SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE SEMINAR ASSIGNMENT
BY: TUSHAR GUPTA B.a.LLB (Hons) 9TH SEMESTER, TH YEAR
1|Page
TABLE O! CONTENTS
S.No.
To"#$ Pa%& No.
'. LIST O! ABBREVIATIONS
. INTRO*UC INTRO*UCTION TION + .'. Sa&-&n o /& P0o12&-
'3
.. H4"o/&s#s
''
.5. O16&$#7&s o /& S84
''
.. S$o"& o S84
'
.. R&s&a0$/ M&/oo2o%4
'
.;. C/a"&0#sa#on S$/&-&
'5
5. CHAPTER< I
'
SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES< A BEGINNING 5.'. Ba$=0o"
'
5.. So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s: S#&s : A *&#n##on 5.5. H#so0#$a2 1a$=%0o8n
'
5.. !8n$#ons
3
5.. A7ana%&s
5.;. *#sa7ana%&s
5
5.. L&%a2 Iss8&s
. CHAPTER
;
STATUTORY !RAMEWORK .'. SUBSTANTIVE LAWS
2|Page
TABLE O! CONTENTS
S.No.
To"#$ Pa%& No.
'. LIST O! ABBREVIATIONS
. INTRO*UC INTRO*UCTION TION + .'. Sa&-&n o /& P0o12&-
'3
.. H4"o/&s#s
''
.5. O16&$#7&s o /& S84
''
.. S$o"& o S84
'
.. R&s&a0$/ M&/oo2o%4
'
.;. C/a"&0#sa#on S$/&-&
'5
5. CHAPTER< I
'
SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES< A BEGINNING 5.'. Ba$=0o"
'
5.. So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s: S#&s : A *&#n##on 5.5. H#so0#$a2 1a$=%0o8n
'
5.. !8n$#ons
3
5.. A7ana%&s
5.;. *#sa7ana%&s
5
5.. L&%a2 Iss8&s
. CHAPTER
;
STATUTORY !RAMEWORK .'. SUBSTANTIVE LAWS
2|Page
.'.'. Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$, 333
.'.. In#an P&na2 Co&, '+;3
5
.. PROCE*URAL LAWS ..'. In#an E7#&n$& A$, '+
3
... T/& Co& o C0#-#na2 P0o$&80&, '95
3
. CHAPTER
CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERE* IN SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES .'. C41&0 *&a-a#on
.. E-a#2 S"oo#n%
9
.5. C41&0 Sa2=#n%
3
.. C2#$=6a$=#n%
.. C41&0 T&00o0#s-
+
.;. G0oo-#n%
;5
.. C41&0 B8224#n%
;5
.+. P812#s/#n% O1s$&n& Ino0-a#on #n E2&$0on#$ !o0-
;
;. CHAPTER< IV
+
?U*ICIAL RESPONSE ;.'. H#so0#$a2 P&0s"&$#7&
+3
;.. W& Ha& In#a Co--8n#4 Cas&
+
;.5. An#
+5
;.. !#0s !a=& P0o#2& Cas&
+
;.. !#0s *08% Pa04 Cas&
+
;.;. Ba@&&.$o- Cas&
+
3|Page
;.. State of Tamil Nadu 7. Suhas Katti
+
;.+. An%&2 M80&0 Cas&
+9
;.9. Y87#=a C/a8/a04 Cas&
93
. CHAPTER< V CONCLUSION AN* SUGGESTIONS
9'
.'. Con$28s#on
9'
.. S8%%&s#ons
9
+. BIBLIOGRAPHY
9
4|Page
LIST O! ABBREVIATIONS
AIR..A22 In#a R&"o0&0 C0.L.?.C0#-#na2 La> ?o80na2 C0.P.C.T/& C0#-#na2 P0o$&80& Co&, '95 &.%..&a-"2& %0a#a &nE##on !IR!#0s Ino0-a#on R&"o0 #.&.I&s (/a #s) I...I&n (#n /& sa-& so80$& 7a0#a#on o "a%&s) I1#..I1##8- (#n /& sa-& "2a$& o0 >o0=) IEAIn#an E7#&n$& A$, '+ IPC.T/& In#an P&na2 Co&, '+;3 ITA...Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$, 333 "., "".."a%&, "a%&s SC.S8"0&-& Co80 SCCS8"0&-& Co80 Cas&s 7..7&0s8s 7#@..V#& 2#$& (na-&24)
5|Page
INTRODUCTION T/& In&0n& #s &7&0 %0o>#n% an >& a0& no/#n% 18 "&112&s #n a 7as o$&an o #no0-a#on. On /& In&0n& /&0& a0& -#22#ons an -#22#ons o $o-"8&0 8s&0s 2o%%#n% on an o on a a#24 1as#s. Ino0-a#on #s 0ans&00& 0o- on& "o#n o ano/&0 #n a /&a01&a. W#/ /& a>n#n% o -o&0n &0a, # s&&-s /a &7&04on& #n /& >o02 #s a -&-1&0 o so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s#&s /&s& a4s. I an4on& #s no a -&-1&0 o /&s& s#&s, # &&2s 2#=& /& o0 s/& #s no a so$#a2 "&0son o0 /& o&s no &#s #n /& >o02. I /as no> 1&$o-& /& -os #-"o0an "a0 o an #n#7#8a2Ds 2#&, >#/o8 7#s##n% on& a4 # &&2s 2#=& >& -#ss& so-& #-"o0an #no0-a#on. So /&0& /& -a#n "80"os& o /& 0&s&a0$/&0 #s o &2a1o0a&24 &"2a#n >/a $ons#8& so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% o0 so$#a2 -&#a s#&s an >/a a0& /� 2&%a2 #-"2#$a#ons. In o0&0 o %& a "0o"&0 8n&0san#n%, /& 0&s&a0$/&0 /as a2so a2=& a1o8 /& sa8o04 0a-&>o0= an #s$8ss& $0#-&s an $as&s #n 0&%a0s o /&s& s#&s an /as on& a $o-"0&/&ns#7& $o-"a0a#7& s84 >#/ o/&0 &7&2o"& $o8n0#&s 2a>s an 0&%82a#ons an /� #-"2&-&na#ons on so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s#&s o "0o&$ /& 8s&0. S#n$& /� #n0o8$#on, so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s#&s 2#=& >>>.a$&1oo=.$o- (!a$&1oo=), >>>.o0=8.$o- (O0=8) an >>>.>#&0.$o- (T>#&0) o&0 -&-1&0s /& a1#2#4 o #nsan24 $onn&$ an $o--8n#$a& >#/ o/&0 -&-1&0s #n$28#n% 0#&ns, 0&2a#7&s, $o22&a%8&s, $ona$s, "0os"&$s an &7&n /& %&n&0a2 "812#$. T/&s& s#&s a0& o/&0>#s& $a22& as so$#a2 -&#a s#&s'. T/&s& so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s#&s a0& &ss&n#a224 =no>n as on2#n& $o--8n##&s o "&0sona2 an "0o&ss#ona2 0#&ns. T/&s& s#&s a0& #n$0&as#n%24 a0a$#n% -#22#ons o 8s&0s, -an4 o >/o- /a7& #n&%0a& /&s& s#&s #no /� a#24 "0a$#$&s. No> #n /#s 's $&n804, a22 /&s& on2#n& $o--8n#$a#on s#&s /a7& 1&$o-& -o0& "o"82a0. A0o8n 33 1#22#on "&o"2& a0& -&-1&0s o /&s& s#&s an /&4 a0& 7#s##n% o /&s& s#&s #n /� &7&04a4 2#& o $o--8n#$a& o0 o s/a0& so-&/#n% >#/ /� 0#&ns, $o22&a%8&s o0 an4 o/&0 "&0son o >/o- /&4 >an o s/a0&. Mo0& /an 53 1#22#on $on&ns (s8$/ as a0#$2&s, "/oos, 2#n=s, n&>s, so0#&s, 12o% "oss &$.) a0& s/a0& on !a$&1oo= &7&04 -on/, /& a7&0a%& 8s&0s a0& $onn&$& o +3 o0 93 $o--8n#4 "a%&s, %0o8"s, o0 &7&ns on !a$&1oo=, -o0& /an '3 -#22#on "&o"2& a0& a$$&ss#n% !a$&1oo= /0o8%/ /� -o1#2& &7#$&s &7&04 -on/. T/& sa-& s#8a#on a""2#&s a2so #n O0=8 an >#&0 >/&0& an #n#7#8a2 $an #n o8 -#22#ons o 8s&0s a0& 1 1 Boyd Ellison, “Soial Ne!"o#$ing 2(()*'!!+--./0indiana0ed-ol13-isse1-oyd0ellison0'!/l
si!es%,
&a#'
|Page
a$$&ss#n%. No> /&s& s#&s /a7& 1&$o-& /& "&0&$ s"o o0 0&2a#n% "&o"2& 14 $onn&$#n% >#/ /&- >#/ /� $2os& 0#&ns, $o22&a%8&s, 0&2a#7&s &$. In#a #s o2 $o8n04 >#/ 4o8n% 2a>s an /& ons& o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s #n s8$/ a s/o0 s"an >as 8n"0&$&&n& an /&0&o0& #s #-"a$ o /& so$#&4 >as 8no0&s&&a12& an no -ana%&a12&. In#a /a a$& a $0#s#s 8& o 2a$= o 2a> #22 333 a&0 >/#$/ /& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$, 333 >as "ass&. T/#s A$ >as a s"&$##$ A$ -a& o &a2 >#/ C41&0s"a$& 18 # 8224 $o82nD 0&so27& /& #ss8&s #n 0&s"&$s o $0#-& #n $41&0s"a$& as /& A$ -a#n24 o$8s& on E<%o7&0nan$& an E<18s#n&ss. A&0 /& 0&$&n a-&n-&ns /a oo= "2a$& /& "0&s&n a$ #s o0-& an #s $o-"a0a#7&24 a a 1&&0 "os##on o &a2 >#/ -o&0n a4 /a@a0s o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s 5. T/&s& so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s#&s $0&a& a 7#08a2 >o02 >#/ /& o""o08n#4 o0 -a=#n% 0#&ns, $/a#n%, s/a0#n% -o-&ns &$. /&0& a0& 7a0#&4 o "&o"2& on /&s& s#&s, /&4 a0& %&#n% 0&&o- o $a&%o0#&s /&- an $/oos& /&- as /� 0#&n, as >& o #n o80 0&a2 2#&. B8 /&0& #s a 1#% #&0&n$& >& o no a$8a224 -&& /&-. N&7&0/&2&ss, /&s& 7#08a2 0#&ns "0o7#& 8s a "2ao0- >/&0& >& $an >#/o8 /&s#a#on, $an s/a0& o80 &&2#n%s, >/#$/ o/&0>#s& >o82 /a7& #s$8ss& a$& o a$&. Mo0&o7&0, #n /#s as >o02, >& o no /a7& #-& o -&& so-&on& 14 -a=#n% so-& "2ans 2#=& >/&0& /& "2a$& >& >#22 -&& 2#=&>#s&. T/aDs >/4 >#/#n 2&ss #-& >& $an $ona$ >#/ so-&on& #n /&s& s#&s an $an s/a0& -an4 /#n%s. A2so /&s& s#&s 10&a$/ /& 0&%#ona2, na#ona2, $8280a2, so$#a2 1o8na0#&s o0 -a=#n% 0#&ns, =no>#n% /&-, 8n&0san#n% /� $8280&s, 0a##ons an a2so "0o7##n% 8s /& o""o08n#4 o0 so$#a2 s4n/&s#s . B8 >& /a7& o 0&a2#@& /a /&s& s#&s /a7& /� 2a>s. In /& "as, >& /a7& /&a0 o n8-&0o8s a18s&s on /&s& s#&s 2#=& -o0"/#n% o "/oo%0a"/s &$. A2so -os o /& #no0-a#on #s "8 on /& so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s#&s $an 1& an -os24 a=&, $on$o$& o0 /a2<08/s. T/#s >a4 # as n&%a#7&24 o so$#o<"s4$/o2o%#$a2 1&/a7#o0 o /8-an 1&#n%.
