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1 ;f]r lsg n]v]+ d}n] of] lstfk < dflg;sf] lhGbuL Pp6f gbL xf] . ;d'b|sf] sf]vdf ljnLg geP;Dd of] gbL aUb} hfg'k5{, slxn] y/y/ sfDg] lxdfnL e]udf t slxn] eTet\ kf]Ng] t/fO{sf] kmf―6df, slxn] 7"N7"nf r§fgdf 7Ss/ vf―b} clg slxn] ulx/f uN5Lx¿df 8'a'NsL dfb}{ . d Pp6f ;fdfGo gful/s x'―, s'g} klg /fhgLlts /¨n] dnfO{ /ËfPsf] 5}g . ddf s]xL lrGtg 5 t/ s'g} l;4fGtn] dnfO{ ;tfPsf] 5}g . ddf s]xL ljj]s klg 5, dnfO{ s'g} wfld{s ;+sL0f{tfn] lk/f]n]sf] 5}g . hftLo efjsf] cxd\n] klg dnfO{ kf]n]sf] 5}g . ;do–;dodf d]/f] ;f]rsf] wf/ km/s x'g;Snf t/ nIo Pp6} dfq 5, ljj]snfO{ c―ufn]/ zflGtl;t hLjgofkg ug'{ . dgsf] zflGtsf nflu d laxfg p7]/ :joDe"sf] 1fgdfnf ehg ;'Gg hfG5', slxn] kz'kltdf lzjsf] bz{g ug{ hfG5' . o"/f]k hf―bf rr{df 3'―8f 6]s]/ k|fy{gf u/]sf] 5', chd]/ hf―bf buf{sf] dl:hbdf dfyf 6]s]/ Odfdsf] cfzLjf{b klg lnPsf] 5' . dgdf zflGt h'g;'s} kljq:yndf uPklg k|fKt x'―bf]/x]5 . To;}n] efiff, hft / wd{sf] ;+s'lrt kvf{n agfP/ d]/f] dgsf] km/flsnf] 6'―l8v]nnfO{ ;f―u'/f] agfpg rfxGg . Psrf]l6 dfq hlGdg] xfd|f] of] hLjgdf lsg xfdL zflGtl;t af―Rg ;Sb}gf}+ < 8/, qf;, 3[0ff / å]ifn] of] cd"No lhGbuLnfO{ lsg xfdLn] b"lift kfg{ vf]lh/x]sf 5f}+ < oL k|Zg d}n] s;}nfO{ ul//fv]sf] 5}g . pQ/ cfk}+mn] cfk}+m;―u vf]lh/x]sf] 5' . d]/f log} k|Zg / pQ/x¿sf] ;―ufnf] xf] of] lstfk . of] d]/f] cfTdsyf xf]Og, g t xf] e|d0fsf] ;+:d/0f g} . d]/f] dgdf pn]{sf ;f]rsf nx/x¿ / ltgsf k|ltljDax¿sf] ;+sng xf] of] . k]zfn] d Ps ;fwf/0f pBdL x'―, t/ slxn]sfxL+ ;f]vsf nflu c+u|]hLdf ;+/If0f / ko{6g ljifodf s]xL n]Vg] u5'{ . b'O{—rf/j6f lstfk, s]xL bh{g n]v / sfo{kqx¿ n]lv;s]klg d}n] cfk"mnfO{ n]vs / ;flxTosf/sf] ¿kdf slxNo} x]g]{ u/]sf] 5}g . g]kfnL efiffdf t Tolt w]/} n]v]s} 5}g d}n] . t/, clxn] cfP/ g]kfnLd} of] lstfk n]Vg'df Pp6f cy{ 5 . xfn xfd|f] b]z ljifd kl/l:yltsf sf/0f ;d:o} ;d:ofx¿sf] bnbndf km;]sf] 5, kl/0ffd:j¿k ;f/f g]kfnLx¿sf] dgdl:tisdf clxn] lg/fzfsf] c―Wof/f] afbn 5fPsf] 5, h'g a8f] 8/nfUbf] 5 . lhGbuLsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] cfwf/ g} cfzf xf] . cf; g} x/fof] eg] af―Rg'sf] cy{ /xb}g t/ dnfO{ ljZjf; 5 g]kfndf cfzfnfO{ hufpg ;lsG5 . d]/f] hLjgdf klg cg]s tLtf—dL7f 36gf tyf cf/f]x—cj/f]xx¿ cfP, t/ cGTodf glthf /fd|} ldNof] . o; lstfkdf d}n] d]/f To:t} ef]ufO / 36gfqmdx¿sf dfWodaf6 jt{dfg o'jfju{sf nflu s]xL cfzf / ljZjf;sf] lbof] afNg] sf]lz; u/]sf] 5' . lhGbuLe/ d cfzfjfbL eP/ af―r]+, ;sf/fTds ;f]r g} d]/f] zlQm lyof] . ;"o{ pbfpg'cl3 /ft kg}{k5{, kfgL k/]kl5 dfq wfg /f]lkG5 . t/ clxn] g]kfndf olt nfdf] /ft k¥of] ls xfdL cfk}+mn] vg]sf] vf8n 7Dofpg g;s]/ To;}df v:g k'u]sf 5f}+, c―Wof/f]sf sf/0f . z+sf / pkz+sfsf] em/L / To;af6 l;lh{t e]n—af9Ln] ;f/f b]znfO{ IftljIft kfg{ vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . :ju{h:tf] xfd|f] of] b]z s;/L gs{t'No eof] < s;}n] a'¤g ;s]gg\ . …h] u/]klg gx'g], cflv/ lsg <,Ú ;f/f dflg; clxn] o:t} dfgl;s kL8fn] 56\k6fO/x]sf 5g\, cfzfsf] s'g} pHofnf] ls/0f sxL+, st} b]lvPsf] 5}g . ;f/f g]kfnL clxn] xLgtfaf]wn] u|:t 5g\ . Psrf]l6dfq hlGdg] dflg;sf] lhGbuLdf ;fj{ef}d / /fli6«otfeGbf klg p;nfO{ cfºgf] / ;Gtfgsf] Hofg Kof/f] x'G5 . zfob oxL sf/0fn] xf]nf, g]kfnaf6 clxn] 7"nf] hgzlQmdfq xf]Og, cgdf]n k|ltefx¿ klg lbgk|ltlbg knfog x'―b} uO/x]sf 5g\ / b]z 5f]8\b} uO/x]sf 5g\ . of] :jfefljs k|lqmof xf] / o;sf nflu d pgLx¿nfO{ bf]if lbg klg rfxGg . oBlk a'4 hGd]sf] of] zflGtIf]qdf Psrf]l6 km]l/ 1

2 zflGtsf k/]jf p8\g] g} 5g\ eGg] cf; rflx+ dfg{ ;lsGg . ;f]r lhGbuLdf klxnf]kN6 lg/fzfjfbL dgMl:ylt / b[li6sf]0fx¿n] dnfO{ ;tfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . h:tf];'s} ePklg cflv/ of] b]z d]/f] hGd:yn xf] / d d]/f] dft[e"ldnfO{ TofUg ;lSbg . of] d]/f] sd{:yn klg xf], oxL― d}n] sfd u/]/ dfd / gfd sdfPsf] 5' . ddf gd?~h]n oxL― zflGtk"j{s af―Rg] clenfiff klg 5 . of] d]/f] hGde"ld, sd{e"ld / d/0fe"ld klg xf] . syd\ sbflrt d]/f] of] b]z gs}{ eof]eg] klg, o;leq d}n] :ju{ vf]Hg}k5{ . eG5g\, ;f; eP;Dd cf; x'G5 / ToxL cfzfsf] vf]hL of] lstfkdf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ g]kfn ;'lgP÷elgPh:tf] vQd ePsf] 5}g . ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg] xf] eg], ef}lts ljsf;sf b[li6n] x]g]{ xf] eg] b]zk|lt lg/fz x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . k|b"lift /fhgLltsf sf/0f clxn] g]kfnLsf] dgdl:tisdf ljZjf;sf] s]xL cfwf/ x/fPsf] 5 . …jgsf] af3n] eGbf dgsf] af3n] vfG5Ú eg] h:t} of] b]znfO{ dfgl;s /f]un] ;tfPsf] 5 . dfgl;s ¿kn] t xfdL la/fdL g} e};s]sf 5f}+ . zfob dGqLx¿ …b]zsf] ;]jf ug{ vf]Hbf jf ul//x―bf klg s:tf] nf~5gf nufPsf] <Ú eGbf xf]nfg\ . kz'klt IF]qdf dflulx+8\g]x¿;d]t æy'Ss, s:tf] b]zdf dfUg cfOk'u]5', lrof vfg k'Ug] hlt k};f klg lbg ;Sb}gg\Æ egL ufnL ubf{ xf]nfg\ . kf―rtf/] xf]6]nb]lv dMdM /]i6'/]G6;Dd, Go'/f]8sf] kLknaf]6b]lv v'nfd~r;Dd klg o:t} ljt[i0ffsf s'/fx¿ ;'Gg kfOG5g\ . x/]s IF]qdf clxn] lg/fzfsf] c―Wof/f] afbn 5fPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo If]q xf];\ jf lzIff, pBf]u xf];\ jf s[lif, hxf― klg lalu|of] elTsof] eGg] afx]s c¿ s]xL ;'lgb}g . ;~rf/ IF]qsf] klg oxL xfnt 5 . ;/sf/L xf];\ jf u}/;/sf/L, b}lgs xf];\ jf ;fKtflxs, ;a} kqklqsfdf ;'¿b]lv cGTo;Dd eTs]sf], lau|]sf], df/]sf] / d/]sf] va/l;jfo c¿ s'g} va/ 5flkb}gg\ . b]z vQd 5, g]tf e|i6 5g\, sd{rf/L rf]/ 5g\, Jofkf/L 7u 5g\ eGg] ;'uf/6fOn] dfq} b]z p―ef] nfUb}g . xf], xfd|f] b]z clxn] l;ls:t la/fdL 5, o;nfO{ dfgl;s /f]un] g/fd|/L rfk]sf] 5 . h;/L s'g} la/fdLnfO{ h:tf];'s} cf}ifwf]krf/ jf zNolqmof u/]klg, ha;Dd p;df af―R5' eGg] cf; x'―b}g, pm :j:y x'g ;Sb}g . To;/L g} …of] b]z vQd ePsf] 5}g, xfdLn] oxf― sfd ug{ ;S5f}+, We can make things happen and we can make a differenceÚ eGg] pT;fxo'Qm k|jn cfTdjn phfu/ gu/];Dd of] b]zsf] /f]u lgsf] x'―b}g . olb of] b]zdf xfdL g]kfnL eP/ af―Rg] xf] eg] h];'s} / h:tf];'s} kl/l:ylt ePklg xfd|f] dgf]annfO{ b¥xf] agfpg} k5{ . cGoyf of] /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}lds …6fO6flgs hxfhÚ la:tf/}—la:tf/} lxGb dxf;fu/leq ljnLg eP/ hfg]5 . ls t xfdL d';f eP/ hxfhaf6 efu]/ hfg' k¥of], x}g eg] hxfh;―u} g]kfnL cl:tTj g} ;vfk kfg]{ u/L 8'a]/ hfg' k¥of] . o:tf] ;Dj]bgzLn Pj+ ;+qmd0fsfndf klg xfdL ls+st{Joljd"9 e} al;/xg] xf] eg] xfdLnfO{ s:fn] kf/ nufpnf < ;Lldt ;|f]taf6 c;Lldt dfux¿ k"/f ug'{kg]{ xfd|f] b]zdf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvg' c:jfefljs x}g . ;d:o} gePsf] b]z t sxf― 5 / of] ljZjdf < ulxl/P/ x]g]{ xf] eg] cg]s sdLsdhf]/L x'―bfx'―b} klg g]kfndf ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿ cgGt b]lvG5g\ . a;\, ltgnfO{ x]g]{ cf―vf rflxof], ;f]Rg] lbdfu rflxof] . o:t} cf; / ljZjf;af6 clek|]l/t eO{ d}n] of] lstfk n]v]sf] x'― . g]kfndf s'g} sfd 5}g, oxf― s]xL ug}{ ;ls+b}g eGg] gsf/fTds ;f]r af]s]sf o'jfx¿nfO{ d]/f] hLjgdf cfwfl/t s]xL kl/is[t 36gfqmdx¿n] af6f] b]vfpg]5g\ eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5' . xftdf bxL hdfP/ a:g] cN5Lx¿sf nflu xf]Og of] lstfk, kl/>d u/]/ sfd ug{ vf]Hg] sd{of]uLx¿sf nflu xf] . g]kfndf w]/} nfos hgzlQm 5, h;n] cfºgf] …lehgÚ nfO{ …ld;gÚ df kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5, ;kgf ;fsf/ kfg{ ;S5, clg d]xgt u/]/ ;[hgzLn sfd ug{ ;S5 . ;d:ofaf6 efUg] 2

3 eu'jfx¿sf nflu t ;+;f/df sxL+ klg 7fp― 5}g, t/ r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug]{ JolQmx¿sf nflu of] b]zd} cyfx ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ . dfq vf―rf] 5 ;f]rsf] . To:tf lg/fz dfG5]x¿sf] dfg;k6ndf Psrf]l6 ;sf/fTds ;f]r hufpg ;lsof] eg] of] b]z pGgltsf] af6f]df cjZo nDsg ;S5 . of] d]/f] ljZjf; xf] . d hxf― uPklg, h;nfO{ e]6]klg ;sf/fTds ;f]rs} s'/f dfq ul//x]sf] 5' . dnfO{ nfU5, k|f/Dedf Pshgfn] g} eP klg cfzf / ljZjf;sf] aQL c¿sf] dgdf afNg ;Sof] eg] p;n] c¿nfO{, c¿n] c¿sf nflu Hof]lt afNg] qmd ;'¿ x'g;S5 . :s"n, sn]h, /f]6/L, nfoG; Sna, kqklqsf, Pkm=Pd=, 6]lnlehg hxf― klg dnfO{ s]xL af]Ng] df}sf lbOof] eg] …g]kfn vQd 5}g, xfd|f] eljio /fd|f] 5Ú eGg] vfnsf s'/f u/]/ Multiplier Effect nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ vf]H5' . of] ;f]rnfO{ c¿ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg d}n] Rofgn g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf …;sf/fTds ;f]rÚ s} gfdaf6 sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyP― . ;'ldqf sfo:ysf] k|of;af6 Rofgn g]kfnn] ;f] sfo{qmddfk{mt bz{sx¿sf] dgdf æP, b]z t lalu|Psf] /x]g5Æ eGg] Pp6f ljZjf; s]xL xb;Dd hufpg ;Sof] . d}n] of] k':tssf] dfWodaf6 xLgtfaf]wn] u|:t of] b]zdf cfzfsf] Pp6f ;fgf] bLk dfq k|HHjng ug{ ;s]+ eg]klg cfk"mnfO{ wGo 7fG5' . d}n] cl3 g} elg;s]sf] 5', d Jofj;flos n]vs xf]Og, g t x'― ;flxTosf/ . n]vg d]/f] k]zf klg xf]Og t/ b]zdf ljBdfg 8/nfUbf] kl/l:yltnfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]g{ g;s]/ dgdf nfu]sf s]xL efjgfTds s'/fx¿ cfºgf] Ifdtfn] EofP cg';f/ Pp6f lhDd]jf/ gful/ssf x}l;otn] ;f]emf] / ;/n kf/fn] v'?Ss n]v]sf] dfq x'― . cfTdan k|an eof] eg] SofG;/ /f]unfO{ ;d]t lhTg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ k|rf/ ug{ lj= ;+= @)$# df Pp6f slj ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ ljrf/ u/]sf] lyP― . cfk"m slj gePsf] / slj ;Dd]ng s;/L cfof]hgf ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fdf cfk"m cgle1 ePsf] x'―bf d s]bf/dfg Jolyt / b'uf{nfn vf]lan'sf] ;xof]u lng uP― . pxf―x¿ b'a}hgf s[kfk"j{s d]/f] 3/d} cfpg'eof] . pxf―x¿nfO{ d}n] cfºgf] p2]Zo cjut u/fP― . SofG;/ /f]ulgbfgsf nflu cf; / ljZjf;sf] cfjZostf / dxTjnfO{ pxf―x¿n] klg dx;'; ug'{eof] / o;} ljifonfO{ lnP/ slj ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ul/lbg] cfZjf;g lbg'eof] . s'/f ubf{ub}{ ;f] slj ;Dd]ngdf d}n] klg SofG;/ ljifodf cfwfl/t ;fgf] sljtfjfrg ug]{ dg;fo /fv]+ . lhGbuLsf cToGt b'Mvb 38Lx¿df d}n] g]kfnL efiffdf hDdf tLgj6f sljtf n]v]sf] lyP― . ha d}n] lrtjgsf] /fKtL gbLdf efn] rv]jfsf] lzsf/ ubf{ kf]yLn] cfTdxTof u/]sf] b]v]+, Tot}v]/} n]v]+ d}n] g]kfnLdf klxnf] sljtf . tTkZrft\ d}n] slxNo} lzsf/ gug]{ k|0f u/]sf] lyP― . bf];|f] sljtf ;g\ !(*@ df n]v]+, ha d]/f] lhGbuL cToGt} cº7\of/f] df]8af6 u'lh|/x]sf] lyof] / d}n] Pp6f sl7g Pj+ dfld{s lg0f{o lng'k/]sf] lyof] . t];|f] sljtf To;a]nf n]v]+, ha cys k|of; ubf{ub}{ klg d}n] SofG;/af6 kLl8t cfºgL wd{kTgL / 5f]/LnfO{ arfpg ;lsg― . dgdf efj'stf plDnP/ gc6fPkl5 dfG5] g;f]r]sf, glrtfPsf gof―—gof― sfdx¿ ug{ klg tD;bf] /x]5 . zfob d]/f sljtfx¿ ltg} efjgfx¿sf cleJolQm x'g\ . t/ tL sljtf k|sfzgsf nflu geO{, cfºgf] cfTd;Gt'li6sf nflu dfq n]lvPsf x'―bf d}n] ltgnfO{ 8fo/Ld} ;Lldt /fv]+ . b'uf{nfn vf]lan'nfO{ d}n] aRr}b]lv lrg]sf] lyP― . xfdL Pp6} 6f]ndf a:g] uYof}{+ . kl5 cnu—cnu 7fp―df a:g uPkl5 xfd|f] e]63f6 ePg . pxf―n] dnfO{ xf]6]n pBdLsf ¿kdf dfq lrGg'x'GYof] . d]/f] of] gof― ;+nUgtfaf/] pxf― cgle1 g} x'g'x'GYof] . slj ;Dd]ngdf d klg ;xefuL x'g vf]h]sf] b]Vbf pxf― 5Ss kg'{eof] / eGg'eof], æcf]xf] † ltdL klg sljtf 3

4 n]V5f} < n, 7Ls 5 7Ls 5, Psrf]l6 ltd|f] sljtf klg ;'gf}+ g t .Æ d';'Ss xf―;]/ ;+sf]r dfGb} d}n] d]/f] sljtf k9]/ pxf―x¿nfO{ ;'gfP― . sljtfsf] zLif{s lyof] …sfn;―usf] n8fO―Ú . sljtf cfºg} 9f―rfsf] ef/]e'/] tfnsf] lyof] . zAbx¿df s'g} jhg lyPg, ld7f; lyPg . 5Gbdf :t/sf] sdL lyof], cn+sf/ / cGTofg'k|f; lyPg . tyflk d}n] d]/f] sljtf s]bf/dfg Jolyt / b'uf{nfn vf]lan'h:tf /fli6«o :t/sf k|l;4 sljåonfO{ ;'gfpg] ;fx; u/]+ . sljtf / To;sf] k[i7e"ld ;'g]kl5 vf]ljn' ?g' kf] eof] . d Psl5g csdSs k/]+ . pxf―sf cf―;' b]v]/ d]/f cf―vf;d]t 6nkn x'g yfn] . s]bf/dfg JolytHo"n] xfdL b'j}hgfnfO{ cfnf]kfnf] u/L x]g'{eof] / Psl5g kl5 xf―;]/ Pp6f o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ k|ltlqmof JoQm ug'{eof], h'g d}n] clxn];Dd klg la;]{sf] 5}g . pxf―n] eGg'eof] ærfx] sljtf xf];\ jf s'g} n]v, x/]s k|:t'tLs/0f b'O{ lsl;dn] ug{ ;lsG5—Pp6f zAbsf] lsNnfdf efjgf /fVg] csf]{ efjgfsf] lsNnfdf zAb 6f―Ug] .Æ 6Dd ;]tf] skfn k'mn]sf c;fwf/0f JolQmTjsf wgL Jolytn] cfºgf] bflxg] xftn] d]/f] sf―w y'Dy'Dofpb} eGg'eof], æs0f{hL, tkfO{+sf] of] sljtf efjgfsf] lsNnfdf zAb 6f―Ug] vfnsf] ePsf] x'―bf b'uf{nfnhL ?g'ePsf] xf] .Æ a;\, of] d]/f] k':tsdf JolytHo"n] eg] h:t} d}n] dgleq pn]{sf cfºgf] lhGbuLsf /Ët/Ë / cGt/Ëx¿nfO{ lha|f]n] grkfO{ / 3f―6Ldf gc8\sfO{ ;f]e}m kf]v]sf] 5' . o;df plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ 36gfx¿ d]/f] hLjgsf s6' ;Todf cfwfl/t 5g\ / dgsf tL efjgfx¿nfO{ e/;s ;/n efiffdf JoQm u/]sf] 5' . t;y{ kf7sj[Gbn] d]/f] k|:t'tLs/0fsf] zAb / z}nLdf a9L Wofg glbO{ d]/f efjgfsf Hjf/ef6fx¿nfO{ a'lemlbg'x'g / o;df s'g} e"n jf sdLsdhf]/L /x]sf 5g\ eg] Ifdf;d]t ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' . cGTodf tfl/kmof]Uo JolQmx¿sf] gfd d}n] of] lstfkdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5' t/ hfgL—hfgL To:tf JolQmljz]ifsf] gfd ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5}g h;sf] gfd d}n] pNn]v ubf{ pxf―x¿nfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;S5 . of] lstfksf] gf]6 n]vgdf efO ;fsf/ skfnL, sDKo"6/ 6fOkdf efO /fh]Gb| >]i7 / efiff z'4Ls/0fdf d2t ug]{ d]/f ldq k]zn kf]v/]nnfO{ d wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' ;fy} >4]o e}/j l/;fnHo" / cToGt l;h{gzLn ldq clgn lrqsf/nfO{ qmdzM g]kfnL / c+u|]hLdf of] lstfkaf/] b'O{ zAb n]lvlbg' ePsf]df d s[t1tf 1fkg ;d]t ug{ rfxG5' . c:t' ======== s0f{ zfSo ldltM @)^! @)^!—^—@* @* kl/R5]b b—! ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] zlQm æ;a} s'/f e/ k5{ dfq ;f]rdf, ;f]r cg'ejdf, ;f]r b[li6sf]0fdf / ;f]r lrGtgdf . s[i0fnfO{ xfdLn] s;/L x]g]{ < sd{of]uL eg]/ jf 5nL—sk6L eg]/ < /fdnfO{ s;/L x]g]{ < dof{bf–k'?if eujfg\ eg]/ jf cfºgL :jf:gL /fj0fsf] r+u'naf6 arfpg xhf/f}+—xhf/ jfg/ ;]gfnfO{ anL lbg] :jfyL{ /fhf eg]/ < uf}td a'4nfO{ s] eGg] < zflGtb"tsf k|tLs jf cfºgL >LdtL / gfafns 5f]/fnfO{ Tofu]/ lx+8\g] knfogjfbL < To:t} b|f}kbLnfO{ b]jL eGg] jf kf―rhgf kltsL kTgL eGg] < ch'{gnfO{ s] eGg], wg'wf{/L jL/ jf s0f{sf] k5fl8 af0f xfgL dfg]{ sfo/ < xfd|} g]kfnsf jL/ u0f]zdfgnfO{ s] eGg] < k|wfgdGqLsf] kb lbO―bf klg Tofu ug]{ dxfg\ TofuL eGg] jf b]zsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ g;Sg] g]tf eGg] < x/]s s'/fnfO{ ;f]Rg] tf}/—tl/sfn] km/s kf5{ .Æ elgG5, dflg;sf] lbdfu Ps lsnf]u|fd eGbf u¥xf}+ 5}g / cfsf/ x]¥of] eg] Ps d'¶LeGbf 7"nf] 5}g . oBlk of] ;fgf] lbdfu cfsfzeGbf ljzfn / ;d'b|eGbf ulx/f] 5 . Ps} kndf ;f/f a|x\df08 g} of] Ps lsnf]u|fd dl:tisdf ;dflxt x'g;S5 . dflg;sf] lbdfudf ;w}+ b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ tTjsf] rnv]n x'G5— Pp6f ;sf/fTds / csf]{ gsf/fTds . zfob oxL s6';TonfO{ 4

5 Wofgdf /fv]/ g} b]jtf / bfgjaLrsf] ;d'b|dGygsf] syf /lrPsf] xf]nf . wd{sf] efjgf /fvL ;d'b|dGyg u/]sf] x'―bf b]jtfn] cd[t kfP, cwdL{ ;f]rn] dGyg u/]sf] x'―bf bfgjn] ljif k|fKt u/]sf] x'g;S5 . xfd|f] lbdfudf b]jTj / bfgjTj b'a}sf] af; 5 . olb xfdL s;}nfO{ lauf/f}+ eGg] b[li6sf]0fn] dl:tisnfO{ v]nfp―5f}, k|of]u / dGyg u5f}{+ eg] Tof] lbdfun] ljifjdg u5{ . t/, s;}nfO{ d2t u/f}+, ;kf/f}+ egL ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0fn] xfd|f] dl:tisnfO{ lrGtg, l;h{g ug]{ lbzflt/ ;+rfng / k|of]u u¥of}+ eg] cjZo klg xfd|f] lbdfuaf6 cd[t lgM;[t x'gyfN5 . ;f―Rr} xfd|f] lbdfu Pp6f crDdsf] h}ljs d]l;g xf] . o;leq ;f/f ;d:ofsf ;dfwfg c6fPsf x'G5g\ . o;n] rfx]df hf] s;}nfO{ laufg{ klg ;S5 / ;kfg{ klg ;S5 . elgG5, ;dfhdf kf―r jf 5 k|ltzt ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf dflg; x'G5g\ / kGw|—;f]¥x k|ltzt gsf/fTds ;f]rsf . clg, pgf;L—c;L k|ltzt t axsfpdf hfg] of c¿ s;}sf] nx}nx}df nfUg] ;fwf/0f dflg; x'G5g\ . olb of] cf―sng ;f―rf] xf] eg] xfdLn] uDeL/ eP/ ;f]Rg}k5{ . /fi6«sf] olt 7"nf] lx:;f — sl/j c;L k|ltzt — dfgjLo zlQmnfO{ kGw| k|ltzt lg/fzfjfbL JolQmx¿n] k|efljt ug'{eGbf klxn] kf―r k|ltzt cfzfjfbLx¿n] cfd hgtfsf] ;f]rdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] sfd yfNg'k5{ . o;n] ;dfhnfO{ /fd|f] af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg d2t k'¥ofp―5 . …dflg;nfO{ jgsf] af3n] eGbf dgsf] af3n] vfG5Ú eg] e}+m xLgtfaf]wn] u|:t eO{ g s'g} JolQm af―Rg ;S5, g ;d'bfo, g ;dfh, g t /fi6« g} . o:tf] ljifd kl/l:yltdf dnfO{ nfU5, hf] sf]xLn] klg cToGt lrGtgzLn eP/ of] 8/nfUbf] cj:yfaf6 pDsg] pkfo ;f]Rg}k5{ . xfdL oxL g]kfndf hlGdof}+, oxL+ x'ls{of}+ / oxL b]zdf g} dg]{ dg;fo 5 . o:tf] efjgf af]sL lx+8\g] b]zk|]dLx¿sf nflu lg/fz eP/ af―Rg' jf:tjdf c;x\o g} x'G5 . oyfy{df dgnfO{ df/]/ af―Rg' klg x'―b}g . olb of] b]z ;f―Rr} gs{ g} e};s]sf] 5 eg] of] gs{leq :ju{ vf]Hg' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . :ju{ / gs{ xfdL cfk}+mn] agfpg] xf] . d"v{n] :ju{nfO{ gs{ agfp―5 / a'l4dfg\n] gs{nfO{ :ju{ . x/]s dflg;sf] zAbsf]zdf :ju{ of gs{sf] kl/efiff km/s—km/s x'G5, lsgeg] dflg; :jefj}n] :jfyL{ x'G5 / x/]s s'/fnfO{ cfºg} ;f] r / b[li6sf]0fn] dfq x]g]{ u5{ . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] kl/sNkgf u/]/ cljsl;t d'n'sn] ;kgf b]Vg ;Sb}g . lg/fzfjfbsf] d'xfg oxL+af6 ;'¿ x'G5 . l;d;f/ If]qdf lxdfnL e]udf pknAw x'g] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cf; ug{ ;lsGg . pi0fk|b]zLo -6«lksn_ hËndf cg]s k|hfltsf af]6la?jf, r/fr'?ËL / hËnL hgfj/ x'G5g\ eGb}df ;xf/f h:tf] hLjgz"Go d?e"lddf To:t} cfzf /fVg' x'―b}g . t/ hxf― h:tf];'s} af;:yfg ePklg Toxf―sf] xfjfkfgL, jftfj/0f, kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ / ;f] :yfgsf] t'ngfTds nfe (Comparative Advantage) lng ;lsof] eg] h'g;'s} 7fp―df klg cg's"n jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ ;lsG5 . of] k|s[ltsf] lgod xf] . cfh xfdL …g]kfn vQd eof]Ú eG5f}+ . s] ;f―Rr} xfd|f] b]z / xfdL vQd eof}+ t < olb vQd} ePsf xf}+ eg] lsg / s;/L vQd eof}+ < s:fn] vQd u¥of] < oL s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg'k¥of], a'¤g'k¥of] / a'e]m/ dgg ug{'k¥of] . …sfun] sfg nUof]Ú eGb}df sfg g5fdL sfusf] kl5—kl5 bf}8\g' ePg . klxnf cfºgf] sfg 5fDg'k¥of] . g]kfn clxn] cjZo klg cK7\of/f] Pj+ cGwsf/do cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 of] a]nf xfdLn] lknlkn] d}gaQL afn]/ ePklg lg;fl:;g] ;'¿ªdf ljsf;sf pHofnf ls/0fx¿ vf]Hg'k¥of] . Pp6f d}gaQLn] gk'u] csf]{, To;n] klg gk'u] k]ml/ csf]{, o;/L g} cfzfsf xhf/f}+ d}gaQL afn]/ ;"of]{bo geP;Dd of] c―Wof/f]df xfdLn] pHofnf] vf]lh/fVg' k¥of] . h:tf];'s} c―Wof/f] ePklg pHofnf] eljiosf] vf]hL, ;fy{s hLjg / hLjGttfsf] qmd xfdLn] xfd|} b]zdf vf]Hg'k5{ / e]§fpg} k5{ . 5

6 xfdLl;t csf]{ ljsNk 5}g . t/ ;'v / ;d[l4 vf]H5' eGb}df cfsfzaf6 tf/f emf/] / sfG5Lsf] r'N7f]df ;hfpg] vfnsf ;kgfsf] s'/f ug'{ ePg . o:tf /f]df~rsf/L kl/sNkgfsf s'/f slj, snfsf/x¿nfO{ 5f]l8lbpm― . jf:tjd} sd{ ug]{ xf] eg], oyfy{tf / Jojxf/sf] w/ftndf pleP/ Ifdtf cg';f/ / k|fyldstfsf qmddf sfd ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] xfdL w]/} ljjz x'g'kg]{ afWotf /x―b}g . ;d:ofx¿ dfq gsf]6\ofO{ Psrf]l6 ;dfwfgsf pkfo klg vf]hf}+ . x/]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg kfOG5 . dnfO{ nfU5, cf―vf lrDn]/ PslrQ eP/ r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug]{ xf] eg] s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg e]§fpg ;lsG5 . cfk"m;―u ePsf] ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQm kl/rfng u/]/ klg b]zsf 7"N7"nf sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . lsgeg] ;d:ofsf ;dfwfgx¿ cfsfzdf xf]Og, xfd|} wtL{df xfd|} gfsd'lg 5g\ . ljsf;sf cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ klxrfg u/]/ b[9tfsf ;fy sfd yfngL ug]{ xf]eg] b]zsf k|rlnt sfg"gL k|fjwfg cGtu{t /x]/ klg ;Lldt cfly{s ;|f]taf6} k|z:t ;[hgzLn sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g}klg sfdsf] yfngL a[xb\ ?kd} ul/g'k5{ eGg] d 7flGbg― . d ;fgf] 5―bf d]/f] a'af eGg' x'GYof], ædWo/ft eof] eGb}df g8/fpg", ef]ln k]ml/ ;"o{ pbfp―5 . kfgL k¥of] eg]/ dg lr;f] gkfg"{, kfgL k/]kl5 dfq} df6f] dlnnf] x'G5 / af]6la?jf xl/of x'G5g\ .Æ ;sf/fTds ;f]rdf zlQmx¿ n'ls/fv]sf x'G5g\ . t;y{ ;f]r / b[li6sf]0f cg'¿k x'G5 x/]s s'/fsf] lgisif{ / kl/0ffd . ;kmntf / c;kmntfdf ;f]rsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . ;a} s'/f e/ k5{ dfq ;f]rdf, ;f]r cg'ejdf, ;f]r x]/fOdf / ;f]r lrGtgdf . s[i0fnfO{ xfdLn] s;/L x]g]{ < sd{of]uL eg]/ jf 5nL—sk6L eg]/ < uf}td a'4nfO{ s] eGg] < zflGtb"t jf cfºgL >LdtL / gfafns 5f]/fnfO{ Tofu]/ lx+8\g] knfogjfbL < To:t} b|f}kbLnfO{ b]jL eGg] jf kf―rhgf kltsL kTgL eGg] < ch'{gnfO{ s] eGg], wg'wf{/L jL/ jf s0f{sf] k5fl8 af0f xfgL dfg]{ sfo/ < xfd|} g]kfnsf jL/ u0f]zdfgnfO{ s] eGg] < k|wfgdGqLsf] kb lbO―bf klg Tofu ug]{ dxfg\ TofuL eGg] jf b]zsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ g;Sg] g]tf eGg] < x/]s s'/fnfO{ ;f]Rg] tf}/tl/sfn] km/s kf5{ . ;f]Rg] dfq xf]Og, x]g]{ tl/sfn] klg km/s kf5{ . cxd\ d'2f oxL xf] . o:t} ;f]rsf ljleGg k|sf/ / k|lqmofx¿ ;dsfnLg ;dfh / /fhgLltdf klg 5\ofk5\ofKtL kfOG5g\ . /fhfn] s] rfx]sf 5g\, g]tfx¿n] s] vf]h]sf 5g\, oL ;a} ts{ / ljjfbsf] lgrf]8 oxL b'O{ cIf/ …;f]rÚ leq kfOG5 . of] ;fgf] k':tsdf d}n] …gÚ eGg] zAbnfO{ g} gsfg{ vf]h]sf] 5' . clxn] g]kfndf …of] ePg Tof] ePg, of] x'―b}g Tof] x'―b}gÚ eGg] w]/} 5g\ . ufnLunf}h ug{ ;a} ?rfp―5g\ . t/ /fd|f] s'/fsf] j0f{g ug{ sGh':ofO― u5{g\ . cfnf]rgf— nfO{ g} af}l4stf eG7fGg] of] ;dfhdf gsf/fTds rl/q / ;f]r xfaL ePsf 5g\ . Psrf]l6 g]kfnsf] c―Wof/f] kIfnfO{ la;]{/ pHofnf] kIfnfO{ x]/f}+ . clxn] ;aeGbf cfnf]rgf ul/g] If]q /fhgLlt xf] . cfhsn xfdL /fhgLlts g]tfx¿nfO{ lbn vf]n]/ pbf/tf;fy ufnL u5f}{+ . pgLx¿sf] b'isd{nfO{ sf]6\ofp―5f}+ . sltko g]tfx¿ cfºg} b'isd{n] b"lift ePsf x'g;S5g\ . t/ g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts kl/j]znfO{ ulxl/P/ x]g]{ xf] eg] oxf―sf] /fhgLlt s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd Tolt k|b"lift lyPg . xfd|f] ax'bnLo k|hftGq w]/} xb;Dd ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtsf] d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t 5 . Psrf]l6 w}o{wf/0f u/L xfd|f] /fhgLlts tl:a/nfO{ lgofn]/ x]/f}+ t † sd;]sd xfd|f] b]zdf kml8{gf08 dfsf]{; h:tf e|i6 / b'/frf/L t 5}gg\ . nfn' ofbj h:tf w"t{ g]tf t 5}gg\ h;n] cfºgL >LdtLnfO{ /fHosf] d'VodGqL;Dd agfP . /fhgLlts l:ylt s]nfP/ x]bf{ xfdL lg/fz x'g'kg]{ s'/} 5}g, a¿ uj{ ug'{k5{ . tL; jif{] k~rfotL zf;g kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu ;+rflnt $^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngdf tL; hgf dflg;n] Hofg;d]t gu'dfOsg d'n'ssf] zf;gJoj:yf ax'bnLo 6

7 k|hftGqdf ablnof] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Pp6f lg0f{osf cfwf/df Pdfn] ;/sf/n] g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ tj/af6 ;Qf x:tfGt/0f u¥of], lagf emd]nf / emGem6 . s] of] ;fgf] s'/f xf] < o:tf hl6n /fhgLlts kl/jt{g ;xh ;fdfGo Pj+ :jfefljs ¿kaf6 ePsf]df xfdL g]kfnL dfqn] uj{ ug'{ kb}{g / < xfd|f w]/} g]tfx¿ e|i6 cjZo 5g\ t/ sltko /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ / g]tfx¿df ;b\u'0fx¿ klg 5g\ . jf:tjdf g]tf aGg dflg;sf] ljZjf; lhTg ;Sg'k5{ . Tof] lagf s'g}klg JolQm g]t[Tjsf] prfOdf k'Ug ;Sb}g . /fhgLlts g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{nfO{ slxn]sfxL+ d P]gfsf] ¿kdf x]b{5' . P]gfleq sfnf] cg'xf/n] x]bf{ sfn} k|ltlaDj b]lvG5 / uf]/f] dfG5]n] P]gf x]¥of] eg] uf]/f] cg'xf/ g} b]V5 . o;sf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg] olb /fd|f] ljrf/ lnP/ g]tfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] k|ltkmn klg /fd|} k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ljjfbdf ;w}+ cfO/xg] /fhgLlts g]tf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf;―u d]/f b'O{, rf/j6f /dfOnf 36gf uf―l;Psf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ oxf― k|:t't ug{' k|f;+lus xf]nf h:tf] nfU5 . lul/hfafa'nfO{ d}n] klxn] slxNo} lrg]sf] lyOg― / clxn] klg pxf―l;t JolQmut ¿kn] d}n] s'g} ;DaGw /fv]sf] 5}g . s]xL ;fdflhs sfdsfhsf nfludfq pxf―l;t e]6\g] u/]sf] x'― . zfob oxL sf/0fn] xf]nf, pxf―n] dnfO{ lgs} cfb/, ;Ddfg / dfof ug'{x'G5 . cGbfhL bzjif{ klxn] pxf―sf lghL ;xfosn] dnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ug'{ePsf] lyof] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;af6, æd jL/]Gb| bfxfn af]n]sf] s0f{hL, tkfO{+l;t lul/hfafa' s'/f ug]{ /] .Æ Psl5g d cQflnP, …n s] kf] eGg'x'g] xf] † rGbf dfUg kf] xf] ls †Ú eGg] efg klg k¥of] . lxlRsrfp―b} d}n] bfxfnnfO{ æx'G5Æ eg+] . 6]lnkmf]gaf6 lul/hfafa'n] æzfSohL, tkfO{nfO{ t d}n] b]v]sf] 5}g, gfp―;Dd ;'g]sf] . n Pp6f ;xof]u ugf]{;\ dnfO{ . tkfO{ g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] af]8{df al;lbg' k¥of] x} † n jL/]Gb|hL;―u s'/f ug'{;\Æ eGb} jftf{nfk 6'+Uofpg'eof] . lul/hfafa'n] dnfO{ lsg Tof] cj;/ lbg'eof], yfxf 5}g . t/ tLg jif{;Dd d}n] g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] ;+rfns ;ldltdf /x]/ sfd ubf{, 5ftLdf xft /fv]/ d}n] eGg} k5{, lul/hfafa' jf pxf―sf s'g} sfo{stf{n] dnfO{ g s'g} /fhgLlts bafj lbP, g t daf6 s'g} kmfObf g} p7fP . dnfO{ To;a]nf ljZjf; eof] s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} kb jf bhf{df dgf]gog ubf{ To;sf] k5fl8 ;w}+ /fhgLlts :jfy{ g} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . tLg jif{sf] sfof{jlwdf lul/hfafa'nfO{ e]6\g d uOg― . jf:tjdf g]tfx¿sf af/]df hlt xNnf x'―bf]/x]5, oyfy{df To:tf] jf Tolt x'―bf] /x]g5 . lul/hfafa'l;tsf] d]/f] bf];| f] e]6 SofG;/ c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug]{ cleofgsf qmddf ePsf] xf] . jf:tjdf Tof] e]6 / 36gfqmd d slxNo} la;{Gg― . c:ktfn lgdf{0f / SofG;/ pkrf/sf nflu cfly{s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug{ d}n] Ps lvNnL r'/f]6df Ps k};f z'Ns nufpg] k|:tfj tof/ kf/]sf] lyP― . To;nfO{ ;/sf/L kIfaf6 :jLs[t u/fpg d}n] w]/} sf]lz; u/]+ . y'k|} ;f+;bx¿l;t s'/f u/]+ . t/ s]xL ;Lk nfu]g . Pslbg o"=Pg=8L=kL= sf] /flqef]hdf jL/]Gb| bfxfnn] æcfpgf];\ zfSohL, lul/hfafa';―u lrgfOlbG5'Æ egL d]/f] xft tfg]/ nu] . æn xh"/, s0f{ zfSo eGg] pxf― g} xf]Æ eGb} jL/]Gb|n] lul/hfafa';―u bf]xf]/f] kl/ro u/fP . dnfO{ yfxf lyof], …Tof] x'nd'ndf lul/hfafa'n] dnfO{ w]/} ;do lbg ;Sg' x'GgÚ eGg] . lul/hfafa'nfO{ sfof{no jf 3/df e]6\g] dg;fo d}n] t'?Gt} JoQm u/]+ . pxf―n] dnfO{ ;do klg lbg'eof] . s]xL lbgkl5 …Pp6f r'/f]6df Ps k};f z'Ns nufpg] k|:tfjÚ lnP/ af―;af/Ll:yt 8f= zzfÍ sf]O/fnfsf] 3/df lul/hfafa'nfO{ e]6\g k'u]+ . pxf― e'O{+ tnfdf al;/xg' ePsf] /x]5 . pxf― a:g'ePsf] ;f]kmf k5fl8 ‰ofn lyof] . ¤ofn k5fl8sf] pHofnf]sf sf/0f pxf―nfO{ :ki6 b]Vg ;ls+b}gYof] . kfOkdf r'/f]6 tfGb} æcfpgf];\ zfSohL, dnfO{ rf―8} aflx/ hfg'5, n s] eGg' 7

8 5 eGg';\Æ eGg'eof] . d t Psl5g csdSs k/]+ . d;―u ePsf] c7f/ k]hsf] k|:tfj Ps}rf]l6 s;/L eGg] < d}n] pxf―nfO{ :ki6 eg]+, æd xh'/nfO{ b'Mv lbg cfPsf] xf]Og―, d oxf― d]/f] JolQmut :jfy{sf nflu cfPsf] klg xf]Og, b]zsf] lxtsf nflu xh"/sf] s]xL ;xof]u lng cfPsf] x'― . xh"/n] h;/L klg dnfO{ bz ldg]6sf] ;do t lbg' k¥of] .Æ clg d';'Ss xf―;]/ pxf―n] eGg'eof] æn x'G5 x'G5 eGgf];\ .Æ lul/hfafa' d';'Ss xf―:bf slxn]sfxL+ dnfO{ df]gfln;fsf] d':sfg ofb cfp―5 . pxf―sf] x―;fO dnfO{ ;f―Rr} /fd|f] nfU5 . d]/f] k|:tfjgfsf d'Vo—d'Vo c+z d}n] af¥x ldg]6leq k9]/ ;'gfP― . Ps6s nufP/ pxf―n] dnfO{ x]l//xg' eof] / d]/f] k|:tfj Wofg lbO{ ;'Gg'eof] . k|ltlqmof:j¿k d;―u Ps zAb klg gaf]nL tTsfnLg cy{dGqL dx]z cfrfo{nfO{ kmf]g ug'{eof] . t/, cfrfo{;―u Toltv]/ kmf]g ;Dks{ x'g ;s]g . clg, lul/hfafa'n] dnfO{ ;Lw}+ eGg'eof] æ7Ls 5 zfSohL, n tkfO{+ hfgf];\, tkfO{+sf] sfd x'G5 .Æ xfsfxfsL eGg] xf]eg] lul/hfafa'n] d]/f] k|:tfj kf; ul/lbg'xf]nf eGg] ljZjf; dnfO{ nfu]s} lyPg . cflv/ pxf― klg g]tf g} t xf] † t/ rf/ dlxgfkl5 d ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] af]:6gdf sfG5f] 5f]/fnfO{ e]6\g hf―bf r'/f]6df Ps k};f z'Nssf] k|:tfj ah]6 efif0fdf cfPsf] s'/f d]/L 5f]/L ;'hfgn] dWo/ftdf 6]lnkmf]g u/L dnfO{ ;'gfOg\ . Tof] /ft d]/f] lhGbuLsf] Pp6f v';Lsf] /ft lyof] . lul/hfafa'l;tsf To;kl5sf d]/f c¿ ;fIffTsf/sf 36gf klg plQs} /f]rs 5g\ . To;tfsf ko{6g dGqfnon] ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o ko{6g kl/ifb\ :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] /x]5 . kl/ifb\sf] klxnf] a}7sdf k|ltli7t JolQmx¿af6 b'O{ hgf k|ltlglw 5fGg] sfo{qmd /x]5 . To;sf nflu klxn] g} ko{6g dGqfnoaf6 Pp6f ;"rL tof/ u/L NofPsf /x]5g\ . t/ dgf]gLt ug]{ a]nfdf lul/hfafa'n] cfºgf] vNtLaf6 Pp6f ;fgf] sfuh lgsfn]/ eGg'eP5, æx'g t dGqfnoaf6 ;b:ox¿sf] gfd l;kmfl/; eP/ cfPsf] 5 t/ /fli6«o ko{6g kl/ifb\sf] cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] d 8f= xs{ u'?ª / s0f{ zfSonfO{ dgf]gLt ug{ rfxG5' . s;}nfO{ s]xL eGg' 5 <Æ ko{6g dGqL / ;lrj s]xL af]Ng ;s]g5g\ . /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fn] ;f―Rr} eGg] xf]eg] lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf dnfO{ dg kb}{g . vf; u/L jt{dfg /fhgLlts cGof]n ;[hgf ug{ pxf―n] h'g gsf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'eof], Tof] dnfO{ c;x\o nfU5 . t/ k|wfgdGqLsf ¿kdf h]h:tf lg0f{o pxf―n] d]/fcufl8 ug'{eof], To;sf nflu d}n] pxf―sf] k|z+;f ug}{k5{ . …g]kfn e|d0f jif{ !((*Ú ;+rfng ug'{cl3 v'nf xjfO{ gLltb]lv cGo w]/} ko{6g k"jf{wf/x¿ ljsf; ug{ pxf―n] g]t[Tj ug'{ePsf] dlGqd08nn] lagf s'g} lxrlsrfx6 w]/} ;fx;L lg0f{ox¿ u¥of] . pxf―sf] ;xof]ulagf e|d0f jif{sf] kl/sNkgf g :jLs[t x'GYof], g t ;DkGg g} ug{ ;lsGYof] . x'g t e|d0f jif{sf] tof/L / ;+rfngsf qmddf dnfO{ s'g} klg k|wfgdGqL, dGqL / ;lrjx¿l;t sfd ug{ uf¥xf] ePg . tTsfnLg ko{6gdGqL rqmk|;fb af―:tf]nf;lxt 5hgf ko{6gdGqL / tLghgf k|wfgdGqLl;t sfd ug]{ cj;/ kfP― . t/ ;xof]u eg] ;a}n] u/] . OdfGbf/Lsf;fy d}n] eGg}k5{, dnfO{ slxNo} klg / s;}n] klg c;xof]u u/]sf] cj:yf kfOg― . kmn:j¿k g]kfn e|d0f jif{ pxf―x¿s} ;xof]uaf6 k"0f{ ;kmn eof] . dfly plNnlvt 36gfqmdaf6 d}n] s] eGg vf]h]sf] x'― eg] g]tf h'g;'s} bnsf ePklg s]xL xb;Dd pgLx¿ P]gfh:t} x'G5g\ . pgLx¿af6 /fd|f] sfd klg u/fpg ;lsG5, g/fd|f] klg . cflv/ x/]s dflg;sf] dgleq ;b\u'0f / b'u'{0f n'ls/fv]sf x'G5g\ . sxf―, slxn] / s:fn] tL n's]sf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds tTjnfO{ hufOlbg] xf], To;} cg'¿k b]lvG5g\ Jojxf/ / rl/qx¿ . x'g t /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs ;]jfdf r'n{'Dd 8'Ag] g]tf 8

9 jf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿n] dgleqsf] cfsf+IffnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ xf] t/ cljsl;t d'n'sx¿df o:tf pbfx/0fx¿ b'n{e} x'G5g\ . dxfTdf ufGwL / lagf]jf efa] h:tf dxfg\ g]tf tyf ;dfh;]jLx¿ t s/f] 8f}+sf] ;+Vofdf Ps— b'O{dfq hGdg] x'g\ . To:tf pbfx/0fnfO{ x[bo¨d ub}{ xfd|f] ;dfhdf klg To:t} x'g'k5{ eg]/ ;f]Rg' lbjf:jKg dfq xf]nf . cflv/ /fhgLlts Pj+ ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] w/ftndf a;]/ xfdLn] of] jf:tljstf / j:t'l:yltnfO{ dgg ug}{k5{ . xfdLn] o;nfO{ :jLsfg}{k5{ ls xfd|f] of] ;dfh b"wn] wf]OPsf] 5}g, oxf― cg]s ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . t/ r'gf}tL s] xf] eg] oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s 9¨af6 s;/L lg/fs/0f ug]{ < of] ta ;Dej x'G5 ha xfdL ;a}n] cf—cfºgf] n's]sf] ljs[t cg'xf/ klxn] P]gfdf x]/f}+, cfºgf] sdLsdhf]/L v'6\ofcf}+ / jf:tljstfnfO{ u|x0f u/f}+ . clgdfq c¿x¿sf af/]df 6Lsfl6Kk0fL u/f}+ . :jfyL{ efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t sfnf] dg lnP/ s;}l;t klg xfdLn] n]gb]g ug{ vf]Hof}+ eg] ToxL cg';f/sf] k|ltkmn kfp―5f}+ . /fd|f] eg"― jf v/fa, n]gb]gsf s'/fdf d sdhf]/ 5' . t/ dnfO{ of] s'/fdf uj{ klg nfU5, d cfºgf] :jfy{sf nfludfq s'/f ug}{ ;lSbg . c¿ If]qsf] s'/f 5f]8f}+, cfºg} pBf]u / Jofkfl/s If]qdf klg d s;}l;t slxNo} lgDg:t/Lo tl/sfn] n]gb]gsf] s'/f ug{ ;lSbg . dnfO{ nfU5, n]gb]gdf klg Pp6f ljj]s x'G5, ;Demf}tf / :t/ x'G5 . cfºgf] JolQmut :jfy{ kl/k"lt{sf nflu clxn];Dd d}n] s'g}klg /fhgLlts g]tf jf sfo{stf{x¿sf] 3/b}nf] rfxf/]sf] 5}g . d w]/} /fhgLlts g]tf, sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ lrGb5' . pxf―x¿n] klg dnfO{ lrGg'ePsf] 5 . d}n] pxf―x¿nfO{ af}l4s b[li6sf]0fn] w]/} ;xof]u u/]sf] 5' . h'ga]nf;Dd tL g]tfx¿ kbdf x'―b}gg\ To; a]nf;Dd pgLx¿nfO{ d]/f] 3/df af]nfpg jf pgLx¿sf] 3/df hfg dnfO{ lxlRsrfx6 x'―b}g t/ ha pgLx¿ dGqL x'G5g\, To;kl5 eg] d pgLx¿sf] 3/df slxNo} hf―lbg . Toltdfq xf]Og, pgLx¿ dGqL ePkl5 d}n] awfO{;d]t lbg] u/]sf] 5}g . of] d]/f] 3d08 xf] jf :jfledfg, dnfO{ yfxf 5}g t/ dnfO{ nfU5, /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ hlt;'s} 7"nf] cf]xbfdf k'u]klg g d]/f] pgLx¿l;t s]xL lng' 5, g t lbg' g} 5 . d uj{sf ;fy eGg ;S5', d}n] clxn];Dd s'g}klg e|i6 Pj+ b'/frf/L /fhgLlts g]tf / sfo{stf{l;t ;DaGw uf―;]sf] 5}g . h;nfO{ d}n] lrg]sf] 5', pgLx¿ ;a} pRr:t/Lo /fhgLlt1x¿ gePklg sd;]sd /fhgLltsf] ;fdfGo 1fg ePsf t cjZo 5g\ . pgLx¿ b]z / ;dfhk|lt lrGtgzLn ePsf] d}n] kfPsf] 5' . olt x'―bfx'―b} klg d}n] lrg]sf clwsf+z /fhgLlts g]tf, sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ c¿ s;}n] g/fd|f s'/fx¿df klg k|of]u gunf{g\ eGg d ;lSbg . x'g t xfdL lha|f]nfO{ xNnfpb}, rkfpb} cg]s /fd|f/fd|F zAb k|of]u u/L ;Djfb u5f{}+, efif0f u5f}+{ t/ cf―vfsf] efiffsf cl3 o:tf s[lqd ;Djfbsf] s'g} dfg] /x―b}g . /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ b]z ;]jfsf cg]s s'/fx¿ u5{g\, pGgt eljiosf cg]s kl/sNkgfx¿ k:sG5g\ h'g :jfefljs klg xf] . t/ pgLx¿sf] dfgjLo sdhf]/LnfO{ eg] a]jf:tf ug{ ;ls+b}g . To;f] eGb}df d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ slxNo} klg cjx]ngfsf] b[li6n] x]/]sf] 5}g . d}n] hf]— h;nfO{ cln a9L lrg]sf] 5', sd;]sd pgLx¿ rflx+ 3l6of vfnsf /fhgLlts g]tf jf sfo{stf{x¿ xf]Ogg\ . pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|/L a'emfpg ;lsof] eg] pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf / ;lqmotfnfO{ b]z ljsf;df /fd|/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dnfO{ ljZjf; 5 . zfob oxL sf/0fn] xf]nf, tL g]tf jf sfo{stf{x¿n] dnfO{ slxNo} klg g/fd|f] Jojxf/ u/]gg\, g/fd|f] b[li6sf]0fn] x]/]sf klg 5}gg\ . d}n] pgLx¿l;t Jofkf/L eP/ s'/f u/]sf] eP jf cfºgf lghL :jfy{ uf―;]/ ;DaGw /fVg] sf]lz; u/]sf] eP pgLx¿n] klg dnfO{ ToxL cg';f/sf] 3l6of Jojxf/ ug{ vf]Hy] xf]nf . d]/f] egfOsf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg] cfhsn clwsf+z /fhgLlts g]tf jf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ hlt;'s} e|i6 elgP klg 9

10 pgLx¿nfO{ laufg]{ cg]s gsf/fTds tTjx¿nfO{ xfdLn] sbflk la;{g' x'―b}g . /fhgLltdf ljs[ltx¿ cfpg' / o;af6 ;[hgf ePsf ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfdf cjd"Nog x'g'df /fhgLlts lgsfox¿ dfq lhDd]jf/ x'g ;Sb}gg\ . To;nfO{ pNSofpg], k|of]u ug]{ / laufg]{ c¿ c;fdflhs lgsfo jf JolQmx¿ klg Tolt g} lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . egfO g} 5, æPs xftn] tfnL aHb}g, Psf]xf]/f] /f]6L kfSb}g .Æ kl/R5]b b—@ k|hftGqsf] KofG8f]/faS; ax'bnLo k|hftGq ;Too'usf] 9f]sf vf]Ng] ;f―rf] xf]Og . of] t slno'usf] gbL kf/ ug]{ Pp6f gfp xf] . oxL slno'usf] sfnv08df xfdLn] hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ k|hftGqsf] KofG8f]/faS;nfO{ vf]Nof}+ . ha g]kfnsf] ;Dj]bgzLn /fhgLlts hl6ntfsf] of] KofG8f]/faS; vf]lnof], Toxf―af6 cg]s cfly{s, ;fdflhs / dgf]j}1flgs lrGtgx¿, lj;+ult / ljs[ltx¿ lgl:sP . Tof] b]v]/ xtf/—xtf/ xfdLn] afs;nfO{ aGb ul/lbof}+, clxn] To; aGb afs;af6 cfzf¿kL ;'Gb/Ln] dl;gf] / lemgf] cfjfhdf afs;sf] 9Ssgdf 6s\6s\ u/]/ eGb}l5g\, ævf]Ngf];\ g † d cfzf x'―, d ljZjf; x"―, dnfO{ klg aflx/ cfpg lbgf];\ g .Æ klxn]sf] s'/fdfq ofb u/]/ clxn]sf 36gfqmd / ;donfO{ ;w}+ sf];]/ x]g'{ Nostalgia dflg;sf] sdhf]/L xf] . æb]z vQd eof] === xfd|f] ;dfh lalu|of]Æ h:tf cfTdUnflgsf s'/fx¿ clxn]dfq xf]Og, klxn]—klxn] klg ul/Gy] . xfdL s]6fs]6L ePs} a]nfdf klg, dnfO{ ofb 5, a"9fkfsfx¿ æx]/ klxn] s:tf] ;:tf] lyof], clxn] s:tf] dx¨f]Æ h:tf s'/f bf]xf]¥ofO/xGy] . lxhf]sf x/]s s'/fsf] avfg ug]{ / cfhsf] ;donfO{ b'Tsfg]{ afgL / k|j[lQ xfdLsxf― dfq xf]Og, c¿ ;dfhdf klg k|z:t kfOG5 . jf:tjdf ctLtk|]dL jf ctLtjfbL x'g] dflg;dfqsf] g};lu{s :jefj g} /x]5 . lxhf]sf] ;Demgf ub}{, ef]lnsf] dgu9Gt] cf; lnO{ cfhsf] st{JonfO{ la;]{/ e"t, jt{dfg / eljiosf] lqsf]0ffTds hfndf xfdL ;w}+ cNdlnO/xG5f}+ . :juL{o /fhf jL/]Gb|sf tTsfnLg P=8L=;L= tf/faxfb'/ yfkfsf] 3/df d Pp6f lrofkfg sfo{qmddf af]nfOPsf] lyP― . Toxf― g]kfnsf u0odfGo g]tf Pj+ a'l4hLjLx¿sf] hd36 lyof] . b]z vQd 5 eGg] ;'uf/6fO{ cfhdfq xf]Og, k~rfotsfndf klg v"a rNYof] . To; sfo{qmddf klg lg/fzfjfbsf s'/fn] g} ;w}+e}+m k|wfgtf kfO/x]sf lyP . w] /}h;f]n] dflg;x¿sf] v/fa dgMl:yltsf sf/0faf6 g} g]kfndf ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbO/x]sf lyP . tLdWo] s;}n] eg], æg]kfnLx¿ cN5L 5g\ .Æ Pshgfn] t olQ;Dd eg]+ ls ;w}+ /fHosf] 5ftfdf a:bf a:bf g]kfnLx¿ slxNo} klg d]xgtk"j{s sfd gug]{ eO;s]sf 5g\ . of] s'/f ;'Ggf;fy dnfO{ emf]+s rNof]. æxfdLn] s;/L g]kfnLdfqsf uf}/jdo ;Dkbfx¿sf] d"No / dfGotfnfO{ la;{g ;Sof}+ < h'g b]zdf cfw'lgs 1fg / k|ljlwljgf g} ;of}+ jif{ klxn] Gx\oftkf]nh:tf cfZro{hgs, cUnf / cb\e"t snfTds dlGb/x¿ lgdf{0f eO;s]sf lyP, Tof] b]zsf ;Gtfg s;/L cN5L x'g ;S5g\ < c;gb]lv OGb|rf]ssf] af6f], kf6g / eQmk'/sf] uNnL–uNnLdf sf7sf pTs[i6 snfTds ‰ofnx¿, h'g k}+tfnL; l8u|L sf]0fdf e'ms]sf, ¤jf§ x]bf{ clxn] g} v:nfg\ h:tf b]lvG5g\, ;of}+ jif{b]lv h:tfsf] t:t} 5g\ . sf7sf] r'Ss'nsf] cf8df lgdf{0f ul/Psf dWosfnLg Ol~hlgol/ªsf tL cb\et" sfdx¿ clxn] b]zsf] cfhsf] b'b{zfsf] bf]if g]kfnL hgdfg;sf] yfKnf]df yf]kg{ kfOb}g . b]zsf] b'u{lt ePs} dfGg] xf] eg]klg Tof] sfddf :jfyL{ k|zf;s, e|i6 /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ / 9f]+uL af}l4s JolQmTjx¿ afx]s c¿ s;}sf] ;+nUgtf 5}g . jf:tljs tYo / ;d:ofx¿nfO{ la;]{/ If0fe/ tfnLsf] 10

11 cfjfhdf /dfpg] / 9f]+uL a}fl4stfsf] k|bz{g ug]{ nf]en] cfhsn g]tf, tyfslyt a'l4hLjL / kqsf/x¿;d]t hfgL—hfgL Psn] csf{nfO{ bf]if lbg] sfddfq u5{g\ . o;n] cfd hgtfnfO{ e|ldt kf5{ / pgLx¿sf] dgdl:tisdf Ps lsl;dsf] dfgl;s ljs[lt k}mnfpg d2t k'¥ofp―5 . bf]if nufpg w]/} ;lhnf] x'G5, ufnL ug{ t emg\ /dfOnf] . t/ nuftf/ ;w}+ ufnLdfq u/]/ lx+8\bf, lj/f]wsf nflu lj/f]w dfq ul//x―bf cGttM o;af6 cfºg} v'§fdf a~r/f] xfGg] sfd x'G5 . clg of] k|j[lQn] ;fdflhs jftfj/0fnfO{ g} b"lift agfpb} nfG5 . cljsl;t ;dfhn] b]z lauf5{, b]z} lau|]kl5 3'ldlkm/L k]ml/ ;dfh g} lau|G5 . h'g ;dfhdf xfdL / xfd|f kl/jf/ a:g'k5{, ToxL ;dfhnfO{ laufg'{ eg]sf] cfsfzdf y's]/ y's cfºg} d'vdf l56f kfg'{ h:t} xf]Og / < clwsf+z cljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] /fhgLlts kl/;/df clxn] hxf― klg ;+:yfkgf lj/f]wL gf/f (Anti-establishment Syndrom) p/fNg' / ;+:yfkg kIfsf] cfnf]rgf ug'{ g]tf / a'l4hLjLx¿sf] k]zf ag]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]z klg of] /f]uaf6 c5'tf] 5}g . xfdL w]/}n] cg'ej u/]sf 5f}+, /dfOnf] jftfj/0f tyf cgf}krfl/s sfo{qmdx¿df s'/fsfgL / 5nkmn ubf{ …d} x'―Ú eGg] 7"N7"nf s§/kGyL /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ klg lbn vf]n]/, jf:tljstfsf] w/ftndf 6]s]/ Jofjxfl/s s'/f u5{g\ / cfºgf sdLsdhf]/L tyf uNtLx¿ klg :jLsf5{g\, cem lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ s'/f;d]t u5{g\ . t/ ha tL g]tfx¿ dfOs ;dfT5g\, a'l4hLjLx¿ 5nkmn sfo{qmddf cfºgf efjgfx¿ JoQm u5{g\ / ha kqsf/x¿ snd RofK5g\, sDKo"6/sf] ls—af]8{df cf}+nf rnfp―5g\, To;a]nf Jofjxfl/s Pj+ cGt/fTdfsf] cfjfh;d]t n'sfP/ ;dsfnLg jftfj/0fl;t d]n vfg] cleJolQm lbg] /0fgLlt ckgfp―5g\ . nf]slk|o aGgsf nflu s6';TonfO{ n'sfp―5g\ . dnfO{ nfU5, xfdLsxf― ax'bnLo xf]Og, vfnL bnLo k|hftGqsf] ;+:s[ltdfq pbo ePsf] 5 . sd{rf/L ;+3n] sd{rf/Lsf], 8«fOe/ ;+3n] 8«fOe/sf], sG8S6/ ;+3n] sG8S6/sf], ls;fg ;+3n] ls;fgsf], xf]6]n ;+3n] xf]6]nx¿s} k]zfut lxt / /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] kf6L{ut lxtdfq ;f]Rg] xf]eg] /fi6«lxtsf af/]df s:fn] ;f]Rg] < k]ml/ lj8Dagf s] 5 eg] Pp6f k]zfut ;+:yfsf] lxt kl/k"lt{ ug{ csf]{ k]zfut ;d'bfonfO{ afwfc8\rg gk'¥ofOsg uf¥xf] x'G5 . To;}n] clxn] ljleGg ;+3, ;+:yf / kf6L{x¿ k]zfut, bnut ;}4flGts s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ /fi6«lxtsf s'/fnfO{ kG5fpg] cb"/bzL{ k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ . clxn]sf] xfd|f] b'ef{Uo eg]s} oxL xf] . b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lnPsf g]tfx¿ cfºgf] JolQmut / bnut :jfy{eGbf dfly p7\g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . clwsf+z g]tfx¿ ;'lzlIft 5}gg\ . ;fdfGo 1fgsf] ;d]t sdLn] ubf{ klg pgLx¿n] /fli6«o ljsf;sf cjwf/0ffnfO{ a'¤g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . j:t'tM clxn] pgLx¿ cnkq cj:yfdf 5g\ . ;kgf 5}g, kl/sNkgf 5}g pgLx¿df . g]kfnsf] lj8Dagf s] 5 eg] lrof k;n], el/of / 6\ofS;L rfnsn] /fHo ;+rfngsf] s'/f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ t/ g]tfeg] u'6aGbL / tkl;nsf s'/fx¿df cNdlnO/x]sf 5g\ . dnfO{ ljZjf; 5, ha oL /fhgLlts sfo{stf{, a'l4hLjL / kqsf/x¿n] cf—cfºgf] lhDd]jf/L axg u/L s]xL ;dosf nflu cfºgf] 9f]+uL dgf]j[lQ / dgMl:ylt sxL+ yftL /fv]/ b]zlxtsf lgldQ P]Soa4 eO{ sfd ug{ ;s]eg] of] b]zn] 7"nf] km8\sf] dfg]{ kSsf 5 . Pp6f s'/fdf dnfO{ c;fWo} crDd nfU5 . Tof] s] xf] eg] jiff}{sf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf x'―bfx'―b} klg, g]tf–a'l4hLjLx¿ lgtfGt :jfyL{ x'―bfx'―b} klg ljutsf k|hftflGqs Oltxf;df b]zn] y'k|} pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . sfnf], /ftf], xl/of] / kx]+nf] h'g;'s} rZdfn] x]/]klg k|hftGqsf] tl:j/ 11

12 x/fPsf] 5}g . h;n] h:tf];'s} b[Zo x]g{ rfx]klg jf:tljs g]kfnsf] ult cfºg} lsl;dn] cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . cfd hgtf obfsbf cln cN5L b]lvPsf xf]nfg\, axsfpdf ?dlNnPsf xf]nfg\, låljwfdf cNdlnPsf xf]nfg\ t/ j:t'ut ¿kdf x]bf{ xfd|f] k|hftflGqs k4ltsf] af6f] x/fPsf] 5}g . k|hftGqnfO{ h;n] h'g;'s} sf]0f, j[Q / kl/efiffaf6 kl/eflift ug{ vf]h]klg cfd g]kfnL hgtfn] k|hftGqsf] dd{ / cfjZostfnfO{ /fd|/L a'lem;s]sf 5g\ . æk|hftGqn] sfd ug{ ;s]g, ;lqmo /fhtGq rflxof] jf k|hftGqn] ljsf; ug{ ;s]g, hg;/sf/ rflxof]Æ h:tf cltjfbL cjwf/0ffx¿ hlt;'s} 7"nf] :j/n] p/fn] klg hgtfn] a'lem;s]sf 5g\, PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] ljsNk 5}g . ax'bnLo k|hftGq ;Too'usf] 9f]sf vf]Ng] ;f―rf] xf]Og . of] t slno'usf] gbL kf/ ug]{ Pp6f gfp xf] . oxL slno'usf] sfnv08df xfdLn] hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ k|hftGqsf] KofG8f]/faS;nfO{ vf]Nof}+ . ha g]kfnsf] ;Dj]bgzLn /fhgLlts hl6ntfsf] of] KofG8f]/faS; vf]lnof], Toxf―af6 cg]s cfly{s, ;fdflhs / dgf]j}1flgs lrGtgx¿, lj;+ult / ljs[ltx¿ lgl:sP . Tof] b]v]/ xtf/—xtf/ xfdLn] Tof] afs;nfO{ aGb ul/lbof}+ . clxn] To; aGb afs;af6 cfzf¿kL ;'Gb/Ln] dl;gf] / lemgf] cfjfhdf afs;sf] 9Ssgdf 6s\6s\ u/]/ eGb}l5g\, ævf]Ngf];\ g † d cfzf x'―, dnfO{ klg aflx/ cfpg lbgf];\ g .Æ t/ xfdL ;z+lst eP/ Tof] k]6f/f] vf]Ng lxlRsrfO/x]sf 5f}+ . KofG8f]/faS;af6 lg:s]sf /fhgLlts ljs[ltx¿ ca k]ml/ ToxL afs;leq hfg]jfnf 5}gg\ . ca Pp6} pkfodfq af―sL 5, oBlk afs;leq} y'lgPsf] cfzfnfO{ vf]lnlbg] clg ToxL cfzf / ljZjf;sf dfWodaf6 /fhg}lts ljs[ltx¿nfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ ;xL k|hftflGqs ;+:s[ltdf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ n}hfg] . cfhsf] cfw'lgs dflg;n] of] cfw'lgs ;dfhdf cfºgf cg]s cfw'lgs ;d:ofx¿l;t l;+uf}/L v]Nb} af―Rg hfGg' k5{ . Tof] afx]s csf]{ pkfo 5}g . k|hftGq k|hfsf nflu, k|hfaf6, k|hfn] g} zf;g rnfpg] k|0ffnL x'―bf Toxf― sdLsdhf]/Lx¿ x'g} ;Sb}gg\ eGg ;lsGg . To;f] t k|hftGq hfb'sf] 58L xf]Og, of] Pp6f lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . cfhsf] ef]ln g} o;n] glthf Nofp―b}g . ;do;fk]If kl/jt{g x―'b} cfpg] Joj:yf xf] k|hftGq . k|hftGqsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] pknlAw g} r]tgfsf] hfu/0f xf] . :jefjtM r]tgfsf] klxnf] hfu/0f s]xL ;dosf nflu :jfyL{ dgf]j[lQaf6 g} ;'¿ x'G5 . kl5 uP/ tL JolQmut :jfy{ ;fdflhs / /fli6«o :jfy{df ¿kfGt/0f x'―b} hfG5g\ . ha dflg; lzlIft x―'b} hfG5, p;df r]tgfsf] hfu/0f x'G5 . clg pm :jtGq eP/ af―Rg rfxG5 . s;}sf] k|hf eP/ xf]Og, hgtf eP/ af―Rg rfxG5 . dnfO{ ofb 5, ha @)$^ ;fnsf] qmflGtkZrft\ k|hftGqsf] pbo eof], cs:dft\ d]/f] l;¨f] dg l;dnsf] e'jfeGbf klg xn'¨f] ePsf] lyof] . ha /fhf jL/]Gb|n] dWo/ftdf hgtfsf] xftdf ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ lbg] 9f]sf vf]n], To;a]nf d sf]7faf6 a'n'{Ss pk|]m/ k"j{ lbzftk{m x]b}{ 3f―6L ;'Sg] u/L æk|hftGq lhGbfjfbÆ, æk|hftGq lhGbfjfbÆ eGb} PSn} dWo/ftdf ax'nfh:t} s/fP― . d]/f ;f/f kl/jf/ p7]/ cfP, l5d]sLx¿klg p7] / ;f/fsf] dg k|hftGqsf] pGdfbn] d:t eof] . To;a]nf Psn] csf]{nfO{ c¨fnf] xflnof] . d]/f cf―vfdf xif{sf cf―;' 6Ks]sf] b]v]/ ** jif{sL d]/L cfdfn] ;d]t æn u0f]zdfgnfO{ :ofjf; 5, pm ca b]ptf g} eof]Æ egL cfºgf] efjgf JoQm ug'{eof] . s'g}klg lrGtgzLn, ljj]szLn / lzlIft dflg; k|hftGq lj/f]wL x'g} ;Sb}g . olb cfw'lgs dflg; lzlIft eP/ klg k|hftGqsf] lj/f]w u5{ eg] Tof] dflg;sf] lbdfudf s]xL g s]xL ljs[ltn] 5f]k]sf] x'g;S5 . @)#^ ;fndf ha /fhf jL/]Gb|n] ax'bnLo / ;'wf/ ;lxtsf] lgb{nLo k|hftGqaLr s'g /f]Hg] 12

13 eGg] k|Zgdf hgdt ;+u|x u/fpg] 3f]if0ff u/], Tof]a]nf d}n] 7Ls b/af/ k5fl8 nflhDkf6l:yt d]/f] Pp6f xf]6]ndf ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf nflu ljleGg /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ af]nfP/ ljrf/uf]i7L cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyP― . xf]6]nsf Dofg]h/ ;fu/ t'nfw/ ;d]tn] eg], æs0f{;/, b/af/sf] k5fl8 a;]/ xfdLn] o:tf /fhgLlts sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug'{ plrt xf]nf <Æ tTkZrft\ klg kß/Tg t'nfw/, sgsdfg zfSoh:tf ax'bnLo k|hftGqdf ljZjf; /fVg] /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ cfºg} xf]6]nsf] k|f¨0fdf lgDtf] u/L xf]6]nsf sd{rf/Lx¿, 7d]n / nflhDkf6df a:g] l5d]sLx¿nfO{ e]nf u/fO{ efif0f / lrofkfg u/fP― . To;a]nf t d}n] kß/Tg / sgsdfg zfSonfO{ /fhgLlts JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrg]sf] klg lyOg― . d Pp6f pBdL x―', d]/f nflu h'g;'s} ;/sf/ cfPklg To;nfO{ d}n] :jLsfg'{ k5{ . t/ cln k9]n]v]sf] lzlIft gful/ssf] x}l;otn] k|hftGqk|lt cf:yf x'g' :jfefljs} xf] . lsGt' d s'g} /fhgLlts bndf ;+nUg JolQm xf]Og / eljiodf klg s'g} /fhgLlts kf6L{l;t ;DaGw /fVg] d]/f] dg;fo 5}g . oBkL s]xL xb;Dd klxn] d ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqdf cf:yf /fVg] uy{] . /fh;+:yfnfO{ æcg]stfdf PstfÆ sf] k|ltd"lt{sf] ?kdf ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ eGg] ;f]rfO{ /fVg] Pp6f Monarchist /fhtGqjfbL lyP― . zflGtk|]dL /fhf jL/]Gb| :juL{o x―'bf ;f/f g]kfn /f]P h:t} d klg ljef]/ ePsf] lyP, ;f/f o'jfx?n] skfn vf}/]/ cfºgf] j]bgf kf]v] h:t} d}n] klg cfºgf] dd{ kf]v]sf lyP / dfUg] ;d]tn] k};f dfu]/ gf/fo0flx6Ldf km'n r9fP h:t} d}n] klg >4fsf] km'n r9fpg uPsf] lyP― . ;f―Rr} eg' eg―] d Tof] ;SsnL /fhtGqnfO{ rf]vf] / crn lxdfn h:t} ;Dkbfsf] ?kdf ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ eGg] ljrf/ af]s]sf] Pp6f df]gfls{:6 (Monarchist) lyP . t/ lhGbuLdf d slxn] ;+ls0f{ /fhfjfbL (Royalist) algg\ . Tof] a]nf g]kfndf To:tf klg /fhfjfbL lyP hf] /fhkl/jf/l;t 3lgi7 ;DaGw 5 egL hgdfg;df Wjf―; b]vfpg x/]s laxfg …dlg{¨ jfsÚ hf―bf /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:osf] 9f]sf aflx/ uf8L kfls{¨ u/]/ hfg] . clg, cfk"m /fhfjfbL ePsf] 9f]n lk6\b} To;af6 gfhfoh kmfObf lng vf]Hg] . tTsflng dx]Gb| k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifsf] cWoIf 1fg]Gb| x'―bf kf―r jif{;Dd Pp6f ;+/If0fljb\sf] x}l;otn] pxf―l;t sfd u/]sf] lyP . t/ ha 1fg]Gb| /fhf eof], d}n] slxn] klg pxf―nfO{ e]6\g uPg / slxNo} sf]lz; klg u/Lg . tTsflng dx]Gb| k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifsf cWoIf 1fg]Gb|l;t d]/f] ;DaGw ;+/If0fsf] k]zfut cfwf/df dfq ;Lldt lyof] . 5 jif{sf] nfdf] sfo{sfndf cWoIf 1fg]Gb| / d aLr /fhgLltsf] …/Ú klg pRrf/0f ePg . x'g t Pp6f ;+/If0fljb / ko{6gljbsf] x}l;otn] /fhf 1fg]Gb|;―u dfq xf]Og, :juL{o /fhf jL/]Gb|l;t klg ;do ;kodf ;fIFfTsf/x¿ ePsf lyP . afx| jif{ klxn] g]kfn ;Dkbf ;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf ;o jif{ cl3sf / clxn]sf sf7df8f}+ zx/sf kmf]6f]x¿ gSzfn afndlGb/l:yt gfkmf xndf k|bz{g u/]sf lyof}+ . Tof] k|bz{gLn] g]kfnL hgdfg;df k/Dk/fut g]kfnL Pj+ /f0ffsfnLg jf:t'snfaf/] Pp6f lrGtgsf] nx/ g} NofPsf] lyof] . a8f] ;kmn ePsf] lyof] Tof] k|bz{gL . k|bz{gL rln/x]s} a]nf Pslbg ck|Toflzt ¿kdf /fhf jL/]Gb| ;fdfGo gful/s ;/x cfk}+m df]6/ rnfP/ cfP . lagfs'g} cf}krfl/s em}emd]nf, g s'g} ;]So'l/6L uf8{ cfP g s's'/nfO{ g} k|bz{gL:yn ;'―£g k7fOof] . tLg lbg cufl8 tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL cfPsf] a]nf ;'/IffsdL{x¿sf] nfjfn:s/sf ;fy k|bz{gL x]g{ cfPsf] lyof] . dnfO{ nfUof], hgtf t ca /fhf eP5g\ † /fhf jL/]Gb|sf ;fy >'lt / lg/fhg klg cfPsf lyP . æ;o jif{ klxn] sf7df8f}+ o:tf] lyof], x]/Æ, eGb} /fhfn] cfºgf ;—;fgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;DemfO/x]sf] b[Zo clxn];Dd dnfO{ ofb 5 . ;fwf/0f hgtfe}+m /fhf klg 13

14 cfºgf ;Gtlt of]Uo ePsf] x]g{ rfxbf] /x]5 eGg] dnfO{ cg'ej eof] . kmf]6f] k|bz{gL gh/ ug]{ qmddf /fhfn] dnfO{ ;f]w], æklxn] sf7df8f}+df b'Oj6f w/x/f lyP, xf]Og / <Æ /fhfsf] k|Zgn] d cg'Ql/t eP― . dnfO{ t sf7df8f}+df b'O{j6f w/x/f lyof] eGg] s'/fsf] 1fg lyPg . ;'Gwf/f5]pdf clxn] b]lvg] w/x/fsf af/]df dfq} dnfO{ yfxf lyof] . kl5 k'/ftTjljb\ k"0f{xif{ ah|frfo{nfO{ ;f]Wbf dfq yfxf kfP―—klxn] b'Oj6f w/x/f /x]5g\ . Pp6f 9n]/ 29 w/fzfoL eof], csf]{ 5―b}5 . kmf]6f] k|bz{gL gh/ ul/;s]kl5 /fhfn] dnfO{ eGg'eof], æd;―u klg k'/fgf kmf]6f]x¿ 5g\ . kl5 k|bz{gL ug{] a]nf d lbp―nf t/ kmsf{pg' k5{ lg †Æ eGb} d';'d';' xf―;]/ ;/ntfk"j{s JoQm u/]sf tL zAbx¿df /fhfsf] ljgf]blk|o :jefj emlNsGYof] . eQmk'/ SofG;/ c:ktfn pb\3f6g qmddf /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 y'k|} ljlzi6 JolQmx¿aLr dnfO{ JolQmut ¿kn] af]nfP/ eGg'eof], æltd|f] ;kgf k"/f eof] xf]Og < ca s]xL gof― s'/f ;f]r]sf 5f}+ <Æ tTsfn} d}n] laGtL u/]+, æ;/sf/, ljb]zsf cGo zx/x¿df e}+m lrtjgsf] e/tk'/nfO{ klg d]l8sn l;6L agfpg kfP x'GYof]Æ . / km]l/ yKb} eg] æToxf― kfgL, oftfoft, hUuf nufot w]/} k"jf{wf/x¿ 5g\ .Æ /fhfn] eGg'eof], æljrf/ /fd|f] 5 t/ lrtjgsf hgtf s] eG5g\, Tof] klxn] a'em .Æ Tof] egfOdf hgefjgfsf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ eGg] /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] efjgf cleJoQm eO/x]sf] lyof] . o;/L g} /fhfn] …SofG;/ jfsfygÚ df klg dnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] . /fhf/fgLaf6 JolQmut tj/df s;}nfO{ rGbf glbg] k/Dk/f ePklg dnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 36gf d la;{g ;lSbg . tTsflng dx]Gb| k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn] PskN6 dxf/fhu~hl:yt lgd{n lgjf;df cfof]lht /flqef]hdf d klg ;xefuL lyP― . To;a]nfsf jgdGqL ;lndldof― cG;f/LnfO{ /fhf jL/]Gb|n] eGg'ePsf] lyof] æx]/ jgdGqL, gLltlgdf{tfx¿n] o:tf ljz]if1x¿sf] -dnfO{ b]vfP/_ ;Nnfx lnP/ sfd ug'{k5{ . ljsf; / ;+/If0fsf] cjwf/0ff logLx¿nfO{ a9L yfxf 5 .Æ To:t} ;g\ !((* df ePsf] /fhf jL/]Gb| l;tsf] ;fIffTsf/ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kn lyof] . To;a]nf u08sL c~rndf e|d0fjif{sf] ;Gbe{df cfof]lht ko{6g dxf]T;jdf ;xefuL eP/ d ;/f;/ sf7df8f}+ cfPsf] lyP― . 3/ guOsg e|d0fs} n'uf nufP/ d ;f]e}+m ;f]N6L xf]6]ndf k'u]+ . Toxf― :jL6\h/Nof08sf /fi6«klt k|f]k]m;/ cfgf]n sn/åf/f /flqef]hsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . cGbfhL &M#) ah] /fhf jL/]Gb| / :jL; /fi6«klt xnleq cfpg'eof] . xndf cGbfhL rf/;o hgf hlt ljlzi6 JolQmx¿, e|d0fbnsf ;b:ox¿ tyf :jb]zL Pj+ ljb]zL kqsf/x¿ klg lyP . ;a}hgf /fhf / ljlzi6 kfx'gf e]6 ug{ nfd nfuL al;/x]sf lyP . d cln 6f9} al;/x]sf] lyP― . t/, 6]lnlehgn] tl:a/ lvRg nfUbf :k6nfO6df /fhfn] dnfO{ b]v]sf] /x]5 . Psl5g\kl5 Pshgf c+u/Ifs d]/f] 5]pdf cfP/ …;/sf/af6 tkfO{nfO{ af]nfOaS;]sf] 5Ú eg] . x\jL:sLsf] lunf; Pshgf ;fyLnfO{ ;dfpg lbP/ d /fhf;fd' uP― . æoL s0f{ zfSo x'g\, ;dfh;]jf / ;+/If0fdf klg logsf] cle?lr 5 eGb} dnfO{ :jL; /fi6«kltnfO{ lrgfOlbg' eof] . /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 d}n] tLg k6s tSdf kfP―, b'OkN6 uf]vf{ blIf0f afx' / Ps k6s lqzlQm k§ . x/]skN6 lje"if0f ;df/f]xdf /fhfaf6 d]/f] s'ddf :kz{ ubf{ ;f―Rr} lhpdf Ps lsl;dsf] t/+u / :kz{ cg'e"lt x'g] uYof]{ . s;}nfO{ kIfkft gug]{ /fhf jL/]Gb|nfO{ ;De―mbf d cfh klg 6f]nfpg] ub{5' . zfob oxL sf/0faf6 klg d /fhfjfbL ePsf] x'g;S5 . ha /fhb/af/ xTofsf08 eof], ;f/f ;+;f/df txNsf dlRrof] . cs:dft\ g]kfn ljZjsf] /fhgLlts dfglrqdf :ki6 b]lvg yfNof] . /fhkl/jf/sf] csNklgo b]xfj;fg kZrft ha ;f/f g]kfnLn] :jtM:k"mt{ ¿kdf skfn vf}l/P, dfUg]x¿ ;d]t k};f 14

15 dfu]/ /fhb/af/df k"mn r9fpg uP, To;a]nf d]/f] dgdf Pp6f cgf}7f] ;f]r cfPsf] lyof], …lsg Tof] 36gfqmdnfO{ ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] ;b'kof]u gug]{ <Ú tTsfn} d}n] Pp6f Mountain and The King gfds j[Qlrq agfpg] ljrf/ u/]+ . oxL k[i7e"ldsf /fhfsf] bfx;+:sf/df nfvf}+ dflg;sf] dd{:kzL{ ljJxn efjgfx¿, skfn sf6]sf ;Dk"0f{ o'jfju{x¿ / x\jLn lro/df a;]/ k'ikf~hnL lbg cfpg]x¿sf] b[ZonfO{ 5fofÍg u/]/ Pp6f j[Qlrq agfO{ k|rf/—k|;f/df ug]{ . of] j[Qlrqaf/] d}n] xf]6]n Pzf]l;P;g, kf6f, gf6f / g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf dxfk|aGwsl;t klg b'O{—tLg r/0f s'/f u/]sf] lyP― t/ sf/0fjz j[Qlrq eg] agfpg ;lsPg . sltko b]zdf wd{ / hftLo e]befjsf sf/0fn] ;dfh IftljIft ePsf] 5 . t/ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df clxn];Dd wd{ / hftsf] gfp―af6 Psyf]kf /ut au]sf] 5}g . xfd|f] /fli6«o ;lxi0f'tf hLjGt x'g'df /fh;+:yfsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf lyof] h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . t/ @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] k|hftflGqs cEof;df /fhf ;lqmo x'g'x'―b}g eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 . k|s[ltsf] of] lgod xf], h;/L df}/L / sldnfsf /fgL vf]kLleq a;L/xG5g\, To:t} cfw'lgs hdfgfdf /fhf OHhtsf ;fy cfºgf] :yfgdf lglZqmo eP/ a:g' k5{ . hgtfsf] ;]jf hgk|ltlglwn] g} ug]{5g\ . olb pgLx¿n] /fd|f] sfd u/]gg\ eg] s]xL ;dokl5 pgLx¿nfO{ hgtfn] g} nf]Kkf VjfO{ csf]{ hgk|ltlglw Nofpg]5g\ . o;/L g} x'G5 k|hftflGqs k|lqmofsf] lg/Gt/tf . oxL k|lqmofaf6 g} Pslbg b]zdf nfos g]tf cfp―5g\, o;df s'g} z+s} 5}g . d u}/ /fhgLlts dfG5] x'―bfx'―b} klg ddf s]xL /fhgLlts lrGtg ePsf] dx;'; u5'{ . :s"n k9\g] a]nfdf dnfO{ 6\o";g k9fpg] d]/f u'? k|ofu/fh l;+x ;'jfn To;a]nf sf―u|];sf g]tf lyP . pgsf] 3/df k9\g hf―bf y'k|} sfo{stf{x¿sf] hd36 b]lvGYof] . af;' l/;fn, sdn lrqsf/x¿ pgsf] 3/df cfO{ 306f}+;Dd /fhgLlts ukmufkm ul//xGy] . d k9\g] lgx'―n] pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;'lg/xGy+] . d}n] Tof] /fhgLlts jftfj/0fdf lg/Gt/ kf―r—5 jif{ latfPklg slxNo} kf6L{ /fhgLlt ug]{ of]hgf agfOg . t/ k|hftGqsf] lrGtg d]/f] dgdf ul9;s]sf] lyof] . zfob To;}sf] kmn:j¿k b/af/sf] k5fl8 xf]6]n vf]n]/ klg ax'bnLo k|hftGqnfO{ 6]jf lbg] d}n] ;fx; u/]+ . @)#^ ;fnsf] hgdt ;+u|xdf ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs lqmofsnfkdf cfºg} lsl;dn] nfu]klg b/af/af6 dnfO{ slxNo}, s'g} lsl;dsf] /fhgLlts bafj cfPg . /fhb/af/ k5fl8sf] d]/f] xf]6]nsf] tnf a9fpg d}n] /fhb/af/df lalGtkq lbP― . lagf/f]stf]s tnf yKg cg'dlt kfP― . SofG;/sf] If]qdf nfUbf zfxHofbL hoGtLl;t sfd ul/of] t/ slxNo} klg dk|lt pxf―df lj/f]wfef; b]lvg . Pslbg b/af/sf tTsfnLg ;lrj gf/fo0fk|;fb >]i7n] dnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ug'{eP5 . d]/f kL=P= n] 6]lnkmf]g p7fP . d}n] o"=Pg=8L=kL= df sfd ug]{ If]qkf6Lsf] d]/f] k'/fgf] ;fyL gf/fo0fk|;fb >]i7 eG7fg]/ lagf;f]wk'5 Ps}rf]l6 6]lnkmf]gdf eg], æP gf/fo0fhL, Sofxf] w]/} lbgdf 6]lnkmf]g ug'{eof] lg †Æ 6]lnkmf]gaf6 æd /fhb/af/af6 gf/fo0fk|;fb >]i7 af]n]sf] s0f{hL, tkfO{nfO{ Psrf]l6 e]6\g' 5, k'm;{b 5 tkfO{nfO{ <Æ egL ;f]Wg'eof] . d t tLg5Ss k/]+ . To;a]nf /fhb/af/sf] gf/fo0fk|;fb eg]kl5 w]/} 7"nf dflg;df ulgGy] . ;f/f b]zdf pgsf] rrf{ kl/rrf{ x'GYof] . d}n] ljgd|tfsf ;fy eg] æcf]xf], d}n] t lrGg} ;lsg . d}n] t d]/f] ;fyL kf] eG7fg+], eGgf];\ xh"/ d}n] s] ug'{ k¥of] <Æ ætkfO{+ Psrf]l6 d]/f] 3/df cfpg ;Sg'x'G5 <Æ, pxf―n] kmf]gaf6 ;f]Wg'eof] . æckm sf];{ xh"/ d cfOxfN5' lg,Æ d}n] eg] . …wGojfbÚ eGb} pxf―n] 6]lnkmf]g /fVg'eof] . dnfO{ gf/fo0fk|;fb >]i7sf] 3/} yfxf lyPg . To:tf] 7"nf] dfG5]nfO{ tkfO{sf] 3/ sxf―lg/ k5{ egL ;f]Wg' klg ePg . cflv/ d}n] c¿x¿l;t 15

