SOCIOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY

Sociology and Anthropology are closely related and the two disciplines have much in common. •

•

Both are more recent disciplines in the academic field compared to other social sciences, and both associated with the process of socialization. Both fields strive to understand the ways of life in various cultures.

MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

DEALS LS WITH THE THE STUDY STUDY OF ORIGIN ORIGIN,, SOCIOLOGY - DEA EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAN AND HIS SOCIETY.


ANTHROPOLOGY - DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF ORIGIN, EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAN AND HIS SOCIETY.


The two disciplines complement each other, as they have common areas of concern, such that of gender issues; ethnicity; social class; religion; pop culture, etc. Lastly, both disciplines generalize and harmonize data about social behavior in relation to social institutions; Thus, they are also parts of the behavioral sciences.


1. Social Sciences deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects, which include the following disciplines; history, economics, humanities, social work, philosophy, psychology, political science and those areas of education that deal with social contexts of learning and the relation of the school to the social environment.


2. History there are certain areas of historical study that are almost indistinguishable from work done social science disciplines.

in the

History is the chronological record of past and significant events that affects the nation or its institutions, usually including explanation of their causes. In the explanation of the causes of historical events, sociologists and anthropologists attempt to show the social and cultural patterns, and motivations that brought such historical events.


3. Humanities Emphasizes human subjectivity and dramatizes the human experiences containing the records of human ideals, values, goals, aspirations, experiences, and sentiments that are ultimately expressed in human feelings and thoughts.


4. Political Science- sociologists and anthropologists study the political behavior of man that focuses on the different aspects of government, political institutions, its processes and political parties.


4. Political ScienceSociologist are also interested in the bureaucracy of the state, power sharing and distribution, political conflicts, and the theories or concepts of the state and political power.


4. Political ScienceDavid Easton (1953)- also relates politics is the aspect of culture by means of which social systems are kept in equilibrium (ferkiss, 1974).


5. Economics- sociologists and anthropologist study the management of resources in society and its various dimensions such as the determination and distribution of wealth, and wealth sources/ generation of the nation;


5. Economicsalso the production, distribution and consumption of goods, and services in the market sociologists and anthropologists are also interested in the technology and the economic values that greatly affect the general welfare of society.


6. Psychology- the study of mental processes and human behavior closely unites psychology to sociology and anthropology, and also when these common concerns (social behavior, perceptions, values, etc) are merged. The unity of these disciplines gives rise to the sub- field of social psychology, which was pioneered by George Herbert mead and Charles Cooley. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

7. Biology- a more recent field of sociobiology has emerged in the study of society and culture. Socio-biologists do not only focus on the biological and evolutionary bases of human behavior but also study the processes on how heredity influences cultural transmissions.


7. BiologyInfluenced by the Darwinian theory of evolution and cultural selection, socio-biologist also believe that mans physiological and anatomical characteristics are a result of the long process evolution.


8. Cyber Technology- does modern technology (computer, cell-phone, digital equipments, etc.) affect or alter the traditional processes in sociology such as in socialization, communication, and interaction?


8. Cyber TechnologyHow do text messaging, chatting, e-mails, “ blogging” and Friendster” come into the fields of sociology and anthropology? Do they really matter in the social process?

Do they really improve the quality of human life?


The study of sociology and anthropology also focuses on the conditions places, behavior, cultures, and other social processes as humanity live, participate and interact with each other collectively and individually as members of a particular society and as denizens of today‘s civilization.


The ethnographic accounts of Spanish chroniclers from those of Pigafetta, Loarca, Chirino & Antonio Morga provided the earliest information about Filipino society and culture. PIGAFETTA Antonio Morga wrote the sucesos de las islas Filipinas (a book about ‘ indio” cultureand society)


Jose Rizal during his stint in Europe had studied and translated Blumentritt’s ethnography of the island of Mindanao. As a requirement for membership to the prestigious anthropological and ethnographical society of Berlin, visited the Philippines and had written a book about the igorots.


