Design of Reinforced Concrete 9th Edition SolutionsFull description
Mavhine Design
ogata solutions
Descripción completa
ogata solutionsDescripción completa
Full description
Son pasos a seguir para el diseño de Estructuras Soldadas. Con ella podemos comprobar mediante las diferentes metodologias que se puede emplearDescripción completa
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The serviceability of a product or structure utilizing this type of Information Is and. must be the sole responsibility of the builder/user. Many variables beyond the control of The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation or The Lincoln Electric Company affect the results obtained In applying this type of Information. These variables Include, but are not limited to welding procedure, plate chemistry and temperature, weldinent design, fabrication methods and service requirements.
APPLYING THE SOLUTION GUIDE The Lincoln Electric Csmpany ,seminars offer an excellent opportunity for engineers to discuss problems that are common to many different areas of design. Orner W. Blodgett has compiled solutions to these problems and others that have been generated for companies in an attempt to share the ideas that have been gained. In order to limit this publication to a reasonable number of pages, only a portion of each design is shown and each full sheet has been reduced 75% to allow up to four problems per page. Inclusion of a design problem does not necessarily mean approval of the design, in some cases the author was asked
to estimate the capacity of thfl ·'iJJ!Idment based upon the size of existing welds. In other cases, a failure was involved and the weldment was analyzed to determine the cause and a correction was suggested. This booklet is not meant to be critical of any design. The table of contents lists problems by subject matter and the end of each problem is noted by a bold rule line. Readers desiring related information should refer to Design of Weldments published by The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation.
•
Richard S. Sabo
Manager of Educational Services
TABLE OF CONTENTS WELD ALLOWABLES- PROPERTIES OF WELD Permissible Stress on Welds Types of Welds . . . . . . . Welds Treated as a Line . . AISC Fatigue Allowables .
Matching weld metal must be used. See Table below.
Compression normal to the effective throat.
Same as base metal.
Weld metal with a strength level equal to or one classification (1 0 ksilless than matching weld metal may be used.
Tension or compression parallel to the axis of the weld.
Same as base metal.
Shear on the effective throat.
.30 x Nominal. Tensile strength of weld metal (ksi) except stress on base metal shall not exceed .40 x yield stress of base metal.
Weld metal with a strength level equal to or less than matching weld metal may be used.
PARTIAL PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS Compression normal to' effective throat.
Designed not to bear - .50 x Nominal Tensile strength of weld metal lksi) except stress on base metal shall not exceed .60 x yield stress of base metal. Designed to bear. Same as base metal.
Tension or compression parallel to axis of the weld. 131 Shear parallel to axis of weld.
Tension normal to effective throat.
(41
Same as base metal. .30 x Nominal Tensile strength of weld metal lksil except stress on base metal shall not exceed .40 x yield stress of base metal.
Weld metal with a strength level equal to or less than matching weld metal may be used .
.30 x Nominal Tensile strength of weld metal lksil except stress on base metal shall not exceed .60 x yield stress of base metal. FILLET WELDS
13)
·stress on effective th.roat, regarle&s of direction of application of load.
.30 x Nominal Tensile strength of weld metal lksil except stress on base metal shall not exceed .40 x yield stress of base metal.
Tension or compression parallel to axis of weld.·
Same as base metal.
Weld metal with a strength level equal to or less than matching weld metal may be used.
PLUG AND SLOT WELDS Shear parallel to faying surfaces.
.30 x Nominal Tensile strength of weld metal lksil except stress on base metal shall not exceed .40 x yield stress of base metal.
Weld metal with a strength level equal to or less than matching weld metal may be used.
(1) For matching weld metal, see AISC Table 1.17.2 or AWS Table4.1.1 or table below. (2) Weld metal, one strength level ( 10 KS I) stronger than matching weld metal may be used when using alloy weld metal on A242 or A588 steel to match corrosion resistance or coloring characteristics (Note 3 of Table 4.1.4 or AWS 01.1 ). (3) Fillet welds and partial penetration groove welds joining the component elements of built up members (ex. flange to web welds) may be designed without regard to the axial tensile or compressive stress applied to them. (4) Cannot be used in tension normal to their axis under fatigue loading lAWS 2.5). AWS Bridge prohibits their use on any butt joint (9.12.1.1 ), or any splice in a tension or compression member (9. 17), or splice in beams or girders (9.21 ), however, are allowed on corner joints parallel to axial force of components of built up members ( 9.12. 1.2 ( 21. Cannot be used in girder splices (AISC 1.1 0.8).