16 pxf―sf] 7]ufgf ;f]w]/ Psflaxfg} kf6gsf] ;]G6d]l/h;―u}sf] pxf―sf] 3/ k'u]+ . pxf― Aof8ldG6g v]ln/fVg'ePsf] /x]5 . rf/}lt/ 5—;ft hgf To;a]nfsf / clxn]sf dGqL;d]t e};s]sf jl/i7 /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ lyP . pxf―n] Pp6f ef/]e"/] ;6 xfg]klg …af af † xh"/ Sof ;6 xfg]sf] †Ú eGb} pgLx¿ tfl/km ul//fv]sf lyP . clg gf/fo0fk|;fb >]i7 klg d';'Ss xf―;]/ pgLx¿sf] tfl/km :jLsf/ ug'{x'GYof] . v]nsf] aLrd} pxf―n] dnfO{ b]Vg'eof] / t'?Gt} ætkfO{+ s0f{ zfSohL xf] <Æ egL ;f]Wg'eof] . æPsl5g\ x} zfSohL, of] Pp6f u]d l;Wofp―m .Æ æx'G5Æ eGb} d}n] klg pxf―x¿sf] v]n x]l//x]+ . v]nkZrft\ ?dfnn] kl;gf k'5\b} dnfO{ c―ufnf] xfn]/ pxf― a:g] 3/sf] cufl8sf] 6x/fdf nfg'eof] . 6x/fdf pxf―n] cfºgf] ;fgf] clkm; agfO{ /fVg'ePsf] /x]5 . aLrsf] uf]nf] 6]a'ndf y'k|} kmfOnx¿ lyP . clg a;]/ dnfO{ gx]/Lsg kmfOn kN6fp―b} pxf―n] eGg'eof], æs0f{ zfSohL, tkfO{nfO{ >LnÍg ;/sf/n] jfl0fHob"tdf dgf]gog u/]sf] /x]5 . o;sf nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|ltlqmof dfu]sf] 5 .Æ pxf―n] k]ml/ eGg'eof], æx]gf]{;\, xfd|f] k//fi6« dGqfnosf] lgod cg';f/ xfdLn] c¿ b]zdf jfl0fHob"t dgf]gog ug{ ;S5f}+ t/ c¿ b]zn] g]kfnLx¿nfO{ dgf]gog u¥of] eg] xfdLn] :jLs[lt lbg] rng 5}g, To;}n] tkfO{n] :jLs[ltlagf g} jfl0fHob"tsf] sfd ;'¿ u/] e}xfNYof] lg .Æ o; ljifodf d]/f] tTsfnLg k//fi6« ;lrj ljZjk|wfg / lrkm ckm k|f]6sn ch'{gaxfb'/ l;+xl;t klg s'/f e};s]sf] lyof] . d}n] pxf―x¿nfO{ eg]sf] lyP―, æolb >LnÍg ;/sf/n] dnfO{ jfl0fHob"tdf dgf]gog ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt dfu]sf] 5 eg] k//fi6« dGqfnon] lsg lb+b}g < d g]kfnL x―', d oxf― s/ lt5'{ . olb d 7Ls pDd]bjf/ x'― eg] 7Ls eg]/ k7fpg' k¥of], olb d]/f] /]s8{ /fd|f] 5}g eg] dnfO{ g/fd|f] eg]/ k7fpg' k¥of] .Æ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltljgf d jfl0fHob"tsf] kb u|x0f ulb{g eg]/ pxf―x¿nfO{ d}n] klxn] g} eg]sf] lyP― . zfob To;}sf nflu k//fi6« dGqfnon] d]/f] kmfOn /fhb/af/ k7fPsf] xf]nf . kmfOn x]bf{x]b}{ gf/fo0fk|;fb >]i7n] dnfO{ csf]{ k|Zg ug'{eof], æs0f{hL, tkfO{+ ax'bnjfbL ls lgb{njfbL <Æ d csdSsdf k/]+, s]xL hjfkm glbO{ r'krfk al;/x]+ . Psl5gkl5 pxf―n] cln xf―;]/ k]ml/ ;f]Wg'eof] æd Pp6f ;fgf] k|Zg ub}{5' To;sf] hjfkm lbg tkfO{nfO{ lsg Tolta]/ nfu]sf] <Æ d}n] s] hjfkm lbg], ljrf/} ug{ ;lsg . cflv/df d}n] pxf―nfO{ eg]+ æxh"/n] Toltsf 7"Nf–7"nf dfG5]x¿nfO{ aflx/ /fv]/ dnfO{ c¨fnf] xfnL leq;Dd Nofpg'eof] / olt 7"nf] OHht lbg'eof] . To;}n] xh"/nfO{ d}n] lha|f]af6 hjfkm lbpm― ls cGt/fTdfaf6 <Æ d]/f] d'v} gx]/L d';'Ss xf―;]/ æh'g;'s} efiffaf6 hjfkm lbPklg x'G5,Æ pxf―n] eGg'eof] . d}n] a'lemxfn]+, oxf― d}n] e"m6f] af]n] klg x'g] /x]5 . t/ d}n] Toxf― e'm6f] af]Ng] k|of; ul/g . d}n] ;Lw}+ eg] æ/fhfaf6 cfd g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ …ltdLx¿nfO{ lrof dgk5{ ls skmL dgk5{ <Ú egL ;f]lwalS;of], x'g t dnfO{ lrof klg rN5 skmL klg rN5 t/ …ltdLnfO{ s] dgk5{ <Ú eg]/ ;f]w]kl5 d}n] skmL dgk5{ elglbPsf] x'―, cGoyf d]/f] s'g} RjfO; 5}g .Æ d]/f] s'/f ;'Ggf;fy gf/fo0fk|;fbhLn] n]lv/fv]sf] snd 6]a'ndf /fvL, æe]/L u'8, :df6{ cfG;/, n >LnÍg ;/sf/n] Pp6f nfos dflg;nfO{ g} jfl0fHob"tdf dgf]gog u/]sf] /x]5 . wGojfb, n ca hfgf];\ tkfO{l;t e]6]/ v';L nfUof]Æ eGg'eof] . ;ft lbgkl5 >LnÍfsf] jfl0fHob"tsf nflu d]/f] gfddf :jLs[ltkq cfOk'Uof] . d}n] a'e]mcg';f/ g]kfndf ljb]zL ;/sf/n] dgf]gog ug]{ jfl0fHob"t kbsf nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltkq kfpg] d klxnf] jfl0fHob"t lyP― . To;a]nf jL/]Gb|k|lt d]/f] >4f w]/} a9\of] lsgls ax'bnLo k|hftGqdf cf:yf ePsf] yfxf kfp―bfkfp―b} klg dnfO{ ;/sf/af6 g} jfl0fHob"tsf] nflu :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/of] . kbsf nflu ;+sL0f{ ljrf/wf/fsf t/ dxTjfsfª\IfL g]tfx¿df s] of] ;Dej xf]nf < 7"nf kf6L{sf g]tfsf af/]df t s] s'/f, s'g} kf6L{l;t cfa4 g} 16

17 gePsf Pshgf d]/f] :s"nsf ;dsIfL, hf] Pstfsf dGqL aGg k'u], pgn] bz nfv ko{6s g]kfndf leoeofpg] dGtJo k|s6 u/]sf lyP cfheGbf rf}aL; jif{ klxn] . g]kfndf To;a]nf b'Oj6fdfq kf―r tf/] xf]6]n lyP . ;fKtflxs ljdz{sf ;Dkfbs xl/x/ lj/xLn] d]/f] k|ltlqmof 6]lnkmf]gdfk{mt hfGg vf]Hbf— …of] ;Dej 5}g . of] t clxn]sf] kl/j]zdf cfsfzdf dxn agfpg] h:tf] s'/f xf]Ú eGg] d}n] l6Kk0fL u/]+ . d]/f] l6Kk0fLnfO{ xl/x/ lj/xLn] 7"N7"nf] cIf/sf zLif{s /fvL …cfsfzdf dxnÚ eg]/ 5fk]kl5 d]/f ;fyL t cfuf] eP5g\ . p;n] emG8} aL;— kRrL; jif{ e};s]sf] 5, dl;t gaf]n]sf] . ldl6¨ jf kf6L{x¿df e]6eof] eg]klg pgL p―m6n] h:t} 6fpsf] kmsf{P/ dlt/ x]g{ rfx―b}gg\ . k|hftGq km:6fpg g;s]sf] zfobo:t} cb"/bzL{ /fhgLlts dgf]j[lQsf] sf/0fn] klg xf] ls † kl/R5]b b—# Psrf]l6 kms]{/ x]/f}+ t † æ3/sf cfOdfO{nfO{ v]tjf/Lsf] sfddf hf]t]/, afnaRrfnfO{ ufO{, uf]?, afv|f r/fpg nufP/ cfk"mrflx― j/kLknsf] zLtn 5fofd'lg rf}tf/Ldf a;]/ /]l8of] 6«flGhi6/ ;'Gb}, af3rfn, Sofl/d, tf; v]Nb} lbg latfpg] clg …of] ePgÚ, …Tof] ePgÚ eg]/ lx+8\g] k/hLjLx¿n] slxNo} cj;/ u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . xL/f vfgLdf kfOG5, vfgLaf6 xL/f lgsfNgsf lglDt ulx/f sf]OnfvfgLdf sf]Onf;―u} rNg'k5{ . sf]OnfvfgLdf xL/f kfpg sfnfDo} x'g tof/ x'g'k5{ . clgdfq k|fKt x'G5 xL/f . s;}n] s;}nfO{ lbg cfk}+m cfp―b}g cj;/ . of] t vf]Hg] rLh xf], u|x0f ug]{ rLh xf], k|of]u ug]{ rLh xf] / d]xgt u/]/ k|fKt ug]{ rLh xf] .Æ s'g}klg /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf /fHosf] zf;g rnfpg g]tfx¿dfq xf]Og, g]tfx¿nfO{ r'g]/ k7fpg] hgtfdf klg r]tgf / hfu/0f x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿df ljj]ssf] ljsf; geP;Dd h'g;'s} /fhgLltstGq cfPklg To;n] sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . bfz{lgs b[li6n] x]g]{ xf] eg] zf;g rnfpg] g]tf / hgtf b'j} /fd|f] eP s'g} csf]{ tGqsf] cfjZostf x'―b}g . /fd/fHodf hxf―lgof― zf;g eP/ klg /fhfb]lv k|hf;Dd ;j} wdf{Tdf / OdfGbf/ e}lbPsf] x'―bf, Toxf― 36 v'lzofnL lyof] . pbfx/0f:j¿k xfdL eGg] u5f}{, æof] t /fd/fHo h:t} eof] .Æ tL /dfOnf wfld{s syfx¿ ;'Gbf /fd|f nfUnfg\ t/ Jojxf/df nfu" x'―b}gg\ . clxn] dflg;x¿sf] dgf]j[lQdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 . cg]s ljrf/ / dgMl:ylt ePsf dflg;x¿ 5g\ clxn]sf] ;dfhdf . o:tf] cj:yfdf Pp6f Jofjxfl/s Joj:yfn] dfq l:ylt ;DxfNg ;S5 . ljut bz—af¥x jif{sf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;df g]kfndf w]/} pynk'yn eP . cg]s /fhgLlts cEof;x¿ ul/P . hgtfn] ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] d"NofÍg l9nf]—rf―8f] ul/;s]sf 5g\ . sf+u|];, Pdfn], /f=k|=kf=, ldlnh'nL ;/sf/ / :jo+ /fhfsf] zf;g klg x]l/of], cg'ej ul/of] . lgisif{df eGg'kbf{ hgtfsf] ;xof]u lagf s'g}klg zf;g rNg ;Sb}g . To;}n] t xf]nf, g]kf]lnog af]gfkf6{ klg b'O{ rLh;―u 8/fp―y]— Pp6f lgxTyf hgtf / csf]{ snd . t/ of] /fhgLlts cÍul0ftnfO{ g]kfnL g]tfx¿n] slxNo} a'e]mgg\ . clxn] ljleGg /fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfx¿ / ca x'―bfx'―b} …PsJolQm— Pskf6L{Ú le―mu]bfpjfbL /fhgLlt1x¿ klg hgtf / k|hfsf] gfp―df /fhgLlt ul//fv]sf 5g\ . hgtfnfO{ cfºgf] :jfy{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] a:t' (Take it for granted) sf ¿kdf lnO/fv]sf 5g\ . dfgf}+ hgtf eg]sf t e]+8f—afv|f x'g\ . x/]sn] hgtfnfO{ cf—cfºgf] /fhgLlts sf]6df ;hfpg] u'nfkm km"nsf] ¿kdf lnO/fv]sf 5g\ . hgtfn] s] rfx]sf] 5, Tof] yfxf kfp―bfkfp―b} klg nfh;/d krfP/ cfºgf] JolQmut / bnLo :jfy{nfO{ hgtfsf] nflu eg]/ cfºgf wf/0ffx¿ lgeL{s ¿kn] 5f―l6/xG5g\ . o;/L hgtfsf] gfp―df hgtfnfO{ g} 17

18 b'Mv lbO/x―bf of] k|j[lQn] k|hftGqk|lt g} ljt[i0ff hufOlbG5 . h] h:tf] ePklg Pp6f s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] dfGg} k5{, k|hftGq :jrflnt /fhgLlts ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] cr"s af6f] xf] . s]xL ;dosf lgldQ zfob of] k4ltn] cGof]nsf] ;[hgf ug{ ;Snf, ;dfhdf s]xL b'Mv klg lbg ;Snf t/ Pp6f r'gfjkl5 csf]{ r'gfjsf] k|lqmofut k4ltn] Pslbg ;sf/fTds glthf Nofpg]5 . o;n] slt ;do n]nf, eGg sl7g 5 . t/ hlt;'s} ;do lnPtfklg /fi6«sf] cfo'sf] ;Gbe{df tL lbg, Tof] ;do nfdf] x'―b}g . ha ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfsf] xftdf lglxt x'G5, hgtf cfk}+m ;r]t eP/ hfG5g\ . s] 7Ls, s] a]7Ls eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf (Sense of judgement) hgtfn] ljsf; ub}{ nfG5 . To;f] ePkl5 hgtfn] zfob Psrf]l6 wf]sf vfnf, b'O{ rf]l6 wf]sf vfnf, t];|f] rf]l6df t cjZo klg p;n] xf]z k'¥ofp―5 . o;/L k|hftflGqs k4ltdf hgtfdf /fhgLlts lrGtg / hfu/0fsf] ljsf; x'―b} hfG5 . hgtfsf] dgMl:yltdf dfq xf]Og, g]tf Pj+ sfo{stfx¿sf] af}l4s :t/ klg pRr eP/ hfG5 . ;a} g]tf, sfo{stf{ rf]/} eO/xG5g\, km6fxf g} eO/xG5g\ / e|i6 g} eO/xG5g\ eGg] cfjZostf 5}g . rf}w jif{sf] k|hftGqsf] Oltxf;df cb"/bzL{ g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x¿sf] cIfdtfsf] sf/0fn] s]xL /fhgLlts cGof]n ;[hgf ePtfklg b]zdf cjZo s]xL k|ult ePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . pQm sfnv08df k|hftflGqs zf;gsf] :j¿k ;kmn eGg g;lsP tfklg y'k|} ;sf/fTds sfdx¿ ePsf 5g\ . t/ ckm;f]r † xfdLn] To;nfO{ a'¤g} rfx]gf}+ . slxn]sfxL+ dnfO{ crDd nfU5, g]kfndf e|i6frf/sf] oltsf huhuL x'―bfx'―b} klg g]kfnn] oltsf ljsf; s;/L u¥of] < olb /fhgLlts g]tf / sfo{stf{x¿n] g]kfnnfO{ ;xL af6f]df 8f]xf]¥ofpg ;s]sf] eP oL rf}w jif{df xfdLn] slt ljsf; ul/;SYof}+ xf]nf † s]xL gubf{ t k|hftGqn] xfdLnfO{ oltsf lbPsf] 5 . t/ lsg xf] s'lGg † xfdLn] o;nfO{ :jLsfg{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ . cem dnfO{ nfU5, xfdLn] a'¤g] sf]lz; g} ul//x]sf 5}gf}+ . zfob ljutsf lbgx¿df ;xg} g;lsg], Joxf]g}{ g;lsg] / yfDg} g;lsg] /fhgLlts, cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs cGof]n / ljifdtfsf] sf/0fn] cfd g]kfnL hgtfdf lg/fzf / cGof]nk"0f{ jftfj/0f 5fof], h;n] ubf{ k|hftGqk|lt g} la:tf/} hgtfsf] cf:yf x/fpg yfNof] . o:tf] ;+qmd0fsfndf xfd|f] st{Jo s] x'G5 eg], xfdLn] ljut af¥x jif{leq k|fKt u/]sf pknlAwx¿nfO{ s]nfP/ x]g'{k¥of], a'¤g'k¥of] clg k|hftGqk|ltsf] cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{ hufpg] sfd ug'{k¥of] . t'iff/fkft ePsf] g]kfnLsf] dg / dl:tisnfO{ pa{/ agfpg, cfzf / ljZjf;nfO{ psf:g / k|hftGqk|ltsf] cf:yfnfO{ k'ghf{u[t u/fpg xfdLn] clxn] k|fKt u/]sf pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;Demg} k5{ . jf:tjdf k|hftGqn] g]kfnnfO{ w]/} s'/f lbPsf] 5 / l;sfPsf] klg 5 . t/ slxn] klg xfdLn] o;sf] ;xL d"NofÍg u/]gf}+ . ;f―Rr} eGg] xf] eg] xfdLn] slxn] klg kl5lNt/ kms]{/ x]g{ hfg]gf}+ . 5}g, k'u]g, ePg eGg] s'/fn] g} xfdLnfO{ ;w}+ c;Gt'i6 agfO/x\of] . klxn] xfdL sxf― lyof}+ / cfh xfdL sxf― 5f} < lxhf] xfdLl;t s] s] lyof] / cfh xfdLl;t s] s] 5 < Tof] s]nfpg xfdLn] vf]h]gf}+ . k|hftGq kl5sf sl/a kGw| jif{sf] cjlwdf xfdLn] xfl;n u/]sf pknlAwx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug]{ xf] eg] w]/} xtf]T;flxt aGg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5}g . o;f] 3f]l/P/ ;f]rf}+ t s]xL jif{ klxn];Dd Pp6f ;fgf] 3fp h―rfpg xfdL k6gf of uf]/vk'/sf cljsl;t c:ktfnx¿df hfg] uYof}{+ . cfh g]kfndf g} d'6' vf]n]/ ck/]zg ul/G5 . 6fpsf] h:tf] ;Dj]bgzLn c¨;d]t vf]n]/ cToGt ;Gtf]ifhgs zNolqmof eO/x]sf] 5 . s] of] :jf:Yo If]qdf ePsf] k|ult xf]Og < ljutsf jif{x¿df g]kfndf SofG;/ /f]u pkrf/sf] sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;ls+b}gYof] t/ cfh ;a}h;f] 7"nf 18

19 c:ktfnx¿df SofG;/ /f]usf] pkrf/ ug]{ zfvfx¿ v'ln;s]sf 5g\ . e/tk'/df t cem blIf0f Plzofs} Pp6f cfw'lgstd SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] ;+rfng;d]t e};s]sf] 5 . klxn] la/fdL x'―bf 8fS6/nfO{ hrfpg 306f}+;Dd jL/ c:ktfnsf] nfdf] nfOgdf s'g'{kYof]{, clxn] 6f] n—6f]ndf c:ktfn, gl;{ªxf]dx¿ v'ln;s]sf 5g\ . lzIffsf] If]qdf klg xfdLn] sd pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf 5}gf}+ . af¥x jif{ klxn];Dd clwsf+z kl/jf/sf s]6fs]6Lx¿ ljb]zdf k9\g hfGy] . jif{sf] s/f]8f}+ ¿k}of― ljb]lzGYof] . 5f]/f5f]/L aflx/ k9\g k7fp―bf ;Dk"0f{ kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf k|lts"n c;/ k5{ . jif{sf] b'O{—tLgrf]l6 aRrf lng, k'¥ofpg ljb]z e|d0f ubf{ cfly{s kIfaf6 dfq xf]Og, ef}lts Pj+ zf/Ll/s lx;fan] klg b'Mv x'G5 . cfh g]kfndf sd;]sd ef/t / blIf0f Plzofsf] ;dfg :t/sf :s"n, sn]hx¿ :yfkgf e};s]sf 5g\ . Psflt/ :jb]zd} cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] lzIff k|fKt ub}{5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ ljBfyL{x¿n] g]kfnLkg klg ;―u;―u} l;Sb}5g\ . of]eGbf 7"nf] pknlAw s] x'g;S5 < cGoq klg of]eGbf a9L sxf― s] kf] ePsf] 5 / < klxn] Pp6f 8fS6/L sf]if{sf] l;6 kfpgsf lglDt ljb]zL b"tfjf;sf rk|f;Lsf] rfs8L ug{ hfg'kYof]{ . Pp6f Ol~hlgol/Ë sf]if{sf] l;6 k|fKt ug{sf lgldQ ljb]zL ljZjljBfnox¿df 7"nf] /sd r9fpg'kYof]{, y'k|f] d]xgt / si6 ug'{kYof]{ . cfh 8fS6/ / Ol~hlgo/ dfq xf]Og, cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] Joj:yfkg / cGo ljwfsf lzIff xfl;n ug{ g]kfndf g} bh{gf} sn]hx¿ 5g\ . Pp6f ljZjljBfnoaf6 clxn] em08} bh{gf}+ pRr:t/Lo lzIf0f ;+:yfgx¿ v'lnO;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf clxn] g]kfnL ljBfyL{dfq xf]Og, ljb]zaf6 klg k9\g cfpg] qmd a9\bf] 5 . lzIffsf] IF]qdf s] of] ljsf; xf]Og < pknlAw xf]Og < clxn]sf] lg/fzfhgs kl/l:yltdf o:tf b'O{—rf/j6f pbfx/0f lbP/ dfq g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf cjwf/0ffnfO{ OlËt ug{ ;lsGg . t/ g]kfndf s]xL ePs} 5}g, x'g} ;Sb}g eGg] cToGt gsf/fTds ;f]rn] xfdLnfO{ olt lg/fz agfPsf] 5, o:tf b'O{—rf/j6f pknlAwsf s'/fx¿ ;'g]/dfq xfd|f cf―vf v'Nb}gg\ . s'Des0f{ h:tf] g}/fZosf] lr/ lgb|fdf nLg ePsfx¿nfO{ hufpg / Ao'―emfpg o:tf Pp6f—b'O6f pbfx/0fdfq lbP/ k'Ub}g . lg/fzfsf] cGwsf/do afbnnfO{ x6fpg / eljiosf] pHofnf] ls/0fnfO{ b]vfpg zfob g]kfndf ePsf c¿ pknlAwx¿nfO{ klg xfdLn] x]g'{ k5{ . o;} ;Gbe{df ;~rf/sf] IF]qdf Psrf]l6 k'g/fjnf]sg u/f}+ t † k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgf gx'―bf;Dd xfd|f] l:ylt s:tf] lyof] < uf]/vfkq / /fOlhË g]kfnsf] Psnf}6L lyof] . ufp― 3/df /]l8of] / 6«flGh:6/sf] PlG6gf 3'dfO{— 3'dfO{ /]l8of] g]kfnsf] ;dfrf/ ;'Gg'kYof]{ . To;dfly g;'gL gx'g] s'/} klg s] lyof] / † ;/sf/sf] PstkmL{ jStJo, dGqLx¿sf PstkmL{ efif0fx¿ . lrGtg / ;~rf/sf] c―Wof/f] Ogf/df g]kfnLx¿ y'lgO/x]sf lyP To;a]nf . cfh 6]lnlehgs} dfqklg rf/—kf―r j6f Rofgnx¿ 5g\ . lhNnf lhNnfdf Pkm=Pd= /]l8of] / sf7df8f+}df dfq} bh{gf} Pkm=Pd= :6]zgx¿ 5g\ . af]Ng]x¿n] cfºgf] ljrf/ lgeL{stfk"j{s k|:t't ug{ kfO/x]sf 5g\ / ;'Gg]x¿n] s] ;'Gg] s] g;'Gg] 5fgL—5fgL ;'Gg kfO/x]sf 5g\ . >f]tf / bz{sx¿n] ;'g]/, x]/]/, dgg u/]/ lgSof]{n ug]{ af}l4s Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . @)$^ ;fn cl3;Dd xfdL d'v vf]Ng g;Sg] l:yltdf lyof}+ eg] cfh h] klg af]Ng kfO/x]sf 5f}+ . dgdf p7]sf ;Dk"0f{ OR5f—cfsf+Iffx¿ lagfcj/f]w JoQm ug{ kfOPsf] 5 . x'g t v'nfkg / 5f8fkgsf] aLr Pp6f ;Eo ;fdflhs l;dfgf x'g' clt cfjZos 5 . o;nfO{ ;/sf/L lgod sfg"gn] eGbf klg dflg;sf] ;Eotf / ljj]sn] g} /]vfÍg ug]{ sfd u5{ . clxn] /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] h'g lsl;dsf] cfd x8tfn, rSsf hfd / k|bz{gx¿ ul//fv]sf 5g\, To;df hgtfn] c;xdlt hgfO;s]sf] 5 . clxn] /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkk|lt 19

20 hgtfsf] ljt[i0ff / c;xdlt :ki6 gb]lvP klg r'gfjtfsf hgtfn] cfºgf] OR5f hfx]/ ug]{5g\ . t/ h]xf];\, d}n] oxf― eGg vf]lh/x]sf] k|hftGq kZrft\ ;~rf/sf] If]qdf xfdLn] h]hlt clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf] 5f}+, To;nfO{ xfdLn] s;/L d"NofÍg ug]{ < a}+ls¨ IF]qdf klg sd k|ult ePsf] 5}g . s]xL jif{ klxn];Dd Ps xhf/ ¿k}of― a}+saf6 lemSg 306f}+;Dd nfOgdf a:g'kYof]{ . cfºg} k};f lngsf nflu a}+ssf] sd{rf/Lsf] rfs/L ug'{kYof]{ . cfh a}+ssf] l:yltdf sfofkn6 ePsf] 5 . a}+sleq k:bf ljb]zd} k'u]sf] h:tf] cg'ej x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/df zfnLgtf / ;dosf] jrt x'G5 . olt dfq xf]Og, klxn] s'g} pBd ug{sf] lgldQ C0f lng hf―bf Pg=cfO{=8L=;L= df jiff{}+ s'g'{kYof]{ . sd{rf/Lsf] rfs/L ug'{kYof]{ / df]6f] /sd ;nfdLsf ¿kdf r9fpg' kYof]{ . cfh a}+ls¨ ;]jf 3/—3/df k'lu;s]sf] 5 . C0f lng ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . sfd ug]{n] df}sf kfP / ;f―Rr} eGg] xf] eg] ha g]kfndf a}+ls¨ ;]jf ;'ne eof], ToxL―b]lv g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df k|ult ePsf] 5 . o:t} ko{6g IF]qs} pknlAwsf af/]df x]/f}+ . lxhf];Dd zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudn] xfd|f] cfsfz y'lg/fv]sf] lyof] . cfh l;¨f] cfsfz v'nf ul/Psf] 5 / cGo lghL jfo' ;]jfx¿ klg v'n]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] la;]{sf 5}gf}+, lxhf];Dd bz}+– ltxf/df 3/ hfg' kbf{ Go"/f]8sf] zf=g]=jf=lg= sf] ejg aflx/ 8]/f xfnL ;'Tg'kg]{ cj:yf lyof] . cfh w]/} ljs6 IF]q klg ;'ud ePsf 5g\ / xjfO{hxfhdf e|d0f ug]{ gAa] k|ltzt u|fxs g]kfnL g} e};s]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ xfdLn] g]kfnLsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf ¿kdf lng] ls glng] < elgG5, ;fgf d'n'ssf] cg'kftdf Plzofsf ;a}eGbf a9L Po/kf]6{x¿ g]kfnd} v'ln;s]sf 5g\ /] . ljut rf}w jif{df g]kfnsf] ko{6gn] w]/} 7"nf] km8\sf] df/]sf] 5 . xf]6]n, 6«]lsª, ¥oflº6ª, kj{tf/f]x0f / cGo ;fxl;s ko{6gsf] IF]qdf xfdLn] w]/} k|ultdfq u/]sf xf]Ogf}+, xfdL clxn] ljZj ko{6gsf] dfglrqdf cu|0fL :yfg cf]u6\g ;kmn ePsf 5f}+ . xfdLn] cfk"mnfO{ slxNo} lrGg ;s]gf}+, cfºgf] zlQmsf] cfef; slxNo} ePg . Psrf]l6 xfdL cfºg} hLjg:t/nfO{ t'ngf u/f}+ . lxhf];Dd g]kfnLsf] qmozlQm k'm6kfy] k;ndf dfq ;Lldt lyof] t/ cfh uNnL—uNnLdf emlsemsfp ;fgf–7"nf l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/, k|]m; xfp;x¿ vf]lnPsf 5g\ . oL k;ndf ;fdfg lsGg cfpg]x¿ ;a} ljb]zL xf]Ogg\, clwsf+z g]kfnLx¿ g} x'G5g\ . g]kfnLsf] qmozlQm sxf―af6 a9\of] < klxn] Pp6f :ofp vfg la/fdL x'g'kYof]{ . c;g, Gx}sGtnf / Tof}8 hfg] af6f] / uNnLx¿df klxn] :yfgLo ls;fgx¿ vk{gdf sfpnL a]Rg cfp―bf ºof―lsPsf sfpnLsf kft u'Gb|'s agfpgsf nflu dWodju{ kl/jf/sf cfOdfO{x¿n] ;d]t l6k]/ nfg] uy]{ t/ clxn] c;g, sfnLdf6L / cGo t/sf/L ahf/x¿df ;f―emkv uof] eg] vfgof]Uo uf]ne]+8f / xl/of ;fukft k|Zf:t ºof―lsO/fv]sf x'G5g\ / kl5 TolQs} s'lxP/ hfG5 . t/ s;}n] klg Toxf―af6 tL vfgof]Uo t/sf/L l6k]/ n}hfb}g . s] of] xfd|f] hLjg:t/ plS;Psf] ;Í]t xf]Og < clxn];Dd xfdLn] sf7df8f}+ leqsf pknlAwx¿af/] dfq s'/f u¥of}+ t/ ljsf;sf slgsf sf7df8f}+df dfq xf]Og, b]zsf cGoq 7fp―x¿df klg 5l/Psf 5g\ . s]xL ;do cl3;Dd sf7df8f}+jf;Lx¿ t/fO{lt/ hf―bf Toxf―sf dflg;x¿n], …nf}g xl/of] ;fu NofOlbgf];\ g, sfpnL NofOlbgf];\ gÚ eg]/ ;fyLefO, O:6ldqx¿;―u kmdf{O; uy]{ . t/ cfh ;of}+ 6«s Kofh, uf]ne+]8f, aGbf, sfpnL, efG6f / slxNo} gb]lvPsf cg]s hftsf ;fukft / t/sf/Lx¿ aflx/af6 sf7df8f}+ lelqG5g\ . s[lifsf] IF]qdf h'g ljsf; ePsf] 5, To;nfO{ sd cf―Sg ldNb}g . klxn] sf7df8f}+df va'{hf vfg kfOb}gYof], ta'{hf vfg kfOb}gYof] t/ cfh tL va'{hf, ta'{hf / cg]s kmnkm'nx¿ g]kfnsf ljleGg efux¿af6} sf7df8f}+df k|z:t} cfp―5g\ . dT:okfngsf] 20

21 ljsf; To;} cg'kftdf ePsf] 5 . lxhf];Dd wfgv]tdf kfOg] lxn] df5fdf dfq ;Gt'li6 lng] g]kfnL cfh bh{gf}+ hftsf tfhf df5fx¿ vfg kfpg] e};s]sf 5g\ . o:t} s'v'/f kfngdf qmflGtsf/L km8\sf] dfl/Psf] 5 . d ;fgf] 5―bf Pp6f c08f vfgsf] lglDt hGdlbg s'g'{kYof]{ . cfh c08f cfn'eGbf klg ;:tf] e};Sof] . xfdL ljsf;sf] of] ultnfO{ lsg :jLsfg{ ;Sb}gf}+ < af¥x jif{ klxn] d Psrf]l6 /fd]5fk e|d0fdf uPsf] lyP― . To;a]nf xfdLn] Ps s]hL] rfdnsf] emG8} tLg;o krf; ¿k}of― lt/]sf lyof}+ . cb'jfsf] efp ;f]Wbf lsnf]sf] tLg;o ¿k}of― eg]sf] lyof] . clxn] /fd]5fkd} Ps lsnf] cb'jfsf] 5QL; ¿k}of―, rfdn Pslsnf]sf] tL; ¿k}of― eGg] s'/f ;'g]+ . s] ljsf; sf7df8f}+df dfq ;Lldt ePsf] 5 / < cGt ljsf;sf] vf]nf au]sf] 5}g < tL; jif{ klxn] d cGgk"0f{ If]qsf] 3fGb|'s, r'Da'|ª cflb ufp―x¿df 3'Dg hfGy]+ . ufp― 7fp―df lx8\bf w]/} kmf]xf]/ lyof] . af; a:bf w"jf―n] ;f/fsf;f/f sf]7fx¿ c―Wof/f] ;'¿¨ h:tf b]lvGy] . 3/leqsf] jftfj/0f olt kmf]xf]/ b]lvGYof] Toxf― vfgf vfg g} cK7\of/f] nfUYof] . t/ clxn] cGgk"0f{ If]q cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] cfsif{s uGtJo:yn e};s]sf] 5 . cg'kd k|fs[lts Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] /dfOnf] bf]efg ag]sf] 5 clxn]sf] cGgk"0f{ If]q . ;kmf ;'―3/ af6f]3f6f], cToGt :jR5 jftfj/0f clg lx;L k/]sf ;Eo ufp―n]x¿ . of] If]q ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf cfsif{s kbofqf:ynsf] ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnL dfqsf] uj{sf] ljifo xf] . ljsf;sf ls/0f x]g{nfO{ klg ;sf/fTds cf―vf rflxG5 . s]xL ;do cl3 d hf]d;f]d / dfkmf{ k'u]sf] lyP― . Toxf― :ofpsf] v]tL x]g{ hf―bf af6f]— af6f]df :ofp g} :ofp la5\ofO/fv]sf] h:tf] nfUYof] . lx+8\g] af6f] g} lyPg, :ofj}:ofpdf 6]s]/ lx+8\g' kYof]{ . gu/sf]6 hfg zxl/ofx¿ l7dLdf af; a;]/ hfg' kYof]{ . cfh g]kfnsf clwsf+z ufp―x¿ ;'ud e};s]sf 5g\ . t}klg xfdLnfO{ ljsf; k'u]sf] 5}g . d ;fgf] 5―bf d]/f] dfdf3/ nugdf lah'nL aQL lyPg . cfh Toxf― dWo/ftdf klg lah'nLsf] pHofnf]n] lbgsf] cg'e"lt lbG5 . rfnL; jif{ klxn] d ci6«]lnof hf―bf d]/f] xjfO{hxfhsf] l6s6 agfpg bz lbg nfu]sf] lyof] . clxn] d]/f] sf]7faf6 ;+;f/sf s'g} klg d'n'ssf s'gf— sfKrfsf nflu klg xjfO{hxfhdfq xf]Og, a:g] xf]6]n / r9\g] uf8Lsf] ;d]t a'lsª ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'v / b'Mv eg]sf ;fk]lIft j:t' (Relative Matter) x'g\, lgtfGt k[ys\ j:t' xf]Ogg\ . k'Ug]nfO{ yf]/} ePklg k'U5, gk'Ug]nfO{ hlt ePklg k'Ub}g . slt k'Uof]nfO{ k'Uof] eGg], slt k'u]gnfO{ k'u]g eGg] < clg, slt ePkl5 ljsf; eGg] < x'g], gx'g], ;DkGg / ljkGgsf] l;dfgf sf]g{ clt g} uf¥xf] 5 . afO; jif{ klxn] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] xjfO{df cjl:yt East West Center n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] …;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fÚ ljifos Ps uf]i7Ldf efu lng d uPsf] lyP― . ;Dd]ngdf blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sx¿sf tL;— rfnL; hgf k|ltlglwx¿ ;xefuL lyP . x/]s b]zn] cf–cfºgf] b]zsf] sfo{kq (Country Paper) k|:t't ug'{kg]{ lyof] . ;a} k|ltlglwn] cf—cfºgf] d'n'sn] ;+/If0f k|of;df slt nufgL u¥of] eGg] af/]df ljj/0fx¿ lbPsf lyP . cfly{s s'/f ubf{ pgLx¿n] :jfefljs ¿kn] cf–cfºgf] b]zsf] s"n /fli6«o cfosf af/]df klg pNn]v u/] . ha d]/f] kfnf] cfof], d}n] cfºgf] b]zsf] s'n /fli6«o pTkfbg GNP clt Go"g ePtfklg GNH clt pRr ePsf] s'/f atfP― . GNP t ;a}n] ;'g]sf] xf], k/Gt' GNH zAbn] eg] ;a}nfO{ sf}t"xnk"0f{ agfof] . d}n] eg]+ æGNH eg]sf] Gross National Happiness -s'n /fli6«o ;Gt'li6_ xf] .Æ d}n] hf]8 lbP― æ/fi6«sf nflu GNP eGbf GNH dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 21

22 lsgeg] dflg; cfTd;Gt'li6sf nflu g} ljsf; u5{ / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f u5{ .Æ GNH zAb ;a}nfO{ olt dgk¥of] tLg lbg;Dd uf]i7Ldf ;'v, ;d[l4 / ;+/If0fsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGwsf af/]df g} 5nkmn s]lGb|t eof] . cGtdf ;Dd]ngsf] gfds/0f ;d]t GNH sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k g} HAPI /flvof] h:fsf] cy{ lyof], Heritage of Asia & Pacific Island . d]/f nflu of] uj{sf] s'/f lyof] lsgeg] d]/f] bfz{lgs dgf]efjgfs} kl/0ffd:j¿k Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf] gfds/0f ug{ ;Dej eof] . ;g\ !(*@ df cfof]lht ;f] ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnaf6 k|fWofks ;'bz{g/fh ltjf/L / xfj{8{ ljZjljBfnoaf6 cfPsf 8fS6/ clDasf clwsf/L klg ;xefuL lyP . kl5 e'6fgsf /fhfn] klg cfºgf] b]zsf] cfly{s kIfnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ GNH zAb k|of]u u/] eGg] ;'g+] . of] s;/L eof], dnfO{ yfxf ePg . zfob of] xfd|f] 6]lnKofyL xf] ls < k|hftGqn] g]kfndf klg ljsf; NofPsf] 5 / o;n] xfdLnfO{ w]/} clwsf/ klg lbPsf] 5 . t/ k|hftGqsf] Pp6f lj8DagfnfO{ xfdLn] ;'Nemfpg ;s]gf}+ . k|hftGqn] xfdLnfO{ cfºgf] clwsf/sf] dfu ug]{ r]tgf t lbof] t/ sQ{Jo k"/f ug{ eg] l;sfPg . clwsf/ eg] vf]Hg], sQ{Jo rflx+ k"/f gug]{ < clwsf/ / sQ{JoaLr xfdLn] k'n agfpg} k5{ . To;kl5 dfq dflg;sf] ef}lts ljsf; / lrGtgsf] lgsf;df ;Gt'ng x'g hfG5 . ljsf; ;―u;―u} s]xL xb;Dd ljs[lt klg cfpg] x'―bf c;Gtf]ifsf] nx/ l;h{gf x'g] u5{ . ljsf; eg]sf] ug]{ sfo{ xf], ljs[lt rflx+ /f]Sg] xf] . ljsf;;―u cfpg] ljs[lt /f]Sg xfdLn] clwsf/sf ;fy;fy} st{Jo klg kfngf ug'{k5{ . clwsf/ / st{Josf] tfnd]n gldNg' eg]sf] JolQm ljz]ifsf] sdhf]/L dfq xf]Og, gLlt / lgodsf] cefj klg xf] . xfd|f] h:tf] cljsl;t d'n'sdf ljs[lt cfp―5 eg]/ ljsf;sf] af6f]nfO{ /f]Sg] s'/f ePg . ljsf; klg ub}{ hfg' k¥of] / Tof]l;t cfpg] ljs[ltx¿nfO{ klg ;dfwfg ub}{ hfg' k¥of] . o;sf nflu e/kbf{ / alnof P]glgod / sfg"gx¿ th'{df ug}{k5{ . lgb]{zgx¿sf] kfngf x'g} k¥of] . o:tf sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿ alnof ePgg\ eg] b]zdf ;Gt'lnt lsl;dn] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu k|hftGq sdhf]/ x'g' ePg . t/ sfg"gL /fHo alnof] eof] eGb}df k|hftGq sdhf]/ eof] eGg klg ldNb}g . olb o;f] xf] eg] l;¨fk'/ / cGo ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df ;d]t k|ult x'g] lyPg xf]nf . s] To;sf] dtna Toxf― k|hftGq 5}g / < g]kfndf 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} gjwgf9\ox¿ ag] . sltko dflg;x¿ ;+:sf/ Pj+ ;Eotf lagf g} cfw'lgs ljsf;sf] bf}8df cufl8 k'u]sf x'―bf pgLx¿ g xf―;, g s'v'/fsf] rfndf km;] . Tof] k|efjzfnL ;d"x, hf] ;a}yf]s eP/, k'u]/ klg c;Gt'i6 g} /x\of] . pgLx¿sf] k|bz{gd'vL hLjgz}nL / wgk|ltsf] pGdfbn] c¿nfO{ ;d]t c;Gt'i6 t'NofOlbof] . dnfO{ nfU5, g]kfndf clxn] ;fdflhs Pj+ /fhgLlts cl:y/tf Nofpg] ;d"x oxL xf] . ufp―3/df v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿ / cfºgf b}lgs /f]huf/L ug]{ sfdbf/x¿ cf— cfºgf] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿df clwsf/eGbf st{Josf] 1fg 5 . t/ vf; u/L ;Lldt lzIff xfl;n u/]sf, dWodjuL{o cfd g]kfnL …ldl8n Snf;Ú ;d"x clxn]sf] cGof]nk"0f{ kl/l:yltsf sf/0f ps';d's'; e}/x]sf] 5 . cf cfºgf] k/Dk/fut k]zfsf sfd ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ dg 5}g / cfw'lgs hLjgz}nL klg pgLx¿sf nflu ;Dej eO/x]sf] 5}g . cf—cfºgf] ;DkGg / uf}/jdo ;EotfnfO{ la;]{/ pgLx¿ xn'sf kf/fn] cfw'lgs x'g t k'u] t/ To;leqsf] j:t'l:ylt a'¤g ;Sg] af}l4s Ifdtf eg] pgLx¿df ePg . kfZrfTo hLjgz}nLsf] rZdfn] cfk"mnfO{ k"j]{nL hghLjgsf] :t/df bf―Hg k'u] . clg of] k'u]g, Tof] klg k'u]g, of] ePg, Tof] klg ePg eGg] s[lqd czflGtsf] cfef;n] pgLx¿sf] dgMl:yltnfO{ g/fd|/L ;tfof] . ltgsf c;Gt'li6x¿ …k'u]gÚ sf] vf]nf / cefju|:t bxdf kf}8L v]Ng k'u] / cfk"mnfO{ 22

23 b'MvL, hh{/ / cfqmf]lzt agfP . k'Uof] / k'u]gsf] ;LdfÍg ug{ 7"N7"nf cy{zf:qLx¿n] klg ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] pgLx¿n] s] ;Snfg\ < xfdL clxn] h'g czfGt, hh{/ cj:yfdf k'Uof}+, Tof] k]6sf] ef]ssf] sf/0fn] xf]Og, dgsf] nf]en] dfq xf] . slxn]sfxL+ d oL ljifodf ulxl/P/ ;f]R5' . xfd|f pknlAwx¿nfO{ ljsl;t d'n'sx¿l;t bf―h]/ x]g{ vf]H5' . s'g}klg rLh jf j:t' tf}ngsf nflu Pp6f t/fh' / 9s rflxG5 . nDafO{ gfKgsf] lgldQ s'g} uh jf lkmtf rflxG5 . To;/L g} xfd|f] ;dsfnLg hLjg:t/nfO{ kfZrfTo hLjgz}nLl;t t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg] xfdLn] cfºgf] 3/ftnsf] klxrfg ug}{k5{ . dnfO{ nfU5, xfdLn] k|fKt u/]sf] ult sd 5}g . d ;fgf] 5―bf d}n] slxNo} klg uf]/f] ljb]zL dfG5] b]v]sf] lyOg― . To;a]nf h'g;'s} b]zaf6 cfPsf ePklg uf]/f dfG5]x¿nfO{ …c+u|]hÚ g} elgGYof], rfx] pgLx¿ k]|mGr x'g\ jf hd{g, h;n] c+u|]hL af]Nof], Tof] c+u|]h eof] . d afns5―bf d]/f] a'af slxn]sfxL+ snsQfdf Jofkf/ ug{ hfg'x'GYof] . ddfq xf]Og, d]/f] 6f]ndf a:g] w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ c+u|]h eGgf;fy sf}t"xn x'GYof] . To;a]nf d a'afnfO{ ;f]Wg] uy]{+, æaf, oL c+u|]hx¿ s:tf x'G5g\ <Æ a'afn] eGg'x'GYof], ælogLx¿ af―b/sf ;Gtfg x'g\, logLx¿sf] lk7\o"―df k'R5/ x'G5 .Æ d]/L cfdfn] klg pT;'s eP/ To:t} s'/f ;f]w]sf] dnfO{ ;Demgf 5 ælogLx¿ t kftfndf a:g] /fIf;sf ;Gtfg x'g\ /], xf]Og / <Æ k|Zgdfly k|Zgsf] sf}t"xnk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf d ;f]Wy]+, æaf c+u|]hx¿ lsg ;]tf x'G5g\ <Æ a'afn] hjfkm lbg'x'GYof], ælogLx¿ olt wgL x'G5g\ kfgLsf] ;§f b"w lkp―5g\, To;}n] logLx¿ ;]tf ePsf x'g\ .Æ olt cljsl;t tyf ljkGg 1fgsf] k[i7e"lddf x's]{sf dh:t} c¿ g]kfnL a'l4hLjLx¿n] cfh cGt/f{li6«o ;ef;Dd]ngdf efu lng hf―bf s;/L tL …cgf}7f c+u|]hsf ;GtfgÚ l;t jfbljjfb ug{ ;s] xf]nfg\, of] kIfnfO{ t'ngfTds b[li6n] x]g]{ xf] eg] xfdL g]kfnL ljb]zLx¿eGbf af}l4s b[li6sf]0fn] klg w]/} ljsl;t ePsf] dx;'; x'―b}g / < d]/f] a'afn] snsQfaf6 lkmlnK; /]l8of] lsg]/ Nofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxf―n] c;g rf]sdf /]l8of] ahfp―bf dflg;x¿ olt 5Ss k/], s;}—s;}n] t 5n kf] u/]sf] xf] ls † egL, /]l8of] k5fl8 n's]/ s;}n] af]ln/fv]sf] t 5}g eg]/ x]/]sf;Dd lyP . cfh ufp―—ufp―df /]l8of], 6]lnlehg dfq xf]Og, ;Dk"0f{ cfw'lgs ;~rf/sf k|ljlwx¿ pknAw 5g\ . dh:tf zx/af;Ln] dfq xf]Og, ufp―df a;f]af; ug]{ sltko g]kfnLx¿n] klg clxn] h'g cfw'lgs k|ljlwx¿ pkof]u ug{ kfO/x]sf 5g\, Tof] sd xf]Og . x'g t o:tf s'/fsf] t'ngf ug{ yfNof] eg] dfG5]n] ax'nf eGg] 7fGnfg\ t/ Psrf]l6 cf―vf lrDn]/ ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] xfdLn] cfºgf] w/ftnsf] jf:tljs ulx/fOnfO{ gfKg' k5{ . To;f]ubf{ slxn]sfxL+ s]xL xb;Dd ;Gt'li6 klg lng ;lsG5 . ha sf7df8f}+ dflysf] cfsfzdf klxnf]kN6 xjfO{hxfh p8\of], clwsf+z dflg;x¿ 3/sf] 5fgf—5fgfdf r9]/ x]l//x]sf lyP . s]xL dflg;x¿ eGy], æcf † Tof] hxfh dlGb/x¿ dfly p8\of] eg] s'df/L / e}/jn] tflGqs zlQmaf6 tfg]/ v;flnxfN5g\ lg †Æ ufp―3/sf dflg;x¿ eGy] …cfw'lgs k'iksÚ ljdfg . sf7df8f}+ vfN8f]sf sf―7sf dfG5]x¿ t /fd—/fd † eGb} v'nf 7fp―df hDdf ePsf lyP /] . ufO{ e}+;L;d]t 8/n] s/fP /] † slt g} jif{ eof] / oxf― 6]lnkmf]g cfPsf], slt g} jif{ eof] oxf― 6]lnlehg cfPsf] † cfhef]ln xfdL cfw'lgs j:t' pks/0fx¿ ;xh ?kdf k|of]u ul//x]sf 5f}+ . clxn] cd]l/sfdf a:g] cd]l/sLx¿ t hGd]b]lv g} oL j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u / pkef]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ xfdLn] tL rLhsf] cg'ej s]xL jif{ otfb]lvdfq ug{ yfn]sf xf]Ogf}+ / < Pp6f dflg;n] cg'ej ug]{ ;x'lnotsf] t'ngfTds b[li6sf]0fn] d"NofÍg ug]{ xf] eg] xfdLn] clxn] pkef]u u/]sf] cfw'lgs hLjgz}nL pgLx¿sf] eGbf lgs} b"|tultdf xfdL sxf― lelqPsf] 23

24 7x5{ . t/ xfdLn] o;nfO{ a'‰g ;s]gf}+ . slxn]sfxL+ dnfO{ nfU5, ljsf;sf] d"No gr'sfOsg To;sf] k|ltkmn pkef]u ug{ kfPsf] x'―bf klg xfdLn] o;sf] dxTj a'‰g g;s]sf xf}+ ls † To;}n] xfdL ;Gt'i6 x'g g;s]sf xf}+ ls < ;Eotfsf] l;+9L qmlds k|of;af6 ggf3L Ps}rf]l6 cfw'lgs ePsf] x'―bf xfdL cNdlnPsf klg xf}+ ls † oxL cndnsf] sf/0f xfdL a9L gsf/fTds aGg k'u]sf xf}+ ls † of] uf―7f] 7f8} ;'Nemfpg s;}n] klg ;Sb}g . of] ;d:of ;'Nemfpgsf lglDt lg/Gt/ ;r]tgfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . JolQmut txdf af}l4s ljsf;sf] cfjZostf 5 . af}l4s ljsf; eg]sf] z}lIfs dfq xf]Og, lrGtgsf] ljsf; xf], dgMl:yltsf] ljsf; xf] / Jojxf/sf] ljsf; xf] , dfg;k6nsf] lasf]{ p3|g' xf] . zfob oxf― Pp6f ;Dj]bgzLn k|Zg klg p7\g ;S5 – of] af}l4s ljsf; t zx/df dfq ;Lldt eof], ufp―df s] eof] t < of] Psbd dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg xf] . t/ b'Mvb lj8Dagf (Sad Paradox) s] xf] eg], zx/ / ufp― aLrsf] ljsf;sf] vf8n g]kfndf dfq x}g, ;f/f ;+;f/df ljBdfg 5 . cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]s{ / g]a|f:sf aLrsf] jftfj/0f, ¿;leq d:sf] / ;fOj]l/ofsf] j:t'l:ylt, rLgdf a]Olhª\ / Toxf―sf cgluGtL ufp―x¿ tyf ef/tsf] aDaO{ / laxf/aLrsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}lts :j¿kdf w]/} cGt/fn 5 . g]kfndf dfq xf]Og, ;+;f/sf ljsl;t / cljsl;t ;a} d'n'sx¿df klg ufp― / zx/aLr Psgf;], ;dfg'kflts ljsf; x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . h'g a]nf;Dd cfd g]kfnL o:tf cGt;{DalGwt hl6n u|lGysf c;lhnf / u'x\o s'/fx¿ lgSof]{n ug]{ l:yltdf k'Ub}gg\, To;a]nf;Dd ;/sf/L / /fhgLlts If]q tyf gful/s ;dfhaf6 cToGt lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ cfjZos 5 . of] e"ldsf JolQmut, k]zfut / bnut :jfy{af6 kl/k"lt{ x'―b}g . h'g xLgtfaf]wn] cfh xfd|f] g]kfnL ;dfh u|:t 5, To;nfO{ oyfzL3| dTy/ kfg'{ clt cfjZos 5 . xLgtfaf]wn] u|:t eP/ clxn] gof― lk+9Lsf o'jfx¿ ljb]lzg] qmd al9/x]sf] 5 . cfk"mnfO{ a'emSs8 eGg] dfG5]x¿ klg eG5g\, …g]kfndf sfd ug]{ 7fp― 5}g, a]/f]huf/L JofKt 5 .Ú t/ of] egfO k"0f{;To eg] xf]Og . g]kfndf clxn] rflxg] hlt 8sdL{ 5}gg\, l;sdL{ 5}gg\, e/kbf{ s's 5}gg\, /fd|/L sfd ug{;Sg] Joj:yfks 5}gg\, ;f/fsf ;f/f dflg;x¿ ljb]lz+b}5g\ . c/a d'n'sdf af6f] agfpg hfg tof/ x'G5g\, s'v'/f e'TNofpg, df5fsf sTnf / c08fsf] af]s|f lgsfNg] sfd ug{ hfG5g\ . hfkfgdf d/]sf] nf;nfO{ ;/;kmfO{ / l;+ufg]{ h:tf ;+j]bgzLn sfddf hfg tof/ x'G5g\, lkmNdL :6f/;Dd e};s]sf dflg;x¿ cd]l/sfsf] Uof―; kDkdf sfd u5{g\ . t/ g]kfndf sfd ug{ pgLx¿ ?rfp―b}gg\, nfh dfG5g\ lsgls oxf― xfdL >dsf] ;Ddfg ub}{gf}+ . cfh g]kfndf cj;/sf] sdL 5}g . oxf― cj;/ k|z:t 5g\ . t/ cj;/nfO{ vf]Hg] cf―vf rflxG5, l6Kg] xft rflxG5 . xfdL ;'gvfgLdf al;/fv]sf 5f}+ t/ yfxf gkfP/ 9'Ëfsf] vf]hLdf aflx/ k'U5f}+ . sdhf]/L xf] cfºgf] t/ bf]if xfdL c¿nfO{ lbG5f}+ . clxn] xfdLsxf― k|z:t pBdLx¿ 5g\ h:n] cfºgf] ;Lk, d]xgtaf6 ;kmntf klg xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ . d oxf― Pp6f o'jf pBdLsf] pbfx/0f lbg rfxG5' . s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd g]kfnL k;nwgLx¿ k'/fgf] hg;]jf xnsf] ljzfnahf/sf cfºgf k;nx¿ ef/taf6 cfPsf Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{ axfndf lbP/ axfnsf] k};f lnO{ lkslgs h:tf hd36df /dfpg] uy]{ . o:tf] k/hLjL cj:yfdf Pp6f aL;—afO; jif]{ g]kfnL s]6fn] gof― ;8ssf] d'v}df y'k|f] axfn lt/L …lkg6Ú k;n vf]Nof] . Tof] k;nsf] ;hfj6 s:tf] x'g'k5{, k;ndf s:tf—s:tf dfn laqmL ug'{k5{ / p;sf u|fxsx¿ sf] sf] x'g\ h:tf Jofkf/sf cGo uf―7L s'/fx¿ Tof] s]6fnfO{ yfxf 24

25 lyof] . p;nfO{ Tolt w]/} axfn lt/]/ klg d /fd|/L k;n rnfpg ;S5' eGg] k"0f{ ljZjf; lyof] . cflv/ p;sf] k|of; ;kmn eof] . Tof] o'jfnfO{ d /fd|/L lrlGbg― t/ p;nfO{ d x[bob]lv g} :ofjf;L lbg rfxG5' / k|z+;f u5'{ . vfg] d'vnfO{ h―'ufn] 5]Sb}g . b[9 cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy b"/b[li6 /fv]/, of]hgfj4 tl/sfn] sfd u¥of] eg] g]kfndf ;kmn x'g] 7fp― k|z:t 5g\ . rfx] dfkmf{df a|f08L cfljisf/ ug]{ kf;f¨ s'D5'b] z]kf{ x'g\, h;n] dfkmf{ a|f08L lgsfn]/ cfºgf] bIftfsf] k|bz{g u/], rfx] Zofd sIfklt x'g\–h;n] gfª\nf] /]i6'/]G6 ;+rfng u/L af]Ng g;Sg] pk]lIft ckfË alx/f hgzlQmnfO{ klg ;b'kof]u u/]/ b]vfOlbP . s]xL ;docl3 Pshgf kfOn6sL >LdtLn] …d"No Ps j:t' cg]sÚ, …pgfG;o ;lkªÚ, …s'g} 5 <Ú cflb gfdn] k;nx¿ vf]n]/ gof― Joj;fosf] cWofo ;'¿ ul/g\ . h'lQm ckgfP/ ;kmntf kfpg ;lsg\ . o:tf ;kmntfsf syfx¿ vf]Hg] xf] eg] w]/} kfpg ;lsG5 ufp―—ufp―df, zx/—zx/df t/ xfdL ;kmntfsf xf]Og, c;kmntfsf syf ;'Gg nfnflot x'G5f}+ . pBf]u ug]{ cj;/ g]kfndf clxn] emg k|z:t 5 . ahf/ a9]sf] 5, k|ljlw ljsl;t ePsf] 5 / cfh C0f lbg] a}+lsª k|0ffnL v's'nf] ePsf] 5 . o:tf] ;sf/fTds jftfj/0fdf klg g]kfndf sfd ug{ ;lsPg eg] s;sf] bf]if < xfdLn] lbdfunfO{ dGyg g} ug{ rfx]gf}+, dl:tissf] pkof]u ug{ rfx]gf}+ . lgwf/sf] 6Lsf nufpg] 7fp―df cf}+nfn] 3f]6\g} rfx]gf}+, sNkgf ug{ rfx]gf}+, of]hgf agfpg rfx]gf}+ . dl:tis lvofO{ d]xgtaf6 s;}n] u/]sf] pBf]usf] xn'sf gSsn u/L /ftf/ft d:tL;―u k};f sdfpg] xf]8jfhLdf cd"No ;dosf] ckJoodf xfdL nfUof}+ . ljsf;sf ;+efjgfsf s'/f ug]{ qmddf dnfO{ Pp6f k|;Ë ofb cfp―5 . clxn] g]kfnsf 7fp―—7fp―df rf}8f /fhdfu{x¿ ag]sf 5g\ . lah'nL k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfn e|d0f jif{tfsf Pp6f /fhdfu{ ko{6g -xfOj] 6'l/hd\_ sf] kl/sNkgf ul/of] . ;f]xL nIocg'¿k ;8s ljeful;t ;dGjo /fvL dn]v' vf]nfkfl/ /fhdfu{sf] bfof―—jfof― km/flsnf] kf/]/ kfls{¨ IF]q, zf}rfno, k]6«f]n kDk, /]i6'/]G6 cflbsf] Joj:yf ug{ nufOof] . dn]v'df cfGtl/s ko{6gsf] ljsf; t eof] eof], To;sf] ;fy;fy} cf;kf;sf ufp―x¿df klg s[lifhGo Joj;fosf] ljsf; eof] . clxn] dn]v'df Pp6} k;n]n] b}lgs xhf/f}+ ¿k}of―sf] sfnf] bfn, u'Gb|'s, uf]ne]8f / cGo t/sf/Lx¿ a]R5 . g]kfnLx¿ ofqf ubf{ 3/df ;w}+ sf];]nL lnP/ hfG5g\ . t;y{ /fhdfu{sf] ko{6g Pp6f o:tf] pBf]u xf], hxf― ofqLx¿n] ljleGg :yfgsf k/Dk/fut /}yfg] rLhx¿ lsg]/ 3/ n}hfg] u5{g . tL ufp―x¿df 3/]n' pBf]u ljsf; u/L ;'Gtnfsf] af]qmfaf6 hfd agfpg], u'Gb|'s agfpg] h:tf s'l6/ pBf]u ;d]t :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdL ;w}+ ul/jL lgjf/0fsf ;}4flGts s'/fdf a9L 5nkmn u5f}{+ . t/ sltko Jofkfl/s pkfox¿ dn]v'h:tf IF]qdf k|z:t 5g\ h;sf] pkof]uaf6 /fi6«lxtsf ;fy;fy} To; e]ssf] ul/jL lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf /fhdfu{x¿df dn]v'h:t} ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿ af]s]/ a;]sf w]/}—w]/} cfsif{s la;f}gLx¿ 5g\ . t/ To:tf ;Defjgfx¿ b]Vbfb]Vb} klg cfd dfG5]x¿ g]kfndf sfd} 5}g, cj;/} 5}g eg]/ ;/sf/nfO{ dfq ufnL ul//xG5g\ . 3/sf cfOdfO{nfO{ v]tjf/Lsf] sfddf hf]t]/, cfºgf afnaRrfnfO{ ufO{, uf]?, afv|f r/fpg nufP/ cfk"mrflx― j/kLknsf] zLtn 5fof―d'lg rf}tf/Ldf sfnf] r:df nufP/ /]l8of]–6«flGhi6/ ;'Gb}, af3rfn, Sofl/d, tf; v]Nb} lbg latfpg] clg …of] ePgÚ, …Tof] ePgÚ eg]/ lx+8\g] ;fdflhs k/hLjLx¿n] slxNo} cj;/ u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . pgLx¿ u/Lk eP/ xf]Og, …xl/kÚ eP/ cfk"m / cfkm\gf] ;dfhnfO{ laufl//x]sf 5g\ . xL/f vfgLdf kfOG5, vfgLaf6 xL/f lgsfNgsf lglDt ulx/f sf]OnfvfgLdf sf]Onf;―u} rNg'k5{ . sf]OnfvfgLdf xL/f kfpg sfnfDo} x'g tof/ x'g'k5{ . clgdfq k|fKt x'G5 xL/f . s;}n] s;}nfO{ lbg cfk}+m cfp―b}g cj;/ . of] t 25

26 vf]Hg] rLh xf], u|x0f ug]{ rLh xf], k|of]u ug]{ rLh xf] / d]xgt u/]/ k|fKt ug]{ rLh xf] . cj;/nfO{ s;}n] Kn]6df ;hfP/ 6qm\ofp―+b}g . rf]vf] cj;/sf] z'4 df}sfsf] /fd|f] pkof]u u/]/ ;DkGg ePsf ;kmntfsf syfx¿sf gfos, pkgfos, ;xgfosx¿ klg ;kgf b]v]/ dfq ;kmn ePsf xf]Ogg\ . r'gf}tL / cj;/nfO{ ;Gt'ngsf] laGb'df k'¥ofP/ dfq cfhsf] l:yltdf k'u]sf x'g\ . ***

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jgjf;tk{m æ;+/If0fsf] d"nwf/nfO{ a'¤g k|s[lt, jghËn / hËnL hLjhGt'nfO{ glhs}af6 lrGg' a'‰g'k5{ . hËnleq axg] xfjf, ;'s]sf kftklt¨/dfly lx+8\bf cfpg] cfjfh clg Pp6f csfNklgs t/ /dfOnf], ;'g;fg / /f]df~rk"0f{ 8/nfUbf] qf;sf] jftfj/0f, oL ;a eg]/ / ;'g]/ a'lemg] s'/f xf]Ogg\ g t s'g} lstfa k9]/ g} h¨nleqsf] dd{ / dxTjnfO{ x[bo+ud ug{ ;lsG5 . oL t h¨nleq :jo+ cfk}+mn] ;do latfP/, Toxf―sf] jftfj/0fdf /dfP/ g} hfGg], a'¤g] / cg'e"lt ug]{ s'/f x'g\ .Æ r'gf}tL / cj;/sf] 9f]sf dflg;sf nflu ;w}+ v'nf /xG5 . Toxf―leq ;'v / b'Mvn] xfdLnfO{ klv{/x]sf x'G5g\ . hLjgsf] rqm zfob oxL g} xf] . lhGbuLsf] ofqfsf] qmddf d}n] ;'v klg ef]u]+, b'Mv klg t/ ;'vsf If0fx¿sf] dnfO{ vf;} ;Demgf g} 5}g . ;'g;fg b'u{d IF]qdf lat]sf w]/} si6bfos knx¿, b'Mvsf If0fx¿ cf―vf;fd' 5n{Ë tfhf eO/xG5g\ . psfnL—cf]/fnLsf] d]/f] of] lhGbuLdf tL If0f, kn / cg'ejx¿ cy{k"0f{ ePsf 5g\ . s;n] eG5 ;'vdfq xfd|f] nIo xf] eg]/ < dnfO{ crDd nfU5, b'Mv / r'gf}tL lagfsf] lhGbuL s:tf] x'―bf] xf]nf . ;'v};'vsf] lhGbuL gSsnL xf] † s[lqd xf] † VofnVofn xf] † lsgeg] ;'vsf] jf:tljs cg'e"lt ug{ b'Mv v]k]s} x'g'k5{ . cGoyf ;'vsf] kl/efiffnfO{ a'¤g] g} s;/L < r'gf}tL lagfsf] hLjgofqf slxNo} k"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g . ;w}+ g} ck"0f{sf] ck"0f{ g} /xG5, lgh{g 7fp―h:tf] p/f7nfUbf] . d eG7fG5', of] jf:tljs tYo xf] / zfZjt\ ;To . ko{6g If]qdf nfUg'eGbf klxn] d >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] jg ljefudf sfo{/t lyP― . b]x/fb"gaf6 jg lj1fgdf :gfts u/]kl5 jg ljefudf hfuL/ vfP― . To;a]nf ;f―Rr} eGg] xf] eg] jg ljefusf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} hËnsf] sf7 a]r]/ /fh:j hDdf ug]{ dfq x'GYof] . ;+/If0fsf] t s'/f] g} lyPg . ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostfsf] cg'ej klg ul/Psf] lyPg . k|s[lt ;+/If0fsf] dfldnfdf g]kfn lgSs} kl5 lyof] . …h¨nsf] pkof]lutf g} sf7 a]r]/ /fh:j sdfpg]Ú eGg] gLlt /x]sf] x'―bf g]kfndf pvfg} lyof], …xl/of] jg g]kfnsf] wgÚ . To;a]nf h}ljs / ljljwtf, cf]hf]g n]o/, ;+/If0fsf cGo ljwf / ;+/If0fd"vL zAbx¿ jg ljefusf] zAbsf]zdf g} lyPgg\ . g]kfndf /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] cjwf/0ff cfpg' t stf xf] stf lgs} 6f9fsf] s'/f lyof] . ;f}efUojz jgljefudf sfd ubf{ ci6«]lnof / cd]l/sfsf] cWoog e|d0fsf qmddf d}n] ljZjsf dxTjk"0f{ /fli6«o lgs'~hx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ cj;/ kfP― . h;af6 ;+/If0fd"vL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;fy ug{ ;s]+ . o;/L ;+/If0f / jGo hLjhGt'k|lt d]/f] cfsif{0f a9\of] . g]kfn kms]{/ cfPkl5 dnfO{ ;+/If0fsf] gof― kmf―6df sfd ug]{ OR5f hfUof] . o;sf nflu :jefjtM d}n] g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtfaf/] ljzb\ cWoog ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf eof] . To;a]nf;Dd t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;'ne Pj+ ;'ud t/fO{+sf hËnx¿df dfq jg:klt / hËnL hLjhGt'x¿af/] s]xL cWoog ePsf lyP . kxf8L / b"u{d If]qsf af/] eg] vf;} 1fg lyPg . g]kfnsf] ;d'lrt ;+/If0fsf] of]hgf th'{df ug'{eGbf klxn] clw/fHosf ;a} lhNnfx¿sf] cWoog ug{ o"=Pg=8L=kL= / Pkm=P=cf]= af6 vl6P/ cfPsf hËnL hLjhGt' ljz]if1 hf]g Anf]j/;―u} 26

27 g]kfnsf b'u{d If]qx¿sf] e|d0f ;'¿ u/]+ / Toxf―sf] k|fs[lts Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf jf:tljstfnfO{ glhs}af6 lgofNg] df}sf kfP― . sf7df8f}+sf] c;gdf hGd]sf], x's]{sf] Pp6f Jofkf/Lsf] 5f]/fsf nflu To:tf cgsG6f/ b'u{d If]qx¿ 3'Dg hfg' 7"nf] ;fxl;s sbd lyof] . b'u{d If]qx¿ s:tf x'G5g\, Toxf― hfgsf lglDt slt eL/–kfvf–kv]/f, psfnL— cf]/fnL l5rf]Ng' k5{, To;af/] lsl~rt\ 1fg lyPg . e|d0fsf qmddf sxf― ;'Tg], sxf― vfg], slt prfOdf hfg'k5{, To; af/]df d]/f kl/jf/sf s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ clnslt klg hfgsf/L lyPg . olb To:tf s'/f yf]/}dfq klg pgLx¿n] rfn kfPsf] eP zfob dnfO{ Totflt/ k7fpg] lyPgg\ . ToxL sf/0fn] kl5;Dd klg b'u{d If]qdf e|d0f ug{ hfg] a]nfdf d]/f] kl/jf/nfO{ lj:t[t hfgsf/L d slxNo} lbGgy]+ . b'u{d If]qsf] cWoog e|d0fdf hfg]a]nf jgljefuaf6 dnfO{ /jfgf k"hL{ t lbOGYof] t/ e|d0f vr{sf nflu k]ZsL eg] slxNo} klg lbOb}gYof] . e|d0f k"/f u/]/ cfPkl5 dfq lan ekf{Osf] cfwf/df vr{ lbg] ul/GYof] . ;g\ !(^*—^( tfsf k|z:t jgh¨n 3'ldof] . d]/f ;xsdL{ hf]g Anf]j/ Pkm=P=cf]= sf ;Nnfxsf/ ePsf] x'―bf g pgnfO{ e|d0f cfb]z rflxGYof], g t /sd g} lgsf;f u/fpg' kYof]{ . d]/f nflu t ;/sf/L lgod cg';f/ e|d0fsf nflu lgj]bg lbg'kYof]{, e|d0f :jLs[ltsf lglDt b'O{—rf/ lbg kv{g'kYof]{ / e|d0f vr{ k]ZsL kfpg t cem c¿ s]xL lbg s'g'{kYof]{ . Tof] kv{g] ;do sxf― x'GYof] / d;―u † Pp6f e|d0faf6 kms{gf;fy csf]{ e|d0fdf uOxfNg' kg]{ . To;}n] slt rf]l6 t e|d0f cfb]z gkfOsg klg d ;j]{If0f ug{ hfGy]+ . jf:tjdf d}n] k};fsf lglDt hfuL/ gvfPsf], rflxP hlt k};f 3/}af6 kfpg] x'―bf e|d0fdf cfjZos vr{ 3/}af6} lnP/ hfGy]― . PskN6 t nuftf/ kf―r, 5 dlxgf;Dd e|d0f ug'{k¥of] . kms]{/ cfPkl5 Ps}rf]6L e|d0f vr{ lng b/vf:t lb―bf 7"n} /sd k'Ug uP5 . Pssf]; lx+8]sf] rf/ ¿k}of― / b'u{d If]q eQfsf ¿kdf csf]{ rf/ ¿k}of―sf] yf]/} b/n] klg d]/f] e|d0f eQf Tolt k'Uof] xf]nf eg]/ ljZjf;} lyPg . e|d0f eQf dfUg] qmddf klg cg]s k|zf;lgs afwfc8\rg b]vfOof] . e|d0f ubf{ sf]; lg¿k0f ug{ tTsfnLg ufp― k~rfotsf] k|dfl0ft d'r'Nsf rflx+bf] /x]5 . ca r/fr'?ËL, hLjhGt' x]g{ hfg] 6f]nLn] sxf― ufp― k~rfot 8'Nb} b/vf:t lbP/ kmnfgf] oxf― cfPsf] xf] eg]/ ;xL5fk a6'Nb} lx+8\g] < km]l/ xfdL slxNo} s;}sf] 3/df af; a:b}gYof}+, kfn 6f―u]/ gbLsf] tL/df jf hËndf a:Yof}+ . ufp― t lx+8\bf—lx+8\b} kl;GYof] dfq}, al;+b}gYof] . ca sxf― k|wfgk~r / ;lrj vf]Hb} lx8\g] < To; hdfgfdf ufp― k~rfot sfof{no gu0o dfq x'Gy] . k|wfgk~rsf] emf]nfdf ufp― k~rfotsf] 5fk x'GYof] / ToxL emf]nf g} ufp― k~rfot sfof{no x'GYof] . e|d0f eQf lng] qmddf uf=k+= af6 sf]; k|dfl0ft d'r'Nsf u/fpg g;s]kl5 d ;j]{ ljefu uP― . n, Toxf―af6 t d hxf―—hxf― uPsf] lyP― Toxf―—Toxf―sf] …sfu p8\g] b"/LÚ sf] lx;fjn] gSzfdf Pp6f 7fp―af6 csf]{ 7fp―df wfuf]sf] gfk u/]/ kf] sf]; d'r'Nsf ul/lbP . To;f] x'―bf d}n] dfu]sf] /sdsf] cfwfeGbf klg yf]/} kf] kfpg] eP― . Tolt /sd;d]t ljefusf] e|d0f eQfsf] zLif{sdf gePkl5 Tof] eQf g'jfsf]6, dsjfgk'/ cflb rf/—kf―rj6f lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 lng' egL cfb]z lbOof] . Tolt yf]/} k};f lngsf nflu tL lhNnf 3'Dg hf―bf xftdf s]xL g} gkg]{ b]lvPkl5 cfwfeGbf a9L /sd d}n] dfof dfl/lbP― . clw/fHosf] em08} ;Dk"0f{ pQ/fv08sf] e|d0fsf qmddf b]zsf] cgdf]n k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;Dkbf;―u ;fIffTsf/ eof] . k9]/ yfxf kfpg' / 3'd]/ k|ToIf cg'ej ug'{df w]/} km/s x'―bf]/x]5 . dnfO{ nfU5, ko{6g pBf]udf nfu]sf w]/} pBdLx¿n] g]kfnsf oL dgdf]xs t/ ;Dj]bgzLn k|fs[lts :ynx¿sf] e|d0f k|foM gu/]sf] x'―bf Toxf―sf] j:t'l:yltnfO{ a'¤g ;s]sf 27

28 5}gg\ . ha ko{6g ljsf;sf gfddf k|fs[lts b[li6sf]0fn] cToGt ;Dj]bgzLn 7fp―x¿nfO{ Jofkfl/s zf]if0f ug{ vf]lhG5, dnfO{ a8f] b'Mv nfU5 . ;g\ !(&%—&^ lt/ 6«]lsª Joj;foLx¿n] 8f]Nkf, d':tf¨ cflb IF]q vf]Ngsf lglDt ;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf] bafj lbPsf lyP . To;a]nf d To;sf] eoÍ/ lj/f]wdf pq]+ . ;fyLx¿n] dnfO{ …cfk"m rf―lx ko{6gsf] lqmd vfg], c¿nfO{ ko{6g ljsf;sf] efu lbg grfxg]Ú eg]/ nf~5gf;d]t nufP . t/ d]/f] dgf]efjgfnfO{ pgLx¿n] a'¤g ;s]gg\ . 8f]Nkf, d':tfª, dgfª h:tf lgif]lwt IF]qx¿ k|fs[lts b[li6sf]0fn] clt g} ;Dj]bgzLn If]q x'g\ . tL 7fp―sf] Go"gtd w/ftn bz—af¥x xhf/ lkm6sf] prfOdf /x]sf] x'―bf Toxf―sf] em08} gAa] k|ltzt e"efudf ?v / emf/kft pd|g klg sl7g 5 . To;If]qdf clt 708f xfjfkfgL / ;'Vvf x'g] x'―bf 3f―; pd|gnfO{ klg w]/} ;do nfU5 . To:tf 7fp―df clgolGqt ¿kn] ko{6sx¿ cf]Ol/g yfn] eg] Toxf― s:tf] k|lts"n c;/ k5{, xfdL ;lhn} cg'dfg ug{ ;S5f}+ . bfp/f gePsf sf/0f Toxf― el/ofx¿n] 3f―;, ¤ofp / ;—;fgf h¨nL a'6f, k"mnsf la?jfx¿;d]t pv]nL ;'sfP/ afNg] u5{g\ . To;afx]s oL If]qdf lagf aiff{t\ ;'Vvf hldgaf6 aNntNn pAhfO{ jif{el/sf nflu arfOPsf ;Lldt vfB kbfy{ klg ko{6sn] pkef]u u/L l/Q} agfOlbG5g\ / x/]s jif{ ahf/efp a9\g uO{ ufp―n]x¿nfO{ hLljsf rnfpg;d]t wf}—wf} kg{ hfG5 . x'g t b'u{d If]qdf kbofqf ;]jfsf] ljsf; eP :yfgLo hgtfn] sfd kfp―y] . t/, s'NnLsf] Hofnf bz k|ltztn] a9\bf ahf/efp ;o k|ltzt;Dd ga9\nf eGg ;lsGg . ztfAbLof}+b]lv sfod /x]sf] lgif]lwt If]q cs:dft\ vf]ln+bf ;fdflhs Pj+ ;―F:s[lts hLjgdf klg 7"nf] x]/k]m/ cfpg ;S5 . ko{6ssf] cfudgaf6 :yfgLoaf;Lsf] hLjgz}nL klg a9L ef}ltsjfbL / Jofkfl/s dgf]efjgftk{m pGd'v x'G5 . d]/f] egfOsf] tfTko{ 8f]Nkfjf;LnfO{ ko{6g pBf]udfk{mt x'g] cfly{s nfeaf6 al~rt u/L Toxf―sf] cgsG6f/ lxdv08nfO{ ;w}+ kf}/fl0fs gd"gfsf ¿kdf /fVg] eGg] lyPg . xf], pgLx¿nfO{ klg b]z ljsf;sf] nfe lng] clwsf/ 5 . t/ cfn' vfP/ klg ;'vL / ;Gt'i6 hLjg latfO/x]sf tL ufp―n]x¿sf] ;kgfdf gjo'usf] sNkgf sd} uf―l;Psf] 5 . ha pgLx¿n] ko{6g¿kL P]gfdf cfw'lgs hLjg k4ltsf] sfnf] 5fof b]Vg yfN5g\, ta o'uf}+b]lv rlncfPsf] pgLx¿sf] ;Gt'i6 hLjg k|0ffnL cGt x'G5 . k/Dk/fut, dgf]j}1flgs cfgGb gfl;G5 . 8f]Nkf h:tf b'u{d If]qdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s / z}lIfs ljsf; klxNofPkl5 dfq klZrdL ;Eotftk{m pGd'v ko{6g ljsf;nfO{ la:tf/} n}hfg' k5{ . ;'/Iffsf] k"jf{wf/ tof/ geOsg Ps}rf]l6 ko{6g ljsf; eof] eg]klg To; IF]qsf] ztfAbLcf}+b]lv ;'/lIft /x]sf u'Daf, b]jnx¿af6 kf}/fl0fssfnb]lvsf snfs[ltx¿ aflxl/g ;S5g\, ltgsf] rf]/L lgsf;L x'g;S5 . sltko u'Dafx¿df ko{6sx¿n] k};f tyf /]l8of], 38L h:tf cGo ;fdfgsf] nf]e b]vfP/ k|frLg d"lt{ lnP/ uPsf] klg ;'lgG5 . ef/tn] To;a]nf n2fv vf]Nof] / rLgn] ltAat . clg, xfd|f ko{6g Joj;foLx¿n] klg xfd|f lgif]lwt If]q vf]Ngsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ bafj lbg yfn] . To;sf] k|ltjfb ug{ d}n] 5f]l8g― . dnfO{ ko{6gsf] …ANofs l;kÚ klg elgof] . d]/f] u'gf;f] s] lyof] eg] gAa] k|ltzt kbofqLx¿ g]kfn cfpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f g} pgLx¿sf] sf}t'xn xf] . 8f]Nkf, dgfª h:tf PsfGt:ynsf] 9f]sf vf]Ngf;fy Toxf―sf sf}t'xnx¿ ;dfKt x'G5g\ . lsgeg] tL If]qsf] cnf}lss jftfj/0f eg]s} Toxf―sf] PsfGt xf] . ha ;'g;fg gf¨f kj{tx¿df ko{6sx¿sf tf―tL cf]Ol/G5g\, a'6fa'6\ofg / 3f―;;d]t pv]nL vfgf ksfpg yfN5g\, ha eL/ kfvfsf emf/kftx¿ gi6 eO{ klx/f] hfG5 / dvdnL 3f―;x¿sf] 7fp―df n'tf] cfPsf] s's'/sf] 5fnf h:tf] b'b{[Zo b]lvg yfN5, To;a]nf To:tf 7fp―df sf}t'xnsf] kbf{ ;bfsf nflu RofltG5 clg Toxf― sf]xL cfpg ?rfp―b}gg\ . h;/L Pp6L :qLn] cfºgf] uf]KotfnfO{ snfTds 9¨n] 28

29 5f]k]/ /flV5g\, To;/L g} g]kfnsf sf}t'xnk"0f{ lgif]lwt If]qx¿nfO{ xfdLn] ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ . ha Pp6L o'jtL cfºgf] uf]KotfnfO{ lgn{Hh tl/sfn] vf]lN5g\ / v'nf d~rdf lgj{:q gflR5g\, rfx] tL] o'jtL hlt;'s} /fd|L lsg gx'g\, pgsf] dxTj / dfGotf /x―b}g . ko{6g / ;+/If0fsf If]qdf d]/f] dfGotf s] 5 eg] h'g uGtJo:yn wd{, ;+:s[lt, snf / k|s[ltn] el/k"0f{ 5 / hxf― sf}t'xn tyf /x:o klg k|r'/dfqfdf 5, To:tf e"efusf] uf]Kotf ;+/If0f ug}{k5{ . xfd|f] b]zdf o:tf cf―ug, b]j:yn, e"efu / kxf8sf 6fs'/fx¿ 5g\ hxf― gjo'usf] 5fof― / dflg;sf] k}tfnf;d]t k'u]sf] 5}g . ef]ln xfdLn] b]vfp―b} uj{ ug]{ 7fp―x¿ x'g\ tL . ko{6gsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] cfsif{0f ;+;f/s} cb\e"t vfnsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ (Super–relative characters) x'g\ . t'ngfTds b[li6sf]0fn] Tof] :yn ;+;f/sf] c¿ 7fp―df ge]l6g] cfºg} cnUu} vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . To;}n] d ;w}+ clxn];Dd s;}n] gr9]sf g]kfnsf lxdfnsf 6fs'/fx¿ cyf{t elh{g dfp06]gx¿nfO{ r9\g glbg cfjfh p7fpg] uy]+{ . df5fk'R5]« lxdfn cfh;Dd s;}n] gr9]sf] x'―bf To;sf] cfsif{0f a9]sf] 5 . s]xL k};fsf] nf]en] tL lxdr'nLx¿ r9\g lbg'x'―b}g eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 . ef]lnsf] ko{6gsf nflu To:tf …elh{g dfp06]gÚx¿ arfP/ /fVg'k5{ . …p x]/, Tof] 6fs'/fdf clxn];Dd s'g}klg dflg;sf] v'§fn] 6]s]sf] 5}gÚ eGbf hlt ko{6snfO{ cfsif{0f u/fpg ;lsG5, rl9;s]sf] lxdfnnfO{ b]vfP/ Tolt cfslif{t u/fpg ;ls+b}g . eljiodf oxL sf}t'xn g} xfd|f] b]zsf] ko{6gsf] 7"nf] cfsif{0f aGg ;S5 . olt dfq xf]Og, o:tf sfNklgs :ju{åf/ (Xanadu) ;'/lIft /x];Dd ltgsf cnf}lss k|fs[lts ;|f]t dfgj lxtsf nflu dflg;s} dftxtdf /xG5g\ / kl5 s'g} klg a]nf o;nfO{ k|of]u u/]/ Jojl:yt ¿kn] lbuf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL wgsf] nf]edf xtf/—xtf/df Ps}rf]l6 oL sdnf, slnnf / ;Dj]bgzLn jftfj/0fLo :ynx¿ gi6 ePdf lognfO{ k]ml/ k'gM:yfkg ug{ ;lsb}g . k};f eof] eg] xg'dfg 9f]sfx¿ agfpg ;lsG5\, l;x+b/af/x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 / Gx\oftkf}x¿ k'glg{df{0f ug{ ;lsG5 t/ ;'lnu8 gbLsf] 3gf h¨n, lxdfnL e]usf] slnnf] Osf]—l;:6dnfO{ kmsf{pg ;lsGg . b'u{d, ljs6 Pj+ lxdfnL e]udf e|d0f ubf{ a6'n]sf cg'ej / 1fg d]/f] lhGbuLsf lgldQ 7"nf] ;|f]t / b'n{e ;DklQ aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . d h:tf] zxl/of JolQmsf lgldQ Tof] sfd oyfy{df g} xf―s lyof], 7"nf] r'gf}tL lyof] . t/ tL r'gf}tLx¿ d]/f nflu clxn] j/bfg aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . ;fxl;s r'gf}tLsf] k|;Ë p7\bf dnfO{ Pp6f 36gf ofb cfp―5 . Pstfsf d]/f ;xofqL hf]g Anf]j/ / d d's'6 lxdfndf uPsf lyof}+ . e|d0fsf] p2]Zo lyof] …cf]e;fdg x8\;f]gLÚ gfds hËnL k|hfltsf] e]8f x]g]{ . sf]xL eGy] Tof] hftsf] hËnL e]8f g]kfndf nf]k e};Sof] . hËnL e]8fsf] vf]hdf xfdL d's'6 ufp―sf] lxdfnL e]udf k'Uof}+ . Toxf―sf] ;f/f e"–efu cToGt kTyl/nf] lyof], htftt} 9'¨}9'¨f . lbgel/ 3'Dbf;d]t e]8f gb]lvPkl5 /ftL b]lvG5 ls eGg] cf;n] c7f/ xhf/ lkm6eGbf dflysf] kfgL d'xfg 5]p af; a:g] lg0f{o u¥of}+ . htf x]¥of] Toxf― r§fg} r§fg . 9'Ëfs} au/df hf]g / d Ps—Psj6f kfn 6f―u]/ af; a:of}+ . ;f―em Uof―; k|of]u u/L ;'k ksfP/ vfof}+ . hËnL e]+8f b]Vg kfOg] cf;df /ftel/ kfnleq a;]/ k|ltIff/t lyof}+ . ToxL a]nf stf xf] stf, dnfO{ n]s nfu]sf] cg'e"lt eof] . lgb|f k6Ss} nfu]g . la:tf/} ps';d's'; eP/ cfof] . /ftsf] t];|f] k|x/ b'O{ ah];Dd htf klN6P/ ;'Tg vf]h]klg lgb|f eg] k6Ss} nfu]g . ltvf{ nfUof], kfgL vfP― . cs:dft\ ;f; k'mNg yfNof], cf―vf lrDng vf]Hbf uf¥xf] eof] . xftsf ;a} cf}+nf k'mn]/ df]6f ePsf] cg'ej u/]+ . lha|f] klg ;'lGgP/ df]6f] eP h:tf] nfUof] . ;'Tg g;s]/ kfnleq} yrSs a;]+ . 6r{ nfO6 afn]/ cfºgf 29

30 cf}+nf x]g{ yfn]+ / dgdf ljZjf; hufP― dnfO{ s]xL ePsf] 5}g eg]/, æd]/f cf}+nf ;'lGgPsf 5}gg\, d 7Ls 5'Æ eg]/ cfTdljZjf; / cfTdan hufpg vf]h]+ . t/ ps';d's'; eg] k6Ss} sd ePg . gfs ;'Sg yfNof] . gfsnfO{ kfgLn] lehfP/ l;¨fg lgsfNg vf]Hbf t clnslt /ut kf] b]lvof] . clg d cflQP― . To:tf] cj:yfdf t'?Gt} tn cf]n{g'k5{, xf]rf] 7fp―df hfg'k5{ eGg] ;De+]m t/ ;jfn cfof] dWo/ftdf cf]n{g] s;/L < Tof]eGbf klg dxTjk"0f{ s'/f d}n] s] dx;'; u/]+ eg], o;/L ;fxl;sofqf ubf{ cfºgf ;xofqL;―u slxn]sfxL+ Ps lsl;dsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds efjgf cfpg] /x]5 . :jtM …sf]eGbf sf]sdÚ eGg] Ps lsl;dsf] 3d08 hfu[t x'―bf] /x]5 . ca s;/L eGg] cfk"m sdhf]/ eP― eg]/, ;xofqLnfO{ . t}klg cK7\of/f] dfGbfdfGb} dWo/ftsf] b'O{ ah] cfºgf] kfn vf]Ng yfn]― . d}n] kfn vf]n]sf] cfjfh hf]gn] ;'g]5g\ / t'?Gt} dnfO{ eg], æs0f{, ltdL s] ug{ nfUof}+Æ < 3d08nfO{ Psflt/ ºof―s]/ d}n] :jLsf/]+, æhf]g, dnfO{ n]s nfu]h:tf] 5 . To;}n] d tn emb}{5' .Æ jf:tjdf pgnfO{ klg n]s nflu;s]sf] /x]5 . t/ OHht hfnf, k|lti7f vnalnPnf eg]/ pgn] klg dnfO{ cfºgf] j]bgf geg]sf /x]5g\ . vf]qmf] r'gf}tLn] slxn]sfxL― zf/Ll/s b'Mvsi6nfO{ klg Tolt xb;Dd ;xg ug{ ;Sbf] /x]5 . lhGbuL ;'v / b'Mvsf] ;lDd>0f xf] . xfdL cfºgf] lhGbuLnfO{ ;'vdo agfpg cf}wL d]xgt u5f}{+, sfd u5f}{+ / cK7]/f] kbf{ eujfg\;―u k|fy{gf klg u5f}{+ . t/ lhGbuLdf ;'v cfp―5, hfG5 / lal;{OG5 klg . d]/f] lhGbuLdf klg ;'vsf cgluGtL If0fx¿ cfP t/ ;f―Rr} eGg] xf] eg] tL If0fx¿ dnfO{ vf;} ofb ePgg\ . t/ lhGbuLdf ef]u]sf si6x¿ eg] PsPs ofb cfp―5g\ . tL si6nfO{ b'Mv eGg] jf c¿ s]xL < t/ h] eg]klg d}n] cgsG6f/ :yfgdf latfPsf si6bfoL If0fx¿ clxn] ;De―mbfdfq klg cfª l;l/Ë x'G5 / ;―u;―u} dnfO{ ckf/ ;'vsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . j:t'tM :ki6 zAbdf eGbf tTsfnLg si6bfos If0fx¿ / ;+3if{sf cg'ejx¿n] d]/f] hLjgdf Pp6f cd"t{, …cfA:6«ofS6Ú / …l/n]l6eÚ ljifoj:t'— l;t uf―l;Psf] l;h{gfTds ;f]rsf] hfu/0f u/fOlbPsf 5g\ . 8f]Nkf e|d0f ubf{ ;aeGbf klxnf 8f]Nkfaf;Lx¿ slt u/La /x]5g\ eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] . u'kmf h:tf] 9'Ë] 3/df a:g], hxf― e¥of¨ / ‰ofn x'―b}gg\, 9f]sf klg aNnaNn l5g{ ;lsg] dfq x'G5, leq};Dd c―Wof/f] 5 . laxfg a]n's} vfgf cfn' / kmfk/ dfq 5, c¿ vfg]s'/f 5}g . slxn]sfxL― eL/af6 ofs v;]/ dbf{ ufp―n]x¿ To;sf] df;' efua08f u/]/ lnGy] . To:tf] 36gfnfO{ pgLx¿ bz}+sf] rf8 h:t} dgfp―y], /dfOnf] uy]{ . Ps 6'qmf df;' klg bf―tn] rkfO{—rkfO{ vfGy], df;'sf] 6'qmfnfO{ w]/} a]/;Dd lha|f]n] v]nfp―b} :jfb lnO/xGy] . d}n] lhGbuLdf ;of}+ lsnf] y/Ly/Lsf s'v'/f, xf―;, df5f vfP― xf]nf t/ pgLx¿n] Ps 6'qmf vf―bf h:tf] ljnIf0f :jfb lnP, d}n] lnOg― xf]nf . s:tf] lj8Dagf † Ps 6'qmf Kofh vf―bf pgLx¿ hlt /dfp―5g\,\ d}n] s'g} klg 7"nf /]i6'/]06df uP/ vf―bf Tolt :jfb kfOg― xf]nf . ;f―Rr} s] of] Jo+Uo xf]Og dfG5]sf] ;DkGg elgg] lhGbuLdfly < vfg kfpg]n] vf―bf—vf―bf :jfb} krfO;s]sf] x'G5 t/ Toxf―sf] jf:tljs l:yltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g gcfp―bf;Dd, cgGtsfn;Dd 8f]NkfnLx¿sf] :jfbsf] ;'v /xL g} /xG5 . d}n] cfk}+mn] klg cg'ej u/]sf] 5', ufp―3/ 3'Dg] qmddf dlxgf}+ xfdL psfnL cf]/fnL nfU5f}+ . slxn] vfg kfOG5, slxn] t ef]sef]s} lx+8\g' k5{ . lx+8\bf—lx+8\bf ha ef]sn] nvt/fg, ysfOn] r'n{'Dd xf]OG5, Toltv]/ kf]n]sf] cfn' klg cd[t h:tf] nfU5 . zx/df x's]{/ h¨nsf] lhGbuL latfpg] qmddf ha d jGohGt' clws[t (Wildlife Officer) sf] kbdf vl6P―, d]/f zxl/of ;fyLx¿ tLg5Ss k/]sf lyP . æs] kb xf] of], …jfON8nfOkm clkm;/Ú eg]sf] † ;'Gb} xf―;f] nfUg] vfnsf],Æ pgLx¿ eGy] . oxL kbdf sfd ubf{ jg ljefun] g]kfndf klg 30