Alfred

Marche, a conducted some in marinduque.

Frenchman diggings


During the American colonial period, the Americans created the bureau of non-Christian tribes. This agency was later replaced by the ethcnological survey of the Philippines office. Eminent among the Americans anthropologist during first Filipino to obtain a PhD in sociology from university of Wisconsin.


Modern anthropology and sociology started only in the Philippines after World War II. Many Filipino enjoying foreign scholarships specialized in anthropology and sociology in known schools such as the university of Chicago and cornell university. In 1952 the Philippine sociological society was established. It came out with the Philippine sociological journal, which had focused on the contributions of anthropologists and sociologists. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

The first social science congress was held on November 17-19, 1983 with the theme; “Towards Excellence in the Social Science in the Philippines. On may 22-23, 1998, the fourth national congress was convened by the Philippines science council in cooperation with the national academy of science and technology and tackled current social issues and problems. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Man is the basis of society and the focal point of social institutions according to the Vatican 11 “ the subject and the goal of all human institutions as and must be the human person, which for its part and by its very nature stands completely in need of social life.”


Sociology or the science of society is operationally defined as the systematic study of social life and behavior especially in relation to the social system. A Social System is a set of inter-related elements, which can be as large and complex as a society or as a small and relatively simple as a married couple.


Civilizations began from the nomadic (Paleolithic) to the sedentary( Neolithic.) Paleolithic

Neolithic


stages of mans social development, which was constituted first by separate clans and tribes composed of kinship and family relations and eventually bonded to form separate various communities that later elaborated into sophisticated cultures and civilizations.


The first recorded origins of society came from early civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt, from the west and the orient such as that of the ancient Greeks, Rome , china and india.


Long before Auguste Comte ( 1798-1857) coined the term sociology, philosophers like plato, Aristotle and many scholastic theologians , like, St. Augustine (had already propounded theories on human society. Sociology- from Greek word socius, “companion”, logos connotes “word” or study


Plato, in his republic, laid down his standards for an ideal society ruled by philosopher kings assisted by equally and intellectually gifted “ guardians”. Aristotle stated in his work politics that no man is selfsufficient and that those who are unable to live in society and who have no needs in life must be either “ beasts” or gods”.


St Augustine in his city of god, described society’s ultimate pilgrimage towards the kingdom of god. In later centuries, thinkers like Sir Thomas More and Tomasco Campanella formulated their respective ideal societies or utopias as forms of protest and indictment of their societies their time.


Greek and Roman heritage had a powerful influence in the shaping of social thought in many other areas of western societies. Without the initial determination of Greek philosophers to study all things in the spirit of dispassionate and rational inquiry, there would be no social sciences today.


On the other hand, the works such as the analects of Confucius and the bushido or the code of ethics of the samurai in Japan were also some of the Asian counterparts of the concepts of ideal social behavior and society.


Long periods of time during the middle age (particularly the dark ages) saw almost the extinction of knowledge. But the re-discovery of classical philosophy or social thought through the help of commerce in Venice and Milan in Italy, and through the Arabs in Cordova, Spain and in the Mediterranean ushered the very essence and basis of the renaissance and the age of reason in the modern history. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

With the age of enlightenment in the 17 th and 18th centuries, humanity is forced to explore the natural environment and the social institutions around them.


