SOCIOLOGIA MEDICA

Dåtfje E`hbeiose Getk Dfqamhs  5)5) Akiah~tkq cåqfakq2 5)5)5)

Qe`xo v hidhsjhoeo)

v

Qe`xo Ecqk`xte2 Ikq oe xi seilk oh tk`hseiafe -hq k ik hq&, hq xi akiah~tk xtñ~fak  Hi qftxeafkihq akjk MFT qh ~xhoh thihs hqth akiah~tk -hq k ik hq ~kqftfk&) Hq hfohith uxh ik qh tsete o''h xie hsoeohse ohdfifafñi, qfik jåq cfhi oh xie eq~fseafñi, tkte`jhith xtñ~fae) Hqth akiah~tk, fithshqeith qfi oxoe, hq fie`aeirec`h akjk jhte v akitsesfk e `e she`foeo) @e fohe oh cfhihqtes ~hs~htxk ik ~xhoh qkqthihsqh, eith h` qfj~`h mhamk oh uxh xi exjhitk k ofqjfixafñi tseiqftksfkq oh `e thj~hsetxse ejcfhite` ~kiosåi e jxamkq fioffoxkq `hbkq oh hqe qftxeafñi oh #akjkofoeo# v, ~ks ktse ~esth, `e fibxqtfafe qkafe` edhate hi dksje ~hsjeihith e jxamkq qhatkshq oh axe`uxfhs ~kc`eafñi) Hqe qftxeafñi fohe` ik h}fqth)

v

Qe`xo Sh`etfe2 Axeiok qh tkje xi seilk oh tk`hseiafe ~ks hbhj~`k2 _hiqfñi esthsfe`, qf mev xi seilk v ~xhoh eahsaesqh e` ifh` e`tk k hqtes ~ks ~ks ohcebk oh` jêifjk, `kq ifh`hq ~xhohi ~xhohi jkhsqh, ~xhoh qhs xi deatks deatks h` a`fje) H]) 96> oh ~shqfñi hq mf~hsthiqfñi, 08> ~shqfñi hq mf~kthiqfñi, qf thilk =8 ~shqfñi hqtkv hi xi seilk iksje`, hq iksje` ~hsk hqtkv ahsae oh` cksoh) Ashhjkq jåq òtf` eok~tes xi asfthsfk oh qe`xo sh`etfe, uxh eakj~eõe jhbks `eq ~kqfcf`foeohq oh` qhs mxjeik v `kq mhamkq she`hq) Hqtk qflifdfae uxh ~ese hqtes qeik hq ihahqesfk jeithihs aki h` jhofk hi uxh qh fh xi afhstk huxf`fcsfk, uxh hq aejcfeith qhlòi h` ~xitk oh jfse, ` eq eq~fseafkihq, h` `xles, h fia` xqfh h` jkjhitk mfqtñsfak okioh ikq qftxhjkq)

v

H idhsjhoeo2 idhsjhoeo2 Ohqhuxf`fcsfk cfk`ñlfak, hak`ñlfak k de``k oh jhaeifqjkq oh eoe~teafñi v xie de`te oh sheaafñi e `kq hqtêjx`kq h}thsikq e `kq uxh hqtå h}~xhqtk) h}~xhqtk)

v

Hu xf`fcsfk xf`fcsfk Qe`xo v H idhsjhoeo2 idhsjhoeo2 v v v

5)5)3)

^kthiafe` Lhiætfak)  Eoe~teafñi) Sfhqlk v ~h`flsk) Akiah~tk oh Qe`xo Qhlòi `e KJQ 

±Hq h` akj~`htk hqteok oh cfhihqtes -cf k`ñlfak, ~qfak`ñlfak v qkafe`& oh` f ioffoxk, v ik qk`ejhith `e exqhiafe oh hidhsjhoeo v+k fie`fohr¿) 5)5)1)

Akiah~tk hqtsetælfak oh Qe`xo 

H` jhbks hqteok oh qe`xo oh xie ~kc`eaf ñi oh xi ~eêq aksshq~kioh e` jhb ks hqteok oh huxf`fcsfk oh `kq sfhqlkq uxh edhatei e `e qe`xo oh xi fioffoxk v `e ~kc`eafñi, v `kq jhofkq h}fqthithq hi `e ak`hatffoeo ~ese akitsk`es hqtkq sfhqlkq tkjeiok hi axhite `e akk~hseafñi eatfe oh `e ~kc`eafñi) 5)5)?)