2 Id, +0 ) 3 “I/+a! o6 soial ne!"o#$ing si!es on soial li6e%,14!' /a#', *'!!+--"""0island#isis0ne!-2(1(-(7-soial8ne!"o#$s8i/+a!8li6e 4 S+#a n0 5 See !'is “Soial Ne!"o#$ing si!es and i!s legal i/+lia!ions in India9 : o/+a#a!ie s!dy%, O!oe# 2(1(*'!!+--ss#n0o/-as!#a!;1)412
)|Page
T/8s, 14 >a4 o /& /#s /&s#s /& 0&s&a0$/&0 no on24 a#-s o &8$a& "&o"2& #n 0&%a0s o /& 2a>s an /a0-82 #-"a$ o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s on so$#&4, 18 a2so o %#7& /&#ns#&s an #"s an 08/ #n 0&%a0s o /� a4 o a4 n&>o0=#n% on s8$/ s#&s, /a o &a2 >#/ /& $o-"2&##&s o /& $41&0s"a$& 2a>s &#s an 14 >a4 o $as&s an "0&$&&ns /a >/a /as "0&7#o8s24 /a""&n& an /o> /os& #ss8&s >&0& so27& 14 /& $800&n 2a>s o In#a #n 0&%a0s o /& /a""&n#n% o &7&ns #n In#a an a10oa. 1.1.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
T/& #n$&"#on o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s $a-& >#/ 8n"0&$&&n& 1oons an $80s&s, /& 2#=&s o >/#$/ /& $800&n 2&%#s2a#ons /a n&7&0 a$& an $ons&8&n24 >&0&nD -a& o /an2&. T/& #n##a2 #-"a$ o /& 1oons s/o0<2#7& as $o-"a0& o #s $800&n &#s#n% $80s&s As a 0&s82, /&0& /a a0#s&n a 2o o "0o12&-s o0 >/#$/ /&0& &#s& no 2a>s. T/& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$, 333 >as a 0&$&n "#&$& o 2&%#s2a#on >/#$/ >asnD &8#""& o &a2 >#/ /& -o&0n a4 s$&na0#o o $0#-&s #n In#a. On& o /& -a#n "0o12&-s /a /& 0&s&a0$/&0 /as "0#-a0#24 #&n##& an o$8s& /#s 0&s&a0$/& on #s o &"2a#n an s81san#a& >#/ a$s an $as&s /a /&0& #s a n&& o 8n&0san /& 0&2a#ons/#" 1&>&&n /& R&a2 an V#08a2 Wo02. T/& n& "0o12&- >#/ 0&%a0s o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s #s /a &7&n a&0 /& 0&$&n a-&n-&ns #n /& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$, 333 /&0& &#ss no 2a>s o &a2 >#/ /& 2a140#n/ o "0o12&-s /a "&o"2& a$& on a4 o a4 1as#s on /&s& s#&s. Ano/&0 "0o12&- /a /& 0&s&a0$/&0 /as #&n##& #s /a /& "&o"2& $o--##n% $0#-&s on /& In&0n& an /&s& s#&s a0& no a>a0& /a /&4 a0& #n a$ $o--##n% a $0#-& an /&4 1&2#&7& /a /� a$s #n /& $41&0s"a$& /a7& no #-"2#$a#ons >/aso&7&0. An #na224, /a /& n&& o /& /o80 #s o -a=& n&> an a-&n& 2&%#s2a#ons an s&#n% 8" o 0&%82ao04 1o#&s o &a2 &&ns#7&24 #n 0&&0&n$&s o /& $0#-&s /a a0& /a""&n#n% #n /& $41&0s"a$& an "8n#s/#n% /& %8#24 /a a0& "&0o0-#n% # an s&"s a0& n&&& o 1& a=&n as /&s& $0#-&s >o82nD a22 8n&0 /& $a&%o04 o $on7&n#ona2 $0#-&s. 1.2.
HYPOTHESES
T/& $800&n 0&s&a0$/ an s84 #s 1as& on /& o22o>#n% /4"o/&s&s:<
<|Page
'. T/& 2a>s a0& #ns8#$#&n o &a2 >#/ /& n&> 0&ns o $0#-& &-&0%#n% #n /& $41&0s"a$&. . T/& 2a>s a0& #ns8#$#&n o &a2 >#/ /& 7#o2a#on o 0#%/s "&0a#n#n% o /& "0#7a$4 o /& #n#7#8a2. 5. T/& &#s#n% 2a>s a0& no "0o"&024 #-"2&-&n& o &a2 >#/ $41&0$0#-&s. 1.3.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
In /#s 0&s&a0$/ >o0=, /& R&s&a0$/&0 &n&a7o0s o #-"a0 /& =no>2&%& an %#7& /& #ns#%/ o /& -ass&s on /& o22o>#n% 10oa o16&$#7&s:< a. 1. $. . 1.4.
To a""0a#s& /& &#s#n% 2a> on /& 0&%82a#on o #n&0n&. To a-&n an #n$o0"o0a& n&> 2a>s o0 %0a4 a0&as. To s&8" 0&%82ao04 1o#&s o0 $on&n 0&%82a#on. To s&8" $o-"2a#n $&n&0s an $o80s o0 as&0 0&-&4 o 8"$o-#n% $as&s. SCOPE OF STUDY
An4 "&0$&"#on o /#s >o0= >o82 "&0/a"s s&&- -#n8s$82& $ons#&0#n% /& a$ /a /#s >o0= /as "0o8$& 0o- a -&0& s8&n o 2a>, "a0#$82a024 #n /& 2#%/ o /& =no>2&%& /a so -an4 2&%a2 28-#na0#&s /a7& &2#1&0a& on /& -a&0 s#n$& #-& #--&-o0#a2. T/& s84 8& o #n$o0"o0a#on o a n8-1&0 o 0&s0#$#ons 2#=& #-& an 0&so80$&s, &a2s =&&"#n% #n o$8s /& M&0o"o2#an C##&s o In#a "0#-a0#24 *&2/#, M8-1a# an NCR 0&%#ons o0 /& 80a#on o 333 o 3'3 an "0#-a0#24 a0%&s /& "o"82a#on 1&>&&n /& a%& %0o8" o ';< 5; . T/& s84 14 "8#n% o0>a0 #s 0&$o--&na#ons, -os /8-124, /o"&s o -a=& a s-a22 $on0#18#on #n /& #&2 o 2&%a2 0&o0-s #n In#a. T/& s84 a2so 0&2a&s an #n$o0"o0a&s o0&#%n 2&%#s2a#ons an "o2#$#&s o /& Un#& Sa&s /a 0&%82a& #n&0n&. 1.5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
T/& "0&s&n >o0= /as 1&&n 8n&0a=&n >#/ %8#& #n&22&$8a2 #n8#s##on 1as& on o0%an#@& an s4s&-a#$ #n7&s#%a#on 14 &-"2o4#n% o$0#na2 0&s&a0$/ -&/oo2o%4. T/& -&/oo2o%4 o22o>& 14 /& R&s&a0$/&0 #n /& "0&s&n >o0= /as 1&&n 8n&0a=&n >#/ %8#& #n&22&$8a2 #n8#s##on 1as& an o0%an#@& an 14 s4s&-a#$ #n7&s#%a#on 14 &-"2o4#n% "80&24 o$0#na2Fnon<&-"#0#$a2 #n na80&. !o0 /& "80"os& o "0&"a0#n% /#s *#ss&0a#on, /& R&s&a0$/&0 /as 0&2#& on 7a0#o8s 1oo=s, sa8&s, a0#$2&s, 6o80na2s,
7|Page
n&>s"a"&0 a0#$2&s an o/&0 s8$/ 2#&0a80&. T/& R&s&a0$/&0 /as a2so 0&2#& on 7a0#o8s $as& 2a>s o s81san#a& o0 0&8& /#s "o#ns as an >/&n /&4 a0#s&. 1.6.CHAPTERISATION SCHEME
T/#s 0&s&a0$/ >o0= /as 1&&n #7#& #no #7& 10oa $/a"&0s. T/& !#0s C/a"&0 #2& So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s< A B&%#nn#n%D $o7&0s /& /#so0#$a2 1a$=%0o8n o "o"82a0 s#&s na-&24 O0=8, !a$&1oo= an T>#&0, >/#2& &"2a#n#n% /& 1as#$ 8n$#ons, a7ana%&s, #sa7ana%&s an 2&%a2 #ss8&s /a a0& a$& 14 /&-. T/& S&$on C/a"&0 #2& Sa8o04 !0a-&>o0=D $o7&0s /& 2&%#s2a#ons >/#$/ a0& 0&8#0& o %o7&0n an &a2 >#/ So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s. A2on% >#/ a $o-"a0#son an $2&a0 s&%0&%a#on o /& 2&%#s2a#ons o In#a #no >o 10oa /&as o S81san#7& an P0o$&80a2 La>s. T/& T/#0 C/a"&0 #2& C/a22&n%&s En$o8n&0& #n So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&sD &a2s >#/ 7a0#o8s an n&> &-&0%#n% $41&0<$0#-&s #n In#a na-&24 C41&0 *&a-a#on, E-a#2 S"oo#n%, C41&0 Sa2=#n%, C2#$=<6a$=#n%, C41&0 T&00o0#s-, G0oo-#n%, C41&0 B8224#n% an P812#s/#n% O1s$&n& Ino0-a#on #n E2&$0on#$ !o0- on& /0o8%/ So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s. T/& !o80/ C/a"&0 #2& ?8#$#a2 R&s"ons&D ana24s&s /& 0o2& "2a4& 14 /& In#an ?8#$#a04 o0 /& "8n#s/-&n o /& $0#-#na2 14 8s#n% a "80"os#7& #n&0"0&a#on o /& &#s#n% 2&%#s2a#7& "0o7#s#ons. Las24, /& !#/ C/a"&0 #2& Con$28s#ons an S8%%&s#onsD "0o7#&s an &ss&n$& o /& "0&$&#n% #s$8ss#on an /& "0o"os& s8%%&s#ons o -&& /& 880& $on#n%&n$#&s an $/a22&n%&s #n 0&&0&n$& o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s.