The Enlightenment ( the period between 17th and 18th centuries in Europe). Interrelated ideas about reason, nature and science which allowed the human mind to transcend the prevailing barriers of traditional modes of thought such as superstition, religious beliefs, and even bigotry. Side by side with the scientific experiments made notable by roger bacon, were , the impressive changes in technology, which occurred during this period until the advent of the renaissance and the reformation. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Efforts to improve agricultural productivity; the manufacture of gunpowder with the consequent development of guns; growth of trade and commerce which led to the increased interests in ships and navigation, including the use of telescopes, and the whole range of such mechanical arts in the Middle Ages and Renaissance as Architecture, engineering, optics and the construction of watches and clocks, were also the contributory factors that tremendously aided people to simpler understanding of mechanics, physics, astronomy, and in time, chemistry. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

By the time of Copernicus and Galileo in the 16th century, a solid physical science with empirical and theoretical foundations was readily available. The detailed and accurate painting and sculpture produced by the renaissance masters also contributed to the careful and deliberate studies of human anatomy.


The emergence of sociology coincided with the rise of the industrial revolution in Europe during the 18th century. The founders of sociology were economists humanist, philosophers, and political thinkers.


Henri Saint Simon first wrote his ideas on the science of society between 1760 and 1825. He based his writings on the assumption that the law of human behavior could be determined in the same manner that the laws of nature had been arrived at by astronomers, physicists, biologists, geologists, chemists and other natural scientists. He also believed that the power of reason or logic could still improve social life by either mitigating or eliminating social problems.


Auguste Comte (1798-1857) is considered the founder of sociology . he encouraged the application of science to human affairs, and that only the empirical sciences are true knowledge. He called the process positivism. Comte stressed that the study of society requires concern for both the sources of order and continuity, and the source of change.


Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) An English liberal philosopher who advanced the thesis that social, as well as natural life had been drawn by progressive evolution. He pioneered the principle of survival of the fittest as applied to human societies. He was among the first proponents of social Darwinism Society, according to Spencer was analogous to a giant organism with parts interacting to help the whole. His thesis helped the formulation of structural functionalism.


Emile Durkheim-(1857-1917) was a French scholar who devoted his study to understanding the stability of society and the importance of social participation for individual happiness. He emphasized the study of patterned social regularities as the subject matter of sociology and he called these Social Facts. Moreover ,he also believed that positivism should be used to investigate social facts and that, associations from friendship groups, to marriages, and to society itself, are held together by mutual dependence created by division of labor. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a philosopher, economist, social activist, and originator of the conflict theory. In his books communist Manifesto and Capital, he viewed inequality, poverty, and alienation as the products of the private ownership of property and the capitalist system.


Thus, he sought to eliminate capitalism through his writings. His famous line- “Man’s social existence determines his consciousness”, also influenced the conflict theory of economic determinism, which is the process where social institutions such as family, law, and other socio-political, and cultural systems are all developed after and adapted to the economic structure.


Marx predicted that communism ( classless society) as the last stage of man’s economic development would eventually emerge as the world’s new economic order during his time. He left the slogan: “Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains.”


Karl Mannheim (1843-1947) was a German philosopher and sociologist who, like Hegel and Marx before him, believed that changes in the minds of people are not adequately understood without “relating them to changes in their concrete existential conditions.” In his sociology of knowledge (1952), he claims;


“The greater art of the sociologist consists in his attempts always to relate changes in mental attitudes to changes in social situations. The human mind does not operate in a vacuum; the most delicate change in human spirit corresponds to similarly delicate change in the situation in which an individual or a group finds itself, and conversely, the minutest change in situations indicates that men, too, have undergone changes.’


Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German economist, historian, and philosopher. He rejected Marx’s thesis of economic determinism and instead stressed the interplay between social and economic factors. In his Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, he argues that protestant religious values were contributory to the rise of the economic system of Capitalism, His arguments seemed validated by the historical fact that protestant countries (US, UK ,Canada, Australia, etc.)are more progressive and prosperous than their Catholic counterparts. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Vilfredo Pareto He declared that all history to be the “succession of aristocracies,’ and graveyard of the aristocracy.’ Aristocracy pertains to the society dominated by a few privileged classes. He divided society into two major classifications; the masses who are composed of nonrational people and the upper stratum of society or the elite. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Vilfredo Pareto From a different aspect, Pareto rejected Marx’s division of society into contending classes and propounded instead a theory based upon a distinction between the ‘ governing elite’ and the masses.