MATCHING WELD METAL AND BASE METAL Weld Metal
BOor 70 A36; A53, Gr. B; A106, Gr. B; A131, Gr.A,B,C,CS,O,E;A139,Gr.B; A381, Gr. Y35; A600, Gr. A, B; A601; Type of A516, Gr. 55, 60; A524, Gr. I, II; Steel A529; A570, Gr. D, E; A573, Gr. 66; A709, Gr. 36; API 5L, Gr. B; API 5LX, Gr. 42; ABS, Gr. A. B. D, CS, OS, E
70 80 A131, Gr. AH32, OH32, EH32, AH36, A572, Gr. 60, DH36, EH36; A242; A441; A516, Gr. 65; A537, 65; 70; A537, Class 17; A572, Gr. 42, Class 2; A63, 45, 60, 55; A588 (4 in. and under!; Gr. E A595, Gr. A, B, C; A606; A607, Gr. 45, 60, 55; A618; A633, Gr. A, B. C, D (2·1/2 in. and under); A709, Gr. 60, 60W; API 2H; ABS Gr. AH32, DH32, EH32, AH36, DH36, EH36.
I • 1•
100 A614 [over 2·1/2 in. (63 mmi];A709, Gr. 100, 100W [2-1/2 to 4 in. (63 to 102 mmll
110 A514 [2·1/2 in. (63 mml and under]; A517; A709, Gr. 100, 100W [2·1/2 in. (63 mml and under]
J'n.LU IIBUI LOliDI!D IR .111ft' DDIIC'rlOJ!
• i ! . l l - l e - weld 1.8 the .... ae baoe metAl. llatcbi"'J -ld ....tal .....t bl lleed.
Shall not overatzeae the baae metal.
PAR'l'IAL PENB'lRATIOII G!!90VB
!!1!LDS
SREAII (pulled parallel)
TBIISIOII (pulled aomal)
Allowable ahear on weld • • 30 BXX Shall not overatreaa baae metal in
Allowable cenaioa om weld • • 30 BXX Sball DOi: overatreaa base metal 1D
shear...
• .fo 0y
tension.
AllowUle ahear 011 weld • .30 EXX om tbroat. Lover atre119t:h weld: metal may be used at ita lower allowable.
• • &0 0y
Sball DOt overat.reaa the base metal in abear.
L.ower atrength weld metal may be uaed at ita lower allowal»le.
B canal"er naw tnat. thl! trallar t.a atuck in tns earul.,
NM~
The t:ruck i& backe" up
allghtly unUl U ill. tight: agalnat: tl'le hUcn, figure (b) irld tnen
maiU!IB
wa auat .gat en BKIWeaalan for the velocUv af t.M truck at the t.n&tant ar
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8
run far U, aU.empt:lng. to jal'k thl trailer aack ont:a thl!l roadway, flgura (c)~ Tna truck atart:lnQ st nat wlll eceoalarata to a velaclty ar (U ) wUhln the 2 111et:.-n.:a (S).. ale rlllll •••ume tb8 traUar ln thla CBill doltlil nat mava lllld tha ttnaU.:. anargy of tha n·uCIC k.!lll be abR:rb:ed by the c.ongue af tne t:rall~ar ..
A •vlnt tlady atart:lnQ •t rnt: and aut.jact to a conetant ~~ecel•rat1an (a), hence Iii eoaat.n' fare• (f)Jwlll prgduce the fallawlng vllac;ltle& F': ~
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lila wlll •••..,.. • c:arhtn pawer •v•U•bla at thta f1nel ·v•lacl ty Just befof'a lmpocl (P).
we will aaaume thet the pewer af the truCk buUda up to 25 HP at thl lnat•nt "' impact when tha maximum.. valaclty at (V 2 ) ta relehelll. The tgngua ia mGe af twa Chlll\nela, hav1ng • tatal craaa aacUanal area af 3 .. 18 1n2 11rut a length at 50 tnchBI.
