SOLID WASTE
Define solid waste…
Solid Waste
All the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted. Can cause odors, fire hazards and windblown debris Air pollution and groundwater contamination can result from inadequate landfill procedures
Threat to public health Harbor vectors of infectious disease
Soda cans PET bottles Kitchen waste Refrigerators Batteries paper
Leaves plastics Leftover food Televisions Cardboards
Refuse – includes garbage and rubbish Garbage – putrescible waste Rubbish – dry non-putrescible material and slowly decomposable or combustible material
Trash – bulky waste materials that require special handling ( old couch, mattress, large trees, etc)
Solid waste
Municipal solid waste is not generally considered hazardous, but certain types of commercial or industrial wastes are poisonous, explosive and dangerous Hazardous wastes – transport, processing and disposal is different from municipal Basura- emerged as the most visible environmental priority in the cities and municipalities in the country
Sources and generation A filipino generates bet 0.3 to 0.7 kgs of garbage daily depending on income level. Equivalent to 10 million tons per year!!! NCR and Southern Tagalog produce the highest volume of waste Issues :
Inadequate collection vehicles and lack of disposal sites. 70 % collected from urban and only 40% from rural Nationally, only 2% is disposed in sanitary landfills or controlled dumps, 10% composted, the rest is in open dumps
RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (ESWMA) All discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and other nonhazardous/non-toxic solid waste
legislations RA 9003
Providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives
DAO 98 - 49
Technical guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal
DAO 98-50
Adopting the Landfill Site Identification and Screening Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facilities
PD 825
Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and Other Forms of Uncleanliness and for Other Purposes
MC 88-39A
Creation of the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management as amended by MC 94-88
AO 93-90
Creating a Project Management Office on solid Waste Management (PTFWM) under the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management
Solid waste management
Waste management Protection of human health and environment Hierarchy:
Source reduction Recycling Treatment disposal
Impacts of solid waste on public health
impacts
impacts upon air quality (smoke, dust and persistent foul odors); the presence of insects and vermin, potential vectors for the spread of disease; contamination of surface water and groundwater; and impacts upon the overall quality of the environment.
Key challenges to achieve the goals of Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
Strengthen enforcement and providing better incentives
Financial incentives for capital investments Imposition of user fees and tipping fees to encourage waste reduction and increase accountability of service delivery Introduction of standards.
Build the capacity of the national and local institutions
Strategic plans at the national, provincial, LGU and barangay levels National Level – advisory and extension services Local Governments – upgrade technical and managerial capacity Barangays – awareness
Addressing the NIMBY syndrome
a s ng pu c awareness on the benefits of proper solid waste management
Increasing expenditures on SWM
Mainstreaming the utilization of new funding sources and employing cost-effective approaches
a n ng re a e n orma on for national, regional and local planning
Ensure proper management of closed dumps and landfills
Protecting the vulnerable and the underserved
Expanding the coverage of infectious medical and hazardous waste treatment
Municipal solid wastes
Municipal solid waste
The most non hazardous solid waste from a city, town or village that requires routine or aperiodic collection and transport to a processing or disposal site. Composed of refuse and trash
composition
Residential – food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans, aluminum, ashes, street leaves, bulky wastes, household hazardous wastes Commercial – paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metals, etc. Institutional – same as commercial Construction and demolition
Factors affecting volume of solid waste generation INCREASING
RAPID
POPULATION
URBANIZATION
GROWTH RATES
PUBLIC
CHANGING
INDIFFERENCE
LIFESTYLES
CONSUMPTION PATTERNS
Composition of municipal wastes depend on: Climate Frequency of collection Prevalence of home grinders Social customs Per capita income Acceptability of packaged and convenience foods Degree of urbanization and industrialization of the area
MM municipal waste composition others 9%
paper 19%
plastic 17%
kitchen waste 42%
metal 6% garden waste 7%
paper plastic metal garden waste kitchen waste others
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Functional Elements of an Integrated Solid Waste Management Program Solid Waste Generation
Waste Handling, Separation, Storage and Processing at the Source
Collection Transfer & Transport
Processing & Recovery
Disposal
generation
How are wastes generated??
generation Activities which materials are identified as no longer of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal Uncontrollable Household segregation should be done 49 % is biodegradable 42% is recyclable Recycling opportunities are not fully harnessed
Typical household waste
Putrescible wastes
Handling, preparation, cooking and eating of foods Decomposition will lead to development of offensive odors, and breeding of flies
Collection
EGG garbage is an
ADULT
excellent environment
LARVA feeds on
deposit the egg in a
organic
moist environment
material
PUPA inactive state
Cycle tak es 7 days to complete
migration to a dry loose material (sand or soil)
What to do?