Akiah~tk oh qe`xo ~òc`fae

Qe`xo ^òc`fae @e Qe`xo ^òc`fae hq h` akibxitk oh fithshiafkihq ksleifreoeq oh `e akjxifoeo ~ese ~shhifs `e hidhsjhoeo, `e ofqae~eafoeo v `e

jxhsth eqê akjk ~ese ~skjkhs v shqtexses `e qe`xo) Hq xi akiah~tk qkafe` v ~k`êtfak ohqtfieok e jhbkses `e qe`xo, ~sk`kiles `e foe v jhbkses `e ae`foeo oh foe oh `eq ~kc`eafkihq jhofeith `e ~skjkafñi oh `e qe`xo, `e ~shhiafñi oh `e hidhsjhoeo v ktseq dksjeq oh fithshiafñi qeiftesfe) Qe`xo ~òc`fae2 Ohdfifafñi a`åqfae -Os) \fiqtk|*563>&2

v

Afhiafe v esth uxh ~shthioh2 ^shhifs `e hidhsjhoeo) k k ^sk`kiles `e foe) k ^skjkhs `e qe`xo dêqfae v jhite`)

v

Jhofeith hqdxhsrkq ksleifreokq oh `e akjxifoeo ~ese2 H` qeihejfhitk oh` ejcfhith) k k H` akitsk` oh `eq hidhsjhoeohq tseiqjfqfc`hq) @e hoxaeafñi ~ese `e qe`xo) k k @e ksleifreafñi oh `kq qhsfafkq jæofakq v oh hidhsjhsêe ~ese h` ofeliñqtfak thj~seik v h` tsetejfhitk ~shhitfk oh `e hidhsjhoeo) H` ohqessk``k oh xi jhaeifqjk qkafe` uxh leseitfah h` lkrk oh` ohshamk ietxse` oh `e qe` xo) k

5)5)8)

Ifh`hq oh ethiafñi jæofae) Ethiafñi ~sfjesfe e `e qe`xo)

Ifh`hq oh Ethiafñi Jæofae

Qki xie dksje ksohieoe v hqtsetfdfaeoe oh ksleifres `kq Qki xie dksje ksohieoe v hqtsetfdfaeoe oh ksleifres `kq shaxsqkq oh `e Ethiafñi Jæofae ceqeoe hi) shaxsqkq oh `e Ethiafñi Jæofae ceqeoe hi) ^sfjhs Ifh` oh Ethiafñi   H Hq q `e ksleifreafñi oh `kq shaxsqkq uxh ~hsjfth shqk`hs `eq ihahqfoeohq oh ethiafñi cåqfaeq v jåq dshaxhithq, uxh ~xhohi qhs shqxh`teq ~ks  eatffoeohq oh  ~skjkafñi v  ~shhiafñi v ~ks ~skahofjfhitkq qfj~`hq oh shax ~hseafñi v shmecf`fteafñi) v

Hq `e  ~xhste oh hitseoe  ~xhste oh hitseoe e` qfqthje oh qe`xo)

v

Qh aeseathsfre ~ks akites aki hqtec`hafjfhitkq oh hqtec`hafjfhitkq oh cebe akj ~`hbfoeo  akjk akiqx`tksfkq,  ~k`fa`êifaeq, ahitskq oh qe`xo, hta)&

v

Axhite aki ~skdhqfkie`hq oh `eq hq ~hafe`foeohq cåqfaeq akjk2 -Jæofak oh Dejf`fe k Lhihse`&

Dåtfje E`hbeiose Getk Dfqamhs 

v

J koe`foeohq koe`foeohq oh J koe`foeohq koe`foeohq oh ethiafñi2 -ejcx`etksfe, oh akiqx`te h}thsie, xslhiafe v hhitxe`jhith kcqhseafñi oh

~etk`klêeq oh cebe qhhsfoeo)& v

Hqth ifh` ohch eqhlxses `e eaahqfcf`foeo e qx ~kc`eafñi oh shdhshiafe ohqoh xi ~xitk h` fqte lhklsådfak

v

@e akchstxse ohch e`aeires e` 5>>( oh `e ~kc`eafñi)

v

Hi axeitk e `eq eaafkihq oh ethiafñi e` ejcfhith, qh ohqteaei `eq eatffoeohq oh akitsk` oh akitejfieafñi oh` efsh, elxe v qxh`k

v

 Eaafkihq hoxaetfeq ksfhiteoeq e `e ae ~eafteafñi hi qe`xo oh `e akjxifoeo , v e `e dksjeafñi, oh `kq ~skdhqfkie`hq oh` huxf~k

oh qe`xo) v

Hq hi h` ~sfjhs ifh`, okioh `e  ~estfaf  ~eafñi oh `e i oh `e akjxifoeo ~xhoh e`aeires dksjeq jåq lhixfieq

Qhlxiok Ifh` oh Ethiafñi v

Aksshq~kioh e xi qhlxiok ifh` oh akj~`hbfoeo oh `kq hqtec`hafjfhitkq -mkq~fte`hq okioh qh ~shqtei qhsfafkq sh`eafkieokq e `e ethiafñi hi jhofafie fithsie, ~hofetsêe, lfihak*kcqthtsfafe, afsxlêe lhihse` v ~qfuxfetsêe

v

@kq hqtec`hafjfhitkq qh ohchi `kae`fres e jhikq oh qhfq mkseq oh` `xles oh tsecebk k shqfohiafe ~ese eqhlxses `e eaahqfcf`foeo  lhklsådfae)

v

Hi axeitk e `e shqk`xafñi oh `kq  ~skc`hjeq ejcfhite`hq e æqth ifh` qh xcfaei, `kq `ec) oh mflfhih, cskjetk`klêe, xifoeohq oh qe`xcsfoeo, qeihejfhitk v `fj~fhre

v

Hq tejcfæi xi hq~eafk fj~ksteith ~ese `e dksjeafñi v hq ~hafe`freafñi oh`  ~hsqkie` oh qe`xo)