31 Pp6f /fli6«o lgs'~h agfpgsf nflu ;Defljt If]q ;j]{If0f ug{ dnfO{ lrtjg k7fof] . e/tk'/af6 x]6f}+8f hfg] /fhdfu{sf] pQ/kl§sf] l6sf}nL hËndf /fli6«o lgs'~h :yfkgf ug]{ xflsdsf] dg;fo lyof] . t/ l6sf}nLsf] ;f/f hËn 3'Dbf dflyaf6 ?v t b]lvGYof], ?vd'lg eg] ;a} hdLg ;'s'djf;Lx¿n] hf]lt;s]sf /x]5g\ . ;f/f l6sf}nL If]qdf tLg—rf/ lbg 3'Dbf Pp6f klg hËnL hgfj/ e]l6Pg . hxf― uPklg ufO{j:t'x¿ rl//fv]sf b]lvGy] . Tof] 7fp― /fli6«o lgs'~h agfpg pko'Qm gb]v]kl5 /fKtL gbLkfl/ ;j]{If0f ug{ uP― . jf:tjdf /fKtLkfl/ ;j]{If0f ug]{ xfdLnfO{ cfb]z} lyPg t/ l6sf}nL h¨ndf s]xL ge]6]kl5 ca ug]{ s] < /fKtLkfl/ t hfg}k¥of] . x'g t Toxf― klg rl/r/g afSn} lyof] t/ hËnL hgfj/x¿ klg k|z:t e]§fOof] . To;}n] sf7df8f}+ kms{]kl5 l6sf}nLsf] ;§f /fKtLkfl/sf] hËndf /fli6«o lgs'~h :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj k]z u/]+ . t/ Tof] hËn :juL{o /fhf dx]Gb|sf] gfp―af6 dx]Gb| s'~hsf ¿kdf l;sf/ ug]{ 7fp― ePsf] x'―bf jgljefusf tTsfnLg lrkm sGh/e]6/ /fdaxfb'/ yfkfn] Tof] k|:tfj /fhb/af/df k'¥ofpg] cf―6} ug{ ;Sg'ePg . dnfO{ ljZjf; lyof] olb /fKtLkfl/ /fli6«o lgs'~h agfpg ;lsof] eg] ;+;f/sf cGo s'g} /fli6«o lgs'~heGbf sd x'g] 5}g xfd|f] lgs'~h . k|z:t u}+8f, af3, efn', xfQL, uf}/LufO{ cg]s lsl;dsf xl/0f / Zofn nufot cgluGtL ;fgf—7"nf h¨nL hgfj/ / r/fr'?¨Lx¿ Pp6} ynf]df kfpg' h}ljs ljljwtfsf b[li6n] crDd}nfUbf] s'/f lyof] . o;af/] d}n] hlt—hlt ;f]Rb} uP― gof―—gof― cjwf/0ffx¿ d]/f] dgdf :ki6 x'―b} cfP . 7f]/L—df8Lsf] If]qnfO{ /fli6«o lgs'~hleq /fVg] ls g/fVg], r'l/ofsf] cgsG6f/ eL/df wg];f r/fsf] jf;:yfg s;/L ;'/lIft ug]{, ;f}/fxfdf k|s[lt / ko{6gsf s]—s:tf k"jf{wf/x¿ ljsf; ug'{ knf{ cflb—OToflb s'/fn] d]/f] dgdl:tisdf h/f ufl8;s]sf lyP . ;f}/fxf IF]qdf ko{6g ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf jf:tjdf d}n] To;a]nf g} :ki6 b]lv;s]sf] lyP― . k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] Tof] crDdnfUbf] jf;:yfg glhs} s'g}klg xf]6]nx¿ lyPgg\ . lrtjg e/df To;a]nf 6fOu/ 6K;sf] Pp6f dfq xf]6]n lyof] . ;fgf] :t/af6 ko{6g ljsf; ug]{ ls egL d}n] To;a]nf k|]daxfb'/ /fO{ / jgs§fsf hldgbf/ dNn' dxtf]l;t klg s'/f rnfPsf] lyP― . t/ lhDd]jf/L jgclws[t eP/ ;f}/fxf h:tf] ;Dj]bgzLn If]qdf cfk}mn] xf]6]n vf]Ng] cf―6} ug{ ;lsg― . dgdf Psrf]l6 s'g} kl/of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 ePkl5 ddf w}o{ /x―b}g, lbg/ft To;}df ;f]lr/xG5' / To;nfO{ s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] af/]df gLlt / /0fgLlt agfpg yfN5' . +t/ d]/f xflsd, lrkm sGh/e]6/ yfkfn] Psrf]l6 x'Gg eg]kl5 pxf―nfO{ x'G5 egfpg c;fWo} uf¥xf] lyof] . x'g t pxf― clt g} d]xgtL / OdfGbf/ x'g'x'GYof], t/ hf]lvdk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ ug{ eg] pxf― lgs} lxrlsrfpg' x'GYof] . pxf―;―u d}n] cfºgf] k|:tfjaf/] ;f]wk'5 ug{ w]/}rf]l6 ;do lng vf]h]+ t/ pxf―n] ;do g} lbg'ePg . gof― jg clws[t ePsf] gftfn] jg ljefusf] ;jf]{Rr clws[tnfO{ lagf …PKjfOG6d]G6Ú e]6\g hfg] s'/f klg ePg . t}klg pxf―nfO{ e]6\gsf nflu ;do—;dodf pxf―sf] sfo{sIfsf] kbf{af6 8/fO{—8/fO{ lrxfP/ x]y]+{ t/ pxf― hlxn] klg rfªsf rfª kmfOnx¿ 6]a'ndf /fv]/ sfd ul//fv]sf] b]lvg'x'GYof] . Pslbg pxf― afy?d uPsf] a]nf d klg kl5kl5 nfu]+ . afy?dleq lk;fa k]ml//fv]s} a]nf d}n] cf―6 u/]/ pxf―nfO{ ;f]w]+, æxh'/, xfd|f] k|:tfj s] eof] <Æ pxf―n] ;'¿jfnsf] Ohf/ af―Wb} ;'kf/L rkfP/ d':s'/fp―b} dnfO{ eGg'eof], æs] k|:tfj sfG5f <Æ d}n] 8/fO{—8/fO{ eg]+, æ/fKtLkfl/ /fli6«o lgs'~h agfpg] k|:tfjaf/] xh'/ .Æ æP ltdL /fli6«o lgs'~h agfpg] <Æ af―lw;s]sf] Ohf/ k'msfn]/ b'O6} xftn] gfO6f] d'lgsf] efu Ol¨t ub}{ 76\of}nf] kf/fdf pxf―n] eGg'eof], æc, oxf― klg h¨n 5, Pp6f—b'O6f hgfj/ klg xf]nfg\, s] oxf― klg /fli6«o lgs'~h 31

32 agfp―5;\ <Æ cln xf―;]/, cln Vofn ub}{, cln l/;sf] emf+]sdf k]ml/ xsfg'{ eof]– æltd|f] kf] afpn] k};f sdfOlbPsf] 5, d]/f] t oxL hfuL/n] kl/jf/ kfNg' 5 . s:tf] cf―6 u¥of < >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/sf] lghL jgnfO{ /fli6«os/0f ug{ vf]Hg] <Æ d csdSs k/]+ . s]xL af]Ng} ;lsg― . h'ga]nf d / d]/f] ;fyL hf]g Anf]j/ /fKtLsf] h¨n 3'Db} lyof}+, To;a]nf xfd|f] ljZjf;sf] cEoGt/ ;nanfPsf] lyof], cGt:s/0fdf c1ft ;|f]tn] k|]l/t u/fPsf] lyof] . jg dGqfnon] xfd|f] k|:tfjgfnfO{ cufl8 g;f/] tfklg xfdL xtf]T;fxL ePgf}+ . dnfO{ ljZjf; lyof], /fhf dx]Gb|n] oxf― Pslbg cjZo /fli6«o lgs'~h agfOalS;G5 . lsgeg] /fhf dx]Gb| ;+/If0fk|]dL xf]OalS;GYof] . oxL ljZjf;sf ;fy xfdL /fli6«o lgs'~h :yfkgf ug]{ qmddf lg/Gt/ k|of;nfO{ cufl8 ;fg{ yfs]gf}+ . ljleGg ;f]r, pkfox¿ vf]tNg yfNof}+ . o;} ;Gbe{df lgb/Nof08sf /fhs'df/ a]gxf8{nfO{ e]6\g xfdL nfª6fªsf] lxdfn;Dd k'Uof}+ . xfd|f] p2]Zo lyof], /fhs'df/sf] dfWodaf6 xfd|f] k|:tfjgf dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/df r9fpg] . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otn] d}n] xfd|f] k|:tfjgf gf/fo0flx6L b/af/df laGtLkqsf] ¿kdf k]z ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt klg lyPg . kl5 jg dGqfnonfO{ bafj ;[hgf ug{ xfdLn] Clifs]z zfx cWoIf, gL/ zDz]/ / ;'zLn zDz]/nfO{ pkfWoIf agfP/ g]kfndf klxnf] k|s[lt ;+/If0fd'vL u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf klg vf]Nof}+ . ;+:yfsf] gfd lyof] …g]kfn k|s[lt ;+/If0f ;+3Ú (Nepal Nature Conservation Society) . of] ;+3df sfd ubf{ d}n] 7"N7"nf JolQmTjx¿l;t ;+/If0f dfq xf]Og, l;sf/sf s'/fx¿ klg l;s]+ . ;+:yfsf] gfd eg] k|s[lt ;+/If0f ;+3 t/ To;sf clwsf+z ;b:ox¿ To;a]nfsf gfd'b l;sf/Lx¿ lyP . t]hhË yfkf, OgzDz]/, Clifs]z zfx, k|f]k]m;/ ;'/]Gb| l;+x, ;'zLn zDz]/ cflb . ;+3sf a}7sx¿ ;aeGbf klxn] l;sf/s} /dfOnf 36gfsf] a]nLla:tf/af6 ;'¿ x'Gy] . ;'zLnzDz]/n] Pp6f l;sf/ SofDkdf gLnufO{sf] df;'sf] safa agfPsf] clg ef―8f] 3f]lK6O{ ;a} safa afn'jfdf kf]lvPsf], OgzDz]/n] k6sfdf dl§t]n 5sL{ dl6t]nsf] uGwn] a―b]nnfO{ nf]Eofpb} k6sf Vjfp―bf a―b]nsf] d'v} k8\lsPsf], To;}u/L t]hhË yfkfn] dxf;]/ df5f ;dft]sf], Clifs]z zfxn] Pp6} uf]nL 9\jfª\u xfGbf h/fof] 3'Kn'Ss} ePsf] h:tf /dfOnf 36gfx¿af/] s'/f geOsg t 5nkmnsf] Ph]08f g} ;'¿ x'―b}gYof] . ;+3sf ;b:ox¿df d ;aeGbf sfG5f] lyP― . clg d a}7ssf] s'/fdf Wofg cfsif{0f ub}{ eGy,]+ æP xh"/, of] ;+/If0f ;+3 xf] ls l;sf/L ;+3 <Æ Og zDz]/ xnnNn xf―:b} eGy] æs0f]{, t―nfO{ s] yfxf, l;sf/L geOsg ;+/If0fsf] dd{nfO{ To;} a'¤g ;lsG5 <Æ k]ml/ yKb} pgL cfºgf cg'ejx¿ ;'gfp―y], æhËn s:tf] 5, sxf― l;sf/ kfOG5 cflb—OToflb s'/f xfdLn] cg'ej ul/;s]sf] x'―bf xfdLnfO{ w]/} yfxf 5 . ha jghËn gfz x'G5, hËnL hLjhGt' klxn]eGbf sd b]lvG5g\, xfdLnfO{ lrGtf x'G5, clg ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostfnfO{ xfdL a'¤5f}+ .Æ dnfO{ nfUof] of] klg 7Ls} /x]5 . o;df klg ts{ t 5 . x'g t ;+;f/sf w]/}h;f] ;+/If0fljb\x¿ klxn] l;sf/Lx¿ g} lyP . zx/leq a:g] dflg;x¿n] g hËn b]v]sf x'G5g\ g t hËndf /dfpg] pgLx¿sf] afgL g} x'G5 . jgh¨n / h¨nL hLjhGt'x¿sf] ;+/If0f /fd|f] Joj:yfkgaf6 dfq x'g ;S5 . h¨ndf rflxg]eGbf a9L ?vx¿ pld|P eg] grflxg] ?vx¿n] /fd|f—/fd|f ?vx¿nfO{ a9\g] df}sf lb+b}gg\ eg] h:t} s'g} h¨ndf a9L hgfj/x¿ eP eg] s]xL hgfj/x¿sf] l;sf/ gul/sg cGo hgfj/x¿sf nflu /fd|f] jf;:yfgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsGg . slxn]sfxL+ l;sf/nfO{ klg ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yfkg dfGg} k5{ . t;y{ l;sf/nfO{ efjgfTds b[li6sf]0fn] g/fd|f] dflgP tfklg slxn]sfxL+ Joj:yfkgsf] gfp―df lgolGqt 32

33 l;sf/ u/fpg' kg]{ afWotf x'G5 . ;+/If0fsf] d"nwf/nfO{ a'¤g k|s[lt, jghËn / hËnL hLjhGt'nfO{ glhs}af6 lrGg'k5{ / a'‰g'k5{ . hËnleq axg] xfjf, ;'s]sf kftklt¨/dfly lx+8\bf cfpg] cfjfh, clg Pp6f csfNklgs t/ /dfOnf] ;'g;fg / /f]df~rk"0f{ 8/nfUbf] qf;sf] jftfj/0f, oL ;a eg]/ / ;'g]/ a'lemg] s'/f xf]Ogg\ g t s'g} lstfa k9]/ g} h¨nleqsf] dd{ / dxTjnfO{ x[bo+ud ug{ ;lsG5 . oL t h¨nleq :jo+ cfk}+mn] ;do latfP/, Toxf―sf] jftfj/0fdf /dfP/ g} hfGg], a'¤g] / cg'e"lt ug]{ s'/f x'g\ . cGttM >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;g\ !(^( df /fKtLkfl/ /fli6«o lgs'~h agfpg] gLlt ;}4flGts ¿kn] :jLs[t u¥of] . b]zdf ;j{k|yd aGg] /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ;LdfÍg ug]{ lhDdf dnfO{ g} lbOof] . of] d]/f nflu 7"nf] uj{sf] s'/f lyof] . lrtjgsf] /fKtLkfl/ ;Dk"0f{ h¨n, 7f]/L—df8L / lqh'uf;Dd slxn] xfQLdf, slxn] k}bn}, slxn] 8'¨fdf uO{ ;LdfÍg ug]{ sfo{ ;'¿ ul/of] . udL{sf] ;do kl;gfn] lgy'|Ss leh]sf] hLp clg ;f]d]Zj/ 8f―8fsf] wfl/nf] 3f―;n] v'§f / hLpdf 3f]Rbf c;fWo} kf]NYof] . t/ hj ;j]{If0f / ;LdfÍg sfo{ lglj{£g ;dfKt eof], To;a]nf dgdf ckf/ ;'vsf] cg'e"lt eof] . o; sfo{df dnfO{ d]/f ldq ljZjgfy pk|]tL / ;xof]uL /fdk|Lt ofbjn] w]/} ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . h¨ndf sfd ubf{ ;do—;dodf km/s—km/s 36gfx¿, cg'ejx¿ x'g] g} eP . Pslbg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ ug]{ qmddf jgs§fsf] ufp― / hËnsf] aLr u}+8fsf] cfjthfjt /f]Sg 5—;ft kmL6 ulx/f vf8nx¿ vGg] sfdsf] lg/LIf0f ul//fv]sf] lyP― . ?vsf] Pp6f xf―ufdfly a;]/ sfd x]l//fv]sf] lyP― . cs:dft\ d}n] b"/ljgaf6 lgs} k/ afSnf] 98\8Ldf Ps 5]paf6 Pp6L cfOdfO{ 3f―;sf] ef/L 6fpsf]df af]s]/ cfO/fv]sL / csf]{tkm{af6 Pp6f 7"nf] u}+8f dVv k/]/ v'?v'? cfO/fv]sf] b]v]+ . cfOdfO{ / u}+8f b'j} d:t eP/ lgjf{w :jfefljs ultdf lx+l8/fv]sf lyP . cUnf] / afSnf] 3f―;sf] 98\8Lsf sf/0f Psn] csf]{nfO{ b]Vb}gy] t/ d}n] rfn kfO;s]sf] lyP― ca s'g}klg a]nf b'a} k|f0fLsf] ck|Toflzt hDsfe]6 x'g] 5 eGg] . d lrRofP― t/ cfOdfO{n] d]/f] cfjfh ;'Gg ;lsgg\ . pgsf] arfpsf nflu d}n] xQkQ d]/f] xfQL / dfpt]nfO{ Toxf― k7fP― . xfQL pgLx¿nfO{ arfpg bf}l8of] . t/ x]bf{—x]b}{ u}+8f / cfOdfO{sf] hDsfe]6 e} g} xfNof] . d b"/jLgn] x]b}{ lyP― . cfºg} ;'/df d:t;―u cfO/fv]sL cfOdfO{ / u}+8f b'a} Psbd eml:sP / If0fe/sf nflu :tAw eP . b'a} k|f0fL crn, csd{0o . t/ Ps}l5g kl5 cfOdfO{sf] xf]z cfof], pgL lrRofP/ cfk"mn] af]s]sf] 3f―;sf] ef/L u}+8f cufl8 ºof―s]/ bf}8g nflug\ . klxn] t u}+8f l7Ë pleO/fv]sf] lyof] . ha cfOdfO{ lrRofP/ eflug\, u}+8f k5fl8 nfluxfNof] . d q:t eO{ x]b}{ lyP―, d]/f] ;f; k'mNg yfNof], d'vaf6 cfjfh cfPg . lhGbuLdf clxn];Dd d}n] s'v'/f afx]s v;L—af]sf sf6]sf] b]v]sf] klg 5}g, t/ cfh s'g}klg If0fdf d]/f cf―vf cufl8 Pp6L :j:y / d:t dlxnf dg{ ;lS5g\ . d}n] g t To:tf] hLjg / d[To'sf] bf}8 g t To;/L cfOdfO{ efu]sf] g} slxNo} b]v]s} lyP― . rf}/df cfOdfO{ lrRofpb} efUb} lyOg\ . u}+8f km6\km6fp―b} nv]6\b} lyof] . cflv/ u}+8fn] cfOdfO{nfO{ e]§fO{ xfNof] / xfgL xfNof] . t/ yf]/} /f}+—k|df0fsf] km/sn] u}+8fsf] l;¨ cfOdfO{sf] hLpdf gnfuL kml/ofdf dfq nfUof] . nueu Ps xhf/ lsnf]sf] eLdsfo u}+8fn] xfGbf hLpdf gnfuL xfjfdf nfu]sf] x'―bf u}+8fn] cfºgf] z/L/nfO{ ;Gt'lnt kfg{ ;s]g / kn{Ss} klN6of] . d]/f] cf―vfnfO{ ljZjf;} nfu]g, To:tf] ljzfnsfo u}+8f s;/L xfjfdf a'n{'Ss pk|mL hdLgdf 9\ofDd} n8]sf] † w"nf] afbn h:t} p8\of] . jftfj/0f w'nfDo} eof] . dlxnf Psgfzn] efu]sf] efu]s} lyOg\ k5fl8 x]b}{ gx]/L . pgnfO{ yfx} ePg pgnfO{ nv]6\g] u}+8f t kn{Ss} 33

34 klN6;s]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f . s]xL l5g\kl5 pgn] Pp6f l;dnsf] ¿v e]§fOg\ / cfºgf] Hofg arfpg] ;'/df sf―8}–sf―8f ePsf] ToxL ¿vdfly lrKn]ls/f h:t} rl9g\ . ptf n8]sf] u}+8f p7\of], otfptL x]¥of], cfOdfO{ ufoa ePsf] b]v]/ 5Ss k¥of] . ha cfOdfO{sf] cfjfh u}+8fn] ;'Gof], pm xflGgP/ l;dnsf] ¿vd'lg k'Uof] / /L;n] r"/ eO{ ¿vsf] rf/}lt/ kmgkmgL 3'Dg yfNof] . To;a]nf;Dd d]/f] xfQL Toxf― k'lu;s]sf] lyof] . u}+8fnfO{ n3f/L tL cfOdfO{nfO{ xfdLsxf― NofOof] . d]/f] cf―v} cufl8 ePsf] hLjg / d[To'sf] eofjx, /f}+ 7f8f] kfg]{ Tof] bf}8 clxn] klg emnemnL ofb cfp―5 . xhf/ lsnf]sf] u}+8f s;/L bf}8\bf] /x]5, Pp6L kftnL cfOdfO{ cfºgf] Hofg hf]ufpg Dof/fy'g wfjs h:t} s;/L bf}8g ;lsg\ / ck|Toflzt Pj+ cfsl:ds cfkTsfnLg pkfoåf/f s;/L af―Rg ;kmn eOg\, ;De―mbf /f]dfl~rt x'G5' . cfOdfO{sf xft / lt3|f l;dnsf] ¿vsf] sf―8faf6 /utfDo} ePsf lyP . t/ Tof]eGbf eofgs oyfy{, sfnsf] k~hfaf6 k'mTsg ;Ifd tL cfOdfO{nfO{ 3fpsf], b'Mvsf] kL8f / j]bgf cg'ej ePsf] b]lv+b}gYof] . hËnsf] Tof] /f]df~rs, eofgs ;+3if{do 36gf ;Dembf klg dnfO{ sfd 5'6\nf h:tf] nfU5 . t/ hËndf o:tf 36gf slt eP xf]nfg\ / slthgfn] cfk"mnfO{ arfpg ;s] xf]nfg\, xfdL h:tf zx/af;Ln] s] yfxf kfpg' † lrtjgsf] h¨ndf d}n] latfPsf] ;do d]/f nflu clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 5 . clxn] klg hj d zx/L hLjgaf6 lbSs / jfSs x'G5', ;w}+ Toxf― /dfpg hfG5' . lrtjgdf ;"of{:tsf] ;do clt g} /dfOnf] x'G5 . wkwk an]sf] cfuf]sf] 8Nnf] h:tf] /ftf] ;"o{sf] nflndfn] cfsfzdf 5l/Psf afbnx¿ uf9f, lkmSsf, xNsf /ftf / ldl>t /ªdf /lËPsf x'G5g\ . ;"o{ c:tfp―bfsf] /ftf] /ª ha /fKtL gbLsf] ;ª\nf] kfgLdf 5foflÍt x'G5, To;a]nfsf] jftfj/0f ;f―Rr} /f]df~rs, ljnIf0f / /d0fLo x'G5 . udL{sf] /fk cln sd x'―b} uP klg xfjf grNbf kl;gf cfpg] qmd eg] hf/L g} /xG5 . rfnL; jif{ klxn] ;f}/fxfdf dflg;sf] Tolt rxnkxn lyPg . ko{6s t k6Ss} x'―b}gy], ufp―n]x¿ klg sd} lyP . lrtjg hËnsf] lzlj/df a;]/ :ynut e|d0f l/kf]6{x¿ tof/ ug]{ a]nf slxn]sfxL+ ;f―em xfQL lnP/ hËn 3'Dg hfg dnfO{ c;fWo} /x/ nfUYof] . d}n] r9\g] xfQLsf] gfd lyof] d~h'snL / dfpt]sf] gfd lyof] ks'nf . d~h'snL c;fWo} 8/5]?jf / ks'nf c;fWo} x7L . SofDkdf d PSn} a:bf dnfO{ h¨nL dflg;x¿sf] h:t} lbg latfpg dg nfUYof] . slxn]sfxL+ 6fh{g h:t} s§'dfq nufP/ xfQLaf6 hËn 3'Dg] /x/ x'GYof] . Ps;f―em d / ks'nf d~h'snL xfQL lnP/ SofDksf] udL{ 5Ng cw{gUg eO{ hËnleq k:of}+ . x6\–x6\ eGb} d~h'snLnfO{ ks'nfn] bf}8fof] . kGw|—aL; ldg]6kl5 ks'nfn] sfg]v'zL ub}{ æ;fk—;fk efn'Æ eGof] . efn' eGgf;fy d /f]dfl~rt eP― / efn' ePsf] 7fp―lt/ xfQL nluof] . xfdLn] efn'sf] aRrfnfO{ ofb} u/]g5f}+ . cfºgf] aRrfnfO{ arfpg efn' b'O{ v'§f 6]s]/ …x\jf¨Ú ub}{ p7\of] . sf―t/ d~h'snL …Sjf― Sjf―Ú ub}{ hËnleq s'n]nd 7f]sL xfnL . ks'nf x6\–x6\ eGb} /f]Sg vf]HYof] . t/ 8/5]?jf d~h'snL sxf― /f]lsg]jfnf lyO{ / † ao/}—ao/sf] 3f/Lleq d~h'snL k;L . ks'nfn] cfºgf] hLp 9fSg cfk"m a;]sf] efªu|fn] 5f]lkxfNof] . t/ hËndf 6fh{g aGg k'u]sf] d eg] sf―8}—sf―8fsf] l;sf/ ag]+ . gfËf] hLpdf ;of}+ ao/sf pN6f sf―8fn] 3f]r] . d'vdf klg sf―8f, sf―wdf klg sf―8f, sf―8}—sf―8f . d]/f] hLpdf e'ne'n /utsf e'Nsf b]lvP . Sof ;+of]u † efUbf—efUb} d~h'snL cs:dft\ dfs'/fsf] hfnf]leq kf] kl;5 . sf―8fn] sf]t/]sf] d]/f] hLpdfly hfnf]n] 5f]lkxfNof] . SofDkdf gcfOk'u'~h]n;Dd dnfO{ sF―8fn] 3f]r]sf] Tolt b'v]g . cfºgf] hLpaf6 Ps–Ps ub}{ lah]sf sf―8f lgsfn]+ t/ /ftL lgs} b'Vg yfNof], lgb|f 34

35 klg nfu]g / hLp et\et\ kf]Ng nfUof] . laxfg kf―r} ah] p7]+ . d'v w'g vf]Hbf d'v ;'lGgPsf] h:tf] c;lhnf] nfUof], w]/} ;'lGgO;s]sf] /x]5 . sf―8f lae]msf] 3fpdfly dfs'/fsf] hfnf]sf] ljif k}mlnPsfn] zfob d]/f] d'v ;'lGgPsf] x'g;S5 . P]gf x]bf{ cfºgf] d'v cfk}+mn] lrGg ;lsg― . t'?Gt} e/tk'/ uP― . dfs'/fsf] ljifsf] k|efj /f]Sg cf}iflw vfP― / ToxLlbg sf7df8f}+ kmls{P― . dnfO{ ofb 5 ha d /ftL 3/ k'u]+, kl/jf/sf s;}n] klg dnfO{ lrg]gg\ . d]/f] ;'lGgPsf] d'v b]v]/ d]/L cfdf em08} d"5f{ kg'{ePsf] † clg t d]/L cfdfn] rfn kfpg' ef] d]/f] lhGbuLsf] jf:tljstf . To;kl5 t hfuL/ 5f]8\gsf nflu cfdfn] dnfO{ bafj lbg'dfq ePg, k]Ng} yfNg'eof] . t/ To;a]nf;Dd jgh¨n, k|s[lt / kxf8 d]/f] hLjgsf cleGg c¨ alg;s]sf lyP dfgf}+ tntn nfu]h:t} . Ps dlxgf sf7df8f}+ a:g' kbf{ klg uf¥xf] x'GYof] . t/ t/fO{sf] s'g} zx/df jgclws[t eP/ h¨nsf] sf7df 6f―rf xfGg] sfddf d ;Lldt x'g rfxGgy]+ . d]/f] OR5f lyof], h¨n 3'Dg], 7fp―— 7fp―df af; a:g] / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cWoog ug]{ . o;} ;Gbe{df Pstfsf d z'Snfkmf―6fsf] h¨ndf ;fyL hf]g Jnf]j/ / h¨nL hLjhGt' ljz]if1 lk6/ jg{;―u} ;j]{If0f ug{ uPsf] lyP― . sfds} l;nl;nfdf Pslbg laxfgsf] ld/ld/] pHofnf]df a|]skmf:6 vfP/ z'Snfkmf―6fsf] 98\8Lleq k:of}+ . d w]/} sd a|]skmf:6 vfGy]+, vf;u/L kfp/f]6L / rkftL t vfg} g;Sg] . kfOof] eg] :jf/L, h]/L / xn'jf vfGy]+ . t/ h¨ndf sxf― kfpg] :jf/L, h]/L / xn'jf † lbge/ 3'd]/ dxfsfnL gbL lsgf/df tLg— ;f9] tLg ah]lt/ vfgf vfg /f]lsof}+ . cfsfzdf Ps e'mG8 lrnx¿ cfºg} kf/fn] pl8/x]sf lyP . lrnnfO{ b]vfpb} lk6/n] h¨ndf zfob s]xL h¨nL hLjhGt' d/]sf] x'g ;Sg] s'/f ;'gfP . To:tf] d/]sf] l;gf] s'g hftsf] xf], Tof] x]g{ xfdL h¨nleq kl;xfNof}+ . cGbfhL kGw|—aL; ldg]6 lx+8]kl5 Pp6f ;fDa/sf] l;gf] b]lvof], c;fWo} uGxfpg] . d}n] ;f;} k]mg{ ;lsg― . t/ lk6/ eg] d/]sf] ;fDa/sf] l;gf]nfO{ cf]N6fO{—kN6fO{ x]g{ yfn] . lk6/n] eg], æof] ;fDa/nfO{ af3n] df/]sf] xf] . o;nfO{ vfg af3 k]ml/ oxf― cfp―5 .Æ lk6/sf] pT;'stf emg a9\b} uof] / pgL 98\8Lsf] rf/}lt/ hf;'; h:t} 3'Dg yfn] . glhs} b'O— { rf/ j6f hfd'gsf ?v lyP . x/]s hfd'gsf] ?v pgL ;'―£g yfn] . jg lj1fg / jGo hLjhGt'sf ;DaGwdf d]/f] lstfaL cWoogdfq lyof] t/ cg'ej sd . t;y{ klg lk6/sf] x/]s lqmofsnfknfO{ d}n] a'¤g] sf]l;; u/]+ . lk6/nfO{ h¨n / h¨nL hLjhGt'af/] w]/} yfxf /x]5 . pgn] eg] æx]/, af3n] of] ;fDa/nfO{ b'O{ lbg klxn]dfq df/]sf] xf] . cfh /ftL klg af3 k]ml/ oxf― cfp―5 .Æ pgn] k]ml/ eg] ædnfO{ z+sf 5, of] af3sf] l;sf/ ug{ ef/taf6 l;sf/Lx¿ vf]nf t/L oxf― cfp―5g\ .Æ lk6/n] k|df0fx¿ b]vfpg hfd'gsf ?vdf ;fDa/sf] df;' vfO;s]kl5 af3n] cfºgf] k+hfn] sf]/]sf] 7fp― b]vfP . tL 7fp―df df;'sf] uGw lyof] . clg ToxL+ ?vd'lg ds}sf u]8fx¿ klg e]l§P . ?vsf xf―ufdf l;sf/Lsf rSs'n] sf]6\ofPsf bfu / ?vdf a:bf—a:b} ds} vfPsf] s'/faf6 l;sf/Lsf] pkl:ylt :k:6 x'GYof] . otfptf x]bf{x]b}{ ;f―em kg{ yfNof] . t}klg lk6/sf] lh1f;f sd ePsf] lyPg . pgn] l;sf/L sxf―af6 cfP, uP eGg] rf]/ af6f] kQf nufpg vf]h] . Tof] 98\8Ldf b'Oj6f kblrGx b]lvGy] . Pp6f xfdL cfPsf] / csf]{ l;sf/L lx+8]sf] . l;sf/Lx¿ uPsf] 7fp―df 98\8Lx¿ sfl6Psf lyP . ToxL+af6 xfdL uof}+ . s]xL l5gkl5 dxfsfnL gbL lsgf/ cfOk'Uof] . lsgf/df 8'¨f af―Wg] Pp6f alnof] 7'6f] uf8]sf] /x]5 . zfob gbL kfl/af6 cfpg] l;sf/Lx¿n] /ftL ToxL 7'6f]df cfºgf] 8'¨f af―w]/ h¨nleq af3sf] l;sf/ ug{ hfGy] xf]nf . olb d lk6/l;t Toxf― 3'Dg guPsf] eP dnfO{ oltsf s'/f yfxf x'g] g} lyPg . 3'Dbf3'Db} emdSs ;f―em ePsf] yfxf g} ePg . klxn] cfPsf] af6f]af6 kms{gnfO{ sd;]sd c¿ rf/—kf―r 306f lx+8\g' kYof]{, To;}n] 35

36 z'Snfkmf―6fsf] aLr}aLraf6 SofDk kms{g] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . 98\8Lleq 3'―8f— 3'―8f;Dd kfgL lyof] . sDkf; x]b}{ 98\8LnfO{ kmf―8\b} cufl8 a9\g yflnof] . lk6/sf] k5fl8 hf]g clg d ;aeGbf k5fl8—k5fl8 lx8]+ . Psbd ef]s nfu]sf] lyof], s'/f ug]{ zlQm g} ePg . a;\, kfgLdf 5\ofKnfª—5'Kn'ª ub}{ af]nrfn} gu/L k5fl8 lx+8\g]n] cufl8sf] v'§f x]b}{ cufl8dfq al9/x\of}+ . cs:dft\ lk6/ cflQP/ s/fpg yfn], æoxf― gcfpm, oxf― gcfpm .Æ c―Wof/f] e};s]sf] lyof] . hf]g Psflt/ efu], d csf]{lt/ . d}n] cg'dfg} ug{ ;lsg, lk6/nfO{ s] eof] eg]/ . ;k{n] 6f]s]sf] xf] jf af3n] emD6]sf] . kf―r ldg]6kl5 :of―—:of― ub}{ lk6/n] æhf]g, s0f{ x\j]/ cf/ o' <Æ eGb} xfdLnfO{ af]nfpg yfn] . ;f―r} eGg] xf] eg] Tof] a]nf d lgs} cQflnPsf] lyP― . s] eof], 7\ofDd} rfn kfOg― . Psl5g otfptL ub}{ xfdL b'a}hgf lk6/ ePsf] 7fp―df k'Uof}+ . Toxf― cfºgf] d'v 5f]k]/ hldgd} ple/x]sf] cj:yfdf lk6/nfO{ e]§fof}+ . pgsf] lt3|f;Dd kfgL lyof] . jf:tjdf pgnfO{ 8f―; hftsf] h¨nL df}/Ln] 6f]s]sf] /x]5 . d'v Psbd ;'lGg;s]sf] lyof] . pgnfO{ slt b'v]sf] xf]nf, xfdLn] cg'dfg} ug{ ;s]gf}+ . t/ pgdf cf―6 eg] h:tfsf] t:t} lyof] . s]xL l5gkl5 xfdL s] lx+8\g nfu]sf lyof}+, "Damn, my compass" eGb} lk6/n] cfºgf] sDkf; vf]Hg yfn] . n ca k¥of] cfkt † 8f―;n] 6f]Sg] a]nf lk6/sf] sDkf; kfgLdf v;]sf] /x]5 . ca sxf― vf]Hg] < xfdL tLg} hgf 5\ofk—5\ofk ub}{ 98\8Lsf] kfgLleq sDkf; vf]Hg nfUof}+ . t/ sxf― kfpg' † ;f/f cfsfz afbnn] 8Dd 9fs]sf] lyof], lbzfaf]w ug{ Pp6f klg tf/f b]lvb}gYof] . cflv/ lagfsDkf; z'Snfkmf―6fsf] ljzfn 98\8Lleq xfdL ef}tfl/of}+ / x/fof}+ . 6f9fsf] b[Zo x]g{ dfly r9\g Pp6f klg ?v lyPg . hxf― uof] Toxf― 98\8L g} 98\8L . dfgf}+, 98\8Ls} dxf;fu/df xfdL x/fP h:tf] nfUof] . sxL+ a:g] 7fp― 5}g, hxf― uPklg kfgL g} kfgL . lg/Gt/ cfPsf] kl;gfn] ubf{ dnfO{ clt Kof; nflu;s]sf] lyof] . af]tndf Ps yf]kf kfgL lyPg . hLa|f] vfS;L h:tf] ;'ls;s]sf] lyof] . cflv/ Kof;nfO{ /f]Sg} g;s]/ h] xf]nf—xf]nf eg]/ cfºgf] ks]6 ?dfnnfO{ 98\8Lsf] kfgLdf lehfP/ d'vn] r':g yfn]+ . …ef]ln emf8f—jfGtf nfu] nfuf];\ t/ cfh /flt kfgLsf] Kof; d]l6of] eg] ef]ln;Dd t af―lrPnf,Ú o:t} ;f]rfO cfO/x]sf] lyof] . lx+8\bflx+8\b} v'§f sf7 h:tf] e};s]sf lyP . ple/xg] zlQm lyPg t/ a;f}+ eg] s;/L / sxf― † cfk"md'lg hldgdf lt3|f;Dd kfgL 6Dd lyof] . lx+8\bf—lx+8\b} cGbfhL /ftL b'O{ah] aNn—aNn Pp6f kLknsf] ?v e]l6of] . tLg} hgf Ps zAb klg gaf]nL ?vdfly r9\of}+ . clg t s] lyof], lrt'jf ;'t] h:t} ?vsf] xf―ufnfO{ c¨fnf] df/L /ftsf] af―sL k|x/ xf―ufdf g} latfof}+ . kl/R5]b b—% 3'ldlkm/L k]ml/ ¿Dhf6f/ æ====== lhGbuLsf] nfdf] ofqfdf bL3{sfnLg v]n v]Ng] xf] eg] lbdfuaf6 pAh]sf lg0f{oaf6 xf]Og, cGtx[{bosf] ;Rrf 9's9'sLsf] w/ftndf 7l8Psf] cfTdljZjf;sf] cfjfh ;'Gg'k5{ . :jfyL{ lbdfusf t/Ën] dflg;nfO{ wf]sf lbg ;S5g\ t/ x[boleqsf cfb]z lgb]{zaf6 ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿n] dflg;nfO{ oyfl:yltdf ;fdfGotM wf]sf lb+b}gg\ . t;y{ d s'g}klg sfd ug'{eGbf klxn] cf―vf lrDnG5', lbdfu vf]N5' clg x[bosf] emÍf/ ;'G5' .Æ jgh¨n / jGo hLjhGt'x¿sf] h}ljs ljljwtf cWoog ug]{ qmddf d}n] b'O{ jif{ nuftf/ g]kfnsf s'gf–sfKrf, kfvf—kv]/f, sGb/fx¿sf] e|d0f u/]+ . To;a]nf jgljefudf k|s[lt ;+/If0fsf gfp―df Pp6f vl/bf/cGtu{t …l;sf/L kmf―6Ú lyof] . kl5 hf]g Anf]j/ / d ldn]/ jGohLjhGt' ;+/If0fsf nflu Pp6f 5'§} ljefu vf]Ng] of]hgf th'{df u¥of}+ / kl5 ;fljssf] ;fgf] lzsf/L kmf―6nfO{ 5'§} k"0f{ clwsf/;DkGg ljefu agfpg] lg0f{o eof] . 36

37 tt\jZrft\ ;f];{—kmf];{jfnf clws[tx¿ leq k;]/ dnfO{ kfvf nufpg] k|k~r ug{ yfn] . …sfd ug]{ sfn' ds} vfg] efn'Ú eg] e}+m dnfO{ cGoq ;¿jf ug]{ s'/f rNof] . t/, d eg] Tof] lg0f{o dfGg]jfnf lyOg . ljj]snfO{ lyr]/ g d sfd ug{ ;S5', g t dnfO{ s;}n] k|of]u g} u/]sf] ;xg ;S5' . d ;w+} :jtM:km"t{ ¿kn] sfd u5'{ . bafjdf cfP/ cfk"mnfO{ dg gk/]sf] 7fp― :ju}{ ePklg sfd ug{ ;lSbg . d s'g} …lkª\kª\ anÚ xf]Og h;n] hxf― xfGof] ToxL― 7f]lSsg hfg] . d}n] ljrf/ u/]+, d]/f] nfdf] lhGbuLdf cfºgf] nIo pRr /fVg'k5{ lsgeg] d}n] w]/} sfd ug{ af―sL g} 5 . o;/L cGofo ;xg] afgL eof] eg] d]/f] cfTdan nf]k eP/ hfg]5 . d s'g}klg xfntdf cfºgf] ljZjf;sf] kf/bzL{ P]gf k'm6\g lbGg, pT;fxsf] emGsf/sf] tf/ 6'6\g lbGg . To;f] eof] eg] d]/f] cGtlg{lxt cfTdljZjf; x/fpg]5 . …dÚ eGg' g} d]/f] xf] / ddf …dÚ g} ePg eg] kl5 uP/ s] sfd ug{ ;s'―nf / < d}n] tTsfn} lg0f{o ul/xfn]+, ca d ;/sf/L hfuL/ vfGg . oxf― a;]/ d]/f] pTyfg ;Dej x'―b}g . ;dod} d oxf―af6 plDsg' k5{, lg:sg'k5{ . d}n] tTsfn} lg0f{o ug{ ;lsg jf ul/g eg] kl5 of] hfuL/sf] t[i0ffn] dnfO{ b'Jo{;gL h:t} agfOlbg ;S5 . d}n] To:tf sltko ;fyLx¿ b]v]sf] 5' h;sf] sfdk|lt s]xL df]x 5}g, nufj 5}g, tgdg 5}g . a;\ cfn:o af]s]/ bz ah] sfof{no k'Uof], 3fd tfKof], aNntNn kf―r ahfof] clg 3/ kmls{of] . pgLx¿df lg/fzf / pbf;Lgtf e/df/ 5 . To;/L sfd ubf{ g JolQmut ljsf; x'G5 g t /fi6«nfO{ g} s]xL 6]jf k'U5 . lg:s[o eP/ af―Rg] d]/f] ;f]v lyPg . t;y{ d}n] lg0f{o u/]+, ca d hfuL/ 5f]8\5' . geGb} ;g\ !(&) df 5f]8L klg xfn]+ . hfuL/ 5f]8]sf] ;'Ggf;fy ;aeGbf v'zL d]/L cfdf x'g'eof] . jf:tjdf d]/f] kl/jf/n] ha hËnL hLjgsf] sl7gfO, cgsG6f/ 7fp―x¿df e|d0f ug{ hf―bf ef]Ug' k/]sf cg]sf}+ b'Mv, si6x¿ a'‰g yfNof], dnfO{ hfuL/ 5f]8\gsf lgldQ 3/fo;L bafj cfpg ;'¿ eO;s]sf] lyof] . cfdfsf nflu t hËndf hf―bf PnhL{sf] sf/0f ;'lGgP/ lep―6 h:tf] ePsf] d]/f] d'v g} kof{Kt lyof] d}n] hfuL/ 5f]8\gsf lglDt . Ps lsl;dn] d efUodfgL g} lyP― . lsgls d}n] Tolt w]/} cfly{s af]em / ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] lyPg . To;}n] klg xf]nf hfuL/ r6Ss} 5f]8\g ;s]sf] . ;fg} pd]/b]lv d}n] cfdf / afa'sf] dfof, :g]x, k|]d / jfT;No kof{Kt kfPsf] lyP― . d]/f] ;+:sf/ / ;f]rsf] hu lgdf{0f ug{df d]/f a'af—d'dfn] 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] 5 . x'g t d c7f/ jif{sf] x'―bf d]/f a'afsf] b]xfj;fg ePsf] lyof] . tyflk Tolt 5f]6f] ;dodf klg a'afn] d]/f] dgdl:tisdf ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] jLp /f]lklbO;Sg' ePsf] /x]5 . pxf―n] g} l;sfpg' ePsf] lyof] dnfO{ ædWo/ft kZrft\ ;"o{ pbfp―5Æ eg]/ . s'g} dflg;n] cfnf]rgf u¥of] eg] pxf― eGg'x'GYof], æ/fd aGgsf lglDt /fj0fsf] cfjZostf k5{, eujfg\ a'4 aGgsf lgldQ b]jbQ rflxG5 .Æ b'Mv ge}sg ;'v cfp―b}g, ;d:of gcfOsg pknlAw xfl;n x'―b}g eGg] jf:tljs ;To, tYo s'/f d}n] pxf―;―u} l;s]+] . kf―r jif{sf] slnnf] pd]/df d]/f] a'af l;l4axfb'/ zfSosf cfdf— a'afsf] :juf{/f]x0f e};s]sf] lyof] . d]/f] a'afnfO{ pxf―sf sfsfn] x'sf{pg' ePsf] /x]5 . slnn} pd]/df lzIff k|fKt gul/sg} a'afn] cg]s Joj;fo ug'{ePsf] /x]5 lhhLljiff …;/efOen OlG:6ª\S6Ú sf nflu . /f0ffx¿sf] 3/fo;L lsgd]n ul/lbg] sfdaf6 z'¿ ePsf] pxf―sf] cWoj;fo a9\b}, emfl¨b} uof] . kl5 ;'g k;n rnfpbf rnfp―b} cGo Joj;fodf klg pxf― nfUg' eof] . ;do—;dodf snsQf, aDaO{;d]t uO{ Jofkf/ ug'{eof], slxn] ;'kf/L, slxn] Njfª lemsfpg] Jofkf/ . !(() ;fndf dxfe"sDk uPsf] a]nf pxf―n] h:tfkftf / ;]kmx¿ klg lemsfpg] sfd ug'{eof] . s'g ;do / kl/l:yltdf 37

38 s] sfd ug'{k5{, s:tf] Jofkf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] pxf―nfO{ Jofjxfl/s 1fg /x]5 . …;dodf xL/f klg kmf]g{ hfGg'k5{, sdfpg ;lhnf] 5 t/ a'l4dfgLk"0f{ t/Lsfn] k};f vr{ ug{ uf¥xf] x'G5Ú eGg] dxfg\ lzIff d}n] a'afl;t g} l;s]+ / ;dosf] plrt Joj:yfkg -6fOd Dofg]hd]G6_ af6 dflg;n] y'k|} sfd ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/f d}n] pxf―af6 g} hfg]― . /f0ffx¿sf] 3/df sfd u/]sf] x'―bf d]/f] a'af nufpg / vfgdf clt ;f]lvg x'g'x'GYof] . pxf― lbglbg} wf]Psf], lxp―h:tf] ;]tf] gog;'tsf] ;'¿jfn– sldh nufpg' x'GYof] . cfh nufPsf] n'uf ef]ln gx'g] . n'uf w'gsf nflu cfºg} wf]aL /fv]sf] . xfdL tL wf]jLnfO{ ttfh' eGg] uYof}{+ . ttfh'n] gL/ /fv]/ pxf―sf] n'uf w'g] / zª\vn] 3f]6\g] uly{g\ . ;'Tg] vf6df ;w}+ ;]tf] tGgf x'g}kg{], Tof] klg 6dSs sl:;Psf], le―muf p8]/ tGgfdf a;]klg lrKn]/ hfg] vfnsf] /] . njfO{—vjfO{df ;f/} ;f]lvg, af―nfrfs} k;ndf df;' lsGg' kg]{, dfgaxfb'/ bfOs} k;ndf d;nf lsGg' kg]{, ;'lndfgsf] xn'jfO{ k;nd} /f]6L lsGg' kg]{, la:nfnsf] k;ndf ;fukft lsGg} kg]{, asrfs}df sldh—;'¿jfn l;nfpg} kg]{ cflb—OToflb . ;do ;dodf wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs sfo{df plQs} Jo:t x'g] a'afsf] cfbt lyof] . 6f]nsf lgs} dflg;nfO{ a6'n]/ cfºg} vr{df kGw|—;f]¥x lbg nufP/ dgsfdgf bz{g ug{ nfg] ug'{x'GYof] pxf― . a'afsf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/n] d]/f] dgdl:tisdf 7"nf] 5fk 5f]8]sf] 5 . pxf―sf cufl8 cfºgf ;d:of lnP/ cfpg] hf]sf]xLnfO{ klg pxf― pT;fx / pd¨ hufP/ k7fpg'x'GYof] . a'afsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] v'aL oxL lyof] . Pp6f cgfy afns Pp6f k|ltli7t ;'g Jofkf/L aGg'df a'afsf] cgj/t rf]vf] kl/>d / d]xgt dfq xf]Og, d]/L cfdfsf] k|ToIf of]ubfg klg k|z:t lyof] . d]/L cfdf a'4dfof zfSo c;fWo} bofjtL x'g'x'GYof] . ;w}+ s;} g s;}nfO{ s]xL g s]xL lbO{ g} /xg'x'GYof] . d'dfn] 5—;fthgfnfO{ wd{k'q / wd{k'qL agfpg' ePsf] lyof] . cgfyx¿nfO{ x'sf{P/ clg pd]/ k'u]kl5 j|taGw, lax];d]t u/fO{ pgLx¿sf] 3/af/ a;fOlbg'x'GYof] . pgLx¿ clxn];Dd klg xfd|F] kl/jf/s} ;b:osf ¿kdf 5g\ . ;a}sf] cf–cfºgf] k]zf 5 . sf]xL k'/f]lxtsf] sfd u/]/ a;]sf 5g\ . s;}sf] /f]6L k;n 5 eg] s;}sf] t/sf/L k;n . cem b'Ohgf t wgs'6f / x]6f}+8fdf ;'g k;n /fv]/ /fd|/L hLljsf]kfh{g ul//fv]sf 5g\ . d]/f] a'af cgfys} ¿kdf x's{g'ePsf] x'―bf zfob cgfyk|lt dfof / Kof/ hfu]sf] lyof] xf]nf . cfdf c;fWo} wfld{s k|j[lQsL x'g'x'GYof] . tL; jif{;Dd cgj/t pxf― c;gb]lv :joDe" 8f―8fsf] r}To;Dd lx+8]/ k"hf ug{ hfg'x'GYof] . zfob ToxL― sf/0fn] xf]nf, lqofgAa] jif{sf] nfdf] pd]/;Dd s;}nfO{ s'g} b'Mv glbO{ :ki6 :d/0fzlQm / r]tgfsf;fy pxf― af―Rg'eof] . d]/f] lhGbuLdf a'afsf]eGbf cfdfsf] k|efj w]/} 5 . pxf―n] dnfO{ l;sfpg' ePsf] 7"nf] kf7 xf], æc¿l;t lng'eGbf c¿nfO{ lbg' /dfOnf] x'G5 .Æ ;f―Rr} ln―bf dg slt u¥xf}+ x'G5 t/ lb―bf slt xn'¨f] † xfd|f] 3/df sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿ kl/jf/s} ;b:o ;/x x'G5g\ . slxn]sfxL― ægf]s/x¿nfO{ 3'―8fdfly p7fpg' x'―b}g gq 6fpsf]df 6]Sg cfp―5g\Æ eGg] :jfyL{x¿sf] s'/f ;'Gbf d]/f] sGr6 tfT5 . d]/L cfdfn] cfºgf afnaRrf / 3/df sfd ug]{ dflg;df s]xL km/s ug'{x'Gy]g . 3/df Pp6} r'Nxf] x'GYof], Ps}yl/ ef―8fs'― 8f clg Ps} lsl;dsf] vfgf . cfdfsf] cfjfh d]/f] sfgdf clxn];Dd klg u'lGh/xG5 æP Gx'R5], P u'g], P d}rf, af s'g a]nf cfp―5g\ yfxf 5}g, ltdLx¿ vfO/fv, pgLx¿ kl5 vfG5g\ .Æ tftf] eft klxn] t 3/df sfd ug]{n] vfGy] . sfd ug]{x¿nfO{ x'sf{P/ /fd|f] s]6f jf s]6L vf]h]/ lax] u/fOlb+bf / 3/ u[x:yL a;fOlb+bf cfdfnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;'v ldNYof] . To:tf s]6Lx¿sf] sGofbfg a'af / d'df cfk}+mn] ul/lbg'x'GYof] / pgLx¿sf ;Gtfg eP eg] Gjf/g;d]t u/fOlbg' x'GYof] . dnfO{ uj{ nfU5 38

39 sqf] pbf/ rl/q, slt ljzfn 5ftL d]/f cfdf—a'afsf] . To:tf] ;+:sf/df x's]{sf] x'―bf zfob c¿nfO{ s]xL lbg kfOof] eg] dnfO{ klg c;fWo} cfgGb cfp―5 . slxn]sfxL― 3/df HofdLx¿nfO{ sfd nufp―bf d cfk}+mn] g} ksfP/ v'jfp―5' / cfk"m klg pgLx¿l;t ;―u} vfG5' . ha pgLx¿n] dL7f] dfgL d}n] ksfPsf] vfgf vfG5g\, To;a]nf d c;fWo} /dfp―5' . kf―rtf/] xf]6]ndf vfg] Ps 5fssf] k};fn] d}n] slthgfnfO{ dL7f] vfgf Vjfpg ;Sy+] eGg] cfp―5 . slxn]sfxL+ cfk"mn] nufO/fv]sf] gof― n'uf km'sfn]/ sfdbf/x¿nfO{ lb+bf ha pgLx¿df v'zLsf] emns b]V5', dnfO{ cf}wL /dfOnf] nfU5 . t/ s;};―u s]xL lng'k¥of] eg] dnfO{ c;fWo} uf¥xf] x'G5, c;lhnf] x'G5, s:tf] s:tf] x'G5 . d s;}l;t dfUg ;lSbg― . s;}n] dnfO{ Pssk lrof v'jfof] eg]klg p;nfO{ s;/L b'Osk lrof v'jfpg] eGg] dgdf v'Nb'nL nflu/xG5 . plxn] d b]x/fb"gdf k9\g hfg]a]nf xl/åf/af6 nId0fe"mnf;Dd k}bn ofqf u/]sf] lyP― . hf8f]sf] ofd, lem;\ld;] pHofnf]df d u+ufsf] au/ x'―b} nId0fe"mnflt/ nfu]+ . laxfg lgs} 708L lyof] / u+uf gbLsf] lsgf/x¿df cg]s hf]uLx¿ w'gL hufP/ al;/x]sf x'Gy] . Pshgf afafn] dnfO{ af]nfP . d klg ysfO{ dfg{ afafsf] cf>ddf uP― . afaf k"/} gfË} lyP . hLpe/ v/fgL 3;]sf,nfdf]–nfdf] skfn] h'/f] kf/L /fv]sf clg cfºgf] hg]lGb|odf Pp6f rf―bLsf] cf}7L nufO/fv]sf lyP . cufl8 w'gLdf tLg–rf/j6f d'8f aln/x]sf lyP . æsxf―af6 cfPsf] <Æ eg]/ pgn] dnfO{ ;f]w] . æg]kfnaf6 cfPsf],Æ eg]+ d}n] . Ps}rf]l6 d]/f] 6fpsf]df xft /fv]/ d]/f skfnsf] /f}+ dfly ;fb}{ pgn] eg] æt" b]gf hfgtf x} n]gf gxL, t" b]t] xL /xgf, ha ts t'd b] ;st] xf] eujfg t'dsf] v'; /v]uf .Æ d}n] afafsf] s'/fdf Tolt Wofg lbOg . pgsf] xft klxn] pgsf] lnËdf lyof] kl5 d]/f] 6fpsf]df ToxL xft /fVbf dnfO{ c;lhnf] nfu]sf] lyof] . s]xL k};f afafnfO{ lbp―m eg]/ ljrf/ u/]sf] lyP―, vNtLdf 5fd+] t/ rfgr'g lyPg . ;o ¿k}of―sf] gf]6dfq lyof] . ljBfyL{ g 7x/]+ d † sxf― ;o—;o ¿k}of― lbg' eg]/ k};f vNtLaf6 lemlsg . afafn] æxf] uof xf] uof, hfcf]–hfcf]Æ eg] . afafsf] w'gL 5f]8]/ d cufl8 a9]+ . clxn] klg afafn] eg]sf] Tof] s'/f d ;lDem/xG5' . d]/f] lhGbuLdf d]/L lbbLn] klg dnfO{ Pp6f kf7 l;sfpg' ePsf] 5 . pxf―sf] :jefj d]/L cfdf;―u 7\ofSs} gldNg] . lbbL eGg'x'GYof], ælbg]x¿ dfq t d"v{ x'G5g\ .Æ dflg;n] clgoldt sfd ug'{ x'―b}g, lsGt' cfºgf] clwsf/ klg 5f]8\g' x'―b}g eGg] kf7 rflx+ dnfO{ d]/L lbbLn] g} l;sfpg' ePsf] xf] . d]/f] lhGbuLdf d}n] clxn];Dd h]hlt kfPsf] 5', sdfPsf] 5' / ef]u]sf] 5', To;df d]/f] cflwsfl/s ¿kn] cfºgf] d]xgtsf] kl;gf k/]sf] 5 . lhGbuLdf clxn];Dd c¿sf] d]xgtsf] kmn l;Q} vfPsf] 5}g / d eujfg;―u oxL k|fy{gf ug{ rfxG5'[ of] d]/f] :jfledfg lhGbuLsf] clGtd If0f;Dd ;w}+ sfod /lx/xf];\ . t/ o;sf] cy{ d rflxg]eGbf a9L eb|enfb\dL e}/x"― eGg] sbflk xf]Og . ddf Pp6f sdhf]/L 5, Tof] xf] olb s;}n] dnfO{ 7Uof] jf 7u]sf] dx;'; eof]eg] dnfO{ c;fWo} lrQ b'MV5 / l/; p7\5 . ha cfk"m lbn vf]n]/ lbO/fv]sf] x'G5', ta lng]n] lagf lxrlsrfx6 / lagf s[t1tf lnO/fv]sf] 5 eg] cfk"m 7luO/x]sf] dx;'; u5'{ . olb dnfO{ s;}n] 7lu/x]sf] 5 eGg] nfUof] eg] d t'¿Gt} Tof] /f]Sg] dfq xf]Og, lj/f]w / k|ltjfb;d]t u5'{ . x'g t s;}n] 7lu/x]sf] 5 eGg] dgdf nfu] r'krfk a;] k'UYof] t/ Toltn]dfq dnfO{ lrQ a'‰b}g . d p;nfO{ 7f8} elgxfN5' / s8f k|ltlqmof;d]t hgfOxfN5' . of] d]/f] sdhf]/L, b'u'{0f jf zlQm s] xf], d}n] 7Dofpg ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . jgljefuaf6 hfuL/ 5f]8]kl5 d]/f;fd' Pp6f r'gf}tL t]l;{of]— ca s] ug]{ < v'nf xfjfdf a;]/ k|s[ltsf] ;ª\nf] kfgLdf lhGbuLsf] 8'Ëf lvofO/x]sf] d h:tf] r'krfk a:g} g;Sg] JolQm Ps} 7fp―df a;L sfd ug'{kbf{ ps';— d's'; x'G5 g} eGg] ;f]r]+ . t;y{ cfk"mnfO{ kfoskbf]{ s'g} g s'g} sfd t ug}{ 39

40 k¥of] eGg] ljrf/ u/]+ . s]xL ;dosf lgldQ c;gsf] cfºgf] k/Dk/fut ;'g k;ndf sfd u/]+ . a'af :ju{] e};Sg' ePsf] x'―bf xfd|f] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df b'O{hgf bfh'–efOdfq lyof} . ;'gsf] yf]s laqmL uYof}{+, Jofkf/ /fd|} lyof] . t/ Jofkf/ hlt;'s} /fd|f] ePklg tLg sjnsf] k;nsf] ;Lldt kl/lwdf a;]/ sfd ug]{ d]/f] OR5f lyPg . s]xL gof― sfd u/f}+, gof― pBf]uwGbf z'¿ u/f}+ eGg] cEoGt/df d]/f] wf/0ff lyof] . bfh'n] klg dnfO{ ;fy lbb} eGg'eof], æltdLnfO{ s] ug]{ OR5f 5 :ki6 eg, xfdL u/f}+nf .Æ t/ ug]{ s] < To:tf] l:yltdf lgSof]{n ug{ w]/} uf¥xf] x'―bf]/x]5 . Pp6f k]zfaf6 csf]{ k]zfsf] kl/sNkgf ug'{ jf:tjd} ;lhnf] lyPg . hlt ljrf/ u/]klg …3'ldlkm/L— ¿Dhf6f/Ú eg]em}+ dfG5] cfºg} k'/fgf] k]zfdf 3'Dbf] /x]5 . t/ ;f}efUoj; k/Dk/fut kfl/jfl/s k]zfk|lt d]/f] df]x, ;Lk / 1fg cfj4 / ljsl;t e};s]sf] lyPg . sltkN6 t ;'g k;ndf a:bf ;'g eg]/ lkQn klg lslgP5 . dnfO{ ;SsnL / gSsnL xL/fdf x'g] ;"Idflt;"Id leGgtfsf] 1fg g} 5}g . cfdf / bfh'n] dnfO{ c¿ pBf]u ug]{ 5'6 lbg'ePsf] lyof] . jf:tjdf Tof] 5'6 g} d]/f nflu Pp6f lgtfGt gof― r'gf}tL lyof] . dflg;sf] hLjgj[lQnfO{ Pp6f /]vfaf6 csf]{ dfu{df, Pp6f uf]/]6f]af6 csf]{ uf]/]6f]df kl/jt{g ug{ ;f―Rr} uf¥x} x'G5 . s]xL ;dosf lgldQ d x/fP― . d ls+st{Joljd"9 h:t} eP―, hf] c:jfefljs xf]Og . x'g t jgljefudf sfd ubf{klg k'm;{bdf ;'g k;ndf sfd uy]{+ . labfdf lbgel/ k;ndf a:y]+ clg ;f―em k/]kl5 To;tfsf sf7df8f}+sf] d'6' emf]5]+sf] uNnLdf 3'Dg hfGy]+ . To;a]nf Toxf― lxKkL ko{6gsf] huhuL lyof] . Toxf―sf ;fgf c―Wof/f /]i6'/]G6x¿df lrof vfg hfg], ca]/;Dd ljb]zL;―u s'/f u/L /dfO{ a:g] afgL a:g nfUof] . slxn]sfxL― pgLx¿sf] ;+utdf uf―hf—;f―hf klg tflgof] . t/ dnfO{ yfxf lyof] d]/f] uGtJo:yn emf]5]+ xf]Og . emf]5]+sf ljleGg nhx¿df 3'Dbf—3'Db} d]/f] dfg;k6ndf Pp6f pHofnf] k'~h pAHof] . d sNkgf ug{ yfn]+, 7d]nl:yt d]/f] 3/df klg d}n] xf]6]n agfP s:tf] xf]nf < d]/f] a'afn] ;g\ !(%% df g]kfnsf] klxnf] OlGhlgo/ s'df/ g/l;+x /f0ffsf] 7d]nl:yt 3/ lsGg'ePsf] lyof] . d]/f] a'afsf] ;fg} pd]/b]lv g} /f0ffx¿;―u ;+ut ePsf] x'―bf pgLx¿sf] afx\o hLjg—k4ltaf6 k|efljt e} pxf―n] klg To:t} vfnsf] hLjgz}nL ckgfpg] ;kgf b]Vg'eP5 . ToxL ;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ nfn;f cg'¿k pxf―n] /f0ffsf] Tof] 3/ lsGg'eof] xf]nf . To; hdfgfdf g]kfndf klxnf]kN6 /f0ffsf] b/af/ lsGg] g]jf/df zfob d]/f] a'af g} x'g'x'GYof] . b/af/ lsg]kl5 To;nfO{ ;'xfp―bf lqmi6nsf emf/x¿, P]gf, dfj{n 6]a'n, lkofgf] cflb ;/;fdfg klg t lsGg}k¥of] / lslgof] klg . a'afsf] b]xfGtkZrft\ sfna]nf cg'¿k xfd|f] hLjgz}nLdf klg kl/jt{g cfof] . aGb Jofkf/ c;gdf, a;f]af; 7d]ndf . To;a]nf 7d]naf6 c;g hfg cfpg w]/} nfdf] h:tf] nfUYof] . plta]nfsf] 7d]n t clxn]sf] ag]kf h:tf] nfUg] . 7d]nsf af6f3f6f ;'g;fg nfUy] . xfd|f] 3/leq k:g] af6f]sf] bfof―—afof― v'nf zf}rfno h:tf] lyof] . 7d]nsf clwsf+z 3/x¿df zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf lyPg . To;a]nf 7d]ndf ;f―em kgf{;fy dflg;x¿ af6f]df lx+8\8'n ub}{gy] . PskN6 xfd|} 3/ aflx/ 6\ofS;L rfnsnfO{ 5'/f xfgL s;}n] df/]sf] lyof] . To;/L 7d]ndf 8«fOe/ dfl/Psf] va/ ;f/f g]kfndf k}mlnof] . Pshgf dfG5]nfO{ dfbf{ ;f/fsf—;f/f dflg; 8/n] y/y/ sfDg] of] b]zdf rfnL;—krf; jif{sf] 5f]6f] cGt/fnkl5 /fhgLlts åGåsf sf/0f s}of}+ lg/k/fw dflg; g[z+;tfk"j{s dg]{÷dfl/g] u5{g\ . o:tf b'lb{g cfpnfg\ eg]/ xfdL sNkgf klg ug{ ;Sb}gYof}+ . 7d]n To;a]nf clt cljsl;t, egf}+ eg] b'u{d 6f]n lyof] . Ps /f]kgL hUuf 5—;ft xhf/ ¿k}of―d} kfOGYof] . d]/f] 3/nfO{ s;/L nh agfpg] 40

41 / To;nfO{ s;/L ljsf; ug]{ eGg] of]hgf d]/f] ;fgf] lbdfudf hlxNo} klg 3'ld/xGYof] . cflv/ r~rn] dg g xf] . o:tf] ;'g;fg 7fp―df sxf―af6 ko{6s cfpg' / < d}n] ;f]r]+, ljsl;t 7fp―df t ;a}n] ljsf; ug{ ;S5g\ . r'gf}tL eg]sf] t cljsl;t 7fp―df ljsf; ug'{ g} xf] . t/ ;f]r]/ dfq k'Ub}gYof] . To;a]nf d rf}jL;—kRrL; jif]{ o'js} lyP― . cfly{s ;|f]t ;Lldt lyof] . km'sL—km'sL ljrf/ u/]/dfq k};f vr{ ug'{kYof]{ . r'gf}tL g} t xf] eGb} h'jf v]Ng ;Sg] Ifdtf klg ddf lyPg . jf:tjdf To;f] ug'{ klg x'―b}gYof] . d h] ub}{5', ;kmn x'g}k5{ eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy d}n] sfd ug'{k5{ . r'gf}tLsf] gfp―df d d]/f] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/sf] ;f]e}m aln lbg ;lSbgy]+ . Tof] r]tgf / bfloTjaf]w eg] ddf lyof] . cfºgf] 3/nfO{ xf]6]n agfpg] qmddf bfh'l;t uDeL/ 5nkmn u/]+ . bfh'sf] OR5f lyof], 3/df ;—;fgf ºNof6 l;:6dsf sf]7fx¿ agfP/ axfndf lbg] . To;a]nf sf7df8f}+ aflx/sf y'k|} ljBfyL{ / hfuL/bf/x¿ zx/df ef}tfl/+b} sf]7fx¿ vf]Hg] uy]{ . t/ dnfO{ eg] 3/ axfndf lbg k6Ss} dg nfu]g . ;aeGbf klxn] t 3/df lbbL—alxgL / elthLx¿ ePsf] x'―bf aflx/sf cGhfg dflg;x¿ axfndf a:g cfp―bf cº7\of/f] dx;'; x'g' c:jfefljs lyPg . Tof]eGbf klg dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] 3/af6 ;lhn} axfn lng] afgL a:of] eg] d, d]/f elthfx¿ / 5f]/fx¿ cN5L eP/ hfg ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fdf d}n] sltko o:tf kl/jf/ b]v]sf] 5' hf] axfnsf] k};fdf e/ k/]/ lalu|Psf 5g\ . To;a]nf Nxf;faf6 wg sdfP/ cfPsf w]/} g]jf/ ;fx'dxfhg tyf gDa/L wgf9\ox¿ 3/ agfO{ axfndf lbg] uy]{ . pgLx¿sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] pBf]uwGbf ug{ vf]Hbf k|f]T;fxg lbg' t stf xf] stf, pN6} ;xof]u;d]t gu/L ;lhnf];―u cfPsf] axfnaf6 3/ vr{ 6fg]{, a}Ídf hDdf ug]{ uy]{ . sfd gkfPkl5 pgLx¿sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ tf; v]Ng] jf a/flnP/ lx+8\g] g} eP . ;do cfºgf] ultdf cufl8 a9\b} hfg] g} eof] . afa' cfdf d/]/ uPkl5 a/flnPsf tL s]6fx¿ pBf]udf k|j]z ug{ t vf]h]+, t/ olt ca]nf e};s]sf] lyof], pgLx¿n] rfx]/ klg cf}Bf]lus o'udf k|j]z ug{ / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;s]gg\ . d]/f sltko ;fyLx¿ axfnsf] ;lhnf] cfDbfgLn] lau|]sf b]v]sf] 5' . To;}n] 3/ axfn lbg] s'/f dnfO{ k6Ss} dg k/]g . d Ps lsl;dn] efUodfgL klg 5' . d]/f] d'df / bfh'n] dnfO{ ;w}+ ljZjf; ug'{x'GYof] . 3/sf ;a} kl/jf/sf] ;xdltkZrft\ cfºgf] k'/fgf] 3/nfO{ xf]6]nsf] ¿kdf ;+rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . cfºgf] xf]6]ndf s'g lsl;dsf ko{6sx¿nfO{ /fVg] eGg] ;f]r d}n] klxn] g} agfO;s]sf] lyP― . ;+;f/sf ljleGg 7fp―df k|s[ltd'vL ko{6gsf] :j¿k cfk"mn] cWoog ul/;s]sf] / g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf af/]df klg cfk"ml;t 1fg ePsf] x'―bf xf]6]ndf ;fxl;s ko{6gnfO{ cfsif{0f ug]{ dg;fo lyof] . d}n] slxNo} klg lxKkL bhf{sf ko{6sx¿ /fVg rflxg . dnfO{ yfxf lyof], lxKkL ko{6gsf] Pslbg :jfefljs cGTo x'G5 . lsgeg] …lxKkLhd\Ú s[lqd lg/fzfsf] hLjgz}nL xf] . s]xL ;dosf lgldQ o'/f]k]nL ko{6ssf nflu Tof] hLjgz}nL cgf}7f] lyof] . pgLx¿n] Tof] z}nL dg k/fP klg t/ ck|fs[lts hLjgz}nLdf cfwfl/t Tof] ko{6g pBf]u w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd rNg ;Sb}g / l6Sb}g eGg] s'/f dnfO{ stf—stf nfu]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ko{6gsf nflu emf]5]+sf] eljio w]/} 5f]6f] lyof] . emf]5]+sf ;—;fgf k/Dk/fut 3/df e]lg:tfn] 5]saf/ u/]sf sf]7fx¿df nfdsf—nfd vf6x¿ /fvL ko{6sx¿ ;nfO{sf sf―6L h:t} ;'Tg] uy]{ . emf]5]+af6 lji0f'dtL embf{ To;a]nf uNnL—uNnLdf ;'+u'/x¿ k|z:t} x'Gy] / uNnLsf] gfp― g} …lku PNnLÚ /flvPsf] lyof] . Tof] jftfj/0f s]xL xb;Dd cfºg} lsl;dsf] lyof], cln /dfOnf] / cln …PShf]l6sÚ . kfZrfTo hLjgz}nLaf6 jfSs eO{ nIoxLg 41

42 eO{ ef}tfl/Psf o'jfo'jtLx¿sf nflu Tof] 7fp― Ps lsl;dn] j/bfg h:t} eof] . cfºgf] …dgsf] zflGtÚ Wofg / of]usf] ;fwgfaf6 k|fKt ug{ g;s]kl5 uf―hf / efªsf] z(Sixty's Kids) /0fdf k'u]sf oL lxKkLx¿ emG8} bz jif{;Dd emf]5]+sf] jftfj/0fd} /dfP . x'g t g]kfnsf] ko{6g Oltxf;df lxKkLx¿nfO{ xfdLn] gsf/fTds b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ u5f}{+ . nfdf]—nfdf] skfn, RofltPsf n'ufkmf6f, h'Q} gnufO{ lx+8\g] clg ;w}+ uf―hf / efªsf] gzfdf 8'la/xg] lxKkLx¿n] g]kfnL o'js—o'jtLx¿nfO{ klg b'Jo{;gL agfP eGg] cf/f]k klg nfUof] . t/ ck|ToIf ¿kn] oL lxKkLx¿n] xfd|f o'jsx¿sf] dgdl:tisdf s]xL ;sf/fTds k|efj klg kf/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnnfO{ s'g}klg ljb]zL /fi6«n] pklgj]z gagfP tfklg ;f/f g]kfnLsf] dgdf ;]tf] 5fnf jf c+u|]h eg]kl5 æb]jtf h:t} k"Ho x'g\Æ eGg] e|d lyof] . ;]tf] 5fnfn] h] eGof], Tof] ;xL g} xf]nf eg]/ a'¤y] . t/ ha c+u|]hsf oL ;Gtfgx¿ emf]5]+sf] uNnL—uNnLdf h'Q} gnufO{ 3'Dg yfn], dlGb/sf] l;+9L, /]i6'/]06 / ehgdf g]kfnL o'jfl;t 3'nldn x'g yfn], o;} qmddf c+u|]hx¿sf] afgL—Jojxf/, rfnrng / sdLsdhf]/L klg g]kfnLx¿n] a'¤g yfn] . la:tf/} g]kfnL o'jfx¿sf] dgleq n'ls/fv]sf xLgefjgfx¿ x/fp―b} uP / ljb]zLx¿l;t lgw{Ss jftf{nfk ug]{ zlQm a9\b} uof] . lxKkL eP/ cfPsf sltko ko{6sx¿s} b]g xf], s]xL g]kfnLn] ko{6gl;t ;DalGwt gof―—gof― s'/fx¿ l;Sg yfn] . km;L{s]sb]lv :ofp, sfutL / lrhx¿af6 klg cg]s :jfbsf s]ssf kl/sf/x¿ agfpg] ljlw hfg] . ;+;f/sf ljleGg ef]hgsf kl/sf/x¿ agfpg l;s]+ . o;/L lxKkLx¿n] g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ko{6gsf] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ hu a;fNg l;sfOlbP . lxKkL eGgf;fy ;w}+ st{Joaf6 knfog ePsf eu'jf ljb]zL o'jf— o'jtLsf ¿kdf dfq pgLx¿nfO{ x]g'{ plrt x'―b}g . !(^) sf] bzs tfsfsf o'jf—o'jtLx¿nfO{ …l;lS6h\ ls8\;Ú eGg] ul/GYof] . of] ;d"xdf clxn] ;+;f/nfO{ xf―Sg] w]/} g]tf, j}1flgs / a'l4hLjLx¿ kb{5g\ . lan SnLG6g, hh{ a';, 6f]gL An]o/, la6N;, /f]ln¨ :6f]G;h:tf cg]s cGt/f{li6«o JolQmTjx¿n] Ps g Pslbg s]xL xb;Dd lxKkLsf] lhGbuL latfPsf lyP . slxn]sfxL― dnfO{ nfU5 …l;lS6h\ ls8\;Ú / ;dsfnLg o'jsx¿sf] t'ngf ubf{ af}l4s Ifdtfdf 7"nf] km/s b]lvG5 . cfWoflTds / j}1flgs o'usf] bf];f―wdf x's]{sf …l;lS6h\ ls8\;Ú x¿df ljsf;sf] r]tgf / lrGtgsf] k'ghf{u/0f ePsf] lyof] t/ clxn]sf] sDKo"6/ o'udf x's]{sf gjo'jsx¿sf] ;f]r a9L oflGqs b]lvG5 . s] eljiodf ;+;f/ d]lzgaf6 clek|]l/t hgzlQmaf6 dfq ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 t < cfk"m klg ;f7Lsf] bzssf] o'js ePsf] x'―bf To;a]nf / clxn]sf dflg;sf] dl:tis / pgLx¿sf] dgf]j}1flgs Jojxf/af/] ;w}+ sf}t'xn hfu]/ cfp―5 . lxKkLhd\ To; ;dodf ljsl;t ePsf] lhGbuLsf] Pp6f tTsfnLg nx/ (cult) lyof] . o:tf nx/x¿ ;do;―u} pTklQ x'G5g\ / ;do;―u} x/fP/ hfG5g\ . o:tf] s[lqd Jojxf/af6 plAhPsf] ko{6g pBf]u cjZo klg w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd rNg ;Sb}g . emf]5]+sf] lxKkLhd\df cfwfl/t ko{6g klg ;do;―u} x/fP/ uof] . emf]5]+sf] ko{6g 7d]ndf ;¥of] eGg] s'/f d s'g} xfntdf klg dfGg ;lSbg . 7d]nsf] ko{6g cfw'lgs ko{6ssf] rfxgf cg'¿k of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . oxf― kfZrfTo hLjgsf] rfxgfnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . t/ emf]5]+df lagfof]hgf ko{6g ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . ko{6sx¿ s]xL ;dosf nflu gof― z}nLsf] hLjg latfpg ?rfp―5g\ t/ s]xL ;dokl5 cfk"m x'ls{Psf] ;+:sf/d} kms{g afWo x'G5g\ . s]xL ;dosf nflu pgLx¿ ;'s'ndf a:g ?rfp―5g\ xf]nf . u'Gb|'s – eft vfg klg dgk/fp―bf xf]nfg\ . xfdL g]kfnLnfO{ cd]l/sf hf―bf ljnfl;tf–;DkGg xf]6]ndf 42

43 a;]/ dx¨f] a|]skmf:6, nGr / l8g/ vfPklg s]xL lbgkl5 g} cfºg} bfn, eft, 8's', u'Gb|'s / d:of}/fsf] ;Demgf cfPe}+m, kfZrfTo hLjgz}nLdf x's]{sf tL ko{6sx¿nfO{ klg s]xL ;dokl5 cfºg} vfgfsf] ofb cfp―5 . ko{6g pBf]usf oL jf:tljstfx¿nfO{ xfdLn] Wofg k'¥ofp―g} k5{ . cGoyf ko{6g pBf]u cw'/f] x'G5 . ;g\ !(^) sf] bzssf] cGTo—cGTo;Dddf lxKkLhd\sf] …sN6Ú la:tf/} g]kfnaf6 ;':tfp―b} uof] . :juL{o /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] /fHofleif]stfsfb]lv lxKkLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg gug]{ gLlt;d]t lnOof] . g]kfn h:tf] k|fs[lts, ;f―:s[lts, k|frLg, b'n{e, dgf]/d ;Dkbfx¿n] 5tf5'Nn ePsf] b]zdf s[lqd ko{6sLo cfsif{0fsf] s'g} dxTj x'―b}g . b'lgof―df cGoq st} gkfOg], ;+;f/s} ;aeGbf cUnf] lxdfn, ulx/f] uN5L (Canyon), cd"No h}ljs ljljwtf, cgluGtL b'n{e r/fr'¿ËL g} ko{6snfO{ xfdLn] lbg] pkxf/ x'g\ . oxf― eujfg uf}td a'4 hGd]sf] kfjg hGd:yn 5, cgluGtL snfs[lt, ;'g}— ;'gsf uh'/x¿n] el/Psf dlGb/x¿ 5g\ . g]kfnsf] h:tf] e"—agf]6, e"— ;+/rgf jf e"—kl/lw ;+;f/df cGoq sxf― kfOG5 < o:tf] cb\e"t uGtJo:yndf k|fs[lts Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ko{6gsf c;Lldt cj;/x¿ 5g\ . t;y{ dnfO{ ljZjf; lyof], Pslbg g]kfndf o:tf] clgj{rgLo ko{6g pBf]u cjZo klg k|lti7fk"0f{ eP/ :yflkt x'g]5 . lxKkL ko{6gsf] ;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] ;'¿lt/ cGt ePkl5 ;fxl;s ko{6g ;'¿ x'g yfNof] . To;sf nflu v'nf:yn / la:tf/ ug{ of]Uo uGtJox¿sf] cfjZostf lyof] . To;a]nf 7d]nsf] ko{6sLo ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . kmf―6sf kmf―6 hUuf lyP . ;f―em laxfg :ofn s/fp―y] Toxf― . sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp;sf] gfdaf6 7d]ndf xf]6]n ;'¿ ubf{ w]/} ;fyLn] …To:tf] ;'g;fg 7fp―df klg xf]6]n rN5 <Ú egL k|Zg gu/]sf klg xf]Ogg\ . To;a]nf 7d]nsf] uNnLdf e"t cfp―Yof] eGg] v'a xNnf rn]sf] lyof] . u0f]zdfg l;+xsf] e"t;―usf] s':tLsf] ljidosf/L avfg x'GYof] . ;f―Rr} Psjif{;Dd t xf]6]n g} rn]g . emf]5]+df sf]7f gkfPsf clncln lxKkLx¿ sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp;df cfpg] uy]{ . Po/kf]6{df ko{6sx¿ ng k7fpbf klg ltg} lxKkLx¿ g} cfpg yfn] . d o;df ;w}+ lrlGtt /xGy]+ . sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp;nfO{ Pp6f :t/Lo xf]6]nsf] ¿kdf ;+rfng ug{ lxKkLx¿ eGbf klg af}l4s ko{6sx¿sf] cfjZostf lyof] . 6fOu/ 6K;sf tTsfnLg dflns hf]g s'kd]G6, s0f]{n hL=jL= /j6{, dfOs r]gL, aa ºn]ld¨ / lk:sf]/df sfo{/t rLhs'df/ >]i7, sflGthL, aa k|f]S6/, dfOs /]Sn]g cflbl;t d]/f] ;Dks{ /x]sf] x'―bf g]kfndf ev{/—ev{/ ;'¿ ePsf] kbofqfdf cfpg] ko{6sx¿aLr xfdL sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp;af/] k|rf/—k|;f/ ug{ yfNof}+ . ;aeGbf klxn] t lk:sf]/ ;+:yfsf ;fyLx¿l;t cd]l/sfaf6 cfpg] …lk;sf]/Ú x¿nfO{ sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp;df /fVg] cg'aGw u/]+ . lk:sf]/sf] clkm; klg u]i6xfp;sf] xftf;―u} vf]lnof] . o;/L lk:sf]/sf] cfwf/lzlj/ h:t} eof] xfd|f] xf]6]n . la:tf/} lxdfn r9\g hfg] ;d"x / 6«]lsª\ hfg] ;d"x u]i6xfp;df cfpg yfn] . dnfO{ yfxf lyof], Po/kf]6{df wfP/ t―5f8—d5f8 u/]/ ko{6s NofP klg xf]6]n ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng ug{ ;ls+b}g eGg] . 7d]ndf xfdLn] xf]6]n vf]Nof}+ eg] zfob s]xL ;dosf lglDt PSn} ;+3if{ ug'{k5{ . t/ dnfO{ k"0f{ ljZjf; lyof] ko{6sx¿sf] cfudg / ljsf;sf] e/kbf]{ qmd 7d]ndf 7]nd7]n u/L cfp―5, cfp―5 . xf]6]n agfp―bf o"/f]k]nL hLjgz}nL ;'xfp―bf cfjZos ;'lawfx¿ — v'nf 7fp― / /dfOnf] au}+rfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . d cfkm}+ klg ko{6s eP/ b]z—ljb]z 3'd]/ dgf]/d k|fs[lts :ynx¿sf] e|d0f ul/;s]sf] / ko{6ssf] hLjg latfO;s]sf] x'―bf ljsl;t d'n'ssf ko{6sx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f 43

44 ug{ s] s:tf ;x'lnotx¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 eGg] 1fg ddf lyof] . ;fy} jg ljefudf sfd ubf{ ljleGg b"tfjf;, lk;sf]/ / /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmddf sfo{/t ljb]zL ;d'bfox¿l;t sfd ul/;s]sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df xf]6]n rnfpg cfjZos dfs]{l6¨ ug{ ;S5' eGg] b[9 ljZjf; dleq hfu[t e};s]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp; ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng ePsf] …Ps]8]ldsÚ Joj:yfkgsf] sf/0fn] x}g, dfgjLo ;b\efjgf / cfºg} 3/df a;]sf] h:tf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;Sgfn] xf] . dnfO{ nfU5, ko{6g Joj;fo b'O{ lsl;dn] ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 of t k|z:t k};f nufgL u/]/ k]z]j/ zlQmx¿f/f kf―rtf/]h:tf xf]6]n ;+rfng ug]{ jf sd k};faf6 dfgjLo Pj+ 3/fo;L jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L cfTdLotfsf] gftfn] xf]6]n ;+rfng ug]{ . sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp; cfTdLo jftfj/0fn] ;+rfng ePsf] x'―bf PskN6 o; xf]6]ndf a;]sf u|fxsx¿ kmsL{—kmsL{ cfpg] u5{g\ . d}n] 7DofPsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] lyof] eg] ha;Dd 7d]nsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ko{6g cg's"n agfpg ;ls―b}g, ta;Dd sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp;sf] eljio alnof] x'―b}g . s'g} klg pBf]u Joj;fo / Jofkf/ PsfËL eP/ isolation df ljsl;t x'―b}g . lr/sfn;Ddsf nflu ;dfg'kflts 9Ën] ;a}sf] ;fy lnP/ ljsl;t agfpg' k5{ . sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp;sf] eljio bl/nf] kfg{ d}n] 7d]ndf ko{6sLo jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; ug}{k5{ . xfd|f] 3/sf l5d]sL tTsfnLg ;lrj z]/axfb'/ zfxL x'g'x'GYof] . pxf―sf b'O{—tLgj6f 3/ lyP . xfd|f] ;―u}sf] 3/df xf]6]n agfpg d}n] pxf―nfO{ ljgd| cg'/f]w u/]+ . pxf―n] xf―;]/ eGg'eof], ætkfO{ klg s:tf] zfSohL † c¿ Jofkf/Lx¿ cfºgf] Joj;fodf k|lt:kwf{ gxf];\ eg]/ c¿nfO{ xtf]T;fxL agfp―5g\, tkfO{+ t 7Ls pN6f] s'/f ul//xg' ePsf] 5 .Æ pxf―n] dnfO{ d"v{ eG7fGg'eof] xf]nf . t/, d}n] t'¿Gtf—t'¿Gt} x'g] xf]Og, b"/ufdL s'/f ;f]lr/x]sf] lyP― . olb 7d]nnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ uGtJo:yndf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsof] eg] xfdLnfO{ cfºgf] xf]6]nsf] lgldQ 5'§} k|rf/—k|;f/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf g} kb}{g . t;y{ 7d]ndf ko{6sLo cfsif{0f a9fpg emf]5]+sf ljleGg /]i6'/]G6x¿, s]s;k, k;njfnfx¿nfO{ 7d]ndf klg lj:tf/Ls/0f :yfgfGt/0f ug{ cg'/f]w u/]+ . xfd|f] xf]6]nsf] Ifdtf t]¥x sf]7faf6 qmdzM a9\b} uof] . xf]6]nsf] k|rf/ klg a9\b} uof] . bfh'n] klg dfu cg';f/ k'/fgf] 3/nfO{ dd{t u/L la:tf/ ug'{eof] . To;a]nf xf]6]ndf 7fp― gk'u]/ zlzgf/fo0f zfx -h;n] s'g} sf/0fjz >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lgb]{zs kbaf6 cjsfz lng'ePsf] lyof]_ nfO{ xfd|f] xf]6]nsf] af6f] g} k|of]u ug]{ u/L kvf{n kmf]/]/ pxf―sf] ;―u}sf] 3/nfO{ ;d]t xf]6]nsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t u/fpg xf}:ofP― . o;n] pxf― / xfdLnfO{ klg cfly{s ¿kn] w]/} ;xof]u k'Uof] . kl5 zfxhL k'gM ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k;L ko{6g lgb]{zsaf6 cy{ ;lrj;Dd x'g'eof] . To;a]nf d}n] d]/f] :jfy{sf] lgldQ pxf―nfO{ xf]6]n agfpg lbPsf] xf]Og . Pp6f ldqsf] x}l;otn] ;xof]u ug{ vf]h]sf] lyP― . zlzgf/fo0f zfx d]/f] c;fWo} ldNg] ;fyL x'g'x'GYof] . pxf― h:tf] OdfGbf/ JolQm g]kfndf sd} kfOG5 . To;a]nf pxf―nfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 h'g cGofo eof], Tof] d}n] ;xg} ;lsg . d]/f] Pp6f ;fgf] ;xof]uaf6 klg pxf―nfO{ h'g d2t k'Ug ;Sof], To;df d clt g} ;Gt'i6 5' . 5—;ftjif{kl5 g} 7d]n ko{6ssf] s]Gb|laGb' aGb} uof] . clxn] of] g]kfndf dfq xf]Og, ljZjs} Pp6f gfdL ko{6g uGtJo:ynsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . Ps lsnf]ld6/ leqsf] e"lddf ko{6sLo ;]jfd"ns xf]6]n, /]i6'/]G6, k;nx¿ 7d]ndf hlt 5g\, zfob ;+;f/sf c¿ ko{6g:yndf la/n} kfOPnfg\ . g]kfnaf/] ljb]zL efiffdf n]lvPsf krxQ/ k|ltzt lstfa, cWoog / cg';Gwfg kqx¿ 7d]nsf] s'g} g s'g} xf]6]nsf] sf]7fdf g} 44