1( | P a g e
CHAPTER
S#n$&, /� #n0o8$#on, So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s (SNSs) s8$/ as O0=8, !a$&1oo= an T>#&0 /as a0a$& -#22#ons o 8s&0s, -an4 o >/o- /a7& #n&%0a& /&s& s#&s #n /� a#24 2#& an "0a$#$&s. T/&0& &#ss /8n0&s o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s >#/ 7a0#o8s &$/no2o%#$a2 ao0an$&s an s8""o0#n% a >#& 0an%& o #n&0&ss an "0a$#$&s. W/#2& /&0& =&4 &$/no2o%#$a2 &a80&s a0& a#024 $ons#s&n. T/& $8280&s /a &-&0%& a0o8n So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s a0& 7a0#& an a0& #&0&n 0o- s#& o s#&. Mos s#&s s8""o0 /& -a#n&nan$& o "0&<&#s#n% so$#a2 n&>o0=s, 18 o/&0s /&2" s0an%&0s $onn&$ 1as& on s/a0& #n&0&ss, "o2##$a2 7#&>s, o0 a$#7##&s. So-& s#&s $a&0 o #7&0s& a8#&n$&s, >/#2& o/&0s a0a$ "&o"2& 1as& on $o--on 2an%8a%& o0 s/a0& 0a$#a2, s&8a2, 0&2#%#o8s, o0 na#ona2#4<1as& #&n##&s. S#&s a2so 7a04 #n /& &&n o >/#$/ /&4 #n$o0"o0a& n&> #no0-a#on an $o--8n#$a#on oo2s, s8$/ as -o1#2& $onn&$#7#4, 12o%%#n%, an "/ooF7#&o
o0=#n% S#&s #n o0&0 o 8n&0san /& "0a$#$&s, #-"2#$a#ons, $8280&, an -&an#n% o /& s#&s, as >&22 as /& 8s&0s &n%a%& >#/ /&-. =al!e# B0 T#is!on , “T'e T"ilig'! o6 Soe#eign!y >o" !'e IT Reol!ion is T#ans6o#/ing o# =o#ld%, 1( =: ?a" Reie", @ol/e <( +0431
11 | P a g e
T/& $800&n $/a"&0 #s #n&n& o #&n#4 /& 1&%#nn#n% o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s an o0 8n&0san#n% #s 8n$#ona2#4, a7ana%&s an #sa7ana%&s. A $o-"a0a#7& s84 o /&s& s#&s /as a2so 1&&n "0&"a0& an a&-" /as a2so 1&&n -a& 14 /& 0&s&a0$/&0 o #&n#4 "o#ns o 2&%a2 0&&0&n$&s as >&22 as a0&as o $on2#$s o 0#%/s. So$#a2 n&>o0= s#&s (/&0&#na&0 SNSs) a0& #n$0&as#n%24 a0a$#n% /& a&n#on o a$a&-#$ an #n8s04 0&s&a0$/&0s #n0#%8& 14 /� ao0an$&s an 0&a$/. *8& o /& #n&0n&, /& &0- so$#&4 #s no &"&n&n 8"on a 0&%#on as /& 4na-#$s o N& /as $onn&$& /& "2an& as a >/o2& an /& $8280&s /a &-&0%& a0o8n SNSs a0& 7a0#& an #7&0s##&. T/& "80"os& o /#s #n0o8$#on #s o "0o7#& a $on$&"8a2, /#so0#$a2, an s$/o2a024 $on& o 8n&0san /& 1as#$ #-&ns#ons o SNSs. T/& 0&s&a0$/&0 a#-s o 8s& /& "0o-#n&n s#&s /a a0& -a#n24 8s& 14 /& In#an "o"82a#on o $onn&$ >#/ /& so$#&4 a0o8n /&- an #n 80/&0an$& o /#s sa&-&n a2so o &sa12#s/ "0#-a a$#& /a /& n&& o /& /o80 #s o -a=& 2a>s an 0&%82a#ons o0 /& sa&4 o so$#&4 a 2a0%&.In 0&&0&n$& o /& "0&7#o8s "a0a%0a"/s , o o so $2&a0 8n&0san#n%s o /& $on$&" o SNSs a0& 0&8#0& o 1& 8n&0soo. 1.2. SOCIAL NET!ORK SITES: A DEFINITION
T/& &#n##on o a So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s #s /a, JSo$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s a0& >&1<1as& s&07#$&s /a a22o> #n#7#8a2s o • • •
C0&a& a P812#$ o0 S&-##/#n a 1o8n& s4s&-. A0#$82a& a 2#s o o/&0 8s&0s >#/ >/o- /&4 s/a0& a $onn&$#on. V#&> an 0a7&0s& /� 2#s o $onn&$#ons an /os& -a& 14 o/&0s >#/#n /a s4s&-+
T/& a$8a2#4 o /& 0&ason /a /& 0&s&a0$/&0 8s&s /& &0- JSo$#a2 N&>o0= S#& #s o &s$0#1& /& o1s&07a12& a$, /a /& &0- JSo$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s a2so a""&a0s #n "812#$ #s$o80s&, an /& >o &0-s a0& o&n 8s& #n&0$/an%&a124. T/& 0&s&a0$/&0 $/os& no o &-"2o4 /& &0- JN&>o0=#n% o0 >o -o#7&s #.&. EMPHASIS an SCOPE. N&>o0=#n% &-"/as#@&s a 0&2a#ons/#" #n##a#on, an o&n a-on% s0an%&0s >/&0&#n N&>o0=#n% #s "oss#12& on /&s& s#&s, # #s no /& "0#-a04 "0a$#$& on -an4 o /&-, no0 #s # >/a #&0&n#a&s /&- 0o- o/&0 o0-s o $o-"8&0<-&#a& $o--8n#$a#on (CMC).
) Ibid. < S+#a no01 +011 12 | P a g e
W/a -a=&s /&s& so$#a2 n&>o0= s#&s 8n#8& a0& /a /&4 a22o> 8s&0s o a0#$82a& an -a=& 7#s#12& /� so$#a2 n&>o0=s >#/ o/&0s an no /a /&4 a22o> #n#7#8a2s o -&& s0an%&0s an /&s& 0&s82s #n $onn&$#ons 1&>&&n /&s& #n#7#8a2s /a >o82 no o/&0>#s& no0-a224 1& -a&. An on -an4 o /& "0o-#n&n s#&s /& 8s&0s a0& no n&$&ssa0#24 J Networking o0 2oo=#n% o -&& n&> "&o"2& >/&0&as, /&4 a0& "0#-a0#24 $o--8n#$a#n% >#/ "&o"2& >/o /&4 a20&a4 =no> an /&4 a0& #n a$ a "a0 o /� &&n& so$#a2 n&>o0= an 8& o /#s $0##$a2 o0%an#@#n% &a80& o /&s& s#&s, T/&4 a0& &0-& as JSocial Network Sites. T/o8%/ SNSs /a7& "8 #no "0a$#$& a >#& 7a0#&4 o &$/n#$a2 &a80&s 18 s#22 /� 1a$=1on& $ons#ss o 7#s#12& "0o#2&s /a no on24 #s"2a4s an a0#$82a& 2#s o 0#&ns >/o a0& a2so 8s&0s o /& s4s&- 18 # a2so &"&ns 8"on /& 8s&0s o -a=& # a "a0 o /� a#24 2#& an /� 0&80n#n% 1a$= o /& s#& as 0&8&n24 as "oss#12&. A 8s&0s PRO!ILE #s a 8n#8& "a%& as # #s "&0sona2#@& 14 /#- an o0 /#- an /a "0o#2& #s /#s #&n#4 on /& s#& an 2#=& &7&04 8s&0 &7&04 "0o#2& #s #&0&n. T/& #&n#4 on /& s#& an /& 8n$#on#n% o an #n#7#8a2 on /& SNS $an 1& =no>n on24 14 /#s "0o#2&. U"on 6o#n#n% an SNS, an #n#7#8a2 #s as=& o #22 o8 o0-s $ona#n#n% a s&0#&s o 8&s#ons an /& "0o#2& #s %&n&0a& 14 /& ans>&0s o /&s& 8&s#ons, >/#$/ 4"#$a224 #n$28& "&0sona2 &s$0#"o0s s8$/ as a%&, 2o$a#on, #n&0&ss, an an JA1o8 M& s&$#on &$. T/& "0o-#n&n s#&s a2so &n$o80a%& 8s&0s o 8"2oa a "0o#2& "/oo o0 #s"2a4#n% on /& "0o#2&. In /& "0&s&n a4 s$&na0#o, -a6o0#4 o /& SNS "0o7#& P0#7a$4 o"#ons o0 #s"2a4#n% #no0-a#on an /& 8s&0 $an $on0o2 as o >/a #no0-a#on /& >o82 2#=& o s/a0& >#/ &7&04on&, >/a /& >o82 2#=& o s/a0& on24 >#/ 0#&ns an "&0sona2#@& /#s "0o#2& #n &0-s o s&$80#4 an #s"2a4 as a0 as "oss#12&. SNSs 2#=& O0=8, M4S"a$& an !a$&1oo= a22o> #s 8s&0s o &n/an$& /& a""&a0an$& o /� "0o#2&s 14 a#n% -82#-&#a $on&ns 2#=& son%s an 7#&os an 14 -o#4#n% /& "0o#2&Ds 2oo= an &&2 14 /� $/o#$&s o $o2o0s. A "&0#n&n 0&ason /a !a$&1oo= sa0& s2o> an s8&n24 s/o o 1&#n% a o0$& o 1& 0&$=on& >#/ >as /a /& #&o2o%4 o Ma0= 8$=&01&0% >as o $/an%& 0o- /& 0a##ona2 $on$&" an -o7& o /& n&> &0a. !a$&1oo= >as /& #0s s#& /a a22o>& #s 8s&0 o a -o82&s (JAPPLICATIONS) a22 so0s o -a=& /& s#& -o0& a#$#7& an 8n.9 An a""2#$a#on $a22& as !a0-7#22& >/#$/ >as a& o /& !a$&1oo= "0o#2& #s on& s8$/ &a-"2&. T/#s a""2#$a#on >as 2a8n$/& #n /& ?8n& 339 an a&0 #s "0&s&n$& # >as 0&"o0& 14 Lonon Toa4 /a 8s&0s on !a$&1oo= $o-& 1a$= /0&& #-&s a a4 on24 o "2a4
7 Aaeoo$ Deelo+/en! Tea/, “:++s on 2(1(%,*'!!+--deelo+e#s06aeoo$0o/-dos-gides-anas-
Aaeoo$0o/
:+#il
13 | P a g e
/& %a-& an /a !a0-7#22& !a0-&0s a0& '3: ' o /& R&a2 A-&0#$an !a0-&0s. '3 T/&s& a##ons a0& on& o /& "0#-a04 0&asons /a SNSs 0&a224 a$/#&7& a san #n /& -o&0n a4 so$#&4. T/& 7#s#1#2#4 o a "0o#2& 7a0#&s 14 s#& an a$$o0#n% o 8s&0 #s$0&#on. B4 &a82, "0o#2&s on O0=8 a0& $0a>2& 14 s&a0$/ &n%#n&s, -a=#n% /&- 7#s#12& o an4on&, 0&%a02&ss o >/&/&0 o0 no /& 7#&>&0 /as an a$$o8n. W/&0&as, !a$&1oo= a=&s an a2&0na#7& a""0oa$/ an 14 &a82, a22o>s 8s&0s >/o a0& "a0 o /& sa-& JN&>o0= o 7#&> &a$/ o/&0Ds "0o#2&s, 8n2&ss a "0o#2& o>n&0 /as &$#& o &n4 "&0-#ss#on o /& "&o"2& #n /� n&>o0=. T/&s& s08$80a2 #s#n$#ons a0& on& o /& 0&asons /a SNSs #&0&n#a& /&-s&27&s 0oon& ano/&0. A&0 -a=#n% a "0o#2& on /&s& SNSs, 8s&0s a0& &n$o80a%& o #&n#4 o/&0s #n /& sa-& s4s&- >#/ >/#$/ /&4 /a7& o0 -#%/ /a7& a 0&2a#ons/#" an o s&n #n7#a#ons o /os& >/o s#22 a0&nD #n /& s4s&-. T/& 2a1&2s o /&s& 0&2a#ons/#"s #&0s 0o- s#& o s#&, /&s& 2a1&2s $o82 1& &0-s 2#=&s J!0#&ns, JCona$s o0 J!ans. T/& -a6o0#4 o /& SNSs 0&8#0& 1#<#0&$#ona2 o0 8a2 $on#0-a#on o0 !0#&ns/#" #.&. 1o/ 8s&0s /a7& o a$=no>2&%& /a /&4 =no> &a$/ o/&0 >/&0&as so-& onD. T/&s& on&<#0&$#ona2 #&s a0& 2a1&2& as J!ans o0 J!o22o>&0s as "0#-a0#24 s&&n #n T>#&0 18 7a0#o8s s#&s $a22 /&s& #&s !0#&ns as >&22. '' T/& "812#$ #s"2a4 o $onn&$#ons #s a $08$#a2 $o-"on&n o SNSs as /& 2#s $ona#ns 2#n=s o o/&0 8s&0Ds "0o#2& an 14 /#s a 8s&0 &"ans /#s n&>o0= o !0#&ns. On -os s#&s, /& !0#&n L#s #s 7#s#12& o an4on& >/o #s "&0-#& o 7#&> /& "0o#2& 14 /& 8s&0, a2/o8%/ /&0& a0& so-& &$&"#ons. !o0 #nsan$& !a$&1oo= an O0=8 a22o> 8s&0s o o" o8 o #s"2a4#n% /� "0o#2&s. Mos o /& SNSs "0o7#& a -&ans o0 8s&0s o 2&a7& -&ssa%&s on /� !0#&nsD "0o#2&s. T/#s &a80& 8s8a224 #n7o27&s 2&a7#n% JS$0a"s o0 JCo--&ns. In a##on o /#s o0- o $o--8n#$a#on -an4 SNSs a2so /a7& a "0#7a& -&ssa%#n% &a80& s#-#2a0 o >&1-a#2 o0 -&ss&n%&0 $/a >/&0& 1o/ "0#7a& -&ssa%&s an $o--&ns a0& -a&. B&s#&s an 1&4on P0o#2&s, !0#&ns, Co--&ns an P0#7a& M&ssa%#n% SNSs 7a04 %0&a24 #n /� &a80&s an