Vilfredo Pareto Pareto praised Marx’s concept of class struggle as a major contribution to social theory but his idea of a conflict was based on the possession of political power between an established elite and a rising elite.


Vilfredo Pareto This conflict Pareto explained occurred throughout history and the domination and exploitation of the masses continued. In Pareto’s view, there is no progressive movement toward a classless society in contradiction to the Marxist’s point of view.


ANTONIO GRAMSCI and HEGEMONY Antonio Gramsci, an Italian (18911937) was a leading Marxist thinker who rejected economism insisting on the independence of thought.


ANTONIO GRAMSCI and HEGEMONY He also rejected crude materialism, offering a humanist version of Marxism, which focused on human subjectivity. He has been called as the theoretician of the superstructure because the centrality of the role of intellectuals had always occupied his thoughts.


ANTONIO GRAMSCI and HEGEMONY He said “all men are intellectuals….but not all men have in society the function of intellectuals” Gramsci concluded that “each man, outside his professional activity, carries on some form of intellectual activity-he is a “philosopher”, an artist, a man of taste, he participates in a particular conception of the world, has conscious line of moral conduct, and therefore contributes to sustain a conception of the world or to modify it….. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

ANTONIO GRAMSCI and HEGEMONY Gramsci’s hegemony denotes the predominance of the “intellectuals of the historically and concretely progressive social class over others because such class exercises a power of attraction that, in the last analysis, they end up subjugating the intellectuals of the other social groups.”


ANTONIO GRAMSCI and HEGEMONY Hegemony represented not only political and economic control, but also the ability of the dominant class to project its own way of seeing the world so that those who are subordinated by it, accept it as “common sense” and “natural.” But hegemony meant relationship between dominant and subjected social group be based on willing and active consent. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Sociology in the United States shared the same intellectual roots as European sociology and featured a concern with social problem reforming rather than a radical approach, and also in its emphasis on the scientific approach.


Lewis H Morgan in his book ancient society(1877), he introduced three definite stages into the history of primitive men the stage of savagery,barbarism, and civilization. Like Herbert Spencer, he was one of the earliest pioneers of the evolutionary theory of humanity and behavior. history.


Ruth Benedict in her book Patterns of culture stressed the variability of man’s culture, and the uniqueness of each culture had to be understood in its terms, free from the biases of western perspectives. She, therefore, argued that anything which one cultural group does is worthy of respect by another.


Margaret Mead in her book, Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples (1937), she assumed a random distribution of cooperation and competition throughout early society. Mead’s thesis that genetic or biological make up does not predetermine roles assigned to males and females, and that reversal of roles of men and women may be contingent upon given circumstances, elicited controversial reactions in anthropological circles. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Margaret Mead In her work War: the Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression (1968), Mead argued that war or aggression is a cultural habit that, once learned, is passed from generation to generation.


William Graham Summet An evolutionary theorist studied American folkways. Sumner used Darwin’s theory of natural selection to justify the competitive economic system (capitalism) of the 19 th century, with its attendant scarcity and misery. Like Thomas Malthus before him, sumner also insisted that persons who are competively less fit have no moral right to subsist on the already scarce resources. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

William Graham Summet Albion Small founder of the first US department of sociology wrote the first sociology textbook and founded the American journal of sociology.


Chicago School The University of Chicago dominated American sociology until the middle of the last century. It is renowned for its interest in social problems and an emphasis on the subjective meanings of social action. Early sociologists of note who were at the “Chicago School,” were George Herbert Mead, Robert Park and W.I. Thomas. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Chicago School George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley are regarded as the founders of social psychology. They pinpointed an important area for the study of socialization process there by growing infants develop a sense of identity and purpose in interaction with their social environment.