45 n]lvPsf 5g\ . cd]l/sfsf /fi6«klt :juL{o hf]g s]g]8Lsf 5f]/fb]lv lhdL sf6{/, la6N;b]lv l/sL dfl6{g / cGo w]/} af}l4s, ;fxl;s ko{6s, kj{tf/f]xLx¿ 7d]nd} a:g] u5{g\ . jf:tjdf 7d]n af}l4s ko{6sx¿sf] ;d]t s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 . oyfy{d} of] pknlAw uf}/j / uj{sf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ u]i6 xfp;df x]bf{ ;fwf/0f sldh / kfOG6 nufPsf ljlzi6 af}l4s JolQmx¿ cfpg] u5{g\ . pgLx¿l;t ;w}+ ukm;km ug]{, ldqtf a9fpg] / pgLx¿nfO{ 3/d} af]nfP/ cfk"mn] vfg] vfgfx¿ v'jfpg] uy]{+ . d}n] pgLx¿l;t ldqtf uf―:g'sf] sf/0f cs}{ lyof] . cfºgf] xf]6]ndf a;]sfn] pgLx¿nfO{ af/Daf/ cfpg afWo ug]{ dfq d]/f] p2]Zo lyPg . pgLx¿af6 d}n] w]/} l;Sg' klg lyof] . dgn] gvfPsf] / …efOa]|zgÚ gldNg] dflg;l;t d kf―r ldg]6eGbf a9L s'/f klg ug{ ;lSbg t/ Psrf]l6 s'/f ubf{ /dfOnf] eof] eg] Tof] dflg;l;t ldqtf g} uf―:g /x/ nfU5 . xf]6]ndf ;'¿;'¿df d rf}aL;} 306f ;do latfp―y] . Tof] a]nf d}n] y'k|} JolQmx¿nfO{ ;fyL agfpg ;s]+ . xf]6]ndf a:g cfpg] ljb]zL kfx'gfdWo] w]/} d]/f ldq eP . pgLx¿nfO{ d cfºgf] ;DklQsf ¿kdf lnG5' . clxn] d]/f sltko tL ljb]zL ldqx¿ ljlzi6 JolQm ePsf 5g\ / pgLx¿sf] Tof] :t/f]Ggltk|lt d uj{ ub{5' . sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp;sf] k|rf/—k|;f/ ug{ oL ;fyLx¿n] w]/} ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . To;sf] Pp6f 7"nf] cfsif{0f s] xf] eg] Toxf― Psrf]l6 cfPsf] ko{6s af/Daf/ cfpg] ub{5 . ko{6sx¿nfO{ af/Daf/ cfsif{0f ug{sf nflu d]/f ldqx¿n] w]/} ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . Psn] csf{nfO{, csf{n] csf{nfO{ l;kmfl/; ul/lbPsf] x'gfn] g} xf]6]n olt ;kmn x'g ;Sof] . u]i6xfp;df n]vs, ;+uLtsf/, snfsf/ / ljlzi6 af}l4s JolQmTjx¿sf] hd36 x'g] ePsf]n] ;fdfGo ko{6sx¿ ;d]t Toxf―sf] af}l4s jftfj/0fdf a:g ?rfp―y] . olQdfq xf]Og, Toxf― a:g cfpg] sltko o'jf—o'jtLx¿sf] xf]6]ns} au}+rfdf k|]d ;'¿ x'G5, 3/ kms]{/ k|]d—kq cfbfg—k|bfg u5{g\ / kl5 ljjfx ;d]t u/]/ klxn] xf]6]nsf] h'g sf]7fdf a;]sf] xf], ToxL sf]7fdf xlgd'g;d]t dgfpg cfp―5g\ . t]QL; jif{ klxn] u]i6xfp;sf sf]7fx¿sf] b//]6 k|lt lbg b'O{ 8n/ lyof] . clxn] klg ;Demgfsf] nflu b'Oj6f sf]7fx¿sf] b/ b'O{ 8n/ g} /fv]sf] 5' . sxf―af6 cfPsf xfdL clxn] sxf― 5f}+ eGg] oyfy{ a'‰gsf lgldQ o;f] ul/Psf] xf] . dflg;n] cfºgf] d"nh/f] la;{g' x'―b}g . hu eg]sf] cfºgf] lhGbuLsf] k|ult / ljsf; gfKg] cfwf/lznf xf] . o:tf cfwf/lznfn] xfdLnfO{ cfk"mn] cfk}+mnfO{ kms]{/ x]g]{ dGq l;sfp―5g\ . obfsbf cfºgf] ;kmntf jf k|flKtnfO{ xfdL rf―8} la;{G5f}+ . xfdL sxf―af6 cfPsf] xf}+, Tof] klg la;{G5f}+ . lxhf] xfdL s] lyof}+, cfh xfdL s] 5f}+, Tof] klg ;Demg rfxGgf}+ . To:tf] gfnLa]nL jf k"jf{j:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ljBdfg ;Ddfg / k|lti7fdf ¥xf; cfp―5 eGg] t'R5 ;f]rfO g} xfdL ;Gt'i6 x'g g;Sg] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f xf] h:tf] nfU5 . cfºgf] ljutnfO{ OdfGbf/L / lhDd]bf/Lk"0f{ e} kms]{/ x]g{ ghfGbf xfdL cfk"mnfO{ ;w}+ Kof;Lsf] ¿kdf 56\k6fPsf] kfp―5f}+ . ;w}+ Kof;L, ;w}+ c;Gt'i6 / ;w}+ b'MvL . ;'v / ;Gtf]if eg]sf] x'g] xf]Og lng], cfTd;ft\ ug]{, cg'e"lt ug]{ ljnIf0f ljifoj:t' xf] eGg] nfU5 dnfO{ . xf]6]n Dofg]hd]G6 d}n] l;s]sf] ljifo xf]Og . …sdg;]G;Ú sf cfwf/df hfg]sf] dfq xf] . sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp; ;+rfng ug]{ qmddf d}n] s]xL ;fgfltgf t/ dxTjk"0f{ ;f]rnfO{ pRr dxTjfsf+Iffsf] :j¿k lbPsf] 5' . xf]6]n ;'¿ ubf{ sf]7fsf] ef8f cToGt Go"g lyof] b'Ob]lv clwstd kf―r 8n/;Dd . ljb]zLsf lgldQ Tof] s]xL klg lyPg . t/ To;a]nf g]kfnsf nhx¿sf] b/ To:t} dfq lyof] . ;:tf] efpaf6 dx¨f] lrh a]Rg' x'―b}g eGg] d]/f] ljZjf; 5 . clt ;:tf] u/L v;Lsf] df;' a]Rof] eg] lsGg] u|fxsn] df;'df g} z+sf ug{ ;S5g\ . To;}n] efp cg';f/sf] j:t' / ;]jf lbg' k5{ . xfdLn] sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp; ;'¿ ubf{ Pp6f cfºg} lgod agfPsf 45

46 lyof}+, xf]6]nsf] s'g} klg sd{rf/Ln] u|fxsnfO{ …;/ jf Dof8dÚ geGg] . ko{6s olb k'/fgf] eof]eg] cfTdLotf:j¿k pgLx¿sf] klxnf] gfp―af6 ;Daf]wg ug]{, xf]Og eg] ldi6/ kmnfgf eg]/ af]nfpg] . sf]7fdf klg lbglbg} :6fkmn] tGgf gkm]g]{ jf ga9fg]{ . x/]s sf]7fdf Pp6f ;"rgf 6f―;]sf] x'GYof], æs[kof tkfO{+sf] sf]7f cfkm}+ ;kmf ug'{xf]nf .Æ ¿dfn tGgf xfp;—lslk¨af6 lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf lyof}+ . olb kfx'gf la/fdL 5 eg] sf]7f ;kmf ug{sf lgldQ :6fkmx¿— nfO{ cg'/f]w ug'{kYof]{ . klxn] t of] lgod nfu" ug]{ ls gug]{ eg]/ ;f]r]+ . o;af6 k|lts"n c;/ k5{ ls eg]/ 8/ klg nfu]sf] lyof] . t/ k|lt:kwL{ ahf/df slxn]sfxL+ leGg tl/sfn] cfºgf] a|f08nfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . d]/f] ljZjf; s] lyof] eg] ko{6sn] ltg]{ b'O{ 8n/ t sf]7fsf] axfn dfq eof] . Tolt sd k};f lt/]/ d]/f] sd{rf/Lx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;fx]a–d]d;fx]a lsg elg/xg] < cfjZostfeGbf a9L zf]ifsLo efiff lsg k|of]u ug{ lbg] < ko{6g eg]sf] u|fxs / 3/wgL jf 3/a]6Lsf] Pp6f cr's /;fogzf:q xf] . o;df u|fxsn] 3/wgLnfO{, clg 3/wgLn] u|fxsnfO{ k/:k/df ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ . lsGt' cgfjZos ;Ddfgn] ko{6g xf]Og, cf}klgj]lzs efjgf k|fb'ef{j x'gyfN5 . ha d]/f u|fxsn] d]/f] xf]6]nsf sd{rf/LnfO{ OHht lbG5g\, Tof] OHht dnfO{ lbPh:t} x'G5 . d]/f sd{rf/LnfO{ gf]s/ h:t} Jojxf/ u/] eg] dnfO{ a]OHht u/]sf] cfef; x'G5 . dgf]j}1flgs b[li6sf]0fn] klg ha s'g} ko{6s Pp6f cGhfg 7fp―df hf―bf, p;sf] gfp―af6 s;}n] af]nfp―5 eg] Toxf― cfTdLotf k|s6 x'G5 . 3/af6 6f9f ePklg 3/s} jftfj/0f kfp―5 p;n] . ko{6gsf] d"n;"q jf:tjdf oxL xf] . d}n] Joj:yfkgsf] s'/f hfg]/ oL s'/fx¿ n]lv/fv]sf] xf]Og . jf:tjdf d g Jofkf/L g} x'― g t pBdL g} . dnfO{ Pp6f zAbb]lv c;fWo} 3[0ff nfU5, s;}n] dnfO{ …P ;fx'hLÚ eg]sf] t ;xg} ;lSbg, sGr6} tft]/ cfp―5 . t/ kl/aGbn] dnfO{ xf]6]n pBdL agfOlbPsf] 5 . d}n] xf]6]n rnfp―bf Joj:yfkgsf] lstfjL 1fg cg's/0f ul/g― . ;w}+ d]/f] cGt/fTdfn] h] eG5, ToxL ;'g]/ rnfPsf] 5' . zfob ;kmntfsf] d"n sf/0f klg oxL xf]nf . d}n] xf]6]ndf cfpg] ko{6sx¿l;t s'/f ubf{ slxn] klg k;n] / u|fxssf] gfkmf gf]S;fgdf cfwfl/t Jojxf/ ul/g― . slxn]sfxL+ eg] d'v x]b}{df lbSs nfUg] ko{6sl;t d s'/} ulb{gy] . x―l;nf] d'xf/, /dfOnf] :jefj ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ dfq ;fyL agfp―y]+ . To;}n] t dnfO{ nfU5, d Jofkf/L g} xf]Og . Jofkf/Lsf] kl/efiffcg';f/ h:tf];'s} u|fxsnfO{ klg dfg;Ddfg ug}{kg]{ / pgLx¿n] grflx―bf] s'/f u/]eg] klg To;df cfklQ ghgfpg] – Tof] d]/f nflu ;f―Rr} g} d'lZsn lyof] . pgLx¿l;t 5nkmn ubf{ub}{ obfsbf jfbljjfb klg x'GYof] . jfbljjfbsf] ;Gbe{ cfPkl5 ko{6sx¿ hlt;'s} wgf9\o ePklg d pgLx¿l;t ba]/ a:g ;lSbgy]+ . d]/f] of] :jefan] sltk6s d]/f u|fxsx¿ xf]6]n 5f]8]/ aflx/;d]t uPsf 5g\ . t/ ha s'g} JolQm dnfO{ cf}wL dgk5{,, To:tfnfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:o;/x Jojxf/ uy]{+ . 5nkmn ug]{ qmddf slxn] d pgLx¿Aff6 k|efljt x'Gy]+ eg] slxn] pgLx¿ daf6 . s;}—s;}n] dnfO{ ;f]W5g\ æs] tkfO{n] 7d]n olt ljsl;t xf]nf eg]/ ;f]Rg'ePsf] lyof] <Æ d}n] cjZo ;f]r]sf] lyP―, …Pslbg cjZo klg 7d]n Pp6f ko{6sLo s]Gb|laGb' aG5 .Ú t/ of] e"m6f] s'/f x'g]5, olb xfdLn] g]kfnsf] ko{6g ljsf; ug{sf lglDt sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp; vf]n]sf] xf}+ eGof}+ eg] . xfdLn] xfd|f] k]6 kfNgs} lglDt xf]6]n vf]n]sf xf}+ . k};f sdfpgsf lgldQ vf]Nof}+ . ;f―rf] oxL xf] . t/ o;f] ubf{—ub}{ eujfg\sf] s[kfn] 7d]nsf] ljsf; ;―u;―u} g]kfndf ;fxl;s ko{6gsf] gof― cWofo ;'¿ ePsf] 5 eg] o;sf] >]o xfdLn] dfq kfpg' kg]{ s'g} cfjZostf 5}g . 7d]nsf] ljsf;df ;f/f 7d]naf;Lsf] b]g 5 . 46

47

kl/R5]b b—^ :ju{ sxL+ xf]Og oxL+ 5

æef}lts nf]e / df]xaf6 6f9f oxf―sf /}yfg] dflg;x¿ cfw'lgs o'usf P8d / Oe g} x'g\ . unt ;f]rfO xf] of], zx/df a;]/ ufp―n]x¿sf] hLjgz}nLnfO{ / pgLx¿sf] ;'v / ;Gt'li6nfO{ cjd"Nog ug{ vf]Hg' . b'MvL pgLx¿ xf]Ogg\, xfdL xf}+ . olb d s[lqd ;Eotfsf] ljifaf6 b'Jo{;gL geOlbPsf] eP, Odfgsf ;fy eG5', d d]/f] lhGbuLsf] clGtd If0f;Dd oxL+ a:y]+, /dfp―y]+ / dy]{+ .Æ xf]6]n Joj;fosf] hu al;;s]kl5 d / d]/f] bfh' b'a} cfºgf] kfl/jfl/s pBf]u la:tf/ ug{ bQlrQ eof}+ . ToxL qmddf Pp6f xf]6]naf6 csf]{ xf]6]ndf nufgL la:tf/ ub}{uOof]—sf7df8f}+ u]i7xfp;af6 PDj]:8/ xf]6]n, PDj]:8/af6 dfsf]{kf]nf] clg dfsf]{kf]nf] xf]6]naf6 Sna lxdfno . xfd|f] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df Ps cfk;sf] ljZjf; g} xfd|f] zlQm lyof] / xfd|f] pBf]usf] ljsf;sf] 7"nf] cfwf/ lyof] . jf:tjdf psfnf] nfUg] 3f]8fsf] nufdnfO{ 5f]l8lbg'k5{ . ljsf; ug]{ dfG5]nfO{ s:g' x'―b}g . lhGbuLdf d}n] ;w}+ sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ cf―vf lrDn]/ ljZjf; u/]sf] 5', k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5', lsgeg] pBf]usf] xfQL rnfpg d';fsf] 5ftL lnP/ x'―b}g . z+sf, pkz+sf u/]/ sfddf afwf c8\rg k'¥ofOof] eg] To;sf] k|ltkmn /fd|f] x'―b}g . t/ Pp6f s'/f xfdLn] s] klg a'¤g' k5{ eg], h:fn] ljZjf; u/]/ xfdLnfO{ sfd u/fPsf] 5, Tof] ljZjf;sf] ;Ddfg klg ug{ hfGg' k5{ / ljZjf;nfO{ slxNo} krfpg' klg x'―b}g . jf:tjdf sfd t ;a}n] ug{ ;S5 t/ s;}nfO{ ljZjf; u/]/ sfd u/fpg x[bo ljzfn x'g'k5{ . ha clnslt k};f hDdf x'GYof], ls t gof― xf]6]nsf lglDt hUuf lslgGYof] ls eg] glau|g], gs'lxg] vfnsf O{+6f, 808L h:tf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L lsg]/ yGSofOGYof] . kl5 xf]6]n agfpg] qmddf Hofnf afx]s c¿ ltg'{ gkbf{ w]/} vr{ ePsf] cg'e"lt g} x'―b}gYof] . o:tf] sfdsf lglDt zfob xfdL a'afaf6 clek|]l/t eof}+ xf]nf . h'ga]nf a'afsf] vNtLdf k};f x'GYof], pxf― hUuf lslgxfNg' x'GYof] . pxf―n] gf}—bz ;fnlt/ clxn] sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp; /x]sf] hUuf / ejg dfq ;}+tL; xhf/ ¿k}of―df lsGg'ePsf] lyof] . To:t} pxf―n] nflhDkf6sf] xf]6]n PDa];8/sf] hUuf 5 xhf/df lsGg'eof] . ;q jif{ klxn]b]lv clncln ub}{ xfdLn] a'9fgLns07sf] hUuf ;Q/L—c;L xhf/ ¿k}of― k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] lsg]+ . clxn] Toxf― k|lt/f]kgL tL; nfv;Dd k5{ /] . sltko pBdLx¿n] Pp6f pBf]u ;~rfng u/]/ To;}df ;Gt'i6 eO{ c¿ yk nufgL ug{ rfx]gg\ t/ xfdLn] cfºgf] ;Lk, ;fdYo{ / k"―hL oxL+ nufgL u5f}+{ / ;w}+ xf]6]n pBf]udf dfq cfk"mnfO{ ;dlk{t u5f}{+, To;}nfO{ la:tf/ u5f}{+ . To;}af6 clnslt OHht klg sdfOof] . pBf]udf cfk"mnfO{ hlt Jo:t agfP tfklg d]/f] k|s[ltsf] /;f:jfbg ug]{ tntn rflx+ k6Ss} 36]g . cfºgf] OR5f / ;f]vnfO{ kl/Tofu u/]/ k};fdfq sdfpg d sbflk ;lSbg― . haha d lbSs x'G5' / ha dnfO{ Ps;'/] lhGbuLn] jfSs agfp―5, tata d k|s[ltsf] ;+;f/lt/ efuL xfN5' . slxn] PSn} t slxn] ldNg] ;fyL lnP/ . slxn] 3/df yfxf lbP/ t slxn] s;}nfO{ yfxf g} glbO{ . cfºgf] ;f]v / Jofkf/nfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{ d}n] Pp6f lgtfGt JolQmut sfo{gLlt agfPsf] 5' . c;L k|ltzt hlt ;do cfºgf] pBf]udf nufpg] clg af―sL aL; k|ltzt ;do cfk"mnfO{ dgk/]sf] ;+/If0f ultljlw jf ;dfh;]jfsf] If]qdf nufpg] . oxL gLltcg'¿k aLr—aLrdf d ;w}+ h¨n 3'Dg hfG5' . zfob k]6 el/Pkl5 dgsf] ef] s klg a9\g] /x]5 . dgsf] ef]s a9]kl5 :jtM ;f]r klg a9\bf] /x]5 . ;f]rsf] ;+hLjgL k|s[ltsf] sfvdf kfOG5 . a'4n] 1fg ?vd'lg k|fKt u/] . eG5g\, eujfg\ lzjsf] jf;:yfg lxdfnL kj{tdf 5 . ltg} kj{t 47

48 >[+vnfx¿df cg]s Clif, dxlif{n] ;fwgf u/L, Wofgdf nLg eO{, w'gL hufP/ j]bb]lv dxfsfJox¿;Dd /rgf u/] . ;dsfnLg 7"N7"nf bfz{lgs / sljx¿ klg k|]/0ff / hfu/0fsf lglDt k|s[lts} vf]+r—vf]+rdf hfg] u/]sf] Oltxf;} 5 . x'g t d s'g} bfz{lgs xf]Og, g t slj g} x'― t}klg dnfO{ k|s[ltdf x/fpg dg k5{ . k|s[ltsf] gflna]nLdf, PsfGtdf a:g dg nfU5 . haha d}n] df}sf kfP―, b'u{d If]qx¿df 3'Dg] wf]sf] d}n] 5f]l8g . clxn] t eGg ;lsGg, t/ cfheGbf aL;—kRrL; jif{ klxn];Ddsf d]/f e|d0fsf cf―s8faf6 zfob ;aeGbf a9L k}bn e|d0f ug]{ jgclws[t d g} lyP― x'―nf . 8f= xs{ u'?¨ eGg'x'G5, æsf7df8f}+sf] g]jf/ eP/ jgh¨n 3'Dg] /x/ s0f{df s;/L cfof] <Æ of] lstfjsf] p2]Zo dgdf]xs e|d0fsf] j[tfGt (Travelogue) n]Vg] xf]Og, e|d0fdf cfwfl/t ;sf/fTds kIfsf s'/fx¿nfO{ dfq pNn]v ug]{ xf] . t;y{ oxf― d]/f e|d0fx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ a]nLla:tf/ gul/sg ofqfdf ;―ufn]sf cToGt dd{:kzL{ cg'ejx¿dfq pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' . s]xL ;do cufl8 lxdfn va/klqsfsf k|sfzs sgsdl0f bLlIftn] dnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g u/L æPs;o krf; zAbeGbf ga9fO{ tkfO{nfO{ ;aeGbf a9L dg k/]sf] 7fp―sf] af/]df n]v]/ k7fpg' xf]nfÆ eGg'eof] . @)^) ;fnsf] IftljIft /fhgLlts kl/b[ZokZrft\ gof― ;sf/fTds ;f]raf6 @)^! ;fnsf] :jfut ug]{ sgssf] ljrf/ dnfO{ c;fWo} dgk¥of] / 6]lnkmf]gsf] l/l;e/ /fVgf;fy d}n] d]/f] 8f]Nkf ofqfsf dg5'g] s]xL :d/0f n]vL k7fP― . kl5 lxdfnsf ;Dkfbs /fh]Gb| bfxfnn] d]/f] n]v k9]/ æSof xf] s0f{hL † tkfO{+ klg ;flxTosf/ x'g'eP5 lg †Æ eGb} kmf]g ug'{ePsf] lyof] . dnfO{ v'zL nfUof] To;a]nf . ;fxl;s ofqfdf ;f]v /fVg] JolQmsf] x}l;otn] n]Vg] s'/f t w]/} 5g\ . ;+;f/sf ;ftj6f dxfåLkx¿dWo] 5 j6fdf k'lu;s]sf] 5', Tof] klg cToGt dgdf]xs k|fs[lts :ynx¿df . t/ olb :ju{sf] vf]hL ug]{ xf] eg] Tof] cGt sxL+ xf]Og, d}n] g]kfnd} kfPsf] 5' . xfd|f tL :ju{df hfgsf nflu xjfO{hxfhaf6 p8]/ xf]Og, lx+8]/ g} k'Ug'k5{— Tof] klg kl;gf sf9]/, ef]sn] r"/ eO{ nvt/fg eP/ . d]/f] lhGbuLsf] ;aeGbf dgf]/d ofqf 8f]Nkfsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(^( df ;'lnu8 gbLsf] Psgf;] u8\u8fx6 cfjfh;―u} d gbLsf] tL/}—tL/ ltGh]b]lv kmf]S;'08f] tfnsf] vf]+r;Dd psfnf] nfu]+ . 7"N7"nf r§fgdf ah|+b} au]sf] gbLsf wf/af6 l;lh{t ;]tfDo lk―mhx¿ 3gf b]jbf/sf h¨nsf] aLraf6 ljzfnsfo Pp6f ;]tf] gfu g} tn cf]ln{/x]sf] h:tf] efg x'GYof] . ha d gbLsf] d'xfgdf k'u]+, kmf]S;'08f] tfnsf] kf―r;o lkm6sf] prfOaf6 eLdsfo emgf{ s/f]8f}+ d'/L kfgL af]sL ;'lnu8sf] vf]+rdf eml//x]sf] lyof] . x:ofª—km:ofª ub}{ psfnf] r9]/ Pp6f 7"nf] r§fgsf] cf]tdf a;]+ . kfgLsf] afkmaf6 lgl:sPsf ;]tf xNsf afbnx¿ ;Nnf / w"kLsf] h¨naf6 ha dfly p7\5g\, clg kfgLsf s0f—s0fdf ha ;"o{sf] ls/0fn] OGb|wg'if l;h{gf u5{, Toxf― cK;/f / k/Lx¿sf] af;:yfgsf] cfef; x'G5 . s:tf] uha, of] eGbf cl3;Dd O{Gb|3g'if x]g{ cfsfz dfly x]g'{ kYof]{, cfh 6fpsf] lgx'l/P/ kxf8sf] l9:sf]af6 vf]hd'lg O{Gb|wg'ifnfO{ cs}{ :j¿kaf6 b]lv/x]sf] 5' . wLt gd?~h];Dd Tof] k|s[ltsf] cnf}lss b[Zo x]l//x]+ . em/gfsf wf/x¿sf] aLr— aLraf6 xhf/f}+ lxdfnL hftsf k/]jfx¿ (Rock pigeon) sfjf vfO{ v]ln/x―bf p8\g] sf]0f kl/jt{g x'gf;fy pgLx¿sf] lxp― h:tf] ;]tf] kv]6fn] ;Dk"0f{ b[ZonfO{ c¿ /f]df~rs agfOlbGYof] . kmf]S;'G8f] tfnaf6 l;lh{t g]kfnsf] of] ;aeGbf cUnf] em/gfaf6 ha c/af}— + ca{ ln6/ kfgL v:5 / r§fgdf alh|G5, d'6' g} sf―Kg] vfnsf] 8/nfUbf] lg/Gt/ …Wjf/f/f/fÚ u'Gh]sf] cfjfhn] k|s[ltsf] Pp6f ljzfn t/ cb[Zo b}jLzlQmsf] k|bz{g u5{ . o'ufGt/b]lv eml//fv]sf] Tof] c;Lldt kfgLsf] c;fwf/0f d"nwf/ x]bf{ xfd|f k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿ slt v]/ uO/x]5g\ eGg] Pp6f 48

49 lrlGtt ;f]rn] d]/f] dgnfO{ lr;f] kf¥of] . of] ckf/ hnzlQmsf] s]xL k|ltzt pmhf{dfq xfd|f] b]zsf] lxtsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;s]sf] eP b]zsf] eljio s:tf] x'GYof] xf]nf < t/ s] ug]{, g]kfndf rflxg]eGbf a9L hflgkmsf/x¿ 5g\ . ;fgf]—7"nf] hnljB't of]hgfsf] jfbljjfb ub}{ ;/sf/nfO{ k+u' agfpgdf g} ;do latfof}+ xfdLn] . e'6fg cfºgf] d'n'saf6 alx/L d'n'sdf hfg] ToxL kfgL a]r]/ cfk"mnfO{ blIf0f Pl;ofs} Pp6f ;d[4 b]z agfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . g xfdLn] cfk"mn] ug{ ;Sof}+, g t c¿dfk{mt g} u/fpg ;Sof}+ . cfºgf] b]zsf] csd{0o l:yltnfO{ ljrf/ ub}{ cgfof; Pp6f g}/fZo af]s]/ d cufl8 nfu]+ . kmf]S;'08f] tfnsf] lsgf/}—lsgf/, r§fg}—r§fgleq af―;sf 7'6fx¿ 3';f/L agfPsf 8/nfUbf ku8G8Ldf v'§fn] 5fDb}, 6]Sb} sf―lGh/f]jf lxdfnsf z[ªvnfnfO{ kG5fP/ tfn kf/ ub}{ d 8f]Nkfsf] leqL efudf k:g] tv{/df nfu+] . Tof] tfn slt ulx/f] 5, yfxf 5}g t/ tfnsf] lgZrn kfgL ;do cg';f/dfq xf]Og, 7fp― cg';f/ klg /ª k]ml//xG5 . ;f―u'/f] kxf8L vf+]raf6 xfdL ha leqL 8f]Nkf k'U5f}+, cfODofS; (IMAX) sf] 7"nf] kbf{df x]/]h:t} cf―v}n] gEofpg] ;Dk"0f{ lIflth xl/of] ¤ofp / 3f―;n] 9fs]sf] kfOG5 . Toxf― s'g} ?v lyPgg\ . nfvf}+nfv /ftf, gLnf, kx]+nf lk|d'nf, j6/sk, cfgLdf]g hftsf /¨Lg km"nx¿ sfk]{6df ;hfPe}+m 3f―;dfly 9sdSs k'mn]sf lyP . e'O{+df 6]Sbf nrsnrs ug]{ afSnf] 3f―;leq v'§f g} r'n'{Dd ufl8GYof] . ha k}tfnfn] hldgdf :kz{ uYof]{, v'§fb]lv dl:tis;Dd zLtntfsf] cj0f{gLo t/¨n] 5'GYof] . sf];f}+—sf];;Dd s'g} ufp― gb]lvg], dflg; dfqsf] sf]nfxnaf6 clt 6f9f, :jR5, s~rg / gLnfDa/d'lg ;'g;fg k|s[ltsf] cnf}lss au}+rfdf PSn} nDk;f/ k/]/ klN6+bf of] ;f/f ;+;f/ d]/}dfq xf] ls h:tf] cfef; x'GYof] . 8f]Nkf]sf] Tof] PSnf]kgdf kx]+nf] r'Rrf] ePsf lxdfnL sfu / lrnx¿sf] cfjfhn] lgZrn k|s[ltnfO{ hLjGt agfp―5g\ . dvdn h:tf] g/d kf―r—5 O~rL afSnf] ¤ofp / 3f―;df ;'tL 6fpsf]nfO{ bfof―—af―of xNnfP/ b[Zofjnf]sg ubf{ cf―vfsf] ;txaf6 ;Dk"0f{ lIflth g} /¨Lg k"mnsf] dxf;fu/ h:tf] b]lvG5 . :jlKgn :ju{ klg of]eGbf ;To / ;'Gb/ x'g} ;Sb}g . ef}lts nf]e / df]xaf6 6f9f oxf―sf /}yfg] dflg;x¿ jf:tjdf cfw'lgs o'usf P8d / Oe g} x'g\ . unt ;f]rfO xf] of], zx/df a;]/ pgLx¿sf] hLjgz}nL, ;'v / ;Gt'li6nfO{ cjd"Nog ug{ vf]Hg' . b'MvL pgLx¿ xf]Ogg\, xfdL xf}+ . olb d s[lqd ;Eotfsf] ljifaf6 b'Jo{;gL geOlbPsf] eP, Odfgsf ;fy eG5' d d]/f] lhGbuLsf] clGtd If0f;Dd oxL+ a:y]+, /dfp―y]+ / dy]{+ . tL If]qsf] jf:tljstfaf6 d olt cfNxflbt / efj's x'gk'U5' hxf― d ToxL s'/f] bf]xf]l/O/x]sf] yfx} kfpGg . 8f]Nkfsf] e|d0f d]/f] lhGbuLsf] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ ofqf lyof] . o;af/] d}n] c+u|]hL efiffdf 8f]Nkf] -Dolpo_ gfdn] Pp6f l;¨} lstfj n]v]sf] lyP― . Tof] lstfjsf] cGtdf d}n] Pp6f sljtf klg n]v]sf] lyP― . of] sljtfn] d]/f] ;Dk"0f{ 8f]Nkf ofqfsf] ;f/f+z atfp―5 . Away from you, I escaped to the land of solitude. Crossing hundred of miles, walking up and down, Fatigued, exhausted, but relieved and ecstatic, Somewhere in the great barrier of the Himalayas Beyond the inhabitable world, I opened the door to Heaven. And there abounds 49

50 Shining silver and black diamond, With much delicate living gold And multicoloured gems sparkle all around. Every inch of this Heaven is carpeted green and soft Ambrosia from the lake of turquoise enhances all with eternity. All these treasures belong to The gliding golden eagle, The snowy king of the cats, The restless mouse hare, And innocent wild sheep, Their abode and wealth are secured and protected. I traveled to this mystic world With the children of the mountains. Sufficed my inner being to behold-enchantment I saw God and talked with the angels. So much love they have for this land; They are reincarnated here over and over. I heard the call of the wilderness in the avalanches, The shrill song of the dipper in the cascades, The mewing of the wild sheep and yelp of the chough All these sounds of different vibrants Symphonize there the hymns divine, Which rolls along the buttress of the mountains. Very soon the devil called me back The angels disappeared The children of the mountains returned, The rolling paradise broke Dark clouds closed the eternal roof of the world I came back to you, to share the life of grief, anger and dissatisfaction. o;f] x]bf{ d w]/} efj's b]lvG5' . ;f―Rr} efj's 5' d . Pstfsf lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h ;j]{If0f ug]{ qmddf gf/fo0fL gbLsf] tL/}tL/ 3'Dg uPsf] lyP― . gbLsf] tL/df rv]jfx¿ k|z:t x'Gy] . To;a]nf d klg ;fgf]ltgf] l;sf/ uy]{+ . lbp―;f] c;fWo} udL{ x'g]x'―bf xfdL laxfg}b]lv ;j]{If0fsf] sfd ;'¿ uYof}{+ . ;fgf] sf7sf] 8'¨f (Canoe) df a;L gf/fo0fL gbLsf] e]ndf la:tf/} au]/ hf―bf gbLsf] ;txaf6 b]lvg] kfgLsf] jfkm ha la:tf/} dfly p8\5, s'lx/f] nfu]sf] h:tf] Tof] b[Zo :jKg ;+;f/h:t} clt /f]df~rsf/L b]lvG5 . laxfgsf] s'lx/f]sf sf/0f w]/} 6f9f b]Vg ;ls+b}g t/ rv]jfsf] nf]enfUbf] s'/s'/—s'/s'/ cfjfh 6f9}af6 ;'lgGYof] . 8'¨f la:tf/} gbLsf] e]ndf alu/x]sf] lyof] . cs:dft\ gbLsf] Pp6f 7"nf] 9'Ëfdf d]/f] 8'¨f c8\lsof] . c8\s]sf] 8'¨f ws]Ng dfemL tn s] cf]n{g nfu]sf] lyof], d}n] dfemLnfO{ t'?Gt /f]s]+ . d]/f cf―vf Ps hf]8L rv]jfdfly k/] . tL k|F0fL a8f] cfsif{s / nf]enfUbf lyP . d]/f] dgdf PSsfl; kfk hfUof], rv]jfsf] df;' vfg] nf]en] . la:tf/} d]/f] aGb'sn] rv]jfnfO{ tfSof] . rv]jfsf efn]kf]yL 50

51 lgeL{s jftfj/0fdf lgw{Ss;Fy 9'Ë]au/df /dfO{ zfob cfk;df dfofk|Llt ;fl6/x]sf lyP, cfºg} efiffdf k|]dfnfkdf dUg / d:t lyP pgLx¿ . lgi7'/ dg'jfnfO{ tL k|f0fLsf] To:tf] pQ]lht If0fsf], efjgfdo cj:yfsf] g};lu{s dxTj / dlxdf s] yfxf < d]/f] aGb'ssf] 7Ls lgzfgfdf rv]jfsf] efn] cfO;s]sf] lyof] . dgdf cg]s s'/f p7], rv]jfnfO{ dfg]{ ls gdfg]{ < dgsf] kfknfO{ d}n] c+s'z nufpg ;lsg― . aGb'ssf] 3f]8fdf k/]sf] d]/f] rf]/ cf}+nf c;fWo} lrnfpg nfUof] . 3f]8f lyRg] ls glyRg] eGg] lg0f{o lng ;ls/x]sf] lyOg . cgfof;} d]/f] rf]/ cf}+nfn] 3f]8f lylrxfNof], 5':; cfjfh cfpgf;fy ptf Pp6f rv]jf 9lnxfNof] . uf]nL kv]6flg/ nfu]sf] x'―bf e't'Ss dg{ klg ;s]g . zfob kf]yL rv]jf xf]nL, efn]sf] kv]6fleq cfºgf] 6fpsf] 3';fl//fv]sL lyO{ . rv]jfn] cfºgf] kf/fn] DjfO{ vfO/fv]sf] xf] jf …rf―8} p8]/ hfpm, x}g eg] of] dflg;n] xfdLnfO{ vfG5Ú elg/fv]sf] xf], d}n] 7Dofpg ;lsg . efn] rv]jf uf]nL nfu]sf] kv]6f l3;fb}{ gbLsf] kfgLdf hfg vf]Hof] . Psl5g kl5 kf]yL rv]jf p8\b} Sjf―—Sjf― ub}{, efn]sf] rf/}lt/ 3'Db} lj5f]8sf] c;x\o kL8fn] s/fpg yfnL] . yfxf lyPg, kf]yLn] klg slxn] cfºgf] k|f0f kv]¿ TofUg] xf] . Tof] sf¿l0fs b[Zo b]v]kl5 d]/f] dgdf kZrfQfk / kL8fn] ;tfO/x\of] . To;kl5 d}n] l;sf/ gug]{ lg0f{o u/]+ / sf7df8f}+ kms{gf;fy aGb"s a]lrxfn]+ . s[lqd ;Eotfdf x's]{sf] dh:tf] JolQmnfO{ jf:tjdf k|s[ltsf] ;+/rgfn] w]/} lrGtgzLn agfOlbPsf] 5 . cGbfhL ;QfO; jif{ klxn] d cfw'lgs ;Eotfaf6 w]/} 6f9f hgsk'/ c~rnsf] clt b'u{d nfdau/sf] Pp6f cgsG6f/ ufp―df k'u]sf] lyP― . nfdau/ ltAat / g]kfnsf] ;LdfGt If]qdf k5{ / ef]6]sf]zL ToxL+af6 aU5 . h¨nL hLjhGt' x]g{ hfg] qmddf xfdL Pp6f o:tf] :yfgdf k'Uof}+ h:sf] e"—agf]6df 7"N7"nf r§fgx¿n] ljnIf0f sflnu8L ptf/]sf] efg x'GYof] . o'uf}+b]lv tL r§fgnfO{ leq—leq ef]6]sf]zLsf] tLa| wf/n] sf6]/, dfx'/Lsf] 3f/ / rfsf h:t} agfO;s]sf] 5 . ;}of}+ lkm6 tn ef]6]sf]zL au]sf] 5, gbLsf] cfjfh r§fgsf] vf]+r—vf]+raf6 dfly k|ltWjlgt ePsf] ;'lgG5 . t/ kfgLsf] eg] gfdf]lg;fg g} b]lv+b}g . kfgL t/n ePklg r§fg h:tf] cToGt zlQmzfnL / s8f a:t'nfO{ s;/L l5ofl5of kfg{ ;S5 < To;}n] zlQmzfnL / s8f eP/ xf]Og, lg/Gt/ k|of;n] dfq sfd ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|df0f of] kfgL / 9'¨fsf] cfTdsyfn] :ki6;―u k|dfl0ft ul//x]sf] 5. nfdau/sf] s]xL b"/Ldf Pp6f uhasf] 7f8f] kxf8 /x]5 h;sf] gfd g} s's'/ /fhfsf] eL/ . of] gfp―sf] k5fl8 s] ls+jbGtL /x]5, d}n] hfGg vf]lhg . t/ Tof] 7f8f] eL/df d}n] klxn] gb]v]sf …lxdfnog yf/Ú hftsf h¨nL e]+8fx¿ x"nsf x"n b]v]+ . To:tf] 7f8f] eL/df s;/L hgfj/x¿ r9\g ;s], crDd} nfU5 . Pstfsf d]/f Ps ;xsdL{ hh{ :ofn;{ nfdau/df a;]/ ToxL …s's'/ /fhfsf] eL/dfÚ …lxdfnog yf/Ú nfO{ b"/lagaf6 x]l//fv]sf lyP . tLg—rf/ lbg;Dd Pp6f ljb]zLn] b"/lagn] g]kfn / rLgsf] ;Ldf If]q x]l//fv]sf] va/ ;'g]kl5 hf;'; eG7fg]/ pgnfO{ ;dfltof] . jf:tjdf :ofn;{ ljZjs} gfd"b ;+/If0fljb\df ulgG5g\ . pgn] uf]l/Nnfb]lv af3, lxdlrt'jfb]lv kfG8f;Ddsf] lj:t[t cWoog ul/;s]sf lyP . ;g\ @))) df pgnfO{ Go"hljs klqsfn] …Dofg ckm b ;]~r'/LÚ sf] pkflw lbPsf] lyof] . xf]6]n pBf]udf nfu]/ cfk"mn] ljZjsf To:tf JolQmTjx¿l;t sfd ug{ / ;fyL agfpg kfPsf]df dnfO{ slxn]sfxL+ uj{ x'G5 . 3tnfUbf :ynx¿sf] e|d0f ug]{ qmddf nfs]{ef]6sf] Pp6f hfgsf/L klg :d/0fof]Uo 5 . dWojiff{ofddf uf]/vfaf6 af/kfs\ / nfk|fs\ x'―b} l;:g] lxdfnsf] k]mbL—k]mbLaf6 xfdL clt b'u{d lxdfnL If]q nfs]{ef]6 k'Uof}+ . Toxf― Pp6f clt k'/fgf] ufp― ;fdfufp―df cToGt ;/n :jefjsf / ;w}+ xf―l;/xg] 51

52 ltAatL d"nsf cflbjf;Lx¿ lyP . dg;'gsf] afbnnfO{ lxdfnn] 5]ls/fv]sf] x'―bf Tof] 7fp―df sd} kfgL kg]{ /x]5 . Toxf― k'Ug'eGbf klxn] 5—;ft lbg;Ddsf] jiff{n] k"/} z/L/ ?e]msf] lyof] / af6f]el/ leh]sf] v'§fdf l;:gf]n] kf]Nbfkf]Nbf kf]n]s} cg'ej x'g 5f]8]sf] lyof] . Toqf] af6f] lx+8]/ cfPkl5 nfs]{ef]6sf] Gofgf] 3fdsf] e'mNsfdf lbg latfpg kfp―bf xfdL Psbd} pNnl;t ag]sf lyof}+ . ;fdfufp―af6 cln 6f9f Pp6f rf}/df xfdLn] kfn 6f―uL af; a:g] tv{/ u¥of}+ . Tof] 7fp―sf] hdLgd'lg k|z:t Kjfnx¿ /x]5g\, xfdLnfO{ tL s]sf Kjfn x'g\ eGg] yfxf g} ePg . ;f―emlt/ t x/]s Kjfnaf6 v/fof]eGbf cln 7"nf] t/ v/fof] h:t} b]lvg] v}/f] /ªsf] ºof― (Marmot) eGg] e'O― hgfj/x¿ b]lvP . Pp6f Kjfnaf6 csf]{ Kjfndf bf}8]/ k:g], Kjfnleq k:g'cufl8 6Ss pleP/ xfdLnfO{ x]l//xg] . Tof] b[Zo pQ/fv08sf] lxd6fk'df b]lvg] k]Guj]gx¿sf] rnv]neGbf sd /f]df~rsf/L lyPg . olt ;fgf] d'n'sdf olt w]/} h}ljs ljljwtf † s] ug'{, xfdLn] cfºgf b'n{e ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ lrGg} ;s]gf}+ . xfd|f c―Wof/f 9's'6Ldf s]—s:tf cfZro{hgs j:t' / rLhx¿ 5g\ eg]/ xfdLn] 6'sL afn]/ slxNo} x]/]gf}+ . nfs]{af6 kmls{g] qmddf xfdL huft eGg] 7fp―df af; a:of}+ . Toxf― a'¤bf huft dfly Pp6f cgf}7f] tfn /x]5, h;sf] gfp― lyof] sfnf]r'dg tfn . Tof] tfndf ljb]zLx¿nfO{ hfg lbOb}gYof] . lsgeg] Tof] tfn ckljq eof]eg] tfn k'm6]/ af9L cfpg ;S5 /] . ;f] tfnaf/] cg]s ls+abGtL / bGTosyf ;'g]kl5 dnfO{ klg Toxf― hfg] /x/ hfUof] / uP― klg . nuftf/ ;f9] b'O{ 306fsf] psfnf] nfu]kl5 dfly 8f―8fdf Pp6f lgd{n kfgLsf] 7"nf] kf]v/L /x]5 . kf]v/Ld'lg sfnf] df6f] ePsf] x'―bf kfgL cToGt lgd{n ePklg ;txaf6 x]bf{ sfn} b]lvGYof] . tfnsf] rf/}lt/ …af/a]6gÚ eGg] ;]tf] hftsf u'/f―;sf ?v 6Dd} lyP . u'/f―;sf] k"mnleq bf¥xL h:t} /]zf x'g] x'―bf o;nfO{ bf¥xLjfn u'/f―; (Rododendron barbetum) klg elgG5 . ?v Tolt cUnf 5}gg\ t/ ltgsf xf―uf—la―uf olt afSnf lyP hxf― dflg;x¿ :jtGq ¿kn] lx8\8'n ug{ ;Sb}gy] . zfob ToxL sf/0fn] Tof] 7fp― s:t'/L d[usf] ;'/lIft jf;:yfg aGg k'Uof] . d}n] ;Dk"0f{ tfnsf] k]m/f] dfg{ vf]h]+ t/ u'/f―;sf] 3gf h¨nsf sf/0f k]m/f] dfg{ eg] ;lsg― . hxf― uPklg s:t'/L d[us} a8\sf}nfn] 6Dd 9fs]sf] x'―bf ;f/f jftfj/0f g} s:t'/Lsf] af;n] dudufO/fv]sf] lyof] . Toxf― lx+8\bf—lx+8\b} ;d"xsf—;d"x ;]tf] kv]6fdf /ftf] l5/la/] Kjf―v ePsf 8f―k]m (Blood Phesant) klg b]Vg] ;f}efUo ldNof] . l;:g] lxdfnsf s~rg 6fs'/f, lgZrn / :jR5 tfnsf] kfgL, rf/}lt/ ;]tf] u'/f―; clg ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf s:t'/Lsf] af; – Tof] 7fp― / Tof] If0f ha d]/f] dfg;k6ndf cfp―5, cgfof;} clxn] klg d]/f] gfsdf s:t'/Lsf] af:gf cfpg yfN5 . uha /x]5, ;f]r PslrQ / Psfu| eof]eg] ef}lts ¿kaf6;d]t kl/jt{gsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 . x'g t d]/f] lhGbuLdf o:tf clj:d/0fLo 36gfx¿ w]/} 5g\ . t/ ca k]ml/ d To:tf ;fxl;s ofqfx¿ ug{ ;S5'—;lSbg, eGg ;lSbg . zfob clxn] t z/L/n] klg lb+b}g xf]nf . t/ hxf―—hxf― d hfg ;S5' Toxf― hfg] df}sf rflx+ 5f]8\g] u/]sf] 5}g . olb lx+8]/ ;lsg― eg] ca u'8]/ jf p8]/ ePklg hfG5' . t/ lx+8]/ / p8]/ hfg'df w]/} w]/} cGt/ 5 . ;'vsf] cg'ej ug{ b'Mv ;xg} k5{ lsgeg] ;'v ;lhn} kfOg] a:t' xf]Og . ;g\ !(&) df hfuL/ 5f]8]kl5 w]/} 6f9f cgsG6f/ Pj+ b'u{d If]qdf hfg cln uf¥xf] eof] . ;dosf] cefj, b}lgs hLjgsf] Jo:ttf / cln a9L zf/Ll/s r'gf}tLn] ubf{ klg klxn] h:tf] 3'd3fd ug{ ;+ej ePg . t/ cGgk"0f{ If]qsf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{n] eg] dnfO{ af/Daf/ tflg/x]s} 5 . zfob cGgk"0f{ If]q e|d0f ug{ 8f]Nkf, d':tfª h:tf] uf¥xf] gePsf]n] xf]nf d slxn] 52

53 3fGb|'s;Dd, slxn] nfGb|'s;Dd t slxn]sfxL+ ;don] ;fy lbof] eg] df5fk'R5]«sf] km]bL / cGgk"0f{ cfwf/ lzlj/;Dd k'Ug] uy]{+ . k'm;{b kfpgf;fy s'lbxfNy]+ . d}n] emG8} t]QL; jif{cl3 klxnf]kN6 cGgk"0f{ If]qsf] e|d0f u/]sf] lyP― . To;a]nfb]lv g} Tof] If]q dnfO{ clt dg k/]sf] xf] . /dfOnf ufp― 5g\, km/flsnf / ;'Gb/ af6}af6f] lx+8]/ hfg ;lsG5 . gf} 8f―8fsf] df]6/ ;8s aGg'cl3 ;'Ov]tb]lv b'Oj6f af6f] eP/ cGgk"0f{ cfwf/lzlj/ hfg ;lsGYof] . Pp6f gf}+ 8f―8fsf] af6f] / csf]{ wDk'm;sf] af6f] . x'g t b'a} af6f] 3fGb|'s ufp―df ldNg cfp―5g\ . 3fGb'|saf6 eg] cGgk"0f{ a];SofDk hfg Pp6f l;jfo csf]{ af6f] 5}g . wDk'm;af6 hf―bf w]/} h¨n ePsf] x'―bf xfdLn] ToxL af6f]af6 ofqf ;'¿ u¥of}+ . ;'Ov]taf6 wDk'm; ufp―;Dd k'Ug cGbfhL b'O{ 306fsf], s6';sf] h¨nleq cNdlng] 7f8f], psfnf] uf]/]6f] af6f] plSng' k5{ . Tof] ufp― %,*)) kmL6 prfOdf k5{ . ef]lnkN6 ld/ld/] pHofnf] x'gf;fy xfdL wDk'm;af6 pQ/lt/ nfUof}+ . xfd|f el/ofx¿ xNnf ub}{ cufl8 uP . af6f]df r/fr'¿¨L / h¨nL hgfj/x¿ b]Vg gkfOPnf eg]/ d el/ofx¿eGbf cufl8 nfu]+ . gfgfy/Lsf r/fx¿ x]g{] nf]en] uf]/]6f]nfO{ 5f8L h¨nleq k;]+ . d cfºg} w'gdf r/f x]b}{ slxn] jgleqaf6 / slxn] uf]/]6f]af6 lx+8\b} lyP― . cGbfhL b'O{306f otfptf lx+8]kl5 d]/f] cufl8 b'Oj6f c¿ uf]/]6f]x¿ b]vf k/] . b'O{6} uf]/]6f]df zfob uf]7fnf s]6fx¿n] af0fsf lrGxx¿ clÍt u/]sf lyP . To;}n] s'g af6f] hfp―m / s'g rflx+ 5f]8"― eGg] ljrf/n] dnfO{ s]xLl5g\ cNdNofof] . hfg] af6f] 7Dofpg d el/ofnfO{ klv{/x]+ t/ kv{+bf—kv{+bf pgLx¿ gcfPsf] x'―bf df5fk'R5«] / cGgk"0f{ lxdfnnfO{ nIo ub}{ :jefjtM bf―oflt/sf] af6f] nfUg] lgisif{df k'u]+ . Tof] af6f] nfUbf psfnf] lgs} pSng' k¥of] . kxf8sf] prfOn] lbO/fv]sf] r'gf}tLnfO{ xf―s lbb} d klg pSn―b} uP― . Hofb} udL{ ePklg s6';, plQ;, lrnf}g] / cg]sf}+ /}yfg] ?vx¿n] el/Psf] clt /fd|f] 3gf h¨nleq zLtntf / dgdf]xstf kfp―bf dnfO{ psfnf]sf] xf―s Tolt si6bfos nfu]g . t/ cgfof;} cfk"m hf―b} u/]sf] uf]/]6f] ;f―u'l/+b} uP/ cln k/ k'u]kl5 t lanfP/ kf] uof] . d}n] 7DofP―, uf]7fnfx¿n] a6'jfnfO{ e'mSofpg af6f]df jf0f c+lst u/]sf /x]5g\ . ca eg] d s]xL cndndf k/]+, kms"{+ eg] Tolt psfnf] rl9;lsof], cufl8 a9"― eg] uf]/]6f] h¨nleq ljnLg eO;Sof] . cf;kf;sf dflg;x¿sf] cfjfh ;'Gg d}n] Wofgk"j{s rf/} lbzflt/ sfg yfk]+ t/ st}af6 klg s'g} cfjfh dlt/ cfPg . xfjfn] kftx¿ xNnfp―bf, ?vsf kftx¿ xf―ufaf6 v;L e'O{+sf :ofpnfx¿df embf{ cfpg] :of/:oftL{ cfjfhn] To; h¨nsf] ;'g;fg jftfj/0fnfO{ cgf}7f] agfp―Yof] . obfsbf r/f s/fPsf] cfjfhn] klg To; jftfj/0fdf Ps lsl;dsf] ljlrq efjx¿ u'~hfO/x]sf] cg'e"lt x'GYof] . s]xL a]/;Dd csf]{ af6f] kQf nfUnf eGg] cfzfn] tndfly u/]+ . cGtdf Pp6f kfvf]sf] lgzfgf lnO{ uPdf s'g} g s'g} ufp― cjZo g} e]l6Pnf eGg] cfzfn] le/fnf]af6 ?vx¿sf xf―uf ;dfTb} la:tf/} cf]/fnf] em/]+ . aNnaNn Pp6f lrof k;ndf k'u]+ . d?e"lddf ;km/ ul//x]sf] ylst p―m6 h:t} d yrSs a;]/ k;ndf rf/—kf―r sk lrof vfO;s]kl5 aNn d]/f el/ofx¿ cfOk'u]+ . blIf0f e]usf] ;'Vvf kxf8df tLg 306fsf] 7f8f] psfnf] pSn]kl5 xfdL 3fGb|'s ufp―df k'Uof}+ . of] ufp―nfO{ cfk"mn] ;f]r]eGbf 7"nf] kfP― . Toxf― clwsf+z e"tk"j{ la|l6; ;}lgsx¿sf] a;f] af; /x]5 . 9'¨fsf 5fgfn] 5fOPsf lrl6Ss k/]sf 3/x¿ Hofb} ;kmf / ;'Gb/ lyP . /dfOnf] / la;{g g;lsg] 3fGb'|s ufp―sf] 5fk x[bodf lnO{ xfdL cufl8 a9\of}+ . df5fk'R5]« / cGgk"0f{ lxdfn d]/f cufl8 glhs x'―b} cfO/x]sf lyP . r'da|'ªaf6 xfdL s'N8L k'Uof}+ . s'N8Ldf k|z:t e]+8L uf]7x¿ /x]5g\ . 53

54 *,$)) lkm6sf] prfO{df /x]sf] s'N8LnfO{ 5f8L d Hofb} ;f―u'/f] af6f]af6 slxn] dfly slxn] tn x'―b} cufl8 a9]+ . eL/d'lgaf6 df]bL vf]nf lxdfnsf] lr;f] kfgL af]s]/ 7"nf] uh{g;fy alu/x]sf] lyof] . d]/f] af6f] dfln¨f]sf] emf8L x'―b} cufl8 nlDsPsf] lyof] . af―;sf afSnf ¤ofªx¿ b]Vbf Toxf― cjZo klg lxdfnL efn' xf]nfg\ egL xfdLn] nv sf6\of}+ . cGbfhL ;f9] tLg306f;Dd af―;sf oL ¤ofªleqaf6 lx+l8;s]kl5 ;f―em kf―rah] lx+sf] u'kmfdf k'Ug ;Sof}+ . lx+sf] u'kmfsf] af/]df gS;f / lstfjdf k9]sf] x'―bf ofqfsf] ;'¿sf] lbgb]lv g} cf}wL /x/ / sf}t'xn nflu/x]sf] lyof] Toxf― k'Ug . jf:tjdf of] u'kmf k|s[ltn] g} ;[hgf u/]sf] Pp6f ch¨sf] r§fgsf] cf]9f/ /x]5 . cf]9f/leq eg"― jf u'kmf, clwsf+z ofq'x¿ ToxL+ af; a:bf /x]5g\ . t/ Tof] 7fp― af; a:gnfossf] eg] lyPg . ;f―u'/f] kxf8sf vf]+rx¿ lxdfnL :of―7n] ubf{ hlxn] klg x'/L rln/xGYof] / clt g} hf8f] lyof] . u'kmfdf ;'Tbf r§fg} v:g] xf] ls eg]/ 8/ klg nfUof] . lx+sf] u'kmf kf/ u/]sf] s]xL l5gkl5 lxp―r'nL lxdfnaf6 v;]sf] lxp― klx/f]df k'Uof}+ . of] lxd klx/f] w]/} jif{ klxn] g} v;]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . lsgeg] of] klx/f] w]/} wldlnO;s]sf] 5 . xfdL hf―b} u/]sf] eGHofª clxn] klg Tolt g} ;f―3'/f] 5 . eGHofª slxn] pbfl¨Pnf / cufl8sf /d0fLo b[Zo b]Vg kfOPnf eGg] cfzfn] d l56f]—l56f] cufl8 al9/x]+ . ;f―Rr} eg"― eg] kxf8sf si6bfos kbofqfx¿df gof―—gof― kfl/l:ylthGo ljz]iftfx¿ cjnf]sg ug{ kfOg] cfzfn] ofqLx¿df cb\e"t hf]z k}bf x'G5 . h'g hf]zleq Ps lsl;dsf] k"mlt{ / zlQmsf] lg/Gt/ hGd e}/xG5 . cGbfhL b'O{ 306f lx+8]kl5 eGHofª v'nf b]lv+b} uof] . ca xfdL cGgk"0f{ :ofª\r'/Ldf k'Uof}+ . o;sf] gfd d]/f ;fyL s0f]{n lhdL /j6{n] klxnf]kN6 df5fk'R5]« lxdfn cf/f]x0f ug{ vf]Hbf /fv]sf lyP . lhdL deGbf w]/} kfsf lyP t/ xfd|f] ;f]v Pp6} ePsf] x'―bf kl5 xfdLn] g]kfnd} klxnf]kN6 jN8{ lkmh]G6 ;+3sf] g]kfn zfvf vf]n]/ ;g\ !(*@ df ljZj lkmh]G6 ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u¥of}+ . cGgk"0f{ :ofª\r'/L af¥x xhf/ lkm6eGbf dfly geP klg Toxf― Ps lsl;dsf] cfºg}kgsf] zLtf]i0f d?e"dLo jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . 7"N7"nf lxd>[+vnfsf] lgs6tfn] ubf{ olt prfO{df hlt lr;f] x'g'kg]{ xf], Tof]eGbf w]/} lr;f] 5 Toxf― . e'O{+df lxp―n] 6Dd 5f]k]sf], ?vx¿ geO{ vfnL ;fgf—;fgf a'6\ofgDffq stfst} b]lvg] – w]/} prfO{df b]lvg] b[Zo lyof] Toxf― . 8]9 b'O{ ;o dL6/ rf}8f of] e~Hofª\sf] k"j{lt/ cToGt ;'Gb/ df5fk'R5«] lxdfn cfºg} lz/dfly 7\ofDd} p7]sf] h:tf], pQ/tk{m ljZjk|l;4 cGgk"0f{ lxdfn cfºgf] c¨ k"/f k}mnfP/ a;]sf] h:tf] . blIf0flt/ lxdr'nL lxdfn xftn] 5'g ;Sg] b"/Ldf plePsf] Tof] 7fp― uhasf] /x]5 . kf―r jif{sf] ;dofjlwdf d}n] cGgk"0f{ If]qdf kf―r—5 rf]l6 kbofqf u/]+ . o; 7fp―af6 k|efljt eP/ d}n] ;g\ !(&* df cGgk"0f{ If]qdf dflg; / k|s[ltsf] aLr ;dGjofTds ;DaGw sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] Pp6f gof― cjwf/0ff kq tof/ u/]+ . dnfO{ nfU5, k|fs[lts Pj+ ;―f:s[lts b[li6sf]0fn] cGgk"0f{ h:tf] /d0fLo If]q ljZjdf la/n} kfOG5 . clt dgdf]xs Pj+ cfsif{s df5fk'R5«], cGgk"0f{ / cGo lxdfnL >[+vnfx¿ oxf― cf―vfdf 6f―l;g] u/L b]Vg ;lsG5 . …;a 6«lksnÚ h¨nb]lv lxdfnL pi0f d?e"ld;Ddsf k|fs[lts ljljwtf oxf― kfOG5g\ . ljleGg hftsf nfnLu'/f―;x¿ 9sdSs k'mln/xG5g\ . o; e]usf] e|d0f ubf{ kbofqfsf] x/]s 3'DtL—3'DtL, df]8df]8 / psfnL cf]/fnLaf6 s:tf—s:tf cgf}7f] gof― b[Zox¿ b]lvG5g\ eGg] sf}t'xn dgdf hflu/xG5 . pv/dfpnf] udL{af6 cfPsf] Pp6f ofqL lxp―sf] lr;f] af]s]/ alx/x]sf] zLtn xfjf vf―b} j/kLknsf] 5fof―d'lg rf}tf/Ldf kN6]/ nfn'kft]sf] cGt/s'Gt/af6 df5fk'R5]«sf] b[Zo cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] of] 7fp― ljZj 54

55 sf];]9'¨f (landmark) ;fljt e};s]sf]

kbofqfsf] dfglrqdf Pp6f clj:d/0fLo 5. cGgk"0f{ If]qleq} kg]{ clt cfsif{s / /d0fLo 3fGb'|s, nfGb'|s / r'd?ª ufp―3/df 6nSs 6lNsg] :n]6sf 5fgfx¿n] ufp―sf] ;DkGgtfnfO{ 5n{¨ b]vfp―5g\ . k|s[lt / ;+:s[ltsf] cb\e"t bf]efgsf] k|tLs /x]sf] ;Dj]bgzLn cGgk"0f{ If]qnfO{ clxn] g} s'g} of]hgf cGtu{t oyf]lrt ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] eljiodf cfpg] dfgjLo Pj+ ljsf;sf cg]s ljs[ltx¿n] o;nfO{ laufg{ ;S5g\ . w]/} /fd|f] s'/fnfO{ ;dod} ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] Tof] rf―8}, ck|Toflzt ¿kn] lau|]/ hfg;S5 . cGgk"0f{ If]q h:tf] ultzLn dfgjLo lqmofsnfk (Dynamic human activity) ePsf] Pp6f clåtLo k|fs[lts If]qnfO{ s'g} /]vf / rf}x2Lleq y'g]/, ;/sf/L lgod / sfg"gn] af―w]/ /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] 3]/fdf xfNg' x'―b}g . x'g t ;Dk"0f{ cGgk"0f{ If]q a[xb\ /fli6«o lgs'~h agfpg of]Uo :yn xf] . t/ g]kfnsf hDd} e"–efu /fli6«o lgs'~hdf kl/0ft ug]{ xf] eg] s] xfdLn] wfGg, y]Ug ;S5f}+ < cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f / cGo 7"N7"nf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿ /fli6«o lgs'~hx¿ :yfkgf ug{ ;w}+ nfnflot x'G5g\ lsgeg] tL b]z ef}uf]lns lx;fjn] klg lgs} 7"nf 5g\ / hlt w]/} /fli6«o lgs'~h lgdf{0f u/]klg ltgnfO{ vf;} km/s kb}{g . k]ml/ ljsl;t d'n'ssf clwsf+z dflg;nfO{ k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿df e/ k/]/ af―Rg'kg]{ jfWotf 5}g . t/ xfd|f] h:tf] ;fgf] d'n'ssf afl;GbfnfO{ hGd]b]lv d[To'ko{Gt k|fs[lts ;|f]tljgf hLljsf]kfh{g ;Dej 5}g . oxf― clwsf+z jgh¨n /fli6«o lgs'~h agfpg ;Dej x'―b}g . 3/ 5fpg 8f―8fef6f, w'l/anf], w'l/vf―df, kmNofs, v/b]lv eft ksfpg bfp/f, ufOj:t' r/fpg rl/r/g, 3/kfn'jf kz'x¿sf nflu 3f―;–:ofpnf, ;f]Q/ cflbsf lglDt jgd} e/ kg'{k5{ . zx/df klg 3/ agfpg] rf}sf];, vfkf, yfd, lgbfn cflb sf7 jghËnaf6 g} k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf] ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s kl/j]zdf ;+/If0fsf] gfddf nfvf}+nfv laufxf hdLg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf ¿kdf 5'6\ofpg uf¥xf] / cJofjxfl/s x'G5 . h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf nflu xfdL clw/fHosf s]xL d'Vo—d'Vo k|fs[lts If]qnfO{ /fli6«o lgs'~h agfpg ;S5f}+ t/ ;a} ;+/lIft If]q (Protective Area) nfO{ /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] kl/efiffleq /fvL ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsGg . o;f] ug'{ Gofok"0f{ klg x'―b}g . ;+/If0f s:fsf nflu < ;+/If0f jf:tjdf dflg;sf nflu g} xf] . dflg;sf] cfjZostfnfO{ kG5fP/ ;+/If0fdfq ug'{ s'g} b[li6n] klg Jofjxfl/s x'―b}g . k|s[lt /fd|f], ;'Gb/, cfsif{s eg]/ s;n] JofVof u5{ < dflg;sf] af]nLjrgn] g xf] . k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{sf] j0f{g dflg;sf] sljtfn] g} u5{ . dflg;nfO{ cnu /fv]/ ;+/If0fsf] kf6f]nfO{ dfq Wofg k'¥ofp―bf xfdL lglZrt ¿kdf xfg]{ n8fO{+ (Fighting for a loosing battle) nl8/x]sf x'G5f}+ . s'g} xb;Dd aGb'ssf] e/df jf sf―8]tf/af/leq hËn ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 xf]nf t/ of] bL3{sfnLg gLlt aGg ;Sb}g . ha;Dd jghËn tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ d]/f] xf], xfd|f] xf] / o;sf] ;+/If0faf6 dnfO{, d]/f] kl/jf/ / ;d'bfonfO{ kmfObf k'U5 eGg] ljZjf; hgdfg;df hufpg ;lsb}g, To;a]nf;Dd ;+/If0f ;xL dfg]df ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . oxL ;sf/fTds ;f]raf6 k|]/0ff lnO{ d}n] ;g\ !(&( df cGgk"0f{ If]qnfO{ k|fs[lts qmL8f:yn (Nature Recreation Area) df ¿kfGt/0f ug{] of]hgf agfPsf] lyP― / Tof] k|:tfjgf jgdGqfnodfk{mt >L % sf] ;/sf/df k|:t't u/]sf] lyP― . ax'cfoflds ;+/If0f Pj+ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff k|0ffnL (Multi conceptual park management system) df cfwfl/t d]/f] Tof] k|:tfjgfdf

55

56 :yfgLo dflg;nfO{ k|s[lt ;+/If0fk|lt hfu?s u/fO{ dflg; / k|s[ltaLr ;Gt'lnt hLjgz}nLsf ;+efJo pkfox¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyP― . :yfgLo dflg;x¿ cfk}+m cGgk"0f{ If]qnfO{ ;+/If0f ub}{ ljsf; ug{ ;S5g\ . hgtfnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbP/ Ps—csf{k|lt pQ/bfoL agfOof] eg] :jtM k|s[lt ;+/If0f x'G5, cltqmd0f lgoGq0f x'G5 / ;Gt'ng sfod x'G5 . hg;d'bfosf] :jfldTjdf cGgk"0f{ If]qsf] jgh¨n Joj:yfkg u/fpg ;lsof] eg] g]kfnsf] ;+/If0fsf] 7"nf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;'Nemfpg ;lsG5 . :yfgLojf;L cfk+}mn] w]/} s'/f ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ xfdL pgLx¿nfO{ ljZjf; ul//fv]sf x'―b}gf}+ . pgLx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbOof] eg] g;f]r]sf, glrtfPsf /fd|f s'/fx¿ ul/lbG5g\ . o:tf pbfx/0f g]kfndf w]/} kfOG5g\ . k|:tfjgfdf d}n] ko{6g / k|s[ltsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cGof]Gofl>t tl/sfn] ljsf; ug]{, o;sf nflu ;f] IF]qs} afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{, dflg; / k|s[ltsf] ;xjf; / ;xofqfdf ;dGjo ug]{, dflg; ;w}+ ljgfzsf/L x'―b}g eGg] l;4 ug]{, k|s[ltnfO{ gdf;L s:tf—s:tf, s]—s] vfnsf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5, k|s[ltnfO{ ;+/If0f ubf{—ub}{ lbuf] ljsf; s;/L Nofpg ;lsG5 / ;+/If0faf6 :yfgLo JolQmx¿nfO{ s;/L cfly{s nfe k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 h:tf cg]s l;4fGtnfO{ k|ltkfbg ug{ k|:tfjdf ;'emfj lbPsf] lyP― . ljsf; eGgf;fy slxn]sfxL+ xfdL x7ft\ tl;{G5f}+ . t/ ljsf;ljgf PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dflg; af―Rg ;Sb}g . ;Eotf eg]sf] Ps lsl;dn] vf]nf h:t} xf] . h;/L vf]nf kms{+b}g, To;/L cufl8 al9;s]sf] ;EotfnfO{ klg kmsf{pg uf¥xf] x'G5 . oxL ;Gbe{df xfdLn] ljsf;sf gof― cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ u|x0f ub}{ n}hfg'k5{ . ljsf; cGtu{t w]/} ;sf/fTds s'/fx¿ cfp―5g\ . ljsf;s} cjwf/0ffaf6 ;+/If0fsf w]/} pkfox¿ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . hfgL ghfgL kxf8L If]qdf kRrL;—tL; l8u|L sf]0fdf 9Ns]sf] e"—kl/lwdf klg jif]{jfnL nufP/ e";+/If0f ul//fv]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . To:tf ;+j]bgzLn e"kl/lwx¿df kmnk"mn, afujfgL, lrofjufg, hl8a'6Lh:tf jgh¨ndf cfwfl/t gub]jfnL jf ;fna;fnL jg:klt pdfg{ ;lsof] eg] :jtM e";+/If0f klg x'G5, ljsf; klg x'G5 . cf]/fnf], le/fnf] hdLgdf jif]{lg vghf]t ubf{ df6f] aUg uO{ 7"N7"nf klx/f] hfg;S5g\ . t/ ljjztfjz g]kfndf kfvf–kv]/f / clt g} le/fnf] hdLgdf v]tL ug]{ rng 5 . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf klg t];f{ 8\ofª agfO{ s8f kl/>d u/]/ df6f] ;+/If0f ub}{ v]tL ul//fv]sf x'G5g\ t/ kof{j/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] ;Dj]bgzLn To:tf eL/, kfvfx¿df jif]{lg ljleGg afnLx¿ nufpg'sf] ;§f Psrf]l6 nufPkl5 /f]kL/xg gkg]{ ¿v / ;fn a;fnL la¿jf nufof] eg] df6f] aUg] 8/ x'―b}g . kmnkm"nsf la¿jf /f]k]/ klg xfdL ;lhn};―u e"–;+/If0f ug{ ;S5f}+ . To;/L g} kxf8L If]qx¿df k|s[ltnfO{ s'g} afwf gk'¥ofO{ ko{6g pBf]u, s'l6/ pBf]u, s'v'/fkfng, dT:o kfng, cf}iflwd"ns af]6la¿jf jf kmnk'mn v]tLdfk{mt cfºg} k|s[ltsf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿sf] ;'¿cft ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k]6 ef]sf] /fv]/ …;+/If0f u/Ú dfq eGbf s:fn] ;'G5 / † ef]sf] k]6n] bz{g hfGb}g clg dL7f s'/f klg ;'Gb}g . Pp6f u/La cfºgf] k]6 eg{ / cfºgf afnaRrf arfpg xl/of], ;'l/nf] ¿v sf6]/ bfp/f a]Rg;d]t lxrlsrfp―b}g . oxL s7f]/ jf:tljstfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL d}n] ax'd'vL, ax'cfoflds ;+/If0f Pj+ ljsf; Joj:yfkg k4ltsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf] lyP― . Tof] k|:tfjgf ;aeGbf klxn] jgljefudf k]z u/]+ . t/ jif{lbg lalt;Sbf klg s'g} lnlvt k|ltlqmof cfPg . emg\ pN6f] d]/f Ps hgf ;fyLn] t Jo+Uo ub}{ …of] s0f{ zfSo lsg hfGg] ;'Gg] ePsf] xf]nf < lxKkLnfO{ dfq ;Dxfn]/ k};f sdfP k'luxfN5 lg † jfOoftÚ ;Dd eg]5g\ . lrtjg ;f}/fxfdf jf8]{gx¿sf] 5nkmndf d]/f] k|:tfjgfpk/ pgn] To;/L tLvf] 56

57 k|ltlqmof lbP, eg]/ s;}n] dnfO{ ;'gfPsf] lyof] . To:tf] s'/f ;'Gbf dnfO{ v'a lrQ b'Vof] . cfºg} ;|f]t / ;fwg vr{ u/]/ rf/ kf―r rf]l6 lx―8]/ ;Dk"0f{ cGgk"0f{ If]q e|d0f u/L s'gf—sfKrf, 5]pleQf 3'dL s'g 7fp―df s] ubf{ /fd|f] xf]nf egL uDeL/ cWoog u/]sf] lyP― / To;sf cfwf/df ljz]if cjwf/0ffx¿ ;'emfPsf] lyP― . w]/} pT;fx lnP/ d}n] of] k|:tfjgf ;/sf/;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] lyP― t/ cfºg} ;xsdL{x¿n] To:tf] xtf]T;fxL kfg{ ;Sg] k|ltlqmof hgfp―bf lgZro g} dnfO{ rf]6 nfUg] g} eof] . t/ dflg;nfO{ rf]6 nfUg'kg]{ /x]5, lrQ klg slxn]sfxL+ b'Vg'kg]{ /x]5 cGoyf xfdL alnof] x'―bf /x]g5f}+ . rf]6n] dgnfO{ bl/nf] kf5{ . slnnf] / sdnf] dg lnP/ s'g} klg gof― / cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g Nofpg] sfd ug{ ;ls―b}g . d]/f] ;fyLsf] cfnf]rgfn] dnfO{ xtf]T;flxt agfPg, a¿ b[9 agfof] . oltsf d]xgt u/]/ tof/ kf/]sf] k|:tfjgf Ps—b'O{ hgf JolQmn] lj/f]w u/] eGb}df d Tof] sfd 5f]8\g]jfnf lyOg― . d]/f] k|:tfjgfnfO{ d}n] jgdGqfnodfkm{t cufl8 a9fpg g;Sbf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf k|:t't u/]+ . To;a]nf 8f= df]xgdfg ;}+h' cfof]usf] pkfWoIf x'g'x'GYof] . pxf―n] d]/f] k|:tfjgf pk/ 5nkmn ug{ jg dGqfno;d]t ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ af]nfO{ a}7s u/fpg'eof] . dnfO{ Tof] a}7sdf ePsf] Pp6f s6' 36gf clxn];Dd ofb cfp―5 . b'Anf] / Vofp6] vfnsf jg dGqfnosf ;lrj Tof] a}7sdf pkl:yt lyP . gf} jif{ klxn] g} d}n] jg ljefu 5f]8]sf] x'―bf tL ;lrjnfO{ d}n] lrg]sf] lyOg . a}7sdf of]hgf cfof]usf pk;lrj /fdaxfb'/ >]i7n] pxF― ;lrjHo" eg]/ dnfO{ lrgfOlbg' eof] . t/ ;lrjn] dnfO{ k6Ss} x]/]gg\ . Psbd pk]Iff u/L uw{g 7f8f] kf/L lagf5nkmn eg], æof] k|:tfj jg dGqfnoaf6 c:jLs[t e};s]sf] 5 . ca o;nfO{ 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf g} 5}g .Æ To;a]nf dnfO{ lgs} l/; p7\of] . l/; p7]kl5 d esesfp―5' clg kj{t] efiff klg /fd|/L af]Ng ;lSbg . ;lrjnfO{ x]/]/ d}n] 7f8} eg]+, ætkfO{n] dnfO{ s] eG7fGg'ePsf] 5, sld;g vfg] bnfn of h¨nleq xf]6]n ;+rfngsf nflu nfO;]G; lng vf]Hg] 7]s]bf/ < †Æ d]/f zAb s8f g} lyP . ;lrj s]xL gaf]nL, d]/f] s'/fnfO{ jf:t} gu/L ‰ofnlt/ x]l//fv]sf lyP . ToxL+ dh?n xs eGg] sGh/e]6/ klg x'g'x'GYof] . pxf―n] dnfO{ xft ;dftL ;fgf] :j/n] s'/f ug{ cfu|x ug'{eof] . d}n] tL ;lrjnfO{ km]l/ eg]+, æof] t ;+/If0fsf nflu ug{ vf]h]sf] k|of; xf] . tkfO{+ lsg dk|lt cfqmf]lzt x'g'ePsf] < g tkfO{+ dnfO{ lrGg'x'G5 g t d}n] g} tkfOnfO{ lrg]sf] 5' . lagfnf]enfnr cys d]xgt / kl/>d u/]/ Pp6f ;fgf] cjwf/0ff d}n] oxf― k|:t't u/]sf] x'― . tkfO{x¿ efif0fdf eg] hg;xeflutfsf s'/f ug]{ oxf― eg] o:tf] † vf]O{ t cfh hg;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ffsf] sb/ ug'{ePsf] <Æ ;lrj / d]/f] dfgl;s tfnd]n gldn]kl5 of]hgf cfof]usf pk– ;lrjn] a}7s :ylut u/] . dnfO{ ljZjf; lyof] ;lrjnfO{ sfg eg]{ d]/f] ToxL ;fyL xf]nf . k]zfut 8fx / O{iof{ (Professional Jeolousy) klg a8f] xflgsf/s x'―bf]/x]5 . tL ;fyLn] ;lrjsf] sfgdf d]/f lj¿4 Toqf] s'/f e/] xf]nfg\ eg]/ d}n] ljZjf;} ug{ ;lsg― . zfob g]kfnn] k|ult ug{ g;s]sf] klg o:tf s]xL b"lift dgMl:yltsf Ps—b'O{ sd{rf/L / sfgn] ;'g]/ cf―vf lrlDnO{ ;+;f/ x]g]{ cb"/bzL{ gLlt lgwf{/sx¿n] ubf{ g} xf]nf . d}n] of] cjwf/0ff h;/L ePklg kf/ nufpg] ;+sNk u/]+, b[9tf lnP― . 8f= df]xgdfg ;}+h"sf] clkm;df km]l/ uP― . pxf― xf―:g'eof] / eGg'eof] æ7Ls} 5, dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/ kf]v/fdf ;jf/L xf]OaS;―b}5 . tkfO{sf] k|:tfjgf d ;/sf/nfO{ ToxL+ r9fp―5' .Æ ;/sf/sf P=8L=;L=tf/faxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ klg Psk|lt d]/f] k|:tfjgf lbP― . pgn] xf―;]/ eg] æP s0f{hL † /fhfnfO{ klg olt nfdf] k|:tfjgf 57

58 6q\mofpg] < n b'O{—tLg k]hdf dfq ;+lIfKt ¿kn] n]v]/ Nofpgf];\ .Æ /fhfsf] kf]v/f ;jf/L ePsf] a]nf d]/f] k|:tfjgf k]z ePsf] /x]5 . ;/sf/af6 cGgk"0f{ If]qsf] ;Dk"0f{ df]bL vf]nf x]lnsK6/af6 lg/LIf0f ul/aS;]sf] /x]5 . cGttf]uTjf ;/sf/sf] kf]v/f e|d0fsf] cGtdf …cGgk"0f{ If]qsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug]{Ú l;4fGt kfl/t ul/P5 . ha /]l8of]af6 cGgk"0f{ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ 3f]if0ff ;'g]+, dg 9Ss km'n]/ cfof] . dnfO{ kfyL eft vfPh:tf] eof], slxNo} gkfPsf] j:t' kfPh:tf] eof] . kl5 >L % dx]Gb| k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 sf]ifsf tTsfnLg cWoIf, jt{dfg >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/sf] ;jn Pj+ ;lqmo g]t[Tjdf cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qsf] cfof]hgf ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng eof] . clxn] cGgk"0f{ If]q ljZjsf] Ps cToGt ;kmn kl/of]hgf ;fljt ePsf] 5 . x'g t d]/f] k|:tfjgfaf/] w]/} rrf{ ePsf] 5}g t/ cGt/fTdfdf o; dxfg\ sfddf d]/f] klg s]xL c+z nufgL ePsf] 5 eGg] nfU5 . Tof] d]/f nflu cfTd;Gt'li6sf] Pp6f pkdf ePsf] 5 . dfgl;s / dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf o:n] dnfO{ clek|]l/t / pTk|]l/t u/]sf] 5 . gyfsLsg rf]vf] dgn] lg/Gt/ nflu/xg ;s] kl/0ffd /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] 68\sf/f] pbfx/0f xf] cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qsf] :Yffkgf . d}n] jgljefusf] hfuL/ 5f]8\bf d]/f] dg ;f―Rr} /f]Psf] lyof] . d}n] rfx]/ xf]Og, jfWotfn] 5f]8]sf] lyP― Tof] ;]jf . t/ ;To s] xf] eg] dflg;sf] lhGbuLdf /fd|f jf g/fd|f h'g;'s} 36gfn] klg cGttf]uTjf /fd|} glthf Nofp―5g\ . xf]z k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] xfdLn] w}o{wf/0f ug'{k5{ . d}n] Tof] a]nf jgljefu g5f]8]sf] eP jf jgdGqfnodf /lx/x]sf] eP ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf s] of]ubfg lbg ;Sy]+ x'―nf egL slxn]sfxL+ ;f]Rg] u5'{ . To;a]nf Pp6f zfvf clws[tn] cfºgf] xflsd / ;lrjnfO{ e]6\g klg ;do / df}sf klv{g'kYof]{ . xflsdnfO{ e]l6xflnof] eg] klg cfk"mn] eg]sf] s'/f u/fpg ;ls+b}gYof] . tNnf] bhf{sf 6]Sgf]s|of6nfO{ dflyNnf] 6]Sgf]s|of6n] x]Kg], Pp6f 6]Sgf]s|of6nfO{ csf]{ Ao"/f]s|of6n] bafpg], clg Ao"/f]s|of6nfO{ dGqLn] xKsfpg] . Tof] ck/Dkf/ ;~hfndf lghL :jfy{sf s'/fafx]s s:fn] s] sfd ug{ ;SYof] / † dnfO{ nfU5, hfuL/ 5f]8]/ d}n] g/fd|f] ul/g . ko{6g pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ qmddf d}n] cfºgf] lghL Jofkf/df dfq ;do glbO{ ljleGg u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf cGtu{t ;+/If0fsf sfdx¿ klg ul//fv]sf] x'―bf d}n] pRr cf]xbfsf xflsdx¿, /fhgLlts g]tf / sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ lrGg] df}sf kfP― . o;n] ubf{ cfd jgclws[tx¿n] p7fpg g;s]sf k|s[lt ;+/If0fsf d'2fx¿ p7fpg / cfºgf] ;Dks{sf] dfWodaf6 sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg ;s]+ h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . t/ gsf/fTds dgf]j[lQ af]s]sf s]xL ;fyLx¿n] k]zfut O{iof{sf sf/0f kl5;Dd klg v'§f tfGg 5f]8]gg\ . ;g\ !(*)—*! Tffsf :jL6\h/Nof08sf] Unf―df /x]sf] ljZj ;+/If0f kl/ifb\ -cfO{=o"=;L=Pg=_ n] dnfO{ lzIfftk{m sldzg ;b:odf dgf]gLt u¥of] . of] d]/f] cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] klxnf] dgf]gog lyof] . t/ jgdGqfnodf sfo{/t Pshgf clws[tn] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltlagf s0f{ zfSonfO{ lsg s;/L dgf]gLt ul/of] egL n]v]/;d]t k7fPsf /x]5g\ . To;a]nf cfO{=o"=;L=Pg= Ph's]zg sldzgsf cWoIf, ljZjk|l;4 cd]l/sL nf]s uflosf Hjfg afP;sf lktf, cfn afP;l;t d]/f] w]/} 3lgi7 ;DaGw lyof] . cfn afP;s} ;xof]uaf6 d}n] ;g\ !(*@ df g]kfndf klxnf]kN6 cfO{=o"=;L=Pg= Ph's]zgsf] /fli6«o ;ldlt :yfkgf u/]+ . !(*%—*^ tfsf ;f]xL /fli6«o sldzgsf] ;lqmotfdf lzIff dGqfno;―u ldn]/ :s"nsf] k|fylds txsf] kf7\oqmddf ;+/If0f lzIff ;dfj]z ug]{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/of] . sldzgsf ljleGg RofK6/ ldl6ªdf cfn afP;l;tsf] 3lgi7tfsf sf/0f d}n] ljZjsf ljleGg 7fp―df cfO{=o"=;L=Pg= sf] :6]l/¨ ldl6¨df efu lng] / cg]s ;+/If0fljb\x¿nfO{ lrGg] df}sf k|fKt u/]+ . 58

59 ;g\ !((# df cfO{=o"=;L=Pg= sf] ljZj ;Dd]ng ch]{l06gfsf] /fhwfgL Ao"g;cfo;{df cfof]hgf x'―bf pQm ;+:yfsf] Pp6f sldzgsf] cWoIf kbsf nflu d]/f] gfp― klg k|:tfljt ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf tk{maf6 ;f] ;Dd]ngdf efu lng hfg]df /fh]Gb| bfxfn, clgn lrqsf/ / ;"o{dfg zfSo klg lyP . Tof] ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf ljleGg efuaf6 cfPsf jl/i7 ;+/If0fljb\x¿sf] ;xeflutf lyof] . r'gfjsf a]nf cWoIf kbsf pDd]bjf/— x¿n] ;xefuLx¿aLr efif0f lbg'kYof]{ . To;a]nf ev{/—ev{/ d]/f] d'dfsf] b]xfj;fg ePsf] x'―bf lsl/of a;]sf] sf/0f skfn / cf―lvef}+ ;d]t vf}/]sf] lyP― / ;]tf] n'uf nufO/fv]sf] lyP― . ;xefuLx¿sf cl3 a/vL af/]sf] e]ife"iff / cf―lvef}+ lagf af―b/sf] h:tf] cg'xf/ lnP/ cfk"mnfO{ k|:t't ug]{ cf―6} cfPg . h;/L ePklg r'gfjL efif0f t ul/of] t/ cfºgf] JolQmTjnfO{ ;xL 9¨n] k|:t't ug{ ;lsPg / cGtdf r'gfj klg xfl/of] . s:tf] lj8Dagf † a/vL af/]sf] sf/0f d}n] cfºgf] ;f]rnfO{ ;sf/fTds kfg{ ;lsg― . x'g t ddf s]xL sdL lyPg, vfln dgdf Pp6} ;+s'lrt efjgf lyof], …o:tf] 7"nf] ;efdf d]/f] of] c;lhnf] ¿k s;/L k|:t't ug]{ <Ú a;\ ToxL+ dgf]j}1flgs xLgtfaf]wn] d lg/fz ag]+ . t/ h] xf];\, Toqf] k|ltli7t :yfg;Dd k'Ug ;kmn ePsf]df cfk"mnfO{ efUodfgL 7fG5' . of] kbsf nflu g dnfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] dgf]gog u/]sf] lyof] g t s'g} ;+3 ;+:yfn] l;kmfl/; g} u/]sf lyP . cfO=o"=;L=Pg= df sfo{/t pRr cf]xf]bfdf a:g] d]/f ;fyLx¿n] dnfO{ Tof] kbsf] nflu JolQmut tj/n] dgf]gog u/]sf /x]5g\ . g]kfnsf] k|s[lt ;+/If0f ug]{ qmddf d}n] Pp6f dxTjfsfª\IfL ;kgf b]v]sf] lyP― . cfheGbf afO; jif{ klxn] ;Dk"0f{ pQ/L e]ssf ;Dj]bgzLn clt b'u{d kxf8L If]qnfO{ ;+/If0f If]qsf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff u/L Tof] If]qdf clt bogLo cj:yfdf af―lr/x]sf ufp―n]x¿nfO{ t/fO{sf] rf/ sf]z emf8Ldf Jojl:yt ?kaf6 k|lt:yfkg ug]{ kl/sNkgfsf] cfwf/df d}n] …c;Dej ;kgfÚ (Wishful Thinking) zLif{sdf Pp6f n]v n]v]sf] lyP― . d]/f] Tof] n]vnfO{ ljlnod Sn]af]g eGg] ;Dkfbsn] cd]l/sfaf6 k|sflzt x'g] …b jflzª6g kf]i6Ú (The Washington Post) df cfwf k]heGbf a9L :yfg lbP/ Erosion is laying waste to life in shadow of the Himalayas zLif{sdf k|sflzt u/]sf lyP . afv|f r9\g g;Sg] eL/kfvfdf kl;gf r'xfpb} s]xL vf];|L ds} pdfg{ uf]? h:t} hf]ltP/ hLjgofkg u/L /fv]sf ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg a:g] g]kfnLsf] lrq0f d}n] d]/f] n]vdf k|:t't u/]sf] lyP― . kfgL k/] af9L cfpg], kfgL gk/] ;'Vvf nfUg] To:tf hUufdf jif{sf] Psrf]l6 ds} kmnfpg pgLx¿n] hlt sf]lz; u5{g\, ToxL cg'kftdf pgLx¿n] /fd|f] v]tLof]Uo hldgdf kl/>d u/]sf] eP zfob ;'g} pdfl/lbGy] xf]nf . t/ To;f] x'g g;Sbf pgLx¿ ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg hgfj/sf] h:tf] lhGbuLdfq af―lr/x]sf 5}gg\, hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ ;Dk"0f{ kxf8sf] ef}uf]lns ;+/rgfdf klg k|lts"n c;/ k'¥ofO/fv]sf 5g\ . cToGt le/fnf kfvfx¿df v]tL ubf{ df6f] sf]b}{ nluof] eg] clnslt jiff{n] klg Toxf―sf] df6f] aufp―5 / e"—Ifo u/fp―5 . pQm n]vsf] d]/f] sNkgfsf] t:aL/df d}n] b'u{d IF]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ g]kfnLsf] ;'vb eljiosf] /]vfÍg u/]sf] lyP― . jif]{lg clgsfnl;t h'Wb} lx+8\g] dflg;x¿nfO{ v]tLof]Uo hdLgdf k|lt:yflkt ug{ kfPsf] eP cfh kof{j/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] ;Dj]bgzLn kxf8L IF]qdf ;+/If0f ub}{ u/La hgtfsf] cfly{s ljsf; ;lsGYof] xf]nf . ;b/d'sfd / t/fO{sf w]/} h¨n If]qx¿df gS;fdf jgIf]q eg]/ 5'6\ofOP klg lgDg:t/sF s'—sf7sf h¨nx¿ dfq x'G5g\ . tL jgIf]qx¿ ;'s'Djf;L / x's'Djf;Lx¿nfO{ dfq hUuf lbg] ynf]df ¿kfGtl/t eO/x]sf lyP . ;Dk"0f{ kxf8nfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kaf6 ;+/If0f u/L ;+;f/s} 7"nf] /fli6«o lgs'~h lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 g]kfndf . clg, t/fO{sf h}ljs 59