1( a#dne#, , “A!#ology Aa#/ille on Aaeoo$%, ?ondon Today, Se+!e/e# 27, 2((7, <87, +01( *'!!+ --"""0!'isislondon0o0$-li6es!yle-a#!ile823)474)78 6!#ology86a#/ille8on86aeoo$0do0 11 S+#a ++0 53854 14 | P a g e
/� 8s&0 1as&. So-& /a7& "/oo#&24 a$$&ss#12&, so # #s no 0a0& o #n %0o8"s 8s#n% s#&s o s&%0&%a& /&-s&27&s 14 na#ona2#4, a%&, &8$a#ona2 2&7&2, o0 o/&0 a$o0s. 1.3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1.3.1. ORKUT
O0=8 #s a So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#& o>n& an o"&0a& 14 Goo%2& In$. T/& "o0a2 s&07#$& >as 2a8n$/& on ?an8a04 , 33 an # >as as/#on& o /&2" "&o"2& o 2#=& na80& an /o11#&s o -&& an o -a#na#n &#s#n% 0&2a#ons/#"s >#/ 0#&ns an a-#2#&s a a0. A&0 /& 2a8n$/ O0=8 >as >#224 "o"82a0 #n /& Un#& Sa&s 18 # &22 s/o0 o #s $800&n a4 n&-&s#sDs !a$&1oo= an M4S"a$&. A2/o8%/, # #s &0ao0#na0#24 "o"82a0 #n B0a@#2 an In#a. ' O0=8 >as n&7&0 10a#n "0o6&$ o Goo%2&. In$ as /& $o-"an4 /a /& "0#-a04 "2ans o 184 /& so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s#& !0#&ns&0 18 >/&n /& o&0 >as &&n& o /a $o-"an4 #n 335, /&4 /a 0&8s& /& o&0 an as a 0&s82 o >/#$/ Goo%2& /a #n&0na224 /#0& O0=8 B4===&n o "0&"a0& an #n&"&n&n "0o6&$ on /& sa-& 2#n&s an /& 0&s82 o >/#$/ >as O0=8. 1.3.2. FACEBOOK
!a$&1oo= #s a so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s&07#$& an >&1s#& 2a8n$/& #n !&108a04 33, o"&0a& an "0#7a&24 o>n& 14 !a$&1oo=, In$. '5 As o ?an8a04 3'', !a$&1oo= /as -o0& /an ;33 -#22#on a$#7& 8s&0s.' Us&0s -a4 $0&a& a "&0sona2 "0o#2&, a o/&0 8s&0s as 0#&ns, an &$/an%& -&ssa%&s, #n$28#n% a8o-a#$ no##$a#ons >/&n /&4 8"a& /� "0o#2&. !a$&1oo= >as
12 O#$! Deelo+/en! Tea/, “:o! and eyond%, Se+!e/e# 2((7, *"""0o#$!0o/-ao! 13 13“2((< #o"!' P!s Aaeoo$ in Be!!e# Posi!ion !o &a$e &oney% Eldon, E#i Dee/e# 1<, 2((
o8n& 14 Ma0= 8$=&01&0% >#/ /#s $o22&%& 0oo--a&s an &22o> $o-"8&0 s$#&n$& s8&ns E8a0o Sa7&0#n, *8s#n Mos=o7#@ an C/0#s H8%/&s. ' 1.3.3.T!ITTER
T>#&0 #s a so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% an -#$0o 12o%%#n% >&1s#& 1as& #n Ca2#o0n#a an o>n& 14 T>#&0, In$. an >as o0#%#na224 #n$o0"o0a& #n Ca2#o0n#a, 18 # /as 1&&n #n$o0"o0a& #n /& 680#s#$#on o *&2a>a0& s#n$& 33. '; T>#&0 >as $0&a& #n Ma0$/ 33; 14 ?a$= *o0s&4 an /& >&1s#& /as %a#n& "o"82a0#4 >o02>#& an #s &s#-a& o /a7& -o0& /an 33 -#22#on a$#7& 8s&0s, %&n&0a#n% ; -#22#on >&&s a a4 an /an2#n% o7&0 +33,333 s&a0$/ 8&0#&s "&0 a4.' T>#&0 &na12&s 8s&0s o s&n an 0&a &<1as& "oss $o-"os& o 8" o '3 $/a0a$&0s, $a22& >&&s, >/#$/ a0& #s"2a4& on /& 8s&0s "0o#2& "a%&. Us&0s $an s81s$0#1& o o/&0 8s&0s >&&s /#s #s =no>n as o22o>#n% an s81s$0#1&0s a0& =no>n as o22o>&0s o0 >&&"s.'+ Us&0s $an >&& 7#a /& T>#&0 >&1s#&, $o-"a#12& &&0na2 a""2#$a#ons (s8$/ as o0 S-a0"/on&), o0 14 S/o0 M&ssa%& S&07#$& (SMS). 1.4. FUNCTIONS
So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s >&0& no 2&ss /an a 0&7o28#on 8"on /� $o--&n$&-&n. P&o"2& >&0& so &as#24 a0a$& 1&$a8s& # -a& 0&2a#ons/#"s 0&a$/ ano/&0 2&7&2. P&o"2& $o82 $onn&$ 7#08a224 >#/ &7&04on& /&4 =n&> #nsan24 an $o82 =&&" #n o8$/ an 8"a& a1o8 /� 0#&ns an a-#24 0&%a02&ss o /� "/4s#$a2 "os##on on /& "2an&. In In#a
15 “:! ?as! H T'e All S!o#y O6 >o" Aaeoo$ =as Aonded%, Bsiness Inside# &a#' 5, 2(1( *'!!+--"""0sinessinside#0o/-'o"86aeoo$8"as86onded8 2(1(83"e8an8!al$8ao!8!'a!8a6!e#8i8ge!8all8!'e8asi86n!ionali!y8+8 !o/o##o"8nig'!81 :essed on 15!' :+#il 2(11F 1 Bsiness En!i!y De!ail, “Cali6o#nia Se#e!a#y o6 S!a!e%1< Ae#a#y 2(11 :ssessed on 14!' :+#il 2(11F *'!!+--"""0sos0a0go-siness-e- 1) ?eslie DJ&on!e, “S"ine AlJs T"ee! Cases Online Al!!e#%, Bsiness S!anda#d, 27 :+#il 2((7 :ssessed on 15 !' :+#il 2(11F * '!!+--"""0siness8 s!anda#d0o/-india-ne"s-s"ine8KL5Cs8!"ee!8!"ee!8ases8online8 K!!e#-35(4- 1
/&0& #s a o2 so04 o >o 10o/&0s >/o %& 2os #n a " Kumb Ka Mela’ an 0&8n#& a&0 ' 4&a0s, /#s s#8a#on no> >o82 n&7&0 /a""&n as /& $o82 68s 2oo= /#s 10o/&0 on /& n& #n s&$on. T/& "&0$&"#on /as no &n#0&24 $/an%& o /o> "&o"2& $onn&$ an /o> /&4 -&&. S#&s 2#=& !a$&1oo= an T>#&0 no on24 /oo=& $/#20&n 18 "&o"2& 0o- a22 7a0#o8s an #7&0s& a%& %0o8"s. Bo224>oo sa0s an #$ons 2#=& Ba0a$= O1a-a $onn&$ o /� o22o>&0s 14 >&&s an %#7& /� 7#&>s an /o8%/s. T/&s& s#&s /a7& -a& s8$/ an #-"0&ss#on on /& 4o8n% an /& o2 /a "&0$&"#on 1&>&&n /& R&a2 an V#08a2 >o02 /as no> a 7&04 /#n 2#n& -#n8s$82& #&0&n$&. To 80/&0 a0&ss /& 0&8#0&-&n o s08$80& an o #n&n#4 /& 1as#$ 8n$#ona2#4 o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s'9 /&0& a0& &ss&n#a224 s# $o0& a0&as /a a0& 0&8#0& o 1& 2oo=& a:< 1.4.1. KEEP IN TOUCH
As /&4 a0& /& "0#-a04 #n%0&#&ns o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s >/&0& =&&"#n% #n o8$/ $an 1& on& 14 #0&$ $o--8n#$a#on an #n#0&$ $o--8n#$a#on
1.4.2.IDENTITY MANAGEMENT
T/& #&2 o #&n#4 -ana%&-&n $an 1& s&%0&%a& o0 "0&s&n#n% on&s&2 o 1& o8n, o 18#2 a $o--on $on&. I -&ans -ana%#n% /& a7a#2a1#2#4 o #&n#4 #no0-a#on #.&. #22#n% #no0-a#on an s&#n% a$$&ss 0#%/s /a >/o /as "&0-#ss#on o 7#&> >/a. 1.4.3. CONTENT A!ARENESS
Con&n A>a0&n&ss s#-"24 -&ans /& $o--on $on& >#/ o/&0 "&o"2&. T/#s $an 1& a>a0&n&ss a1o8 an4/#n% 2#=& $o--on $ona$s, $o--on #n&0&ss o0 $o--on 0#&ns #n /& s$/oo2 o0 $o22&%& 1.4.4. CONTACT MANAGEMENT
T/#s &0- $o7&0s an #n$28&s a22 #no0-a#on /a on& >o82 n&& o -a#na#n a 8n$#ona2 #%#a2 n&>o0= s8$/ as a%%#n%, 0&s0#$#ons on "0o#2&s &$. 1.4.5. E#CHANGE
17 &i'ael Mo'0, :leande# Ri'!e#, “An!ions o6 Soial Ne!"o#$ing Se#ies%0 In P#o0 COOP 2((<, &ai 2((<, +037 1) | P a g e
T/#s &0- $o7&0 an4 an a22 o0-s o &$/an%#n% #no0-a#on #0&$24 2#=& 14 -&ssa%&s o0 #n< #0&$24 14 "/oo a218-s 7#a 1822&#n 1oa0s. 1.4.6. NET!ORK A!ARENESS
T/#s &0- -&ans /& a>a0&n&ss o &a#2s o on&Ds n&>o0= an a$#7##&s >/#$/ 0&s82s #n $o--8n#$a#on 2#=& 14 /a7#n% =no>2&%& o sa8s o on& #n#7#8a2 14 #s n&>s && o0 a1o8 #no0-a#on o /#s o0 /&0 1#0/a4 14 /& 1#0/a4 1o. 1.5.
ADVANTAGES:
1.5.1. PLACE TO MEET NE! PEOPLE
T/& "0#-a04 a7ana%& o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s /a on& %&s o -&& n&> "&o"2& an 8& o /& a7an$& s&a0$/ o"#on "&o"2& o sa-& #n&0&ss $an -&&. So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s a0& no> /& $/#& so80$& o &sa12#s/#n% -&an#n%82 0&2a#ons/#"s an -an4 "&o"2& -&& on2#n& an &sa12#s/ 0&2a#ons/#"s #n 0&a2 2#& an %& -a00#&, /a7& =#s &$.3 E%:< B/a0a-a0#-on4.$o- an S/aa#.$o-.
1.5.2. MEET OLD FRIENDS
On& -o0& a7ana%& o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s #s /a o2 0#&ns, a-#24 -&-1&0s a a0 $an -&& a%a#n an 1& $onn&$& on$& a%a#n an 1& #n o8$/. 1.5.3. PLACE TO FIND JOBS
Ano/&0 a7ana%& o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s #s /a 1#% $o-"an#&s /a7& s"&$#a2#ss #n /� /8-an 0&so80$&s /a s&a0$/ /&s& s#&s o0 n&> an "0os"&$#7& 0&$08#s. S#&s 2#=& Na=80#.$o-, Mons&0.$o- an L#n=&In.$o- a0& /& no> /& -os "o"82a0 s#&s o 0&$08# "&o"2& an o&0 /&- 6o1s. R&$&n24 !a$&1oo= /a o&0& #na2 4&a0 IIT s8&ns a "a$=a%& o 5+ 2a=/s an 3 2a=/s. ' 1.5.4.CONNECTIONS
2( Ibid. 21 :l"ays Indian, “Aaeoo$ 'i#es 2 IIT s!den!s%, al"aysindian0o/, Dee/e# 2(1( :essed on 15!' :+#il 2(11F *'!!+--al"aysindian0o/-2(1(-12-(-6aeoo$8'i#es828ii!8s!den!s- 1< | P a g e
T/& 1&s as"&$ o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s a0& $onn&$#n% an #n$0&as#n% on&s n&>o0=#n% >#/ $2#&ns a 1o/ a P&0sona2 an P0o&ss#ona2 2&7&2 an # #s &#n#&24 8s&82 #n /& 2on% 08n. SNSs 8s8a224 #n$28& a #0&$o04 o0 -&-1&0s o #n o/&0s s/a0#n% $o--on #n&0&ss an 1a$=%0o8ns. M&-1&0s 18#2 /� #n#7#8a2 n&>o0=s 14 $onn&$#n% >#/ o/&0 -&-1&0s. So$#a2 n&>o0=s o&n a22o> -&-1&0s o $/oos& 0o- #&0&n 2&7&2s o "0#7a$4, s8$/ as >/&/&0 o a22o> an4 -&-1&0 o /& n&>o0= o s&& /� "0o#2& $on&n o0 o 2#-# # on24 o /& $onn&$& -&-1&0s an -a4 a22o> &7&n 80/&0 0&#n&-&n o a$$&ss $on0o2 >#/#n /& $onn&$& $o--8n#4. M&-1&0s o&n "os non
*8& o #s 2o> $os # #s "&0&$ -- o -a#na#n o2 $2#&ns >/#2& a0a$#n% an -&&#n% n&> "o&n#a2 $2#&ns an #n$0&as& on$& 18s#n&ss /o0#@ons. 1.6.