_hsahs Ifh` oh Ethiafñi v

Qh shqhse ~ese `e ethiafñi oh `kq ~skc`hjeq  ~kak dshaxhithq, ~etk`klêeq akj~`hbeq uxh shuxfhshi ~skahofjfhitkq hq~hafe`freokq v oh e`te thaik`klêe)

v

Hi h` thsahs ifh` oh akj ~`hbfoeo  qh xcfaei mkq~fte`hq uxh she`frei ~shqteafkihq aki `e ~shqhiafe oh SSMM e`tejhith hq~hafe`freokq)

v

Qx åjcftk oh akchstxse ohch qhs `e tkte`foeo oh xi ~eê q, k lsei ~esth oh æ`)

E_HIAFÑI ^SFJESF E QH QE@XO

H` ~sfjhs ifh` hq hi h` uxh `eckse ~hsqkie` oh qe`xo uxh cxqae shjhofes k shqk`hs `kq ~skc`hjeq jæofakq jåq dshaxhithq v qhiaf``kq, qhiaf``kq, qfi shuxhsfs  ~ese qx ~shhiafñi, ofeliñqtfak v tsetejfhitk, fiqte`eafkihq hq~hafe`hq k thaik`klêe akj~`hbe) Hqth ifh` hq ethiofok ~ks jæofakq v hidhsjhseq lhihse`hq) @eq ~sfiaf~e`hq aeseathsêqtfaeq oh `e ethiafñi ~sfjesfe oh qe`xo qki2 5) 3) 1) ?) 8) 4) <) =) 6) 5>)

^skjkafñi oh `e qe`xo Fiashjhitk oh `eq eaafkihq ~shhitfeq) Ethiafñi e `kq ~eohafjfhitkq jåq dshaxhithq v e `kq hioæjfakq Qxjfifqtsk oh e`fjhitkq v jhofaejhitkq) Qe`xo jethsik µ fideitf` v ~`eifdfaeafñi dejf`fes) Eofhqtsejfhitk v ae~eafteafñi oh` ~hsqkie`) _secebk hi huxf~k v ~estfaf~eafñi eatfe oh `e akjxifoeo) _haik`klêe eohaxeoe oh cebk akqtk) Ej~`feafñi oh `e akchstxse h fithlseafñi oh qhsfafkq oh qe`xo) Qeihejfhitk ejcfhite` cåqfak)

@e ~skjkafñi oh `e qe`xo v h` fiashjhitk oh `eq eaafkihq ~shhitfeq tfhihi ~sfksfoeo hitsh `eq aeseathsêqtfaeq oh hqte hqtsethlfe) Hq ihahqesfk uxh teitk h` ~hsqkie` oh qe`xo, akjk `kq chihdfafesfkq oh `kq qhsfafkq a ksshq~kiofhithq, ~fhiqhi jåq hi qe`xo uxh hi hidhsjhoeo) Jåq shafhithjhith qh ~xitxe`freski `kq kamk h`hjhitkq hqhiafe`hq oh `e Ethiafñi ~sfjesfe oh qe`xo) ^såatfaejhith qki `kq jfqjkq uxh hi `e ohdfifafñi eithsfks7 qfi hjceslk, ~shafqe e`lxikq oh qxq h`hjhitkq) 5) 3) 1) ?) 8) 4) <) =)

Hoxaeafñi shdhshith e `kq ~skc`hjeq oh qe`xo ~she`hithq ~she`hithq v e `kq jhofkq ~ese aksshlfs`kq) ^skjkafñi v qxjfifqtsk oh oh e`fjhitkq v eohaxeoe ixtsfafñi) ^skfqfñi v eohaxeok qxjfifqtsk oh elxe ~ktec`h v qeihejfhitk cåqfak) Qe`xo jethsik µ fideitf`, fia`xvhiok ~`eiheafñi dejf`fes) Fijxifreafñi akitse `eq hidhsjhoeohq fidhaafkqe fj~ksteithq) ^shhiafñi v akitsk` oh `eq hidhsjhoeohq hioæjfaeq `kae`hq) _setejfhitk eohaxeok oh `eq hidhsjhoeohq akjxihq v `hqfkihq) ^skfqfñi oh jhofaejhitkq hqhiafe`hq)'

Dåtfje E`hbeiose Getk Dfqamhs 

5)5)4)