Provide tightly closed containers for organic wastes Compaction of waste Processing within 2 days Shredding of waste to promote aerobic decomposition (heat producing therefore unattractive to insects)
Waste handling
Source reduction
Reduction in the amount and/or toxicity of waste entering the waste stream
Source reduction
Waste handling, separation, storage and processing at source
Management of wastes until they are placed in storage containers for collection Movement of loaded containers to the point of collection On-site storage is of primary importance bec. Of public health concerns and aesthetic considerations.
trashbins
trashbins
collection
Garbage truck
collection
Includes not only the gathering of solid wastes and recyclable materials, but also the transport This accounts for almost 50% of the total annual costs Collection efficiency in the Philippines is only 40 % LGUs are responsible for collection Manner and frequency of collection and choice of equipment depends on the size of roads, density of the population covered, and affordability A quarter of MMS solid waste is not collected
Processing and recovery
Mrf
Separation, processing and transformation
Separated from source and separation of commingled wastes at Materials Recovery Facilities, Transfer stations, disposal site Processing – separation of bulky items, screens, manual separation, shredding, separation of ferrous materials, volume reduction Transformation – reduce the volume and weight of the waste and recover conversion products and energy.
recyclables
recyclables
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
Produce Less Waste by Practicing the 3 Rs: Reduce the amount and toxicity of trash you discard. Reuse containers and products; repair what is broken or give it to someone who can repair it. Recycle as much as possible, which includes buying products with recycled content.
Reduce
Waste prevention, or "source reduction," means consuming and throwing away less. It includes: purchasing durable, long-lasting goods; seeking products and packaging that are as free of toxics as possible; redesigning products to use less raw material in production, have a longer life, or be used again after its original use. Source reduction actually prevents the generation of waste in the first place, so it is the most preferred method of waste management and goes a long way toward protecting the environment.
Reuse
Reusing items -- by repairing them, donating them to charity and community groups, or selling them -- also reduces waste. Reusing products, when possible, is even better than recycling because the item does not need to be reprocessed before it can be used again.
Ways to reuse
Using durable coffee mugs. Using cloth napkins or towels. Refilling bottles. Donating old magazines or surplus equipment. Reusing boxes. Turning empty jars into containers for leftover food. Purchasing refillable pens and pencils. Participating in a paint collection and reuse program.
Recycle
Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources it generates a host of environmental, financial, and social benefits. Materials like glass, metal, plastics, and paper are collected, separated and sent to facilities that can process them into new materials or products.
Benefits of recycling
Conserves resources for our children's future. Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants. Saves energy. Supplies valuable raw materials to industry. Creates jobs. Stimulates the development of greener technologies. Reduces the need for new landfills and incinerators
Transfer and transport
Transfer and transport
Transfer of wastes from smaller collection to larger equipment Subsequent transport Barges, rail cars, motor vehicles
disposal
disposal
Landfill, composting, incineration, anaerobic digestion Residual wastes, combustion residual Landfills are engineered facilities and not dumping areas Landfill for solid wastes that cannot be recycled and of no further use, the residual matter remaining after solid wastes have been separated at a MRF, Residual matter remaining after recovery of conversion products or energy Landfill should receive materials which could not cause damage to the earths mantle
Report on : Recycling options for : aluminum, bottles, paper, etc. Composting…. Anaerobic digestion Landfills, including gas recovery Incineration Hospital wastes
landfills
Classifications of landfills
Open Dump; Controlled Dump; and Sanitary Landfill.
Open dumps
have the lowest initial capital investment and operating cost of the three basic types of landfills. generally sited in vacant plots of land and are typically developed in low-lying marshy lands, often as a means of reclaiming land for subsequent development.
However, they have environmental impacts
Open dumps
Controlled dump A Controlled Dump is a non-engineered disposal site at which MSW is deposited in accordance with minimum prescribed standards of site operation. A progression in open dumps, however, not much capital layout but rather on the operation and management Control over the dumping, surroundings, etc. Capital investments are more on the access roads, drainage, fencing
control over size of waste emplacement (working) area, with waste spread and compacted in thin layers in a small working area; waste outside of the area being actively worked is covered with soil/sand/inert material, working area is covered at the end of each day covering and seeding/planting of completed areas; supervision of site operations by trained staff; no fires permitted on site; and organisation of informal waste picking activities with scavenging controlled by agreeing „rules‟ with the waste pickers (e.g. restrictions on location and time allowed following waste deposition, no disturbance of waste after it has been covered).