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To avotct the Pl'Db!em cf mulUplylng t.~nrtnUy by zera squared 1n \he case ar
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A, TM tl"'ltler langue muet tnn~~rer Ute rorcae stu. ta the deld laM blaldllr) an ~· tnUer. Hawavar, thue farcu ere not v•J'V gnat etnce it ,..., ill paaelille fol" ana ..,.. to pick up th• taneua lll1d CDMact it ta hta truck. lf ~·•• war• t1ta rmly fal'cee involved, then wuld be 1t0 pralll• 1n daelgning 1 aut\Ule \Piller t.angw. The prabl• li11 1n ahack laedll encauntered ·in pulling tbll tr1ller •lang the. ned. Thaae fare•• 1r1 rattler hiQh be.ceuee any bUIIP ln the roed will nave an e•tr...ly .nart u .. lntervel, pruduclng hlgh accelnattone and thereran la.rp ro.raee. Foll..awing •r• aau typo of attack laede lmpoeiHI upan the treller tangua. Jn flfJura (e)
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the center or ntetlan ar thtl unit ie the hitch.
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up and dawn 1111tlan ar the nH a.Ul apply 1 \lerttc:el force an the treller through If the wheeh an located at 1 point known •• the S!!!l!£ !! tUn will be no varttcd eccalentian at point (a) ( tn. hi tDh) lnd th11nfon na vertlcel fare. would be applied ta the hit.dt or the tengua Coute1ct. or thaee c:eueed by th1 deH lpad).
it 'e whll1l1.
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c~~nter
ar gravltv ar the
Sim:e the whe1l1 an ueuallv placed alightlv ~M-van&t th8 e-nter or gravity Un thlil figun, ta the lett) 10 that thtl taneue would ard1nerUv rest on the ground, I would ...... tnat tn practiCe, thl lllheele en verv cloaa to the canter of pen:uaa1an (altnaugh ther• was no 1ntentlon of •otnv th1al. Far th1a r•••an 1 dan•t baliava thara will ba much up and dawn •at1an ar th• hitch dUll to the .1E!!1!£ itself 110ving avar a rough ron. I don't belteve thla will pne~Mtt cnuch or • problp. Th1a 1a 1llustrat:ad ln figure (a).
8 Hawever. then 1tl • prabl• with the truck mavlng up and dawn, flgura (b). in thia cue a rapid vartic•l 11111vU~ant or tM hitch due ta the trUCk gaing av•r 8 bump 1dll cauee a twiating action ta \ha trailer and w•ldu. B•c::•u•• ar the !1!!1 !!1!121 .a! ..l!ll.!:1!! af thia unit nalaUng t:hia rotation, there will 1M' 11at: up a ra•i•Ung tarqua equal ta
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liar ..,. nee• tM .... -•nt ar lnartla ar th• w.ldar and t:raller. Th• actual value ia rather •itricul t ta find, but lll8 ahell ••• .... that the wa1ght ia unifU8l.y •tetrlbutall avar • langth ef 60 lncnaa (5 flat).
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1 believe tna ;rntaat: rar-cn 1n the tengVI' emf tNllar- en "'... 11¥ "'hitch (truck) moving var, rapidly up 1111• Uwn •v• te &I~ 1ft the ..... , Ill flgura (b). lha valuaa af thaae ·rar-cn era •itflcult H . .tanlnl IIKeYII • ' the uncertainUu ar1) actual aiza or tr. bump ar hale in the ~"•••• 2) .BIIlDUnt af 'an.rgy ebul'bld by tha Uraa and aprlnp af tna trucJc, 3) velocity af the ti'U:IOir., It) NBI IIID!IIef1t of inartle af the welder and trailer •
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Hawavar, I ballave t:ttaaa are real forcn, tNt they caulll be vary high uftCier unusual road candi Uana and therefan 1 batter ta"9U1 ahttuld be uan. far IK&mpla, that·mada af tRI 11• Channel.
17, 3oO psl
compressHJn
l bdiave no patnta af weakneaa enauld be allawuf, far ....ple,. c:ut auta, II' carnera 1 cut, bllllt, and then welded, with poor quality welda, the quality 111hict'l may vary wl'daly from ana tangua ta the na.t. It aha bat.hara ID8 that 1111 muat rely uPlift ~~Mae cuatalllr t:a llllkl thll iq~~~rt.,t carvt.ctlng welda ta tn. trailer, aaM \n ttte avarhaad paaUlan. Thil . .Y be tha f1rat aut af paaUian 1111lding thl cuetomar 111a ever mellla in hh life.
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What }or.ld (P) can tlte'iie ws.ld'S trfJIIS
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fer
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8 Of caure• tn•B• atrUeaa •r• calCiulated on the bi!IBh af the truak (ar hitch) gain; over a certain aiza bi.Dp ( · i.nct., ''lut',) at 30 •Uaa ptlr huur. ate don't knN wMt apeer:la and ain af bumpa shauld be uaad. Never the leu, U a 11• 5.,1t lb cha•nal .,." uead, the aPia driving conditione would reSult 1n a r.OUC:ad b11ndlng atnaa af 11 1 600 pal. And thia tong..,. wuuld nDt hav• anv cut awaV ucUan whllfh wauld we~en it.