60 ljljwtfn] wgL s]xL jgh+unnfO{ /fli6«o lgs'~hdf kl/0ft u/L af―sL v]tLof]Uo, e"—efudf Jojl:yt ¿kn] ;dfg v]tL k|0ffnL 'Intensive Agriculture System' nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ k'gjf{;sf] k|aGw ug{ ;s]sf] eP slt pQd x'GYof] xf]nf † t/ of] s'/f sNkgf ug{ hlt ;lhnf] 5, sfof{Gjog ug{ TolQ g} uf¥xf] † To;}n] d}n] o;nfO{ c;Dej ;kgfsf] ;+1f lbPsf] lyP― . jt{dfg /fhgLlts kl/j]zdf dnfO{ stfstf Tof] d]/f] c;Dej ;kgf ;fsf/ xf]nf—xf]nf h:tf] nflu/x]5 . ljutsf lbgx?df kxf8L If]qdf ePsf cGof]nk"0f{ /fhgLlts l:yltsf sf/0fn] Toxf―sf w]/} dflg;x¿ lj:yflkt ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ slt t ;b/d'sfddf cfP/ ;'s'Daf;Lsf] lhGbuL latfO/fv]sf 5g\ . dnfO{ nfU5, efUojz jf b'ef{Uojz clxn] ;/sf/sf;fd' r'gf}tLsf ;fy;fy} cj;/x¿ klg 5g\ . klxn] ljleGg wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ ;fdflhs / dgf]j}1flgs sf/0fx¿af6 kxf8sf dflg;x¿nfO{ rfx]/ klg c¿ If]qdf k|lt:yflkt ug{ ;ls+b}gYof] . t/ clxn] ;do ablnPsf] 5 . ljleGg hl6n /fhgLlts sf/0faf6 /fHon] clxn] hgtfsf] dg lhTg'kg]{ cfjZostf eO;s]sf] 5 . xfn ;b/d'sfddf cToGt bogLo hLjgofkg ul//fv]sf ;'s'Djf;Lx¿nfO{ Pp6f gof― pQd Joj:yf;lxtsf] e"ld;'wf/sf] gLlt ckgfP/ Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsof] eg] ;/sf/k|lt hgtfsf] e/f];f a9\5 . oxL df}sfdf ;/sf/n] e"ld;'wf/ cGtu{t ;b/d'sfddf Pp6f kl/jf/n] /fVg ;Sg] hUufsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/L a9L ePsf] hUuf oL lj:yflkt ;'s'Djf;L hgtfnfO{ lbof] eg] pgLx¿sf] eljio klg pHHjn x'G5, ;/sf/sf] klg hohosf/ x'G5, ;fy} ;/sf/n] PsLs[t ¿kdf ljsf;sf sfdx¿ ug{ ;S5 . clxn]sf] ;/sf/n] a'l4dfgLk"j{s Wofg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] xf] eg] of] r'gf}tLnfO{ cj;/ agfP/ b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . lj:yflkt ;'s'Daf;Lx¿nfO{ ;b/d'sfdd} a;f]af; u/fpg ;lsof] eg] g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f csf]{ 7"nf] kmfObf x'G5 . ljZj a}+ssf] ;"rsfÍdf ljut aL;f}+ jif{b]lv g]kfnnfO{ ;aeGbf u/La d'n'ssf] bhf{df /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ cljsl;t Pj+ u/La d'n'ssf] bhf{df /fVg'sf d'Vo sf/0fx¿ clwsf+z hgtfn] -s_ wf/fsf] kfgL gkfpg', -v_ lah'nL gkfpg', -u_ :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] lgldQ x]Nykf]i6 gkfpg' / -3_ ;8s ;'ljwf gkfpg' x'g\ . t/ lj8Dagf s] 5 eg] xl/0fx¿ klg r9\g g;Sg], rLnn] dfq u'―8 agfpg ;Sg] cgsG6f/ eL/kfvf / b'u{d IF]qdf 5l/Psf cgluGtL ufp―x¿df kfgL, lah'nL, ;8s, lzIff, :jf:Yo ;]jf OToflb k'¥ofpg g]kfndf OGb| g} /fhf x'g' k5{ / s'j]/ g} cy{dGqL x'g'k5{ . dnfO{ nfU5, g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:yltn] ubf{ OGb| / s'j]/n] klg xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ b'u{d If]qx¿df cfjZos ;x'lnot k'¥ofpg ;Sb}gg\ . o:tf] lg/fzfhgs l:yltdf slxn];Dd ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf u/La d'n's eg]/ ljZj;fd' cfºgf] a]OHhtL u/fO/xg] < k|Zg uDeL/ dfq 5}g cToGt ;Dj]bgzLn klg 5 . ;/sf/n] t'?Gt} Gofok"0f{ tl/sfn] xbaGbL ;lxtsf] gof― e"ld;'wf/ P]g nfu" u/]/ ;b/d'sfdsf a9L ePsf s[lifof]Uo hldg / t/fO{sf s'sf7jfnf h¨nx¿df kxf8af6 lj:yflkt tyf t/fOsf e"ldxLg ;'s'Djf;Lx¿nfO{ k'gM:yflkt ug]{ xf] eg] /ftf/ft ;a} g]kfnLsf] 3/b}nf]df af6f] k'Ug ;S5, vfg]kfgL k|fKt x'g ;S5, lah'nL h8fg x'g;S5, :s"ndf aRrf k9\g hfg ;S5g\, c:ktfnsf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 / g]kfnLn] klg ;Eo dflg;sf] lhGbuL af―Rg ;S5g\ . oltdfq xf]Og, ;b/d'sfd / t/fO{sf] dlnnf] df6f]df v]tL ug{ kfp―bf pAhgL a9]/ s[lif pTkfbgsf nflu pko'Qm ahf/ klg pknAw x'g ;S5 . o;/L s]xL jif{d} ljZj a}+ssf] ;"rsfÍdf xfd|f] b]z dfly k'Ug ;Sg] ;Defjgf l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . cfheGbf afO; jif{ klxn] 60

61 of] d]/f] ;kgf c;Dej lyof] xf]nf t/ jt{dfg /fhgLlts kl/j]zdf o;dfly ljrf/ k'¥ofpg] xf] eg] uf¥xf] t xf]nf t/ c;Dej rflx+ xf]Og .

kl/R5]b b—&

nf}g s]xL u¿― † æha d s'g} ;f]rdf, lrGtgdf lgdUg /xG5', To;a]nf xftsf] a'9L / dfemL cf}+nfn] b'O{ cf―vfaLrsf] gfs ;dfTb} lgwf/sf] dfemsf] cfwf O~rLeGbf ;fgf] 7fp―df bf];|f] cf}+nfn] /ul8/xG5' . dnfO{ nfU5, z/L/sf] Tof] ;fgf] efu xfd|f] ;f]r, ljrf/ / lrGtgsf] s]Gb|laGb' xf] . ToxL+ sf/0fn] xf]nf, xfdL Toxf― ;w+} 6Lsf nufp5f}+ . Tof] cfwf O~rLeGbf ;fgf] efu ;f]rsf] cyfx ulx/fOePsf] ;fu/ xf] . Toxf― cf}+nfn] 3f]6]/ ljrf/ u¥of] eg] cNnf2Lgsf] hfb'do lr/fuaf6 ldNg] rdTsf/ h:t} cgluGtL rfdTsfl/s s'/fx¿ e]6\g ;lsG5 . ;nfOsf] ;fgf] sf―6Ldf cfuf] cGtlg{lxt x'G5 t/ a§fsf] d;nfdf g3f]6L cfuf] lg:s+b}g . Sofns'n]6/ d]lzgdf h:tf] xfd|f] Tof] lgwf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ c¨df 6S6Sofpb} ljrf/ ug{ yfNg] xf] eg] ;f]rsf ljleGg pkfox¿ vf]tNg ;lsG5 .Æ kL=Pn=l;+x dnfO{ c;fWo} dg kg]{ ;fyL x'g\ . pgnfO{ d}n] dg k/fpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f dl;t pgL ;w}+ cgf}krfl/s tl/sfn] lbn vf]n]/ /dfOnf s'/fx¿ u5{g\ . @)#)–#@ ;fnlt/sf] s'/f xf], sf7df8f}+df g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /fli6«o dxflwj]zg x'g nfu]sf] /x]5 Psbd uf]Ko tl/sfn] . To;sf lglDt kL=Pn= dsxf― rGbf dfUg cfOk'u] . uf]Ko tl/sfaf6, Tof] klg tTsfnLg sfg"g ljk/Lt cfof]hgf ul/g] ePsf] x'―bf ;f] sfo{qmdsf nflu d}n] rGbf lbg dflgg― . æx] ====== ltdL klg c;fWo} sf―t/ /x]5f}Æ, rGbf lbg gdfg]kl5 kL=Pn= n] g]jf/L efiffdf dnfO{ ufnL u/] . d sfg"g dfGg] Pp6f pBdL dfq x'―, sf―t/ xf]Og eGg] k|dfl0ft ug{ d}n] kL=Pn= nfO{ eg]+, æn ;S5f} eg] ltdL Pp6f sfd u/, d rflxg] hlt k};f lbG5' .Æ lh1f;'[ aGb} kL=Pn= n] ;f]w], æs] sfd xf] To:tf] <Æ d}n] pgnfO{ Pp6f k|:tfj lb+b} eg]+ æu0f]zdfg l;+xsf] Pp6f lel8of] lkmNd agfcf}+, laxfg p7]b]lv /ftL ;'Tg] a]nf;Dd u0f]zdfgsf ;a} ultljlw / lbgrof{sf] lkmNd lvRg] .Æ d}n] k]ml/ yk]+, æxf]Og eg] u0f]zdfgnfO{ efjL g]kfnL k':tfn] glrGg] eof], n ;S5f}+ <Æ d]/f] cGt:s/0fdf g]kfnsf] efjL k':tfn] jL/ u0f]zdfg sf] x'g\ eg]/ glrGnfg\ ls eGg] 7"nf] lrGtf lyof] To;a]nf . k~rfotsfndf u0f]zdfgnfO{ g]kfnLn] emG8}—emG8} lal;{;s]sf lyP . /f0ffsfndf zf;sx¿sf] af]nLaf6 uf]nL lg:sg] a]nfdf …P rGb|], t]/f] afpnfO{ xfg\Ú eGg;Sg] jL/ g]kfnL clxn] sxf― kfpg' < k~rfotsfndf tfl/km ug{ ;lhnf], ufnL ug{ uf¥xf] . t/ cfhsn ufnL ug{ ;lhnf], tfl/km ug{ uf¥xf] . s:tf] la8Dagf < dnfO{ clxn];Dd ofb 5, k~rfotsfndf b"tfjf;x¿df cfof]hgf ul/g] lrofkfg sfo{qmdx¿df u0f]zdfg l;+x slxn]sfxL+ sldh ;'¿jfn nufP/ nf}/f] 6]Sb} v'?v'? cfp―y] . pgL;―u s;}n] af]Nb}gYof] t/ klg kf―r k'm6 tLg OGrsf u0f]zdfgsf cl3 ;a} g]tfx¿ Affdk'8\s] h:t} b]lvGy] . hlt;'s} eL8ef8 ePklg u0f]zdfgsf] cufl8 af6f] cfk}+m v'NYof] . ;of}+sf] eL8df Zofdj0f{sf u0f]zdfg ;"o{h:t} rlDsGy] To;a]nfklg . t/ 7Ls pN6f], k|hftGq kZrft\ Pstfsf l;+xb/af/ cufl8sf] k|fª\u0fdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] Pp6f /flqef]hdf k~rfotsfnsf Ps k"j{ k|wfgdGqL d]/f] ;dLkdf a:bf klg d}n] pgnfO{ 7Dofpg ;lsg . kl5 kmfo/ Kn];sf] cfuf]sf] /fkdf ha d}n] pgnfO{ b]v]+, pgL t c―Wof/f]df nf6f]sf];]/f] h:tf] n'v|'Ss k/L al;/fv]sf lyP . lel8of] ev{/—ev{/ dfq ahf/df cfPsf] lyof] To;a]nf . b'O{— rf/hgf;―u dfq lel8of] Sofd/f lyof] . zfob To;}n] xf]nf, kL=Pn= n] d]/f] 61

62 k|:tfj cg'¿k u0f]zdfg l;+xsf] lel8of] lkmNd agfpg ;s]gg\ . x'g t kL=Pn= /fhgLlts tf/tDox¿ ldnfpg c;fWo} dflx/ dflgG5g\ . @)$( ;fndf sf7df8f}+ gu/kflnsfsf] d]o/df r'lggf;fy kL=Pn= d]/f] 3/d} cfP/ …n ltdL dnfO{ s] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f}+ u/Ú eg] . pgn] cfºg} kf/fsf] c+u|]hLdf eg]sf lyP, 'Don't give me your lip service, I need your solid service.' kL=Pn= sf] Tof] cfºg} kf/fsf] cfTdLotfn] d]/f] dgnfO{ 5f]of] . s;/L d2t ug]{ k'/fgf] ldq kL=Pn= nfO{, Tof] ljrf/n] d]/f] dgnfO{ Jo:t agfof] . kL=Pn= x'/L h:t} sf]7fleq k;] / cfºg} tfnsf] c+u|]hL af]Nb} jiff{t\sf] e]nh:t} aflx/ uP . d PSn} sf]7fdf a;]/ kL=Pn= nfO{ d2t ug]{ tf}/tl/sfaf/] ;f]Rg yfn]+ . sf]7fdf PSn} lyP―, cf―vf lrlDnP―, k]ml/ vf]n]+, k]ml/ lrlDnP― . oxL qmddf d}n] Pp6f uhasf] s'/f cg'e"lt u/]+ . eG5g\ cf―vf gePsf] dfG5] cGwf] x'G5, aQL gePkl5 c―Wof/f] x'G5 . t/ Tof] k"0f{ ;To /x]g5 . jf:tjdf cf―vfaf6 t w]/} sd b]lvg] kf] /x]5 . To;a]nf cgfof; d}n] cg'ej u/]+ sf]7fdf a:bf d]/f] cf―vfn] cGbfhL tLg;o ju{ lkm6sf] b[Zo dfq b]Vg ;Sy] t/ cf―vf lrlDngf;fy d}n] ;f/f ;+;f/nfO{ x]g{ ;s]+ . dgsfdgf, :joDe", kf]v/f, cd]l/sf ;f/fsf ;f/f d]/f] cf―vf cufl8 emlNsg yfn] . t/ ha d}n] cf―vf vf]n]+, cs:dft\ d]/f] b[li6 sf]7fsf] rf/lbjf/df dfq ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] . c―Wof/f]—pHofnf] / aQLsf] ;DaGw klg To:t} /x]5 . o;sf] :ki6 cg'ej d}n] cf;fdsf] dgf; :of¨r'/Ldf afdk'8\s] a―b]n x]g{ hf―bf u/]sf] lyP― . lbgel/ h¨n 3'd]/ cfPkl5 /flt km/]i6 u]i6xfp;sf] a/G8fdf a;]/ lao/ lkO/x]sf] lyP― . c―Wof/f] /ftdf ca]/;Dd Ps} 7fp―df al;/fv]sf] x'―bf d]/f] cf―vfn] c―Wof/f]df klg jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f k|i6 b]lv/fv]sf] lyof] . cfsfzdf 6Ns]sf tf/fx¿, 6f9f 6f9f ufp―sf nfnl6gsf k|sfz, ?vsf emfªx¿, kmf―6sf—kmf―6 3―f;]au/ klg Tof] cGwsf/df :ki6 b]lvGYof] . ToxLa]nf cs:dft\ jgkfn]n] k]6«f]DofS; afn]/ a/G8fsf] blngdf e'm08\ofOlbof] . k]6«f]DofS;sf] Tof] pHofnf]df ;Dk"0f{ tf/fx¿, ?vsf emfª\x¿ / 3f―;sf 98\8Lx¿ ¤ofKk} cf]e]mn eP/ uP . s:tf] uha † Pp6f aQLn] bz lkm6;Dd t pHofnf] agfof] t/ To;kZrft\ ;f/f b[Zo cGwsf/df x/fP . s;/L aQLn] pHofnf]sf] ;§f cGwsf/ klg Nofpg ;Sbf]/x]5, cfZro{ nfUof] dnfO{ . b'O{ 306f;Dd d /dfO/fv]sf] …c―Wof/f]leqsf] pHofnf]Ú x/fp―bf dnfO{ g/dfOnf] nfUof] . clg, a/08faf6 k]6«f]DofS; x6fpg nufP/ k]ml/ cGwsf/sf] pHofnf]df /dfpg yfn]+ . cf―vf lrlDnP/ sNkgfsf] ;fu/df 8'a]kl5 / c―Wof/f] ;+;f/sf] pHofnf] jftfj/0fdf /dfPkl5 h'g cnf}lss cfgGb cfp―5, g t cf―vf vf]n]/ Tof] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 g t xhf/ jf6sf] aQLd'lg a;]/ . cfhklg To:t} eof] . ds} e'6]h:tf] kL=Pn= sf s'/f ;'g]kl5 pgnfO{ d2t ug{ sf]7fsf] c―Wof/f]df pkfox¿ Vff]lh/fv]sf lyP― . cf―vf lrlDnP/ c―Wof/f] sf]7fdf a;L ljrf/ ubf{ub}{ dnfO{ nfUof], ;d:of rfx] 3/fo;L xf];\, rfx] ;fdflhs jf /fhgLlts g} lsg gxf];\, To;nfO{ cjZo xn ug{ ;lsG5 . ha d s'g} ;f]rdf, lrGtgdf lgdUg /xG5', To;a]nf xftsf] a'9L / dfemL cf}+nfn] b'O{ cf―vfaLrsf] gfs ;dfTb} lgwf/sf] dfemsf] cfwf O~rLeGbf ;fgf] 7fp―df bf];|f] cf}+nfn] /ul8/xG5' . dnfO{ nfU5, z/L/sf] Tof] ;fgf] efu xfd|f] ;f]r, ljrf/ / lrGtgsf] s]Gb|laGb' xf] . ToxL+ sf/0fn] xf]nf, xfdL Toxf― ;w+} 6Lsf nufp5f}+ . Tof] cfwf O~rLeGbf ;fgf] efu ;f]rsf] cyfx ulx/fO ePsf] ;fu/ xf] . Toxf― cf}+nfn] 3f]6]/ ljrf/ u¥of] eg] cNnf2Lgsf] hfb'do lr/fuaf6 ldNg] rdTsf/ h:t} cgluGtL rfdTsfl/s s'/fx¿ e]6\g ;lsG5 . ;nfOsf] ;fgf] sf―6Ldf cfuf] cGtlg{lxt x'G5 t/ a§fsf] d;nfdf g3f]6L cfuf] lg:s+b}g . Sofns'n]6/ d]lzgdf h:tf] xfd|f] Tof] lgwf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ c¨df 6S6sfp―b} ljrf/ ug{ yfNg] xf] eg] ;f]rsf ljleGg pkfox¿ vf]tNg 62

63 ;lsG5 . kL=Pn= OdfGbf/ / d]xgtL /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ x'g\ . dnfO{ nfU5, @)$^ ;fnsf] rflS;jf/Lsf] P]ltxfl;s /fhgLlts e]nfdf klg zfob kL=Pn= sf] xf/x'/] ;xeflutf ge}lbPsf] eP Tof] ;Dej x'―b}gYof] xf]nf . t/ pgL;―u ;+ejtM s]xL kl/sNkgfx¿sf] sdL 5 / ljsf;sf cjwf/0ffnfO{ pgL Tolt /fd|/L a'¤g ;Sb}gg\ . zfob ToxL sf/0fn] xf]nf, k|hftGq cfudgkZrft\ pgL cGof]ndf k/] . Pp6f uhasf] s'/f dnfO{ oxf― n]Vg dg nfU5 . ha u0f]zdfg zlQmdf cfP, k~rfotsfnsf Ps dGqLnfO{ pgs} cg'/f]wdf d}n] kL=Pn=;―u lrghfg u/fOlbP― . kL=Pn= n] tL k"j{dGqLnfO{ u0f]zdfg;dIf k'¥ofP / Ps dlxgfkl5 t d}n] pgnfO{ ;w}+ u0f]zdfgsf] df]6/ xf―ls/x]sf] b]Vg yfn]+ . zfob …klxn] efG;fdf cfuf] k'mSg k:g], clg la:tf/} sfg k'mSg], kl5 k"hf sf]7fsf] z+v k'mSg]Ú of] /fhgLlts …tLgkm's]Ú kmd'{nf xf] ls † kl5 d}n] ;'g]+, pgL u0f]zdfgsf] cfzLjf{bn] sf+u|];sf] dGqL eP t/ kl5 pgL klxn]sf] SofDk 5f]8]/ csf]{ SofDkdf ;dflxt x'―b} km]l/ dGqL aGg k'u] . kL=Pn= h:tf] ;f]emf] k|hftGqjfbL sfo{stf{ x/fP/ hfg] / s'6gLlt hfGg]x? ;w} ;lqmo eO/xg] . o;df s;}sf] bf]if 5}g . o:tf] …tLgk'ms]Ú /fhg}lts u'0f g]kfndf dfq x}g, ;+;f/sf] ;a} d'n'sx?df rN5 / jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] /fhgLltdf kf}8L v]Ngsf] lgldQ of] v]n klg l;Sg' k5{ . kL=Pn= OdfGbf/ /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ ePsf] x'―bf /fd|f ;Nnfx / ;'emfjx¿ lbOof] eg] zfob pgn] y'k|f] sfd ug{, u/fpg ;S5g\ eGg] dnfO{ ljZjf; lyof] . To;} cg'¿k d}n] d]o/sf x}l;otn] sf7df8f}+ gu/kflnsfl;t ePsf] cfly{s ;|f]t / hgzlQmnfO{ kl/rfng u/]/ tTsfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg tl/sfn] s] s] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ Pp6f vfsf tof/ kf/]+ . tL ;'emfjx¿ lgtfGt JolQmut dfq ePeg] a9L k|efjsf/L gxf]nfg\ eg]/ d}n] g]kfn ;Dkbf ;+3 / xf]6]n ;+3 g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf …nf}g s]xL u?― †Ú zLif{saf6 !)! j6f ;'emfjx¿ ;+sng u/]+ / tL vfsfx¿nfO{ b'O{6} ;+:yfaf6 kfl/t u/fO{ sf7df8f}+ gu/kflnsfdf k]z u/]+ . ;'emfjx¿ ljleGg zLif{s cGtu{t tTsfnLg, dWosfnLg, bL3{sfnLg ¿kn] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] u/L tof/ ul/Psf lyP . oL ;'emfjx¿ ;fwf/0f b]lvP tfklg Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] w]/} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . Toltv]/ lbOPsf em08} rfnL; k|ltzt ;'emfjx¿ clxn] sfof{Gjog e}O;s]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ kf7sx¿n] klg cg'ej ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . !)! ;'emfjx¿dWo] s]xL a'―bfx¿ d}n] oxf― pNn]v u/]sf] 5' h:t}M ====== kmf]xf]/d}nf ;+sng ug{sf nflu ljBdfg ;fwg, oGq tyf pks/0fx¿ rfn' cj:yfdf /fVg] . olb gu/kflnsf;―u kof{Kt dfqfdf pks/0f jf hgzlQm 5}gg\ eg] kmf]xf]/d}nf ;+sngsf] sfddf lghL If]qnfO{ 7]Ssfdf lbg] ====== jiff{ ;'¿ x'g'eGbf cufl8 d]gxf]n, lgsf; cflbnfO{ ;kmf ug]{, h;af6 jiff{tsf] a]nfdf 9n y'lgP/ ;d:of gcfj;\ ====== kmf]xf]/d}nf hyfefjL kmfNg] ;fj{hlgs ck/fwsf] lj/f]w ug{ ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ -Social Activists) ;d"x ljsf; ug]{ ======== s'lxg] hlt h}ljs kmf]xf]/x¿nfO{ k|f¨fl/s dn agfpg], h}ljs v]tL (Organic Farming) ug]{ k|ljlwaf/] k|rf/—k|;f/ ug]{ ====== Knfli6s emf]nfx¿ h:tf guNg] (Non-Biodegradable) j:t'x¿nfO{ k'gM k|zf]wg u/fP/ kmf]xf]/d}nf /fVg df]6f] vfnsf …ufj]{h JofuÚ agfpg ;DalGwt pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / To:tf emf]nfx¿ gu/kflnsfaf6 gu/af;Lx¿nfO{ ;x'lnot b/df pknAw u/fpg] ====== ;fj{hlgs 9'¨]wf/f, Ogf/, kf]v/L, s'jf, 3f6 cflbsf] nut /fVg] / ;do ;dodf :yfgLo JolQm jf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofP/ :yfgLo :t/af6} dd{t;+ef/ / ;+/If0f u/fpg] ====== k|zf;lgs emGem6af6 aRg / 63

64 gS;f kf; b:t"/ gltg{ gu/ aflx/ pBf]u :yfkgf ug]{ k|j[lQ al9/x]sf], ;fy} pBf]u ljefu, 3/]n' tyf u|fdL0f pBf]u ljefu cflbn] jftfj/0fLo s'/fx¿ ljrf/ gu/L g} :jLs[lt lbg] x'―bf gu/ aflx/ pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ lb+bf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt;―u ;dGjo /fv]/ dfq lbg' kg]{ ====== 3/ agfpg / dd{t ug{ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ zx/leq Nofpg k/]df /ftL !) ah]b]lv laxfg 5 ah];Dd ;fj{hlgs ;8sx¿df oftfoft cj/f]w gu/fO{ cfºgf] 3/ cufl8 y'kfg'{ kg]{ ====== sf/ kfls{¨sf nflu sflGtkyl:yt lgjf{rg cfof]usf] v'nf hUuf, n}grf}/sf] ;fj{hlgs :yn, g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgsf] kfls{¨ IF]qx¿df ;Mz'Ns kfls{¨sf] Joj:yf ul/lbg] ====== cfjfudgnfO{ afwf kfg]{ uf8Lx¿nfO{ l3;f/]/ kmfNg] (Tow) Joj:yf ug]{ ====== ljqmd 6]Dkf] h:tf jfo' k|b"if0f ug]{ c6f] l/S;fsf] /lhi6«]zg cljnDa aGb ug]{ ====== nfvf} nfvsf] 6«s / a; lsGg]x¿nfO{ cfºg} Uof/]hsf] Joj:yf ug{ nufpg] ====== 6«s / a;x¿nfO{ l/ª/f]8sf] lsgf/df hyfefaL kfls{¨ ug{ lb+bf ;8s lau|g] / lxnf] hDd} ;8sdf NofP/ w"nf] p8fpg] x'―bf ;8s lsgf/sf] kfls{¨ oyfzL3| /f]Sg] ====== /fli6«o ;efu[x k5fl8 / afuahf/df /x]sf] a;kfs{n] oftfoft cj/f]w u/]sf] x'―bf To;nfO{ 6\ofS;L :6}08 jf …sf/ kfls{¨ hf]gÚ df kl/0ft ug]{ ====== 6\ofS;L :6}08 jf sf/ kfls{¨ hf]gsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] lhDd]jf/L lghL If]qx¿nfO{ 7]Ssfdf lbg] ====== k]6«f]n / l8h]ndf dl§t]n ld;fpg] h:tf lgDg:t/Lo sfo{ t'?Gt lgoGq0f ug]{ ====== sf7df8f}+df xfn rln/x]sf ;a} uf8Lx¿af6 lg:sg] w―"jfsf] dfqf hf―r u/fO{ …lu|g l:6s/Ú nufPkl5 dfq rnfpg lbg] ====== 6«flkmssf] a9\bf] rfknfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|frLg b/af/ If]q, :joDe", 7d]n cflb If]qdf PstkmL{ oftfoftsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ====== l/slG8;G8 uf8Lx¿sf] cfoftdf k|ltaGw nufpg] jf o:tf uf8Lx¿sf] cfoftdf gof― ;/x g} eG;f/ z'Ns lng] ====== 6\ofS;Ldf kf―r hgfeGbf a9L ofq'x¿ /fVg glbg] ====== ldq/fi6«x¿af6 cfpg] 6'l/i6 a;x¿sf] w'―jfsf] hf―r (Emmision Test) u/fPkl5 dfq sf7df8f}+leq Nofpg lbg] ====== /flq a;x¿sf lglDt rqmky aflx/ 5'§} a; kfs{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ ====== rqmkydf af―ofaf6 (Clockwise) / bf―ofaf6 (Anti-clock wise) a; ?6 ;+rfng u/fpg] / hlt b"/L ofqf u/]tfklg Pp6} cf};tdfg ef8f b/ sfod ug]{ ====== 6\ofS;L / a;x¿sf] cj:yf /fd|f] /fVgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ :k]o/ kf6{;\ k"hf{x¿ Go"gtd dx;'ndf cfoft ug]{ Joj:yf u/fpg] ====== 6\ofS;Lx¿sf] cfoftdf Go"gtd dx;'n dfq lng], To;af6 cfd hgtfnfO{ gof― 6\ofS;L r9\g kfpg] ;x'lnot k|fKt x'g]5 ======;+ul7t ¿kaf6 /flq 6\ofS;L ;]jf ;+rfng ug{nfO{ lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ . /fgLkf]v/L—6'+l8v]n If]qdf /Tgkfs{, v'nf d~r PsLs[t u/L Tof] IF]qnfO{ Pp6f a[xb\ kfs{sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ ====== /fgLkf]v/L—jL/ xl:k6n 6«flkms Joj:yf a9L k|efjsf/L / cfjfudgnfO{ ;'ljwfhgs ug{ clxn] e}/x]sf] ;8ssf] bfof― afof―sf s]xL hldgx¿ clwu|/0f u/]/ 6'+l8v]nsf] rf/}lt/sf] ;8snfO{ rf}8f kfg]{ ====== ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno Jofjxfl/s tl/sfn] ;+rfng ug{ zf}rfno;―u} PsLs[t ¿kdf Pp6f k;n klg hf]l8Psf] Toilet cum shop complex sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / zf}rfno;lxtsf] ;f] k;n lnhdf ;+rfng ug{ lbg] . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yf ubf{ 7]s]bf/n] cfºgf] k;naf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ zf}rfno ;kmf ug'{ kg]{ afWotf x'G5 . ;+rfnsn] zf}rfnosf nflu rflxg] cGo ;a} Joj:yf h:t}M 6\jfOn]6 k]k/, ?dfn, lgoldt kfgLsf] klg Joj:yf cflbdf nfUg] vr{ Joxf]g'{ kg]{ ====== /]i6'/f―, l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/x¿sf] nfO;]G; lng cfp―bf kfls{ª / zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg /fVg] ============= 64

65 ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿ Jff cfºg} :jfldTjdf /x]sf v'nf 7fp―x¿df ;6/ /fvL k;n yfk]/ cfGtl/s cfly{s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] s'g}klg ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / :jo+ gu/kflnsfn] zx/ leqsf] v'nf hUuf cltqmd0f ug{ glbg] ====== sf7df8f}+sf] ;fgf] 6'+l8v]n, eQmk'/sf] 6'+l8v]n, ;Nnf3f/L h:tf /d0fLo ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿nfO{ v'nf ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu pkof]udf Nofpg] . l/ª/f]8 rf/}lt/sf] lu|ga]N6sf] hUufdf g;{/L /fVg rfxg]x¿nfO{ hUuf jxfndf lbP/ k"mnjf/L tyf au}+rfsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t u/L dfnLx¿n] klg k"mn a]r]/ k};f sdfpg ;Sg] / sf7df8f}+sf] ef}lts :j¿kdf klg ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg] ePsf] x'―bf ;f]sf] Joj:yf ug]{ ====== tLgs'g] / c¿ 6«flkms cfONof08 h:tf dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿sf] x]/rfx, dd{t— ;+ef/sf] lhDdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf OR5's lghL If]qsf pBf]ux¿nfO{ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] ====== dd{t;+ef/ u/]jfkt kmnfgf pBf]usf] ;f}hGoaf6 o; ;fj{hlgs :yfgsf] Joj:yf ePsf] egL ;f]xL If]qdf Kn]sf8{ /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] ======;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g a"ysf] Joj:yf ldnfpg s'g} OR5's k;n] jf ;~rf/ ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ cGo JolQmx¿nfO{ lbg] / pQm k;n jf kmd{n] ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;fOgaf]8{ 6fUg' kg]{ ====== ;8ssf] bfof―—afof― t/sf/L a]Rg glbg] . o;sf] ;§f axfn jf rf]s jf s'g} pko'Qm 7fp― tf]lsg' kg]{ . axfnx¿ jf rf]sx¿df o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yf ePdf rf]s, axfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu jf sd cfo ePsf kl/jf/x¿sf nflu s]xL cfly{s ;xof]ux¿;d]t k'Ug ;S5 . P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f―:s[lts d"No / dfGotfdf cf―r gcfpg] u/L axfn / rf]s If]qsf] k|of]u ubf{ :yfgLo Sna jf ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] . lji0f'dtL, afudtL gbL t6nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ t6aGw u/L wfld{s :ynsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, afudtL t6 bfof― afof― j[If/f]k0f ug]{ / kfs{ agfpgsf nflu u'?of]hgf tof/ kfg]{ ====== laB't zjbfxu[x (Crematorium) lgdf{0f ug]{tk{m cljnDa sfo{jfxL rnfO{ To;nfO{ rfn' ug]{ ====== ;fj{hlgs ck/fw ug]{ s'g}klg JolQmnfO{ ;hfo lb+bf c¿nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg o;/L ;hfo lbOPsf] ljifonfO{ k|rf/—k|;f/ ug]{ . ;―fu'/f] uNnLdf agfOg] 3/x¿nfO{ klg $% kmL6eGbf cUnf] agfpg glbg] lsgeg] ;f―u'/f] 7fp―df aGg] 3/x¿sf] hu sdhf]/ x'g] ePsfn] ;fgf] e'O―rfnf]df klg eTs]/ 3/kltnfO{ dfq ge} c¿sf] ;d]t Ho"wgsf] gf]S;fgL x'g ;S5 ===== vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t / zf}rfnon] g} wfGg g;Sg] u/L Pp6} 3/df a9L JolQmx¿nfO{ axfn glbg] ====== e"—pkof]lutfsf cfwf/df eljiodf zx/Ls/0f a9fpbf kxf8L If]qsf] ;LdfGt hUuf, h'g s[lifof]Uo 5}g, Toxf― aflx/L rqmky agfP/ zx/Ls/0fsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] ====== sf7df8f}+nfO{ …u]|6/ sf7df8f}+Ú sf] :j¿k lbg bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfpg] ====== e"—pkof]lutfsf] cfwf/df cfj; If]q, Jofkfl/s IF]q, xl/tIf]q tyf s[lif If]qsf] cjwf/0ff sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf t'?Gt} nfu" ug]{, o;sf nflu tLgj6} gu/kflnsfn] ;DalGwt lgsfox¿l;t a;]/ of]hgf agfpg' kg]{ . P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf lghL 3/, b/af/x¿sf] 3/ hUuf s/ ldgfxf ug]{ jf sd ug]{ / tL P]ltxfl;s ejgnfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/ jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] gof― sfof{nosf nflu jxfndf lng] / ;f] ejgsf] ;+ef/ / ;+/If0fsf lgldQ cfjZos sbd rfNg] ====== sf7df8f}+sf k'/ftflTjs :df/s:yn (Monmument Core Area) sf] k/Dk/fut jf:t'snf (Vernacular Architecture) sf] df}lnstfnfO{ sfod ug{ ;8s bfof―—afof― 3/sf] afx\o cfs[lt (Facade) nfO{ g]kfnL z}nLdf g} sfod /fVg]x¿nfO{ ;'ky df]ndf sf7 / O{+6f pknAw u/fOlbg] ====== 3/wgLn] 3/leq ;'ljwfhgs ¿kdf OR5f cg';f/ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ ;Sb5 t/ 3/sf] afx\o cfs[ltnfO{ dd{t jf 65

66 k'glg{df{0f ubf{ g]kfnL z}nL sfod ug]{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] ====== k|To]s 6f]ndf ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ug]{ ====== sfnfGt/df sf7df8f}+nfO{ dxfgu/df kl/0ft ug'{kg]{ ====== clxn] ufp―x¿df clgolGqt ¿kaf6 pBf]ux¿, 3/x¿ wdfwd aGb} 5g\, h'g kl5 of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf nflu 7"nf] cj/f]w x'g ;Sb5g\ . To;sf/0f ufp― If]qdf 3/x¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ pko'Qm dfkb08 cg';f/ gSzf kf; u/fpg' kg]{ afWotf ug]{ . 6«flGh:6/ / ;fOsn h:tf ;fdfGo j:t'sf] s/ p7fpg' cJofjxfl/s ePsf] x'―bf ;fgf ;|f]tx¿eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tx¿df dfq s/ p7fpg], sf7df8f}+sf] ljsf;sf nflu cgluGtL cfly{s r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{ gu/kflnsfn] Pp6f …gu/ ;+/If0f sf]ifÚ sf] :yfkgf ug]{, h;df :yfgLo pBdL, ;+3;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 :yfgLo cfly{s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ jf sf7df8f}+ arfcf}+ lr¶f (Save Kathmandu Lottery) ;+rfng u/]/ pQm sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ug]{, sfi7d08k h:tf dxTjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s Pj+ ko{6g :ynnfO{ ;]tf] xfQLsf ¿kdf dfq g/fvL k'/ftTj ljefu;―u ;dGjo /fv]/ OR5's pBdLx¿af6 /]i6'/]G6, ;+u|xfno, cf6{ Uofn/L cflb ;+rfng u/fP/ Joj:yfkgsf] ;fy;fy} To:tf P]ltxfl;s ejgsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ u/fpg] . tLg} zx/df e'm08\ofOPsf Jofkfl/s t'n, Jofg/, kf]i6/ / lgjf{rgtfsf n]lvPsf u|fk]m6L, leQ] n]vfO t'?Gt x6fpg] ====== zx/sf ;+j]bgzLn rf}af6f] / kvf{nsf bfof― afof― pQ]lht u|fk]m6Lx¿ tyf /f]df~rsf/L lrqx¿n] ubf{ zx/dfq g/fd|f] geO{, rfnsx¿sf] Wofg ljs]lGb|t eO{ b'3{6gf;d]t x'g] u5{g\ . zx/sf] vDaf vDafdf krf;—;f7L ¿k}of―sf] ;:tf] t'ndf lj1fkg ug]{ / tL t'n dlxgf+};Dd 3fd, kfgL, xfjfn] vfP/, dlSsP/ e'mqf] x'―bf klg e'm08fpg]x¿n] glgsfNg] / To;af6 zx/sf] …:sfOnfOgÚ sf] :j¿k czf]egLo x'g]x'―bf t'?Gt lgsfNg nufpg] / u|fk]m6L kf]i6/ krf{, …xf]l8{ª af]8{Ú / Jofg/ e'mG8\ofpg glbg], g]kfnL z}nLdf agfOPsf 9'¨f, O{+6f / sf7sf ejg / kvf{nx¿df Ogfd]n jf /+u nufO{ n]lvPsf u|fk]m6L kl5 d]6\g c;+ej x'g] x'―bf s'g}klg xfntdf Toxf― n]Vg glbg] ====== lglZrt 7fp―x¿df dfq gu/kflnsfn] lj1fkgbftfx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t / ;+:yfut ¿kdf of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] z'Ns lnO{ xf]l8¨ af]8{ /fVg lbg] gLlt ckgfpg] ====== /fhgLlts gf/fsf nflu x/]s j8fx¿df 5'§f5'§} …hg—cfjfh k|s6:ynÚ sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . /ut 6lKsg] ul/sg vk{g, 8f]sf] jf l/S;fdf df;'sf 7"N7"nf ;fk|f h:tf c¨x¿ v'nf ¿kdf n}hfg] b[Zo c;Eo Pj+ nHhfhgs ePsf] x'―bf gu/kflnsfn] o:tf] tl/sfaf6 df;' cf];f/k;f/ ug{ t'?Gt} aGb]h nufpg] ====== df;' Ps 7fp―af6 csf]{ 7fp―df n}hfbf sk8fn] 9fs]/ jf cGo s'g} ;Eo tl/sf ckgfO{ n}hfg afWo u/fpg] ====== k;n aflx/ /f+uf] jf v;Lsf] 6fpsf] jf cGo c+ux¿sf] k|bz{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cljnDa lgif]w u/L k;n leqdfq /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ ====== vfB kbfy{x¿ hfnLleq /fVg' kg]{, df;' sf6\g] / a]Rg] 7fp―x¿df ;/;kmfO{, :jR5tf cflbsf] ljz]if Vofn /fVg' kg]{, jwzfnf (Slaughter House) sf] Joj:yf ug]{ cflb s'/fx¿nfO{ gu/kflnsfn] cljnDa Wofg lbg] . o;sf nflu cfjZos tflnd, k|lzIf0f lbg], lgoldt ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ====== s's'/x¿nfO{ ljif v'jfP/ dfg'{eGbf lgof]hg ug]{ jf Eofg jf 6«sdf zx/ aflx/ nu]/ ;'O{ lbP/ d'5f{ kf/L gi6 ug{] / kl5 Incinerator df /fvL gi6 ug]{ k|lqmofsf] qmdzM Joj:yf ldnfp―b} hfg] ====== d/]sf kz'x¿sf] l;gf] w]/} lbg;Dd Tolts} /xgfn] jftfj/0f k|b"lift x'g] x'―bf To:tf] l;gf] cljnDa ;+s6sfnLg afxgdf /fvL uf8\g] jf hnfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] ====== ;8sdf hyfefjL lx+l8/x]sf 66

67 5f8f kz'x¿sf nflu sf7df8f}+ aflx/ sf~hLxfp; jf uf}zfnfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ====== 5f8f ufO{uf]?sf] lnnfd k|lqmof ;/n kf/L cf—cfºgf] j8fsf 5f8f ufO{ uf]?x¿nfO{ lnnfd laqmL ug]{ clwsf/ j8f k|d'vnfO{ lbg] ====== d"n ;8sdf cfjfudgnfO{ g} afwf kfg]{ u/L wfg, ux'―, v';f{gL / un}+rfsf] pmg;d]t ;'sfpg] k|j[lQ a9\g yfn]sf]n] o;nfO{ tTsfn aGb ug]{ ====== kljq wfld{s :ynx¿df ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ hf―bf k/Dk/fut rngnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg wfld{s :ynx¿df bfof―af6 b]jtfnfO{ 3'Dg], cw{gUg eO{ ghfg], h'Qf nufP/ leq gk:g], k"hfdf Jo:t JolQm / wfld{s k"hf—cfhfsf] hyfefjL t:jL/ lvRg glbg] h:tf s'/fx¿ pNn]v u/L ;"rgf kf6L 6f―:g] ====== ldq/fi6«af6 cfPsf ckf¨ / levduGt]x¿nfO{ ;Ldfgfkfl/ kmsf{pg] Joj:yf ug]{ ====== pk/f]Qm k|:tfj sfof{Gjog ug{ gu/kflnsfn] cfºg} k|x/L / ;'/IffsdL{x¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ cflb—OToflb . kL=Pn= n] eg]/ d}n] sf7df8f}+ gu/kflnsfsf nflu cj}tlgs ¿kn] tof/ ul/lbPsf] Ps ;o Ps a'―b] ænf}g s]xL u/f}+ †Æ sf] k|:tfjgf pgnfO{ lb+bf d cToGt cfzfjfbL ePsf] lyP― . t/ b'O{ dlxgf;Dd klg kL=Pn= n] Tof] k'l:tsf k9]s} /x]g5g\ . d}n] af/Daf/ pgnfO{ k|:tfj / ;'emfjx¿ s:tf] nfUof] eg]/ ;f]Wg vf]h]sf] lyP― . Ps t pgsf] 6]lnkmf]gdf ;Dks{ g} x'―b}gYof] . slxn]sfxL+ kf6L{df e]6 eOxfNof] eg] klg …c― 7Ls 5, /fd|} 5Ú eGy] . t/ dnfO{ yfxf lyof] pgn] Tof] k9]s} lyPgg\ . dgnfO{ s'g} klg ;f―rf]df 9fNg ;ls+bf]/x]5 . Pslbg k|bLk lu/L, 8f= bfdf]b/ kf]v/]n, 8f= w'|j zdf{ / d lrtjgsf] gf/fo0fL gbLkf/Lsf] /d0fLo u}+8fsf]6df a;]/ …cfk"m k|wfgdGqL ePsf] eP s] u5'{ eGg] nfu]sf] 5Ú eGb} /dfOnf] 5nkmn ul//x]sf lyof}+ . k|bLk lu/LnfO{ d}n] JolQmut ¿kn] Tolt /fd|/L lrg]sf] lyOg― . pxf― 8f= w'|j zdf{sf] …n+uf}l6of of/Ú x'g'x'―bf]/x]5 . 8f= kf]v/]n, w'|j zdf{ / d aL=kL= SofG;/ c:ktfn ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ;b:o ePsf] x'―bf c:ktfns} :jfldTjdf /x]sf] u}+8fsf]6sf] u]i6xfp;df ;do— ;dodf uO/xGYof}+ . dgf]/d gf/fo0fL gbLsf] klZrdL lsgf/df cjl:yt u}+8fsf]6sf] pQm lj>fd 3/ ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf g} la|l6z OlGhlgo/x¿n] agfPsf /x]5g\ . u}+8fsf]6 ufp―sf] glhs ePklg k|z:t h¨n ePsfn] em08} b]p3f6 h:t} b]lvGYof] Tof] 7fp― . k|z:t r/fr'?¨L, gbLsf] cfjfh clg dgf]/d h¨n . l;h{gfxLg JolQm klg oxf―sf] jftfj/0fdf ;[hgzLn eP/ cfpnfh:tf] nfU5 . c:ktfn ;+rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s ;s]kl5 8f= kf]v/]n, 8f= w'|j zdf{ / d}n] u}+8fsf]6sf] u]i6xfp;df k|bLk lu/LnfO{ e]6\of}+ . 8fOlgª xnd} Pp6f 7"nf] kmfo/ Kn]; 5 . hf8f]ofddf kmfo/ Kn];df cfuf] afNb} k]ml/ To:t}— of] ePg, Tof] ePg h:tf tkl;nsf s'/fx¿df xfdL cNdlng k'Uof}+ . 8f= w'|j zdf{ k]zfn] 8fS6/ ePklg laxfg p7]b]lv g;'t];Dd /fhgLltsf] e"tn] pxf―nfO{ slxn] 5f]8\b}gYof] . sf+u|]; kf6L{df x'g'x'GYof] pxf― / sf+u|]; leqs} Pp6f u'6df w]/} ;lqmo x'g'x'GYof] . 8f= zdf{ / k|bLk lu/L zfob Pp6} v]dfsf x'g'x'GYof] . lu/Lsf] s'/f ;'Gbf hlt;'s} af}l4s b]lvP klg dnfO{ pxf― Tolt Jofjxfl/s nfu]g . dnfO{ nfUof] pxf― ctL{ lbg ;Sg'xf]nf t/ sfd ug{ pxf―nfO{ uf¥xf] knf{ . /fhgLlts jftf{nfks} qmddf d}n] k|bLk lu/Lsf] lghL cjwf/0ff / kl/sNkgf hfGg vf]h]+ . To;sf nflu d}n] Pp6f v]n /r]+ . æP;=Pn=;L= k/LIffdf lgaGw n]v]h:t} …olb d k|wfgdGqL ePsf] eP s] uy]{Ú eGg] ljifodf xfdLn] ;f]¥x a'―b] k|fyldstf tof/ u?― g,Æ d}n] k|:tfj /fv]+ . l8«ª\sn] clncln xfdL ;a}nfO{ ttfO;s]sf] lyof] . d b'O{ k]ueGbf a9L slxNo} vf―lbg t}klg cln a9L vfPsf] gf6s ug{yfn] . cflv/ d}n] k|bLk lu/LnfO{ pS;fpg' lyof] . d eGb} uP―, æk|bLkhL, tkfO{+sf ;/sf/ la/f]wL s'/fx¿ t w]/} ;'Gof}+, ca of] s'/fnfO{ 5f8f}+, tkfO{+ k|wfgdGqL ePsf] eP s] ug{ ;Sg'x'GYof], n eGg';\ .Æ 8f= w'|j zdf{nfO{ t clncln l8«ª\s nflu;s]sf] 67

68 lyof] . …n d eG5'Ú eGbfeGb} pxf―n] rf/—kf―r j6f s'/f klg eGg ;Sg'ePg . d k|wfgdGqL eP of] of] ug{ ;S5' elgg;Sb} 8f= zdf{ cfºgf] lj/f]wLsf] cfnf]rgf ul/xfNg' x'GYof] . To;kl5 k|bLk lu/Lsf] kfnf] cfof] . pxf―n] cfºgf] Ph]08f g} eGg rfxg'ePg . d}n] d]/f] kf;f]af6 pxf―nfO{ pDsg lbOg . pxf―sf] kl5kl5 nfu]/ Pp6}dfq s'/f ;dft]+, æxf]Og k|bLkhL, tkfO{+sf] c¿ s'/f w]/} ;'g]+, ca eGg';\ tkfO{+ k|wfgdGqL eP s] s] ug'{x'G5 <Æ æd o:tf xfOkf]y]lz;sf s'/f ug{ rfxGg,Æ xf―;]/ pxf―n] eGg'eof] . clg d}n] eg]+, …To;f]eP d eg"― t olb d k|wfgdGqL ePsf] eP s] u5'{Ú . ;a}n] …n === n eGg';\Ú eg] . d}n] pxf―x¿nfO{ jrga4 u/fP― / eg]+, …x]gf]{;\ d]/f] Pp6f sdhf]/L 5 . dnfO{ aLrdf g6f]Sgf];\ / d}n] af]Ng] a]nf d]/f] cf―vfdf x]l/lbg';\ . s;}n] d]/f] cf―vfdf cf―vf h'wfPg eg] d s'/f ug{ ;lSbg―, To;nfO{ cGoyf gdfGg'xf]nf .Ú To;kl5 pgLx¿sf] cf―vfdf x]b}{ d}n] jL;—kRrL;j6f d]/f] cjwf/0ffsf s'/fx¿ ;'gfP― . /dfOnf] jftfj/0fn] xf] jf k|bLk lu/Lsf] pkl:yltn] ag]sf] af} l4s kl/j]zsf] k|efjn] xf], d}n] ;f]Rb} g;f]r]sf s'/fx¿ d]/f] d'vaf6 v//{ cfP . ;a}n] Ps zAb gaf]nL PslrQ eP/ ;'lg/xg'eof] . aLr aLrdf 8f= w'|j zdf{ r'Na'n eO{ otfptf lx+8] tfklg pxf―n] d]/} s'/f ;'lg/fVg' ePsf] x'GYof] . /ftL P3f/ ah] xfdL ;a} ;'Tg uof}+ . Tof] /ft dnfO{ lgGb|f nfu]g . d k|wfgdGqL ePsf] eP s]—s] ug]{5' eg]/ h]h:tf s'/f d}n] k|bLk lu/L, w'|j zdf{nfO{ eg]+, jf:tjdf tL s'/f lgs} dggof]Uoh:tf] nfUof] . s'/f ubf{ub{} Ps}rf]l6 Tolt w]/} kl/sNkgfx¿ d]/f] dgdf s;/L cfP, d}n] 7Dofpg} ;lsg― . ef]lnkN6 zfob lal;{OG5 eg]/ d}n] 5nkmndf h]—h] s'/f p7fPsf] lyP―, ToxL /ft tL ;a} s'/f 8fo/Ldf n]v]+ . ha z]/axfb'/ b]pjf klxnf]kN6 k|wfgdGqL x'g'eof], d}n] Tof] cjwf/0ff kq pxf―nfO{ k7fPsf] lyP― . k9\g' eof], ePg – yfxf 5} g . k|:tfjdf d}n] n]v]sf] lyP― æd k|wfgdGqL ePsf] s] uy]{ t <Æ -!_ /fhwfgL /fi6«sf] lbdfu xf] . lbdfunfO{ lgoGq0f gul/sg c¿ oGq rNg ;Sb}gg\, /fhwfgLsf] af}l4s zlQmnfO{ ljZjf;df glnOsg k|wfgdGqLn] c¿ sfd ug{ ;Q}mg t;y{ Ps jif{leq} t'?Gt} k|ltkmn b]lvg] sfdx¿ ;DalGwt ljefu jf gu/kflnsfcGtu{t u/fP/ /fhwfgLsf] :j¿k kl/jt{g ug{ vf]H5' . To:tf sfddf hgtfn] k|ToIf b]Vg] u/L cfºgf] ;xeflutf hgfpg]5' . -@_ krf/ xhf/ ¿k}of― tna lbP/ /fd|f] af]Ng ;Sg], n]Vg ;Sg] cfsif{s JolQmTj ePsf] Pshgf …xfOnL SjflnkmfO8Ú ;]q]m6/L /fV5', d]/f] ;do Joj:yfkg -Time management_ ug{, kL=cf/= /fVg / d]/f lgb]{zgx¿ cg'udg ug{ / Tof] dflg; u}/ /fhg}lts dflg; x'g]5 . -#_ laxfg 5 ah] p7]/, c¿ dflg; dsxf― cfpg'eGbf klxn] k|ltkIfL bnsf g]tf, cfºg} kf6L{sf g]tfsf] 3/df Ps Ps sk lrgL gePsf] sfnf] lrof vfg hfGy]+ . -$_ cfk"mn] ug{ vf]h]sf] / k|ltkIfn] o;f]o;f] ug'{k5{ eg]sf Pp6f—b'O{6f sfd ul/lbP/ lj/f]wLsf] dg / OHht lhTg vf]Hy+] . -%_ lgjf;:yfgdf Pp6f ;"rgf kf6L e'mG8\ofp―y] …d s;}sf] lghL :jfy{sf s'/f ;'lGbg―, cfºgf] :jfy{sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] dsxf― gcfpg"Ú eGg] n]lvPsf] x'GYof] Tof] kf6L{df . -^_ laxfg Ps306fdfq d aflx/sf dfG5]l;t e]6\5' . csf]{ Ps306f d PSn} clkm;df a:5', lbgel/sf] vfsf tof/ u5'{, s;nfO{ s] u/fpg' kg]{ / eGg' kg]{ xf], Tof] 6]lnkmf]gaf6 laxfg} u5'{ / u/fp―5' . -&_ l;+xb/af/ hfg] a]nf On]lS6«s ;kmf 6]Dkf]df emG8f kmk{m/fP/ hfG5' / ;/sf/ k|b"if0fk|lt lrlGtt 5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbG5' . 68

69 -*_ l;+xb/af/ jf sxL+ hf―bf af6f]df s;}n] l;g]dfsf] kf]i6/ 6f―l;/x]sf] b]v]+ eg] d]/f] em08fjfn uf8L ;8ssf] ;fO8df /f]S5' . uf8Laf6 cf]n{G5' clg leQfdf kf]i6/ 6f―:g] Tof] JolQmnfO{ /f]S5' / cfk}+mn] bz ;]s]08 ;do lbO{ kf]i6/ lgsfN5' . Tolt ubf{ub}{ Toxf― dflg;x¿ e'mlDdg]5g\ . cfOGbf Tof] s]6fn] To;/L kf]i6/ slxNo} 6f―:b}g, Toxf― e]nf ePsf ;a}n] …cf]xf] † Sof k|wfgdGqL /x]5, cfk}+mn] cfP/ leQf ;kmf u/]5Ú eGg]5g\ . Tof] s'/f Ps sfg b'O{ sfg d}bfg x'g]5 . ;~rf/hut\n] klg k|wfgdGqLsf] sfo{k|lt k|z+;f ug]{5 . hgtfsf] cf:yf glhltsg k|wfgdGqL aGg ;lsb}g . -(_ k|wfgdGqL sfof{nodf k'Ugf;fy cfºgf] kL=P= nfO{ cl3 af6f]df s'g sDkgL jf s'g l;g]df xnn] kf]i6/ 6f―;]sf] lyof], Tof] xn dflns jf ºofS6«Lsf dflnsnfO{ 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ufnL ug{ nufp―5' / r]tfjgL lbg nufp―5' cfOGbf Tof] sDkgLsf] jf xnjfnfsf] kf]i6/ ;fj{hlgs 7fp―df 6f―l;Psf] b]lvof] eg] ;hfo x'g]5 . k|wfgdGqL sfof{noaf6 To:tf] kmf]g cfof] eg] xn dflns / ;fx'n] eljiodf hyfefjL kf]i6/ 6f―;]/ zx/nfO{ kmf]xf]/ ug]{ cf―6 ub}{gg\ . of] sfd ug{ dnfO{ xKtfsf] bz ;]s]08 klg nfUb}g . -!)_ bz ah]b]lv b'O{ ah];Dd d ;/sf/L / dlGqkl/ifb\sf sfdx¿ dfq uy+]{ / lg0f{o lnGy+] . -!!_ b'O{ ah]b]lv tLg ah];Dd ;DalGwt ;lrjx¿nfO{ e]6\y+], ;lrj e]6\g] qmddf d]/f] sfof{nodf 306f}+;Dd rfs8L ahfP/ s'/]/ a:g] ;lrjnfO{ d xsf/]/ k7fp―y]+ . -!@_ d k|wfgdGqL x'gf;fy Pp6f lj1lKt lgsfN5' . To;df n]lvPsf] x'g]5, …d cfOGbf s'g}klg ;df/f]xdf efu lnGg, s'g} klg lbjfef]hdf hf―lbg, olb bfOhf] lbg'kg]{ ef]hdf af]nfPsf] 5 eg] d]/f] kL=P= nfO{ k7fp―5' t/ h'ga]nf;Dd d k|wfgdGqL x'G5', To;a]nf;Dd ef]h et]/df hfGg .Ú -!#_ d]/f] lgjf;:yfgdf slxNo} klg, s'g} klg sldzg Ph]G6 tyf ljjfbf:kb JolQmnfO{ leq l5g{ lbGg . -!$_ ;d"xdf e]6\g cfpg]x¿nfO{ ;aeGbf klxn] ;DalGwt dGqfnodf k7fp―5' . Toxf―af6 lrQ a'e]mg eg]dfq pgLx¿nfO{ dsxf― cfpg lbg]5' t/ s'/f ug]{ a]nf d ;DalGwt dGqL / ;lrjnfO{ klg /fV5' . -!%_ k|wfgdGqL x'gf;fy Psrf]l6sf nflu dfq eg]/ k|wfgdGqL aG5' tfls ddf bf];|f] rf]l6 k|wfgdGqL aGg] nfn;fn] c¿nfO{ v';L kfg]{ sfd gxf];\ / d /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿sf] v]nf}gf aGg' gk/f];\ . -!^_ Psrf]l6 k|wfgdGqL e};s]kl5 kf6L{ / hgtfn] dnfO{ k]ml/ k|wfgdGqL ag\ eg]kl5 dfq Tof] kb u|x0f ug]{5' eg]/ lj1lKt lgsfNy+] . -!&_ d xKtfsf] Pslbg kl/jf/sf ;fy labf dgfpg hfG5' . lbdfunfO{ cf/fd lbG5', dgnfO{ zLtn kf5'{, cf―vf lrlDnP/ lbdfusf] 9f]sf vf]N5', ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff / /fhgLlts ultljlwnfO{ ;DxfNg] tf}/tl/sf vf]H5' t/ lg0f{o ubf{ cfTdfn] h] eG5, Tof] u5'{ . -!*_ sf7df8f}+df 6\ofS;L / ;/sf/L uf8L afx]s ;Dk"0f{ lghL uf8Lx¿nfO{ hf]/—ljhf]/sf] lx;fjaf6 rnfpg] lgod agfp―5' . -!(_ xKtfsf] Pslbgdfq labf lbG5' . zlgjf/ / cfOtjf/ ljleGg sfof{nox¿nfO{ kfn} kfnf] u/L labfsf] Joj:yf u5'{ . -@)_ 6«flkms ;d:ofsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L sfof{no— x¿sf] clkm; vf]Ng] / aGb x'g] ;do tflnsfdf km/s kf5'{ . -@!_ ;df/f]x, ;Dd]ng, pb\3f6g, sfo{zfnf uf]i7L cflbsf nflu Pp6f k|jQmf Pj+ ;df/f]x dGqL agfP/ k7fpg]5' . ;/sf/L gLltsf s'/fx¿ 69

70 p;n] ug]{5 t/ ;f] ;df/f]xdf cGo dGqL / ;lrjx¿nfO{ efu lng k|ltaGw nufpg]5' . -@@_ ;DalGwt dGqL;lrjnfO{ s'g} ;Dd]ngdf efu lng hfg' k¥of] eg] uf]i7Lsf] ;'? b]lv cGTo;Dd ga;L cfºgf] eGg'kg]{ s'/f jf efif0f v'?Ss l;WofP/ ;'¿Ss cfºgf] sfof{nodf kms{g] s8f cfb]z lbG5' . -@#_ dlxgfsf] Psrf]l6 ;Dk"0f{ dGqLx¿nfO{ af]nfP/ k|wfgdGqL lgjf;df d / d]/L >LdtL cfk}+mn] k:s]/ ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu bfneft v'jfp―y] . -@$_ tLg dlxgfsf] Psrf]l6 ljkIfL kf6L{ tyf cfºg} kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox¿nfO{ af]nfP/ /fhgLlts tf/tDo ldnfpg bfneft v'jfp―y] . -@%_ k|wfgdGqL lgjf;df d slxNo} ljb]zL /S;L …;e{Ú ug{ lbGg . h] v'jfP klg g]kfnd} pd|]sf] / g]kfnd} agfPsf] k]o jf vfB kbfy{ dfq v'jfp―5' . -@^_ 6\o"zg /fVg' k/]klg d d]/f 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L :s"nd} k9fp―5' . -@&_ dlxgfsf] tLgrf]l6 d eG;f/, c:ktfn, ljZjljBfnoh:tf ;+j]bgzLn sfof{nox¿sf] cfsl:ds lg/LIf0f ug{ hfG5' . enfs';f/L u5{' . lg/LIf0fsf qmddf olb sfof{nodf /fv]sf 6]a'nx¿ kmf]xf]/ 5g\ eg] Pp6f sk8f lnP/ cfk}+m k'l5lbG5' / h'g clws[tsf] Tof] 6]a'n xf], Tof] clws[tnfO{ cfTdUnflgsf] cg'e"lt u/fp―5' . of] s'/f c8\8fel/ km}ng]5 / cfk"m a:g] 6]a'n ;kmf /fVg'k5{ eGg] Pp6f ;―f:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g]5 . -@*_ dlxgfsf] Psrf]6L 6]lnlehg / /]l8of]df hgtfnfO{ cfºgf] eGg' kg]{ ;a}s'/f lbn vf]n]/ OdfGbfl/k"j{s eG5' / x/]s dlxgf cfk"mn] s] ug{ ;lsG5 sd;]sd bz—af¥x j6f ePklg of] of] ljsf;sf sfdx¿ u5'{ eg]/ k|lt1f u5'{ / csf]{ dlxgfsf] d]/f] efif0fdf d}n] k|lt1f u/]sf sfdx¿sf] k|ult k|ltj]bg hgtf;fd' /fV5' / Ps—b'Oj6f ug{ ;lsg― eg] hgtf;―u Ifdf dfU5' . -@(_ Psrf]6L hgtfn] dnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/]kl5 dnfO{ sf]xLl;t klg 8/fpg kg]{ cfjZostf kb}{g . g t d ljkIfLl;t 8/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 g t d cfºg} kf6L{l;t . /]nnfO{ Psrf]6L lnudf /fVg ;Sof] eg] /fHosf] /]n rnfpg uf¥xf] x'―b}g . e'm6 af]n]/ /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ aGg ;lsG5, dGqL / k|wfgdGqL aGg ;ls+b}g . s] ug]{, dg g 7x¥of] † s;n] 5]Sg] o;nfO{ < slxn] d]o/ eP/ ;f]R5, slxn] k|wfgdGqL eP/ . of] b]zsf] gfh's cj:yf x]bf{ slxn] t /fi6«s} lg0ff{os eP s] s] u¿―nf eGg] ;f]r klg cfp―5 . s]xL ;docl3 h] u/] klg gx'g] /fhgLlts cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ dgdf lbSs nfu]/ d}n] klg Pp6f ;ft a―'b] /f]8Dofk tof/ u/]sf] lyP― . d]/f] Tof] /f]8Dofkaf/] d]/f ldqx¿ e}/j l/;fn, cflbTodfg >]i7 / /fh]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7l;t klg s'/f u/]sf] lyP― . pxf―x¿nfO{ d]/f cjwf/0ffx¿ /fd|} nfu] t/ d}n] To;nfO{ k|rf/ ug]{ cf―6} cfPg . of] ls+st{Joljd"9 cj:yf b]v]/ dnfO{ nfUof], d klg dfgjclwsf/jfbLx¿sf] ;d"x …Aof08j]ugÚdf ;xefuL ag"― ls † t/ d Ps lhDd]jf/ gful/sdfq x}g, lhDd]jf/ cleefjs / lhDd]jf/ pBdL klg ePsf] x'―bf dgdf h] cfof], Tof] af]Ng] 5'6 5}g dnfO{ . Pp6f pBdLnfO{ ;Dj]bgzLn l;;fsf] 3/df a:g'kg]{ afWotf 5 . p;nfO{ l/; ug]{n] Pp6f ;fgf] cQf] yfk]/ klg b'Mv lbg ;S5 / s;}n] 9'+uf km\of―s]/ klg Tof] P]gfsf] 3/nfO{ km'6fOlbg ;S5 . dgn] t eGg dg nfU5, b'O{ s/f]8 rfnL; nfv hgtfnfO{ ef]u lbP/ g s'g} l;4fGt ckgfpg ;lsG5 g t s'g} ;+:yfnfO{ arfpg ;lsG5 . /fi6«sf] cx+ d'2f s'g} 70

71 bfz{lgs l;4fGt jf ;+:yfnfO{ arfpg] xf]Og, b]zsf] zflGt xf], hgtfsf] af―Rg kfpg] clwsf/ xf] . t/ s] ug]{, af]Ng kfP― eg]/ h] klg af]Ng ;Sbf]/x]g5 Pp6f Jofkf/Ln], Pp6f pBdLn], Pp6f cleefjsn] . slxn]sfxL+ gfËf] eP/ af―Rg' klg a8f] kmfObfhgs x'―bf]/x]5, xhf/ bfpdf v]Ng ;Sbf]/x]5 p;n] . sNkgfsf] of] nx/nfO{ oxL+ /f]sf}+ ca . x}g eg] d O{Zj/ ePsf] eP s] s] uy]{ eGg] kl/sNkgf klg cfp―nf . *** kl/R5]b b—* 6'―l8v]nb]lv s]z/dxn;Dd æzx/leq ;+/If0f ljsf;sf nflu clg k|fs[lts :yndf ljsf; ;+/If0fsf nflu † cf―vf lrDn]/ g ;+/If0f ul/G5 g t ljsf; g} . lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ xf] eg] kof{j/0f / cy{tGq cyf{t\ …Osf]nhLÚ / …Osf]gf]dLÚ sf] efiff Pp6} x'g'k5{ . hxf―;Dd d]/f] cfºgf] b[li6sf]0fsf] s'/f 5, d g lvof nfu]sf] ;+/If0fljb\ x'― g t cGwf] ljsf;k|]dL . d Ps …/f;gn sGh/e];lg:6Ú x'― hf] ;―f:s[ltnfO{ Pp6f lgd{n hns'08sf ¿kdf x]g{ rfxG5, Tof] kf]v/Ldf sxL+ g sxL+af6 tfhf kfgL cfO/xg'k5{ / af;L kfgL sxL+ g sxL+af6 uO/xg'k5{ . cGoyf Tof] kf]v/L ;'s]/ hfG5 . ;do;fk]If kl/jt{gnfO{ x[bo+ud u/L /fd|f— /fd|f s'/fx¿ u|x0f ub}{ g/fd|f cGwljZjf; / k/Dk/fnfO{ kG5fpb} hfg' g} ;+/If0f xf] .Æ dfof u/]/ xf] jf O{iof{n] xf] , slxn]sfxL+ ;fyLx¿ eG5g\ æw]/} sfd gu/, w]/} tgfj lnof] eg] x[bof3ft xf]nf .Æ sf]xL Jo+Uo ub}{ eG5g\, æd/]kl5 lnP/ hfg' s] 5 / † cfp―bf klg xfdL gf¨} cfPsf xf}+, hfg]a]nf klg gf¨} hfg'k5{ .Æ sf]xL Oi6ldq eG5g\ æc¿sf] cf―vf nfUg] lsl;dn] sfd gu/ . cfºgf] ePsf] Jofkf/nfO{ ;Dxfn]/ dfq} a;] k'Ub}g < slt gof―—gof― s'/f ug'{kg]{ <Æ sltko egfOx¿ hfg]/ jf ghfg]/, :g]x / dfofn] cfPsf xf]nfg\ / s;}n] eg] cfºgf] dgleqsf] hngnfO{ ;Eo efiffdf kf]v]sf xf]nfg\ . sfd jf pBf]usf] la:tf/ k};f sdfpgsf nflu dfq x}g, dgsf] ;Gtf]ifsf nflu klg ul/G5 . pBf]uwGbf klg Ps lsl;dsf] k]zf xf], ;]jf xf] / cem eGg' kbf{ b]zelQm klg xf], lrqsf/n] lrq sf]/]h:t}, sljn] sljtf /r]h:t}, lkmNd lgdf{tfn] lkmNd agfPh:t} . pBdL klg pBf]u u/]/ slxNo} yfSb}g . dgdf ;f]r ePsf, lbdfudf ;kgf af]s]sf ;[hgzLn k]zfut dflg;x¿sf] nIosf] ;Ldf x'―b}g . slj, lkmNd lgdf{tf, k]z]j/ v]nf8L Pskl5 csf]{ ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ lg/Gt/ nflu/x] h:t} . pBf]uwGbf la:tf/ ug'{ klg Pp6f To:t} rfv xf] . c;g 6f]ndf a:g] aRr}b]lvsf d]/f Pshgf ;fyL e]6\gf;fy Jo+UofTds tl/sfn] egL xfN5g\, æd]/f] lhGbuL t ltd|f] h:tf] tgfju|:t 5}g jf † Psbd cfgGb, s'g} 6]G;g 5}g . laxfg eft vfP/ k;ndf a:5' clg a]n'sL eft vfP/ cf/fdn] d:t lgGb|fdf ;'Tg hfG5' .Æ of] s'/f olb 8f]Nkfdf a:g] 8f]NkfnLn] eg]sf] eP ljZjf; uy]{+ t/ pgsf] Tof] sygdf dnfO{ k6Ss} ljZjf; nfUb}g . >LdtLsf] hLpel/ ;'g};'gsf] uxgfn] 9kSs} 9fs]/ cfk"m / cfºgf] kl/jf/sf] nflu hltklg k};f vr{ ug{;Sg] t/ ;dfh;]jfsf nflu eg] Psk};f glgsfNg] gAa] lsnf]sf] jhgbf/ hLp af]s]sf] Tof] JolQmn] ha ;'v / cfgGbsf] efif0f 5f―6\5, dnfO{ pm kfv08L h:tf] nfU5 . ljleGg ;fdflhs sfo{qmdsf nflu obfsbf d cy{ ;+sng sfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf ul//xG5', clxn];Dd pgn] Pp6f l6s6 lsg]/ xfdLnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf 5}gg\ . To:tf c;fdflhs dflg;n] ;'v / b'Mvsf] s'/f u/]/ ha lv;L u5{g\, dnfO{ ;xg uf¥xf] x'G5 . cfk"mnfO{ ;w}+ ;Gt'i6 / ;'vL elglx+8\g] d]/f csf{ Ps wgf9\o ldqn] cfºgL 5f]/Lsf] ljx] ubf{ d'v x]g]{ lbg ;a} cfuGt'snfO{ b]vfP/ 5f]/LnfO{ xL/fsf] dfnf nufOlbPsf lyP . wgsf] Tof] ceb| k|bz{gL b]v]/ d cfk}+mnfO{ 71

72 nfh nfu]sf] lyof] . To;a]nf d}n] dgdgdf k|lt1f u/]sf] lyP―, d d]/L 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx ldtJooL kf/fn] u5'{ . ;f―Rr} d]/L 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx to eof] . d]/f tL ldqsf] Tof] b]vfj6L 36gf emnemnL ofb cfPkl5 d}n] 5f]/LnfO{ PsfGtdf af]nfP/ tL ;fyLsf] s'/f ;'gfP― / eg]+, æltd|f] ljx]df d w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ af]nfp―lbg / d'v x]g]{ sfo{qmd klg ;fwf/0f tl/sfn] dfq u5'{ .Æ 5f]/LnfO{ d]/f] k|:tfj dgk¥of] t/ d]/L lbbL / >LdtL ;'zLnfn] eg] lj/f]w u/] . æcfdf gePsL 5f]/Lsf] ljx]df h] kfof], Tof] ug'{ x'―b}gÆ, lbbLn] eGg'eof] . æ;f}t]gL cfdf ePsf] sf/0fn] 5f]/Lsf] ljx]df k};f arfof] eGnfg\ lg †Æ, >LdtLn] elgg\ . t/ 5f]/Lsf] ;xdlt kfPkl5 d}n] cfºg} tl/sfn] ;Lldt kfx'gfnfO{ dfq af]nfP/ ljjfx ;DkGg u/]+ . d]/f] kl/jf/sf] ;"rLdf t af]nfpg' kg]{d} b'O{ xhf/eGbf a9Lsf] gfd lyof] . d}n] h;nfO{ af]nfpg ;lsg―, pgLx¿nfO{ Pp6f nfvfd/L ;fy lgDg Joxf]/fsf] kq k7fP― M æxfd|L cfo'idtL ;'k'qL ;'hfg zfSosf] >L tyf >LdtL af]lwah| ah|frfo{sf cfo'idfg\ ;'k'q ljgo ah|frfo{sf ;fy oxL kmfu'0f b'O{ ut] b'O{ xhf/ afpGg ;fn tbg';f/ k]ma'|c/L rf}w tfl/v pGgfO; ;o 5ofgAa] a'waf/sf lbg k"0f{ wfld{s Pjd\ j}lbs ljlwcg';f/ z'e—ljjfx ;'—;DkGg x'g] ePsf] 5 . o; ;'vb pknIodf ldtJolotf ckgfp―b} s]xL glhssf gft]bfx¿nfO{ dfq ;l/s u/fOg] ePsf] x'―bf oxf―nfO{ ;f] cj;/df lgdGq0f ug{ g;s]tfklg xfd|f] ;'dw'/ ;DaGw Pj+ efjgfsf] k|tLs of] k/Dk/fut …hf]k:tf d¥xLÚ ;fy} k7fPsf 5f}+ . s[kfk"j{s o;nfO{ u|x0f ul/lbg' eO{ s'g} pkxf/ gk7fOlbg x'g;d]t xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .Æ d}n] s'g} klg gof― sfd k};f sdfp―5' eGg] Psdfq p2]Zon] u/]s} 5}g . ;w}+ r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf x]g]{ ug]{ u/]sf 5' sfdnfO{ . xf], d]/f] OR5f k};f sdfpg]eGbf OHht sdfpg]lt/ a9L 9lNsPsf] x'G5 . olb k};fdfq sdfpg] xf] eg] d}n] cfºgf] Pp6} xf]6]ndf dfq a9L Wofg lbPsf] ePklg clxn] ePsf] cfDbfgLeGbf w]/} h'6fpg ;lsGYof] xf]nf . xf]6]ndf b'O{;o hgfeGbf a9L ko{6sx¿ a:5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ axfndf ;fOsndfq lbof] eg]klg lbgsf] xhf/f}+ ¿k}of― a9L sdfpg ;lsG5 . xf]6]nleq} w]/} k;n yfKg ;lsG5 . kbofqfaf6 kmsf{OPsf …;]s]08x\of08 6]06Ú / Hofs]6x¿sf] Jofkf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . kbofqf ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ d}n] To;f] slxNo} ul/g . cem /]i6'/]G6;d]t c¿nfO{ rnfpg lbP― . olb d rf}aL;} 306f xf]6]nleq a;]/ sxf―af6 s;/L a9L sdfpg ;lsG5, vr{ s;/L 36fpg] cflb—OToflb lx;fj–lstfjdf dfq} clNem/xg] xf] eg] d]/f] lbdfusf] ;[hgzLntf vQd x'G5 / c¿ sfd ug{ d c;dy{ x'g]5' . To:tf] lhGbuL s] lhGbuL † ;a} pBdL Jofkf/L x'g ;S5g\ t/ ;a} Jofkf/L pBdL aGg ;Sb}gg\ . pBdLx¿ cfºgf] Jofkf/sf] ;+sL0f{ 3]/fdf dfq af―Rg rfxGgg\, pgLx¿ cfTd;Gt'li6sf nflu cGo pBf]u la:tf/sf ;fy;fy} cfºgf] Jofkf/l;t ;+nUg gePsf cGo ;dfhf]kof]uL ljwf / IF]qx¿df klg sfd ug{ ?rfp―5g\ . ddf zfob pBdLsf] s]xL c+z / efj xf]nf . g]kfndf gof―—gof― sfd u/]/ OHhtsf nflu ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ vf]Hg] pBdLx¿ w]/} 5g\ . t/ pgLx¿sf] pBdzLntfnfO{ xfdL k|z+;f ug{ rfx+b}gf}+ . x'nf;rGb| uf]N5f / dl0fxif{ Hof]ltx¿nfO{ k};}dfq sdfpg] OR5f ePsf] eP Pp6}dfq pBf]udf s]lGb|t eP/ a:y] xf]nfg\ . ljleGg IF]qdf xft xfNb}gy] xf]nfg\ . ;dfhdf sfd ug{;Sg] pBf]uL Pj+ a'l4hLjLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ k|of]u u/L pBf]u / ljsf;sf c¿ kf6fx¿ Vff]Ng lbg'k5{ . g]kfndf …s'sNofg s' ===Ú af:g] dflg; w]/} 5g\ t/ k'mn kfg]{ sd . lsg xf] s'lGg † d jfOoft sfdnfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]l//xg ;lSbg . aL; jif{ klxn] sdn lrqsf/ sf7df8f}+ gu/k~rfotsf] k|wfgk~r x'―bf ef]6flx6Ldf …;j j]Ú agfpg] sfd e}/x]sf] lyof] . af6f] vGg] 7fp―df 72

73 lnR5ljsfnLg 9'¨]wf/f e]l6Psf] /x]5 t/ k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf] b'n{e ;Dkbfsf] k|tLs Tof] wf/fnfO{ k'm6fpg vf]Hb} /x]5g\ 7]s]bf/x¿ . To;a]nf d g]kfn ;Dkbf ;+3sf] cWoIf klg lyP― . Tof] pTvgg sfo{ /f]Sgsf nflu d sdn lrqsf/nfO{ e]6\g uP― . af6f] vGg 7]Ssfdf nufO;s]sfn] /f]Sg uf¥xf] x'g] wf/0ff pxf―n] /fVg'eof] . t/, dnfO{ lrQ a'e]mg . c¿ b]zdf k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf j:t'x¿ vf]htnf; ug{ 7"nf] wg/flz vr{ u/L pTvgg u5{g\ . t/ xfd|f] d'n'sdf af6f] vGbfvGb} cs:dft\ k]mnf k/]sf ;f]¥x ;o jif{ k'/fgf tL ax'd"No k'/ftflTjs j:t'x¿sf] dxTj a'lemPg . d}n] To;df lj/f]w hgfpb} lj1lKt lgsfn]+ . ef]6flx6Lsf] P]ltxfl;s d"n 9'¨]wf/fnfO{ arfpg] k|of;df cfºgf] tk{maf6 ?= bz xhf/ rGbf lbG5' / c¿ yk rGbf p7fOlbg]5' eGg] k|lta4tf klg hfx]/ u/]+ . uf]/vfkqsf tTsfnLg cWoIf gu]Gb| zdf{n] d]/f] lj1lKtnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy klxnf] k]hdf Tof] klg …aS; Go"hÚ agfP/ 5fk] . tTkZrft\ ef]6flx6Lsf] 9'¨]wf/f arfpg r]tgfsf] nx/ cfpg yfNof] . …;j j]Ú agfpg vf]lhPsf] 7fp―df ef]6flx6Lsf] 9'¨]wf/fnfO{ ;'gwf/f h:t} v'nf /fvL ;+/If0f ub}{ cfsfz] k'n agfpg] k|:tfj lbPsf] lyP― d}n] . Tof] k|:tfjdf k'/fgf] sf7df8f}+leq k:g kf6g9f]sfsf] h:t} ef]6flx6Ldf 9f]sf /fVg] clg To;a]nfsf kfs{, /]i6'/]G6 / Toxf― ;6/jfnf k;nx¿ eTsfP/ /Tgkfs{ / /fgLkf]v/L hf]8\g], aLrdf a6'jfx¿ dfq lx+8\g] dfn (Mall) agfpg] ;'emfj;d]t gu/k~rfotnfO{ lbPsf] lyP― . To;a]nfsf gu/k~rx¿ s]zj :yflkt h:t} ;lqmo eOlbPsf eP Tof] d]/f] k|:tfj To;a]nf g} kf; x'g]lyof] . ef]6flx6Lsf] ;'?ª af6f] v'nf zf}rfnodf kl/0ft x'g] lyPg . d …af]/Ú eP/ a:g} ;lSbg . s]xL ;do kfof] eg] dg s'g} g s'g} ;f]rdf 8'laxfNy] . s'/f xf], ;g\ !((^ lt/sf] d ljB't\ k|flws/0faf6 l;+xb/af/ hf―bf eb|sfnL;Ddsf] af6f] kf/ ug{ emG8} cfwf306f nfu]sf] lyof] . af6f]el/ a;, ljqmd 6]Dkf] / cGo y'k|} uf8Lx¿ hyfefjL u'l8/x]sf lyP . yf]qf uf8Lx¿sf] w'―jfn] cf―vf kf]n]sf] lyof], cfwf lsnf]ld6/ af6f]df df]6/ xf―Sg dnfO{ cfwf 306f nfu]5 . 6«flkms hfddf uf8L xf―Sbfxf―Sb} d]/f] dgdf Pp6f ljrf/ k'm6\of], 6'―l8v]nsf] jl/kl/ nyfln¨ To;} v]/ uO/x]sf] hUufdf k]6L ;f/]/ ;8s rf}8f lsg gkfg]{ < 6'―l8v]n / k'm6kfyaLrsf] Tof] hUufdf sxL+ lk;fa k]ml//fv]sf, 5f8f ;f―9]x¿ lgla{£g al;/fv]sf, sxL+ Hof]ltifLx¿n] 6§' / k§' k|of]u u/L /flzkmn x]l//fv] sf, htf x]¥of] Tot} nyfln¨ . P]ltxfl;s / ;―f:s[lts b[li6sf]0fn] /fi6«sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ w/f]x/ (Land Mark) ePsf] x'―bf Pl;ofsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] zx/L rf}/ dflgg] /fhwfgLsf] 6'―l8v]nnfO{ ef}lts b[li6sf]0fn] klg /fd|f] agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . gfsdf kmf]xf]/ eof] eg] hLpel/ hlt g} ;fa'g bn]/ g'xfP klg cy{ /x―b}g eg]h:t} 6'+l8v]nnfO{ /fd|f] kfg'{ eg]sf] /fhwfgLnfO{ g} /fd|f] kfg'{ xf] . 6'―l8v]n jf:tjdf /fhwfgLsf] d'6' xf] . ;Dk"0f{ ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿ lbgsf] Psrf]l6 6'―l8v]nsf] af6f]df cfjthfjt gu/L ;'v} 5}g . /f0ffx¿n] agfPsf af6fx¿ krf;— ;f7Ljif{b]lv h:tfsf] t:t} lyP . Ps O~r klg rf}8f ul/Psf] lyPg hals uf8Lsf] ;+Vof xhf/f}+ u'0ff al9;s]sf] lyof] . x/bd, x/If0f 6«flkms hfd eO/xg], To;dfly klg yf]qf / k'/fgf uf8Lx¿ rNbf k|z:t jfo' k|b"if0f x'GYof] . o;sf] ;fy;fy} ;f―3'/f ;8sdf uf8Lx¿ 7f]lSsg] ;Defjgf k|z:t x'GYof] . g]kfn e|d0f jif{sf] df}sf 5f]kL d}n] æ8]9 s/f]8 ¿k}of―df tLg dlxgfleq sf7df8f}+sf] sfofkn6Æ egL af6f] rf}8f ug]{ Pp6f k|:tfj sf7df8f}+ gu/kflnsf / of]hgf cfof]udf k|:t't u/]+ . To;a]nf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf d]/f] :s"nsf ;fyL d+unl;l4 dfgGw/ lyP . pT;flxt eP/ d}n] pgnfO{ tLg—rf/ rf]l6 6]lnkmf]g u/]+ . t/ pgn] dnfO{ 73

74 ;do g} lbPgg\ . kl5 lg0f{o ug]{ a]nf ;fj{hlgs hUuf df;]/ ljsf; ug'{ x'―b}g egL d]/f] k|:tfj nTofOlbP . 6'―l8v]n Pp6f P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf xf], cem Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ /fli6«o w/f]x/ xf], h;sf] ef}lts :j¿kn] /fhwfgLsf] d'xf/df 6Lsf nufO{ o;sf] cfsif{0f a9fp―5 . To:tf] :yfgdf pk]lIft ¿kdf ºof―lsPsf] kGw| kmL6] ;fj{hlgs hUuf ;d]6]/ 6'+l8v]nsf] sf―r'nL k]mg]{ ;+/If0fd'vL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfn] a'¤b}gg\ eg] c¿ s:n] a'¤g] < zx/leq ;+/If0f ljsf;sf nflu x'g'k5{, clg k|fs[lts :yndf ljsf; ;+/If0fsf nflu . cf―vf lrDn]/ g ;+/If0f ul/G5 g t ljsf; g} . lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ xf] eg] kof{j/0f / cy{tGq cyf{t\ …Osf]nhLÚ / …Osf]gf]dLÚ sf] efiff Pp6} x'g'k5{ . hxf―;Dd d]/f] cfºgf] b[li6sf]0fsf] s'/f 5, d g lvof nfu]sf] ;+/If0fljb\ x'―, g t cGwf] ljsf;k|]dL . d Pp6f …/f;gn sGh/e];lg:6Ú x'― hf] ;―:s[ltnfO{ Pp6f lgd{n hns'08sf ¿kdf x]g{ rfxG5, To; kf]v/Ldf sxL+ g sxL+af6 tfhf kfgL cfO/xg'k5{ / af;L kfgL sxL+ g sxL+af6 uO/xg'k5{ . cGoyf Tof] kf]v/L ;'s]/ hfG5 . ;do;fk]If kl/jt{gnfO{ x[bo+ud u/L /fd|f—/fd|f s'/fx¿ u|x0f ub}{ g/fd|f cGwljZjf; / k/Dk/fnfO{ kG5fpb} hfg' g} ;+/If0f xf] . k[YjL/fh lnun /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] pkfWoIf eP/ cfPkl5 6'+l8v]n rf}8f kfg]{ k|:tfj d}n] pxf―nfO{ klg lbP― . k|:tfjgf x]gf{;fy deGbf a9L pxf― pQ]lht x'g'eof] / eGg'eof], æn n zfSohL, tkfO{+n] uhasf] k|:tfjgf Nofpg'eof] . o;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] t uHha e}xfNof] lg .Æ of]hgf cfof]udf sfo{/t w]/} pkfWoIf / ;b:ox¿nfO{ d}n] lrGg] / hfGg] df}sf kfPsf] 5' . pgLx¿dWo] sd} dfq ljåQf 5f6\g] t/ sfd ul/xfNg] JolQmsf ¿kdf d}n] k[YjL/fh lnunnfO{ kfPsf] x―' . ljifoj:t' a'¤g] dfdnfdf pxf― w]/} lj1 / Jofjxfl/s x'g'x'G5 . dnfO{ ;Demgf 5, pxf―n] a}+ls¨ pbf/Ls/0f / ljb]zL d'b|f v'nf ug]{ gLlt agfpg klg 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxf―n] 6'―l8v]n kl/of]hgfsf lgldQ klxnf] r/0fsf] nflu cfjZos /sd h'6fOlbg] cfZjf;g klg lbg'eof] . d}n] of] s'/f sf7df8f}+sf tTsfnLg d]o/l;t klg u/]+ . pgL w]/} ldng;f/ / OdfGbf/ lyP . t/ sfd ug{, u/fpg rflx+ g;Sg] . pgnfO{ Tof] k|:tfjgf t dgk¥of] t/ pgsf clws[tx¿n] g} pgnfO{ 3'dfOlbOxfNg] . kl5 s]zj :yflkt d]o/ eP/ cfPkl5 g]kfn e|d0f jif{s} ;dodf pgn] hf]8tf]8sf ;fy sfd yflnxfn] . x'g t d k|s[ltljb\ x―', t/ g]kfn ;Dkbf ;+3sf] cWoIf e} sfd u/]sf] x'―bf ;Dkbfdf d]/f] w]/} ?lr a9\of] . ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf b[li6sf]0fn] xfdL ;f}efUozfnL klg xf}+ / b'ef{UozfnL klg . ;f}efUozfnL of] dfg]df ls xfdLl;t cgluGtL b'n{e, ljnIf0f snfs[ltx¿ 5g\ t/ b'ef{Uojz xfdL olt u/La 5f}+ ls xfdL cfºgf ;Dkbfx¿ cfk}+mn] arfpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ . t}klg rfx\of}+ eg] xfdL w]/} ug{ ;S5f}+ . g]kfn e|d0f jif{tfsf Pslbg d d]/f] gS;fn 3/af6 b/af/dfu{ x'―b} 7d]n uO/x]sf] lyP― . s]z/dxnsf] pQ/— klZrdkl§ 7"nf] kvf{n;―u} hf]l8Psf] k'/fgf] z}nLsf] 3/ rf/—kf―r hgf HofdLx¿ ldn]/ 7"N7"nf 3gn] k'm6fO/x]sf lyP . s] eTsfO/x]sf] xf]nf egL sf}t'xnjz kvf{n r9L leq x]g{ hf―bf s]z/dxnsf] /f0ffsfnLg ejgsf 5tdf a'hf{x¿ eTsfO/fv]sf /x]5g\ . kfsf] O§fsf] w"nf] / r'g ld;fPsf] ah|n] agfPsf] Tof] a'hf{ olt alnof] lyof] ls l5gf] /fvL 3gn] xfGbf klg KNofs—KNofs cfuf]sf lemNsf lg:sGy] . d}n] HofdLx¿nfO{ ;f]w]+, æof] s] ug{ nfu]sf] <Æ pgLx¿n] eg], æoxf― ;6/ agfOb}5 .Æ d t tLg 5Ss k/]+, Tof] cGwf] ljsf;sf] k|of; b]v]/ . To:tf] /fd|f] ejg eTsfP/ k]ml/ csf]{ ;6/ < sxf―af6 cfof] of] ;6/sf] nx/ sf7df8f}+df < s]z/dxnsf] ejg eTsfpg] sfd /f]Sg d}n] t'?Gt} tTsfnLg ko{6g 74

75 ;lrj bLk]Gb|k'?if 9sfn / lzIff dGqL ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L= nfO{ kmf]g u/]+ / s]z/dxnleqsf] pk]lIft au}+rfnfO{ e|d0f jif{ au}+rf (VNY Garden) sf] ¿kdf e|d0f jif{sf] ;dod} agfpg cfu|x u/]+ . Tolt /fd|f] au}+rfnfO{ kfs{sf] ¿kdf vf]Ng;s]sf] eP cfly{s pkfh{g;d]t u/L au}+rf dfq xf]Og, /fi6«sf] dxTjk"0f{ s]z/ k':tsfnonfO{ ;d]t Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsGYof] . ch'{g g/l;+x s]=;L= n] s'/f a' lemxfn] . ch'{gg/l;+xsf] ToxL s'/f /fd|f] nfU5 dnfO{, pgL h'g;'s} s'/f klg rf―8} a'¤5g\ . t'?Gt} ejg eTsfpg] sfo{ /f]lsof] . kl5 Tof] au}+rfnfO{ s]z/zDz]/sf] kfnfdf h;/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof], ToxL :j¿kdf ;+/If0f u/L ;fj{hlgs au}+rfsf] ¿kdf vf]Ng] lg0f{o eof] . :jKg au}+rfsf] rf/ v08sf] klZrdlt/sf] b'O{ v08 t klxn] g} a]lr;s]sf /x]5g\ . k"j{kl§sf] efudfq af―sL /x]5 . To;nfO{ Joj:yfkg u/]/ rnfpg ;lsof] eg] Toxf―af6 cfPsf] cfDbfgLn] pk]lIft eO/fv]sf] P]ltxfl;s s]z/ k':tsfnonfO{ klg oyf]lrt ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsGYof] . :jKg au}+rfnfO{ oyfl:yltdf ;+/If0f ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/l;t k};f gePsf] x'―bf klxn] 8]lg8fdf sfd ug]{ d]/f Pshgf ;fyL dfOsn e]lG8¨l;t s'/f u/]+ . t/, To;a]nf 8]lg8fn] e|d0f jif{ !((* tfsf ;kmf 6]Dkf]df ;xof]u ul//fv]sf] x'―bf :jKg au}+rf kl/of]hgfaf/] Tolt rf;f] lbPg . kl5 kf6g Do"lhod lgdf{0f ug]{ cli6«ofsf ;+/If0fljb\ xf―u d'n/nfO{ cg'/f]w u/]+ / pxf―sf] ;xof]uaf6 …Osf]—lxdfnÚ dfk{mt cli6«og ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf :jKg au}+rfsf] k'glg{df{0f ul/of] . ;sf/fTds ;f]r /fVg] zfob d]/f] afgL g} alg;s]sf] 5 . hxf― uP klg cfºgf] nflu dfq xf]Og, c¿sf nflu klg oxL b[li6sf]0fsf] pkof]u ug{ dg nfU5 . d s'g} xf]6]ndf a:g uP―eg] jf /]i6'/]G6df vfg uP―eg] klg Toxf― s] u/] /fd|f] xf]nf eGg] ;f]r d]/f] dgdf pld|xfN5 . ;fgf]ltgf] kl/jt{g ugf{;fy Tof] 7fp―sf] :j¿k g} /fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5 eg] dnfO{ t'?Gt} ;'emfa / ;Nnfx lbg dg nfluxfN5 . sltrf]l6 cfk"m a;]sf] xf]6]ndf Toxf―sf] Dofg]h/ af]nfP/ ;'emfa k]z u/]sf] 5' . Pstfsf d uf]jfsf] Pp6f ;fgf] …k]Oª u]i6Ú df 5—;ft lbg a:g uPsf] lyP― . 7fp― /fd|f] lyof], ;d'b| cufl8 7"N7"nf a/08f ePsf] k'/fgf] vfnsf] / cfsif{s kf]r'{luh z}nLsf] ejg . xf]6]n dflnssf] gfd lyof] g/]g 8f];f . ;ft lbgleq pQm u]i6xfp;sf sf]7fx¿sf] 7fp―—7fp―df vf6, 6]jn / b/fhx¿ ;fg{ nufP― . Toltdfq ubf{ klg sf]7fx¿ 7"nf / /fd|f b]lvP . Tof] kl/jt{g b]v]/ g/]g 8f];fn] d]/f] ;'emfjdf ef=?= PsnfveGbf a9L vr{ u/]/ gof― kbf{, tGgf / cGo ;fgf—ltgf kmlg{r/x¿ k]m/]+ . s;}sf] lxtsf nflu sfd ubf{ To:fsf] k|ltkmn /fd|f] eof] eg] c;fWo} /dfOnf] x'―bf]/x]5 . cfO{=P:;L= k9\bf /fdk|;fb k|hfklt d]/f cToGt ldNg] ;fyL lyP . pgL eQmk'/sf] Pp6f 7"nf] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df a:by] . krf;—;f7L hgfsf] kl/jf/ . eft vfg] a]nfdf s;n] vfof], s;n] vfPg egL 5'6\ofpg 6Lsf nufpg' kg]{ /] . /fdk|;fb cln ;f]lvg ljBfyL{ ePsfn] xfdLl;t cfO{=P:;L= kf; ug{ ;s]gg\ . w]/} k9\g g;s]klg pgL ;[hgzLn / d]xgtL lyP . k9fO 5f]8\gf;fy eQmk'/df ;a}eGbf klxn] Pp6f k]6«f]n kDk /fv] . To;kl5 ;Nnf3f/Ldf s'v'/fkfngsf] Joj;fo u/] . kl5 d]/f] xf]6]n /fd|f] ;+rfng ePsf] b]v]/ /fdk|;fbn] klg s'v'/f kfng Joj;fo 5f]8]/ ;Nnf3f/Ld} Pp6f ;fgf] nh vf]Ng] OR5f u/] . pgsf] k|:tfj dnfO{ /fd|f] nfUof] / d cfk}+m pgsf] s'v'/f kfNg] 3/nfO{ nhdf kl/0ft ug]{ sfddf d2t ug{ uP― . d]/} ;'emfjdf pgn] nhsf] gfd /fv], eQmk'/ u]i6xfp; . /fdk|;fb d]/f] ;'emfj cg';f/ ;w}+ xf―;L—xf―;L sfd ug]{ x'―bf dnfO{ pgsf] xf]6]n klg cfºg} h:tf] nfUYof] . eQmk'/ u]i6xfp; /fd|/L ;+rfng xf];\ eGg] Wo]on] d cfºg} u|fxsx¿ klg pgLsxf― k7fp―y] . clxn] /fdk|;fbn] ;"o{ ljgfosglhs} r'Gb]jL 75