Sanitary landfill A Sanitary Landfill is a disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. Regulate leachate and control landfill gas
clustering
significant economies of scale, in terms of the efficient use of a single set of mobile plant and equipment dedicated to a site, will generally be obtained with a daily rate of waste input of at least 300 tons per day. On the basis of an average waste generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day, the „minimum‟ size of the population served by the landfill, therefore, should be approximately 600,000; smaller served populations are still likely to prove feasible although the economies of scale achieved will be somewhat less larger served populations may benefit from significant economies of scale if the landfill facility is able to handle in excess of 500 tons per day;
Clustering…
the location of the regional landfill should be as close as possible to the center of gravity of the population of the area served by the landfill in order to minimize the costs of waste collection and transfer; and it is probably economic, in terms of the cost of waste transfer, to service an area within a radius of 30 km to 40 km of the regional landfill facility or within 1 hour to 1.5 hours travel time of the landfill facility. For haulage distances in excess of 10 km to 15 km to the regional landfill, it would be necessary to use transfer stations as a cost efficient means of minimizing the overall cost of waste transfer to the landfill.
Hazardous waste
Cleaning Products •Oven cleaners •Drain cleaners •Wood and metal cleaners and polishes •Toilet cleaners •Tub, tile, shower cleaners •Bleach (laundry) •Pool chemicals
Indoor Pesticides • Ant sprays and baits •Cockroach sprays and baits •Flea repellents and shampoos •Bug sprays •Houseplant insecticides •Moth repellents •Mouse and rat poisons and baits
Automotive Products •Motor oil •Fuel additives •Carburetor and fuel injection cleaners • Air conditioning refrigerants •Starter fluids • Automotive batteries •Transmission and brake fluid • Antifreeze
Workshop/Painting Supplies • Adhesives and glues •Furniture strippers •Oil or enamel based paint •Stains and finishes •Paint thinners and turpentine •Paint strippers and removers •Photographic chemicals •Fixatives and other solvents
Lawn and Garden Products •Herbicides •Insecticides •Fungicides/wood preservatives
Miscellaneous •Batteries •Mercury thermostats or thermometers •Fluorescent light bulbs •Driveway sealer
What are they??
Generated by chemical manufacturing companies, petroleum refineries, paper mills Even commercial establishments, dry cleaners, machine shops, auto repair shops They can result to serious illness, injury or even death, a significant threat to the environment when improperly stored, transported, or disposed of
definition
“cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed”…….whew!!!
Primary characteristics
Toxic Reactive Ignitive corrosive
Toxic wastes
Poisons Mostly generated by industrial activities (manufacture of paints, metals etc) Examples: arsenic, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlordane, chloroform, endrin, lead, mercury, silver
Reactive wastes – unstable and tend to react vigorously with air, water, and other substances. Can cause explosions or form harmful vapors and fumes Ignitable wastes – burn at relatively low temperature and are capable of spontaneous combustion (immediate fire hazard), ex. Oils n solvnts Corrosive wastes – strong alkaline or acidic substances, destroy materials and living tissue by chem rxn. pH indicator
Dry latex paint Paint can contain many different compounds. The environmental problems presented by these compounds vary depending on whether the paint is oil-based or latex-based. Some paint contains toxic ingredients that can pollute groundwater, such as petrochemicals, alkyd solvents, and acrylic or vinyl resins. Older paints may contain mercury and lead, which were banned in the 1960s.
Dry latex paint can be thrown away with the regular trash. Latex or oilbased paint that is still usable can be recycled. Latex paints are more environmentally friendly than oil-based paints. If you're looking for alternatives, nontoxic paints are also available, though they tend to be more expensive than traditional paints.
Motor oil Every year, people who change their own oil dispose of an estimated 400 million gallons of used motor oil improperly. Because it contains high levels of lead and hydrocarbons, used motor oil is highly toxic. When improperly disposed of, the oil can poison plants and wildlife and seep into groundwater. One quart of motor oil can pollute 250,000 gallons of drinking water.
The safest way to dispose of motor oil is to recycle it. Unfortunately, short of switching to electric cars, there are no alternatives to motor oil.
pesticides
These chemicals are dangerous to people and animals when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin Pesticide should be disposed of with hazardous waste. Insecticidal soaps, are nontoxic; they dehydrate insects by penetrating their membranes. Another alternative is the microscopic remains of fossilized algae-like plants, which lacerates insects' waxy coatings and causes them to dehydrate.