Cfhihqtes qkafe` v ae`foeo oh foe)

v

Qh hitfhioh akjk cfhihqtes qkafe` e` akibxitk oh deatkshq uxh ~estfaf~ei hi `e ae`foeo oh `e foe oh `e ~hsqkie v uxh meahi uxh qx h}fqthiafe ~kqhe tkokq euxh``kq h`hjhitkq uxh oh `xles e `e tseiuxf`foeo v qetfqdeaafñi mxjeie) H` cfhihqtes qkafe` hq xie akiofafñi ik kcqhsec`h ofshatejhith, qfik uxh hq e ~estfs oh dksjx`eafkihq akjk qh akj~shioh v qh ~xhoh akj~eses oh xi tfhj~k k hq~eafk e ktsk)   Eòi eqê, h` cfhihqtes, akjk akiah~tk ecqtseatk uxh hq, ~kqhh xie fj~ksteith fj~ksteith aesle oh qxcbhtffoeo ~sk~fe e` fioffoxk) Akibxitk oh qhitfjfhitkq oh qetfqdeaafñi jethsfe` h fijethsfe` uxh ~skoxahi h` `e ~hsqkie v ak`hatffoeohq xie qhsfh oh akiofafkihq fj~ksteithq hi `e h}fqthiafe mxjeie, qe`xo, hoxaeafñi, qhsfafkq, f idsehqtsxatxse, ffhioe, hitksik, qhlxsfoeo, hta)

v

Qhlòi `e KJQ, `e ae`foeo oh foe hq2 #`e ~hsah~afñi uxh xi fioffoxk tfhih oh qx `xles hi `e h}fqthiafe, hi h` akith}tk oh `e ax`txse v oh` qfqthje oh e`kshq hi `kq uxh fh v hi sh`eafñi aki qxq kcbhtfkq, qxq h}~hatetfeq, qxq iksjeq, qxq fiuxfhtxohq) Qh tsete oh xi akiah~tk jxv ej~`fk uxh hqtå fid`xfok oh jkok akj~`hbk ~ks `e qe`xo dêqfae oh` qxbhtk, qx hqteok ~qfak`ñlfak, qx ifh` oh fioh~hiohiafe, qxq sh`eafkihq qkafe`hq, eqê akjk qx sh`eafñi aki `kq h`hjhitkq hqhiafe`hq oh qx hitksik#) HQ h` cfhihqtes, dh`fafoeo, qetfqdeaafñi oh `e ~hsqkie uxh `h ~hsjfth xie ae~eafoeo oh eatxeafñi k oh dxiafkies hi xi jkjhitk oeok oh `e foe) Akiah~tk qxcbhtfk, ~sk~fk oh aeoe fioffoxk, uxh hqtå jxv fid`xfok ~ks h` hitksik hi h` uxh fh akjk ` e qkafhoeo, ax`txse, `eq hqa e`eq oh e`kshq) 5)5)<)

5)3)

Mfqtksfe Ietxse` oh `e H idhsjhoeo idhsjhoeo v Jhofafie ~shhitfe)-JEIXE@&

Qkafk`klêe)

Hq h` hqtxofk oh `eq ofdhshithq dksjeq oh ksleifreafñi qkafe` v oh `eq s h`eafkihq h fiqtftxafkihq qkafe`hq mfqtñsfaejhith qxslf oeq aki `e dfie`foeo oh akikahs v jeihbes `eq `hvhq `hvhq oh` ohqessk``k) -ksleifreafñi Akjk `e dejf`fe& Qkafk`klêe Jæofae v oh `e qe`xo )2 )2 Ksleifreafkihq qkafe`hq) v

Qkafk`klêe oh `e qe`xo2 Jåq ej~`fe ve uxh hil`kce h` eiå`fqfq qkafk`ñlfak oh tkok h` qfqthje oh qe`xo v oh `kq deatkshq qkafe`hq uxh fid`xvhi qkcsh `e qe`xo)

v

Qkafk`klêe oh `e jhofafie2 Qh me ohqessk``eok e ~estfs oh `e FFLJ akjk qhaxhiafe oh `e qfqthjetfreafñi oh` qhatks oh `e qe`xo hqtxofe ~skc`hjeq akjk2

* * * * * *

5)1)

Ofqtsfcxafñi oh `e jkscf`foeo hi `e ~kc`eafñi qhlòi h` ifh` oh ohqessk``k v `e hqtsxatxse qkafe`, aethlksêe ~skdhqfkie`, jhofk dejf`fes) Deatkshq qkafkax`txse`hq `fleokq e `e ietxse`hre v e `e lsehoeo oh `e hidhsjhoeo) H`hjhitkq qkafe`hq oh `e sh`eafñi j æofak µ ~eafhith) @e qkafk`klêe oh` qfqthje jæofak v oh qxq fiqtftxafkihq) @kq akj~kihithq qkafe`hq oh ~shhiafñi v oh `e sheoe~teafñi) @e qkafk`klêe oh `e hoxaeafñi jæofae v oh `kq ~skdhqfkihq oh qe`xo)

^qfak`klêe)

Hq `e afhiafe uxh hqtxofe `eq dxiafkihq ~qêuxfaeq hi qxq eq~hatkq iksje`hq v eiksje`hq, f ioffoxe`hq v ak`hatfkq) @e ~qfak`klêe eie`fre `e dksj e akjk shafcfjkq `eq fj~shqfkihq oh` jxiok h}thsik, h` akikafjfhitk uxh ikq dksjejkq oh æ`, v añjk hqteq fj~shqfkihq qki h`eckseoeq ~ks `e jhith) Sh`eafkie e` fioffoxk aki h` ejcfhith)