76 8f―8fdf eQmk'/ u]i6xfp;s} gfdn] klxn]sf] eGbf 7"nf] xf]6]n rnfPsf 5g\ . ha pgsf] xf]6]ndf hfG5' / pgsf] k|ult b]V5', dg ub\ub\ eP/ cfp―5 . dnfO{ ;fyL agfpg w]/} ;do nfU5 t/ Psrf]l6 dg ldNof] eg] d pgLx¿sf nflu x'?Ss} x'G5' . dflg;sf] hLjgdf Pp6f cToGt ldNg] ;fyLsf] cfjZostf x'G5 eGg] s'/f d}n] z+s/ xf]6]nsf dflns /fdz+s/ >]i7 / k|l;4 pBdL g/l;+xaxfb'/ >]i7 l;t l;s]+ . h'ga]nf d]/L >LdtLnfO{ a}+sssf] ;ldlte]h c:ktfndf pkrf/fy{ /flvPsf] lyof], /fdz+s/ bfO g/l;+x axfb'/ bfO;―u :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug{ ToxL+ k'Ug'ePsf] lyof] . /fdz+s/ bfOsf] :jf:Yol:yltdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]g . cfºgf] ;a} sfd 5f]8]/ bz—kGw| lbg;Dd g/l;+x bfO cfºgf] ;fyLl;t} c:ktfnd} a:g'eof] . c:ktfndf pxf―n] /fdz+s/ bfOnfO{ olt :ofxf/—;';f/ ug'{eof] ls d t 5Ss} k/]+ . pxf―x¿ b'a} hgfnfO{ c;fWo} Vofn7§f ug'{ kg]{ . pxf―x¿sf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 cfgGb cfpYof] . dflg;n] ;Dk"0f{ ;'vb'Mvsf s'/fx¿ ;w}+ cfºgL >LdtL, 5f]/f5f]/Ll;t ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To:tf] a]nf Pp6f cToGt ldNg] ;fyL rflx+bf] /x]5 . cGt/fTdfl;t ldNg] ;fyL kfpg' klg efUosf] s'/f xf] . /fdz+s/ / g/l;+xaxfb'/ bfOsf] bf]:tL b]v]kl5 dnfO{ klg Pshgf To:t} ;fyL kfpg] /x/ eof] . /x/ dfq xf]Og, O{iof{ g} nfUof] t/ eGgf;fy sxf― kfpg] To:tf] cleGg ldq † x'g t cleGg ldq aGg / agfpgsf nflu dl;t efjgf / cfTdLotf gePsf] xf]Og . ha d]/f ;fyLx¿ dsxf― cfO{ cfºgf] b'Mv kf]v]/ hfG5g\, pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofn] dnfO{ kl5;Dd lk/f]ln/xG5 . To:t} eof] Pslbg, ha 5 sIffb]lv d;―u} k9\g] /fh]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7n] cfºgf ;d:ofx¿ dnfO{ ;'gfP― . /fh]Gb| / d ;―u} k9\Yof}+ . pgL w]/} k9\g], d sd k9\g] . @)!# ;fndf xfdLn] k|j]lzsf (SLC) hf―r lb+bf /fh]Gb| d]/f] 3/df cfp―y] / ;―u} k'tnL;8sl:yt kßf]bo :s"nsf] k/LIff s]Gb|df hf―r lbg hfGYof}+ . tLg—rf/ k]k/ t d}n] /fd|} u/]+ t/ ;―:s[tsf] hf―r vQd} eP5 . kGw| gDa/sf] kf; dfs{df d}n] kGw|} gDa/sf] k|Zgsf] dfq pQ/ lbP5' . kf; x'g] t ;jfn} ePg . ef]lnkN6 d}n] af―sL hf―r glbg] lgwf] u/]+ . ;w}+e}+m /fh]Gb| hf―r lbg hfg dnfO{ af]nfpg d]/f] 3/ cfP . d}n] pgnfO{ hf―r glbg] ljrf/ ;'gfP― t/ /fh]Gb|n] dfg]gg\ . hah{:tL dnfO{ hf―rdf nu] . pgn] eg], ækm]n g} e} xfNof}+ eg] klg sd;]sd hf―rsf] cg'ej t x'G5 .Æ s'/f 7Ls} lyof] / ;fyLsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ ;a} hf―r lbP― . d kf; x'―nf eg]/ ljrf/} u/]sf] lyOg, t/ t];|f] >]0fLdf kf; eP5' . ;―:s[t hf―Rg] lzIfsn] cjZo klg dnfO{ dfof u/]/ …u|]; dfs{Ú lbP xf]nfg\ . Tof] 36gfb]lv /fh]Gb|sf] u'0f ddf ;w}+ /x\of] / pgLk|lt ;w}+ cfef/L /x+] . P;=Pn=;L= kl5 xfdL cnu–cnu ljifodf k9\g uof}+ . pgL s[lif lj1fg k9\g cnfxfjfb uP, d g]kfnd} cfO{=P:;L=, aL=P:;L= u/]/ b]x/fb"gdf jglj1fg k9\g uP― . jL;—kRrL; jif{;Dd xfd|f] e]6 ePg . cWoogkZrft\ pgL lj/f6gu/df a;]/ h'6ldndf sfd ub}{ /fhgLltdf ;lqmo /x] t/ /fhgLltdf pgn] ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;s]g5g\ . oBlk pgdf af}l4s Ifdtfsf] ;fy;fy} jfs\zlQm / n]vgsnf klg lyof] . /fhgLltdf rflxg] ;a} u'0f pgdf lyP t/ s;/L ;kmn ePgg\, dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . @)$* ;fnsf] xf/fxf/Ldf pgL Pslbg dsxf― cfOk'u] . pgn] /fhgLlt 5f]8\g] c7f]6 u/]5g\ . pgn] d;―u s'g} pBf]u ug]{ jf sxL+ /fd|f] 7fp―df hfuL/ vfg] OR5f k|s6 u/] . /fh]Gb| cfºgf] dgsf] jx kf]v]/ lj/f6gu/ kmls{P t/ d]/f] dg pgnfO{ s;/L d2t ug{ ;lsG5, s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGb} 56\k6fpg yfNof] . d}n] pgnfO{ xf]6]ndf hfuL/ v'jfpg] ljrf/;d]t u/]+ . t/ To;f] ubf{ d}n] pgnfO{ x]k+] eGnfg\ eg]/ pgnfO{ eGg] cf―6} cfPg . d]/f] dgdf cs:dft\ Pp6f ljrf/ cfof] . To;a]nf g]kfndf ev{/– ev{/ cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;'¿ ePsf] lyof] . xf]6]ndf afx]s aflx/ 76

77 cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknJw lyPg . ko{6sx¿n] lqk'/]Zj/sf] 6]lnkmf]g PS:r]~h sfpG6/df 6]lnkmf]g ug{ hfg'kYof]{ . d]/f] lbdfudf ck/em6 cfOxfNof] olb 7d]ndf xfdLn] o:tf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lbg ;Sof}+ eg] ;a} ko{6sx¿ kmf]g ug{ xfdLsxf― cfpg]5g\ . To;a]nf kmf]gdf gfkmf klg k|z:t lyof], em08} krxQ/ k|ltzt . tLgldg]6 s'/fubf{ Ps;ob]lv 8]9;o ¿k}of―;Dd ltg'{kYof]{ eg] ko{6saf6 em08} b'O{ c9fO{ ;o lnOGYof] . ha dnfO{ nfUof] of] ;fgf] Jofkf/n] d]/f] ;fyLnfO{ 7"nf] d2t k'¥ofp―5, d ;xof]u ug{ cft'/ e}xfn]+ . d]/f] Pp6f afgL 5, d]/f] dgdf s'g} /fd|f] s'/f …SnLs\Ú eof] eg] of]hgf agfOxfN5', kv{g} ;lSbg― . dWo/ftd} ;"o{ pbfpg' kg]{ . ToxL /flt /fh]Gb|nfO{ lj/f6gu/df kmf]g u/]+ / ef]ln h;/L klg sf7df8f}+ cfOxfn eg]+ . d}n] t k;nsf] gfd klg ;f]lr;s]sf] lyP― . gfd lyof] ;:tf] kmf]g ;]jf (Economic Telephone) . 5f]6s/Ldf pkgfd, …Osf]—6]nÚ. k;nsf] nflu nufgL klg lx;fa ul/;s]sf] lyP― . b'Oj6f 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lsGbf ?= rfnL; xhf/, Pp6f ºofS; d]l;gsf] ?= ;f7L xhf/, kmlg{r/sf nflu krf; xhf/, kmf]6f]skL d]lzgnfO{ krf; ;f7L xhf/, kf]i6 clkm;af6 :6\ofDk xfGg] d]lzg bz—kGw| xhf/, 6]n]S; d]lzg kGw| aL; xhf/ u/]/ cGbfhL ?= tLg nfv hlt x'g cfp―Yof] k|:tfljt nufgL . /fh]Gb| ef]lnkN6 cfOxfn] klg . d}n] pgnfO{ Jofkf/df slt k};f nufgL ug{ ;S5f}+ egL ;f]w]+ . …s]sf nflu xf], eg gÚ eGb} lyP . klxn] d}n] xf―;]/ eg]+, æltdL slt nufgL ug{ ;S5f}+ <Æ pgn] æbz—aL; xhf/ nufpg ;S5' xf]nfÆ eg] . d}n] eg]+, æx] d'nf † bz—aL; xhf/df t clxn] e6df; k;n klg vf]Ng ;lsb}g .Æ d}n] pgnfO{ ;a} of]hgf ;'gfP― . lhGbuLe/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf nfu]sf] x'―bf /fh]Gb|nfO{ Jofkf/df ljZjf;} lyPg . cflv/ pgn] ?= krf; xhf/;Dd nufgL ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . /fh]Gb| h:t} csf{ d]/f] Pshgf ;fyL rGb|eQm dfgGw/ klg lyP, h;nfO{ d clt g} cfb/ / ;Ddfg uy]{+ . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] hfuL/ vf―bfvf―b} s'lGg lsg xf] pgn] /fhLgfdf lbPsf lyP . cToGt eb|enfb\dL, efj's / d]xgtL lyP pgL . pgnfO{ klg d}n] o; Jofkf/df ;xefuL u/fpg vf]h]+ . kmf]g ugf{;fy pgL cToGt v';L eP, dl;t sfd ug{sf nflu 3/hUuf a]Rg;Dd klg tof/ lyP pgL . b'a} ;fyLsf] kRrL;—kRrL; k|ltzt / af―sL ;a} d}n] g} nufgL u/]+ . 7d]nd} Pp6f 3/sf] bf];|f] tnfdf 5 xhf/ dfl;s axfn lt/]/ Osf]6]nsf] gfdn] k;n vf]lnof] . k;n agfp―bf d Ps dlxgf;Dd l;sdL{x¿l;t a;]/ ToxL+ lrof vfGy], ToxL dMd lsGg nufO{ vfP/ sfd uy]{+ . d]/f] xf]6]ndf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L 5Ss ky]{ . pgLx¿ ;f]Ry] xf]nfg\ lsg Tof] ;fgf] k;n vf]Ng'kg]{ † km]l/ ToxL― a;]/ lsg sfd ug'{kg]{, c¿ s;}nfO{ sfddf nufP klg t x'GYof] lg † dnfO{ ha s'g} sfd ubf{ /dfOnf] nfU5, Tof] 7"nf] of ;fgf] h] h:tf] eP klg k|ToIf ;+nUg x'G5' . jf:tjdf d Toxf― sfd ul//x]sf] lyOg―, /dfOnf] ul//x]sf] lyP― . Osf]6]n v'n]kl5 d]/f] xf]6]nleqsf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfDbfgL 36\5 eGg] klg dnfO{ yfxf lyof] . t/ d]/f b'O{hgf ;fyLl;t ;―u} sfd ug{ kfpg' d]/f] nflu w]/} v';Lsf] s'/f lyof] . klxn] t dnfO{ 8/ klg nfu]sf] lyof], pgLx¿sf] k};f t nufgL ul/lbP―, rn]g eg] s] ug]{ eg]/ . d]/f] nufgLsf] dnfO{ Tolt lrGtf lyPg t/ dnfO{ 8/ lyof] pgLx¿sf] nufgL 8'Jnf ls eGg] . k;n yfk]sf] b'Olbg;Dd t Jofkf/} ePg . t];|f] lbgb]lv u|fxsx¿ cfpg yfn] . tLg dlxgfleqdf Jofkf/ olt /fd|f] eof] ls ;a} nufgL g} p7\of] . bz dlxgf;Dd Psbd /fd|f] cfDbfgL eof] . xfdL ;a} v';L x'g' :jfefljs} lyof] . x/]s ;f―em d cfºgf] xf]6]n 5f]8L Tof] ;fgf] clkm;df ;fyLl;t ldn]/ 77

78 lrof vf―b} lbg k|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] cfDbfgLsf] lx;fa u/]/ /dfOnf] uy]{+ . t/ dnfO{ z+sf lyof] lbg b'u'gf /ft rf}u'gf eg]e+}m o:tf] Jofkf/ w]/} lbg;Dd l6Sg g;Snf ls eg]/ † s;} g s;}n] xfd|f] ;kmntf lgofln/fv]sf] xf]nf . olb xfdLn] t'¿Gt} c¿ 7fp―x¿df yk o:t} ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ vf]n]gf}+ eg] k|ltkwf{df af―Rg uf¥xf] x'G5 eGg] dnfO{ nflu;s]sf] lyof] . To;a]nf xfdL bf];|f] tnfdf lyof}+ . ca /fd|f] 7fp―df Osf]6]nsf c¿ zfvfx¿ vf]Ng'k¥of] eg]/ d af/Daf/ ;fyLx¿nfO{ eGg] uy{]+ . pgLx¿ t k;n rn]sf]df b¨ lyP . o;nfO{ c¿ ljsl;t ub}{ n}hfg] k|of;} ePg . cflv/ z+sf u/]h:t} Pp6f—b'O6f kmf6k'm6 ubf{ub}{ 7d]ndf bh{gf}+ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k;nx¿ v'n] . klxn] krxQ/ k|ltzt gfkmfdf ;]jf k|bfg uYof}{+ t/ kl5 gfkmfsf] k|ltzt 36\bf–36\bf rf/ kf―r k|ltzt;Dd emb}{ uof] . cflv/ k;n} aGb ug'{k¥of] . k;nn] sdfPsf] k};f t clncln af―sL g} lyof] . k};f af―8]/ lng'eGbf s'g} Ps csf]{ wGbfdf nufpg vf]h]+ . t/ s]df < /fh]Gb| /fhgLltdf nfu]sf], /fd|f] af]Ng ;Sg] / /fd|f] n]Vg;Sg] ePsf] x'―bf ;fKtflxs klqsf lgsfNg] xf] ls eGg] dgdf cfof] . cfk"mnfO{ klg kqsfl/tfdf cln ;f]v ePsf] x'―bf cln u}/ /fhgLlts kf/fn] ljsf;d'vL klqsf ;'¿ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . xfdLn] :juL{o uf]kfnbf; >]i7, dNn s] ;'Gb/, Zofd s]=;L= / /Tgdfg zfSonfO{ ;+nUg u/L kIf–ljkIf k|sfzg k|f=ln= sDkgL btf{ u¥of}+ / …k|hftGqÚ gfdsf] klqsf k|sflzt u¥of}{+ . klqsfsf] d'Vo nIo s'g}klg kf6L{l;t ;+nUg gx'g] / ljjfbf:kb ljifoj:t'nfO{ …pQ/ / blIf0fÚ af6 ;dfnf]rgf ug{ kß/Tg t'nfw/ / ch'{g g/l;+x s]=;L= nfO{ lgDTofof}+ . klqsfsf] ;f7L k|ltzt ljifoj:t' /fhgLlt /fVg], rfnL; k|ltzt ;+/If0f / cGo ;d;fdlos ljifox¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] lg0f{o eof] . lul/hfsf] h'Qf x/fof], dfwj g]kfnsf] rZdf k'mTSof] cflb—OToflb jfOoft /fhgLlts xf]xNnf / d;nf k|:t't ug'{sf] ;f6f] s'gs'g pBdLn] s]—s] pBf]u u/] / sf] g]kfnL sxf―sxf― s] ub}{5g\ h:tf ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf s'/fx¿ k|:t't ug{ xfdLn] vf]Hof}+ . To;df g]kfnsf sd{of]uLx¿sf] rrf{ 5flkGYof] . s'g g]kfnLsf 5f]/fx¿n] ljb]zdf uP/ 7"nf–7"nf sfd ul//fv]sf 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lbg …ljb]zsf] rf}v6af6Ú eGg] :tDe /fVof}+ . rf/—kf―r jif{;Dd t k|hftGq klqsf /fd|} rNof] . u|fxs klg Psbd a9]sf lyP . t/ ;g;gLk"0f{ va/sf] sdLn] ubf{ To;nfO{ lg/Gt/ rnfpg ;lsPg . ;fKtflxs klqsfnfO{ ha;Dd k'm6kfyaf6 a]Rg ;ls+b}g, ta;Dd grNg] /x]5 . klqsf aGb x'―bf dnfO{ g/dfOnf] nfu]sf] lyof] . slxn]sfxL+ xf]6]ndf ylst eO{ ps';—d's'; x'―bf k|hftGqsf] clkm;df uO{ ljleGg vfn] JolQm;―u s'/fsfgL ug]{ df}sf kfp―y]+ . sf]xL—sf]xL x]bf{ n'/] nfd|] h:tf nfUg] t/ la:tf/} cfºgf] jf}l4stf bzf{pg yfn] eg] crDd} vfnsf † t/ sf]xL 7"nf g]tf / a'l4hLjL eGg]x¿, hf];―u ;txL 1fgafx]s c¿ s]xL gx'g] /x]5 . cfdhgtfdf pgLx¿sf] k|ltlaDa cs}{ ePklg jf}l4s:t/df eg] vf]qmf] / sd{If]qdf cx+ afx]s s]xL e]l6Pg . …k|hftGqÚ klqsfdf sfd ubf{ub}{ d}n] o:tf—o:tf g]tf egfp―bf JolQmx¿ klg lrg]+, h;n] of] vfN8f]sf] Ogf/eGbf aflx/sf] ;+;f/ slxNo} b]v]s} lyPgg\ . t/ cj;/ kfof] ls df}sf 5f]lkxfNg] . sf]xL k|;f/—k|rf/sf ef]sf . kmnfgf k|wfgdGqLl;t o:tf] eof], kmnfgfl;t o:tf] s'/f u/]+ eGb} Wjf―; lbP/ e"m6sf] v]tL ub}{ lx+8\g] g]tfx¿l;t klg ;Dks{ eof] . x'g t klqsf cfly{s b[li6n] ;kmn x'g ;s]g t/ o;sf] ;}4flGts dd{nfO{ sfod /fVg eg] ;Ifd eof] . jl/i7 blIf0fkGyL kqsf/ :juL{o uf]kfnbf; >]i7, pQ/kGyL kqsf/ dNn s] ;'Gb/ clg Zofd s]=;L= h:tf jl/i7 kqsf/x¿l;t tLg—rf/ jif{ sfd ug{ kfp―bf d}n] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs kl/l:yltnfO{ glhs}af6 lrGg] / hfGg] df}sf kfP― . Tof] ;do d]/f] lhGbuLsf] Pp6f kmnbfoL / pkof]uL sfnv08 78

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cfzf / lg/fzfsf] lkª df ha d e'mln/x]+ ælhGbuLsf] psfnf] nfUg] a]nf slxn]sfxL+ dflg;nfO{ ysfO{ nfU5, rf}tf/Ldf a;]/ ;'dw'/ uLt ;'Gg dg nfU5, ;ËLtsf] w'gdf u'gu'gfpg dg nfU5 clg cf―vf lrlDnP/ ;kgfsf] ;+;f/df x/fpg dgnfU5, of] ck|fs[lts xf]Og . ck|fs[lts t jf:tljstfnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ g;s]/ efUg vf]Hg' xf] . jf:tljs lhGbuL of] klg xf]Og ls cfºgf] st{Jo / nIonfO{ la;]{/ rf}tf/Ld} a;]/ ;kgf b]Vg] / cfºgf] st{Joaf6 knfog x'g] . lhGbuL cufl8 a9\gsf lglDt xf] . lhGbuLsf] csf]{ jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] xfdL ;w}+ psfnf] dfq nflu/xGgf}+ . Pslbg cf]/fnf] nfUg} k5{ / cfºgf] clGtd nIodf k'Ug}k5{ . cf]/fnf] emg'{cl3 psfnf] nfu]sf] a]nf lat]sf d"Nojfg\ kn / If0fx¿nfO{ la;{g'kg]{ s'g} cfjZostf 5}g . o;/L la;{g vf]Hg' d"v{tf xf] t/ ctLtsf If0fx¿nfO{ nf}/f] agfP/ lhGbuL u'hfg{ vf]Hg' dxfd"v{tf xf] . lqmofzLn dflg;sf] lhGbuL lgd{n cfsfz h:tf] x'G5, x]bf{ Toxf― s]xL b]lvb}g t/ cb[Zo jfo'd08ndf ;Kt/ªx¿ n'ls/fv]sf x'G5g\, ha pgLx¿sf] dgdf em/L / jiff{ x'G5, plgx¿sf] d'vf/laGb'df tL /ªx¿ OGb|wg'ifsf ¿kdf k|s6 x'G5g\ .Æ dflg;sf] hLjgofqfdf ptf/—r9fjsf cg]s cf―wLa]/Lx¿ lg/Gt/ cfO/xG5g\ . ;f]¥x jif{sf] slnn} pd]/df d]/f] ljjfx ePsf] lyof] . ljjfx x'―bf cfºgL >LdtL s:tL xf]nL— /fd|L xf]nL ls g/fd|L eGg] lrGtfeGbf klg afa'n] b'O{ hf]/ gof― ;'6, eg]h:tf c¿ n'ufkmf6f / dgk/]sf] h'Qf lslglbPsf]df v'a /dfPsf] lyP― . ljjfxkl5 cfk"m k9\gd} Jo:t eOof], pRr lzIffsf nflu ljb]z uOof] t/ >LdtL rflx+ cfdfsf] dgkg]{ sfG5L a'xf/L ePsfn] 3/ u[x:yLdf ;3fp―lyg\ . cfdf;―u} a;]/ pgL a9L wfld{s klg eO5g\ . To;a]nf xfd|f] kl/jf/df sd pd]/df g} ljjfx u/fOlbg] rng lyof] . t/ >LdtLl;t v'n]cfd k|]dfnfk ug{ rflx+ c;fWo} uf¥xf] . cfºgL >LdtLl;t lkmNd x]g{ hfgnfO{ klg dfOtL k7fP/ æn of] a]nf kmnfgf xndf cfOk'Ug"Æ eg]/ Pslsl;dn] efuL—efuL l;g]df x]g{ hfg'kYof]{ . lbgel/ sn]h hfg], ;f―em Go"/f]8 3'Dg] clg >LdtLl;t Vofn7§f ug{ ;do g} gx'g] . ha dflg;sf] slnnf] pd]/d} ljjfx x'G5, pgLx¿ aLr k|]dsf] xf] jf dfofsf] aGwg — s]n] af―w]sf] x'G5 eGg} uf¥xf] . t/ k/Dk/fut j}lbs ;+:sf/df clUgnfO{ ;fIfL /fvL Psrf]l6 ljjfx aGwgdf af―lwPkl5 k|]d xf];\ jf dfof, o;sf] s'g} dtna /x―b}g . Pp6f cToGt ulx/f], e/kbf]{ / cb[Zo st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L – af]wn] pgLx¿nfO{ af―w]sf] x'G5 . ;fg} pd]/df af―lwPsf] ljjfx—aGwgn] d]/f] d'6'leqsf] Zj]tkqdf Ps lsl;dsf] slxNo} gd]l6g] st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lsf] 6f―rf nufPsf] lyof] . t/ d]/f] ;lqmo hLjgsf] r~rn] dg cfsfzdf d8fl/O/x]sf] afbnh:t} 3l/ otf p8\Yof], 3l/ ptf . dg / dl:tisleq cg]s /¨Lla/¨L ;kgfx¿ ;nanfO/x]sf lyP . ;dosf] wf/;―u} d g]kfnL dg af]s]/ ;+;f/sf ljleGg au}+rfx¿df k'tnL h:t} p8\g yfn]+ . sd{sf] vf]hLdf cg]s dd{:kzL{ cg'ej ub}{ hLjgsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ rxfg{ yfn]+ . lhGbuLsf] ofqfdf slxn]sfxL+ x[boleq ;kgf / ljkgfsf Hjf/ef6fn] lvrftfgL ul//fv]sf x'G5g\ . dgdf p7]sf lghL :jfy{sf s'/f dfgf}+ jf x[boleq n'ls/fv]sf st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lsf s'/f ;'gf}+ . a8f] uf¥xf] 5 5ftL / dl:tissf] cGtå{GånfO{ ;DxfNg . d]/f] hLjgsf] lnlvt syfdf y'k|}—y'k}| clnlvt Pj+ cK7\of/f kfgfx¿ 5g\ . ;a}sf] AofVof ug{ d ;lSbg― . x'g t tL ;a} clnlvt kfgfx¿, 79

80 z'e]R5f, dfof, k|]d / ldqtfsf] d;Ln] sf]l/Psf 5g\ lagfzJbdf . cGTo s] x'G5 eg]/ yfxf kfP/} ;'¿ ul/Psf] x'―bf tL clnlvt knx¿ dfld{s eP/ klg Ps lsl;dn] ;'vfGtd} kl/0ft ePsf lyP . d]/f] ljZjf;sf] hns'08df hlt;'s} t/¨x¿ cfP uPklg, To; tfnsf ulx/fO{ / lsgf/f ;w}+ h:tfsf] t:t} /x] . dgsf] tfndf pn]{sf tL 5fnx¿ 9'¨f ºof―s]/ p7]sf xf]Ogg\, lhGbuLdf d}n] clxn];Dd wg ºof―s]/ dgsf] tfndf s[lqd 5fnx¿ slxn] klg NofOg― . j:t'tM k|s[ltsf] emf]Ssfaf6 l;h{gf ePsf x'g\ tL 5fnx¿ . ;do;fk]If kl/jlt{t :jefjsf tL ¿kf}nf / ;'gf}nf 5fnx¿ TolQ g} ;To 5g\ hlt ;To 5g\ …x\o'dg lkmln¨Ú . dg'iosf] cGtM:s/0fsf] ;+hfn clt h]lnPsf] / ;fªnL k/]sf] 5 dfs'/fsf] hfnf]h:tf] . To:t} 5 d]/f] lhGbuL, ldng / la5f]8, dfof / Tofun] lk/f]lnPsf] . s'jfsf] Eofu'tf] eP/ af―Rg / dg{ ;lhnf] 5 t/ ;+;f/sf] jf:tljstf;―u va/ ln+b} kl/jt{gzLn lhGbuL latfpg ;lhnf] 5}g . ;s];Dd To:tf h~hfndf km:b} gkm:g', km:g] g} xf] eg] ta km:g' ha To; rqmJo"xaf6 lg:sg] tfut x'G5 . oyfy{df dfgjLo ljljw kIf;―u ;DaGw uf―:b} lhGbuLsf d"No / dfGotfnfO{ a'¤g] xf] eg], efjgfTds ;~hfndf n'ls/fv]sf cb[Zo kn / cg'ejx¿n] w]/} l;sfp―5g\ . To:tf clnlvt / cb[Zo knx¿ ;To eP/ klg c;To x'G5g\ / c;To eP/ klg ;To . t/ d efUodfgL 5' lsgls Tof] dfofsf] rqmJo"xnfO{ d}n] tf]8\g ;s]+ . lhGbuLsf] psfnf] nfUg] a]nf slxn]sfxL+ dflg;nfO{ ysfO{ nfU5, rf}tf/Ldf a;]/ ;'dw'/ uLt ;'Gg dg nfU5, ;+uLtsf] w'gdf u'gu'gfpg dg nfU5 clg cf―vf lrlDnP/ ;kgfsf] ;+;f/df x/fpg dgnfU5, of] ck|fs[lts xf]Og . ck|fs[lts t dfgjLo kIfsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ g;s]/ efUg vf]Hg' xf] . jf:tljs lhGbuL of] klg xf]Og ls cfºgf] st{Jo / nIonfO{ la;]{/ rf}tf/Ld} a;]/ ;kgf b]Vg] / cfºgf] st{Joaf6 knfog x'g] . lhGbuL cufl8 a9\gsf lglDt xf] . lhGbuLsf] jf:tljstf s] klg xf] eg] xfdL ;w}+ psfnf] dfq nflu/xGgf}+ . Pslbg cf]/fnf] nfUg}k5{ / cfºgf] clGtd nIodf k'Ug}k5{ . cf]/fnf] emg'{cl3 psfnf] nfu]sf] a]nf lat]sf d"Nojfg\ kn / If0fx¿nfO{ la;{g' kg]{ s'g} cfjZostf 5}g . o;/L la;{g vf]Hg' d"v{tf xf] t/ ctLtsf tL If0fx¿nfO{ nf}/f] agfP/ lhGbuL u'hfg{ vf]Hg' dxfd"v{tf xf] . lqmofzLn dflg;sf] lhGbuL lgd{n cfsfz h:tf] x'G5, x]bf{ Toxf― s]xL b]lvb}g t/ cb[Zo jfo'd08ndf ;Kt/ªx¿ n'ls/fv]sf x'G5g\, ha pgLx¿sf] dgdf em/L / jiff{ x'G5, pgLx¿sf] d'vf/laGb'df tL /ªx¿ OGb|wg'ifsf] ¿kdf k|s6 x'G5g\ . slxn]sfxL+ d lhGbuLsf] OGb|wg'ifnfO{ cWoog ug{ vf]H5', dgdf p7]sf Hjf/ef6fnfO{ d"NofÍg ug{ vf]H5' t/ d cfk"m—cfk}+mnfO{ lrGg ;lSbg . slxn]sfxL+ d cfk"mnfO{ anjfg\ eG7fG5' t slxn] clt lga{n . slxn]sfxL+ d bfz{lgs aGg k'U5' t slxn] aRrf h:tf] r~rn . d]/f] lhGbuLdf cg]s efjljx\jn If0fx¿ cfP / uP . dgn] eG5 Pp6f s'/f, lbdfun] eG5 cs}{ . Pstfsf dg / dl:tissf] åGå d]/f] lhGbuLdf olt nfdf] ;do;Dd rln/x\of] ls d}n] s'g} lg0f{o lng} ;lsg― . lhGbuLsf] lkª slxn] otf slxn] ptf em'ln/x]sf] lyof] . ToxL qmddf d}n] Pp6f ddf{xt 36gfsf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] . cf―wLa]/L cfpbf aQL lge]kl5 cGwsf/ dWo/ftdf cs:dft\ lah'nL rDs]/ 8/nfUbf] u8\u8fx6sf] cfjfh cfp―bf cflQPh:tf] . slxNo} u'gf;f] gkf]Vg] d]/L >LdtL ;fg'5f]/Ln] Pslbg lk;fk kf]n]sf] / lk;fk clnslt /ut au]sf] s'/f dnfO{ nfh dfgL—dfgL elgg\ . d}n] 8f= bnLsxf― hrfpg nu]+ . leq sf]7fdf kGw| ldg]6 hlt hf―lr;s]kl5 8fS6/n] d]/f] d'vdf ;Lwf gx]/L …7Ls} 5 zfSohL, clxn]nfO{ of] cf}iflw lbO/fvf}+ t/ tkfO{+nfO{ ;do ldN5 eg] Psrf]l6 ljb]zdf 80

81 hf―Rg nu]klg x'G5Ú elgg\ . d s]xL l5gsf nflu csdSs k/]+ dgdf clnslt 8/klg nfUof] . d}n] >LdtLsf cufl8 s]xL s'/} ul/g . s]xL pkrf/sf s'/f u/]/ d 3/ kms]{+ . pgnfO{ 3/df k'¥ofP/ ToxLlbg d km]l/ lSnlgsdf uP― / 8fS6/nfO{ ;f]w]+, æcflv/ ePsf] s] <Æ 8fS6/n] c;lhnf] kf/fn] dnfO{ elgg\ …s0f{hL, efph"nfO{ SofG;/ eP h:tf] b]lvG5 . d]/f] ljrf/df tkfO{+n] Psrf]l6 lbNnLdf nu]/ hrfpg' knf{ .Ú cfª Ps}rf]l6 l;l/¨ eP/ cfof] . d d]rdf yrSs} a;]+ . plEeO/xg] zlQm g} ePg ddf . d}n] af]Ng] k|of; u/]+ t/ af]nL g} km'6]g . 8fS6/n] dnfO{ Ps lunf; kfgL lbOg\ . kfgL lkpg vf]h]+, lgNg} ;lsg . 8fS6/nfO{ s]xL gegLsg Psl5g kl5 d lgl:sP― . uf8Ldf r9]/ d rqmkysf] rSs/ sfl6/x]+, sfl6/x]+ . uf8L rNb}5, d]/f xftdf :6]l/ª 5 t/ d sxf― k'u]+ / sxf― hf―b}5', yfxf 5}g . >LdtLsf] dlngf] cg'xf/ d]/f cf―vfcufl8 emnemnL cfO/x\of] . uf8L rnfp―bf—rnfp―b} cfºgf] 6fpsf] :6]l/ªdf 7f]Sb} of] s] ePsf] egL cfk"mn] cfk}+mnfO{ sf]:g yfn]+ . dgdl:tissf] h'g cGtå{Gån] dnfO{ jiff}{+b]lv ;tfO/x]sf] lyof], ;fg'5f]/Lsf] ddf{xt JoyfkZrft\ d]/f] dfg;k6naf6 Tof] cGtj]{bgf w"jf― p8] h:t} p8]/ uof] . SofG;/ ePsf] zÍf x'gf;fy d]/L >LdtLsf ;a} u'0fx¿ d]/f] lbdfusf] kbf{df Ps—Ps u/L e'mlNsg yfn] . ;f―Rr} uf}k|f0fL h:tL ;b\u'0fL, wdf{Tdf, s8f b'OzAb af]Ng g;Sg], d';'d';' xf―;]/ 6f/L lbg]— To:tL ;f}Do lyOg\ pgL . slxNo} c¿sf] u'gf;f] gug]{, emu8f gug]{ . slxn]sfxL+ pgsf] o:tf] zfnLg :jefj b]v]/ d lbSs klg x'Gy]+ . nf]Ug]—:jf:gL ePkl5 slxn] emu8f klg ug'{k5{, emu8f ug'{ klg /dfOnf] x'G5 egL d eGy]+ . pgL;―u lat]sf, 36]sf cg]s s'/fx¿ ;Dem―bf—;Dem―b} /ftsf] cf7 aHg yfn]5 . d sxf― hfg] < 3/ s;/L kms{g] < d}n] 3/ cfpg] lxDdt g} ug{ ;lsg― . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ s;/L s] eGg] < ha dfG5]dfly cToGt b'MvbfoL If0f cfp―5 of ah|kft k5{, To;af/]df kl/jf/nfO{ eGg c;fWo} uf¥xf] x'g]/x]5 . ;f/f af]em, ;f/f b'Mv cfk"m PSn} af]Sg tof/ x'―bf]/x]5 dfG5] t/ b'Mvsf] ef/L kl/jf/nfO{ af]sfpg cToGt uf¥xf] x'g]/x]5 . cflv/ 3/ uP― dgdf 9'Ëf /fv]/, d'vdf s[lqd xf―;f] lnP/ . ef]lnkN6 dgsf] Joyf cToGt uf¥xf] lsl;dn] d]/f] bfh'nfO{ eg]+ . 5f]/fx¿ ;fg} lyP, pgLx¿nfO{ eGg] t cf―6} ul/g― . To;a]nf g]kfndf SofG;/ /f]u klxrfg ug]{ s'g} k|ljlw lyPg . ;L6L:Sofg, /]l8of] y]/fkL h:tf s'g}klg ;fwg lyPgg\ g t SofG;/sf] pkrf/ ug]{ ljz]if1 g} lyP . xfdL pkrf/sf] qmddf a}Ís hfg] lgwf]df k'Uof}+ . t/ To;a]nf rflxg]hlt 8n/ k|fKt x'―b}gYof], ls t ANofsdf lsGg'kYof]{, ls t x'08Laf6 . d]/L elthL a'xf/L laGb' zfSonfO{ ;fy lnO{ >LdtL;lxt a}Íssf] ;ldlte]h c:ktfndf k'Uof}+ . c:ktfn Psbd /fd|f] lyof], kf―rtf/] xf]6]nh:tf] . leq k'Ugf;fy, Toxf―sf] jftfj/0f b]v]/ dgdf cf; / ljZjf; hfUof] . c:ktfndf hf―Rg'kg]{ ;a} hrfP― . cGttM /f]u SofG;/ g} xf] eGg] 7x/ eof] . SofG;/n] bf];|f] r/0f kf/ ul/;s]sf] /x]5 . 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ klxn] /]l8of]y]/fkLaf6 ;]sfpg] clg kl5 kf7]3/ lr/kmf/ u/L ºof―Sg] lg0f{o eof] . t/ dnfO{ Pp6} 8/ lyof] d]/L >LdtLn] SofG;/ /f]u nfu]sf] 5 egL yfxf kfplng\ eGg] . d}n] / d]/f] kl/jf/n] pgnfO{ SofG;/ eof] eg]/ slxNo} eg]gf}+ . hlxn] klg ;To n'sfpg] uYof}{+ . 8fS6/x¿nfO{ klg of] s'/f geGgsf lgldQ cg'/f]w uYof}{+ . ha gof― 8fS6/ pgnfO{ x]g{ cfp―y], xtf/—xtf/ klxn] g} SofG;/sf] zAb glgsfNg pgnfO{ cg'/f]w uYof}{+ . >LdtLsf] cufl8 slxNo} klg SofG;/sf] zAb;Dd klg pRrf/0f ug{ lbPgf}+ . t/ d]/f] cg'dfg 5 pgn] cfk"mnfO{ 7"nf] /f]u nfUof] eg]/ yfxf kfO;s]sL lyOg\ . slxn]sfxL+ pgnfO{ o:tf] klg nfu]sf] x'g;S5, æd af―R5' / <Æ . pgn] o;af/] slxn] klg s'/f ul/gg\ . pgnfO{ Pp6} kL/ lyof] dnfO{ b'Mv x'G5 eGg] . To:tf] cK7\of/f] 81

82 38Ldf deGbf d]/L >LdtL g} axfb'/ b]lvOg\ . pgn] cfºgf] b'Mv / kL8f cf―;'sf] ¿kdf slxNo} emfl/gg\ . t/ pgsf] t'ngfdf d sdhf]/ lyP― . ha dnfO{ c;x\o x'GYof], Pp6f axfgf agfP/ ;'g;fg 7fp―df uP/ ¿g yfNy]+ . cf―;'n] d]/f cf―vf /ftf ePkl5 /ftfDo cf―vf b]lVng\ eg]/ d d'v w'g hfGy]+ . ;fg'5f]/Lsf] pkrf/sf nflu a}Ísdf xfdL eG8} 8]9 dlxgf a:g' kg]{ b]lvof] . d cQflnP― lsgeg] a}Íaf6 ;f6]/ NofPsf] k};f / x'08Laf6 NofPsf] 8n/ /f]u klxrfg ubf{ub}{ ;lsOxfNof] . ca 8n/ sxf― ANofsdf lng hfg] < ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/af6 6f9f efiff ga'‰g] Pp6f cGhfg b]zdf slt nfdf] ;do a:g] < g]kfn} hfp―m ls ef/tdf uP/ pkrf/ u/f}+ ls eGg] klg dgdf nfu]sf] lyof] . t/ a'xf/L laGb'n] dnfO{ 7"nf] 9f8\; lbOg\ . cflv/ xfdLn] a}Ísd} pkrf/ ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of}+ . ;fg'5f]/LnfO{ /f]un] emg\—emg\ rfKb} uof] . cfzf / lg/fzfn] d]/f] dgnfO{ l5GgleGg agfof] . slxn] lgsf] xf]nf eGg] cfzf, slxn] arfpg ;lsPnf / eGg] zÍf . b'Mv / si6sf] kvf{n emg\emg\ cUnf] x'―b} uof] . t/ ;docg';f/ dg klg alnof] eP/ hf―bf] /x]5 . xf]Og eg] dflg; s;/L af―Rg ;S5 / † hlthlt b'Mv a9\5, Tolt Tolt dgklg bl/nf] eP/ cfp―bf] /x]5 . Pslbg 8fS6/n] ;fg'5f]/Lsf] ca w]/} lbg af―sL 5}g eGg] ;+s]t lbPkl5 dnfO{ pgsf] x/]s OR5f kl/k"lt{ ug{ dg nfUof] . t/ Ps}rf]l6 eGbf pgn] zÍf uln{g\ eg]/ d}n] Pp6f rnfvL u/]+ . ;aeGbf klxn] d}n] cfºgf] OR5f hfx]/ u/]/ ædnfO{ g]kfnsf ;a} zx/df cf]a]/fon] h:t} xf]6]n vf]Ng dgk5{ . ltdLnfO{ s] dgk5{ egÆ, eg]+ .+ pgn] d]/f] xft ;dft]/ cf―vfaf6 a/// cf―;' emfb}{ elgg\, æw]/} lbg ef] d}n] eft gksfPsf], sf7df8f}df uP/ eft ksfP/ ;a} kl/jf/nfO{ v'jfpg OR5f 5 d]/f] .Æ d]/f] x[bodf To;a]nf Pp6f c;x\o kL8fsf] Hjfnfd'vL p7\of] / k'm6\of], 5ftL lrg]{ u/L b'Mvsf] em8\sf k¥of] . t/ d}n] 7"nf] k|of;n] cf―vfaf6 cf―;' emg{ eg] lbOg . To;a]nf d}n] ¿jfO{ s;/L /f]s]+, dnfO{ yfx} ePg . d}n] pgsf] cf―vf k'5\b} eg]+, æxt\ nf6L, eft ksfpg' t 5―b}5 lg † ltd|f] c¿ OR5f kf] ;f]w]sf] t d}n] . sxL+ hfg] OR5f 5 ls, s]xL lsGg] OR5f 5 ls † Tof] kf] ;f]w]sf] .Æ d]/L >LdtL c;fWo} nfh dfGg] dfG5], oxf―;Dd ls xfdL b'O{ dfq x'―bfklg pgn] slxNo} lzi6tf, zfnLgtf / eb|tfsf] ;Ldf/]vf gfl3gg\ . t/ To;a]nf l:ylt efj'stfdf ¿kfGtl/t eof], d]/f] xftaf6 pgn] cfºgf] ufnf ;'d;'Dofpg yflng\ . Pp6f xftn] d]/f] xft s:b} csf]{ xftn] cfºgf] cf―;' k'5\b} pgn] elgg\ …ltdL c;fWo} r'/f]6 vfG5f} . r'/f]6 5f]l8b]pm g .Ú dnfO{ nfUof], d d]/L >LdtLk|lt clt g} cfslif{t x'―b} uO/x]sf] 5' . ;QfO; jif{sf] nfdf] j}jflxs hLjgkl5 d pgLl;t km]l/ cs}{ cnf}lss 9Ën] k|]d ug{ uO/x]sf] 5' . d]/f cf―vfdf pgsf cfGtl/s nIf0f / u'0fx¿ ;"o{ pbfPem}+ pbfpg yfn] . d}n] pgnfO{ cflnËg ub}{ eg]+, æn d cfh}b]lv r'/f]6 vfGg .Æ x'g t d}n] pgnfO{ w]/}rf]l6 9f―l6;s]sf] lyP―, wf]sf klg lbPsf] lyP― . pgnfO{ lbg'kg]{ OHht klg lbg ;s]sf] lyOg― / pgnfO{ /fd|};―u yfxf lyof] d}n] h] eg] klg slxNo} Tof] k"/f ulb{g eg]/ . t/ o;kfln pgnfO{ ljZjf; lyof] d]/f] jfrfdf ztk|ltzt ;Totf 5 eGg] . pgn] dnfO{ s'g} s;d v'jfOgg\ . xf]Og eg] klxn]—klxn] o:tf]df o;f] ulb{g eGof] eg] …;To, w/f]wd{Ú eg]/ jfrfdf af―Wg vf]lHyg\ . t/ o;kfln eg] dnfO{ To:tf] s'g} jfrf u/fOgg\ . dnfO{ k"/f kTofOg,\ cgGo ljZjf; ul/g\ pgn] . ToxL lbg ;f―em d a}+Íssf] Pp6f l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/ uP/ …Oe;]G6— n/]G6Ú eGg] cToGt cfsif{s, dx―uf], ;'gf}nf] r'/f]6sf] b'O{ sf6'{g lsg]/ NofP― . ;fg'5f]/L ;'lt/fv]s} vf6df ¿dfn cf]R5\ofP/ r'/f]6sf ;a} a§f vf]nL b'O{ ;oj6f cfsif{s lvNnLx¿nfO{ vGofP/ b'O6} xftn] a];/L lk7f] d'5]h:t} 82

83 d'5\g yfn]+ . b'O;o lvNnL r'/f]6nfO{ w'nf]lk7f] kf/L d]/f dgleqsf cGt/s'Gt/df n's]sf] na:t/f] tntnl;t d}n] s8f ;+3if{ u/]+ . d}n] k|0f u/]+, æcfh}b]lv d Pp6f r'/f]6 klg lkp―lbg .Æ Tof]eGbf klxn] d lbgsf] b'O{ kfs]6 r'/f]6 lkpy]+ . r'/f]6lagf d n]Vg ;lSbgy]+ . t/ cfh cfºgL >LdtLsf] jfrfdf d af―lwg rfx]sf] 5' / cfh;Dd pgsf] ljZjf;nfO{ d}n] sfod} /fv]sf] 5' r'/f]6 glkP/ . dk|lt pgsf] :g]x, k|]d, dfof / Kof/ ;Dk"0f{ ;dk{0fsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf d}n] r'/f]6h:tf] s'nt Tofu]sf] 5', r'/f]6sf] b"lift w"jf― ;bfsf nflu kmflnlbPsf] 5' . To;a]nf v';Ln] ;fg'5f]/L d':s'/fpg yflng\ / ha pgsf] ck"j{ v';Lo'Qm cGt/fTdfsf] cfjfh d}n] ;'g]+, ;Dk"0f{ b'Mv d}n] Ps}l5gdf la;]{+ . x'g t pgL w]/} b'AnL e};s]sL lyOg\ t}klg pgsf] r]x/fdf Pp6f clåtLo JolQmTj emlNs/x]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf pgL clt /fd|L cfOdfO{ lyOg\ . zfSo ;d'bfodf pgsf] ;f}Gbo{sf af/]df rrf{ x'GYof] . pgL slt /fd|L / ;b\u'0fL 5g\ eGg] s'/f d}n] ;g\ !(*@ df xfdL >LnÍf hf―bf yfxf kfP―+ . To;a]nf /0fl;+3] k|]dbf;f >LnÍfsf] k|wfgdGqL lyP . Pp6f 7"nf af}4 wd{u'? dxfgfos 7]/f] sf]tuf]b' wDdfjf;n] dnfO{ k|]dbf;fl;t lrgfkrL{ u/fOlbPsf lyP . xfdL k|]dbf;fnfO{ a'4sf] Pp6f d"lt{ pkxf/ lbg uPsf lyof}+ . k|]dbf;fsL >LdtLn] ;fg'5f]/LnfO{ cfºgf] 3/sf] au}+rf b]vfpg nlug\ . d]/L >LdtL c+u|]hL efiff af]Ng ghfGg] x'―bf s] s'/f ul5{g\ xf]nf egL dgdf v'Nb'nL nfu]sf] lyof] . kl5 d}n] k|wfgdGqLsL >LdtL;―u ;f]w]+, æd]8d tkfO{+n] pgLl;t s;/L jftf{nfk ug'{ef] <Æ ;fg'5f]/L d';'d';' xf―l;/fv]sL lyOg\ . k|wfgdGqLsL Zofdj0f{sL >LdtL;―u} cToGt uf]/L ;fg'5f]/L a:bf t pgL emg /fd|L b]lvlGyg\ . s]xL If0fsf lgldQ dnfO{ uj{ klg nfUof] slt /fd|L d]/L :jf:gL eg]/ . k|wfgdGqLsL >LdtLn] elgg\ æxf]Og, xfdLn] dgsf] efiffaf6 jftf{ u¥of} .Æ To;sf] 7Ls 5 dlxgfkl5 dnfO{ g]kfnsf nflu >LnÍfsf] jfl0fHob"tdf dgf]gLt u/]/ k7fOof] . dnfO{ jfl0fHob"t dgf]gog ug'{df zfob krf; k|ltzteGbf a9L e"ldsf ;fg'5f]/Lsf] ;'Gb/ d'xf/ / zfnLg JolQmTjn] v]n]sf] x'g'k5{ . s'g} efiff gaf]nL d';'d';' xf―;L pgn] /0fl;¨] k|]dbf;f tyf pgsL >LdtL / >LnÍfsf dxTjk"0f{ wd{u'? sf]6'uf]w' wDdfjf;nfO{ df]lxt kf/]sL lyOg\ . dnfO{ ljZjf; 5, ToxL sf/0faf6 dnfO{ >LnÍf ;/sf/n] jfl0fHob"tdf dgf]gLt u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . 165 cGTodf ;fg'5f]/Lsf] l:ylt lau|+b} uPkl5 d}n] pgnfO{ g]kfndf lnP/ cfP― . cf;n] t dfof dfl/;s]sf] lyof] t}klg ef/tsf ljleGg xl:k6ndf hrfpg nu]+ . cflv/ clGtd If0fdf 8fS6/x¿sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ g]kfnd} kmsf{P― . af―Rg] cf;} lyPg . t/ Pp6f r'gf}tL lyof] >LdtLnfO{ s;/L ljgfkL8f, ljgfj]bgf, ljgfsi6 clGtd hLjg latfpg lbg] eGg] . ;fg'5f]/Lsf] SofG;/ lt3|fd'lg klg ;l/;s]sf] x'―bf v'§f ;'lGgPsf lyP . b'Vg] t xf]Og t/ /ft /fte/ pgnfO{ v'§f sxf― /fv"―, sxf― /fv"― egL 56k6L x'g]/x]5 . Tof] cj:yfdf pgsf] v'§f ldlrlbPkl5 cln cf/fd x'g]/x]5 . clg d pgL glgbfP;Dd vf6d'lg d]rdf a;]/ v'§f ldlr/xGy] . slxn]sfxL+ pgL ¿lGyg\ cfºgf] nfUg]nfO{ v'§f ldrfpg' kbf{ . d pgnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbb} eGy]+, æx]/, ltdLnfO{ d}n] hfgL ghfgL w]/} b'Mv lbO;s]+ . cfh d cGt/fTdf b]lv g} ltd|f] ;]jf ug{ rfxG5' .Æ xfd|f] slnnf] pd]/df ljjfx eof], slnn} pd]/d} aRrf kfof}+ . t/ d lzIff—bLIff k|fKt ub}{ cfw'lgs ;+;f/sf] /]ndf r9]/ ef}ltsjfbsf] ;f+;fl/s 3f6 3f6df kfgL lkpb} uP― . kl/jGbn] eg"― jf ;f+:s[lts ljjztfn] pgn] u[x:yLsf] wd{sd{ lgefp―b} kfl/jfl/s hLjg latfO/lxg\ . zfob To;}n] xf]nf, pgn] slxNo} klg cfºgf] clwsf/ vf]Hg hflggg\, clwsf/sf lglDt slxNo} ;+3if{ ul/gg\, ;w}+ st{Jo dfq kfng 83

84 ul/g\ . cfºgf] sd{k|ltsf] c6'6 ljZjf; / w}o{n] cflv/ pgn] cfºgf] hLjgnIo k|fKt ul/xflng\ . kltsf] ;Dk"0f{ dgdl:tis pgLk|lt cflv/ Tj+z/0fd\ eOxfNof] . clwsf/ vf]Hg]n] Ifl0fs nIo k|fKt u5{ t/ st{Jo lgefpg]n] clGtd nIo . ;fg'5f]/Lsf] vf6d'lg d]rdf a;]/ 6fpsf] vf6df /fvL v'§f ldRbfldRb} d clwsf/ / st{Josf] bfz{lgs n]g]b]gaf/] ;f]lr/xGy]+ . pgL la:tf/} d]/f] 6fpsf]d'lg tlsof /fv]/ xftsf cf}+nfx¿n] d]/f] 6fpsf] ;'d;'DofO/x]sL x'lGyg\ kl5 t pgL ;'Tg'eGbf cl3 d g} ;'lt;s]sf] x'Gy]+ . klta|tf cfOdfO{sf nflu zfob of]eGbf csf]{ ;'vdo If0f} 5}g ls < egfO g} 5, b'Mv ha cfp―5 PSn} cfp―b}g . j:t'tM d]/f nflu of] ;f―rf] ;fljt eof] . ToxLtfsf d]/L h]7L 5f]/L ;DemgfnfO{ ue{jtL cj:yfdf vf]sL nfUof], 5ftL cln b'Vof] eg]/ 8fS6/sxf― hrfpg hf―bf PS;/]df sfnf] bfu b]lvPkl5 6L=aL= sf] zÍfdf pkrf/ u/fO/fv]sf lyof}+ . t/ /f]un] emg\emg\ rfKb} Nofof] . 5f]/LnfO{ klg c:ktfndf egf{ ul/of] . s:tf] bzf xf]nf † otf >LdtL la/fdL, csf]{tkm{ 5f]/L klg la/fdL . kl5 8f= O{Zj/nfn >]i7n] dnfO{ la:tf/} eg], æs0f{hL, of] 6L=aL= xf]Og h:tf] 5 Coreo Carcinoma eGg] SofG;/ h:tf] 5 . of] SofG;/ aRrfsf] gnLaf6 cfP/ cfdfsf] 5ftLdf ;5{ . To;a]nf dnfO{ eujfgk|lt olt ljt[i0ff hfUof] d]/f] k"hfsf]7Ldf ;hfP/ /fv]sf ;a} b]ptfx¿nfO{ Ps Ps u/L ºofs―" h:tf] eof] . To:tf] ddf{xt s'/f d >LdtLnfO{ s;/L eg"― hf] cs}{ xl:k6ndf ¿U0f zøofdf k/]sL 5g\ . d}n] cfk"mnfO{ ;DxfNg ;lsg―, 6fpsf] b'Vg nfUof] . ;xg g;s]/ cNhf]kfd cf}iflw vfg yfn]+ . t}klg dgleq hn]sf] cfuf] sd ePg . d]/L c;L jif{sL cfdfsf] sfvdf cfºgf] 6fpsf] /fvL j]bgfn] ;xg} g;s]/ d aRrf h:tf] /f]P― . d olt kfkL t xf]Og dnfO{ o:tf] b'Mv lsg ePsf] < d]/L cfdfn] Pp6f ;fgf] syf ;'gfpb} eGg'eof], æeujfg\n] ltd|f] b'Mv hf―lr/x]sf 5g\ . ltdL Tof] hf―rdf km]n x'g' x'―b}g . xl/ZrGb| klg slt wdf{Tdf lyP, slt bfgjL/ lyP t/ pgnfO{ slt b'Mv ;xg' k¥of] . eujfg\n] o:t} dfG5]nfO{ b'Mv lbG5g\ . of] b'Mv xf]Og, ltd|f] k/LIff xf] .Æ cfdfsf tL zAbn] dnfO{ s]xL alnof] agfP . o:tf] a]nf ¿g] xf]Og, w}o{n] sfd ug'{k5{ . w}o{ sfod /fv]/ ;do ldnfO{ cfºgL >LdtL / 5f]/Lsf] h] hlt pkrf/ ug{ ;S5', d}n] ug'{kg]{ st{Jo k"/f ug{ sDd/ s;]+ . ca t cf―vfaf6 cf―;' cfpg klg 5f]l8;s]sf lyP . dfgf}+ ;'ls;s]sf] lyof] ddf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ cf―;'sf] kf]v/L g} . s]xL ;dokl5 5f]/Lsf] b'Mvb b]xfGt eof] . cfºgL 5f]/Lsf] nfp―nfp―, vfp―vfp― eGg] pd]/d} b]xfGt ePsf] ;'g]/ ;fg'5f]/Ln] klg cfºgf] b'Mv /f]Sg ;lsgg\ / tLg dlxgfkl5 d]/L >LdtLn] klg cfºgf] k|f0f Toflug\ . d]/f] hLjgsf] s7f]/ ;+3if{sf] Pp6f kbf{ v:of] . sfn;―u n8fO― -ldltM h"g !(*&_ 5}g sfn lg/fsf/ b]lv;s]+ d}n] af/Daf/ rNof] o'4 3g3f]/ pm;―u nuftf/ . cfPsf] lyof] p;n] vf]:g d]/f] d'6'sf] cfwf efu, lsGt' lbg] s;/L p;nfO{ hLjgsf] Ps dfq cf; . kl/jt{gzLn o; dTo{nf]sdf sfNklgs 5}g st} oxf― sfn r9\b}g pm sfnf] jfxgdf g t b]lvG5 pm q'm4 ljs/fn . 84

85 b]Vbf klxn] sfnsf] ¿k ePy]+ d ls+st{Joljd"9 To;f] t zfGt} lyof] pm clxn] rZdf nufPsL clns sfnL . h;} lkmhfof] p;n] lr;f] xft sdhf]/ d]/f] 3f―6Ldf Ps};fy sf―Kof] dgdl:tis l;l/¨ lrl;of], clg nfl6of] ;f/f c¨ . 5ftL d]/f] k'mNb} uof] ;f; klg k]mg{ clt uf¥xf] dfq 56kl6/x]+ d nfrf/ PSn} ePsf] lyPg o:tf] dnfO{ slxNo} . ;f]w]+ d}n] cfk}+ml;t Pp6f k|Zg lgM;xfonfO{ arfpg] oxf― s:n] < b]v]+ ;asf ;a oxf― s7} † sfns} kfzdf clNemPsf] . ;f]r]+ Psl5g, nfUof] dnfO{ clg sfo/ t sxf― lyP― d klg Tolt, clg h'Wg yfn]+ d sfn;―u 7f8}, ePe/sf] zlQm nufO{ t'?Gt} . 8'Ab} uof] ;do, laTb} uP lbg, xtkt s'b]+ clg d klZrd, x]b}{ dfofn'sf] cg'xf/, Toxf― b]v]+ d}n] b]ptfsf] baf{/ . nfUof] Tof] dlGb/ kSs}, b]jL b]jtfsf] jf;:yfg, cljnDa lgx'/]/ O{Zj/ ;dIf, Dffu]+ d}n] gjhLjgsf] bfg . bzf{O{ ;anfO{ dfof / ddtf, d':s'/fO/x] Toxf― eujfg\ ;f/f, lrQnfO{ a'emfP― cGttM d}n] tTsfn}, l5g}{ ;Sb}g Toxf― sfn slxNo} . t}klg nfUof] zª\sf dgdf, x]/]+ rf/}lt/ bf}8fP/ cf―vf, sfn t k'lu;s]sf] /x]5 Toxf―, c:q lnP/ Zj]t j:qdf . s7f]/ xf―;f] xf―:b} lgw{Ss, rnfof] d'6'df cg]s rqm, c;x\o j]bgfn] 56kl6P―, O{Zj/ sNkL k]ml/ eHg k'u]+ . lsGt' b]vf k/f];\ O{Zj/ Toxf― s;/L, pm t ple/x\of], sfns} ¿k wf/0f u/L . cGttM efUg] ljrf/ TofuL d}n], d}bfgdf afWo e} sDd/ s;]+ o'4d} . o'4 rNg yfNof] a8f] hf]8tf]8, sxf― ;S5' / d Tof] dfofjLnfO{ k5fg{, slxn] dfof slxn] nft, l5gl5g aG5 a]xf]zLsf] /ft . lanfp―5 xfjfdf sfn 5§', 85

86 ljjz 5' d p;nfO{ s] kf] ug{ ;SG5' < ahfp―5 dnfO{ ;+ud/d/sf] alnj]bLdf, lgM;xfo ;xL lbGy]+ d d'¶L cfk}+m s;L . 5ftL lk6\y+] kL8fn] d c;x\o eO{, aUYof] cf―vfaf6 d]/f] /ut / cf―;', ddf{xt kL8fn] 56kl6P/ clg d, lrRofOlbGy]+ a];/L dlGb/ g} ysf{O{ . uha 5— bofn' x'―bf]/x]5 sfn slxn]sfxL+, 5l/Psf d'6' Ps} 7fp―df ;f/f a6'nL, ;'d;'Dofpg yfNof] 6fpsf] d]/f] dfof u/L, /f]P― d aRrfh:t} p;s} sfvdf 3f]K6f] k/L . b]ptf s]jn 9'¨f ePsf] To; dlGb/df, c/0o/f]bg slt u/f}+ d cgsG6f/df < ;f]r— ]+ hLjg / d/0fsf] bf];f―wdf, o'4 slt u?― d af]sL pgLnfO{ sf―wdf < oBlk cfzf d/]sf] 5}g, ulb{g d cfTd;dk{0f, tlD;P― d ;ª\3if{ ug{, nufO{ ;Dk"0f{ hLpHofg, /0fe"ld x'―b}g o;kfln cGhfg, x'G5 ca o'4 d]/f] cfºg} hGd:yfg . d[To'b]lv tl;{Gg d ca rfx] xf];\ hDsfe]6, rfnkfO{ c7f]6 d]/f], a]kQf eof] sfn nuQ}, t}klg df}sf x]/L lrofp―5 pm dsxf― a/fa/, 9f]sf;Dd cfp―5 slxn], k]ml/ kmls{G5 r'krfk . ;ª\sNk d]/f] zfob p;n] ;s]g bafpg, jf dfof nfUof] p;nfO{ d]/f] ;ª\nf]Hofg, ;Dk"0f{ c:q kmfNof] cGtdf ljjz eO{ sfn, t/ u¥of] 6'gfdf]xgL ºof―s]/ dfofsf] hfn . uha 5 sfn dfofjL klg x'―bf] /x]5, cfsfzdfly Affbnleq pm lrofO/xG5, h'w]5g\ pl;t dfofn'sf] gog cgfof;, clg t gedf x]l//lxg\ pgLn] Psgfz . pgsf] z"Go gogdf b]v]+ d}n] sfn 5n{+u, t/ rflxgg\ pgL st} a:g xfdL sf]xL;―u, a;\ sfn;―u r9\g tof/ l5g\ k'iks ljdfgdf, tDtof/ 5g\ b'j} k'Ug cyfx uGtJodf . r'krfk sxf― hfg nfu]sL pgL s;}nfO{ yfx} glbO{, kL8flagfsf] zfGt d'xf/ Ps;'/df pgL 6f]nfO/lxg\, c―ufnf]df s:g vf]Hbf ;lsg pgLnfO{ d}n] 5'g, dfq j:q 5f]8L lanfOg\ pgL z"Godf ;w}+ ;w}+sf] nflu . kl/R5]b b—!) !) Ps k};faf6 SofG;/ c:ktfn æha d cft'/ x'G5', dgdf lrGtf x'G5, ;d:ofsf] s'g} ;dfwfg kQf nufpg d k|s[ltsf] sfvdf k'U5' ====== 3fGb|'ssf] dgf]/d ufp―sf] Pp6f rf}tf/Ldf ysfO{ dfg{ kLknjf]6sf] ¿vsf] cf8df c8]; nfUb} 6f]nfP/ df5fk'R5«] x]l//x]+ ====== To;}a]nf 3f―; jf bfp/fsf] ef/L af]s]sL Pp6L cw{a}+;] dlxnf cfOg\ / rf}tf/Ldf ef/L la;fP/ nfdf] ;';]nL xfnL ;f; km]l/g\ ====== k6'sfaf6 Ps kfs]6 r'/f]6 lgsfnL Pp6f r'/f]6 kf―r cf}+nfn] RofkL ;NsfOg\ / tfGg nflug\ ====== b'O{—tLg ldg]6 a:bfa:b} b'O{ lvNnL r'/f]6 ltgn] l;WofOg\ ====== cs:dft\ d]/f] lbdfudf Pp6f lx;falstfa plAhxfNof] ====== d}n] ;f]r]+, olb 86

87 Pp6L cfOdfO{n] lbgsf] b'O{ kfs]6 r'/f]6 lkp―l5g\ eg] g]kfne/df slt r'/f]6 vkt x'―bf] xf]nf † d]/f] lbdfudf t'¿Gt} Pp6f csf]{ ljrf/ cfof] ====== olb x/]s lvNnL r'/f]6df Psk};fdfq cGtMz'Ns nufof] eg] jif{sf] slt ¿k}of― p7fpg ;lsG5 xf]nf † olb of] ;Dej eof] eg] t SofG;/ c:ktfn algxfNof] lg †Æ cfºgf >LdtL / 5f]/L arfpg ul/Psf] ;f9] b'O{ jif{;Ddsf] cgj/t ;+3if{n] dnfO{ Psbd alnof] agfO;s]sf] /x]5 . pgLx¿;―usf] ck|Toflzt si6k"0f{ lj5f]8sf] kL8faf6 ddf{xt x'g' :jfefljs eP klg d ca cf―;'dfq aufP/ ;do v]/ kmfNg rfxGgy]+ . d}n] t olt 7"nf] b'Mv ;xg'k¥of] eg] u/La / ljkGg kl/jf/sf dflg;sf] s:tf] xfnt x'―bf] xf]nf < x[bof3ft eP/ dg{ ;lhnf] 5, xjfO{hxfh b'3{6gfdf dg{ uf¥xf] x'―b}g t/ d db}{5' eg]/ af―Rg cToGt uf¥xf] x'G5 . SofG;/ /f]usf] ;aeGbf 8/nfUbf] / lgd{d kIf klg oxL xf] . of] kL8fsf] e'Qmef]uL geP;Dd SofG;/ /f]u slt eofjx 5 eGg] s'/f cfTd;ft\ ug{ d'lZsn k5{ . SofG;/ /f]u nfu]kl5 la/fdLnfO{ eGbf cfkmGtx¿nfO{ a9L kL8f x'―bf]/x]5 . b'v]sf] 3fp gb'Vg] kfg{ ;lsG5 / lgsf] x'G5 klg . t/, b'v]sf] dgsf] eg] cf}iflw g} 5}g . Pslbg b'Olbg xf]Og, dlxgf}+—dlxgf, jiff+}{—jif{;Dd klg of] kL8fn] ;tfp―5 . b'O{ s/f]8 aL; nfv hg;+Vof ePsf] @)$$ ;fn lt/sf] g]kfndf o:tf] eofjx /f]usf nflu Pshgf klg cÍf]nf]lhi6 -SofG;/ ljz]if1_ 8fS6/ gx'g' / pkrf/sf lglDt s'g} pks/0f gx'g' – /fi6«sf nflu of]eGbf clezfk c¿ s] x'g;Snf < d}n] c7f]6 u/]+, of] If]qdf d cfjZos cleofg yfngL u5'{, u5'{ / d d]/f] zf]snfO{ zlQmdf kl/0ft u5'{ eg]/ . g]kfndf s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd s;}nfO{ SofG;/ /f]u nfUof] eg] n'sfpg] ul/GYof], dfgf}+ SofG;/ eg]sf] >fk xf] . c¿ s;}nfO{ gelgg] x'―bf hgdfg;df o; /f]usf] hfgsf/L x'g] s'/} ePg . s;}nfO{ of] /f]u nfu]/ dl/xfn] klg æv} k]6 b'Vof] eGb} lyof], lat]5Æ eGg] ul/GYof] . g]kfndf SofG;/ /f]ulj?4 r]tgf hfu/0f ug]{ cleofg ;+rfng ug{ d}n] ;aeGbf klxn] cfk"mdfly ePsf b'Mvb 36gf uf]/vfkqdfkm{t dfld{s 9¨n] lrq0f u/L ;fj{hlgs u/]+ . To;n] cfd hgtfsf ;fy;fy} g]kfn ca'{b /f]u lgjf/0f ;+3sf tTsfnLg cWoIf >L % zfxHofbL hoGtL zfx;d]tsf] Wofg cfsif{0f u¥of] . kmntM dnfO{ SofG;/ c:ktfn lgdf{0f Pj+ ;xof]u ;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf] ¿kdf dgf]gLt ul/of] . s'g} cleofg ;'¿ ug'{cl3 o;sf] p2]Zo, dfld{s kIf, o;sf sf/0f, nIo cflb s'/fx¿ hg;dIf k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{k5{ . ha s'g} sfo{qmdn] :jtM:km"t{ hg;xeflutf hufpg ;S5, Tof] cleofg :jfefljs ultdf …:gf] alnªÚ (Snow-Balling) eP/ a9\b} hfG5 . oxL tl/sf ckgfO{ d}n] rGbf ;Íng / ;r]tgf cleofg ;―u;―u} ;+rfng u/]+ . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;d]t x[bo 5'g d}n] SofG;/af6 kLl8t kl/jf/x¿sf b'MvkL8f;―u ;DalGwt 36gfqmdx¿ a6'n]+ . tL b'Mvb 36gfx¿nfO{ kqklqsfdfkm{t hg;dIf NofP― . ;Gtf]if kGtl;t ldn]/ SofG;/sf] ljifoj:t'dfly …bf]ifL sf] <Ú zLif{sdf tLg z[ª\vnfsf] Pp6f 6]lnlkmNd agfP― . ljhos'df/sf] …sxL+ c―Wof/f] sxL+ pHofnf]Ú sfo{qmddf SofG;/ ;DaGwL oyfy{ 36gfx¿ k|:t't u/]+ . oxL /f]u ;DaGwL gf6sx¿ /]l8of] g]kfndf k|;f/0f u/fP― . 5 dlxgfleq} g]kfndf SofG;/ /f]uaf/] /fli6«o cleofgsf] 5fn g} pln{of] . tTkZrft\ c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf nflu rGbf ;Íng ug]{ sfo{ klg tLa| kfl/of] . g]kfn a}+sdf c:ktfn lgdf{0ffy{ PstkmL{ ;Íng vftf o;/L vf]lnof] h;df k};f hDdf ug{ ;lsGYof] t/ lgsfNg ;lsGgYof] . of] vftfsf] gDa/ ljleGg kqklqsfdfkm{t k|rf/ u/]+ . rGbf bftfx¿n] :j]R5fn] cfkm}+ a}+sdf uO{ vftfdf /sd hDdf u/L ef}r/dfq ;+:yfdf k7fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 87

88 ldnfP― . o;cl3 g]kfndf :j]R5fn] o;/L rGbf ;Íng ePs} lyPg . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf ljleGg sfof{nox¿af6 s;}n] Pslbg, s;}n] b'Olbgsf] tna rGbf:j¿k a}+sdf hDdf u/L ef}r/x¿ clkm;df k7fpg] qmd a9\b} uof] . hlt—hlt /sd hxf―—hxf―af6 k|fKt ePsf] 5, To; af/]sf va/x¿nfO{ kqklqsfdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf u/]+ . o; cleofgdf ;Dk"0f{ kqklqsfn] ;xof]u u/] . o;df dnfO{ ;aeGbf a9L d2t k'¥ofpg]df dbgdl0f bLlIft, xl/x/ lj/xL / uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf lxt}ifLx¿ lyP . rGbf ;Íng sfo{ Psbd tLa| eof] . x/]s laxf/—laxf/af6 u[lx0fLx¿n] cfºg} y}nLaf6 kf―rb]lv xhf/ ¿k}of―;Dd, :s"nsf afnaflnsfn] cfºgf] vfhfsf] vr{ arfO{ Psb]lv kf―r ¿k}of―;Dd, h]ndf a:g] aGbL / s}bLaf6;d]t rGbf ;Íng eof] . h]naf6 rGbf lngsf lgldQ dnfO{ e}/j l/;fnn] af]nfPsf lyP . h]n}af6 pgLl;t d}n] rGbf lnP/ cfP― . rGbf sfo{qmdaf6} cy{ ;+sngdfq xf]Og, SofG;/ /f]uaf/] hgr]tgf hufpg] sfd;d]t eof] . hof zfx / kfOn6sf >LdtLx¿sf] ;+:yfsf] ;xof]uaf6 …xf]k l8g/ anÚ /flqef]h cfof]hgf u/L Ps} /ftdf rf/—kf―r nfv ¿k}of― ;Íng ul/of] . sfo{qmddf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o Po/nfOG;af6 xjfO{ l6s6x¿ k|fof]hg u/fO{ /fkmn lr¶f klg laqmL ul/Psf] lyof] . n}gl;+x afËb]nnufot b]zsf 7"nf—7"nf snfsf/x¿sf pTs[i6 snfs[ltx¿ k|bz{g / lnnfd;d]t u/L h'6]sf] cy{n] klg xfd|f] cleofgdf pNn]Vo ;xof]u u¥of] . cy{ ;Íngs} qmddf g]kfndf klxnf]kN6 Pp6f cToGt gof― lsl;dsf] ;[hgzLn kbofqf (Walk-a-thon) sf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . sfo{qmdsf] gfd æcf;sf] nflu kbofqfÆ /flvof] . of] sfo{qmddf dnfO{ Hof]lt z]/rg / d]/f] 5f]/f ;'gLn zfSon] 7"nf] d2t u/] . …jfs—c—ygÚ sfo{qmddf pRr cf]xbfdf cf;Lg JolQmx¿, pBdLx¿ / ;dfh;]jLx¿;d]t u/L s/La kf―r;o hgfsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . pgLx¿nfO{ l/ª/f]8df bz lsnf]ld6/ lx+8\g' lyof] / x/]s ls=ld= lx+8\bf pgLx¿n] cf–cfºgf Oi6ldq / ;fyLx¿af6 Ps lsnf]dL6/ kbofqf ubf{ slt ¿k}of― lbg] xf] egL saf]n u/fpg' kYof]{ . ;xefuLn] hlt ;Sof], Tolt /sdsf] k|fof]hg u/fpg ;SYof] . …jfs—c—ygÚ sfo{qmdsf nflu dnfO{ :juL{o /fhf jL/]Gb| / /fgL P]Zjo{af6 Ps ls=ld= sf] Ps ¿k}of―sf] b/n] k|fof]lht ul/aS;]sf] lyof] . d}n] ;'g]cg';f/ /fhfaf6 s;}nfO{ klg o;/L k|fof]hg ul/aS;g] rng lyPg . d]/f] lhGbuLsf nflu Pp6f 7"nf] uj{sf] s'/f xf] of], d}n] :jo+ /fhf/fgLsf] x:tfIf/ ;lxtsf] k|fof]lht kmd{ k|fKt ug{ ;s]+ . kbofqf sfo{qmdaf6 xfdLn] em08} 5 ;ftnfv ¿k}of― ;Íng u¥of}+ . ;aeGbf a9L p7fpg] cGgk"0f{ xf]6]nsf d]g]h/ kL=kL= /fo lyP . pgn] ¿= 5o;¶L xhf/ p7fPsf lyP eg] j;Gt rf}w/L bf];|f lyP, pgn] 5QL;xhf/ ¿k}of― hDdf u/fOlbPsf lyP . l/ª/f]8af6 ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] …cf;sf] nflu kbofqfÚ clÍt ;]tf] u~hL nufO{ kbofqf ubf{ jftfj/0f g} a8f] /f]df~rsf/L ePsf] lyof] . cufl8—cufl8 l/;Nnf, k5fl8 kf―r;o hgf ;xefuLx¿ clg /]8qm;sf] uf8L . af6f]sf] bfof―—afof― kbofqLx¿sf nflu kl;gf k'5\g ;xgfh h:tf ljleGg Ao"l6kfn{/jfnfx¿n] :jtM:k"mt{¿kdf lr;f ¿dfnx¿ /fv]sf, cg]s sDkgLx¿n] lgMz'Ns sf]sfsf]nf, cfO;lqmdx¿ ljt/0f u/]sf clg ;8ssf cf;kf;sf 3/wgL / k;n]x¿n] 7fp―—7fp―df …;fvM6LÚ ;j{t v'jfPsf lyP . :jtM:km"t{ ¿kaf6 olt w]/} hg;xeflutf h'6\nf eg]/ d}n] ;f]r]sf] klg lyOg― . hgtfn] o;/L ;fy lbgf;fy g]kfndf ca rf―8} SofG;/ c:ktfn lgdf{0f x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf d ljZj:t ag]+ . cy{ ;Íng sfo{qmd Pp6f ;[hgzLn snf xf] . s;}nfO{ cfly{s af]em glbOsg h'g p2]Zosf] lgldQ k};f p7fOPsf] xf], To;nfO{ v'n:t /fvL hgtfsf] dg / ljZjf; lht]/ :jtM:k"mt{ hg;xeflutf kl/rfng u/L rGbf 88

89 p7fpg ;Sg' g} cy{ ;+sngsf] snf xf] . rGbf /l;b af]sL hah{:tL rGbf dfu]/ ;fdflhs sfo{ ;kmn x'―b}g . s'g}klg ;fdflhs sfo{qmd ;kmntfk"j{s rnfpg] xf] eg] rGbfbftfsf] k};fsf] ;fy;fy} pgLx¿sf] z'e]R5f / z'esfdgfsf] klg plQs} vf―rf] x'G5 . rGbf ;Íng sfo{qmddf d w]/} ;Dj]bgzLn / ;[hgzLn x'Gy]+ . sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug'{eGbf klxn] h–h;n] dnfO{ ;xof]u lbg ;S5g\, pgLx¿sxf― d cfk+}m uO{ pgLx¿sf] dg lhTg vf]Hy]+ . OR5flagf d pgLx¿nfO{ sfo{qmddf ;+nUg u/fplbgy]+ . cfwf dgn] s'g}klg sfd ;kmn x'―b}g . d ;xof]uLx¿sf] k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] k|tLIff uy]{+ d]/f] cleofgsf nflu . ha dflg;x¿ leqL dgn] dnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ tof/ x'Gy], tadfq d cleofg ;'¿ uy]{+ . o;n] ubf{ s'g}klg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{ dnfO{ uf¥xf] ePg . ;a} ;xefuLx¿ :jR5, kf/bzL{ / lrGtgzLn ePsf] x'―bf kqklqsfx¿n] klg PslrQ eP/ pT;fx;fy xfdLnfO{ ;xof]u u/] . ;~rf/ dfWod slt alnof x'G5g\, slt k|efjzfnL x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f d}n] To;a]nf dfq a'e]+m . kqsfl/tfnfO{ ;sf/fTds 9Ën] k|of]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] o; dfk{mt /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu dxfg\ zlQm k|:km'6g ug{ ;ls―bf] /x]5 . To;}n] xf]nf o;nfO{ /fHosf] rf}yf] c¨ eg]sf] . SofG;/ c:ktfnsf nflu cy{ ;+sng ug]{ sfo{qmds} l;nl;nfdf d}n] la;{g} g;Sg] csf]{ /dfOnf] 36gf klg 5 . To;a]nf xfdLn] klxnf]kN6 df:6/ /Tgbf; k|sfz, lzjz+s/, gfltsfhL, tf/fb]jL h:tf k|Voft ufos— uflosfx¿b]lv gjf]lbt snfsf/x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf ;jf{lws nf]slk|o uLt;lxt k|:t't u/L …SofG;/ sG;6{Ú gfds ;+uLtdo ;f―emsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyof}+ . o:fdf dnfO{ uf]kfn of]~hg, pgsL kTgL l/Gr]g, /Ltf yfkf, gLnd kf08]n] w]/} d2t u/] . To; k|sf/sf] pRr:t/Lo ;f+uLlts sfo{qmd gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] uLtljgf s;/L ;Dej Pj+ k"0f{ x'g;SYof] / < t/ gf/fo0f uf]kfnh:tf] /x:odo JolQm;―u ;Dks{ /fVg] s;/L < sf]xL eGy] …pgL 3d08L ;GsL 5g\ /], sf]xL eGy] pgL ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf efu} ln+b}gg\ /] .Ú d}n] eg] gf/fo0f uf]kfnljgf of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub}{ gug]{ ;+sNk u/]+ . To;}n] gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf dLtHo" uf]kfn of]~hgnfO{ ;fydf lnO{ gf/fo0f uf]kfnnfO{ e]6\g Do"lhs g]kfn k'u]+ . xfdL Toxf― k'Ugf;fy gf/fo0f uf]kfn /]sl8{¨ ?daf6 aflx/ cfP . d}n] cfºgf] sfo{qmdaf/] pgnfO{ atfP― . dnfO{ crDd nfUof], pgn] Ps}rf]l6 xfd|f] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsfb}{ eg+], ætkfO{+x¿n] o:tf] /fd|f] sfd ul//fVg' ePsf] 5, To;df d}n] ;xof]u gug]{ s'/} ePg .Æ gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] df]6f] rZdfsf] k|]mdleq 6NklnPsf] cf―vfdf dfgjLo ;Dj]bgfsf ulx/f] 5fk / cg'e"ltx¿ 5rlNs/x]sf] kfP― . To;cl3 d gf/fo0f uf]kfn;―u JolQmut ¿kn] kl/lrt lyOg― . To;kl5 eg] g]kfnL ;+uLt hutsf k|ltef;DkGg :j/lz/f]dl0f d]/f] lxt}ifL aGg k'u] . pgn] Ps k};f klg glnOsg xfd|f] sfo{qmddf v'zL;―u efu lnP . pQm …SofG;/ sG;6{Ú n] P]ltxfl;s ;kmntf k|fKt u¥of] . dfi6/ /Tgbf;sf] æemdemd kfgL k¥of] c;f/sf] /ftÆ, gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] æPp6f dfG5]sf] dfofn]Æ / sf]OnLb]jLb]lv tf/fb]jL;Dd, gfltsfhLb]lv k|sfz >]i7;Ddsf cf—cfºg}kgsf x[bo:kzL{ uLtn] ;a} bz{sx¿nfO{ df]lxt kf/]sf lyP . j:t'tM:t/Lo ufgf, :t/Lo >f]tf / :t/Lo jftfj/0fsf] lqj]0fL g} lyof] Tof] . lgZro g} Tof] sfo{qmd ck"/f] / vNnf] x'GYof] xf]nf gf/fo0f uf]kfn ge}lbPsf] eP . To;kl5 klg pgn] g]kfn ca'{b /f]u lgjf/0f ;+3sf nflu j;Gt rf}w/Ln] cfof]hgf u/]sf] …gf/fo0f uf]kfn :jl0f{d ;f―emÚ df k|:t't eP/ cfºgf dw'/ Pj+ cf]h:jL uLt—;+uLtsf emª\sf/x¿n] >f]tfx¿nfO{ dGqd'Uw kf/L slxNo} la;{g} g;lsg] 5fk 5f]8] . ;f―Rr} efj's g} agfPsf lyP pgn] ;a}nfO{ . gf/fo0f uf]kfnn] d]/f] lg/; lhGbuLdf ;d]t cfd"n kl/jt{g 89

90 NofOlbP . clxn] pgL xfd|f] dfem 5}gg\ t/ pgL ePsf] eP d pgnfO{ eGy]+, æ Pp6f dfG5]sf] dfofn] slt km/s kb{5 lhGbuLdfÆ eGg] d'6' 5'g] uLtn] d]/f] g}/fZok"0f{ Pj+ lgtfGt PsfsL x[bodf k]ml/ pNnf;do kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] v'zL a6'Ng] k|]/0ffsf] aLhf/f]k0f ul/lbPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿sf] cg'dfg ljk/Lt kfP― d}n] gf/fo0f uf]kfnnfO{ . pgL ;GsL xf]Ogg\, :jfledfgL cem clt :jfledfgL x'g\ . s'g}klg ;[hgzLn snfsf/ ta;Dd ;xL ¿kdf dxfg x'―b}g ha;Dd p;df cfºgf] k|ltef / Ifdtfsf] pRr :jfledfg knfp―b}g . ;xL / cfbz{ snfsf/df dfgjLo ;dj]bgfsf] k|r'/tfsf ;fy} :jfledfg klg x'g} kb{5, h;n] p;nfO{ dfly—dfly k'¥ofp―5 . To;}n] t cfh gf/fo0f uf]kfn g]kfndf dfq xf]Og, k|jf;df ;d]t k'lhG5g\ / cd/ ePsf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*^ b]lv !(*& ;Dd SofG;/ lj¿4 h] hlt sfo{qmdx¿ eP, ltgn] hgdfg;df o; /f]uk|lt k|z:t r]tgf hfu/0f u/fP . t/ dnfO{ yfxf lyof], rGbf ;Íngaf6 dfq SofG;/ c:ktfn h:tf] dx―uf] kl/of]hgf ;Dej x'―b}g . SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] lgdf{0fsf lgldQ w]/} 7"nf] wg/flzsf] cfjZostf k5{ . SofG;/ c:ktfn ;fdfGo lhNnf c:ktfn h:tf] xf]Og . of] t cToGt ;'ljwfo'Qm, cTofw'lgs c:ktfn xf] h;df 6fpsf]b]lv v'§f;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ efudf SofG;/ /f]usf] pkrf/ ul/G5 . g]kfnh:tf] u/La d'n'sdf rGbf ;Íngaf6 dfq of] ;Dej x'―b}gYof] . dnfO{ of] lrGtfn] ;w}+ på]lnt agfO/xGYof] . SofG;/ c:ktfn lgdf{0f Pj+ ;xof]u ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs e};s]sF] lyP― d . b'O{ jif{leq PstkmL{ ;Íng vftfdf kRrL;—tL; nfv ¿k}of―sf] wg/flz hDdf klg eof] . oBlk Tof] /sd c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf nflu gu0o lyof] . ha;Dd >L % sf] ;/sf/n] SofG;/ c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug{ kxn ub}{g ta;Dd c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug]{ ;kgf ;fsf/ x'―b}g eGg] s'/fdf d kSsf lyP― . rGbf ;+sngaf6 xfdLn] tL; nfv ¿k}of― hlt hDdf u¥of}+ . o;n] xfdLnfO{ Pp6f 7"nf] lhDd]jf/L / af]emsf] cg'ej u/fof] . ;/sf/n] k6Ss} jf:tf u/]s} lyPg, k};fdfq p7fP/ xfdLn] s] ug]{ † To;}n] d ;do—;dodf :jf:Yo dGqfno uO{ ;lrj / dGqLnfO{ 3R3Rofpg] uy]{+ . To;a]nf gof―lbNnLl:yt ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g -8An'=Pr=cf]=_sf xflsd 8f= gf/fo0f s]z/L zfx x'g'x'GYof], a[Gbf zfxsf klt . pxf―l;t ;Dks{ u/]/ b'O{hgfnfO{ SofG;/ ljz]if1 …cÍ'nf]lh:6Ú sf] 5fqj[lQ k|fKt ug{sf nflu n]vfk9L u/]+ . :jf:Yo dGqfnoaf6 lnlvt kq cfof] . b'Oj6f cÍ'nf]lh:6sf] 5fqj[lQ 8An'=Pr=cf]= n] k|bfg u5{ eGg] ;"rgf kfPkl5 d tTsfnLg :jf:Yo dGqLnfO{ e]6\g uP― . To;a]nfsL dlxnf :jf:Yo dGqLn] d]/f] k|:tfjgfsf] k|ltsf/ ub}{ æxfdLnfO{ lhNnf—lhNnfdf v6fpg 8fS6/ k'lu/fv]sf 5}gg\, ca sxf― SofG;/ ljz]if1sf nflu d]l8sn l;6x¿ v]/ kmfNg] <Æ elgg\ . dGqLh:tf] JolQmn] To:tf] ljj]sxLg ts{ u/]sf] ;'g]/ dnfO{ cfZro{ nfUof] . s:tf] jflxoft s'/f † b]zsf krxQ/} lhNnfdf 8fS6/x¿ lgo'Qm gu/];Dd SofG;/ ljz]if1 gagfpg] xf]eg] lsg sf7df8f}+sf ;8sx¿df x/]s jif{ cnsqfdfly cnsqf yk]/ af6f] agfpg' k¥of] < klxn] krxQ/} lhNnfdf af6f] agfcf}+ g t . o:t} ts{ ug]{ xf]eg] ;Dk"0f{ ufp―—ufp―df :s"nx¿ gvf]n];Dd lsg 7"N7"nf sn]h / ljZjljBfnox¿ vf]Ng] < hj;Dd s'g} dflg;n] SofG;/sf] a]bgf dx;'; ub}{g, cg'ej ub}{g ta;Dd p;nfO{ o; /f]usf] k|fyldstfaf/] 1fg} x'―b}g . SofG;/ kLl8tsf kl/jf/x¿ cfºgf] b]z 5f]8]/ la/fdL lnO{ cfuf]n] kf]ln/x]sf] dgsf] j]bgf ;x]/ 6f9f la/fgf] b]zdf hfg afWo 5g\ . ljb]z hfg] ;fdYo{ gePsfx¿nfO{ t q"m/ d[To' s'g'{afx]s csf]{ ljsNk g} 5}g . t]n plDn/x]sf] s/fOdf xfn]sf] df5fh:t} km6\km6fpg' kl//x]sf] 5 . t}klg :jf:Yo dGqLh:tf] lhDd]jf/ cf]xbfdf /xg]n] To:tf] dfld{s efjgf a'¤g g;Sg' eGbf 7"nf] lj8Dagf c¿ s] xf]nf † 90