Prescription drugs Prescription drugs contain a wide variety of compounds that are intended for human consumption. In small quantities, the greatest danger stemming from their disposal is the risk that they will fall into the hands of someone other than the person for whom they were prescribed.
Prescription drugs should be washed down the drain with a bit of water. There is no catch-all alternative to prescription drugs, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help. The less need there is for such drugs, the greater the savings in the raw materials, energy, and packaging involved in their production.
Drain cleaners Chemical drain cleaners are extremely dangerous products. Their harsh materials, chlorine bleaches, or sulfuric and hydrochloric acids can cause chemical burns. In the course of their use, these chemicals enter our wastewater stream. Unused cleaner may find its way into a landfill where it contributes to toxic leachate, the poisoned runoff from landfills.
Drain cleaner should be disposed of with hazardous waste. For an alternative to the harsh chemicals used in most drain cleaners, you could try enzyme-based products, which can break down grease and food and prevent clogs from forming. Mechanical alternatives such as plungers, "snakes," and manual pumps are also effective and environmentally friendly alternatives.
Light bulbs Because they are made up of mixed materials, light bulbs are difficult to dispose of in an environmentally friendly way. Incandescent light bulbs--the type used in most homes--are also environmentally unfriendly because of their high rate of energy consumption.
batteries A typical zinc-carbon battery may contain such hazardous heavy metals as zinc, manganese, lithium, nickel, cadmium, and mercury. In addition, the manufacture of batteries consumes a great deal of energy and produces considerable pollution.
Batteries are recycled in a few communities, but should normally be treated as hazardous waste. Buying rechargeable batteries can eliminate the need for disposal altogether. By using a home charging station, you can use these batteries again and again. Solar battery chargers are also available; by using one of these, you would be helping to reduce electricity use, along with the pollution that powerplants produce
Air fresheners Air fresheners work by chemically "disguising" odors. Many of these products contain petrochemicals and ozonedepleting compounds. In addition, because they are designed to look attractive, many air fresheners come with excess packaging.
Air freshener should be disposed of with hazardous waste. There are many nontoxic alternatives, including herbs and spices or commercial air freshener made with natural ingredients. Open dishes of baking soda can absorb odors as well.
Household cleaners and alternatives type
Alternative
Drain cleaner
Use a plunger or plumber's snake.
Oven cleaner
Clean spills as soon as the oven cools using steel wool and baking soda; for tough stains, add salt (do not use this method in self-cleaning or continuous-cleaning ovens).
Glass cleaner
Mix 1 tablespoon of vinegar or lemon juice in 1 quart of water. Spray on and use newspaper to wipe dry.
Toilet bowl cleaner
Use a toilet brush and baking soda or vinegar. (This will clean but not disinfect.)
Furniture polish
Mix 1 teaspoon of lemon juice in 1 pint of mineral or vegetable oil, and wipe furnitur e.
Rug deodorize r
Deodorize dry carpets by sprinkling liberally with baking soda. Wait at least 15 minutes and vacuum. Repeat if necessary.
Silver polish
Boil 2 to 3 inches of water in a shallow pan with 1 teaspoon of salt, 1 teaspoon of baking soda, and a sheet of aluminum foil. Totally submerge silver and boil for 2 to 3 more minutes. Wipe away tarnish. Repeat if necessary. (Do not use this method on antique silver knives. The blade will separate from the handle.) Another alternative is to use nonabrasive toothpaste.
Plant sprays
Wipe leaves with mild soap and water; rinse.
Mothballs
Use cedar chips, lavender flowers, rosemary, mint, or white peppercorns.
Flea and tick products
Put brewer's yeast or garlic in your pet's food; sprinkle fennel, rue, ros emary, or eucalyptus seeds or leaves around animal sleeping areas.
Mercury balls
Improper lining
For submission (individual)
Remediation technologies:
For treatment of wastes, pollution, etc.(not confined to solid waste, can be waste water, air, ground water, etc) Please submit topic for checking Format:
Background information Discussion of technology (site actual cases ) Recommendations (other than that of the actual)
Analyze your submission: asking the question: if this report will be submitted to you, would you be satisfied, does it answer all the questions you want to know, etc. Due a week before finals ( hard and soft copy) Will be equivalent to one quiz
What is so scary about solid waste???
