, without discourse they only have a propensity to become that Here, he discusses Aristotle's classical approach, approach, and its four features (necessary and sufficient conditions, all members of a category being exemplary, binary features and clear cut boundaries. He investigates investigat es the problems of classificatio classification, n, too many classes or very general rules, rules , extremes which both in the end do not satisfy. He proceeds to criticize ˝unreal dichotomie dichotomies˝ s˝ and and suggests a balance between the over and under-classificatio under-classification n. Lakoff recognizes classification/categorization classification/categorization as essential to human thought and that it is always present, more unconsciously than vice-versa. Categories also must be abstract, disembodied and independent from people. He first talks about some old systems, case definitions, gender definitions, form definitions and some unreal dichotomies dichotomies(Varro). (Varro). English English takes the middle ground between languages with strictly formal criteria for word classes and languages without strict criteria, such as Chinese. In the second part he discusses the fine line between proper and common names. -designation, connotation, connotation, designation All symbols are vague, vague, all observations have a margin of error, error, the example with two glasses of
Keywords: discourse, categories, prototypical(-ity), semantic(-ally), grammatical, linguistic, form; transitivity time stability
category, features, classical, categorizatio categorization, n, entity, man
words, classes, word, criteria, English, class, grammatical, complacency
categorization, prototype, Wittgenstein,, Rosch, Wittgenstein categorizing
7.
˝Family Resemblances˝
Ludwig Wittgenstein
8.
˝Categories˝
Aristotle
9.
˝Concepts˝
Gottlob Frege
10.
˝Discreteness˝
Ronald W. Langacker
11.
˝Syntactic Constructions as Prototype Categories˝
John. R. Taylor
12.
Prototypes in linguistic theory Linguistic categorization
John. R. Taylor
water; color red, baldness, meter, occurrences, proper names, truthfulness, logical words; lack of precision, maps being more precise representation of the world than language; photographs -properties of language attributed to the worlderroneous; The main idea is that not all members of a group share one common property, but they are rather intertwined without that ˝single thread˝ that holds the category together. He mentions numbers, colors and games. =blurred and sharp photographs; Frege; colors, leaf, games Highly philosophical language, discrete and continuous quantities, common boundaries. A bit more comprehensible definition of the Aristotelian model and criteria for categories; vagueness Sharp boundaries of concepts Conditions are often matters of degree, prototype vs criterial notion, a lot of false dichotomies, integrated systems where are the features work TOGETHER He mentions the constructions of the possessive genitive and transitive verbs and their more or less marginal and central members with loads of examples and semantic criteria for prototypical members of these constructions.
Prototypes, WORD, conceptual and ling.categories prototypes, clitics, affixes, word classes, N, NP Semantic and syntactic def.of classes; 4 types of syntactic properties Chomsky, modules Possessive construction; decategorialization;
construction, transitive, sentence, constructions, patient, prototype, agent, relation, subject, possessive genitive; transitive construction metaphor Transformations, double raising, nouns – region/domains, verbs – temporal relation, time stability, Hopper and Thompson; realis/irrealis’