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~or two ~nnf!d'ums
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Thle brlnga out thll advantega af tha four wt'teal traUar, Jn thil cue till tangua 1a hinglld and anY vertical movement at the hitch will Jua.t move U up and down wlthaut introducing anv moment ar banding atreaa. ln rtgura (c) tha uial farce 1a epplhd to the trai••r by m:.calaraUng and braking the truck. These farces could be cauaed bv the truck ar trailer hitting chuck halaa in the ~ad. figure (d) lllustrataa the tranaverae force ceuead bv aide matla11 af either the truck ar traller etriking ruta in thll raad.
The ring tvpe tratlar hitch hils a loaaa fit and 111ill praduce mor• of·a jerking action 1n caaae (b) 1 (c). and (d). A batter fitting hitch, fo.r I)I.B~SJPll a ball and aockat typs ad:OUld reduce t:ha P88lr:l an thne loada.
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The tangua lllUat have aama tlorizantal atltfnaaa and atrangth ta prevent tt tram binding if the tralln ehould •jack knife• IMhtle backt.ng 1f the rear whaala or the truck ahauld be PIJ'Bhed inta the tongue, see ftgu.re (a).
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or
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c PJogparUn af Craaa sacuan - Glrl:l•r
tan
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Thla work. would lndicata tn.t tha ada 1.1111uld mava har1zantall\f to the right about :J lnchaa. lt waul 1:1 be batter in thh parUoular example, ta weld tha twa Tea aactiona, each n a ••parata aubaaaelllbly. 1t 1a aatl.oatad t.hay will each bDIII about 7 lnchea, haw8VI1' thaaa aa&.~Jd be etnlghhned .in a bull-dazer, ar thay could ba weldad 1n • pra•bent paa1t1an 10 11 to be atraight •ftar w.ld1ng. The atra1ght TN ncUonil would than ba aa&amblad lnta tha final glrdal'. flllat1ca tMt; thh nnal waldlng wlll not ba lDcatad on tha wttb, alanv Uta neutral Pia or tne lllhDh aacUan. Th1a llnould aauaa no ~aawlng aaUan and wlll raaul t ln an .J.mnt; atra1Qht glrdar.
actual
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Vert/cat Down 39 ptuses
B 'deal ~
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KA~o Tha 11111ld along with ••• lldjacant plpe t~ r•:llal rurca (fr) along VIa clrcumt'ertme:a ar
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The clrcumferantlal t ...alh raaldual etrna ln tfte wld
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1 ..... I eQUal ta• craaa aactlanal un ·ar t;ha ldld
•
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ralatl¥a ••wnt at •Jaaent ,..,. -inglna lllong wUn ...ld •v • rnldual ~tnn in waJ.ct .uaa
In tbb aue Lhe ~~~DWn' or lner\.la (.U.lttDese) ot the Ulllber t.a YU7 lCN (t•.3la4S s.nl&> tnd altltwah t.he def"'1.Mt1Cin ronula doel I.DdicaM • larp cletlact1tz, the valght. at the lll8l'lber t~OIIld w4ou,b\clllll' keep 1t 1¥tDs flat. Cl1 tbe fiOCO' ot t.be tabrlcetlns: sbcl:p.
It Use 111911ber
or:
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to at.ut. 1\Rlng \IP off at the tl00:1'1 lt VOQ14 reqnlre " bend\a&
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® ..,.-11 '""ve Ji, ~war-d the cente-r hrie o d,Hance ~6/ 1 wheu Q) ,S th~ ,;,itu:i{ dtstance of the pomt {D the cent.er-ltne.
an'( '1'"9" p<>1;,t
(m.>'WrJi> lbi'{.l>13&io) v 31 '1 'li'€. ... ; c~~.,
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/enqt-17 tJ~ the 9irder will de«eA'f!.e
(L.€)
here ~ ®a..!~ ...-e ~ uafu.~ 1 at present w• t!Mt haul! 41111 9~»d
V"-f"'"'·:r l>eh'~ve
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we I!Du.td ge-t slmitl(oqe uoliLe'l. welded m the pA_'f.1:.
f,.,. ....
thew u4la.e!
if
actual p/Qft' ftTders
••
THE JAMES EUNCOLN ARC WELDING FOUNDATION CLEVELAND, OHIO