91 Pp6f sfddf nfu]kl5 csf]{ s'/fdf d]/f] Wofg} hf―b}g . p7]b]lv ;'Tg]a]nf;Dd ToxL lrGtfn] ;tfO/xG5 . ;f/f hgtf ;lqmo eP/ SofG;/ ;DaGwL r]tgf clej[l4 cleofgdf nflu/x]sf] a]nf ;/sf/n] s'g} rf;f] gb]vfp―bf d slxn]sfxL+ ax'nf h:t} x'Gy]+ . hxf― kfof] Toxf― ;/sf/nfO{ ufnL ub}{ efif0f u/L lx8\y]+ . Pslbg tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dl/rdfg l;+xnfO{ e]6\g k|wfgdGqLlgjf; k'u]+ . eQmk'/sf] /f0ffsfnLg c:ktfnsf] k'/fgf] ejgnfO{ dd{t u/]/ ePklg Pp6f ;fgf] SofG;/ c:ktfn agfpg] k|:tfj lnP/ d pxf―sf] lgjf;:yfg k'u]sf] lyP― . k|wfgdGqLlgjf; aflx/ lhNnf—lhNnfaf6 cfPsf y'k|} /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿ 6Dd lyP . pgLx¿dWo] w]/} h;f] t rf/vfn c8\8fdf d'2f af]sL lx+8\g] km6fxfx¿ h:tf b]lvGy] . To;a]nf k|wfgdGqLsf kL=P= OGb|rf]sdf a:g] Pshgf k|wfg lyP . pgn] dnfO{ w]/}a]/ gs'/fOsg k|wfgdGqL;―u e]6fOlbP . k|wfgdGqLsf] sf]7fdf d}n] /fd|/L lrGg] Pshgf dxfhg k|wfgdGqL;―u} a;]/ lrof lkO/fv]sf lyP . Pp6f ;fdflhs p2]Zo af]s]/ Toxf― k'u]sf] dnfO{ eg] a; g} gelgsg dl/rdfgn] d cfPsf] sf/0f ;f]w] . To:tf] c;Eo Jojxf/af6 d}n] Psl5gsf nflu cfk"mnfO{ a]OHht ul/Psf] dx;'; u/]+ . t}klg d}n] cfk"m cfpg'sf] p2]Zo pgnfO{ cjut u/fP― . kl5 cln ;Dj]bgzLn h:tf] eP/ pgn] eg], ætkfO{+sL >LdtLsf] SofG;/af6 lgwg ePsf] /x]5, dnfO{ b'Mv nfUof] t/ tkfO{n] d]/f] 7fp―af6 klg x]g'{k¥of] . g]kfndf clxn] w]/} s'/fx¿ ug{ af―sL 5, ;8s agfpg' 5, :s"nx¿ vf]Ng' 5, ca sxf― SofG;/ c:ktfn vf]Ng] † k]ml/ o:tf] c:ktfn vf]n]kl5 o;nfO{ ;+rfng ug{nfO{ klg t k};f rflxof] lg .Æ pgn] k]ml/ eg], æclxn] hfgf];\, kl5 o;af/] ljrf/ u/f}+nf .Æ k|wfgdGqL] / :jf:YodGqLsf] ts{df s]xL cGt/ kfOg d}n] . d}n] klg dGqL kbsf] h'Qf nufP/ kl/l:yltnfO{ d"NofÍg ug]{ xf]eg] s]xL xb;Dd pgLx¿n] u/]sf] s'/f klg Tolt grflx+bf] nfUb}gYof] xf]nf . s'/f ;To g} xf] krxQ/} lhNnfdf x]Nykf]i6 agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g, vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ ug'{5, To:tf] cj:yfdf SofG;/ c:ktfn agfpg k};f sxf―af6 Nofpg] < ddfq o; ;d:ofsf] e'Qmef]uL x'―b}df ;a}sf] d]/f]h:t} ;f]r x'g'k5{ eg]/ c¿ ;a}l;t l/; kf]v]/ dfq} x'g]jfnf s]xL lyPg . t/ To;a]nf d]/f] dgdl:tisdf Pp6} ;f]r ;NanfO/x]sf] lyof], g]kfndf SofG;/ c:ktfn agfpg ;/sf/nfO{ s;/L 3R3Rofpg] < ha d cft'/ x'G5', dgdf lrGtf x'G5, ;d:ofsf] s'g} ;dfwfg kQf nufpg d k|s[ltsf] sfvdf k'U5' . lrGtfu|:t eO{ s'g} ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pkfo / pkrf/ vf]Hg' kbf{ dnfO{ ;aeGbf dgkg]{ ufp― 3fGb|'s hfg] uy]{+ d . SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] pkrf/ vf]Hg klg d ToxL+ uP― . 3fGb|'ssf] dgf]/d ufp―sf] Pp6f rf}tf/Ldf ysfO{ dfg{ kLknjf]6sf] ¿vsf] cf8df c8];f] nfUb} 6f]nfP/ df5fk'R5«] x]l//x]+ . t:jL/df h:t} nfnLu'/f―;sf k"mn df5fk'R5«]df nLg ePsf] dgf]/d b[Zo 6f]nfP/ x]b}{/x]+ . To;}a]nf 3f―; jf bfp/fsf] ef/L af]s]sL Pp6L cw{a}+;] dlxnf cfOg\ / rf}tf/Ldf ef/L la;fP/ nfdf] ;';]nL xfnL ;f; km]l/g\ . k6'sfaf6 Ps kfs]6 r'/f]6 lgsfnL Pp6f r'/f]6 kf―r cf}+nfn] RofkL ;NsfOg\ / tfGg nflug\ . b'O— { tLg ldg]6 a:bfa:b} b'O{ lvNnL r'/f]6 ltgn] l;WofOg\ . d}n] ;f]w]+, æalxgL, lbgsf] sltj6f r'/f]6 vfg'x'G5 <Æ pgn] elgg\, æv} xh'/ aRr}b]lv lkpg] afgL nfUof], ca t 5f8\g} ;lQmg . lbgsf] hfG5 sd;]sd b'O{ kfs]6 .Æ cs:dft\ d]/f] lbdfudf Pp6f lx;falstfa plAhxfNof] . d}n] ;f]r]+, olb Pp6L dlxnfn] lbgsf] b'O{ kfs]6 r'/f]6 lkp―l5g\ eg] g]kfne/df slt r'/f]6 vkt x'―bf] xf]nf † d]/f] lbdfudf t'¿Gt} Pp6f csf]{ ljrf/ cfof] . olb x/]s lvNnL r'/f]6df Psk};fdfq cGtMz'Ns nufof] eg] jif{sf] slt ¿k}of― p7fpg ;lsG5 xf]nf † olb of] ;Dej eof] eg] t SofG;/ c:ktfn 91

92 algxfNof] lg † a;\, ca s] 5, olt ljrf/ cfpgf;fy d]/f] dg t r~rn e}xfNof] . cfls{ldl8hn] g'xfp―bf—g'xfp―b} Pp6f cg';Gwfgsf] kmd"{nf lbdfudf cfp―bf afy¿daf6 h'¿Ss} p7]/ af}nfxfem} …n d}n] kfP―, n d}n] kfP―Ú -o'/]sf, o'/]sf_ eg]/ pk|m]sf] syfdf h:t} d klg pk|mg yfn]+ . dnfO{ nfUof] d]/f] ;d:ofsf] c;nL ;dfwfg oxL xf] . To;k|lt d]/f] ;f]rsf] wf/ Pp6} /x\of] . t'?Gt} dnfO{ cfp― k/]h:t} eof], slxn] lk;fa km]g{ dg nfUg] t slxn] lb;f . jf:tjdf dnfO{ s]xL ePs} xf]Og, vfnL ljrf/sf] lj:kmf]6gdf cft'/L ePsf] /x]5 . Tof] lbg 3fGb|'sd} af; a:g] d]/f] of]hgf lyof] . t/ Tof] gof― ljrf/ k'm6\gf;fy Toxf― Psl5g klg a:g dg ePg . Toxf―af6 cf]n]{/ d ;/f;/ hgsk'/sf] af6f] nfu]+ . 7f8} hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf k'u]+ . Toxf― b]j]Gb| zfx eGg] Dofg]h/ /x]5g\ . d}n] pgLl;t ;f]w]+, æzfxhL, hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfdf lbgsf] slt lvNnL r'/f]6 aGbf]/x]5 <Æ …tLg s/f]8,Ú zfxn] dnfO{ tTsfn} pQ/ lbP . tLg s/f]8 † jfx † dnfO{ cfZro{ klg nfUof], v'zL klg nfUof] . cfZro{ of] dfg]df ls Ps lbgdf tLg—tLg s/f]8 ;"tL{hGo clxts/ r'/f]6 aGbf] /x]5 . v'zL of] dfg]df ls Ps—Ps k};faf6 klg w]/} wg/fzL ;Íng ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 . zfxhLl;t s'/fubf{ of] klg yfxf kfOof], g]kfn clw/fHoe/ la―8Lafx]s kf―r s/f]8 lvNnL r'/f]6 Ps lbgd} aGbf] /x]5 . sf7df8f}+ kms]{/ …Ps k};faf6 SofG;/ c:ktfnÚ gfds Pp6f cjwf/0ffkq t'¿Gt} tof/ kf/]+ . cjwf/0ffkq tof/ kfbf{ d}n] cfºg} lsl;dsf] cg';Gwfg u/]+ . ;aeGbf klxn] t of] z'Ns jf s/af6 pkef]QmfnfO{ s'g} cfly{s af]em x'g' ePg . o;sf] pkof]u ;dfh / b]zlxtsf nflu x'g'k¥of] . o:tf] cGtMz'Nsn] s'g} ju{ jf ;d"xnfO{ cGofo x'g' ePg . clxn]sf dflg;nfO{ Ps k};fsf] dxTj slt x'G5 eg]/ hfGgsf nflu d}n] bz k};fsf] kftnf] cfNd'lgodsf] l;Ssf nflhDkf6sf] d]/f] xf]6]nsf] 9f]sf aflx/ /fvL Ps 7fp―af6 lrofO/fv]+ s;n] l6K5 Tof] k};f eg]/ . Tof] af6f]df lx+8\g] ;a} a6'jfn] Tof] 6Ns]sf] k};f b]v] t/ tn lgx'l/P/ l6Kg] kl/>d Pshgfn] klg ug{ rfx]gg\ . cflv/ w]/}a]/kl5 Pp6f s]6fn] l6k]/ nUof] . ha bz k};fsf] df]x k|foM s;}nfO{ x'―bf]/x]g5 eg] Ps k};fsf] d"No s] /x\of] / † Ps k};fsf] cGtMz'Ns nufP/ Ps lvNnLsf] Ps k};f p7\5 eg] To;sf] s;}n] klg lj/f]w ub}{gg\ eGg] d]/f] dgdf cfof] . syd\sbflrt\ r'/f]6 vfg] s;}nfO{ /f]u nfluxfn] klg x/]s r'/f]6df p;n] lt/]sf] k};f Ps lx;fan] p;n] aLdfsf nflu lk|ldod lt/] h:t} x'g]eof] . Pshgfn] lkPsf] r'/f]6sf] w"―jfn] r'/f]6 gvfg]x¿nfO{ /f]u km}nfpg ;Sg] l:ylt ePsf] x'―bf r'/f]6 vfg]x¿n] t Ps lsl;dsf] b08 lbg'k¥of] lg † To:t} b08 dfGg ;lsGYof] Tof] Ps k};fnfO{ . r'/f]6af6 p7fOg] k};faf6} SofG;/ c:ktfn agfpg] s'/fnfO{ ;a} kqklqsfn] dxTjsf ;fy k|rf/ ul/lbP― . d}n] of] k|:tfj tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{nfO{ lbg rfx]sf] lyP― t/ pxf―n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf a9L k|fyldstf lbO/fv]sf] x'―bf tkl;nsf s'/fx¿df Wofg} lbg rfxg'ePg . lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 pxf―n] ;f] k|:tfj ToxL jif{sf] ah]6 efif0fdf kf/L ;bgaf6 kfl/t u/fpg'eof] . Pp6f ;fgf] ;f]rsf] sf/0f Ps lvNnL r'/f]6df Ps k};f / clxn] cfP/ b'O{ k};fsf] cy{ ;Íngaf6 e/tk'/df cTofw'lgs SofG;/ c:ktfndfq xf]Og, sf7df8f}+df u¨fnfn x[bo/f]u s]Gb| / eQmk'/df SofG;/ c:ktfn ;+rfngdf ;d]t 7"nf] of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . ljZjdf zfob g]kfndfq o:tf] /fi6« xf], hxf― r'/f]6df z'Ns p7fO{ SofG;/ /f]u pkrf/df nufOG5 . eQmk'/ SofG;/ c:ktfn pb\3f6g ug]{ a]nf ;of}+ dflg;sf cufl8 dnfO{ af]nfP/ :juL{o /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 x's'd eof], æca t ltd|f] ;kgf k"/f 92

93 eof] xf]nf lg †Æ d}n] hfx]/ u/]+, æ;/sf/, plxn]eGbf t w]/} /fd|f] eof] t/ SofG;/ c:ktfn e/tk'/df ePsf] x'―bf Toxf― 8fS6/ gk'u]/ / cGo ;'ljwfx¿sf] sdLaf6 hlt Jojl:yt x'gkg]{ lyof], Tolt x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . t;y{ ;]jsn] e/tk'/nfO{ d]l8sn l;6Lsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{ k|:tfj 6q\mofPsf] 5' .Æ ;/sf/af6 x's'd eof], æs'g}klg gof― 7fp―df ljz]if If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ ltdLx¿sf] dg;fon] dfq k'Ub}g . lrtjgjf;Lx¿ s] eG5g\, Tof] a'‰g' k5{ / o:tf] cfjfh lrtjgjf;Lsf] tkm{af6 cfpg] jftfj/0f agfpg' k5{ .Æ dnfO{ ;/sf/sf] Tof] s'/f c;fWo} lrQ a'‰of] . jf:tjdf s'g}klg If]qsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu l;+xb/af/sf] sf]7fdf vfsf tof/ u/]/ dfq x'―b}g . h'g 7fp―df h:tf] ljsf; ug{ vf]h]sf] xf], ToxL+sf dflg;nfO{ cu|;/ agfpg' k5{ clgdfq ;kmn x'G5 sfo{qmd . e/tk'/ / gf/fo0fu9nfO{ d]l8sn l;6Lsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{ k|:tfj klg ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] k|ltkmn g} xf] . ha e/tk'/df aL=kL= SofG;/ c:ktfn lgdf{0f eof], cg]s 8fS6/x¿n] …SofG;/ h:tf] cTofw'lgs c:ktfn sf7df8f}+ aflx/ ;+rfng g} ug'{ x'―b}gÚ eGb} cfnf]rgf u/] . clxn] eg]/ s] ug]{ † lrlgof― ;/sf/n] e/tk'/d} agfOlbof] . c/jf}+ ¿k}of―sf] nufgL e};s]sf] 5 . …lxGb' s] lk5] 1fgÚ eg]e}+m ca ljrf/ kl/jt{g u/]/ s] x'G5 † h;/L ePklg aL=kL= SofG;/ c:ktfnnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng ug}{k5{ . ToxL cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ g} d}n] e/tk'/, lrtjgnfO{ d]l8sn l;6L agfpg] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] lyP― . lrtjg k|fs[lts b[li6sf]0fn] klg cToGt dxTjk"0f{ 7fp― xf] . oxL― ljZj ;Dkbf:yndf ;"rLs[t /fli6«o lgs'~h /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] kljq k|fs[lts:yndf eljiodf y'k|} snsf/vfgfx¿ agfOof] eg] Toxf―af6 lgl:sPsf kmf]xf]/d}nfaf6 /fKtL / gf/fo0fL gbL k|b"lift x'g ;S5g\ . tL gbLsf kfgL vfg] lrtjgsf hnr/dfq xf]Og, To;af6 cg]s ynr/ / h¨nL hLjhGt'x¿nfO{ ;d]t k|lts"n c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . olb lrtjgnfO{ d]l8sn l;6Lsf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsof] eg] :jR5 jftfj/0fl;t d]n vfg] ko{6g, :jf:Yo / lzIffsf cg]s pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf u/L To; IF]qsf] cfly{s ljsf;df Pp6f qmflGt g} Nofpg ;lsG5 . e/tk'/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] d]l8sn l;6L agfpg' x/]s b[li6n] pko'Qm 5 . g]kfnsf] d'6' ;/x 5 of] IF]q . ;Dk"0f{ /fhdfu{x¿n] hf]8]sf], hxf―af6 klg glhs kg]{, k|z:t kfgL / ;a} k"jf{wf/ k'u]sf], wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] kljq:yn dflgPsf] clg b"g / efj/ If]qsf] df};d ePsf sf/0f t/fO{eGbf zLtn / kxf8eGbf Gofgf] . …d]l8sn l;6LÚ cyf{t\ :jf:Yo zx/ lgdf{0f ug{ of]eGbf pko'Qm 7fp― g]kfndf sxL+ gxf]nf . e/tk'/ If]qnfO{ /fi6«sf] :jf:Yo zx/sf ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{ ;lsof] eg] SofG;/ c:ktfndf dfq xf]Og, Toxf―sf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;d]t cfd"n kl/jt{g cfpg ;S5 . …d]l8sn l;6LÚ 3f]if0ff ubf{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] 7"nf] wg/flz vr{ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf klg 5}g . dfq gLlt agfpg] xf] / pBdLx¿nfO{ pT;flxt agfpg s]xL ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/lbg] xf] . d]l8sn l;6Lleq s'g} pBdLn] gl;{ª xf]d, 8fOUgf]l;; ;]G6/ cflb vf]Ng rfx]df Ps k|ltztdfq eG;f/ nufO{ ;/;fdfg lemsfpg kfpg] / pQm If]qleq sfo{/t 8fS6/x¿nfO{ kf―r jif{sf] s/ 5'6 h:tf cfsif{s ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]/ d]l8sn l;6L t'¿Gt} ;'¿ ug{ ;lsG5 . e/tk'/ jf gf/fo0f3f6df cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ e};s]sf] 5 . of]hgfj4 tl/sfn] zx/Ls/0f ug{ oxf― hUuf klg k|z:t pknAw 5 . ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] of] :yfg cfsif{s klg 5 . d]l8sn l;6L :yfkgf ugf{;fy snsf/vfgfx¿ vf]Ng glbg] gLlt lng] xf] eg] oxf―sf] jftfj/0f k|b"lift x'g kfp―b}g . /fhdfu{df x'g] b'3{6gfsf 3fOt]x¿sf] klg oyfzL3| pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;jeGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f e/tk'/af6 ef/tsf] pQ/k|b]z, laxf/ glhs} 93

94 k5{g\ . laxf/, pQ/ k|b]zdf s'g}klg /fd|f] :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw gePsf] x'―bf e/tk'/nfO{ d]l8sn l;6L agfpg ;lsof] eg] …d]l8sn 6'l/hd\Ú sf] klg ;―u;―u} ljsf; x'g]5 . o; If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu klg ;/sf/n] w]/} nufgL ug'{ kb}{g, pBdLx¿ :jo+n] cfk}m nufgL u5{g\ . ;/sf/n] t …xf]:6]Ú dfq ug'{k5{, pBdL / hgtfn] …x}+;]Ú u5{g\ . jf:tjdf e/tk'/ clxn] klg cfºg} lsl;daf6 d]l8sn l;6Lsf ¿kdf ljsf; x'―b} uO/x]sf] 5 . oxf― SofG;/ c:ktfnafx]s cf―vf c:ktfn, d]l8sn sn]h, a[4f>d cflb v'ln;s]sf 5g\ . of] qmd /f]s]/ /f]Sg klg ;ls+b}g . t/ o;nfO{ of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] ljsf; ul/Pg eg] cg]s la£gafwf cfpg ;S5g\ . ;+;f/sf w]/} d'n'sdf d]l8sn l;6Lx¿ 5g\ . To;}n] xfdLsxf― d]l8sn l;6Lsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg} k5{ . t/ :juL{o /fhfn] x's'd aS; eP adf]lhd :yfgLo lrtjgaf;Lsf] sf]lz;lagf d PSn}n] of] k|:tfjgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] s'/f ePg . lrtjgaf;Ln] g} of] cfjfh p7fpg' k5{ . kl/R5]b b—!! !! Pp6f dfG5]sf] dfofn] slt km/s kb{5 lhGbuLdf æ;d:of dflg;sf lglDt clezfk xf]Og, of] t k|ultsf] v'8\lsnf] xf] . r'gf}tLn] jf:tjdf efUodfgLsf] 9f]sfdf dfq 3r3Rofp―5 . hf] cefuL 5, p;nfO{ ;d:ofn] ;tfp―b} ;tfp―b}g . lhGbuLsf] x/ 38Ldf ;d:ofx¿ cfO/xG5g\ . Ifdtfjfg\ JolQmn] ;d:of ;'Nemfp―b} hfG5, d"v{x¿ o;af6 efU5g\ jf clNemG5g\ . dflg;dfqn] aRr}b]lv ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ jf:tljstf xf] of] . ====== r'gf}tLl;t, xf―sl;t xf/ vfg]n] ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g g t lhGbuLdf k|ult g} ug{ ;S5 . r'gf}tLaf6 efUg] dfG5] sd{zLn x'―b} xf]Og .Æ s'g}klg sfdsf] yfngL ug{ Pp6f sf/0fsf] cfjZostf kbf]{/x]5 . hËnsf] hLjg 5f]8]kl5 d]/f];fd' Pp6f r'gf}tL cfof] . Tof] r'gf}tLn] g} sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp; vf]Ng] af6f] b]vfof] . xf]6]n vf]lnof] t/ ;+rfng ug]{ s;/L < sfd ubf{ub}{ k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ tl/sf hflgof] . ko{6sx¿ klg xf]6]ndf cfpg] qmd hf/L eof] . ca yk ;'ljwfx¿ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ h¿/L eof] . sf]7f k'u]g, c¿ yk sf]7f lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf eof] . o;/L ljsf;sf] aQLdf r'gf}tLsf] £o" afNb} lhGbuLsf] cy{k"0f{ k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] qmd hf/L /x\of] . r'gf}tLn] ljsf; Nofof] / ljsf;n] c¿ ;d:of yKof] . o;n] k]ml/ c¿ r'gf}tLx¿ hGdfp―b} uof] . j:t'tM ;d:of, r'gf}tL / ljsf; cGof]Gofl>t lg/Gt/ k|lqmofsf cjojx¿ x'g\ . logLx¿ uf]n–uf]n ;w}+ 3'dL g} /xG5g\, cGTo eg] slxNo} x'―b}g . >LdtL / 5f]/Lsf] c;fdlos b'Mvb lgwgaf6 dgdf ulx/f] 3fp nfUof] . To;df dndk§L nufpg SofG;/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ c7f]6 ul/of], c:ktfn klg aGof] . c:ktfnnfO{ lg/Gt/ / bL3{sfnLg agfpg lrtjgdf d]l8sn l;6Lsf] kl/sNkgf ul/of] . ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf] of] bf}8w"k g} jf:tljs lhGbuL xf], oyfy{df cem cy{k"0f{ lhGbuL . ;d:of dflg;sf lglDt clezfk xf]Og, of] t k|ultsf] v'8\lsnf] xf] . r'gf}tLn] jf:tjdf efUodfgLsf] 9f]sfdf dfq 3r3Rofp―5 . hf] cefuL 5, p;nfO{ ;d:ofn] ;tfp―b} ;tfp―b}g . lhGbuLsf] x/ 38Ldf ;d:ofx¿ cfO/xG5g\ . Ifdtfjfg\ JolQmn] ;d:of ;'Nemfp―b} hfG5, d"v{x¿ o;af6 efU5g\ jf clNemG5g\ . dflg;dfqn] aRr}b]lv ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ jf:tljstf xf] of] . Ps sIffkl5 b'O{ sIff, b'Okl5 tLg sIff ubf{—ub}{ k|j]lzsf, k|j]lzsfkl5 cfO{=P=, cfO{=P= kl5 aL=P= clg Pd=P= ub}{ hfg] rqmh:t} xf] of] . ljBfyL{n] hf―r kf; ub}{ hfg'k5{, p;nfO{ k'm;{b slxNo} x'g'x'―b}g . hf―r eg]s} r'gf}tL xf] . r'gf}tLl;t, xf―sl;t xf/ vfg]n] ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g g t lhGbuLdf k|ult g} ug{ ;S5 . r'gf}tLaf6 efUg] dfG5] sd{zLn 94

95 x'―b} xf]Og . d]/L wd{kTgLsf] b]xfj;fgsf] s]xL lbgkl5 g]kfnsf k|l;4 dxfg\ af}4 leIf' cd[tfgGb dxf:ylj/Ho" :jo+ d]/f] 3/df dnfO{ ;dj]bgf lbg cfp―bf klg pxf―n] o:t} ;d:of / r'gf}tLaf6 gxtfl/g] ctL{ lbg'ePsf] lyof] . pxf―sf] ;Gb]z / k/fdz{n] d]/f] lhGbuLdf Pp6f pmhf{ ylklbof] . pxf―n] wd{b]zgf lb+b} d]/f] nflu Pp6f dxfjf0fL k|bfg ug'{eof], ækL8fnfO{ cf―;'n] kvfNg' x'―b}g, tfut eP xfdLn] cfºgf] kL8fnfO{ dgleq kfNg'k5{ / of] kL8fnfO{ dl§t]n h:t} HjngzLn kbfy{ agfP/ Hof]lt afNg] k|of; ug'{k5{ .Æ 1fgj4{s s'/f ub}{ pxf―n] dnfO{ Pp6f gof― / qmflGtsf/L cleJolQm klg ;'gfpg'eof] . g]jf/L ;d'bfodf vf; u/L zfSo / ah|frfo{ hftdf s'g} JolQmsf] d[To' eof] eg] ;do—;dodf gft]bf/ / Oi6ldqx¿nfO{ af]nfO{ ltlysf] gfp―df …kfxf―Ú ef]h v'jfpg'kYof]{ . cd[tfgGb dxf:ylj/Ho"n] d]/L >LdtLsf] gfddf ef]het]/ v'jfP/ ;do / k};f vr{ ug'{eGbf u/La / c;xfox¿nfO{ eljio;Dd 6]jf k'Ug] vfnsf s]xL sfd ug'{k5{ eGg] ;Nnfx lbg'eof] . pxf―n] dnfO{ lbg'ePsf] 1fg / lzIffn] dnfO{ ;dfh;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'g 7"nf] k|]/0ff lbof] . ;g\ !((^ df cd[tfgGb dxf:ylj/Ho"sf] :juf{/f]x0f eof] . pxf― g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf cfb/0fLo af}4 leIf' x'g'x'GYof] . wfld{s If]qdf dfq xf]Og, /fhgLlts Pj+ ;fdflhs If]qdf klg w]/} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'ePsf] lyof] pxf―n] . g]kfndf pxf―n] g} y]/afb af}4 wd{sf] hu bl/nf] agfpg'ePsf] lyof] . af}4wd{sf dfWodaf6 r]tgf hfu/0f u/L pxf―n] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;d]t d2t k'¥ofpg'ePsf] lyof] . hglxtsf/L Pj+ qmflGtsf/L ehgx¿ /r]/ ;f]xL dfWodaf6 clw/fHoe/ 1fgdfnf ehgsf] cleofg ;'¿ u/L /f0ffsfnLg ;dodf ;fdflhs r]tgf hfu/0f ug]{ sfd u/]sf] x'―bf pxf―nfO{ h]ndf y'lgof] / kl5 b]z–lgisfzg klg ul/of] . ljb]zdf a;]/ klg pxf―n] ;zQm wdf]{bo;efsf] :yfkgf ug'{eof] . kl5 k|hftGqkZrft\ :j= /fhf lqe'jgsf] afx'nLaf6 eujfg\ a'4sf] cl:ywft';d]t af]sfO{ :joDe"sf] cfgGbs'6Ldf k|lt:yflkt u/fpg ;kmn x'g'eof] . To:tf] af}l4s JolQmsf] lgwgkZrft\ g]kfnsf] af}4 ;d'bfodf xNnf— vNnf t dlRrg] g} eof] . cg]s af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿n] :joDe"l:yt cfgGbs'6Ldf a[xb\ ¿kdf e]nf eO{ pxf―sf] cGTo]li7 kZrft\ s]—s:tf wfld{s sfo{qmd ug]{ egL 5nkmn u/] . b]zsf ;f/f leIf'x¿nfO{ ef]hg u/fpg], bfgblIf0ff lbg] cflb wfld{s sfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf ug]{ ljifodf Jofks nkmn eof] . ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd to ePkl5 ;f]xL cg'¿k sfd ug{ k|z:t wg/flzsf] cfjZostf x'g] g} eof] . cfly{s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug{ Toxf― pkl:yt ;fx'—dxfhgx¿ ss:n] slt—slt rGbf lbg] eGg] s'/f p7\of] . leIf' ef]hgsf nflu s;}n] lrofkfg u/fpg] lhDdf lnP, s;}n] lbjfef]hg / s;}n] oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] bfloTj ;sf/] . rGbf lbg] qmddf JolQmx¿sf] Toxf― xf]8afhL rNof] . Ps lsl;dn] k|lt:kwf{ h:t} eof] . t/ d Tof] ;efdf r'krfk al;/fv]sf] lyP― . b'O{—rf/ hgf d}n] s]xL af]N5' ls eg]/ kNofsk'n's dlt/ x]b}{ lyP t/ d Toxf― r'krfk} al;/x]+ . kl5 :jo+ cd[tfgGb dxf:ylj/Ho"sf HjfO{+ / cfgGbs'§L :s"nsf k|wfgfWofks /Tgaxfb'/ ah|frfo{n] dnfO{ ;f]lwxfn], æs0f{hL, n tkfO{+sf] kfnf], s] ug]{ ef]hg u/fpg] ls /sd bfg ug]{ .Æ dnfO{ ;f―Rr} eGg] xf]eg] rGbfsf] Tof] k|lt:kwf{ dg k/]sf] lyPg . Tof]eGbf klg dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] nfUof] eg] h'g dxf:ylj/Ho"n] d[To'kZrft\ ltly gug"{, ef]het]/ gug"{ eg]/ lzIff lbg'eof], cfh ToxL wd{u'?sf] :juf{/f]x0fkl5 d pxf―s} k/fdz{ljk/Lt leIf' ef]hg ug]{÷u/fpg] sfo{df s;/L ;xefuL x'g] < Tof] ;efdf leIf' cd[tfgGbl;t ePsf] jftf{ ;'gfp―b} d}n] ;Lw}+ eg]+, æleIf' cd[tfgGb cfk+}mn] eGg'ePsf] lyof], ef]hg u/fP/ ;do / k};f v]/ gkmfNg" . To:tf] dxfg\ JolQmTjsf] lgwgkZrft\ 95

96 hfgL—hfgL ef]hg u/fpg] sfo{df d s;/L ;+nUg x'g] < To;}n] d oxf― rGbf lbg ;lSbg― .Æ t/ pxf―sf] ;Demgfdf d s]xL g s]xL u5'{ eGb} Ps k};f klg rGbf glbOsg kms]{/ cfP― . Toltsf dflg;x¿sf cufl8 cfºgf] tk{maf6 s]xL klg glbO{ v'?Ss p7]/ cfp―bf dnfO{ s]xL nfh klg nfUof] cln cK7\of/f] klg . tLg—rf/ lbg;Dd d}n] s'g} lgSof]{n ug}{ ;lsg―, pxf―sf] nflu s] ug]{ eg]/ . cfgGbs'6L :s"ndf pxf―sf] gfpdf rGbf lbg] xf] jf kz'klt j[4f>ddf uP/ j[4x¿nfO{ vfgf af―8\g] – s] u?―, s] gu?― † d}n] lg0f{o ug{ ;lsg― . t/ pxf―sf] gfddf s]xL g s]xL t d}n] ug}{k5{ eGg] c7f]6 t 5―b} lyof] . s]xL lbg;Dd d ;f]rdf 8'la/x]+ . cflv/ Pp6f pkfo lg:sL xfNof] . dnfO{ nfUof], leIf' cd[tfgGbn] wd{u'?sf x}l;otn] g]kfndf w]/} sfd u/]/ hfg'eof] t/ pxf―sf] d/0fkZrft\ dflg;x¿ ;lhn} lal;{lbG5g\ tL sfd . dflg;sf] :d/0fzlQm w]/} sdhf]/ x'G5 . k/Gt' cd[tfgGb la;{gof]Uo JolQm t cjZo xf]Ogg\ . t;y{ d}n] pxf―sf] hLjgsf d'Vod'Vo s'/f emNsg] u/L Pp6f j[Qlrq agfpg] ljrf/ u/]+ . d]/f ;fyL /fh]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7, O{Zj/nfn >]i7 / :j= cd[tfgGbsf lzio leIf' d}qLsf] ;xof]uaf6 j[Qlrqsf] g]kfnL / c+u|]hL efiffdf k6syf tof/ ul/of], /fh]Gb|n] g]kfnLdf / O{Zj/nfnHo"n] c+u|]hLdf . emG8} Ps dlxgfhlt cg';Gwfg u/]kl5 :juL{o cd[tfgGbsf] hLjgL k|ltljlDat x'g] u/L j[Qlrq agfOof] . pxf―sf t:jL/x¿, pxf―sf wd{ b]zgf / hLjgLdf cfwfl/t aL;—aL; ldg]6sf] g]kfnL / c+u|]hL b'a} efiffdf j[Qlrq agfP/ kf―r ;oj6f Sof;]6 lgsfNof}+ . j[Qlrqsf] gfd …cd[tf~hnLÚ /flvof] . j[Qlrq g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ af}4 laxf/x¿sf cltl/Qm >Ln+sf, a}+ss / ;+;f/sf cGo af}4 laxf/df ;d]t ljt/0f ul/of] . o;/L :juL{o cd[tfgGbsf] hLjgLaf/] g]kfndf dfq xf]Og, cGt/f{li6«o hutdf klg k|rf/—k|;f/ eof] . j[Qlrq agfp―bf—agfp―b} d}n] 7"nf] 5f]/fa'xf/Laf6 Pp6L gfltgL kfP― . gfltgLsf] gfd g} d}n] cd[tf~hnL /flvlbP― . ;g\ !((! df cd[tf~hnL j[QlrqnfO{ g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] To; jif{sf] pTs[i6 j[Qlrqsf] k'/:sf/ klg lbof] . :juL{o dxf:ylj/Ho"sf] :d/0fdf g]kfn e|d0f jif{tfsf tfg;]gdf pxf― hGdg'ePsf] 3/sf] af6f]nfO{ xfdLn] æcd[tfgGb dfu{Æ eg]/ gfds/0f u¥of}+ . e}/xjf Po/kf]6{nfO{ …uf}td a'4 Po/kf]6{Ú gfd lbOof] . o;df tTsfnLg ko{6g ;lrj bLk]Gb|k'?if 9sfnsf] w]/} of]ubfg 5 . :juL{o leIf' cd[tfgGbn] dnfO{ ;dfh;]jfdf clek|]l/tdfq ug'{ ePg, d]/f] hLjgdf klg Pp6f gof― ;f]rsf] k|fb'ef{j ul/lbg' ePsf] lyof] . pxf―sf] syg lyof], …dgdf 3fpnfO{ cfnf] g} /fVg' k5{, To;n] c¿ sfd ug{ d2t u5{ .Ú d]/L >LdtLsf] b]xfj;fgkl5 d Tjd\z/0fd\ eP/ SofG;/ If]qdf nflu/fv]sf] lyP― . w]/} g]kfnLx¿n] d]/f] lhGbuLsf si6bfos ljof]uaf/] ;'g]sf] x'―bf pgLx¿sf] lhGbuLdf klg To:tf] s]xL 36\gf eof]eg] dsxf― cfP/ ;/;Nnfx lng yfn] . s;}sf >LdtL jf kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:onfO{ SofG;/ /f]u nfUof] eg] ;DejtM pgLx¿n] kl/jf/sf c¿ ;b:onfO{ eGg g;Sg] / Jofjxfl/s lx;fadf 8fS6/x¿n] klg pgLx¿nfO{ cfkTsfnLg ;fGTjgf lbg g;Sg] ePsf] x'―bf d}n] s] u/]sf] lyP― / s] u/] /fd|f] xf]nf eGg] ;Nnfx lng dsxf― cfpg]x¿sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uof] . d klg To:tf b'MvL dflg; cfP eg] cfºgf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd 5f]8]/ pgLx¿nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg yfn]+ . k/fdz{ eg]sf] Pp6f k]zfut ljifo /x]5 h'g dgf]j}1flgs pkrf/sf] Pp6f kf6f] klg xf] . jf:tjdf k/fdz{lagf 1fg lbg gx'g] /x]5 t/ d}n] cfk"mnfO{ nfu]sf si6 / b'MvnfO{ s;/L e]+mn], sxf― uP/ pkrf/ u/]+, la/fdLl;t s;/L s'/f uy]{+ cflb—OToflb cfºgf cg'ejx¿ pgLx¿l;t JoQm ug{ yfn]+ . tL dflg;x¿nfO{ o;n] w]/} d2t u¥of] . dgsf] 3fp a'¤g]n] dgdf 3fp nfu]sf JolQmx¿l;t s'/f u¥of] eg] dg w]/} xn'sf] x'―bf] /x]5 . 96

97 jf:tjdf SofG;/sf] If]qdf la/fdLnfO{ eGbf klg la/fdLsf] kl/jf/nfO{ b'Mv x'G5 . sltko To:tf e'Qmef]uLx¿ dsxf― cfp―bf d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs Pj+ cf+lzs ¿kn] cfly{s ;xof]u t u/]+ t/ lg/Gt/ ¿kn] c¿x¿sf] b'Mv / dfgl;s kL8fnfO{ ghfgL—ghfgL ck|ToIf ¿kn] axg ug{ yfn]sf] x'―bf kl5 dnfO{ cln …Pª\hfO6LÚ egf}+, cgfof;} tl;{g] h:tf] x'g yfNof] . kl5 Pshgf dgf]j}1flgs 8fS6/l;t s'/f a'¤bf s'g} bIftf lagf d}n] sfplG;lnªsf] sfd ul//fv]sf] x'―bf To;f] ePsf] x'g;Sg] atfP . To;kZrft\ d}n] SofG;/sf e'Qmef]uLx¿nfO{ e]6\g] sfd sd u/]+ . d a9L g} efj's 5' . kfl/jfl/s 36gfdf cfwfl/t d]nf] 8«fDofl6s lxGbL lkmNdx¿ x]/]kl5 slxn]sfxL+ ;lhn}l;t d]/f cf―vfdf cf―;' cfpg yfN5 . …xd ;fy;fy x}Ú / …afujfgÚ h:tf ;fdflhs lkmNdx¿ t x]g}{ gx'g], hlt x]/]klg cf―vfdf cf―;' cfOxfN5 . clg To:tf] lkmNd x]g{ yfNof] ls d]/L sfG5L 5f]/L t[ifflUgn] d]/f] cf―vfdf x]b}{ luHofOxflNyg\ . d]/f] cf―vf /;fpg w]/} a]/ nfUb}g / cf―;' n'sfP/ d cfºgf] vf]qmf] db{kg b]vfp―lbg klg . x'g t cf―;'n] nf]Ug] dflg;sf] sdhf]/L b]vfp―5 eG5g\ t/ o;af6 s]xL xb;Dd ck|ToIf ¿kn] d]/f] efj's zlQmsf] k|:k'm6g ePsf] h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . g]kfndf sf]xL la/fdL eof]eg] dflg;x¿ xln{S;, la:s'6 / kmnk"mn lnP/ x]g{ hfg] u5{g\, la/fdL x]b}{ dfof / :g]xsf b'O{—rf/j6f lrKnf af]nL af]n]/ kmls{g] u5{g\ . t/ d To:tf cf}krfl/s s'/fx¿ ug{ ;lSbg lsgeg] l;ls:t / lgsf] gx'g] vfnsf la/fdLx¿ x]/]/ cfPkl5 d]/f] dg s]xL lbg;Dd lk/f]lnO/xG5 . tL la/fdLx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] s]xLklg ug{ g;s]/ ls+st{Aoljd"9 eO{ 6'n'6'n' x]/]/ dfq kms{g' kg]{ cj:yfdf dnfO{ c;fWo} cK7\of/f] nfU5 . To;}n] ;se/ cfk"mn] d2t ug{ g;Sg] l:yltdf d la/fdL x]g{ g} hfGg . Psrf]l6 d]/f gft]bf/x¿n] d]/f] dfdfsf] 5f]/fnfO{ SofG;/ ePsf] /x]5, ca pm af―Rb}g eGg] s'/f u/]+ . d]/L >LdtL ;'zLnfn] ;a} x]g{ uO;s]5g\, xfdL klg x]g{ hfg'k¥of] egL dnfO{ ;'gfOg\ . la/fdLsf] l;ls:t cj:yf ;'g]/ d}n] hfg] OR5f ul/g . t/ ;'zLnfn] dnfO{ hah{:tL Toxf― nuL 5fl8g\ . ;f―Rr} la/fdLsf] cj:yf Psbd d/0ffGt b]lvGYof]— d'v Psbd sfnf], b'Anf]—kftnf] . ha pgL vf]Sy], Psbd uGxfpg] sfnf] vsf/ cfp―Yof] . af]Ng klg g;Sg] / ;f; k]mg{ klg clt uf¥xf] b]lvGYof] pgnfO{ . xfdL cfPsf] b]v]/ pgsL >LdtL / 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ ;a} ¿g yfn] . cfºgf] xftsf] cf}+nfn] ;Í]t ub}{ la/fdLn] hLp b'Mv]sf] clg ;lhnf];―u ;f; k]mg{ g;s]sf] Ozf/f u/] . 5ftLdf SofG;/ ePsf] xf] jf z+sfdfq u/]sf] xf], Tof] s'/f a'¤g d}n] 8fS6/n] hf―r]sf] l/kf]6{ x]g{ vf]h]+ . t/ la/fdLnfO{ clxn];Dd 8fS6/n] hf―r]s} /x]g5 . cf}iflw k;n]sf] cg'dfgsf] e/af6 dfq cf}iff]wf]krf/ e}/x]sf] d}n] a'e]+m . d]/f] dgdf zÍf nfUof] zfob pgnfO{ SofG;/} ePsf] 5}g . d}n] t'?Gt} xf]6]naf6 rf/hgf dfG5] af]nfP/ la/fdLnfO{ cfºg} uf8Ldf /fvL cf]d xl:k6ndf k'¥ofP― . tTsfn} 8fS6/ k'is//fh ;Tofnn] hf―r u/] . la/fdLnfO{ t'¿Gt :nfOg kfgL lbOof] . PS;/], l;l6:Sofg, vsf/ cflb h―rfOof] . ef]lnkN6} la/fdLsf] hf―rsf] ;f/f l/kf]6{ cfof] t/ To;df SofG;/ ePsf] nIf0f} b]lvPg . t'?Gt} 8fS6/ ;Tofnn] PlG6afof]l6s / cGo cfjZos cf}iflwx¿ lbP . 8fS6/sf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ g;{x¿n] la/fdLsf] 9f8df dfln; ub}{ k|z:t vsf/x¿ lgsfn] . jf:tjdf d]/f] dfdfsf] 5f]/fnfO{ s]xL dlxgfcl3 ?3fvf]sL nfu]sf] /x]5 t/ ?3fvf]sLnfO{ a]jf:tf u/]sf] x'―bf lgdf]lgof― eP5 . kl5 pgsf] kmf]S;f]df vsf/x¿ el/+bfel/+b} ;f; k]mg]{ 7fp― g} sd ePsf] /x]5 . ha—ha pgsf] kmf]S;f]af6 vsf/ lgl:sg yfNof], d/0ffGt cj:yfdf k'u]sf tL la/fdLsf] d'v / cg'xf/ abln+b} uof] b'O{ lbgdf g} pgL lx+88'n;d]t ug{ yfn] . /fd|f] 8foUgf]l;; u/]/ ;xL ;dodf 7Ls— 7Ls cf}ifwf]krf/ eof]eg] slt rf―8} glthf cfp―bf] /x]5 . dg{ nfUof] eg]sf] 97

98 la/fdLnfO{ o;/L lx+8]sf] b]Vbf dnfO{ v'a} cfgGb nfUof] . of] 36gf g]kfnsf] s'g} b'u{d / ljs6 ufp―sf] xf]Og, xfd|} g]kfnsf] d'6' /fhwfgLsf] xf] . o:tf] 5 xfd|f] /fhwfgL egfp―bf] zx/sf] cj:yf / oxf― a:g] dflg;x¿sf] :jf:Yok|ltsf] x]nr]q\mof―O― . obfsbf cf}iflw pkrf/ ug{sf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u dfUg dsxf― dfG5]x¿ cfO/xGy]+ / ;Sbf] ;xof]u klg u/]+ . kl5 SofG;/sf] gfp―df k};f 7Ug] dfG5]x¿ klg cfpg yfn] . slxn]sxL+ arfpg} g;Sg] cj:yfsf la/fdLsf cfkmGtx¿ cfp―bf d cfR5'—cfR5' x'Gy]+ . w]/} h;f] la/fdLx¿ /f]u} lgsf] kg{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf cfp―5g\ . wgf9\o eP s]xL 5}g t/ dWod ju{sf] la/fdL ljb]zdf hfg nfUof] eg] la/fdLn] dfq xf]Og, ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/n] b'Mv ef]Ug' k5{ . hfg] t uOxfN5 / p;n] kl/jf/ ;a}nfO{ g} u/La kf/]/ hfG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf g ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 g t ;/;Nnfx lbg g} . k/Gt', ha cfk"mn] lbPsf] d2t, cfk"mn] u/]sf] ;xof]uaf6 s;}nfO{ arfpg ;lsG5 eg] Tof]eGbf /dfOnf] If0f c¿ x'g} ;Sb}g . cfºgf kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ t ;a}n] arfp―5g\, Tof] t st{Jo klg eof] . t/ cfºgf] ;fgf] ;xof]uaf6 c¿nfO{ arfp―bf h'g ;'v / ;Gtf]ifsf] cg'e"lt x'G5, Tof] ug]{nfO{ dfq yfxf x'G5 . c¿sf] b'MvnfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]l//xg] / c¿sf] b'Mvdf ;'v cg'ej ug]{ dflg;x¿ klg of] ;dfhdf gePsf xf]Ogg\ . zfob xfd|f] ;dfhdf clxn] eO/fv]sf ljs[ltd"ns 36gfqmdx¿ klg oxL ;+j]bgxLg dgMl:yltsf] sf/0faf6 g} ePsf x'g;S5g\ . efj's dgMl:yltn] dflg;nfO{ sdhf]/ agfp―5 eG5g\ t/ efjgfnfO{ zlQmdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsof] eg] 7"N7"nf] sfdx¿ ug{ ;lsG5 . lbg/ft SofG;/s} ljifodf nflu/x―bf d]/f kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ dk|lt lrlGtt x'g yfn] . vf;u/L d]/L cfdf . d]/L cfdfsf] cfºg} vfn] ;f]rfO lyof] . pxf― eGg'x'GYof], æltdLn] cfºgL >LdtLsf lgldQ h] hlt ug{ ;SYof}+, ;a} ul/;s]sf 5f} . ;+;f/sf s'gfsfKrfdf nu]/ cf}iflwpkrf/ u/fof}, lzjn] ;tLnfO{ sf―wdf /fvL 3'd]h:t} ltdL 3'ld;Sof}+ . ca ltdL cfºgf] lhGbuLsf af/] ;f]r .Æ cfdfn] ca d]/f] bf];|f] ljx]s} lrGtf ug{ yfNg'eof] . d pxf―sf] s'/f ;'Gb}gy] . o;} l;nl;nfdf cfdfn] /ftL tlsofd'lg ev{/sf s]6Lx¿sf] t:jL/ /fv]/ hfg'x'―bf]/x]5 . Tof] b]v]/ dnfO{ xf―;f] klg cfpYof], /L; klg p7\Yof] . d}n] bf];|f] ljjfx ug]{ ljrf/} u/]sf] lyOg To;a]nf . slxn]sfxL+ cfdfn] /f]P/ efjgfTds …ANofsd]lnªÚ ug{ vf]Hg'x'GYof], æd a'9L eO;s]+, d d/]kl5 ltdLn] dnfO{ e"t agfpg] < sfG5L a'xf/Ln] ;f]¥x >f4df d2t ul/g eg] d kf/ tlb{g―Æ cflb—OToflb eGb} . slxn]sfxL+ lbSs nfu]/ d cfdfnfO{ eGy]+, æTo;f] xf] eg] d law'jf;―u ljjfx u5{' .Æ æn sxf― law'jfnfO{ ljjfx ug]{, nf]Ug]sf] 6fpsf] vfg];―u klg ljx] ug'{x'G5 <Æ, cfdfn] o;/L hjfkm lbg'x'GYof] . clg d klg cfdfnfO{ eGy], æn d klg :jf:gLsf] 6fpsf] vfPsf] nf]Ug] t xf] lg †Æ t/ cfdfsf] Pp6f s'/f dnfO{ lrQ a'¤of] . Tof] s] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf :jf:gL dflg;x¿ a'9L ePkl5 nf]Ug]lagf klg af―Rg ;S5g\ t/ nf]Ug] dflg; a'9f] eof] eg] :jf:gLlagf af―Rg uf¥xf] x'G5 lsgeg] nf]Ug] dflg; a'9f] ePkl5 jf la/fdL eof]eg] :ofxf/;';f/ ug'{k¥of] jf lb;flk;fk u/fOlbg'k¥of] eg] 5f]/La'xf/Ln] To;f] ug'{ ePg . 5f]/fx¿ t 5f]/fx¿ g} e}xfn] . clg ug]{ s] < To:tf] cfkTsfnLg ;dodf wd{kTgLsf] cfjZostf x'―bf]/x]5 . dnfO{ klg nfUof], g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf cfdfsf] Tof] syg zt\k|ltzt ;To /x]5 . ;aeGbf crDdsf] s'/f t s] ef] eg] dnfO{ cfºg} 5f]/f5f]/Ln] klg bf];|f] ljjfxsf nflu hf]8 lbO/fv]sf lyP . d]/L >LdtLsf] lgwg x'g'eGbf klxn] g} d]/f] 7"nf] 5f]/f ;'gLnsf nflu s]6L to ul/Psf] lyof] . d}n] ;'gLnnfO{ …ljjfx u/Ú eGbf pgn] …klxn] tkfO{ ljjfx ugf{];\, kl5 d u?―nfÚ eg] . d Vofn7§f ub}{ pgnfO{ eGy]+, æafpn] 5f]/fsf] ljjfx ul/lbg] ls 5f]/fn] 98

99 afa'sf] <Æ ;'gLn eGYof], æclxn];Dd tkfO{+ afp dfq x'g'x'G5, d}n] ljjfx u/]/ aRrf kfPkl5 tkfO{+ afh] x'G5, clg afh] eO;s]sf] dfG5]nfO{ s;n] s]6L lbG5 <Æ o:tf efjgfTds dfld{s s'/f ;'Gbf t Vofn7§f h:t} nfU5 t/ oL x/]s zAbleq cyfx dd{ / dfofsf s'/f n's]sf 5g\ . d}n] of] ;dfhdf sltko o:tf kl/jf/ / JolQmx¿ b]v]sf] 5' hf] cfºgf] jo:s afa'nfO{ klg cfºgf] kfl/jfl/s ;DklQ Pj+ ;fdflhs :jfy{sf nflu ljjfx ug{ /f]lslbG5g\ . ljr/f afa' lhGbuLe/ PSnf] lhGbuL af―Rg'kg]{ jfWotfdf x'G5 . 5f]/f5f]/Ln] g cfºgf] a'af cfdfsf] x]/ljrf/ u5{g\ g c¿x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] x]/ljrf/ ug{ nufp5g\ . of] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] Pp6f cK7\of/f] oyfy{ xf], lj8Dagf xf] . cfºgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] To:tf] Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0f b]Vg kfp―bf d cfk"mnfO{ w]/} efUodfgL 7fG5' . d]/L 5f]/L ;';fg klg d]/f] ljjfx u/fpg] tv{/df lyOg\ . x'―bfx'―bf rf}w jif{sf] d]/f] k'mRr] sfG5f] 5f]/f] /fhg;d]t afpsf] ljjfx u/fpg] tv{/df † /fhg, p;sf] cfdfsf] lgwg ePkl5 d;―u} ;'TYof] . p;sf] tlsof g} d]/f] xft x'GYof] . afp—5f]/f ;'Tg]a]nf p;nfO{ ;f]Wy]+, …d lsg ljjfx ug]{ <Ú p;n] eGof] …8]8L, d tkfO{;―u a;'~h]n tkfO{+sf] af/]df ;f]R5', ;fyLx¿l;t v]Ng yfn]kl5 tkfO{+sf] ofb} cfp―b}g . xfdL ;a} 7"nf] ePkl5 tkfO{+nfO{ s;n] x]/ljrf/ ug]{ <Ú 5f]/fsf] s'/f ;'g]/ d Psl5g cndlnP―, 5Ss k/]+ s] af]n]sf] of] k'mRr]n] eg]/ . x'g t d cfk"mnfO{ Psbd cfbz{jfbL JolQm eG7flGbg― . lhGbuLsf] x/df]8df cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dol;t xft]d]nf] ub}{ cufl8 a9]sf] lyP― d . ljb]zdf cWoog/t x'―bf klg Toxf―s} ;fdflhs dfu cg';f/ Toxf―s} cfd gful/ssf] dgMl:yltaf6 d}n] hLjg latfP― . t/ kfl/jfl/s b'Mvb 36gf kZrft\ d]/f] cfºgf] hLjgz}nLdf Pp6f 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5, dfgf}+ sfofkn6 ePh:t} . ca ddf s'g} lsl;dsf] Middle-age crisis syndom 5}g, cw{a}+;] hLjgsf] ;f+3flts ;d:ofaf6 d clxn] d'Qm 5' . klxn] lemNs] n'uf nufpg], /f]n]S; 38L, lqmlZrog l8of]/ ;"6, afnLsf] h'Qf, 8glxnsf] k]6L af―Wg] 7"nf] ;f]v x'GYof] . t/ clxn] s6g kfOG6 / ;6{ nufp5' . jif{sf] b'Orf]l6 klg ;"6 nufp―lbg xf]nf . dx―uf] xf]6]ndf sd} vfg hfG5', kl/jf/sf ;fy ;—;fgf] xf]6]ndf vfg ?rfp―5' . jf:tjdf ddf hLjgsf] s'g} ljt[i0ff hfu]sf] xf]Og t/ b]vfj6L lhGbuL ca dnfO{ st} cy{k"0f{ nfu]g / dg k/]g klg . klxn]eGbf clxn] bfz{lgs b[li6sf]0faf6 ;f]Rg] afgL a9L ePsf]n] xf]nf zfob d}n] bf];|f] ljjfxsf] af/]df ;f]Rg uf¥xf] ePsf] . lhGbuLsf] pQ/fw{ nfu]kl5 k]ml/ j}jflxs hLjgsf] ;"qdf af―lwg' Tolt ;lhnf] x'―b}g vf;u/L ha s;};―u cfºg} kfl/jfl/s Pj+ ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L x'G5g\ . Tof] a]nf dnfO{ e"tsfnsf] efjgfTds cJ;]zg (Obsession) / eljiosf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu eO/x]sf bf}8w"kn] d]/f] jt{dfgsf] cfjZostfnfO{ cf]e]mndf kfl//fv]sf lyP . …cfp6 ckm ;fO6, cfp6 ckm dfO08Ú eg]h:t} d of] dfld{s dfxf]naf6 aflx/ hfg ;s]sf] eP zfob dg kl/jt{g x'g ;SYof] ls † ToxLa]nf 3/df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] klg cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; ul//fv]sL cfºg} :jhftLo kl/jf/sL ;'zLnf wfVjfl;t d]/f] ljjfxsf] s'/f rnfPsf /x]5g\ . d]/f] So"jf hfg] sfo{qmds} ;do ldnfP/ sfG5f] 5f]/f /fhg / d cd]l/sf uof}+ ;'zLnf / pgsf kl/jf/nfO{ e]6\g . cd]l/sfd} al;/x]sf d]/f ;fyL /Tgdfg zfSosf] Go"of]s{l:yt 3/df klxnf]kN6 ;'zLnf;―u d]/f] e]6 eof] . lg/Gt/ kL8f / b'Mvsf sf/0f …/f]dfG;Ú slxn]sfxL+ dflg;sf] cGtM:s/0fdf lrl;P/ …xfOe/g]zgÚ eO{ n'sL a:bf]/x]5 clg cg's"ntf ldNgf;fy k]ml/ 9sdSs k'mn]/ cfp―bf]/x]5 …Pp6f dfG5]sf] dfofn] slt km/s kb{5 lhGbuLdfÚ eg]h:t} 99

100 . g]kfnaf6 xhf/f}+ xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f gof― b]z, gof― kl/j]z / gf}nf] dfxf]ndf cUnL, /fd|L, uf]/L / ;w}+ xf―l;/xg] ;'zLnfsf] cfsif{s JolQmTj b]v]/ d]/f] dgdf cfzfsf] gof― c+s"/ knfP/ cfof] . jf:tjdf ;'zLnf d]/f] sn]hs} ;fyL /fh wfVjfsL alxgL /lx5g\ . /fh 8fS6/ eP/ ljut aL;—tL; jif{b]lv cd]l/sfd} a;f]af; ul//x]sf ePklg pgsL cfdf k/Dk/fut wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ljrf/sL ePsf] x'―bf pgLx¿ ;a} ljb]zdf a;]/ klg k"/f g]kfnLkgd} hLjg latfO/x] sf 5g\ . k"hfsf]7Ldf 306f aHg], laxfg a]n'sf g]kfnL vfgf vfg], g]jf/L 3/flgofkg . s]xL lbg Go"h;L{ a;]/ /fhg / d Sofgf8fsf] df]lG6«on x'―b} So"jfsf] xjfgf uof}+ . Toxf―af6 g]kfn kms]{s} s]xL dlxgfkl5 d]/f] / ;'zLnfsf] ljjfx eof] . o;/L d]/f] lhGbuLsf] gof― kfgf k]ml/ klN6of] . g]kfn vQd 5 5}g}g æ;'/Iffsf] s'/f ubf{, g]kfnsf] ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt zfob klxn]eGbf lalu|Psf] xf]nf t/ ;+;f/ g} sxf― k"0f{ ;'/lIft 5 / clxn] † OG8f]g]l;ofsf] afnLsf] kf―r tf/] xf]6]ndf ad k8\lsg ;S5, :k]gdf ofqf ubf{—ub}{ /]n Wj:t x'g;S5, dlgnfdf ko{6sx¿ x/fpg ;S5g\, Oh/fon / c/adf s'g}klg a]nf cfTd3ftL ad k8\lsg ;S5, n08gsf] Po/kf]6{df ;'/Iffsf] sf/0f s'g}a]nf p8fg /2 x'g;S5 . ha cd]l/sfsf] …l6\jg 6fj/Ú ;'/lIft 5}g eg] ;+;f/df sxf― s] ;'/lIft 5 eGg] < x/]s b]zdf cf—cfºgf] lsl;dsf 8fjf―8f]nx¿ 5g\ . clxn] ;f/f ;+;f/sf] :j¿k, ;+/rgf b"|tultn] kl/jt{g e}/x]sf] 5 . ca of] kl/jlt{t cfw'lgs ;+;f/df cfw'lgs dflg; eP/ af―Rg] xf] eg] cfw'lgs hl6n ;d:ofx¿l;t h'w]/ hLjgofkg ug{] snf l;Sg' k5{ . dflg; bf}8g ;S5 t/ ;d:ofx¿af6 n'Sg ;Sb}g .Æ ev{/—ev{/ ljjfx ePsf], Tof] klg ;;'/fnL g} cd]l/sf ePkl5 Psrf]l6 k]ml/ b]z ljb]z e|d0f u/]/ dg /dfpg] /x/ hfUof] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf d g]kfn ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ;+3sf] cWoIf ePsf] gftfn] / ko{6gsf] IF]qdf a9L lqmofzLn ePsf] x'―bf klg o"/f]k / cd]l/sfdf slxn] ;Dd]ngdf efu lng, slxn] cfºgf] Joj;fo k|a4{g ug{ / slxn] To;} 3'Dg hfg] qmd a9\of] . o;/L ljb]z hf―bf Toxf―sf k|jf;L ;fyLefOx¿n] dfof u/L dnfO{ 3/df vfg af]nfp―5g\ . cfºgf] b]zaf6 6f9f cfºgf g]kfnL bfh'efOl;t ukm;km ug{ kfp―bf dnfO{ v'zL t nfU5 t/ s'/f ubf{ub}{ ha pgLx¿ g]kfnsf] cfnf]rgf ug{ yfN5g\, dnfO{ cK7\of/f] k5{ . k|ltjfb u?― eg] Toxf― d kfx'gf eP/ cfPsf] 5', g"g vfO;s]sf] 5', gu?― eg] dgn] g} dfGb}g . k]ml/ d]/f] Pp6f v/fa afgL – d s;}sf] jflxoft s'/f ;'Gg} ;lSbg . enfs';f/Ls} qmddf ha d pxf―x¿nfO{ g]kfn cfpg lgDTofp―5', sltkon] æv} g]kfn t cfpg dgk5{, t/ aRrfx¿ Toxf― k'Ugf;fy la/fdL g} x'G5g\, slxn] emf8fkvfnf nfU5Æ h:tf u'gf;f] ;'gfp―5g\ . slxn]sfxL+ d Toxf― x's]{sf pGgfO;—aL; jif{sf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ dfof u/L ;f]Wy]+, "Have you visited Nepal ?" pgLx¿ lglZrGt eP/ tTsfn} hjfkm lbOxfNy], "Oh my god, I don't think, I can !" g]kfnL eP/ g]kfnk|ltsf] Tof] cjx]ngf b]Vbf d b'Mlvt x'Gy] . cd]l/sfsf /fi6«kltsf 5f]/f g]kfn cfP/ Ps dlxgf latfpg ;S5g\, l/sL dfl6{g h:tf ljZjk|l;4 ufosx¿ g]kfndf af/Daf/ cfp―5g\, lk|G; rfN;{, lk|G;]; 8fogf, dN6L Gofzgn sDkgLsf cWoIfx¿ g]kfnsf] Uffp―— ufp― 3'Dg hfG5g\ . pgLx¿ la/fdL ePgg\, pgLx¿sf] k]6 klg u8a8 ePg t/ tL k|jf;L g]kfnLsf ;Gtfgx¿ g]kfn cfpg lsg 8/fP xf]nfg\ < s] ljb]zdf x'ls{g] g]kfnL afnaRrfx¿sf] /xg;xg lk|G; rfN;{sf] hLjg:t/ eGbf pRr:t/Lo eof] t < Vofn7§f ub}{ d pgLx¿nfO{ ;'emfa lbGy+], ætkfO{+x¿ ca g]kfn cfp―bf k};f arfpg' ePg, sGh':of―O― ug{' ePg, v'nf k;nsf df;' lsGg' ePg, k]|m; xfp;sf] df;' lsGg' k¥of], wf/fsf] kfgL lkpg' 100

101 ePg, ldg/n jf6/ lkpg' k¥of], clg kf] emf8fkvfnf nfUb}g . k'm6kfy, /]i6'/]G6df gvfO{ cln a9L k};f lt/]/ :t/Lo xf]6]ndf uP/ vfPsf] eP la/fdL x'―b}gYof] ls †Æ g]kfndf cfP/ k};f klg vr{ gug]{, clg la/fdL eOof] eg]/ g]kfnnfO{ lv;L ug]{nfO{ ca s] eGg] † g]kfndf s'g}klg sfd x'g ;Sb}g, oxf―sf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf vQd 5, ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ Wj:t 5g\, sf7df8f}+ k|b"lift 5 cflb—OToflb s'/f u/]/ clwsf+z k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿n] cfºg} hGde"ldnfO{ x]lk/x]sf 5g\ . x'g t pgLx¿sf] g]kfnk|ltsf] dfof klg x'g ;S5 of] jf dgleq ps';d's'; ¿kdf s'l07t eO/fv]sf efjgfx¿ klg x'g;S5g\ . pgLx¿sf] of] ljt[i0ff k|fs[lts geP/, dnfO{ nfU5, ck|fs[lts vfnsf] xf] . pgLx¿sf] dgleq g]kfnk|lt dfof / df]x cjZo 5 t/ cfºgf] b]z 5f]8]/ ljb]zdf uO{ zfob bf];|f] >]0fLsf] gful/ssf] hLjgofkg ug]{ qmddf cfºgf s'l07t efjgfx¿ n'sfpg jf bafpgsf nflu pgLx¿ kfZrfTo hut\sf] ;txL hLjg:t/nfO{ a9L dxTj lbP/ cfºgf] b]zsf] cfnf]rgf ul//fv]sf x'G5g\ . dnfO{ nfU5, ljb]zdf a:g] k|jf;Lx¿sf] g]kfnk|ltsf] rflxg]—grflxg] cfnf]rgfnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs b[li6n] x]¥of] eg] To;leq cGtlg{lxt s'/f ;lhn} a'¤g ;lsG5 . sltrf]l6 pgLx¿l;t d]/f] jfbljjfb klg x'GYof] o;af/] . g]kfnsf af/]df s'/f p7fpgf;fy pgLx¿ sxL+ g sxL+ s}lkmot vf]lhxfNy]— slxn] ljdfg:yndf x'g] e|i6frf/sf af/]df, slxn] le;f af/]df / slxn] eG;f/sf] emGeml6nf] k|lqmofsf af/]df . t/ Go"of]s{sf] hf]g= Pkm= Sofg]8L ljdfg:yndf k'Ubf g]kfnLdfq xf]Og, ;a} ljb]zLx¿nfO{ s:tf] Jojxf/ ul/G5 eGg] s'/f pgLx¿n] ofb u/]sf x'―b}gg\ . Go"of]s{sf] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf t emG8} b'O{ kGg] nfdf] kmf/fd eg'{k5{, kmf/fddf Ps cIf/ klg u8\a8 ug'{ x'―b}g, 306f}+;Dd nfOgdf a:g'k5{ clg Oldu|];gsf b]Vb} 8/nfUbf sd{rf/Lx¿n] 7"N7"nf] :j/n] cfuGt'sx¿nfO{ e]+8f—Rof+u|fx¿nfO{ e}+m nfOg nufp―5g\ . tgfju|:t x'G5 Toxf―sf] jftfj/0f . d} x'― eGg]x¿ klg Oldu|];g clkm;/sf cufl8 k'Ubf p;nfO{ l/emfpg ha/h:tL s[lqd tl/sfn] xf―;]/ s'/f u5{g\ . t/ Tof] clkm;/ sxf― xf―:g]jfnf 5 / † kf;kf]6{sf] t:aL/ x]/]/ Toxf― cfpg] cfuGt'snfO{ vfp―nf ls h:tf], od/fhn] x]/]h:t} x]5{ . ljb]zdf g]kfnLx¿ aL;f}+ jif{b]lv kl;gf r'xfP/ d]xgtsf ;fy sfd ul//fv]sf 5g\ . ;f/f lzIffsf] ef/ g]kfnnfO{ af]sfP/ kmn lbg] a]nfdf ljb]zdf uO{ c¿x¿sf] cy{tGqnfO{ 6]jf / ;xof]u lbO/fv]sf 5g\, oBlk pgLx¿n] Tof] ljb]zL ;dfhdf hlt OHht kfpg'kg]{ xf], Tolt kfO/x]sf 5}gg\ . d]/f] Pshgf ;fyL Oª\Nof08sf] Pp6f k|ltli7t sDkgLdf 7"n} cf]xbfdf sfd u5{g\ . zfob pgL g]kfndf eOlbPsf] eP w]/} ;Ddfg kfp―y] xf]nf . Pstfsf d pgsf] 3/df b'O{ xKtf hlt a:g k'u]+ . x'g t pgL wgL dflg;x¿dfq a:g] pRr:t/Lo 7]D;sf] ktgL eGg] 6f]ndf a:g] uy]{ . t/ pgsf] cfºg} l5d]sLx¿l;t klg lrghfg lyPg, af]nrfn lyPg . d Toxf― kGw| lbg a;]+ . Toltsf lbg a:bf klg g d}n] Toxf― Pshgf ljb]zL kfx'gf cfPsf] b]v]+ g t pgnfO{ sf]xL ljb]zLn] lgdGq0ff u/]s} . ;w}+ a|]skmf:6 vfP/ clkm; hfGy] / clkm;af6 kms]{kl5sf] ;do 3/d} 6L=eL= x]/]/ latfp―y] . s:tf] PSnf] lhGbuL < g]kfndf Tof] :t/df k'u]sf] JolQm slt Jo:t x'g'k5{, ;f]r]/ ;fWo g} x'―b}g . slxn]sfxL+ t g]kfndf olt w]/} lgdGq0ff cfO/fv]sf x'G5g\ ;a}lt/ hfgnfO{ g} d'l:sn x'G5 . uha 5, Tolt nfdf] ;do ljb]zdf a;]/ / To:tf] 7"nf] cf]xbfdf sfd u/]/ klg pgnfO{ Tof] b]zsf] ;dfhn] v'n:t ¿kdf :jLsf/]sf] 5}g . Pstfsf d}n] klg ljb]zlt/} a;f]af; ug]{ ljrf/ u/]sf] lyP― . ci6«]lnofsf] la|:j]g zx/df …xfp; ckm sf7df8f}+Ú gfds g]kfnL x:tsnf s]Gb| / 6«fen Ph]G;L rnfPsf] lyP― . To;a]nf;Dd ci6«]lnofdf g]kfnsf] 101

102 gfdf]lg;fg lyPg . s;}nfO{ yfxf lyPg g]kfn sxf― 5 eGg] . xfp; ckm sf7df8f}+sf dfWodaf6 la:tf/} g]kfnsf] ko{6g k|rf/ ug{ yfn]+ . Jofkf/ klg /fd|} ePsf] x'―bf ;f] Joj;fonfO{ cGo zx/x¿df klg la:tf/ ug]{ of]hgf agfP― . Toxf― a:bfa:b} d]/f] hLjgz}nL klg /fd|} ePsf] lyof] . kGw| tnfdfly k]G6xfp;df a:y]+, dx―uf] uf8L r9\y]+ . Tof] b]zsf] hLjgz}nLsf] cf};teGbf klg dflyNnf] :t/df g} hLjg latfP― . t/ Toxf―sf] ljnf;L lhGbuLn] d]/f] dgleqsf] v'Nb'nLnfO{ d]6fpg ;s]g . kfZrfTo rdsbdsn] d]/f] efjgfnfO{ dTy/ kfg{ ;s]g . cfºgf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / b]zk|ltsf] k|]dnfO{ 9NdNofpg ;s]g . ;x;f dgdf nflu/x\of] — ljb]zdf a;]/ d]/f] kf/ nfUb}g, dxdfly elGs/xg] le―muf eP/ af―Rg'eGbf cfºgf] hGde"lddf Ps k|ltli7t dflg; eP/ af―Rg' g} kmnbfoL xf]nf eGg] pHofnf]sf] 6s k¥of] d]/f] dfg;k6ndf . d h:tf JolQm ljb]zdf nfvf}+nfv xf]nfg\, d]/f] u0fgf Toxf― zfob krf;—;f7L k|ltztdf klg kb}{gYof] xf]nf . t/ g]kfndf d Ps of b'O{ k|ltztsf] dxTjk"0f{ u0fgfdf k5'{ . ToxL ljrf/af6 k|]l/t eO{ bf]wf/] lhGbuLnfO{ TofUb} cfºg} b]zdf ;Dk"0f{ a'l4 / zlQmnfO{ vGofpg] ;dk{0f ug]{ d}n] c7f]6 u/]+ . cGtx{[bob]lv rfx]sf] v08df g]kfndf klg w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . dnfO{ nfU5, ljb]zdf a:g] k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿n] hlt g} d]xgt u/] klg pgLx¿ tL d'n'ssf] ;fdfGo dWodjuL{o kl/jf/eGbf dfly k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\ . of] cjZo xf] g]kfn / ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] ;fdflhs :t/df cfsfz / hldgsf] km/s 5 . zfob ToxL sf/0fn] xf]nf ljb]zdf ;fgf]—ltgf] sfd ul//fVg]x¿n] klg g]kfndf cg]s s}lkmot, vf]6x¿ b]Vg] u/]sf] . ljb]zdf uP/ :jb]zsf] bfneftsf] ;§f a|]skmf:6, n~r, l8g/ vfO{ Pp6f ;]s]08x\of08 uf8L lsGgf;fy cfºgf] hLjg:t/df cfd"n kl/jt{g b]Vg]x¿n] g]kfnsf ;DkGg / ljkGgaLrsf] vf8n t'?Gt} b]V5g\ t/ pgLx¿nfO{ s] yfxf x'―b}g eg] x'g]—gx'g] aLrsf] vf8n g]kfndf dfq x}g, Toxf― emg\ ulx/f] 5 . hLjgz}nLsf] of] t'ngfTds cg'ej Tolt g} jf:tljs 5 hlt eL/kfvfdf l9+8f] vfO{ hLjgofkg ug]{ Pp6f x'DnLn] sf7df8f}+df cfP/ Pp6f bnfgdf a;f]af; u/L bfneft vf―bf cg'ej u5{ . ljb]zdf a;]/ g]kfn cfp―bf cs:dft\ pgLx¿n] cfºgf] ;fdflhs :t/ :jtM a9]sf] b]V5g\ . oxL cg'kftdf pgLx¿sf] x]/fO, ;f]rfO klg a9\bf]/x]5 . slxn]sfxL+ ljb]zaf6 NofPsf s]xL k};f pgLx¿n] g]kfndf nufgL ug{ vf]Hbf oxf―sf] k|zf;sLo af]em, emd]nf / eG;f/sf] emGem6 cflbn] pgLx¿nfO{ xtf]T;fxL agfp5 . ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df emf]+h emd]nf g]kfndf dfq xf]Og, ljsl;t b]zx¿df klg x'G5 . km/s s] 5 eg] ljb]zdf xfdL hlt klg kv{g ;S5f}+ t/ g]kfndf kv{g] w}o{ x'―b}g . g]kfndf x]k]/ eP klg t'?Gt} sfd u/fpg' kg]{ . dnfO{ cg'ej 5, cd]l/sfdf xf];\ jf c:6«]lnofdf, olb Jofkf/ ug{sf] nflu dfn lemsfpg' k¥of] eg] sd;]sd !) k]hsf] kmf/fd eg'{k5{ . ;'tL sk8f xf] ls /fog xf], afn]/ hf―lrG5 . Toxf―sf] eG;f/af6 dfn 5'6fpg ;f]e}m Jofkf/Ln] t ;Sb} ;Sb}g . bnfn eg"― jf Ph]G6, pgLx¿af6 5'6fpg' k5{ . t/ ljb]zdf sfd ug]{ xfd|f bfh'efOx¿ ljb]zsf] emf]+hemd]nfnfO{ la;{G5g\ clg g]kfnsf] ;fgf]—ltgf] emd]nfnfO{ klg ltnsf] kxf8 agfOlbG5g\ . s'g}klg ;dfhdf 7"nf] dfG5] eP/ af―Rg ;lhnf] 5}g . ;fgf] dflg;dfq eP/ sfd ug{ t sxL+ klg uf¥xf] x'―b}g . ;fgf] eP/ af―Rbf cK7\of/f / cfnf]rgfx¿ cfp―b}gg\ . lbge/ sfd u¥of], sdfO{ cg';f/sf] vfof], a;\ . g pgLx¿nfO{ s;}n] 7Ug] 8/, g n'6\g] g b'Mv lbg] 8/ g} x'G5 . t/ ha s'g} JolQm ;dfhsf] ;fdfGo :t/eGbf dfly plSnG5, clg p;nfO{ ;a}n] x]l//fv]sf x'G5g\— rfx] h'g;'s} d'n'sdf lsg gxf];\ . cd]l/sfdf xf];\ jf Oª\Nof08, ci6«]lnof jf /l;of g} lsg gxf];\, s'g} JolQm Tof] b]zsf] cf};t 102

103 cfly{s / ;fdflhs :t/eGbf dfly plSngf;fy, ;a}sf] gh/ p;df kl/xfN5 . clg, p;n] cg]s emd]nfx¿ e]mNg'kg]{ x'G5 . s'g b]zdf slt e|i6frf/ x'G5, Jofkf/ / /fhgLlt aLrsf] …g]S;;Ú slt x'G5, sf]l;t slQsf] ;DaGw rflxG5, 7"nf–7"nf sfd ug{ slt uf¥xf] x'G5, s–s;nfO{ v'zL kfg'{ kbf]{/x]5, cfos/jfnfn] slt ;tfp―bf /x]5g\ – oL ;a s'/f To;a]nf yfxf x'G5, ha pm Tof] ;dfhsf] k|ltli7t JolQm x'G5 ofg] Tof] ;dfhsf] uGodfGo -'Who is Who'_ sf] :t/df k5{ . ljkGg ;dfhdf ;DkGg eP/ af―Rg hlt uf¥xf] x'G5 Tolt g} uf¥xf] x'G5 ljsl;t d'n'ssf] 7"nf] dflg; eP/ af―Rg klg . tNnf] jf dWod:t/sf] ;fdflhs hLjgofkg u/]/ pRr:t/Lo hLjgz}nLsf] cb[Zo jf:tljstfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;ls+b}g . g]kfnsf k'm6kf6df So"l/of] a]Rg] / ;fgfltgf v'b|F Jofkf/ u/L lx+8\g] ;fwf/0f dflg;x¿nfO{ oxf― klg t s] emGem6 5 / † lbgel/ cfºgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ sdfp―5g\, vfG5g\ / /dfp―5g\ . g pgLx¿nfO{ nfO;]G; lng] wGbf g gjLs/0f u/fpg] wGbf, g eG;f/sf] emGem6 g t 6\ofS; ltg]{ g} ;d:of . s] pgLx¿sf] lhGbuL g]kfndf ;nnn alu/x]sf] 5}g / < dnfO{ nfU5, clxn] ljsl;t d'n'sdf sfd ul//fv]sf hlt klg k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿ 5g\, clwsf+zn] Tof] b]zsf] cf};t hLjg:t/eGbf dfly k'u]/ sfd gul//fv]sf] x'―bf Toxf―sf] ;DkGg ;dfhsf] cb[Zo sl7gfO{ / emGem6x¿ cg'ej g} ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ut ;fn sf7df8f}+df cfof]lht k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿sf] Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf dnfO{ klg jQmfsf] ¿kdf lgdGq0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf ljb]zaf6 cfPsf kf―r ;ohgfeGbf a9L k|jf;L g]kfnL ;xefuLx¿ lyP . 5nkmnsf] qmddf Toxf― s] a'lemof] eg] hltklg k};f g]kfndf lelqof], Tof] t c/j, hfkfg, dn]lzofdf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/x¿af6 kf] cfPsf] /x]5, 7"N7"nf] s'/f ug]{ ljsl;t d'n'sdf a;f]af; ul//fv]sf k|jf;Lx¿af6 t cfnf]rgfx¿ dfq cfpbf] /x]5, /sd rflx+ w]/} sd . Pshgf ldqn] t xf―;]/} eg], æaL; jif{ aflx/ a;]/ sfd ubf{ g]kfndf k};f Nofpg' t stf xf] stf, 3/fo;L c+za08f kZrft\ g]kfnsf] 3/af/ a]r]/ g]kfnaf6 kf] k};f lnP/ uPsf] 5 .Æ t/ sltko o:tf g]kfnLx¿ klg 5g\ h;n] ljb]zdf uP/ cfºgf] b]zsf] gfd yfld/fv]sf 5g\ . To;}n] d]/f] cfzo Ifdtfjfg\ g]kfnLn] b]zsf] ;Lldt cfly{s kl/j]zdf u'lD;P/ ;w}+ al;/xg' k5{ eGg] xf]Og . olb ljb]zdf uP/ cfly{s Pj+ af}l4s nfe lng ;lsG5 eg] of] cj;/sf] pkof]u ug'{k5{ . t/ eljiodf ljb]zaf6 cfh{g u/]sf tL ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{ cfºgf] hGde"lddf pkof]u ug'{ k5{ . cGoyf dft[e"ldsf] ef/f nfUg]5 . Eff}lts ¿kn] g]kfn hlt;'s} u/La ePklg :jfledfgL g]kfnLsf lgldQ t of] b]z :ju{ g} xf] . of] ulx/fO{ a'‰g / hfGg of] b]zsf] ;fk]lIft kmfObf (Comparative Advantage) sf cfwf/df cWoog ug'{k5{ . s]xL jif{ klxn] afa'cfdfsf] >f4 ug{ d / d]/f] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ ef/ttk{m uPsf lyof}+ . ;aeGbf klxn] xfdL sf7df8f}+af6 agf/; uof}+ xjfO{hxfhaf6 . Po/kf]6{ k'Ugf;fy cWofudg sfof{non] d]/f] / d]/f] kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] kf;kf]6{ dfUof] . d}n] eg]+, æg]kfnLnfO{ ef/t cfp―bf /fxbfgL rflx+b}g .Æ t/ cWofudgsf] sd{rf/Ln] dnfO{ ;f¥x} lsrlsr u¥of] / kl5 la:tf/} d]/f] sfgdf cfP/ v';'Ss eGof], æc/] eOof %)) ¿k}of― rfojfo s] lnP lblhP .Æ d}n] 3"; lbg dflgg― . ta pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ Ps306f;Dd Po/kf]6{df s'/fP . ;a} ko{6sx¿ uPkl5dfq xfd|f] gful/stf k|df0fkq x]/]/ aflx/ k7fOof] . To;kl5 km]l/ eG;f/sf] Pp6f sd{rf/L cfof] . xfdLn] slt ef=¿= NofPsf 5f}+ egL ;f]Wof] . ha d}n] krf;—;f7L xhf/ NofPsf] s'/f ;'gfP―, p;n] Toltsf ef=¿= sxf―af6, s;/L / lsg NofPsf] eg]/ b'Mv lbg yfNof] . d}n] xfdL tLy{ofqf ug{ cfPsf xf}+ / g]kfnLsf lgldQ ef/t cfp―bf ef/tLo ¿k}of― g} lnP/ cfpg' k5{ eg]+ . t/, pgLx¿ xfdLnfO{ b'Mv} lbP/ 103

104 3"; lng vf]lh/x]sf lyP . d}n] s'g} xfntdf klg 3"; glbg] ljrf/ u/]+ . cGtdf c;fWo} b'Mv lbg yfn]kl5, d}n] l/;n] 6]lnkmf]gaf6 lbNnLl:yt g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;df ;Dks{ ug{ vf]h]+ . aNn xfdLnfO{ Toxf―af6 5f]l8of] . Po/kf]6{af6 aflx/ lg:sgf;fy bh{gf}+ 6\ofS;Ljfnfx¿sf] 3rf3rdf xfdL km:of}+ . xfdLnfO{ lnP/ hfg 6\ofS;L 8«fOe/x¿ xft xfnfxfn u/L emu8f ug{ nfu] . Tof] emu8fdf Pshgf 8«fOe/sf] t gfsaf6 /ut} aUof] . aNnaNn xfdL xf]6]n k'Uof}+ . sf]7fdf cf/fdn] a:g klg kfPsf lyPgf}+, 6]lnkmf]gsf] 306L aHg yfNof] . dnfO{ cfZro{ nfUof] sxf―af6 6]lnkmf]g cfof] eg]/ lsgls agf/;df d}n] s;}nfO{ lrg]s} lyOg . l/l;e/ p7fP/ ;'g]+; Pp6f ;f8L k;n]n] 6]lnkmf]g u/]sf] /x]5 . pm eGb} lyof], æ;fxj, efjLhL s] lnP ;f8L vl/bgf xf] tf] xdf/] oxf― cR5f cf}/ ;:tf ;f8L ldn]uf .Æ Psl5g kl5 km]l/ 6]lnkmf]gsf] 306L aHof], Tof] kmf]g 6«fen Ph]G;Lsf] /x]5 . p;sf] Ph]G;Laf6 uf8L ef8fdf lng cg'/f]w ub}{ lyof] pm . jf:tjdf xf]6]nsf] l/;]K;lgi6n] xfdLnfO{ df]6f] af]sf eG7fg]/ sldzg vfg] nf]edf ljleGg 6«fen Ph]G;L / ;f8L k;n]x¿nfO{ d]/f] sf]7fsf] gDa/ lbPsf] /x]5 . of] s'/f yfxf kfP/ d}n] xf]6]nsf] l/;]K;gdf a:g] sd{rf/LnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g u/]/ km]l/ csf]{ kmf]g cfof] eg] xfdL cs}{ xf]6]ndf a:g hfg] r]tfjgL lbP― . ef]lnkN6 laxfg ;a]/} g'xfO{—w'jfO{ u/]/ u¨fsf] 3f6df >f4 ug{ hfg xfdL ;a} xf]6]nsf] naLdf cfof}+ . n † Toxf― t b'O{hgf k08fx¿ hg} / wf]tL nufP/ lgwf/df >Lv08sf] 6Lsf nufO{ xfdLnfO{ klv{/fv]sf /x]5g\ . tL k08fx¿sf cf—cfºgf 3f6x¿ /x]5g\ / xfdLnfO{ cf—cfºgf] kmGbfdf kfg{ vf]lh/x]sf /x]5g\ . Tof] zx/sf] Tof] rl/q b]v]/ dnfO{ cfZro{ nfUof] . dlGb/ k'Ubf sldzg vfg] nf]en] k08fx¿n] kmnk"mn k;ndf ;Dks{ u/fpg], k"mn a]Rg]n] h'Qf x]g]{ dfG5] ldnfpg] . s:tf] of] …sg]S;gÚ sf] zx/ † 8«fOe/n] xf]6]nnfO{, xf]6]nn] 6«fen Ph]G;LnfO{, 6«fen Ph]G;Ln] ;f8L k;n]nfO{, k08fn] k"mn a]Rg]nfO{ clg k"mn a]Rg]n] h'Qf x]g]{nfO{ — of] s:tf] sg]S;g} sg]Szgsf] zx/ < s] g]kfndf o:tf] x'G5 < jgf/;kl5 xfdL cnfxfafb uof}+ . cnfxfafbsf] gfp― w]/} ;'g]sf] lyP― t/ xfd|f] xf]6]naf6 s'De ofg] u¨f / hd'gf gbLsf] bf]efgdf k'Ug] a]nf;Dd emG8} #) k|ltzteGbf a9L ;8sx¿sf] bfof―—afof― v'nf 9n /x]5g\ . udL{sf sf/0f tL 9naf6 kfgLdf kmf]sf—kmf]sf pl7/fv]sf] clg kmf]xf]/ hyfefjL ºof―lsPsf] sf/0faf6 ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0f b'u{lGwt lyof] . clg To;df sNkgf g} ug{ g;Sg] 6«flkms hfd . x'g t ;8ssf bfof―—jfof― cToGt /fd|f—/fd|f 5– ;ft tn] ejgx¿ lyP t/ tL clwsf+z 3/x¿sf] leQf—leQfdf u'―O7fsf lglDt uf]a/x¿ 6f―l;Psf] lyof] . dnfO{ nfUof], ef/tsf] clt 7"nf] /fHo, Tof] klg tLg–tLg hgf k|wfgdGqL hGdfpg] cnfxfjfb gu/Lsf] of] xfnt 5 eg] d]/f] sf7df8f}+ t slt /fd|f] / slt ;kmf;'―£3/ † g]kfnnfO{ lrGg g]kfnd} a;]/ x'―b}g, c¿ b]znfO{ klg x]g}{ k5{ . t/ c¿ b]z x]g]{ eGb}df g]kfnnfO{ l:j6\h/Nof08l;t bf―h]/ x'―b}g . d Ps xf]6]n Joj;foL x'―, d}n] d]/f] xf]6]nnfO{ lxn6gl;t bfh]+ eg] d ;w}+ u/La} x'G5' . t/ d}n] cfºgf ;dsIfL xf]6]n pBdLl;t bf―h]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] o;n] dnfO{ ;fGTjgf / sfd ug]{ k|]/0ff lbG5 . ca xfdLn] xfd|f] b]znfO{ sf]l;t bf―Hg] < agf/; / cnfxfafbl;t bf―h]/ cfºgf] j:t'l:ylt x]g{ vf]Hbf cGofo eof] t < clxn] xfdL g]kfndf ;'/Iff 5}g eg]/ s/fO/fv]sf 5f}+ . xf], ljut bz—af¥x jif{sf] ;dofjlwdf xfd|f] b]zsf] ;'/Iffl:ylt g/fd|f] e};s]sf] 5 . tyflk xfd|f] cj:yf c¿ d'n'sx¿sf] eGbf vQd} 5 eGg' cg'lrt x'G5 < laxf/df lbp―;} 8fS6/ / jlsnx¿sf] ckx/0f ePsf] va/ xfdL ;'G5f}+ . aDaO{df kfg k;n]b]lv 7"N7"nf lkmNdL snfsf/x¿n] cfºgf] Joj;fo ug{ dflkmofx¿nfO{ ;nfdL r9fpg' k5{ . o;sf] cg'ej t dgLiff sf]O/fnfnfO{ klg xf]nf lg † s]xL lbg 104

105 cufl8 d]/f] ldq 8fS6/ cGhgLs'df/ zdf{n] dnfO{ Pp6f uhasf] 36gf ;'gfP . aDaO{df Pshgf 8fS6/n] s'g} wgf9\o la/fdLnfO{ lgsf] kf/]kl5 la/fdLn] pgnfO{ Pp6f dl;{l8h uf8L pkxf/ lbPsf /x]5g\ . 8fS6/n] v'zL eP/ cfºgf] kl/jf/nfO{ dl;{l8h uf8Ldf /fvL d]l/g 8«fOelt/ 3'dfP5g\ . To;kl5 rf}kftLDff e]nk'/L vfg hfg] of]hgf agfP5g\ . hf―bfhf―b} aLr}df df]afOnsf] 306L ah]5 . 8fS6/n] df]afOnaf6 …x]nf]Ú eGg kfPs} lyPgg\, ptfaf6 Pp6f ux|f} cfjfh cfP5, æawfO{ 8fS6/ ;fxa cfksL gO{ rdstL x'O{ uf8L s] lnP . cR5f, O;s] ;'/Iff s] lnP xdf/] cfbdLsf] yf]8f ax't ;nfdL b]t] /xgf .Æ kl/jf/l;t rf}kftLdf e]nk'/L vfg hfg nfu]sf 8fS6/ 8/fP/ ;/f;/ kms]{/ cfk"mn] lgsf] kf/]sf] JolQmsxf― uO{ d]/f] ;fgf] df?tL Eofg g} 7Ls 5 eg]/ p;nfO{ pkxf/ lbPsf] dl;{l8h a]~r wGojfb ;lxt kmsf{OlbP5g\ . l5d]sL b]zsf] ;To 36gf xf] of] . cd]l/sfs} s'/f u/f}+ . Pslbg d / d]/f] ;fyL /Tgdfg zfSo Go"of]s{sf] 6fOD; :jfo/df …8«fOeÚ ul//fv]sf lyof}+ . /Tgdfg To;a]nf cd]l/sfl:yt …k|f]8S6 g]kfnÚ gfds 6«]8 k|df]zg ;]G6/df sfo{/t lyP . xfdLn] h]a|f qml;ªlg/ uf8L /f]Sof}+ . cgfof; /Tgdfgsf] xft xg{df k'u]/ Kjf―Ss xg{ aHg k'Uof] . h]a|f qml;ªdf lx+l8/x]sf Ps JolQmn] ck/em6 uf8L g} k'm6\nf h:tf] u/L d'Ssf ahf/] . xfdL b'a} …;/L—;/LÚ eGb} lyof}+ t/ tL dflg;n] ceb| zAb k|of]u ub}{ ufnL ug{ 5f]8]gg\ . d}n] klg l/;n] tL ofqLnfO{ s]xL eGg vf]h]sf] lyP― t/ /Tgdfgn] dnfO{ aLrd} /f]s] . To;a]nf pl;t k|ltjfb ug{ g;s]sf]df dnfO{ Unflg cg'ej eof] . dnfO{ nfUof], cfºgf] cfTd;DdfgnfO{ bafP/ af―Rg' s] af―Rg' † hlt g} ;'vdo lhGbuL latfPklg To;sf] d"No g} s] /x\of] / † Pslbg d PSn} Go"of]s{sf] ;a—j]df ofqf ul//x]sf] lyP― . Pshgf cUnf] sfnf] dflg; d a;]sf] l;6df cfP/ 7f8} …x]O, lue dL 6]g 8n/Ú eg]/ uj{sf ;fy dfUof] . Toxf― c¿ y'k|} dflg;x¿ klg d;―u} ofqf/t lyP . sf]xL lstfj kl9/fv]sf lyP, sf]xL cvaf/ t/ s;}n] klg dlt/ x]/]gg\ . 8/n] xf] jf lsg xf], pgLx¿nfO{ c¿sf] jf:t} lyPg . Tof] sfnf] dflg; sd;]sd ;f―9] 5 k'm6sf] lyof], 6Dd sl:;Psf] hLp . p;n] dnfO{ Ps d'Ssf xfGof] eg]klg d t 9\ofDd} e'O{+df 9Ng ;Sy]+ . pml;t emu8f ug]{ t cf―6} cfPg . dgdgdf of]l;t emu8f u/]/ s'g} kmfObf 5}g egL vNtLaf6 kf―r 8n/ lems]/ 8/fO{—8/fO{ p;nfO{ lbP― . Tof] dflg; cfef/sf] Ps zAbklg JoQm gu/L kf―r 8n/sf] gf]6 lnP/ cufl8sf] l;6df a:g uof], Tof] klg u'gu'gfp―b} . dnfO{ v'a} g/dfOnf] nfUof] . d]/f] kf―r 8n/ TolQs} uof] eg]/ g/dfOnf] nfu]sf] xf]Og, g/dfOnf] of] dfg]df ls Tof] k/hLjL JolQmn] s'g} cfef/ JoQm gu/L s;/L dl;t k};f lng ;Sof] † d}n] p;nfO{ pN6} …Yofª\So"Ú eg]/ cfk"mnfO{ zfGt agfP― . cx― † g Tof] dflg;n] cfef/ JoQm u¥of] g t ;a—j]df ofqf ug]{ s'g} ofqLn] k|ltlqmof hgfP . s:tf] ;dfh Tof] < dnfO{ cd]l/sfdf uf8L rnfpg vf; s'g} OR5f 5}g . Pslbg d]/f ;fnLx¿ clgtf / d]/L wfVjf;―u Go"h;L{sf] Pp6f hnkfg sfo{qmddf hfg nfu]sf] lyP― . uf8L clgtfn] rnfO/fv]sL lyOg\ . af6f] e'n]/ xfdL Go"h;L{s} xA;Lx¿ a:g] 7fp―df k'u]5f}+ . hxf― x]¥of], sfn}sfnf xA;Lx¿ dfq . cd]l/sfdf k]ml/ Psrf]l6 Pp6f af6f]df 3';]kl5 uf8L kmsf{pg c;fWo} uf¥xf] . uf8L xfSbf xfSb} clgtf olt 8/fOg\ ls pgL /fd|f];―u af]Ng klg ;lsgg\ . pgL 8/fPsf] b]v]/ d]/f] dgdf klg s]xL sDkg eof] . ;fnLx¿sf cufl8 axfb'/L t b]vfpg} k¥of] . dgleq 8/ ePklg g8/fPsf] clego u/]+ . clgtfn] cln …ge{;Ú eP/ elgg\, ædnfO{ t yfx} ePg s'g rflx+ af6f] xf], sf]l;t ;f]Wg] xf]nf <Æ Toxf― s]xL cNnf/] s]6fx¿ v]ln/fv]sf /x]5g\ . 105