DISADVANTAGES:
1.6.1. LACK OF ANONYMITY
*8& o /& %2o1a2 $onn&$#7#4 on& o /& -os %2a0#n% #sa7ana%&s #s /a 8& o /& 2a$= o anon4-#4 a "&0son >o82 1& a0%& o #&n#4 /& an 0a8 0o- an41o4 #n /& >o02 an /& >o82nD /a7& an4 =no>2&%& a1o8 #. 5 T/& "&0sona2 #no0-a#on o an4 #n#7#8a2 $an 1& 8s& o0 an4 4"& #22&%a2 a$#7#4. T/& 1as#$ #no0-a#on 2#=& /& &<-a#2, na-&, a0&ss, 2o$a#on a2on& $an 1& 8s& o0 $o--##n% on2#n& $0#-&s. 1.6.2. ONLINE HARASSMENT
*8& o /& "oo0 0&%82a#on o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s an 8& o s&-#<=no> 2&%& #n#7#8a2s >/o onD =no> /� >a4 a0o8n /& #n&0n& $an 1& 7#$#-s as /� a$$o8n an #no0-a#on $an 1& 8s& o s"0&a -a2#$#o8s /8-o0s an #n so-& s#8a#ons 7#$#-s o 7#08s aa$=s an -o0"/& "o0no%0a"/#$ "#$80&s an 7#&os. 1.6.3. ADDICTIVE
22 Iid0 23 Ibid. 24 Infra, n.'' 17 | P a g e
P&o"2& on /&s& s#&s /a7& -a& /&- an #ns&"a0a12& "a0 o /� 2#7&s, 1& # /� $o--&ns, /� "#$80&s o0 "2a4#n% /� %a-&s /& a#$#7&n&ss o&snD #&0 0o- a $/#2 o an a82. S#&s 2#=& !a$&1oo= %&n&0a& 0&$o0 10&a=#n% 0a#$ on /& n&. ; T/#s a#$#7&n&ss #s 2&a#n% o a 2o o "0o12&-s as 4o8n% -#ns a /& &a024 sa%&s o /� -#ns /a7& o #n7o27& /&-s&27&s #n 1oo=s 0a/&0 /an /&s& s#&s. O#$&s an Ins#8#ons a22 o7&0 /& >o02 /a7& sa0& 12o$=#n% O0=8, !a$&1oo= an T>#&0 as /� sas an s8&n onD $on$&n0a& on /& >o0= a22o& o /&- an =&&" /&-s&27&s &n%a%& #n /&s& s#&s. 1.$. LEGAL ISSUES2% 1.$.1.In &0-s o 18s#n&ss, -&-1&0s -a4 8s& so$#a2 n&>o0=s o0 "0o&ss#ona2 &7&2o"-&n o
s8""2&-&n a$&<o<a$& n&>o0=#n%, o &s$0#1& 18s#n&ss &o0s an o""o08n##&s o0 s&&= a7#$& o0 o"#n#ons 14 as=#n% 8&s#ons o /& so$#a2 n&>o0= $o--8n#4. O0%an#@a#ons -a4 8#2#@& so$#a2 n&>o0=s o #ss&-#na& J !ress "elease 4"& #no0-a#on an -a4 2#n= 1a$= o /� o>n >&1s#& o0 a##ona2 &a#2s. P0o-o#n% &7&ns on !a$&1oo= $an 0&s82 #n -o0& 0a"#, >#&s"0&a $o7&0a%& /an an o0%an#@a#on $o82 o1a#n an4>/&0& &2s& as no##$a#ons a0& s&n o a22 o a -&-1&0Ds 0#&ns >/&n /a -&-1&0 RSVPDS o0 an &7&n. 1.$.2. Co-"an#&s -a4 &7&n 8s& so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% o 8#$=24 0&s"on o $0##$s, s8$/ as
0&$&n >&&sD (T>#&0 -&ssa%&s) 14 G&n&0a2 Moo0s 9 o /&2" #8s& s&7&0& $o--&ns 14 %o7&0n-&n o#$#a2s an /& -&#a. An &7&n -o0& 0&$&n &a-"2& #s *o-#noDs #ss8an$& o an
25 Ibid. 2 :da/ Os!#o", “Aaeoo$ >i!s Ne" T#a Reo#d%/as'ale0o/ 13 ly 2(1( :ssessed on 15!' :+#il 2(11F *'!!+--/as'ale0o/-2(1(-()-13-6aeoo$8 !#a- 2) C#!is S/ola#, “5 Reasons !o Blo$ Aaeoo$ and T"i!!e# a! Qo# Oe% 1 Noe/e# 2(1( :ssessed on 1)!':+#il 2(11F *'!!+--en!#eea!0o/-2(1(-11-(1-58#easons8!o8lo$86aeoo$8and8!"i!!e#8a!8 yo#8oe- 2< S+#a, n0125 27 T"i!!e#0o/-&o!o#s, “i! is no! !#e%, T"i!!e#0o/, 1< Dee/e# 2((7, :ssessed on 1!' :+#il 2(11F *'!!+--"""0T"i!!e#0o/-&o!o#s 2( | P a g e
a"o2o%4 on >>>.4o881&.$o- (Yo8T81&) #n 0&a$#on o an &a02#&0 7#&o s/o>#n% >o No0/ Ca0o2#na 1as& >o0=&0s &n%a%#n% #n 2&ss /an /4%#&n#$ $on8$ >/#2& ass&-12#n% "#@@as. 53 1.$.3.So$#a2 n&>o0=#n% a$#7##&s 0a#s& 2&%a2 #ss8&s a0o8n $on&n 8s& an #n0#n%&-&n,
&a-a#on, a0#18#on as >&22 as %oo o2<as/#on& o0 2#a1#2#4. So$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s#&s a0& a2so &0#2& %0o8n o0 %a0n&0#n% &7#&n$& #n $0#-#na2 -a&0s an o0 o/&0 #n7&s#%ao04 "80"os&s.
CHAPTER-II
STATUTORY !RAMEWORK
3( Don S/i!', “S$y Ne"s H Do/inos isses QoTe a+ology%, Noe/e# 2(():ssessed on 1!' :+#il 2(11F *'!!+--yo!0e-de/e:)8:2I 21 | P a g e
JThe controversy between those who believe that law should essentially follow and not lead and it should do so clearly formulated social sentiment and those who believe that law should be determined agent in the creation of new social norms is one of the recurring themes in the history of legal thought < P0o&sso0 Wo2%an% !0#&-ann5' N&> $o--8n#$a#on s4s&-s an #%#a2 &$/no2o%4 /a7& -a& 0a-a#$ $/an%&s #n /& >a4 >& 2#7& an no on24 /& >a4 >& 2#7& 18 /& >a4 "&o"2& 0ansa$ 18s#n&ss. B8s#n&ss an $ons8-&0s a0& #n$0&as#n%24 8s#n% $o-"8&0s o $0&a&, 0ans-# an so0& #no0-a#on #n /& &2&$0on#$ o0- #ns&a o /& 0a##ona2 "a"&0 o$8-&ns. *8& o /& 2a$= o a 2&%#s2a#on o %o7&0n /& 18s#n&ss an $onn&$#7#4 o #n#7#8a2s /& &-&0%&n$& o /& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$, 333 $a-& #no 1&#n%. T/& a$ $a-& #no o0$& on /& '/ o O$o1&0 333 an # /as 9 S&$#ons an #7#& #no '5 C/a"&0s. T/& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$ 333(/&0&#na&0, /& A$) 1as#$a224 s&&=s o:< '. P0o7#& 2&%a2 0&$o%n##on o0 E2&$0on#$ Co--&0$&. . To a$#2#a& &2&$0on#$ #2#n% o o$8-&ns >#/ /& Go7&0n-&n A%&n$#&s. 5. P0o-o& &#$#&n &2#7&04 o Go7&0n-&n S&07#$&s 14 -&ans o 0&2#a12& &2&$0on#$ 0&$o0s. . To a$#2#a& /& "0o"&0 0&%82a#on o #n&0n&.5 W/#2& /& -a#n o16&$#7& o /& A$ #s o "0o7#& 2&%a2 0&$o%n##on o0 0ansa$#ons $a00#& o8 14 -&ans o &2&$0on#$ aa #n&0$/an%& an o/&0 -&ans o &2&$0on#$ $o--8n#$a#on, so-& "0o7#s#ons a0& s#2&n >/#2& so-& a0& 2#=&24 o 2&a o 2##%a#on. T0a##ona2 2&%a2 s4s&-s /a7& /a %0&a ##$824 #n =&&"#n% "a$& >#/ /& 0a"# %0o>/ o /& In&0n& an #s #-"a$ /0o8%/o8 /& >o02. W/#2& so-& 2a>s an o16&$#7&s /a7& 1&&n &na$& an &> $as&s /a7& 1&&n &$#& /a a&$ /& In&0n&, /&4 2&a7& -os o /& ##$82 2&%a2 #ss8&s o /& $o80s.
31A#ied/ann, =ol6gang, “ ?a" in C'anging Soie!y%, =ads"o#!' Plis'ingAi#s! Edn0F 1777, +05< 32S!a!e/en! o6 o.e!s and #easons In6o#/a!ion Te'nology :!, 2((( 22 | P a g e
Ho>&7&0, 8& o /& on24 a$ #n &#s&n$& #n In#a o 0&%82a& $41&0s"a$& /& a$ >as no &8#""& o &a2 >#/ /& n&> $0#-&s /a >&0& &-&0%#n% an n&&& an o7&0a22 a-&n-&ns >/#$/ oo= #n 339. T/& A$ >as no> 1&&0 &8#""& o &a2 >#/ /& n&> $0#-&s. !o0 /& "80"os& o &"2ana#on o /& $800&n $/a"&0 #n /#s /&s#s, # #s &7#&n o "o#n o8 /a &7&n /& $800&n a$ #s s#2&n$& an a$&s #2&--a #n $800&n a4 8#2#@a#on 18 #s $o-"a0a#7&24 a a 1&&0 "os##on /an /& o0#%#na2 A$. In 0&2a#on o /& $800&n o"#$ o So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&s, /& "0#-a04 "o#n o &sa12#s/ #s /a /& $800&n A$ #s 8s& o #s#n%8#s/ /& $2ass o $0#-& /a #s $o--#& 14 a "&0son. T/& A$ #s #n &#s&n$& as # #s#n%8#s/&s /& T0a##ona2 C0#-& 0o- C41&0 C0#-&. T/#s C/a"&0 a#-s o &sa12#s/ /& Sa8o04 !0a-&>o0= /a #s #n &#s&n$& o &a2 >#/ /& $0#-&s /a on& a$&s #n So$#a2 N&>o0=#n% S#&. To 80/&0 $2a0#4, /& 0&s&a0$/&0 >o82 2#=& o s&%0&%a& /& $/a"&0 #no >o "a0s on& &a2#n% >#/ S81san#7& an /& o/&0 >#/ P0o$&80a2 2a>s. 1. SUBSTANTIVE LA!S: 1.1. I&'()*+,-(& T/0&(( A/, 2.