Dåtfje E`hbeiose Getk Dfqamhs  ^qfak`klêe fioffoxe` hqtxofe `eq sheaaf kihq ~qêuxfaeq fioffoxe`hq v `eq sh`eafkihq mxjeieq hi lsx~kq v qkafhoeo -~qfak` klêe qkafe`& @e ^qfak`klêe qkafe` sh~shqhite xi aej~k oh hqtxofk, oh fiths hiafñi h fihqtfleafñi ofsflfok e` a kikafjfhitk oh `e akioxate qkafe`, v ~ks `k teitk e `e qk`xafñi oh ~skc`hjeq sh`eafkieokq aki æqte) _ kje akjk ceqh `kq ~skahqkq oh fid`xhiafe qkafe` q kcsh h` akj~kstejfhitk, e tseæq oh `e fithseaafñi hitsh fioffoxkq, hitsh æqtkq v `kq lsx~kq, k cfhi hitsh `kq lsx~kq) ^ks `k teitk, `e akioxate uxh fithshqe e` ^qf añ`klk Qkafe` hq xie akioxate lsx~e` k hi ktskq tæsjfikq ` e akioxate oh` qxbhtk ak`hatfk) 5)?)

H akikjêe akikjêe oh `e jhofafie v oh `e qe`xo)

Hq h` hqtxofk oh ~skoxaafñi oh fithsaejcf k v oh akiqxjk oh cfhihq v qhsfafkq ohqtfieokq e` ofeliñqtfak, tsetejfhitk v shmecf`fteafñi oh` hidhsjk, eqê akjk ~shhiafñi oh `eq hidhsjhoeohq v dkjhitk oh `e qe`xo) Hakikjêe Jhofae -ethiafñi jæofak µ ~eafhith& Qfqthj e ahsseok) Hakikjêe oh `e qe`xo hq jåq ej~`fk -qkafhoeo tkte` oh `e qe`xo& ^`eithe tshq ~skc`hjeq2

* * *

Exjhitk så~fok v ~sklshqfk oh `kq leqtkq oh `e qe` xo) Fithsskleafñi qkcsh akiah~tk jfqjk oh qe`xo v qxq `êjfthq) Hdhatkq oh` qfqthje oh qe`xo)

v

Hd fafhiafe2 fafhiafe2 QH ohdfih akjk `e fstxo v deax`teo ~ese `klses xi hdhatk ohthsjfieok) -@klses e` ~skoxatffoeo k~tfjfreiok shaxsqkq& Xie

v

Hd faeafe faeafe2 Hq `e fstxo oh eatfes v ~kohs ~ese kcses ±shqx`teok¿ Kctfhih shaxsqkq v jå}fjk ~skhamk, thsjfie h` ~skvhatk) Hq meahs `eq

~hsqkie uxh aki xi ~shqx~xhqtk ~shqx~xhqtk oh /5>> `klse qeaes`k aki /<>) Meahs cfhi `eq akqeq) akqeq ohcfoeq) v

Huxfoeo2 Oes e aeoe uxfhi `k uxh jhshah, xie ofqtsfcxafñi qhlòi ohthsjfieok etsfcxtk)

v

Hqaeqhr2 ^kcshre, de`te oh `k ihahqesfk ~ese qxcqfqtfs)

5)8)

Eitsk~k`klêe)

Afhiafe uxh hqtxofe `kq lsx~kq ætifakq mxjeikq v qxq aeseathsêqtfaeq dêqfaeq, qkafe`hq, ax`txse`hq v `e ofiåjfae ax`txse` oh `eq ~kc`eafkihq mxjeieq)  EI_SK^K  Mkjcsh @KLFE  _seteok ± Afhiafe oh` Mkjcsh¿ v

Ax`txse2 Hq h` ofqhõk oh xi lsx~k ~ese ffs) Xi qfqthje oh ~shjfqeq tseiqjftfoeq qkafe`jhith eahsae oh `e ietxse`hre, oh` jxiok dêqfak v qkafe`, `kq jkokq oh `e foe v jhofkq eah~tec`hq ~ese `klses`kq)

v

Ik hq mhshiafe lhiætfae qfik qkafe`)

v

H` deatks ax`txse` hq h` oh jevks fj~ksteiafe hi `e foe oh` mkjcsh)

v

@kq lsx~kq tseiqjfthi ax`txse -D ejf`fe, ejflkq, lsx~k oh tsecebk, hta&)

 Eitsk~k`klêe e` ~skdhqfkie` oh qe`xo2 -@k u xh xh ohch qechs e` ethiohs ktsk tf~k oh ~kc`eafñi&2 v

Akikafjfhitkq oh `e ~kc`eafñi)

v

_æaifaeq v jætkokq)

v

Ashhiafeq sh`etfeq e `e qe`xo v hidhsjhoeo)

v

Shaxsqkq hakiñjfakq)

v

_f~k oh dejf`fe)

v

Hqak`esfoeo)

v

Ksleifreafñi ~k`êtfae)

v

Ashhiafeq sh`flfkqeq, jftkq, `hvhioeq, qx~hsqtfafkihq)

v

Qfqthje oh e`kshq)

v

Hoxaeafñi Qeiftesfe)

v

 Eitsk~k`klêe Dêqfae2 Hoxaeafñi cfk`ñlfae v eoe~teafñi, dfqfk`klêe oh ` kq hshq mxjeikq)  Eitsk~kjhtsêe2 Jhofoeq oh` axhs~k) * ^e`hkitk`klêe2 Shqtkq dñqf`hq) * Afiætfae mxjeie2 Aejcfk oh lhihseafñi hi lhihseafñi) *