Structural Functionalist Theory has its roots in natural science and in the analogy between society and an organism. In this theory, a strong emphasis placed upon judging structures primarily by the degree to which they contribute the maintenance of the status quo in society. This theory holds that society made up of elements or components that are interrelated in a more or less stable way through a period of time. These elements have functions, either manifest or latent, to maintain the social equilibrium. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Structural Functionalist Theory has its roots in natural science and in the analogy between society and an organism. In this theory, a strong emphasis placed upon judging structures primarily by the degree to which they contribute the maintenance of the status quo in society. This theory holds that society made up of elements or components that are interrelated in a more or less stable way through a period of time. These elements have functions, either manifest or latent, to maintain the social equilibrium. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Assumption in Structural Functionalist Theory 1. Stability- whether or not the structure or social pattern contributes to the maintenance of society. 2. Harmony-structures evolve and adapt to the new needs and demands the environment Consequences in the operation of Structure A. Functions- positive consequences B. Dysfunctions- negative consequences MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Conflict Theory Conf Co nfli lic ct Th The eor ory y vie iew ws soc ocie iety ty an and d wor orld ld in te term rms s of conf co nflilict ct an and d ch chan ange ge.. It cr crit itic ical ally ly ex exam amin ines es th the e ro role le of competition and conflict in society and emphasizes the processes by which some people are winners and others losers. Conflict is seen as the ultimate source of social change with the tensions producing conflict arising from the consequences of inequality and competition.


Assumption in Conflict Theory A.

Diabetics- change occurs through stages or processes of conflict rather than through evol ev olut utio ion. n. G. G.W W.Hegel’s (19 (197070-183 1831) 1) dia dialec lectic tical al method believed that human beings were working outt a un ou univ iver ersa sall hi hist stor ory y mo mov vin ing g ou outt to tow war ard d “the consciousness of freedom on the part of spirit.” spirit. ” Any given given stage could serve serve as the thesis. thesis.


Symbolic Interaction Theory addresses the subjective meanings of human acts and the processes through which people come to develop and an d com commu muni nica cate te sh shar ared ed mea meani ning ngs s and and fo focu cuse ses s on the eve every ryday day asp aspect ects s of soc social ial lif life. e. It vi views ews ind indivi ividua duals ls as living in a world of symbols and meaningful objects, which are parts of their social communication. communication.


Assumption in Conflict Theory a. interaction is made possible by the development of shared symbolic meanings. are conc nce ern rne ed wit ith h b. Symbolic inter- actionists are process through which people learn the symbolic frameworks of their culture. c. Me Mech chan anis ism ms for learning include what we learn from our family and friends as well as the roles set for us by society. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Symbolic Interaction Theory Symbolic interaction focuses on small groups and the daily face to face interaction. It explains how roles and social structure become inseparable or natural parts of human existence. Its major weakness stems from a lack of emphasis on larger social structures.


Feminist Theory Feminist theory is one of the most recent theories ever conceived in relation to sociology. Two of the prominent women thinkers were Harriet Martineau and simone de Beauvior


Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) a pioneering British journalist and write, whose theory of education advocated a kind and affectionate treatment of women and children. She is best remembered for her contributions to the emerging women’s movement and for the example she set herself as a woman, powerful in a society dominated by men. MARTIN, JOHN PAUL R. DELA CRUZ, CHRISTOPHER

Slimone de Beauvior Slimone de beauvior – in her work second sex (1972), beauvior rejected the socio-biological concepts of gender differentiation, freud’s psychoanalytical theory of women’s inferiority, and Engels’ theory of women’s subjugation. He theories on gender embody contemporary feminist ideas.


Slimone de Beauvior In summary, according to Merton, all sociological perspectives, whether they are conflict theory or structural functionalism are better suited for the study of larger social structure, or macro-sociology, while symbolic interaction is better suited to the study of interactions among individuals or micro-sociology.


SOCIOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY

Recommend Documents