W/#2& /& -a#n o16&$#7& o /& A$ #s o "0o7#& 2&%a2 0&$o%n##on o0 0ansa$#ons $a00#& o8 14 -&ans o &2&$0on#$ aa #n&0$/an%& an o/&0 -&ans o &2&$0on#$ $o--8n#$a#on, so-& "0o7#s#ons o /& A$ a0& 2#=&24 o 2&a o 2&%#s2a#on. T/& In&0n&, 2#=& o/&0 "a/< 10&a=#n% &$/no2o%#$a2 &7&2o"-&ns, %#7&s 8s a22 /& o""o08n#4 o a$ as a %2o1a2 $o--8n#4 o a7&0#s& an o"&0a& a$0oss a22 0on#&0s, o7&0 1o0&0s an 1&4on /& $on0o2 o an4 na#ona2 %o7&0n-&n. B8 /& #n&ns& 7o28-& o #no0-a#on an /& s#-"2#$#4 o #s 0ans&0 $a8s& "0o12&-s. T/& a#- o $41&0 (o0 $41&0< 0&2a&) 2a>s /& >o02 o7&0 #s o /a0-on#@& /& &#s#n% 2a>s. T/& 82#-a& a#- o s8$/ 2a>s s/o82 1& 0&8$#on o $oss o0 >o02 0a& 14 #ss8#n% o8 #n$ons#s&n$#&s an 8n$&0a#n#&s 0&s82#n% 0o- #&0&n$&s #n na#ona2 (-8n#$#"a2) 2a>s. T0a##ona2 2&%a2 s4s&-s /a7& /a %0&a ##$82#&s #n =&&"#n% "a$& >#/ /& 0a"# %0o>/ o /& In&0n& an #s #-"a$ /0o8%/o8 /& >o02. W/#2& so-& 2a>s an o16&$#7&s /a7& 1&&n &na$& an a &> $as&s /a7& 1&&n &$#& /a a&$ /& In&0n&, /&4 2&a7& -os o /& ##$82 2&%a2 #ss8&s o /& $o80s an /8s 2&%#s2ao0s "0o7#& an o""o08n#4 o "0o7#& s8#$#&n %8#an$& #n /& -a&0 o &na12& /& 8s&0s o &n%a%& #n $o--&0$& on, o0 o/&0>#s&
23 | P a g e
a=& a7ana%& o, /& In&0n& #n a -ann&0 /a a7o#s o0 -#n#-#@&s 8n&"&$& $ons&8&n$&s o0 2#a1#2##&s. I #s "&0#n&n o -&n#on /a T/& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$, 333 #s In#aDs -o/&0 2&%#s2a#on 0&%82a#n% /& 8s& o $o-"8&0s, $o-"8&0 s4s&-s an $o-"8&0 n&>o0=s as a2so aa an #no0-a#on #n /& &2&$0on#$ o0-a. T/& sa# 2&%#s2a#on /as "0o7#& o0 /& 2&%a2#4 o /& &2&$0on#$ o0-a as >&22 as &2&$0on#$ $on0a$s. T/#s 2&%#s2a#on /as o8$/& 7a0#& as"&$s "&0a#n#n% o &2&$0on#$ a8/&n#$a#on, #%#a2 s#%na80&s, $41&0$0#-&s an 2#a1#2#4 o n&>o0= s&07#$& "0o7#&0s. !0o- '/ O$o1&0, 333, >/&n /& IT A$, 333 $a-& #no #-"2&-&na#on #22 a&, /& sa# 2&%#s2a#on /as s&&n so-& 7&04 #n&0&s#n% $as&s an $/a22&n%&s, 1&#n% 10o8%/ >#/#n #s a-1#. As #-& "ass& 14, /& #na&8a$#&s o /& sa# 2&%#s2a#on $a-& o /& o0&0on. T/&0& >&0& 7a0#o8s "0a$#$a2 ##$82#&s #n /& #-"2&-&na#on o /& sa# 2&%#s2a#on. T/& #na&8a$4 o /& IT A$, 333 o a0&ss so-& o /& &-&0%#n% "/&no-&na, $/a22&n%&s an $41&0$0#-&s, 2& o 7o#$&s $2a-o0#n% o0 $/an%& #n /& In#an $41&0 2a>.55 Cons&8&n24, /& Go7&0n-&n o In#a a12& /& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A-&n-&n B#22, 33; 1&o0& 1o/ /& /o8s&s o Pa02#a-&n #n *&$&-1&0, 33;, >/#$/ 0&&00& /& sa# a-&n-&n 1#22 o /& Pa02#a-&na04 San#n% Co--#&& on Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4. T/& Pa02#a-&na04 San#n% Co--#&& &a-#n& /& "0o"os& a-&n-&ns #n a $o-"0&/&ns#7& -ann&0 an /&0&a&0 %a7& #s 0&"o0 an 0&$o--&na#ons /&0&on. T/& Pa02#a-&na04 San#n% Co--#&& on Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 /&a& 14 S/0# N#=/#2 K8-a0, MP # an &$&22&n 6o1 #n &0-s o "0o8$#n% #s &/a8s#7& 0&$o--&na#ons. T/&s& 0&$o--&na#ons >&0& no&>o0/4 o0 /� o0& 7#s#on an $2a0#4 o /o8%/ "0o$&ss an a&0 &a-#n#n% /& sa# 0&$o--&na#ons, /& C&n0a2 Go7&0n-&n 10o8%/ /& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A-&n-&n B#22, 33+ #n Pa02#a-&n, >/#$/ %o "ass& 14 1o/ /& /o8s&s o Pa02#a-&n. T/o8%/ %#7&n /& -a%n#8& o /& a-&n-&ns, # >as s0an%& an a-a@#n% /a /#s B#22 >as "ass& #n an 8n"0&$&&n& /8004, >#/o8 an4 #s$8ss#on #n 1o/ /& /o8s&s o /& Pa02#a-&n #n /& 2as >&&= o *&$&-1&0, 33+. *8& $0&# n&&s o 1& %#7&n o /& %o7&0n-&n, o0 0&-o7#n% /& 7a0#o8s "0a$#$a2 ##$82#&s o /& IT A$, 333.
33 See !'e#e8 Paan Dggal, “Cye# ?a" H T'e Indian Pe#s+e!ie%, Dee/e# 2((7 :ssessed on 14!' :+#il 2(11F *'!!+--"""0ye#la"india0o/- 24 | P a g e
T/& "0&s&n A$ #s /& "0#-a04 a$ o &a2 >#/ /& $on$&" o C41&0s"a$& #n In#a. T/& A$ no on24 &a2s >#/ /& E2&$0on#$ Co--&0$& 18 # a2so &a2s >#/ /& P&na2#&s o C41&0 C0#-&s, ?80#s#$#on an Esa12#s/-&n o C&0#4#n% A8/o0##&s. T/& 0&2&7an s&$#ons o 1& 8n&0soo /& %o7&0n#n% a0&:< 1.1.1. E#TENT AND JURISDICTION OF THE IT ACT.
T/& IT A$ a-&n-&ns o no a0&ss 680#s#$#ona2 #ss8&s an &s"&$#a224 a a #-& >/&n /& In&0n& /as -a& %&o%0a"/4 /#so04, # >as &"&$& /a /& n&> a-&n-&ns >o82 /0o> a0 -o0& $2a0#4 on $o-"2#$a& #ss8&s "&0a#n#n% o 680#s#$#on5. T/#s #s 1&$a8s& n8-&0o8s a$#7##&s on /& #n&0n& a=& "2a$& #n #&0&n 680#s#$#ons an /a /&0& #s a n&& o0 &na12#n% /& In#an a8/o0##&s o ass8-& &na12#n% 680#s#$#on o7&0 aa an #no0-a#on #-"a$#n% In#a, #n a -o0& $o-"0&/&ns#7& >a4 /an #n /& -ann&0 as s=&$/#24 "0o7#& 8n&0 /& $800&n 2a>.5 To 8n&0san /& &&n an 680#s#$#on o /& IT A$, S&$#ons '() an S&$#on o /& A$ a0& n&&& o 1& 8n&0soo. S&$#on ' () o /& IT A$ () I s/a22 &&n o /& >/o2& o In#a an sa7& as o/&0>#s& "0o7#& #n /#s A$, # a""2#&s a2so o an4 o&n$& o0 $on0a7&n#on /&0&8n&0 $o--#& o8s#& In#a 14 an4 "&0son. S&$#on o /& IT A$ A$ o a""24 o0 o&n$& o0 $on0a7&n#on $o--#& o8s#& In#a. '. S816&$ o /& "0o7#s#on o s81
34 Ibid. 35 Indian Co/+!e# E/e#geny Res+onse Tea/, “:essing #isdi!ion in Indian Cye#s+ae and eyond% , &a#',2(1(F *'!!+--"""0e#!8in0o#g0in 25 | P a g e
$on0a7&n#on #n7o27&s a $o-"8&0, $o-"8&0 s4s&- o0 $o-"8&0 n&>o0= 2o$a& #n In#a. No on24 o&s /& IT A$ a""24 o /& >/o2& o In#a, 18 a2so o $on0a7&n#ons $o--#& o8s#& In#a 14 an4on&, #n7o27#n% a $o-"8&0 2o$a& #n In#a. Ho>&7&0, /&0& a0& &$&"#ons o /& &0- Jan4 "&0son an $&0a#n "&0sons a0& &&-" 0o- "0os&$8#on 8n&0 /& IT A$. T/&s& #n$28& /& P0&s#&n o In#a an /& Go7&0no0s o In#an sa&s5;, !o0&#%n H&as o Sa& an A-1assao0s o o0&#%n $o8n0#&s5. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION OVER CYBERSPACE
B&s#&s /& a1o7& -&n#on& "0o7#s#ons o /& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$ 333, &sa12#s/#n% 680#s#$#on #s n&$&ss#4 >/#$/ a$&s a 2o o #ss8&s. So-& "0o7#s#ons as a 0&s82 /a7& 2#=&2#/oo o 2&a o 2##%a#on. In $as& o S&$#on , /#s S&$#on o /& A$ >#22 a""24 o an o&n$& o0 $on0a7&n#on $o--#& o8s#& In#a 14 an4 "&0son #00&s"&$#7& o /#s na#ona2#4, # /& a$ o0 $on8$ $ons#8#n% /& o&n$& o0 $on0a7&n#on #n7o27&s a $o-"8&0, $o-"8&0 s4s&- o0 $o-"8&0 n&>o0= #n In#a. Ho>&7&0, # #s no %o#n% o 1& &as4 as # so8ns o a$8#0& 680#s#$#on #n s8$/ a $as&. I a o0&#%n $o8n04 #s /& s$&n& o /& $0#-& an /& $0#-#na2 #s no &7&n an In#an $##@&n, an a $o-"8&0 s4s&- #n In#a /as 1&&n 8#2#@& #n so-& >a4 o0 o/&0 o0 #n $onn&$#on >#/ /& $0#-& 14 a /a$=&0 1as& #n a o0&#%n $o8n04, /&0& $an 1& no #s"8& a1o8 In#aDs 0#%/ o 0&a$/ /#- an -a=& /#- a$$o8na12& o0 /& $0#-& $o--#& a2on& #n In#a. In 0&&0&n$& o /& a1o7& "a0a%0a"/s an 0&%a0 o /& a""2#$a1#2#4 o /& A$ 8n&0 S&$#on , /& na#ona2#4 o /& a$$8s& #s no 0&2&7an # /& a$ o0 $on8$ $ons#8#n% /& o&n$& o0 $on0a7&n#on #n7o27&s a $o-"8&0, $o-"8&0 n&>o0= o0 $o-"8&0 s4s&- 2o$a& #n In#a. T/#s $on&0s &0a< &00#o0#a2 680#s#$#on on In#an $o80s. In /#s >a4 $o80s #n In#a $an a=& $o%n#@an$& o an o&n$& $o--#& o8s#& In#a &7&n 14 o0&#%n na#ona2s. T/& -os #-"o0an as"&$ #s o 10#n% /& $0#-#na2 >/o #s a %o0#n% na#ona2 o0 1&#n% 0#& #n In#aDs $o80s. T/#s -&ans /a /& &0a##on an "0#n$#"2&s o In&0na#ona2 La> >o82 a2so $o-& #no "2a4. A2/o8%/ /& UNICITRAL La> &n7#sa%&s 8"on a /o-o%&no8s 2&%#s2a#on >o02>#& o0 /& ao"#n% na#ons, # a#2& o "0&s$0#1& /& &0a##on 8n&0 /& -o&2 2a>. T/& "0#n$#"2& o 2& o0# #s a""2#$a12& >#/ 822 o0$& #n a22 -a&s o "0o$&80&. No 082& o "0o$&80& o o0&#%n 2a> #s 0&$o%n#@&. I >as /&2 #n Ra-ana/an C/&#&0 7. So-a