v

 Eitsk~k`klêe Qkafe` k Ax`txse` 2 Qh kax~e oh `eq dksjeq hi uxh `eq ~hsqkieq fhi hi qkafhoeo hq ohafs, `eq dksjeq oh hk`xafñi, oh `e `hilxe, ax`txse v akqtxjcshq) H tiklsedêe2 tiklsedêe2 Ax`txseq) *  Es u  u xhk`klêe2 xhk`klêe2 Hqtxofk oh shqtkq jethsfe`hq) * @filðêqtfae2 Hqtxofk oh `hilxeq h fofkjeq e tse æq oh `kq tfhj~kq) * haik`klêe2 @k uxh meah h` mkjcsh ~ese qetfqdeahs qxq ihahqfoeohq) _ haik`klêe *  Esth v `fthsetxse) *

v

 Eax`txseafñi2 Qkjhtfjfhitk -dseaeqk hiqhlxfoe&

v

_ seiqax`txseafñi2 seiqax`txseafñi2

v

secebk _ secebk

Jhra`e oh okq ax`txseq -Eax`txseafñi cf`ethse`& `eq okq ax`txseq ~fhsohi e`lk, ~hsk leie e`lk oh ` e ktse ax`txse)

oh aej~k eitsk~k`ñlfak 2 Kcqhsei v ~estfaf~ei, ik ~estfaf~ei, k meahi hiaxhqteq aki f idksjeithq)

Dåtfje E`hbeiose Getk Dfqamhs  5)4)

Eojfifqtseafñi)

Afhiafe v esth oh ksleifres v of sflfs) Akibxitk qfqthjåtfak oh s hl`eq ~ese `klses `e jå}fje hdfa fhiafe hi `eq dksjeq oh hqts xatxse v jeihbes xie ksleifreafñi qkafe`) Hq `e a`eh a`eh ~ese `e qxcqfqthiafe) qxcqfqthiafe) 5)4)5) Eojfifqtseafñi hi qe`xo) Akiqfqth hi lxfes, ksleifres, ofsflfs v akitsk`es `kq hqdxhsrkq oh `e ak`hatffoeo ~ese ~skthlhs, dkjhites v shqtexses `e qe`xo oh `e ~kc`eafñi) Kcbhtfkq2 Ofqjfixafñi oh `e jkscf`foeo v jkste`foeo) * Jhbksejfhitk oh `e qe`xo) * Cfhihqtes qkafe`) *

5)4)3)

H te~eq te~eq oh` ~skahqk eojfifqtsetfk)

Deqh Jhaåifae2

* * *

^shhiafñi »Uxæ ~xhoh meahsqh; ^`eiheafñi2 »Uxæ qh e meahs; Ksleifreafñi »Añjk qh e meahs;

* * *

Fithlseafñi 2 »Aki uxh qh e meahs; Ofshaafñi2 Ths uxh qh mele) Akitsk`2 »Añjk qh me she`freok;

Deqh Ofiåjfae2

^ESE AXE@UXF H  HS  S    H J^S  J^S H  HQE2 Q   E2 Jeliftxo2 Uxh tei lseioh) * _seqahiohiafe2 Uxh teitk ~eqeså ~ks h` tfhj~k) * Tx`ihsecf`foeo2 »Hq dåaf` uxh `k ohqtsxvei; * Deatfc`h2 »_hilk `kq j hofkq ~ese qkqthihs`e v uxh ~xhoe she`jhith meahs`e; * Aeseathsêqtfaeq2 Ksleifreafñi) * Fithlseafñi) * Ofshaafñi) * * Akitsk`) ^shfqfñi v shfqfñi) *

5)<)

Akjxifaeafñi) 5)<)5)

_hksêe lhihse` oh `e akjxifaeafñi)

@e _hksêe oh `e Akjxifaeafñi hqtxofe `e ae~eafoeo uxh tfhihi e`lxikq qhshq fkq oh sh`eafkiesqh aki ktskq fithsaejcfeiok fidksjeafñi) Hq xie shd`h}fñi afhitêdfae jxv ixhe, ~hsk hi aejcfk, qx kcbhtk oh hqtxofk, `e akjxifaeafñi, hq xie eatffoeo jxv eitflxe2 `e e~tftxo ~ese qhsfsqh oh `e fidksjeafñi hi `e fithseaafñi ` e ~kqhhi hq~hafhq eifje`hq uxh mecftecei hi `e tfhss e jxamk eithq uxh h` mkjcsh) Hq ` e thksêe hi aejfieoe e dxioes h` hqtxofk oh `kq akj~kstejfhitkq akjxifaetfkq) @e akjxifaeafñi hq xie dksje oh akj~kstejfhitk uxh qh qfsh oh eatkq h}~shqfkq hi hr oh eatkq hbhaxtfkq, k jåq cfhi, xi ~skahofjfhitk hitsh ktskq ~kqfc`hq, ~ese `klses e`lk, axeiok h` `klsk tfhih uxh e`aeiresqh hi h` jesak oh xi qfqthje oh fithseaafñi) H` jkoh`k lhihse` oh akjxifaeafñi ~kosêe sh~shqhitesqh oh `e qflxfhith jeihse2 Qhõe`hq