2 | P a g e
S8n&0a- C/&#&05+, /a In#a a$$&"s /& >&22<&sa12#s/& "0#n$#"2& o "0#7a& #n&0na#ona2 2a> /a /& 2a> o /& o08- #n >/#$/ /& 2&%a2 "0o$&&#n%s a0& #ns#8& %o7&0ns a22 -a&0s o "0o$&80&. In In#a, /& 2a> o "&0sona2 680#s#$#on #s %o7&0n& 14 /& Co& o C#7#2 P0o$&80&, '93+. T/& Co& o&s no 2a4 an4 s&"a0a& s& o 082&s o0 680#s#$#on #n $as& o #n&0na#ona2 "0#7a& #s"8&s. I #n$o0"o0a&s s"&$##$ "0o7#s#ons o0 -&&#n% /& 0&8#0&-&ns o s&07#n% /& "0o$&80& 1&4on &00#o0#a2 2#-#s. In -a&0 o 680#s#$#on >/a #s 0&a& #&0&n24 #s /& 8&s#on o s816&$<-a&0 $o-"&&n$& an no o &00#o0#a2 $o-"&&n$&, #.&. /& 8&s#on o &00#o0#a2 680#s#$#on a0#s&s #n /& sa-& >a4 #n an #n&0na#ona2 "0#7a& #s"8& as #n a o-&s#$ #s"8&.59 T/& Co& "0o7#&s %&n&0a2 "0o7#s#ons 0&%a0#n% 680#s#$#on on /& 1as#s o "&$8n#a04 2#-#, s816&$ -a&0 an &00#o04. S&$#ons '; o 3 o /& Co& 0&%82a& /& #ss8& o &00#o0#a2 680#s#$#on o0 #ns#8#on o s8#s. In /& "0&s&n s$&na0#o >/&0& /& $41&0<$0#-&s a0& #n$0&as#n% o an a2a0-#n% &&n, /& "0&s&n n&& o /& /o80 #s o /a7& 10oa 1as& $on7&n#on &a2#n% >#/ $0#-#na2 s81san#7& 2a> -a&0s, $0#-#na2 "0o$&80a2 8&s#ons as >&22 as >#/ #n&0na#ona2 $0#-#na2 2a> "0o$&80&s an a%0&&-&ns. T/& IT A$ 333 >o82 1& $0#""2& >#/o8 "0o"&0 -&ans an >a4s o #-"2&-&n#n% #. To o7&0$o-& /& ##$82#&s, n&$&ssa04 a-&n-&ns -8s 1& -a& o T/& Co& o C0#-#na2 P0o$&80&, '95. Mo0&o7&0, # #s #-"o0an o no& /a In#a a "0&s&n o&s no /a7& a "0o"&0 &0a##on 2a> o &a2 >#/ $0#-&s /a /a7& 1&&n $o--#& o7&0 /& In&0n&. To a0&ss /#s #ss8&, In#a s/o82 1&$o-& a s#%nao04 o /& Con7&n#on o $41&0<$0#-&s 0&a4 an s/o82 0a#4 #3. T/#s -o7& >o82 %o a %0&a &a2 #n 0&so27#n% /& 680#s#$#ona2 $on0o7&0s#&s /a -a4 a0#s& #n $41&0<$0#-& $as&s. !80/&0-o0&, /& s&#n% 8" o s"&$#a2 $o80s, JC41&0 In0#n%&-&ns Co80s o 0&"2a$& /& A68#$a#on O#$&0 8n&0 /& IT A$ >o82 a2so 1& a "0o%0&ss#7& s&" as # #s /& n&& o /& /o80. 1.1.3. I&-/+,-(&
In o0&0 o s8""o0 "&0sona2 680#s#$#on #n $41&0s"a$& /& $o80s no> 0&8#0& /a &&nans s/o82 /a7& -o0& /an -&0& a$$&ss#1#2#4 o a >&1s#&. So-& so0 o #n&0a$#on #s 0&8#0&. T/& 0&n a""&a0s o 1& /a #no0-a#on "0o7#&0s -8s $o-"24 >#/ /& 2#-#a#ons o /& 2a>s >/&0&7&0 /& 8s&0 #s 2o$a&, o0 #n /&-s&27&s s816&$ o /& 8s&0 #s 2o$a& , o0 #n /&-s&27&s s816&$ o /& 8s&0Ds sa& 680#s#$#on, an #s $#7#2 an $0#-#na2 2a>s'. Cas& 2a> #n#$a&s /a /& $o80s a0& #n$2#n& o &"&$ /& #no0-a#on "0o7#&0 o &&0-#n& >/&0&
2) | P a g e
/& 8s&0 #s 2o$a& an o 12o$= a$$&ss o /� s#& # a$$&ss >o82 1& #22&%a2 #n /& 8s&0Ds 2o$a2#4. E7*8,-(&
A&0 #s no##$a#on #n /& o#$#a2 %a@&&, Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A-&n-&n A$, 33+ #na224 $a-& #no o0$& on O$o1&0 , 339. Un&0 /& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$, 333 #n&0-&#a04 >as &#n&, Jas an4 "&0son, >/o on 1&/a2 o ano/&0 "&0son, 0&$&s, so0&s o0 0ans-#s /a -&ssa%& o0 "0o7#&s an4 s&07#$& >#/ 0&s"&$ o /a -&ssa%&. Ho>&7&0, /& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A-&n-&n A$ /as $2a0##& /& &#n##on JIn&0-&#a04 14 s"&$##$a224 #n$28#n% /& &2&$o- s&07#$&s "0o7#&0s, n&>o0= "0o7#&0s, #n&0n& s&07#$& "0o7#&0s, >&1&7&0, S&$#on 95 &a2s >#/ /& #--8n#4 o /& #n&0-&#a0#&s. S&$#on 9 o /& o2 A$ (IT A$ 333) >as 7a%8&24 0a& an >as $ons#&0& /a0s/ on /& #n&0-&#a0#&s. On& s8$/ &a-"2& #s /& $as& o Baa@&&.$o-. Un&0 /& o2 A$, #n&0-&#a0#&s >&0& &&-"& on24 o /& &&n # /&4 "0o7& /a /&4 /a no =no>2&%& o /& #n0#n%&-&n o0 /&4 /a &&0$#s& a22 8& #2#%&n$& o "0&7&n s8$/ #n0#n%&-&n o0 o&n$&. T/#s =#n o a""0oa$/ -a& >&1s#&s 2#a12& # $ons08$#7& =no>2&%& >as "0o7& o0 # 2a$=& s8#$#&n -&as80&s o "0&7&n s8$/ #n0#n%&-&n. I #s 7#08a224 #-"oss#12& o0 an4 >&1s#&, /a7#n% -- 0a#$, o -on#o0 #s $on&ns an #n7o27&s $os #-"2#$a#ons as >&22. T/#s 0a$on#an a""0oa$/ 2& o /& a-&n-&n o /& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$ 333. Un&0 /& Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A-&n-&n A$, 33+, S&$#on 9 /as 1&&n -o##& o /& &&$ /a an #n&0-&#a04 s/a22 no 1& 2#a12& o0 an4 /#0 "a04 #no0-a#on aa o0 $o--8n#$a#on 2#n= -a& a7a#2a12& o0 /os& 14 /#-. T/#s #s /o>&7&0 s816&$ o o22o>#n% $on##ons: '. T/& 8n$#on o /& #n&0-&#a04 #s 2#-#& o "0o7##n% a$$&ss o a $o--8n#$a#on s4s&- o7&0 >/#$/ #no0-a#on -a& a7a#2a12& 14 /#0 "a0#&s #s 0ans-#& o0 &-"o0a0#24 so0& o0 /os& . T/& #n&0-&#a04 o&s no #n##a& /& 0ans-#ss#on o0 s&2&$ /& 0&$&0 o /& 0ans-#ss#on an s&2&$ o0 -o#4 /& #no0-a#on $ona#n& #n /& 0ans-#ss#on 5. T/& #n&0-&#a04 o1s&07&s 8& #2#%&n$& >/#2& #s$/a0%#n% /#s 8#&s. As a 0&s82 o /#s "0o7#s#on, so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s#&s 2#=& !a$&1oo=, T>#&0 an O0=8 >o82 1& #--8n& 0o- 2#a1#2#4 as 2on% as /&4 sa#s4 /& $on##ons "0o7#& 8n&0 /& s&$#on.
2< | P a g e
S#-#2a024, In&0n& S&07#$& P0o7#&0s (ISP), 12o%%#n% s#&s, &$. >o82 a2so 1& &&-" 0o2#a1#2#4.; Ho>&7&0, an #n&0-&#a04 >o82 2os& /#s #--8n#4, # /& #n&0-&#a04 /as $ons"#0& o0 a1&& o0 a#& o0 #n8$& >/&/&0 14 /0&as o0 "0o-#s& o0 o/&0>#s& #n /& $o--#ss#on o /& 8n2a>82 a$. S&$#ons 9 a2so #n0o8$& /& $on$&" o Jno#$& an a=& o>n "0o7#s#on as "0&7a2&n #n -an4 o0&#%n 680#s#$#ons. I "0o7#&s /a an #n&0-&#a04 >o82 2os& #s #--8n#4 # 8"on 0&$#n% a$8a2 =no>2&%& o0 on 1&#n% no##& /a an4 #no0-a#on, aa o0 $o--8n#$a#on 2#n= 0&s##n% #n o0 $onn&$& o a $o-"8&0 0&so80$& $on0o22& 14 # #s 1&#n% 8s& o $o--# an 8n2a>82 a$ an # a#2s o &"&##o8s24 0&-o7& o0 #sa12& a$$&ss o /a -a&0#a2.+ E7&n /o8%/ /& #n&0-&#a0#&s a0& %#7&n #--8n#4 8n&0 S&$#on 9, /&4 $o82 s#22 1& /&2 2#a12& 8n&0 S&$#on A9 o0 #s$2os80& o "&0sona2 #no0-a#on o an4 "&0son >/&0& s8$/ #s$2os80& #s >#/o8 $ons&n an #s >#/ #n&n o $a8s& >0on%82 2oss o0 >0on%82 %a#n o0 #n 10&a$/ o a 2a>82 $on0a$. T/#s "0o7#s#on #n0o8$& 8n&0 IT A-&n-&n A$, 33+, #s a#-& a "0o&$#on o "0#7a$4 an "&0sona2 #no0-a#on o a "&0son. B8, /& -os $on0o7&0s#a2 "o0#on o /& IT A-&n-&n A$ 33+ #s /& "0o7#so /a /as 1&&n a& o S&$#on +' >/#$/ sa&s /a /& "0o7#s#ons o /& A$ s/a22 /a7& o7&00##n% &&$. T/& "0o7#so sa&s /a no/#n% $ona#n& #n /& A$ s/a22 0&s0#$ an4 "&0son 0o&&0$#s#n% an4 0#%/ $on&00& 8n&0 /& Co"40#%/ A$, '9 an /& Pa&ns A$, '93. T/#s "0o7#s#on /as $0&a& a 2o o $on8s#on as o /& &&n o 2#a1#2#4 "0o7#& 8n&0 s&$#on 9.S&$#on 9 8n&0 IT A-&n-&n A$ #s "80"o0& o 1& a sa& /a01o0 "0o7#s#on -o&2& on /& EU *#0&$#7& 333F5'3. Ho>&7&0, Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A-&n-&n A$ 33+ 2& a 2o o 1& &s#0&. Bo/ EU an USA "0o7#& s"&$##$ &$28s#on o #n&0n& s&07#$& "0o7#&0s 8n&0 /& 0&s"&$#7& 2&%#s2a#ons. In o0&0 o $2a0#4 /& #ss8& an "8 /& $on0o7&0s4 o 0&s, In#an 2&%#s2ao0s n&& o #ns&0 a s#-#2a0 "0o7#s#on "0o7#n% #--8n#4 o ISP #n /& Co"40#%/ A$, '9. I #s 0&-a0=a12& o no& /a &7&n a8$#on s#&s, s&a0$/ &n%#n&s an $41&0 $a& s a22 >#/#n &#n##on o In&0-&#a0#&sD. T/&0& #s no "a0a22&2 2&%#s2a#on #n /& >o02 >/#$/ "0o7#&s #--8n#4 o s8$/ a >#& 0an%& o #n&0-&#a0#&s. N&7&0/&2&ss, Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A-&n-&n A$ 33+ -a=&s a %&n8#n& &o0 o "0o7#& #--8n#4 o /& #n&0-&#a0#&s 18 /as a#2& o a$/#&7& #s o16&$#7& 8& o 2os& 0a#n% o &> "0o7#s#ons. In#an L&%#s2ao0s
27 | P a g e
n&& o "28% #n /&s& %a"s an "0o7#& #n#s"&nsa12& #--8n#4 o /& ISPs o &na12& /&- o o"&0a& #n In#a >#/o8 an4 &a0 an #n/#1##ons.