Sxfok

Hjftfoeq Dxhith oh Fidksjeafñi

Aeie`

_seiqjfqks 

Qhõe`hq Shafcfoeq

Ohqtfik

Shah~tks 

Jhiqebh

Hi hqth shaxeosk qh sh~shqhitei `kq akj~kihithq oh` jkoh`k, v eqê aeoe xik oh h``kq qh ohdfih oh ` e qflxfhith jeihse2

oh Fid ksjeafñi ksjeafñi2 oh okioh ~esth `e fidksjeafñi)

v

Dxhith

v

_seiqjfqks 2 qh e~`fae f iofqtfitejhith e` hjfqks v+k e` e~esetk thaik`ñlfak hiaesleok oh `e hjf qfñi oh qhõe`hq oh uxh ofq~kih `e dxhith,

`eq axe`hq akiqtftxvhi xi jhiqebh) v

Aeie`2 akioxatk dêqfak ~ks h` uxh ofqaxsshi `eq qhõe`hq, v uxh ~kqhh xie ae~eafoeo ohthsjfieoe shq~hatk e ` e ietxse`hre v ohiqfoeo oh

`eq qhõe`hq uxh ~ks æ` afsax`ei) oh Sxfokq2 qki qhõe`hq ebhieq e `e dxhith oh fidksjeaf ñi uxh, k cfhi fithsdfhshi h` ~eqk oh `eq ktseq ~ks h` aeie` k fithsdfhshi `e shah~afñi oh `eq qhõe`hq ~ks h` shah~tks)

v

Dxhith

v

Shah~tks 2 hq uxfhi shafch `eq qhõe`hq v `eq ohqakofdfae, tseoxafæiok`eq e ktsk qf qthje, oh dksje uxh `eq ~xhoh hithiohs)

v

Ohqtfik2 ~xitk dfie` oh` ~skahqk xifofshaaf kie` oh tseiqjfqfñi) Hqth akj~kihith hq fiofq~hiqec`h ~ese `e df oh`foeo oh `e tseiqjfqfñi)

5)<)3)

@e sh`eafñi jæofak µ ~eafhith)

H` #se~~kst#2

Fia`xvh h` hqteok oh jxtxe akidfeire v shq~htk hitsh h` jæofak v h` ~eafhith)

Dåtfje E`hbeiose Getk Dfqamhs 

5)<)1) Akjxifaeafñi oh jeqeq) @kq JAJ fid`xvhi qkcsh `eq ~hsqkieq, j kofdfaeiok qxq jkoh`hq oh foe, qxq h`haafkihq, qxq akqtxjcshq, h` akiqxjk v `e k~fifñi ~òc`fae)

Mkv hi oêe, `kq jhofkq oh akjxifaeafñi akiqtftxvhi xie mhssejfhite ~hsqxeqfe uxh ikq ~hsjfthi jeithihsikq hi akitfixe akjxifaeafñi aki `kq ofqtfitkq qxahqkq qkafe`hq, ~k`êtfakq v hakiñjfakq teitk e hqae`e ieafkie` akjk fithsieafkie`) @e se~fohr v osejetfqjk aki uxh `kq JAJ -Jhofkq oh Akjxifaeafñi ~ese `eq Jeqeq& qh mei fok fiaks~kseiok hi ixhqtse she`foeo, ik ikq ofk tfhj~k ~ese eoe~tes`kq v eoe~tesikq) Eith h``kq ikq hq ofdêaf` tkjes xie eatftxo qhshie2 k ikq edhssejkq e xi jxiok hqtåtfak, ~sh*fioxqtsfe`7 k ikq ohqesseflejkq ~ks akj~`htk uxhoeiok e jhsaho oh `eq ikhoeohq k hqtêjx`kq qx~hsdfafe`hq, h flikseiok h` ~eqeok) Hi `eq qkafhoeohq akithj~ksåiheq hq aeoe hr jevks `e fj~ksteiafe oh `kq jhofkq jeqfkq v hi ~estfax`es oh `e th`hfqfñi) Hqte fid`xvh qkcsh `e dksje oh eatxes k oh ~hiqes oh `eq ~hsqkieq, `klse jkofdfaes `e dksj e hi uxh `kq mkjcshq akikahi v akj~shiohi `e she`foeo uxh `kq skohe) Qh eah~te akjk she`hq v qh akiqfohse fj ~ksteith qk`k euxh``kq eakithafjfhitkq uxh jxhqtsei `eq aåjeseq oh th`h fqfñi) @e fj~ksteiafe oh `e th`hfqfñi hi h` ~skahqk oh qkafe`freafñi oh `kq amfakq v bñhihq v oh tkokq `kq fithlseithq oh `e qkafhoeo hqtåi sh`eafkieoeq aki `e ae`foeo oh `kq akithifokq oh `kq ~sklsejeq hoxaetfkq, fidksjetfkq v oh hitshthifjfhitkq uxh tseiqjfth v tejcfæi oh `eq ~xc`fafoeohq uxh fid`xvhi hi `kq måcftkq oh akiqxjk oh `e ~kc`eafñi) Ksflhi v Ohqessk``k2 E ~estfs oh jethsfe fikslåifae ±AMKI¿ ' M 3K v etjñqdhse - cfk`ñlfaejhith ' eah ~teoe&  Eifje`hq hsthcseokq  mkjcsh) ^hsfkok Axethsiesfk 2 8>> jf` µ 5 >>> >>> eõkq Qkafhoeo mxjeie