I&-+& P&+ C(:
T/& In#an P&na2 Co& (/&0&a&0 IPC), &&ns o /& >/o2& o In#a &$&" /& Sa& o ?a--8 an Kas/-#0. I $ona#ns 5 C/a"&0s >#/ '' S&$#ons. IPC a""2#&s o &7&04 "&0son #n$28#n% a o0&#%n&0 o0 an4 7#o2a#on $o--#& #n In#a. Un&0 so-& $#0$8-san$&s, IPC a2so a""2#&s o o&n$&s $o--#& a10oa. A&0 /& #n0o8$#on o Ino0-a#on T&$/no2o%4 A$, 333 -an4 a-&n-&ns oo= "2a$& #n /& IPC as >&22. T/& -os #-"o0an a-&n-&n /a >as on& >as /& s81s#8#on o /& >o0 Jo$8-&n o0 /& >o0s Jo$8-&n o0 &2&$0on#$ 0&$o0 >/#$/ /a s&7&0a2 $41&0< $0#-&s >#/#n /& a-1# o /& P&na2 $o&. E.%. '. . 5. .
W0on%82 0ans2a#on o an &2&$0on#$ 0&$o0 14 a "812#$ s&07an. A7o##n% &2#7&0#n% an &2&$0on#$ 0&$o0 #n $o80. *&s0o4#n% &2&$0on#$ &7#&n$&. !o0%#n% &2&$0on#$ 0&$o0s. E$.
In 0&2a#on o /& "0&s&n o"#$, IPC #s 8s& &ss&n#a224 #n /0&& 0&&0&n$&s. R')&/ O&:
A a=& "0o#2& o a >o-an #s $0&a& on as so$#a2 n&>o0=#n% s#&. T/& "0o#2& #s"2a4s /&0 $o00&$ na-& an $ona$ #no0-a#on (s8$/ as a0&ss, 0&s#&n#a2 "/on& No. &$). So-&#-&s &7&n /&0 "/oo%0a"/, /& "0o12&- #s /a /& "0o#2& &s$0#1&s /&0 as a "0os#8& o0 a >o-an o Loos& C/a0a$&0D >/o >ans o /a7& s&8a2 0&2a#ons >#/ an4on&. O/&0 -&-1&0s s&& /#s "0o#2& an sa0 $a22#n% /&0 a a22 /o80s o /& a4 as=#n% o0 s&8a2 a7o0s, /#s 2&as o a 2o o /a0ass-&n o0 /& 7#$#- an a2so &a-&s /&0. As Per Old IT Act
As Per Amended IT
Usual Motives
Act
S&$#on ;
'
o IT A$ an
5
S&$#on ;;A , ; o IT A$
?&a2o8s4 o0 R&7&n%&
S&$#on 39 o IPC
3( | P a g e
R')&/ 2
An on2#n& /a& $o--8n#4 #s $0&a& /#s $o--8n#4 #s"2a4s o16&$#ona12& #no0-a#on a%a#ns a "a0#$82a0 $o8n04, 0&2#%#o8s o0 &/n#$ %0o8" o0 &7&n na#ona2 2&a&0s an /#so0#$a2 #%80&s As Per Old IT Act
As Per Amended IT
Usual Motives
Act
S&$#on '5A an '5B
;
o IPC
S&$#on ;;A
o IT A$ an
*&s#0& o $a8s& Ra#a2 Ha0&
S&$#on '5A an '5B o IPC
R&&0&n$& 5 A a=& "0o#2& o a -an #s $0&a& on O0=8. T/& "0o#2& $ona#ns &a-ao04 #no0-a#on a1o8 /& 7#$#-, s8$/ as /#s a22&%& s&8a2 >&a=n&ss, a22&%& #--o0a2 $/a0a$&0 E$). As Per Old IT Act
As Per Amended IT
Usual Motives
Act +
S&$#on 33 o IPC
9
S&$#on ;;A o IT A$ an S&$#on 33 o IPC
Ha0&
T/& #ss8&s o a=& >&1s#&s #.&. P/#s/#n% an a=& &-a#2s (&-a#2 s"oo#n%) a0& a2so a0&ss& 14 /& IPC.;3 2.
P)(/9)+ L+:
2.1. I&-+& E;-&/ A/,
In#an E7#&n$& A$ &sa12#s/&s /& 082&s o 1& o22o>& #n "0o8$#n% &7#&n$& #n a $o80 o 2a>. T/& na80& o &2&$0on#$ &7#&n$& #s s8$/ /a #n a2-os a22 $as&s >/&0& an4 &2&$0on#$
31 | P a g e
0&$o0 #s o 1& "0o8$& as &7#&n$&, # >#22 a$8a224 1& a $o"4 o /& o0#%#na2 0&$o0 /a >#22 1& &/#1#& an no /& o0#%#na2. K&&"#n% #n -#n /& "&$82#a0##&s o #%#a2 &7#&n$&, In#an E7#&n$& A$ >as a-&n& 14 /& IT A$ a&0 /& #n$o0"o0a#on o /& n&> a-&n-&ns.;' T/& -os #-"o0an a-&n-&n >as /& #n0o8$#on o S&$#on ;B; >/#$/ 0&2a&s o /& a-#ss#1#2#4 o &2&$0on#$ 0&$o0s as &7#&n$&. T/#s s&$#on 2a4s o>n s&7&0a2 $on##ons /a -8s 1& -& 1&o0& &2&$0on#$ #no0-a#on $an 1& a$$&"& as &7#&n$&. T/#s a2so "0o7#&s o0 7a2#a#on o $o-"8&0 o8"8 s8$/ as "0#no8s, C*s, /a0 #s=s &$. 2.2.
C( (' C)-*-&+ P)(/9)
..'. T/& Co& o C0#-#na2 P0o$&80& , (C0PC) #s &ss&n#a224 a 2a> o "0o$&80& an $o7&0s /& o22o>#n% 0&2&7an #ss8&s:< #. ##. ###. #7. 7. 7#. 7##. 7###. #. .
P0o$&80& o 1& o22o>& o0 /& #2#n% o $0#-#na2 $o-"2a#ns. P0o$&80& o 1& o22o>& 14 /& "o2#$& o0 #n7&s#%a#on. P0o$&80& o 1& o22o>& o0 /& $on7#$#on o o&n&0s. S&a0$/ an s&#@80& o"&0a#ons. Con#s$a#on o $o-"8&0s &$. H#&0a0$/4 o Co80s #n In#a. S&n&n$&s /a 7a0#o8s Co80s $an "ass. S8--ons an Wa00ans. A""&a2s, 0&&0&n$& an 0&7#&>s o 68%-&n an Co80 o0&0s. Ba#2 an Bons.
... B&s#&s /& a1o7& -&n#on& s&"s C0PC a2so &"2a#ns /& s&"s an "0o$&80&s -&n#on& o0 In7&s#%a#on an T0#a2 o C0#-#na2 $as&s an a0& as /& o22o>#n%: #. ##.
T/& $o-"2a#n a""0oa$/&s /& 2o$a2 "o2#$& sa#on o #2& a $o-"2a#n. T/& "o2#$& 2#s&n o /& a$s #s$2os& 14 /& $o-"2a#n. I /& a$s #s$2os& a non< $o%n#@a12& o&n$& /&n /& "o2#$& -a=& an &n04 #n a s"&$#a2 0&%#s&0 o0 non<
###.
$o%n#@a12& $o-"2a#ns. T/#s 0&%#s&0 #s 0&%82a024 s81-#& o /& 2o$a2 -a%#s0a&. I /& a$s #s$2os& a $o%n#@a12& o&n$& /&n an !IR #s 2o%&. T/& !IR #s n8-1&0&, a& an a $o"4 #s %#7&n o /& $o-"2a#nan. A $o"4 #s a2so s81-#& o /& 2o$a2
#7. 7.
$o80. T/& "o2#$& /&n 1&%#n /& #n7&s#%a#on. T/&4 -a4 7#s# /& s$&n& o /& $0#-&, 8&s#on >#n&ss&s an s8s"&$s &$. A "&0son 1&#n% 8&s#on& 14 /& "o2#$& #s 2&%a224 1o8n o %#7& 08& ans>&0s.
32 | P a g e
E$&"#on: A "&0son #s no 2&%a224 1o8n o ans>&0 a 8&s#on # /& ans>&0 $an #n$0#-#na& /#-. T/#s &$&"#on #s "0o7#& 14 S&$#on ';' o C0PC;5. T/& R#%/ a%a#ns S&2 In$0#-#na#on #s 7&s& 14 /& Cons#8#on o In#a;. 7#.
T/& "o2#$& $an >0#& o>n /& sa&-&ns -a& 14 /& >#n&ss&s, s8s"&$s &$. T/&
7##. 7###.
"&0son -a=#n% /& sa&-&n #s no 0&8#0& o s#%n #. T/& "o2#$& $anno /0&a&n a "&0son #no -a=#n% an4 sa&-&n. T/& "o2#$& $an s&a0$/ an4 /o8s&, o#$& an o/&0 "0&-#s&s an s&#@& &7#&n$&. T/&4 o no n&& a s&a0$/ >a00an o0 /#s.
#.
I so-& &7#&n$& #s o 1& $o22&$& 0o- a10oa, /& $o80 $an -a=& an o0&0 >/#$/ #s /&n o0>a0& 14 /& C&n0a2 Go7&0n-&n o /& s8#a12& a8/o0#4 #n /& 0&2&7an $o8n0#&s.
.
T/& "o2#$& $an a00&s an $on#n& a s8s"&$. T/& 0&&o- o an a00&s& "&0son #s 0&s0#$& 14 /& "o2#$&. T/& "o2#$& a0& &-"o>&0& o 8s& o0$& # a "&0son a&-"s o &7a& a00&s. An a00&s& "&0son -8s 1& #no0-& a1o8 /& %0o8ns o0 /#s a00&s.
#. ##.
T/& "o2#$& $an s&a0$/ /& a00&s& "&0son an 0&$o7&0 &7#&n$&. T/& a00&s& "&0son -8s 1& "0o8$& 1&o0& a Co80 >#/#n /o80s o /#s a00&s. T/& Co80 $an /&n o on& o /& o22o>#n%: a. R&2&as& /& a00&s& "&0son on 1a#2. 1. S&n /& a00&s& "&0son #no /& $8so4 o /& "o2#$& so /a /& "o2#$& $an $a004 o8 /� #n7&s#%a#on. $. S&n /& a00&s& "&0son o 6a#2.
###.
A&0 $o-"2&#n% /& #n7&s#%a#on, /& "o2#$& a0& 0&8#0& o s81-# /� 0&"o0 an 0&2&7an o$8-&ns o /& Co80.
#7.
A&0 s84#n% /& #n7&s#%a#on 0&"o0, /& Co80 $an #s-#ss /& $o-"2a#n # /&0& a0& #ns8#$#&n %0o8ns a%a#ns /& a$$8s& "&0sons.
7.
I /&0& a0& s8#$#&n %0o8ns o "0o$&& a%a#ns /& a$$8s&, /& Co80 $an a=& $o%n#@an$& o /& $as& an 0a-& $/a0%&s a%a#ns /& a$$8s&.
7#.
I /& a$$8s& "&0son "2&as %8#24 o /& $/a0%&s /&n /& $o80 $an $on7#$ /#- 8n&0 /& 0&2&7an 2a> an #-"os& s8#$#&n #-"0#son-&n &0- o0 #n& o0 1o/ as /& $as& -a4 1&.
7##.
I /& a$$8s& "&0son o&s no "2&a %8#24 o /& $/a0%&s, /& 0#a2 a=&s "2a$&. T/& "0os&$8#on an /& &&n$& a0%8& /& $as&, &a-#n& >#n&ss&s an a=& "2a$& &7#&n$& 1&o0& /& $o80.
33 | P a g e