xifoe ~ks h` tsecebk ' `hilxebh ' dxhlk ' Esak, d`hameq v ~xiteq) Mecf`foeohq ~ese `e elsfax`txse v leieohsêe -akj hsafk& : sælfjhi akjxie` ~sfjftfk)

 E `k `eslk oh `e aff`freafñi ±qfqthjetfreafñi h}thsfks oh `e foe¿ v

Ksflhi)

v

Qkafhoeo hqa`efqte -hqa`ekq&

v

Qkafhoeo Dhxoe` -qfhsk v Qs) D hxoe`&

v

Qkafhoeo ae~fte`fqte -^elk oh fj~xhqtkq&

Deatkshq uxh fithsfhihi hi h` ohqessk``k qkafe` oh` mkjcsh2 ^hsqkie`foeo)

v v

 Ejcfhith)

v

Mhshiafe)

H qtsxatxse qtsxatxse v dxiafkihq qkafe`hq xifhsqe`hq2 H qtsxatxse qtsxatxse

Dejf`fe

:

Qx~hshqtsxatxse

Lsx~kq sh`flfkqkq Lsx~kq ~k`êtfakq Fiqtftxafkihq uxh xihi e `e qkafhoeo) Hoxaeafñi) Lsx~k qkafe` uxh melei uxh qh fithlshi)

:

Ceqh

/ -Ofihsk&

:

Qfqthje

Dksje oh lkcfhsik) Jeihbk oh` ofihsk)

Dxiafñi qkafe`2 5) Shikeafñi oh ~kc`eafñi -ce`eiaheoe& 3) Qkafe`freafñi oh `e ixhe ~kc`eafñi) 1) Akiqhseafñi oh xi qhitfok oh dfie`foeo) ?) ^skoxaafñi v ofqtsfcxafñi oh cfhihq v qhsfafkq) 8) Jeithifjfhitk oh` ksohi)

@e dejf`fe2 v

Aeieofhiqh2 ^e~å, jejå aki k qfi mfb kq cebk xi jfqjk thamk)

v

H)X)E) -tejcfæi xtf`freoe hi Jæ}fak&2 ^eosh v+k jeosh aki k qfi mfbkq shakikafokq qkafe`jhith v cebk xi jfqjk thamk)

Dxiafkihq oh dejf`fe2 Qkafe`freafñi) k Axfoeok) k Edhatk) k Sh~skoxaafñi) k Qtetxq v ifh` qkafkhakiñjfak) k Aeseathsêqtfaeq2 v

Qh}k)

v

Shakikafjfhitk qkafe` -eate oh jetsfjkifk&

Dåtfje E`hbeiose Getk Dfqamhs 

v

Ikjhia`etxse)

v

Shq~kiqecf`foeo)

v

Mkles)

A`eqfdfaeafñi oh dejf`fe2 v

Ixa`hes 2 ^eosh v+k jeosh aki k qfi mfbkq shakikafokq qkafe`jhith v cebk xi jfqjk thamk)

v

H} thiqe thiqe2 Ixa`hes ' ~hsqkie aki `eqkq akiqeilxêihkq)

v

Akj~xhqte2 Dejf`fe ixa`hes ' lhith ebhie e `e dejf`fe)

v

Fithlseoe2 Jeosh aki mfbkq qh aeqe aki ~eosh aki mfbkq)

v

Akibxite2 @`hle ktse dejf `fe ixa`hes aki akiqeilxfifoeo)

Lsx~k okjæqtfak2 Tfhi cebk jfqj k thamk, akj~esthi hakiñjfaejhith, ik mev `eqkq akiqeilxêihkq) H te~eq te~eq oh ohqessk``k2 v

Jetsfjkifk2 -qfi mfbkq& -3 ~hsqkieq& -3 µ 1 eõkq jêifjk&)

v

H}   ~eiqfñi2 -Qh ohafoh thihs mfb kq& -Akjfhirei e thihs chchq&

v

Ofq~hsqfñi2 -mfbkq qkafe`fres`kq + akitsk` oh `e iete`foeo&)

v

Fioh~hiohiafe2 -mfbkq qh ei&

v

Shtfsk + Jxhsth2 -ik mev mfbkq hi aeqe&

H q~kqeq2 q~kqeq2 v

Jeosh2 Dejf`fe tseofafkie`, axfoe ifõkq, akafie, jxbhs hi aeqe)

v

Akj~eõhse 2 Hq~kqe oh eoksik, ik etfhioh mfbkq -Iesak Bs)&

v

Ak`eckseokse2 Akj~esth ohshamkq, kc` fleafkihq, shq~kiqecf`foeohq, tsecebe fioh~hiofhithjhith)