106 pgLx¿l;t ;f]Wg] t cf―6} cfPg . cflv/ Pp6L a"9L cfOdfO{nfO{ e]§fP/ a8f] cfb/k"j{s …Dof8d Dof8dÚ eGb} af6f] ;f]Wof}+ . O6fnLsf] /f]d / ldnfgdf d tLg–rf/ k6s k'u]sf] 5' . h'ga]nf uPklg s]xL g s]xL 36gf t ePs} x'G5 . Psrf]l6 g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf cWoIf ljgf]b >]i7 / d Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf l;nl;nfdf ldnfg uPsf lyof}+ . b'a} hgf Pp6f k;ndf uP/ x\ofda/u/ lsGgsf lgldQ nfOgdf al;/x]sf lyof}+ . Pp6L cfOdfO{n] hfgL hfgL d]/f] sf]6 k5fl8 cfOl:qmd kf]lvlbOg\ . t'¿Gt} ToxL ;d"xsf c¿ b'O{ hgf cfOdfO{x¿ cfP/ d]/f] sf]6 k'5\gsf lgldQ dnfO{ Pp6f ¿dfn lbP . pgLx¿nfO{ wGojfb lb+b} d}n] sf]6 k'msfn]/ ¿dfnn] ;kmf ug{ vf]h]+ . sf]6 k'msfNg] a]nf pgLx¿dWo]s} Pp6L cfOdfO{n] olt rnfvLk"0f{ tl/sfn] d]/f] leqL vNtLaf6 :jf§ k};f lgsfnL, Tof] d}n] rfn} kfOg . Tof] b[Zo Pp6f ;fbf kf]zfs nufPsf] k'ln;n] b]v]sf] /x]5 . s]xL l5gkl5 Tof] k'ln;n] tL tLg–rf/ hgf cfOdfO{nfO{ ;dft]/ xftdf Psrfª 8n/ lnO{ dsxf― cfof] . k'ln; c+u|]hL gaf]Ng] /x]5 . p;n] s] eGg vf]h]sf] xf], ljgf]b / d}n] a'¤g} ;s]gf}+ . jf:tjdf Tof] k'ln;n] d]/f] k};f kmsf{pg vf]h]sf] lyof] . t/ ha d}n] cfºgf] vNtL 5fd], n † vNtL t vfnL g} . d]/f] k};f rf]g{] ToxL dflg; xf]nf egL ;fbf kf]zfs nufO/fv]sf k'ln;nfO{ g} kf] xfdLn] ;dfTg vf]Hof}+ . Psl5g kl5 c+u|]hL af]Ng] Ps O6flnogn] ;a} s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbPkl5 xfdL nfhn] e't'Ss} eof}+ . O6fnL hfg] ko{6sx¿nfO{ s]xL g s]xL o:tf 36gfx¿n] ;tfO/xG5g\ . slxn] lrof vf―bfvf―b} tn /fv]sf] Aofu p8fOlbG5g\, slxn] 6sL{af6 cfPsf dfUg] s]6Lx¿n] cvaf/ a]Rg] ;'/df kf;kf]6{ p8fOlbG5g\ . O6fnLsf] t'ngfdf xfd|f] g]kfndf ;'/Iff 5}g t < ;f7L jif{sf] d]/f] lhGbuLdf clxn];Dd g]kfndf s;}n] d]/f] vNtLaf6 Ps k};f rf]/]sf] 5}g . a¿ k;n, /]i6'/]06df lal;{P/ 5f]8]sf Aofux¿ dnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} kmsf{OPsf] 5 . ;'/Iffsf] s'/f ubf{, g]kfnsf] ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt zfob klxn]eGbf lalu|Psf] xf]nf t/ ;+;f/ g} sxf― k"0f{ ;'/lIft 5 / clxn] † OG8f]g]l;ofsf] afnLsf] kf―r tf/] xf]6]ndf ad k8\lsg ;S5, :k]gdf ofqf ubf{—ub}{ /]n Wj:t x'g;S5, >Ln+sf / lkmlnlkG;df ko{6sx¿ x/fpg ;S5g\, Oh/fondf s'g}klg a]nf cfTd3ftL ad k8\lsg ;S5, n08gsf] Po/kf]6{df ;'/Iffsf] sf/0f s'g}a]nf p8fg /2 x'g;S5 . ha cd]l/sfsf] …l6\jg 6fj/Ú ;'/lIft 5}g eg] ;+;f/df sxf― s] ;'/lIft 5 eGg]+ < x/]s b]zdf cf—cfºgf] lsl;dsf 8fjf―8f]nx¿ 5g\ . clxn] ;f/f ;+;f/sf] :j¿k, ;+/rgf b"|tultn] kl/jt{g e}/x]sf] 5 . ca of] kl/jlt{t cfw'lgs ;+;f/df cfw'lgs dflg; eP/ af―Rg] xf] eg] cfw'lgs hl6n ;d:ofx¿l;t h'w]/ hLjgofkg ug{] snf l;Sg'k5{ . dflg; efUg ;S5 t/ cfw'lgs ;d:ofx¿af6 n'Sg ;Sb}g . ;Demgfsf t/]nLx¿ æxfdLn] sfgaf6 cg]s JofVofx¿ ;'G5f}+, lstfjdf cg]s j0f{gx¿ k9\5f}+ . cfhsn t o:tf l;g]dfx¿ klg cfO;s] hxf― s'g} 7fp― jf a:t' b]lvgf;fy Tof] cg';f/sf] jf:gf ;d]t cfp―bf] /x]5, gfsn] klg Tof] 7fp―sf] / Toxf― JofKt ;'uGwsf] cg'ej ug{ ;Sbf]/x]5 . oBlk xfd|f] gfs, sfg / cf―vfn] hlt;'s} ;'―u]klg, ;'g]klg, x]/]klg xfd|f] dfg;k6ndf lhGbuLe/ ;lDemg ;Sg] cfwf/ aGb}g . af/Daf/ ;lDemgsf lgldQ ef}lts :kz{ / k|ToIf ;fIffTsf/ ug}{k5{ . s:tf] uha † v'§f / xftdf g x]g]{ cf―vf 5 g ;'Gg] sfg 5 t/ To;sf] :kz{ ljgf dflg;sf cGo zlQmzfnL OlGb|ox¿n] klg sfd ug{ ;Sbf /x]g5g\ . cf―vfn] x]/]/, sfgn] ;'g]/ / lstfjdf k9]/ dfq b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] eP ko{6gsf] cfjZostf g} x'―b}gYof] .Æ Ps 7fp―af6 csf]{ 7fp―df e|d0f ug]{ rfxgf dflg;df dfq xf]Og, kz'k+IfLdf klg x'G5 . emg\ dflg; lrGtgzLn k|f0fL ePsf] gftfn] of] rfxgf 106

107 a9\g] g} eof] . pm ;w}+ gf}nf] uGtJo:ynsf] vf]hL ug{ rfxG5 / gof― hLjgz}nLsf] cg'ej ug{ nfnflot x'G5 . cfuf]{g6\;b]lv cf:6«f]g6\;;Dd, Hof;gb]lv lgof]n cfd:6«¨;Dd, sf]nDa;b]lv s's;Dd clg dfsf]{kf]nf]b]lv x'ogZofg;Dd ;a}n] cfºgf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg ofqfdf latfP . cfw'lgs dflg;sf] cGt/fTdf klg dfsf]{kf]nf] / x'ogZofgx¿sf] h:t} ofqf / e|d0f–k|]daf6 k[ys\ 5}g . pgLx¿nfO{ Psrf]l6 e|d0fsf] nt nfUof] eg] nfdf] ;do;Dd Ps} 7fp―df al;/xg ;Sb}gg\ . cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] ;Eo dflg; vfg]s'/fdf sGh':of―O{ ug{ ;S5, dx―uf—dx―uf n'uf glsg]/ k};f arfpg ;S5 t/ ofqf / e|d0fx¿ gu/L Ps} 7fp― s'―lhP/ a:g ;Sb}g . pm s'g} klg axfgfdf sxL+ g sxL+ cfºgf] b}lgs hLjgsf] lk+h8faf6 lg:s]/ :jtGqtfk"j{s p8\g rfxG5 . e|d0f, ofqf, cg'ej, b[Zofjnf]sg / ko{6g zfob cfw'lgs dflg;sf nflu geO{ gx'g] / slxNo} gd]l6g] Kof;x¿ x'g\ . x'g t clxn] >Aob[li6sf gof―—gof― j}1flgs k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; e};s]sf] 5 . cTofw'lgs kfj/KjfOG6 lk|h]G6]zg, cfODofS;, ly|8fOd]G;gn l;g]df, :6]l/of]kmf]lgs ;fpG8 l;i6d cflb—cflb . ca x'―bf—x'―bf Pp6} sf]7fdf a;]/ sfgdf dfOqmf]kmf]g / cf―vfdf rZdf nufP/ virtual tour ug]{ / dgf]j}1flgs ofqf …x\ofnf]u|fdÚ sf] k|ljlw;d]t cfljisf/ e};s]sf] 5 . o;f] x]bf{ eljiodf zfob k};f vr{ u/]/ jf b'Mv u/]/ ;+;f/sf /dfOnf 7fp―x¿df e|d0f ug'{ kb}{g h:tf] nfU5 . t/ of] ;f]rfO unt xf] . cf―vfn] x]/]/, sfgn] ;'g]/ e|d0f ul/+b}g . ofqfsf nflu b'O{ v'§fn] 6]Sg}k5{, x]/]sf] / ;'g]sf] a:t'nfO{ xftn] 5'g}k5{ / /d0fLo :yfgx¿sf] cjnf]sgdf ef}lts :kz{ x'g}k5{ . clg dfq dflg;sf] dfg;k6ndf tL b[Zo, tL cg'ejx¿ ;bfsf nflu c+lst x'g]5g\ . eG5g\, dflg;sf ;aeGbf zlQmzfnL OlGb|ox¿ cf―vf, sfg, gfs / d'v x'g\ . t/ dflg;sf] dgdl:tisdf ;w}+ ;Demgfsf] t/]nL eP/ a:gsf nflu oL rf/ OlGb|ox¿sf] cg'ejsf cltl/Qm ef}lts :kz{ emg\ a9L cfjZos x'―bf]/x]5 . xfdL sfgaf6 cg]s JofVofx¿ ;'G5f}+, lstfjdf cg]s j0f{gx¿ k9\5f}+ . cfhsn t o:tf l;g]dfx¿ klg cfO;s] hxf― s'g} 7fp― jf a:t' b]lvgf;fy Tof] cg';f/sf] jf:gf ;d]t cfp―bf] /x]5, gfsn] klg Tof] 7fp―sf] / Toxf― JofKt ;'uGwsf] cg'ej ug{ ;Sbf]/x]5 . oBlk xfd|f] gfs, sfg / cf―vfn] hlt;'s} ;'―u]klg, ;'g]klg, x]/]klg xfd|f] dfg;k6ndf lhGbuLe/ ;lDemg ;Sg] cfwf/ aGb}g . af/Daf/ ;lDemgsf lgldQ ef}lts :kz{ / k|ToIf ;fIffTsf/ ug}{k5{ . s:tf] uha † v'§f / xftdf g x]g]{ cf―vf 5 g ;'Gg] sfg 5 t/ To;sf] :kz{ljgf dflg;sf cGo zlQmzfnL OlGb|ox¿n] klg sfd ug{ ;Sbf /x]g5g\ . cf―vfn] x]/]/, sfgn] ;'g]/ / lstfadf k9]/ dfq b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] eP ko{6gsf] cfjZostf g} x'―b}gYof] . e|d0f d]/f] ;f]vdfq xf]Og, cfj]u klg xf] / Pp6f …Kof;gÚ . aRr}b]lv a'afn] snsQf / aDaO{sf /dfOnf—/dfOnf s'/f ;'gfO/xg' x'GYof] . d]/f] dgleqsf] k'tnL s]6fs]6L x'―b} b]z—ljb]z e|d0f ug{ km/km/fO/xGYof] . P;=Pn=;L= kf; x'gf;fy lh2L u/]/ bfh';―u cnfxfafb uP― . cdn]vu~haf6 /]n r9L rf/sf];] emf8L x'―b} jL/u+h k'Uof}+ . To;a]nf Toxf― lkr/f]8 lyPg, lxn}lxnf] lyof] . jL/u+haf6 agf/; x'―b} cnfxfjfb k'Uof}+ . d Plu|sNr/ k9\g eg]/ cnfxfjfb uPsf] lyP― . k9\g hfg] t d]/f] axfgf dfq} lyof] . lhGbuLsf] klxnf] ljb]z ofqfsf] /f]df~rsf/L cfsif{0f ;lsPkl5 bfh'l;t} Ps xKtf gk'Ub} g]kfn kmls{xfn+] . b]x/fb'gdf km/]i6«L k9\g hf―bf km/]i6/sf] vfsL n'uf, kfOG6df k§L clg 5fnfsf] v}/f] a'6 nufP/ ;}lgs k|lzIf0fdf h:t} OlG8ofel/sf] /]n—j] :6]zgx¿df b'O{ jif{;Dd k|z:t /]n ofqf ul/of], ;fydf x'GYof] sfnf] l6gsf] afs; . cf;fdsf] h¨nb]lv /fh:yfgsf] d?e"ld;Dd, 107

108 tfldngf8'sf] >Lv08sf] h¨nb]lv sfZdL/sf] b]pbf/ h¨n;Dd 3'ldof] . 3'Dg] qmddf dnfO{ ef/tdf ;aeGbf dg k/]sf 7fp― s'Nn', dgfnL / :d[ltofnL x'g\ . lxdfn kUn]/ u8\u8\ cfjfh lgsfNb} alu/xg] lxdgbL d}n] ;aeGbf klxn] oxL+ b]Vg kfP― . s'Nn' / dgfnL dg kg'{sf] csf]{ sf/0f klg 5 . dgfnLdf dnfO{ c;fWo} dgkg]{ Pp6f ;fyL 5, ;L=cf/= k|]dL . pgL d]/f] s]6L ;fyL xf]Og, gfp g} pgsf] k|]dL xf] . b]x/fb"g sn]hdf k9\bfsf] clt ldNg] ;fyL . p;n] d]/} lglDt sn]hsf ;a} gf]6x¿ l6lklbGYof] . sn]hdf k9\bf dnfO{ lkmNd x]g]{ v'a} ;f]v lyof], sn]haf6 efuL—efuL lkmNd x]g{ hf―bf 5'6]sf Snf;x¿sf] gf]6 agfOlbGYof] ;L=cf/= k|]dLn] . pm sn]hsf] d]; OGrfh{ klg lyof] . d];sf] …nGrÚ, …l8g/Ú ;a} p;s} cfb]z cg';f/ Joj:yf ul/GYof] . ha d /fltsf] lkmNd x]/]/ kmls{Gy]+, p;n] d];af6 d]/f] sf]7fdf vfgf k7fp―Yof] . sn]h ;lsPkl5 xfd|f] ;DaGw 6fl9b} uof] . t/ d p;nfO{ ;w}+ ;lDem/xGy]+ . kl5 p;nfO{ e]6\g olt /x/ nfUof] ls d}n] lxdf+rn k|b]zsf] Pp6f klqsfdf lj1fkg 5kfP/ p;nfO{ g]kfn cfpg cfdGq0f u/]+ . slxn]sfxL+ 5Ss k5'{ d cfºg} efj'stf b]v]/ . ;f]R5', …d Tolt efj's lsg x'Gy] <Ú cfk"mnfO{ dg k¥of] eg] h]klg ug{ rfxg] . x'g t s'Nn' / dgfnLsf] ofbn] dnfO{ ;w}+ ;tfO/xGYof] . d k|]dLnfO{ e]6\g] lgx'― agfP/ ;g\ !(($ df dgfnL 3'Dg uOxfn]+ . t/ To:tf] clåtLo k|fs[lts dgf]/d :yn clxn] cJojl:yt /fvLahf/ h:t} e"m/ e};s]sf] /x]5 . clgolGqt ko{6gn] ;'Gb/ k|fs[lts :ynnfO{ s;/L anfTsf/ ug{ ;S5 eGg] t:aL/ x]g]{ xf] eg] s'Nn' / dgfnL uP k'U5 . cWoogsf] qmddf d}n] k|z:t ljb]z 3'Dg] df}sf kfP― . To;a]nf ljb]zlt/ hf―bf xjfO{hxfhsf] Pp6f l6s6n] hxf―—hxf― k'Ug ;lsG5, Toxf―— Toxf― /f]ls+b} a:b}, 3'Db} hfg] uy]{+ . cd]l/sf hfg' k¥of] eg] n08g, k]l/; / cGo o"/f]ksf clwstd zx/ 3'Db} hfGy]+ . ci6«]lnof hfg' k¥of] eg] a}+ss, l;+ufk'/df /f]ls+b} 3'Dg hfGy]+ . ;Lldt vr{af6 y'k|} zx/x¿ 3'Dg kfOg] x'―bf slxn]sfxL+ Po/kf]6{, /]nj]:6]zg / o"y xf]:6]ndf ;'Tg] uy]{+ . jf:tjdf hjfgLdf 3'Dg'sf] cfgGb g} cs}{ . gS;f x]b}{, a;df r9\b} ;:tf] ;:tf] 7fp― vf]Hb} vfg hfg] . Pslbg /f]dsf] k'm6kfydf lx+8\bf—lx+8\bf ysfO{ nfu]sfn] Pp6f /]i6'/]G6df cfO;lqmd lsgL ToxL+ aflx/ /fv]sf] d]rdf a;]/ vfg yfn]+ . t'?Gt} Pp6f j]6/ cfP/ O6flnog Ou+ln; efiffaf6 a;]/ vfg] xf] eg] /]6 cs}{ ltg'{ k5{ eGof] . p;sf] ;+jfb o:t} lyof], "Standing price different, sitting price different". hfuL/ 5f]8]kl5 d ko{6g If]qdf nfu]+ t/ To;kl5 klg d]/f] 3'Dg] qmd /f]lsPg . k|s[lt ;+/If0f / ko{6gl;t cfj4 ljleGg ;+3;+:yfl;t sfd ul//fv]sf] x'―bf jif{df rf/—kf―rj6f ljb]z e|d0f t h'l/xfNy] . ljb]z e|d0fsf cToGt /f]rs, /f]df~rsf/L 36gfx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f n]VgnfO{ t zfob csf]{ Pp6f lstfj g} rflxG5 . To:tf e|d0fsf qmddf d}n] la;{g} g;Sg] s]xL 7fp―x¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ d}n] oxf― ;dfj]z ul/g― eg] zfob of] d]/f] ;f]rsf] lstfj k"0f{ x'―b}g xf]nf . 5j6f dxfåLksf y'k}|—y'k}| zx/x¿df 3'd]/ Toxf―sf hLjgz}nLx¿sf] cg'e'j ;d]t u/]+ . slxn] PSn}, slxn] kl/jf/l;t, slxn] ldNg] ;fyLx¿l;t e|d0f ul/of] . ljb]zsf tL clj:d/0fLo ofqf / e|d0fx¿n] dnfO{ x/]s jf:tljstfnfO{ Sofln8f]:sf]lks ;f]rsf] ljleGg sf] 0faf6 ax'cfoflds b[ZonfO{ x]g]{ zlQm k|bfg u/] . ofqfsf] /¨, cGt/¨ljgf hLjg p/f7nfUbf] x'G5 . slxn]sfxL+ lat]sf tL /dfOnf 36gfx¿ ;lDem+bf ;'vsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . tL clj:d/0fLo e|d0fx¿dWo] cd]l/sfsf] jfof]ldª /fHol:yt P]nf]:6f]g /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ofqf slxNo} la;{g ;lSbg . Toxf―sf 3gf h¨nleq cgluGtL tftf]kfgLsf] kmf]xf]/f -luh/ ;Nkm/ l:k|¨_ x¿ 5g\, h'g o'uf}o'ub]lv 108

109 Ps ;]s]G8sf] km/s gu/L 7Ls—7Ls ;dodf hldgaf6 krf;f}+ lkm6dfly d';nwf/] kmf]x/f eP/ lgl:sG5g\ / ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0fnfO{ uGwsdo agfp―5g\ . 7Ls—7Ls ;dodf cfpg] kmf]x/f ePsf] x'―bf o;nfO{ ;do kfjGbL cyf{t\ …cf]N8 k]myk'mn luh/Ú klg elgG5 . To; lgs'~hleq sf7}sf7n] ag]sf] Pp6f eAo …cf]N8 k]myk'mn OgÚ gfds 7"nf] xf]6]n 5 . k|fs[ lts e"— b[Zo -Nof08:s]k_sf cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] Tof] xf]6]n x]g{ nfossf] 5 . ejgsf] prfO{ Toxf― kfOg] ?vsf] prfO{eGbf sd ug'{kg]{ lgod /x]5 . s'g} klg eJo ef}lts :df/sx¿ agfpbf Toxf―sf] k|s[lt, jftfj/0fsf e"—b[Zox¿ ;dflxt u/]/ ldNg] lsl;dn] lgdf{0f ul/of] eg] ;Dk"0f{ …Nof08:s]kÚ slt cfsif{s x'―bf]/x]5 eGg] s'/f d}n] Toxf― l;s]+ . lbgx'― xhf/f}+ dflg; Toxf― hfG5g\ t/ Toxf―sf] jftfj/0fleq dflg;x¿sf] sf]nfxn x/fP/ hfG5 . Joj:yfkg /fd|f] eof] eg] /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] cfuGt's wfGg] Ifdtf (visitors carrying capacity) nfO{ klg s;/L a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f Toxf―af6 l;Sg ;lsG5 . Pnf]:6f]g uPsf] tL; jif{eGbf a9L eO;Sof] t/ Toxf―sf] tftf] uGws kfgLsf] kmf]x/f clxn];Dd d]/f] :d[ltk6df oyfjt\ 5 . To:t} jfof]ldª /fHodf g} /x]sf] cfln;fg Traingle x ranch eGg] ljnfl;tfn] k"0f{ t/ cfºg} kf/fsf] xf]6]ndf klg d a;]+ hxf― sfpJjfOsf] h:t} lhG; nufP/ gSsnL k]:tf]n leg'{ kYof]{ clg hxf― uP klg 7"nf c/]laog 3f]8f r9\g' kYof]{ . ;f] xf]6]nsf] jl/kl/ cd]l/sfsf /]8 Ol08og cflbjf;Lx¿sf] a:tLnfO{ ;+/If0f u/L kf}/fl0fs cd]l/sfsf] emNsf] lbO/fv]sf] lyof] . af]qmf ;lxtsf sf7n] ag]sf …nu SofljgÚ xf]6]ndf a:bf tLg;o jif{ klxn]sf] cd]l/sfdf cfPsf] h:tf] efg x'GYof] . xf]6]n :6fkmx¿n] x/]s /ft cfuf] afn]/ SofDkkmfo/ u/L k/Dk/fut z}nLsf cd]l/sL nf]suLt ufP/ kfx'gfx¿nfO{ l/emfp―5g\ . cd]l/sfh:tf] clt cfw'lgs b]zdf klg ;―:s[ltnfO{ ;+/If0f ub}{ ko{6g pBf]u rnfPsf] b]v]/ g]kfn h:tf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfn] wgL d'n'sdf sNr/n 6'l/hd\sf] ;Defjgfaf/] d}n] To;a]nf cg'ej u/]+ . ;f+:s[lts kIfaf6 dfq xf]Og, k|s[ltdf cfwfl/t ko{6g Joj;fosf gof―—gof― cjwf/0ffx¿ klg d}n] cd]l/sfaf6 w]/} l;s]+ . u|f08 Soflgogsf] nfvf}+—nfv jif{ k'/fgf] ulx/f] vf]+r …SoflgPgÚ af6 alu/fv]sf] sf]nf]/f8f] gbLn] To;a]nf g]kfnsf gbLsf] ofb u/fp―Yof] . u|f08 Soflgog h:t} xfd|f] sfnLu08sL klg sd 5}g . Toxf― Jojl:yt x;{/fOl8ª / x\jfO6 l/e/ /flº6ª h:tf ;fxl;s ko{6gsf] ¿k/]vf d}n] klxnf]kN6 b]v]+ . sf]nf/f]8f] gbLsf] eo+s/ j]udf d}n] ¥oflº6ª ug]{ cf―6 t ul/g― t/ u|f08 l66gsf] :g]s l/e/df 8'¨f ;km/ ubf{ b]lvPsf] bfof―—afof― h¨ndf rl//fv]sf …d'hÚ h/fof]sf] b[Zo la;{g g;Sg] vfnsf lyP . To;/L g} Go"d]lS;sf] /fHosf] d];febL{ ;+/If0f :ynsf cflbjf;Lx¿sf] ;'/lIft If]q 3'Dg hf―bf cg'ej u/]sf] Pp6f 36gf d slxNo} la;{Gg . Toxf― xf]kL / gfafxf] hftsf /]8 OlG8og cflbjf;Lx¿ a:bf /x]5g\, ¤jf§ x]bf{ 7\ofDd} l6a]l6ogx¿ h:t} b]lvg] . Toxf―sf cfOdfO{x¿ g]kfndf h:t} …d'ufÚ / …6Sjf{OhÚ hl8t rf―bLsf uxgfx¿ nufp―bf /x]5g\ . crDd nfU5 † xhf/f}+—xhf/ ldn 6f9f a;f]jf; ug]{ /]8 Ol08og / l6a]l6og hfltx¿aLr Pp6} vfn] 9f―rf, xfpefp / Ps}vfnsf] jf;:yfg . ljgf af]6la?jfsf gf¨f kTyl/nf Pj+ ;'vf d}bfg clg cf―vfn] g} gEofpg] ;Lwf Pj+ km/flsnf e"—b[Zox¿, d?e"ld h:tf] b]lvP tfklg Toxf― cfºg} lsl;dsf] cfsif{0f lyof] . d Go"d]lS;sf]sf] /fhdfu{sf] rf}af6f]df cjl:yt …kmf]/sg{/Ú gfds Pp6f df]6]ndf a;]sf] lyP― . af/df a;]/ lao/ lkO/x]sf] a]nf xf]kL hftsL Psbd /fd|L cGbfhL kRrL;—5AaL; jif{sL Pp6L o'jtL cfOk'lug\ . 6Dd ldn]sf] hLp8fn x]bf{ pgL x]nDa'sL ;]lk{gL h:t} b]lvlGyg\ . pgL xf―:b} 109

110 ;/f;/ d a;]sf] af/sf] sfpG6/ 6]a'ndf a:g cfOg\ . :jfefljs xf], d klg d';'Ss xf―;]+ . Psl5g kl5 xf]kL efiffaf6 pgn] d;―u s'/f ug{ yflng\ . pgn] zfob dnfO{ klg pgs} :jhfltsf] dfG5] eG7flgg\ xf]nf . d}n] ga'e]m/ c+u|]hLdf s'/f u/]+ . xf―;]/ pgn] k]ml/ cfºg} efiffdf af]lng\ . t/ d}n]eg] a'¤b} a'lemg / k]ml/ c+u|]hLaf6} hjfkm lbP― . pgn] l/;fpb} cfk"mn] lkO/fv]sf] lao/ d]/f] sldhdf kf]lvlbOg\ . d Psbd csdSs k/]+ . zfob pgn] eG7flgg\ xf]nf, d}n] k"mlt{ u/]/ cfºgf] dft[efiff gaf]lnsg c+u|]hL af]n]+ eg]/ . ha kl5 pgn] d ljb]zL x'― eg]/ rfn kfOg\, c¨fnf] dfb}{ nfrf/ eO{ dl;t Ifdf dfUg cfOg\ . b'O{ lbgdfq a:g] sfo{qmd lyof] d]/f] d];febL{df, t/ Toxf― ;ft lbg a;]/ Pp6f cd]l/sL cflbjf;Lsf] cgf}7f] lhGbuL cg'ej ul/of] . Sofgf8fl:yt Hof;k/ / af―Dkmsf] /fli6«o lgs'~hx¿af6 d}n] ljsf;sf w]/} cjwf/0ffx¿ k|fKt u/]sf] 5' . e"—agf]6 x]bf{ x'jx' 8f]Nkf / d':tfª h:t} km/flsnf 3f―;] hldg, gLnf] cfsfz / To:t} vfnsf jg:klt / h¨nL hLjhGt'x¿ . /fli6«o lgs'~hleq b'Oj6f zx/x¿ clg To;nfO{ hf]8\g clt /fd|f] /]nsf] ;]jf . klxn] d}n] ljrf/ u/]sf] lyP― ls /fli6«o lgs'~h eg]sf] dfq ;+/If0fsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] e"—efu xf] eg]/ . t/ ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] cToGt ;'Gb/ Pj+ ;Gt'lnt Joj:yfkgsf] pQd gd"gf d}n] Toxf― b]v]+ . ToxL cjwf/0ffaf6 k|]l/t eO{ d]/f] lbdfudf cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0fsf] kl/sNkgf k|:k'm6g ePsf] lyof] . af―Dkm;―u} sf]nlDaof cfO;lkmN8 elgg] cToGt /d0fLo 7fp― /x]5, hxf― lxp―df ;km/ ug]{ ;fgf] 6\ofS6/af6 hfg' k5{ . lxp― g} lxp―n] el/Psf] Tof] clåtLo e"—efudf :jR5 gLnf] lxdgbLaf6 lgd{n kfgL alu/x]sf] lyof] . ;a} cfuGt'sx¿ Tof] kfgL lkpg] dfq xf]Og, af]tndf e/]/ xfdLn] u+ufhn NofP h:t} sf];]nLsf] ¿kdf 3/ n}hfg] uy]{ . cd]l/sfdf dnfO{ dgkg]{ 7fp―dWo] l;of6n /fHosf] ;d'b|sf] 5]p;―u} ag]sf] cgf}7f] cf]nlDks /fli6«o lgs'~h / ;f]xL /fHosf] ;aeGbf cUnf] dfp06 /]lgo/ kxf8 klg x'g\ . cfºgf] emf]nf cfk}+m af]sL ;fyLx¿l;t kxf8df …Jofs Kofls¨Ú ug{ hf―bf g]kfnL ePsf] x'―bf ;a}n] d klxn] g} kxf8dfly k'u'―nf eGg] ;f]r]sf lyP t/ lx8\g g;s]/ aLr af6f]af6 g} kms]{/ cfpg' kbf{ dnfO{ clt nfh nfu]sf] lyof] . dnfO{ nfUof], g]kfnLk|ltsf] ck]Iff d}n] Toxf― kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;lsg― . k|fs[lts ;+/rgfsf cbe"t b[Zox¿ x]g{ d Pl/hf]gf /fHodf cjl:yt ljG8f] /s klg k'u]sf] lyP― . Toxf― nfvf}+nfv jif{sf] lg/Gt/ xfjfkfgL, e"—Ifosf sf/0f chfodfg r§fgsf] aLr 7"nf] Kjfn ag]sf] /x]5 . 6f9faf6 x]bf{ ;fg} b]lvGYof] t/ glhsaf6 x]bf{ Tof] r§fgL ¤ofn t ;of}+ lkm6 cUnf] /x]5 . To;sf] cufl8 dflg; Pp6f sldnf hqf] . Tof] k|s[ltsf] snfnfO{ b]v]/ dUg gx'g] t zfob} sf]xL xf]nf . …ljG8f]/sÚ sf] sf];f}+ sf]; 6f9f;Dd 7"N7"nf /ftf 9'¨fx¿ lyP . xl/ofnL sxL+ lyPg, sxL+—sxL+ t cf―vfnfO{ g} ljZjf; gx'g] u/L Pp6f chfodfg 9'¨fdfly csf]{ chfodfg 9'¨f vlK6Psf] lyof] . o;f] x]bf{ Psrf]l6 3Rf]8]kl5 eTs]nf ls h:tf] b]lvg] t/ sxf― eTsg' tL k|fs[lts …x\ofª\luª /sÚ x¿ † uhasf] 5 k|s[ltsf] ;+/rgf . g]kfndf kms]{/ cfPkl5 cfºgf] b]zdf klg k|fs[lts, P]ltxfl;s Pj+ ;―f:s[lts dxTjsf 7fp―x¿df /fli6«o lgs'~h agfpg] rfxgf / ;kgf dleq ToxL a]nf hfu]sf] lyof] . slxn]sfxL+ dnfO{ crDd nfU5, g]kfnsf dGqLx¿, ;lrjx¿ / of]hgfljb\x¿nfO{ ljb]z e|d0f ug{ hf―bf Toxf―sf] ljsf; x]/]/ g]kfndf klg s]xL g s]xL u?― eGg] vfnsf k|]/0ff s;/L gcfPsf] xf]nf < b]zsf] wg vr{ u/]/ af/Daf/ ljb]z hfG5g\, ;kgf / sNkgf af]s]/ cfpg'sf] ;§f :jf:gLsf nflu uxgf, aRrfx¿sf nflu v]nf}+gf / k};f arfP/ b'jO{sf] 8\o'6L k|mL ;kaf6 sf]xLsf]xL t kf―r—bz tf]nf ;'g klg lnP/ kms{+G5g\ . g]kfndf efif0f ug]{ a]nf jf sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ug]{ a]nf cd]l/sf, 110

111 o"/f]k / hfkfgsf] pbfx/0f lbG5g\ t/ cfºgf] kbLo clwsf/ k|of]u u/]/ ug{;Sg] ;fgf]ltgf] ljsf;sf sfdx¿sf] b]vfl;sL;Dd klg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . of] kl/k]|Iodf s]xL xb;Dd pBdLx¿ cufl8 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfºg} k};f vr{ u/L ljb]z e|d0f ug{ hfG5g\ . ljb]zaf6 l;s]/ cfPsf k|ljlwx¿ cfºgf] pBf]u, Joj;fo / Jofkf/df k|of]u u5{g\ . zfob d kxf8L e"efudf hGd]sf]n] xf]nf, dnfO{ klxn]b]lv g} gbL, tfntn}of / hns'08x¿df ;}/;kf6f ug]{ sNkgf dfqn] klg /f]dfl~rt agfp―Yof] . hj d}n] cd]l/sfs} u|f08 l66g / UnLg Soflgogsf gflna]nL / gbLx¿df 8'¨f lvofpg] (Yachting) cj;/ kfP―, d :jefjtM aRrfh:t} hnofqfsf] cg'ej ug{ cft'/ eP― . bfof― afof― cUnf—cUnf kxf8 clg aLrdf ulx/f] gLnf]kfgL, kfgLdfly cfjfh gcfpg] kfn h8fg u/]sf 8'+uf lvofp―bf cfºg} vfnsf] dHhf x'g] /x]5 . cd]l/sfsf] hLjgz}nLdf ;DkGgtfsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf Pp6f kl/jf/;―u Pp6f 8'¨f x'g'kg]{ /x]5 / pgLx¿ ;do ;dodf jf6/ :kf]6{;\ cyf{t …oflrªÚ v]Ng nfnflot x'―bf/x]5g\ . xfdLdf k};f sdfP/ 3/ agfpg] / ef]het]/ ug]{ ;f]v, cd]l/sLx¿df k};f sdfO;s]kl5 k|s[ltdf /dfpg] ;f]v . PSn} ;fx; u/]/ cfk}+mn] 8'¨f lgdf{0f u/L cGt/ dxfåLksf] ofqf ug{ hfG5g\ pgLx¿ . sf]xLsf]xL wgf9\ox¿ t kfn 6f―u]sf tL 7"N7"nf ljnf;L 8'+uf -Yacht_ af6 ljZj e|d0f ug{ hfG5g\ . t/ ;d'b| ofqf dnfO{ k6Ss} kmfKb}g . Psrf]l6 d}n] l;8\gL xfj{/af6 y'k|f] k};f lt/]/ Pp6f 7"nf] hxfhdf r9L ljnf;L …q'mhÚ sf] ;km/ u/]sf] lyP― . hxfhdf ;a}yf]s lyP, :jLld¨ k'n, gfRg] 7fp― clg ;of}+ k|sf/sf …O:df]u;af]8{Ú :jflbi6 vfgf t/ tLg lbg;Dd jfGtf ug'{afx]s d Toxf― s]xL /dfpg ;lsg― . cd]l/sf hf―bf dnfO{ ;w}+ hfg dg nfUg] 7fp― Go"of]s{sf] Dofgx\of6g klg xf] . k|s[ltsf] gfp―df oxf― s]xL 5}g t/ dflg;sf] ljsf;sf] cb\e"t :j¿k oxf― b]Vg ;lsG5 . Pp6} zx/sf] dflyNnf] efudf c/aklt, v/aklt a:g] u5{g\ t/ zx/s} jNnf] 5]pdf lbgel/ lao/ lkpb} a/flnO/xg] cd]l/sL u/Lax¿ a:g] u5{g\ . sf7df8f}+sf] 7lx+6L / sf]lx6L eg] h:t} …;f]xf]Ú / …xfn{dÚ aLr df]6/af6 hf―bf aL; ldg]6 klg nfUb}g t/ Toxf―sf] jftfj/0fdf cfsfz / hldgsf] km/s . Go"of]s{sf] ;aeGbf dxuf] 7fp― …jfnl:6«6Ú af6 glhs Dofgxf6gsf] k]G6xfp;df d]/f Pshgf ;fyL a:5g\ . pgsf] gfd lyof] x\of/f]N8 Dofs sljg . pxf― Pp6f wgf9\o a}+s/ x'Gf'x'G5 . s/f]8f}+—s/f]8 kg]{ pgsf] rf/ xhf/ :Sjfo/ lkm6sf] ºNof6df emG8} rf}w—kGw|j6f lksf;f]sf ;SsnL t:aL/x¿ e'mG8\ofO/fv]sf lyP . d]/f] lbdfudf of] cfPg ls tNnf], lk5l8Psf] Go"of]s{ zx/df a;f]af; ug]{ tL lzlIft t/ u/La cd]l/sLx¿ hf] laxfg a]n'sf sf]s / kfp/f]6L vfP/ hLljsf]kfh{g u5{g\, pgLx¿n] Tof] cfsflzPsf] cfly{s leGgtfnfO{ s;/L x]/]sf xf]nfg\ < cd]l/sfdf b]lvPsf] ;DkGgtf / ljkGgtfsf] Tof] vf8n g]kfnsf] eGbf w]/} w]/} 7"nf] / hl6n vfnsf] 5 . Pslbg z}n pkfWofon] ljgf]b rf}w/L / dnfO{ wgf9\ox¿ dfq cfpg] Go"of]s{sf] …ck6fpg af/Ú df l8«+s ug{ nu] . af/ aflx/ u|fxsx¿sf nfdf] sfnf] …lndf]lhgÚ uf8Lx¿ 6Dd nfd nflu/fv]sf lyP . af/df hf―bf sf]6 nufpg' clgjfo{ ePsf] x'―bf ljgf]b / d}n] z}n pkfWofosf] sfnf]df ;]tf yf]Knf ePsf uhasf sf]6 nufPsf lyof}+ . z}nnfO{ k]mzgsf] c;fWo} 7"nf] ;f]v 5 t/ cfºg} kf/fsf] . xfdL tLg}hgf Pp6} vfnsf sf]6 nufP/ af/df hf―bf ;f/f u|fxsx¿n] xfdLnfO{ 58\s] gh/n] x]l//fv]sf lyP . To;a]nf dnfO{ c;fWo} c;lhnf] dx;'; ePsf] lyof] . clxn];Dd yfxf ePg pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ lsg x]/]sf xf]nfg\ < sf]6sf] cw{¨] k]mzg b]v]/ xf] jf wgf9\ox¿sf] hd36df gf}nf ljb]zL dflg; b]v]/ < 111

112 cfly{s / ;fdflhs :t/sf] csf]{ 7"nf] vf8n d}n] So"jf / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf aLr b]v]+ . cd]l/sfsf] l5d]sL eP/ klg ;―u} hf]l8Psf] cyfx k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] wgL So"jfsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs l:yltdf slt km/s < cd]l/sf / Sofgf8fsf] dlG6«of]nsf] rxnkxn kZrft\ of] b]z e|d0f ubf{ klxn] t dnfO{ e"tsf] zx/ h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] . hxf― uP klg ;'g;fg, rf}8f—rf}8f af6f], cUnf—cUnf 3/, clt sd afxgx¿, vfnLvfnL l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/x¿ . d}n] Pp6f bf¥xL sf6\g] d]lzg lsGg vf]Hbf kf―r lbg;Dd k;n— k;n wfpg' k/]sf] lyof] . /]i6'/]G6 uof] eg] nfOgdf a:g' kg]{, vfg uof] eg] d]g'df 5—;ft j6feGbf a9L kl/sf/} 5}gg\ . To;df df;', cfn' afx]s xl/of] ;fukft t b]Vg} gkfpg] . t/ xjfgf zx/sf] cfºg} lsl;dsf] cfsif{0f 5 . aDaO{sf] d]l/g 8«fOe h:t} ;d'b|;―u hf]l8Psf] Pp6f cToGt nf]slk|o ;8s 5 hxf― o'jf o'jtLx¿ ;―u} a;]/ c¨fnf] df/L DjfO{ vfO/xG5g\ . ha ;d'b|df 5fn cfp―5, pn]{sf] 5fnn] k'm6kfydf al;/fVg] ;a}nfO{ lgy|'Ss} lehfOlbG5, tnfpdf r'n'{Dd 8'a]/ lg:s]h:t} . tL So"jfnLx¿ ;d'b|sf] 5fnaf6 e/k'/ dHhf lnO/fv]sf] b]v]/ d / d]/f] 5f]/f /fhg klg ToxL+ k'm6kfysf] k]6Ldf a:g uof}+ . Pp6f eo+s/ 7"nf] 5fn cfof] / xfdLnfO{ lgy'|Ss} lehfof] . Psl5g t /dfOnf] eof] t/ 5fn x6]kl5 xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ hLp g"g} g"gn] Rofk—Rofk eof] . ca k/]g km;fb † xf]6]n hfp―m Tolt 6f9f 5, g'xfpg] 7fp― sxL+ 5}g . So"jf;―u} Pp6f Sofl/laog 6fk'df klg uOof] . To;sf] gfd lyof] Eof/]8]/f] . ldnf}+ldn;Dd rf―bL h:tf] ;]tf] afn'jf / gLnf] kfgL t/ ko{6ssf] gfdf]lg;fg lyPg . cd]l/sfsf] /fhgLlts cflwkTo -x]lhdf]gL_ sf] sf/0f So"jfnfO{ slt cfly{s Iflt eO/fv]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f o;af6 klg :ki6 x'G5 . ;+;f/df x/]s uGtJo:ynsf cf—cfºg} cfsif{0fx¿ x'G5g\, vf; u/L vfgf / lkpg]df . lkpg]df t dnfO{ vf; s'g} ;f]v 5}g t/ vfg] s'/fdf d clt ;f]lvg . ch]{lG6gfsf] Ao"g;cfo;{sf] clt k]mzg]an ahf/df nfOgsf nfOg 7"N7"nf P]gfaf6 b]lvg] /]i6'/]G6leq af]sf / ufO{sf] l;¨} …jf/—j]—So"Ú e'mG8\ofO/fv]sf] b[Zodf cfºg}kg 5 eg] aln{g, Do"lgv / Go"of]s{sf] …Sofy]8«nÚ / …:Sjfo/Ú x¿df a]lrg] ;:tf] …x6 8uÚ sf] :jfb klg lal;{g g;Sg] vfnsf] 5 . sxL+ 3'Dg uof] eg] dnfO{ :yfgLo dflg;x¿ hfg] /]i6'/]G6x¿df vfg hfg}kg]{ . sf]nf]Daf] hf―bf df6f]sf] ef8f]df ksfO/fv]sf c;fWo} lk/f] …b]ljn k|fpgÚ, l;+ufk'/, x¨s¨ hf―bf e'mG8\ofO/fv]sf xf―;sf] df;', l;8\gL xfj{/ hf―bf Toxf―sf] Kofgs]s Dofg/df ljleGg lsl;dsf r6fd/L clg NofD;rk / 6L—af]g—:6]s / O6fnL hf―bf Toxf―sf] cfO;lqmd . x'―bfx'―bf lkmlnlkG; hf―bf xf―;sf] df;' …8sÚ eG7fg]/ emG8} s's'/sf] df;' vfgk'u]sf] . kfZrfTo hutdf …ck]/fÚ, …a|f] 8—j]Ú zf], Snfl;sn ;+uLt ;f―em h:tf dx―uf sfo{qmdx¿df k|z:t k};f vr{ u/L x]g{ hfg] k]mzg g} /x]5 . Pp6f l6s6s} ;of}+ 8n/ k5{ . Tof] klg dlxgf}+ cufl8 l6s6 a's ug'{kg]{ . Pstfsf ck]/fsf] cg'ej ug{ d e]lg;df hf―bf Toxf―sf] ljZjljVoft cfln;fg lyP6/ xndf …ljlnod :6«¨Ú sf] zf]df cfwfl/t ck]/f x]g{ k'u]+ . …lkg 8«k ;fOn]G;Ú, Pp6f l;of] v:of] eg] klg cfjfh cfpnf h:tf] . s:tf] PslrQ eP/ dflg;x¿n] x]l//fv]sf] Tof] …ck]/fÚ † t/ cfk"mn] t k6Ss} a'e]msf] xf]Og . ga'e]m klg a'e]msf] h:tf] clego u/]/ tLg 306f ps';d's'; eP/ al;of] . t/ uha dfxf]n 5 Toxf―, ;f/f cfOdfO{x¿ Psbd dx―uf] n]j]nsf] clt k]mz]g]jn …Olelg¨ 8«];Ú nufP/ cfpg] /x]5g\ . …:ofgnÚ, …ol:6n8/Ú, …u'rLÚ, …luefGrLÚ cflb dx―uf] cQ/sf af:gfn] ;f/f lyP6/ xn dudufO/fv]sf] x'GYof] . ck]/fsf] dWofGt/df ;a} bz{sx¿ af/df uP/ …SofleP/Ú vf―b} lqm:6nsf] lunf;df …:oflDkPgÚ lkpg hf―bf /x]5g\ . l:j6\h/Nof08sf] h'l/sdf klg o'g]k ;+:yfdf sfo{/t d]/f Pshgf ldq eLd pbf;n] dnfO{ / 112

113 d]/L >LdtL ;'zLnfnfO{ ck]/f b]vfpg nu]sf lyP . gfO― klg eGg' ePg . ;'zLnfnfO{ ck]/fsf] cg'ej u/fpg xfdL ;a} uof}+ . kms]{/ cfPkl5 d]/L >LdtLn] PSn} dnfO{ sf]7fdf cfP/ ca lhGbuLdf ck]/f ;k]/f b]vfpg gn}hfg' elgg\ . d}n] clxn];Dd ck]/fsf] dd{nfO{ slxNo} :jLsfg}{ ;lsg― . t/ Go"of]s{sf] …a|f]8—j]Ú zf] df Cats, 42 Street h:tf ;f+uLlts sfo{qmdx¿ uhasf x'―bf/x]5g\ . ga'e]mklg cToGt /dfOnf] . ;f―Rr} tL cgluGtL 7fp―x¿sf] e|d0faf6 k|fKt u/]sf cg'ejx¿n] of] lhGbuLnfO{ lgs} wgL agfOlbPsf /x]5g\ . ha hLjg Ps;'/] dgdf]hL x'G5, To;a]nf cf―vf lrDn]/ lat]sf tL /dfOnf If0fx¿sf] ;Demgf cfp―bf slxn]sfxL+ af}nfxfn] h:t} xf―:g dg nfU5, slxn]sfxL+ To;a]nfsf efjgfTds 36gfx¿sf] ememNsf] ;Dem―bf dgleqsf] cGt/s'Gt/df lr;f]kg cfp―5 . dn]lzofsf] k]gfª\df Psrf]l6 d h¨n sGk|]mG;df efu lng uPsf] lyP― . ;ft lbg;Dd xfdLnfO{ k]gfª\ zx/af6 w]/} 6f9f Pp6f ;'g;fg ;fgf] 6fk'df /flvPsf] lyof] . Toxf―sf] jftfj/0f x]bf{ /ljG;g q"m;f]sf] sfNklgs 6fk' h:tf] . Toxf― aflx/af6 sf]xL cfpg ;Sb}gg\, vfnL ;Dd]ngdf efu lng cfpg] rfnL;—krf;hgf ;xefuLx¿ Dffq lyof}+ . a;f]af;sf nflu h¨nleq 6f―luPsf Ps}gf;sf kfnx¿sf] aGbf]a:t lyof] . pi0f e"ldsf] h¨n, lr6lr6 kl;gf cfO/xg] . xfdL ;a} ;xefuLx¿ cw{gUg eP/ uf]i7Ldf efu lnGYof}+ . nf]Ug] dfG5] s§'df eg] cfOdfO{ lasgLdf . lbp―;f] clt u/d, ;f―em k/]kl5 xfjfn] ubf{ cln lr;f] . lbgel/sf] sfo{zfnf uf]i7L ;lsPkl5 ;xefuLx¿ w]/}h;f] cf—cfºgf] cWoogdf d:t x'Gy] t/ d ;f―em kgf{;fy ;d'b|sf] lsgf/df xfdkmfNg uOxfNy]+ . ToxL ;Dd]ngdf efu lng cfPsL Pp6L a|flhlnog dlxnf klg ;d'b|sf] c;fWo} ;f]lvg /lx5g\ . ;f―em k¥of] ls kftnf] rLhs6gsf] …hDk;'6Ú nufP/ ;d'b|sf] 5fnl;t v]ln/xg] . ;d'b|sf] kfgLleq a:bf Gofgf] t/ kfgLaf6 lgSngf;fy xfjfsf] :of―7\n] zLtn kfYof]{ . ha kfgLn] pgsf] ;]tf] sk8f lgy'|Ss leHYof], pgsf] ;Dk"0f{ z/L/sf] ;f}Gbo{ ;"of{:t ;dosf] uf]w'nL pHofnf]df klg :ki6 b]lvGYof] . c:tfpg] a]nfsf] ;"o{sf] nflndf Toxf―af6 uhasf] b]lvGYof] . Tof] a]nf rf―bgL /ft lyof] . /flt rGb|dfsf] pHofnf]df ;d'b|af6 cfPsf 5fnx¿ 6fk'sf] lsgf/fdf k'Ubfk'Ub} k'm6]/ lk+mh eO{ afn'jfdf ljnLg ePsf] a]nf k|s[ltsf] cs}{ Pp6f cnf}lss :j¿k emlNsGYof] . Tof] b[Zon] dnfO{ olt /f]dfl~rt u/fof] d}n] ;d'b|sf] lsgf/df ca]/;Dd a;]/ Pp6f c+u|]hL sljtf;Dd klg /Rg k'u]+ . kRrL; jif{eGbf a9L e};Sof] k]gfªsf] Tof] ;'g;fg 6fk'df af; a;]sf] t/ Toxf― latfPsf x/If0fx¿ ;De]m/ cfpbf dg /dfOnf] x'G5 . It was a halcyone midnight, I was lying on the cold sand, Crescent moon shining high, breaking clouds in the sky. Disc of galaxy is too vast, and it rotates dizzy fast. Solitary stars twinkling shy, far in the angle's sky. I peer beyond the stupendous darkness, where planet dissolved in horizon infinite. I watched heaven kissing ocean, indeed it was a grand union. Little yonder in the protean seashore, hunting tides smashing themselves. Thounderous sound shook the core, 113

114 turning the night savage and wild. Turbulent waves rippled wide, burgeoning like a prarie fire. Silver stream rushed to the bank, before it touched me, vanish into sand. From the above hamlet shining, I saw Lucy rushing down, hanging Lantern in her hand, whilst in midway soon she wan. Come and gone Lucy and silver, dream blown out of order. Nothing now in my hand, disappeared like a magic wand. Next morning in the crispy dawn, there rise a golden sun. Maishma cleared, saturnine gone, I found myself sin qua non. csf]{ d]/f] gd]l6g] 5fk xf], ci6«]lnofsf] SjLG;Nof08 /fHosf] s]G; eGg] 7fp― . Toxf― ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] hLljt d'ufn] ag]sf] cgluGtL 6fk'sf] nx/ 5 h;nfO{ xfdL …u|]6 j]l/o/ l/ºmÚ eG5f}+ . of] cb\e"t k|fs[lts ;+/rgf ePsf] sf/0fn] o;nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbfsf] ;"rLdf klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . of] …u]|6 j]l/o/ l/kmÚ df cgluGtL ;fgf—;fgf 6fk'x¿ 5g\ h;dWo] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ / cfsif{s 6fk' xf] …x]/g 6fk'Ú . To;nfO{ A drop in the ocean ofg] ;d'b|df Ps yf]kf klg elgG5 . of] 6fk'df Ps xKtf a:gsf nflu cfheGbf kRrL;—tL; jif{ klxn] emG8} b'O{ xhf/ ci6«]lnog 8n/ ltg'{kYof] . To;a]nf Tof] /sd w]/} g} x'GYof] . s]g zx/af6 Tof] 6fk'df k'Ug x]lnsK6/af6 hfg' kYof]{ . cfsfzaf6 tn x]bf{ ;d'b|leq ;of}+ 7"N7"nf x\j]n df5fx¿ x"nsf x"n b]lvGy] . x]/g 6fk' cToGt ;fgf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ 6fk' 3'Dg cfwf 3G6f klg nfUb}g . Toxf― k'Ugf;fy ;asf ;a ko{6sx¿ cfk"mx¿n] nufPsf ;Dk"0f{ n'ufx¿ ºof―Sb} kfgLdf k"/} gf¨} xfDkmfnL xfNy] . s] a"9f], s] t?gL, s] aRrf † cf―vfn] EofP;Dd ;d'b|sf] ;Dk"0f{ kfgL lgZrn / lgd{n 5 . of] 6fk'sf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0f olt cfsif{s / nf]enfUbf] 5 Toxf― k'Ug] ;a} dflg; k|fs[lts k|f0fL eP/ ;do latfpg nfnflot x'G5g\ . t/ lhGbuLdf cfk"m t g'xfpg] a]nfdf klg c08/j]o/ nufP/ g'xfpg], lgj{:q eP/ v'n]cfd t 3'Dg} ;lsg . s:tf] cgf}7f] † Tof] 6fk'df ;a} lgj{:q 5g, pgLx¿nfO{ nfh nfu]g t/ dnfO{ c08/j]o/ nufpbf klg nfh nfUg] . Psb'O{ rf]l6 t k'msfn]+ klg t/ kfgL aflx/ xf]Og kfgL leqdfq . x]/g 6fk'df ;aeGbf /dfOnf] kfgLleq d'vdf kfOk nufP/ cf―vfdf rZdf /fvL …:gf]/slnªÚ ug{ hfg] xf] . cfºg} cfjfhsf] :jf―—:jf― / ;f;sf] k|ltWjlgn] klg slxn]sfxL+ eoeLt kf5{ . cf―vfdf kfgL gk:g] df:s nufPsf] sf/0f ;fgf] df5f klg 7"nf] b]lvbf]/x]5 . ;aeGbf klxn] …:gf]/slnªÚ ug{ uPsf] a]nf …l:6ª /]Ú eGg] r]K6f] t/ nfdk'5]« df5f b]Vbf t s:tf] tl;{Psf] † sf];f}sf];;Dd d'ufsf] 6fk'n] ;d'b|sf] 5fnnfO{ /f]s]sf] x'―bf x]/g 6fk'df 5fn cfpb}g / ;Dk"0f{ lsgf/ /l¨la/¨L afn'jf / lk+mh}lk+mhn] el/Psf] 5 . of] b[Zo pTs[i6 kf]i6/ h:t} b]lvG5 . lhGbuLdf Psrf]l6 k'Ug} kg]{ 7fp― xf] of] x]/g 6fk' . d]/f ;Demgfsf] t/]nLdf lg/Gt/ cfO/xg] 7fp― tfhd]lgof / xjfOsf ljleGg 6fk'x¿ klg x'g\ . tfhd]lgofdf e|d0f ubf{ tLgtn] h¨nsf] b[Zofjnf]sg, la|l6; ;fd|fHon] pklgj]z v8f u/]sf P]ltxfl;s v08x/x¿ clg ;'g;fg /fhdfu{sf] x/]s la;f}gLdf cjl:yt k/Dk/fut z}nLsf Pstn] 114

115 xf]6]ndf clt ld7f] …Ol:sof]g s]sÚ / cfOl/; skmL vfPsf] cg'ej d}n] ce}m la;]{sf] 5}g . xjfO{ /fHosf] djL / So"O{ 6fk'sf …KnfG6]zgÚ / ;d'b|L cnf}lss cfsif{0fx¿ klg Tolt g} /f]df~rs 5g\ . ljb]z e|d0fsf] qmddf sltko lat]sf, 36]sf efj's Pj+ dfld{s 36gfqmdn] klg ;Demgfsf] 9's'6L el/lbG5g\ . e|d0f ubf{ slxn] PSn} x'Gy]+, slxn] ;fyL;―u x'Gy]+ . sltko 36gfqmdx¿ cToGt JolQmut ¿ksf x'g] x'―bf To;nfO{ cGtM:s/0fdf dfq n'sfP/ /fVg ;lsG5 t/ sltko efj's 36gfx¿ j0f{g gu/]/} klg tL kn / If0fsf] cfb/ / ;Ddfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ sltko dfld{s Joyfx¿nfO{ j0f{g ul/Pg eg] dgdf zflGt klg x'―b}g . tL If0fx¿dWo] d b'Oj6f 36gfqmdsf] dfq ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;S5' . d]/f] clt dgkg]{ b]z hfkfgsf] lggf]ldof lk|k]mSr/df d]/f] Pp6f ;fyL a:5 . p;sf] gfp― xf] lsof];L xf]l;8f] . pm /fd|f] c+u|]hL af]Ng ;Sb}g t/ xfdL s'/f u/]/} xKtf} xKtf latfpg] uYof}+{ . pm Pp6f wgf9\o ls;fg xf] / cf―v}n] gEofpg] v]t 5 p;sf] . hxf― ;'Gtnf, lsjL, t/e'hf h:tf kmnk"mnsf] v]tL ul/G5 . laxfg 5 ah]b]lv pm / p;sL >LdtL v]tdf sfd ug{ hfG5g\ ls;fgsf] n'uf nufP/ . d gf} ah];Dd ;'lt/x]sf] x'Gy]+ . lsof];LsL >LdtL ldofsL bf}8]/ 3/df cfO{ dnfO{ a|]skmf:6 agfOlblGyg\ / d]/f] h'Qfdf kfln; ;d]t nufOlblGyg\ . s:tf] crDdsf] cltly ;Tsf/ † hltlbg d hfkfgdf a;]+ cg]s hfkfgL kl/sf/sf vfgfx¿ lsof];L / ldofsLn] ksfp―y] . vfgf ksfpg] ;f]v d}n] pgLx¿af6 l;s]+ . lsof];L sfd klg uf]? h:t} ug]{ uYof]{ / df]hdhf klg TolQs} . hxf― uP klg hfkfgsf] dx―uf]—dx―uf] e§Ldf uP/ afSnf] kfp8/ bn]sL, k/Dk/fut lsdf]gf] n'uf nufPsL …lu;fÚ o'jtLx¿sf] xftaf6 …8f]hf]—8f]hf]Ú eGb} Gofgf] ;fsLsf] /S;L lkpg' kg]{ . ;fsL /S;Lsf] :jfb lsof];Ln] g} dnfO{ rvfPsf] xf] / clxn] klg Gofgf] ;fsL lkpg kfOof] eg] d x'?Ss x'G5' . xfd|f] ldqtf k|uf9 x'―b} uof] ha lsof];Lsf] 5f]/f eof], p;n] 5f]/fsf] gfp― d]/} gfp―af6 /fVof] s0f{ xf]l;8f] . clxn] d]/f] hfkfgL wd{k'q o'lg{el;6Ldf OlGhlgol/¨ k9\b}5 . clxn] hfkfg guPsf] kf―r—5 jif{ eO;Sof] t/ lsof];Lsf] v]t, p;sf] hfkfgL 3/, lgsf] ;Nkm/ l:k|¨ 3'Dg hf―bf tftf] kfgLdf g'xfPsf If0fx¿, x\ofsf]gL /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] dgf]/d lxd >[+vxnfx¿, lgsf] IF]qdf cfO; :s]l6¨ ubf{ n8]sf] cg'ej, Sof]6f]sf cgluGtL ;―f:s[lts w/f]x/ / wfld{s dlGb/x¿ d]/f] dfg;k6ndf slxNo} af;L ePgg\ . /d0fLo k|fs[lts hns'08 dnfO{ clt g} dgk5{ . g]kfnLdf o;nfO{ zfob l;d;f/ eG5g\ xf]nf t/ c+u|]hLdf o;nfO{ …Aofs jf6/Ú jf …nu'gÚ klg eG5g\ . of] Aofs jf6/ ;d'b| jf s'g} 7"N7"nf] tfnsf] kfgL hdLgsf] lsgf/} lsgf/fleq gfuj]nL tnfpsf] ¿kdf ;[hgf ePsf] x'G5 h;sf] bfof―—afof― cToGt 3gf t/ ;—;fgf ?v la?jfsf] h¨n x'G5 . clwsf+z ?vsf h/fx¿ j/sf] h:t} xf―ufaf6 tn cfO{ emf―luPsf x'G5g\ . ;d'b| jf 7"N7"nf tfnsf Aofs jf6/ h}ljs ljljwtfsf b[li6sf]0fn] cToGt ;DkGg x'G5g\ . Toxf― cg]sf}+ hftsf /¨Lr¨L r/fx¿sf] ;fy;fy ljleGg hftsf hnr/ / ynr/ kfOG5g\ . o:tf nu'gx¿df ;fgf] sf7sf] 8'¨f lnP/ ;nNn lvofpg'sf] dHhf g} csf]{ x'G5 . b'la{gn] r/f x]b}{ k|s[ltsf] ;+;f/df x/fpg rfxg] dflg;n] oL Aofs jf6/x¿df e|d0f ug}{k5{ . >Ln+sfsf] jfl0fHob"t x'―bf j]g6f]6f / lxsfb'jfsf] nu'gdf ;do ldNg]lalQs} d b[Zofjnf]sgsf nflu k'luxfNy+] . hltrf]l6 >LnÍf uPklg lxsfb'jfsf] nu'gdf 8'¨f ;km/ gu/L d kms{+b} kmls{Ggy+] . lgd{n xl/of] kfgL, kfgLleq nfvf}+ nfv ;—;fgf df5fx¿, lsgf/fdf sxL+ st} dflg;sf] sf]nfxn 5}g l;jfo xl/of], kx]+nf] O{Ujfgf hftsf ;'guf]xf]/f] 3fd tfk]/ ?vdf …Sofdf]ºnfhÚ eP/ al;/xG5 . ci6«]lnofsf] SjLG;Nof08 /fHodf g';fx]8 eGg] 7fp― 5 h'g ;g;fOg 115

116 sf]i6df kb{5 . ci6«]lnofdf /x―bf slxn]sfxL+ ;g;fOgsf]i6sf] sf]nf]G8«f eGg] 7fp―df d]/f] Pshgf ;fyLsf] sf7n] agfPsf] Pstn] ;'Gb/ 3/df a:g hfg] uy]{ . Toxf―af6 cfwf 306f lx+8]kl5 ;d'b|sf] kfgL g';fx]8sf] lsgf/} lsgf/} x'―b} crn / lgZrn nu'gdf kl/0ft x'G5 . Tof] nu'gsf] lsgf/ lsgf/df >Ln+sfsf] lxsfb'jfsf] …6«lksn /]g km/]i6Ú sf] h:tf] h¨n geO{ v'n} ePsf] x'―bf df5f dfg{ cfpg]x¿sf] ;+Vof klg k|z:t x'GYof] . Tof] 7fp― laxfg / a]n'sL hluª ug]{x¿sf] lgldQ klg cToGt k|Voft 5 . lsgf/ lsgf/df rf/—kf―r k'm6] ku808L agfO/fv]sf] x'GYof] clg 7fp―—7fp―df …leS6f]l/ogÚ l8hfOgsf kmnfd] a]~rx¿ /flvPsf x'Gy] . sf]xL dflg; la:tf/} 6xln/fv]sf x'G5g\ t sf]xL a;]/ lkml;¨ /8af6 aN5L yflk/x]sf . k|s[ltsf] jftfj/0f o:tf] 5 Toxf― ls dfG5]x¿ af]Ng} ?rfp―b}gg\, k|s[lt;―u} /dfO/fv]sf x'G5g\ . d]/f] ;f]v g} xf] lsnf]sf lsnf] /ftf] 7"nf] pl;g]sf …sf]nf]G8«f k|fpgÚ lsGg] / d]rdf a;]/ …6f6{/ ;;Ú df rf]k]/ vf―b} …xG6/ EofnLÚ -lr;f] ;]tf] jfOg_ af]6n}af6 lkpg] clg k|fpg vfO;s]kl5 To;sf af]qmfx¿ ToxL nu'gdf kf}8L v]ln/fVg] 7"N7"nf ;d'b|L r/f …k]lnsgÚ nfO{ v'jfpg] . clxn] klg ;lDemof] eg] t'?Gt} Kn]gaf6 p8]/ g';fx]8df uO{ k|fpg vfg / Toxf― p8L /fVg] e'm08sf e'm08 k]lnsgnfO{ x]g{ hfg dgnfU5 . Tof] Aofs jf6/sf] lsgf/}df a;]/ ;d'b|af6 cfpg] lr;f] xfjf clg ;'g;fg jftfj/0fdf k]lnsgsf] s's\s's\ cfjfh ;'Gb} k|fpg / jfOgsf] dHhf ln+b} Kofl;lkms dxf;fu/sf] cGtxLg b[ZonfO{ x]/]/ cfk"mn] cfk}+mnfO{ x/fP/ a:g'sf] cfgGb g} cs}{ . Tof] ;f]v / ;Demgfn] d]/f] dgdl:tisdf clxn] klg pmhf{ k|bfg u5{ / d]/f] :k"mlt{ tfhf eP/ cfp―5 . e|d0f;―u} af}l4s v'/fs klg k|fKt ug{ ;lsof] eg] s:tf] dHhf † of] cg'ej d}n] !((! df O6fnLsf] ldnfgaf6 cGbfhL rfnL; ls=dL= 6f9f anflhof] eGg] 7fp―df k|fKt u/]+ . anflhof]sf] b/af/ dWosfnLg …a/f]sÚ / O6flnog z}nLsf] lyof] h'g So"df] eGg] 7"nf] tfnsf] 7Ls cufl8 eAo ¿kn] agfOPsf] lyof] . b/af/sf x/]s ¤ofnaf6 So"df] tfnsf] dgf]/d b[Zo b]Vg kfOG5 . anflhof]sf] ;f] eJo ejg n]vs, snfsf/, ;+uLtsf/x¿nfO{ cf— cfºgf] lstfj, lrq, ;+uLt /rgf ug{sf nflu klg pknJw x'―bf]/x]5 . anflhof]sf] of] af}l4s …l/l6«6 ;]G6/Ú /sk]mn/ kmfpG8]zgn] ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . of] 3/df a;]/ sfd ug{sf lgldQ Go"of]s{l:yt /sk]mn/ ;]G6/af6 :jLs[lt lng'k5{ . s'g}klg n]vs, ;+uLtsf/ of snfsf/ oxf― xKtfb]lv tLg dlxgf;Dd lgMz'Ns a:g kfp―5g\ / cfºgf] s[lt /rgf ug{ ;S5g\ . anflhof]df ;ft lbg a;]/ d}n] klg Look Down Not Up eGg] lstfj yfngL u/]sf] lyP― . Toxf― d}n] cg'ej u/]sf] af}l4s jftfj/0fn] d]/f] JolQmTjdf 7"nf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . cToGt cfsif{s au}+rf, emG8} aL;—afO; lkm6 cUnf] k':tsfno clg ;f―em kmfo/Kn];cufl8 a;]/ ljleGg b]zaf6 cfPsf cGo af}l4s JolQmTjl;t s'/fsfgL ubf{ oxf― d"v{ klg a'l4dfg\ x'G5 h:tf] b]lvG5 . anflhof]sf] Tof] af}l4s s]Gb|nfO{ x]/]/ d}n] klg d]/f] 3/nfO{ …dfof d]gf]/Ú sf] gfd lbO{ …/fO6;{ xfp;Ú sf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ug{ vf]h]sf] lyP― t/ sxf― anflhof], sxf― d]/f] 3/ † d]/f] lhGbuLsf] csf]{ ;f]v …cf6{ Uofn/LÚ 3'Dg] klg xf] . sxL+ 7"N7"nf] zx/df uP― eg] d k'm;{b kfpgf;fy Toxf―sf] cf6{ Uofn/L x]g{ uOxfNy]+ . cf6{ Uofn/Ldf d ;w}+ PSn} hfGy]+ . snf x]g]{ xf] eg] PslrQ eP/ x]g'{k5{ . d snfsf/ t xf]Og t/ snfsf] clt ;f]lvg . cfheGbf tL; jif{ klxn] ha d}n] 8L=aL= lrqsf/nfO{ kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/df k]lG6ª\ a]lr/x]sf] b]v]+, pgLl;t ldn]/ d}n] Pp6f cf6{ Uofn/L vf]Ng] ljrf/ u/]+ . lrqsf/nfO{ ;fy lnO{ b/af/dfu{df d}n] Pp6f Uofn/L vf]n]+ zfob g]kfnsf] of] klxnf] cf6{ Uofn/L lyof] . 8L=aL= lrqsf/ / d ufp―—ufp― 3'Dg hfGYof}+, kbofqfdf hfGYof}+ . 116

117 hxf―—hxf― b[Zo /fd|f] eof], ToxL+ a;]/ 8L=aL= n] :s]r sf]y]{ / To;df d cfºgf] efjgf kf]Vy]+ . Ps jif{leq xfdLn] krf; j6f hlt k]lG6ª agfof}+ / To;nfO{ k|bz{g u¥of}+ . dnfO{ s] yfxf kfpg' lyof] eg] 8L=aL= lrqsf/sf] s'g vfn] k]lG6ª bz{sn] ?rfp―bf /x]5g\ . vNtLdf …:6k jfrÚ /fv]/ s'g bz{sn] s'g k]lG6ª slt ldg]6 x]¥of] eg]/ d}n] /]s8{ agfP― . cGtdf yfxf kfOof] 8L=aL= lrqsf/sf Impression df cfwfl/t landscape painting x¿ a9L ?rfOPsf /x]5g\ . bz jif{;Dd xfdLn] ;+o'Qm ¿kn] cf6{ Uofn/L rnfof}+, ;of}+ k]lG6ªsf] laqmL eof] / Pslbg ;do o:tf] klg cfof] sf7df8f}+sf ljb]zL s"6gLlt1x¿sf cfjf;df 8L=aL= lrqsf/sf] k]lG6ª ePg eg] OHht} gx'g] h:tf] eof] . Pstfsf d hd{gLsf] Do"lgsl:yt ljZjk|l;4 …k]gfsf]y]sÚ eGg] cf6{ Uofn/Ldf k|l;4 snfsf/x¿sf] k]lG6¨ x]g{ uPsf] lyP― . Tof] ejgdf ;of}+ sf]7fx¿ 5g\ hxf― lksf;f], df]g], ?j]g cflbsf k]lG6¨x¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . x]bf{ x]b}{ yfs]/ ;f]kmfdf a;]/ t:jL/ x]b}{ lyP―, d]/f] xft cgfof; ;f]kmfsf] s'gfdf k'Uof] / Toxf― Pp6f ;fgf] Knfl:6ssf] k;{ e]l6of] . k;{df ;ft;o k|mofÍ lyof] . s'g} sf8{ jf 7]ufgf /fv]sf] lyPg . Tof] sf]7fdf c¿ sf]xL lyPgg\ . Tof] k;{nfO{ d}n] Uofn/Lsf] l/;]Kzgdf kmsf{pg ;Sy+] t/ To;a]nf d ljBfyL{ g} lyP―, o"/f]k 3'Dg] 7"nf] ;f]v lyof] t/ k};f sd . ;ft;o k|mofÍaf6 d}n] O6fnL / cGo o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿sf] klg e|d0f ug{ ;Sy]+ . To;a]nf d]/f] dgdf cg]s låljwf hfUof], cflv/ nf]en] lhTof] . d}n] k};f l/;]K;gdf lbOg / ToxL k};faf6 /f]d 3'Dg uP― . clxn] klg Tof] 36gf ;Dembf dnfO{ kZrfQfk / cfTdfUnflg x'G5 . ;g\ !((* df u0f]z/fh zdf{Ho"sf efO dfwj/fh zdf{sf] :jL6\h/Nof08sf] 3/df a:g hf―bf ;―ufn]sf] Pp6f dfld{s ;+emgf 5 d;―u . pgn] dnfO{ g]kfn e|d0f jif{sf] sfo{qmd l:j6\h/Nof08df klg ;+rfng ug{ lgDtf] k7fPsf lyP . To;a]nf pgL g]kfn—:jL6\h/Nof08 d}qL ;+3sf] cWoIf lyP . ljb]zdf a;]/ g]kfnk|ltsf] dfof b]v]/ d dfwjhL;―u k|efljt eP― . k]zfn] OlGhlgo/, cToGt ljgd| / ljgozLn :jefjsf lyP pgL . dfwjhLn] s/ u/]/ xfdLnfO{ pgs} 3/df a:g] Joj:yf u/] . dl;t d]/L >LdtL / sfG5L 5f]/L;d]t ePsf] x'―bf xf]6]ndf g} a:g] OR5f hfx]/ u/]+ . t/ pgn] k6Ss} dfg]gg\ . Toltdfq x}g, cfk"m ;'Tg] sf]7fdf xfdLnfO{ /fv]/ dfwjhL, pgsL >LdtL / 5f]/f 8«O¨ ?ddf ;'Tg uP . Tof] klg ;ft lbg;Dd . dnfO{ c;fWo} cº7\of/f] nfUof] To;a]nf . d}n] w]/} w]/} s/ u/]+ xf]6]ndf a:g hfgsf lgldQ . nfh krfP/ d}n] olt;Dd pgnfO{ eg]+, æx]gf]{;\ dfwjhL, dl;t k};fsf] sdL 5}g, xfdL /fd|} xf]6]ndf a:g ;S5f}+ . s[kof xfdLnfO{ xf]6]ndf hfg lbgf];\ . d tkfO{+x¿nfO{ b'Mv lbg rfxGg .Æ cx―, dfwjhLn] dfGb} dfg]gg\ . pgn] dnfO{ eg] æyfxf 5 s0f{hL tkfO{ wgL eg]/, t/ tkfO{+ xfdLl;t a:g'eof] eg] dnfO{ w]/} v';L x'g]5 .Æ d}n] ca s] eGg] † ;ft lbg;Dd dfwjhLn] xfdLnfO{ cfºg} 3/df /fv]/ cfk+}mn] ksfP/ v'jfP . cfh;Dd dnfO{ o;/L leqL x[bob]lv To:tf] ck"j{ efjgfTds ;Ddfg s;}n] lbPsf] 5}g . d]/f] lhGbuLdf dfwjhLnfO{ s]xL ug{;s]+ eg] Tof]eGbf v'zLsf] If0f d]/f] lglDt c¿ x'g} ;Sb}g . To;sf] rf/ jif{kl5 Pslbg dfwjhLn] :jL6\h/Nof08af6 dnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g u/] . klxn] t pgL af]Nb} af]n]gg\ . d x]nf] x]nf] eGb} lyP― . kl5 d}n] pgL 3'―Ss 3'―Ss /f]Psf] cfjfh ;'g]+ . la:tf/} pgn] eg,]+ æzfSohL, d]/L >LdtL klg SofG;/af6} laltg\ .Æ d af]Ng} ;lsg, cf―vfaf6 rfn} gkfOsg cf―;' emg{ yfNof] . ljjz eP/ d}n] 6]lnkmf]g /fv]+ / ha d}n] cfºgf] efj's dgMl:yltnfO{ lgoGq0f u/]+ clgdfq} pgnfO{ k]ml/ 6]lnkmf]g u/]+ . dfwjhLsf] s'/f d]/L >LdtL ;'zLnfnfO{ atfp―bf pgL cToGt efjljx\jn eOg\, b'O{—tLg 117

118 lbg;Dd dfwjhLs} kl/jf/sf] af/]df dfq s'/f ul//lxg\ . ljb]zdf aL;f}+ jif{ a;]/ ;Rrf g]kfnL dg af]s]/ lx+8\g] dfwj zdf{nfO{ d}n] gd?Gh]n;Dd la;{g]5}g / syd\ lal;{P― eg]+ dnfO{ dxfkfk nfU5 . :d/0f hLjgsf] Pp6f cgdf]n wg xf] . slxn]sfxL+ jiff}{+b]lv l;+ufl/Psf] efjgf / ;Demgf ha PsfPs 6'6\5, To;a]nf uhasf] g/dfOnf] …lkmln+uÚ x'―bf]/x]5 . ;g\ !(^% df xf]6]n cGgk"0f{sf] af/df xNof08sL Pp6L cToGt /fd|L cfOdfO{l;t d]/f] e]6 ePsf] lyof] . klxn] x]gf{;fy pgL lkmNd cleg]qL eG7fg]sf] lyP― kl5 kf] a'lemof] pgL t ljZjk|l;4 k]G6xfp; DofuhLgsf] Centerfold Model /lx5g\ . pgLl;t vf; 3lgi6 ;DaGw t xf]Og t/ s]xL ;dosf nflu p7\a;dfq ePsf] lyof] . t}klg pgL :d/0fof]Uo lyOg\ . gfd lyof] pgsf] P]Guf k]8/;g . aL; jif{kZrft\ xNof08sf] sf]kgx]ug hf―bf pgL;―u e]6 xf]nf eg]/ d}n] ;f]r]s} lyOg . o"/f]ksf] pRr lqmofzLn ;dfhdf a:g] dflg;x¿sf] t :yfoL 7]ufgf g} x'―b}g . t}klg pgsf] k'/fgf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ d]/f] 8fo/Ldf /x]5 / xf]6]nsf] sf]7fdf a:bf a:b} d}n] cgfof;} pgsf] gDa/df 6]lnkmf]g u/]+ . 6]lnkmf]gaf6 :yflgo efiffdf d]lzg af]Nof], d}n] d]/f] gfp― Toxf― l6kfOlbP . tLg 306fkl5 P]Gufn] dnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ul/g\ / elgg\ æd xf]6]ndf cfp―b}5' ltdLnfO{ l8g/df n}hfg .Æ d]/f] ;Demgfsf t/]nLdf pgsf] ;f}Gbo{ PsfPs emlNsof] . cUnL, /ftf] skfn / k"mnsf] af]qmf h:t} lrNnf] d'xf/ . d xf]6]nsf] njLdf pgnfO{ klv{/fv]sf] lyP― . Pp6f 7"nf] sfnf] lndf]lhog sf/ xf]6]n cufl8 /f]lsof] . ;aeGbf klxn] 8«fOe/ cf]ln{of], p;n] 9f]sf vf]n]kl5 cln a'9L a'9L h:tL cfOdfO{ lgl:sOg\ . hLp cln s'k|f], d'vdf rfp/L k/]sL, d'vel/ kfp8/ / lnlkl:6s a];/L bn]sL . d xf]6]nsf] ;f]kmfdf g} a;]/ s:tL wgL a'9L cfOdfO{ xf]nf eg]/ ;f]lr/fv]sf] lyP― . pgn] ;/f;/ l/;]K;gdf uP/ …s0f{ zfSo— s0f{ zfSoÚ eGb} d]/f] af/]df kf] ;f]lwg\ . n P]Guf k]8/;g pgL g} kf] /lx5g\ . ;don] dflg;sf] sfofkn6 g} ubf]{]/x]5 . To:tL sfd's ;f}Gbo{sL k|tLs P]Guf clxn] aL; jif{kl5 s;/L rfp/L k/]sL cfOdfO{ x'g k'lug\ † dnfO{ x7ft\ cfZro{ nfUof], e]g;sf] l;¨d/d/h:tf] hLp8fn ePsL P]Gufsf] d]/f] Tof] sfNklgs k|ltd"lt{ la:tf/} d}gh:t} kUn]/ uP h:tf] . ;f―Rr} eGg] xf]eg] d ;f]kmfaf6 p7\g} ;lsg, a;]sf] a:o} eP― . dnfO{ nfUof] pgnfO{ ge]6]sf] eP s:tf] /fd|f] x'GYof], sd;]sd d]/f] dfg;k6ndf P]Guf eGg] Pp6L ;'Gb/Lsf] d"lt{ sNkgfdf t tfhf /lx/xGYof] . clxn] pgL xNof08sL wgL / gfd"b k]mzg l8hfOg/ e};s]sL /lx5g\ . o:tf] klg x'―bf]/x]5 † lhGbuLsf] csf]{ gfd ofqf xf] / ofqf g} lhGbuL xf] . ofqfsf qmddf y'k|} dflg; cfp―5g\ / hfG5g\ . t/ s'g} s'g} ;xofqLn] dgdf ;w}+sf] nflu 5fk 5f]l8hfG5g\ . ;}+tL; jif{ klxn] d jg ljefudf sfd ubf{ 8f]u lsdf]O eGg] Pshgf lk;sf]/ ;fyL lyP . aL; jif{kl5 cd]l/sfsf] sf]nf]/f8f]l:yt cf:k]g eGg] zx/df d 3'Dg uPsf] lyP― . 8f]u k]G6fugl;t ;DalGwt sfdsf nflu sf]nf]/f8f]d} a:y] . clxn] pgL 7"nf] dflg; e};s]sf 5g\ . d]/f] xf]6]naf6 8f]unfO{ d}n] kmf]g u/]+ / d sf]nf]/f8f] cfPsf] ;"rgf lbP― . ;f―em afSnf] rZdf nufP/ ;ft k'm6] cUnf] 8f]un] cfºgf] 3/df l8g/ v'jfpg dnfO{ xf]6]ndf lng cfP . pgL cf:k]gsf] Pp6f clt cfsif{s 3/df a:bf/x]5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ ljnf;L ;'ljwfx¿ Toxf― lyP :jLldªk'nb]lv Hofs'hL;Dd . t/ 8f]un] dnfO{ ;/f;/ cfºgf] 3/sf] Pp6f ;fgf] sf]7fleq nu] . slt km/s 5 pgLx¿sf] / xfd|f] :jefjdf † g]kfnLx¿sf] 3/df k'luof] eg] ;aeGbf klxn] cfºgf] j}ej / ;d[l4 b]vfpg vf]H5g\ . t/ 8f]unfO{ Tof] b]vfpg' kg]{ s'g} cfjZostf lyPg . pgsf nflu of] s'g} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf]Og . 8f]un] dnfO{ nu]sf] sf]7f t ;f/fsf ;f/f g]kfnL snfs[ltn] kf] el/Psf] /x]5 . leQfdf yfª\sf, e'O{df ltJjtL un}+rf, b/fhdf g]kfnL wft'sf 118

119 ;fdfgx¿, aLrdf l6j]6g sf7sf] Rof]5]+ 6]a'n, To;dfly Pp6f x'Ssf Tof] klg gnL;lxt . d t Psl5g af]Ng} ;lsg― 8f]usf] g]kfnk|ltsf] dfof b]v]/ . 8f]un] xf:b} eg]+, "Karna have this hubble bubble." 8f]un] t ;f―Rr} x'Ssfsf] kftfdf r'/f]6sf] ;'tL{ / lrgL kufn]/ …ahf¨Ú agfPsf lyP . lkp―bf uhasf] :jfb lyof], d'vdf w"jf― klg cfpg] . ahf¨sf] :jfb d}n] slxNo} rfv]sf] lyOg, To;}n] 8f]un] agfPsf] Tof] ahf¨ g]kfnLkf/fsf] xf] ls xf]Og dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . 8f]un] lax] ul/;s]sf /x]5g\ . afnaRrf t lyPgg\, pgsL >LdtL pgLh:t} cUnL lyOg\ / pgn] g]kfnL kfx'gf cfPsf] x'―bf ;f8L nufPsL lyOg\ t/ g]kfndf slxNo} gcfPsL lar/Ln] ;f8L nufpg s;/L hfGblyg\ / < a;\ pgn] t ;f8L k]l6sf]6 h:t} a]/]/ nufPsL /lx5g\ . 8f]uh:tf g]kfnnfO{ dfof ug]{ w]/} ljb]zLx¿ 5g\ . cflv/ g]kfndf s] 5, s] cb[Zo zlQm 5, h;n] Psrf]l6 cfpgf;fy pgLx¿nfO{ af/Daf/ lvlr/xG5 . k/Gt' ;f/f g]kfnL of] b]znfO{ ga'e]m/ knfog x'g vf]lh/x]5g\, of] b]zsf] d"No / dfGotfnfO{ la;]{/ ljb]zL gSsndf /dfpg vf]lh/x]5g\ t/ ljb]zLx¿ rflx+ g]kfndf cfP/ of] b]znfO{ ;fª\lu|nf / :ju{sf] ¿kdf u|x0f ug{ vf]lh/x]5g\ / cfºgf] b]z kms]{/ hf―bf klg o;nfO{ ;De]m/ dfof dfq ul//fv]sf 5}gg\, clnslt g]kfn} lnP/ uPsf 5g\ lrx\gf] :j¿k h:tf] nfU5 . xfdL d"v{ xf} ls pgLx¿ d"v{ eP o;sf] d"NofÍg ;don] g} ug]{5 . kl/R5]b b—!$ !$ e|d0f jif{sf] yfngL æe|d0f jif{ k|f/Deb]lv gl;l4P;Dd d}n] hlt sfd u/]+ Tolt sfd d]/f] hLjgsfndf d}n] slxNo} u/s} lyOg . em08} lbgsf] aL; 306f;Dd klg zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s tj/n] Jo:t /xg'kYof]{ / /xGy]+ klg . slxn] t /ft– /fte/ d ;'Tg ;lSbgy+] . cf―vf t lrlDnGy]+ t/ lbdfun] sfd ul//fv]sf] x'―bf]/x]5 . lbdfun] sfdubf{ d]/f b'Oj6} v'§fsf a"9L cf}+nf Pscfk;df 3f]l6O/x―bf /x]5g\ . o;f]ubf{ dWo/ftdf ha vf6 xlNnbf] /x]5 clg d]/L >LdtL æcF << of] dfG5] t af}nfxf x'g nfUof] Sof/] †Æ eGb} csf]{ sf]7fdf ;'Tg hflGyg\ . ha ;Lldt ;|f]taf6 c;Lldt sfd ug{'kg]{ x'G5, k|foM cj:yf o:t} x'G5 ====== wgaf6 dfq ljsf;sf ;a} sfd ug{ ;ls+b}g . slxn]sfxL+ sd k};f x'g] kl/l:yltn] klg cj;/sf cg]s 9f]sf vf]lnlbg] x'G5 . ;f―Rr} eGg] xf]eg] sd k};fn] emg\ ;[hgzLn sfo{x¿ ug{ ;lsG5 .Æ b]z ljb]zsf] e|d0fn] d]/f] ;f]rsf] :t/nfO{ w]/} psfl;lbPsf] 5 . Psftk{m cfºg} dft[e"ldsf] s'gfsfKrfdf k}bn ofqf u/]/ /fi6«sf cgdf]n k|fs[lts Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ glhs}af6 x]/L a'emL o;sf] dlxdf / dxTjnfO{ ko{6g pBf]udf s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f hfGg ;s]+ eg] csf]{tk{m cfk+}m ko{6s eO{ ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zx¿ e|d0f u/]/ g]kfnnfO{ klg s;/L cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynsf ¿kdf k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cjwf/0ffnfO{ x[bo+ud ug{ ;s]+ . ;g\ !((#—($ tfsf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o klqsfdf …u'8afO{ ;fª\lu|nfÚ zLif{sdf g]kfnaf/] n]v 5flkPsf] /x]5 . To;avt sf7df8f}+sf x/]sh;f] bf]af6f]–rf}af6f]df 8'ª\ª'ª\tL uGxfpg] kmf]xf]/x¿ hyfefaL ºof―lsg] ul/GYof] . 7fp―—7fp―df 7"nf sG6]g/x¿ t /flvPsf lyP t/ ;dod} sG6]g/sf kmf]xf]/ p7fO{ gn}hf―bf duGt]x¿ ltgdf r9]/ Psflt/ Knfli6s a6'Ny] eg] ;―u} /]i6'/]06x¿af6 ºof―lsPsf vfg]s'/fx¿ ;d]t vfO/x]sf aLeT; b[Zox¿;d]t b]lvGy] . Tof] b[ZonfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnLsf] lz/ lgZro g} e'mSg] uYof]{ . kmf]xf]/ p7fpg] / tx nufpg] of]hgfj4 Joj:yf lyPg . af6f]–af6f]df ljqmd 6]Dkf] / k'/fgf df]8]nsf yf]qf a;sf] w"―jf cflbaf6 l;lh{t b'lift jftfj/0fn] sf7df8f}+ lgs} u|:t lyof] . To;dfly kmf]xf]/, cem dxfkmf]xf]/sf] /fhgLlt ug]{x¿af6 ;d]t cnsfk'/L, sflGtk'/L gu/L nyflnË} ePsf] lyof] . 119

120 oxL ;Gbe{df k|sflzt pQm n]v c;fWo} gsf/fTds lsl;dsf] lyof] . ;f] n]v k9\g] ljb]zL ko{6snfO{ g]kfn e|d0f ug{ lxlRsrfx6 x'g;SYof] . Tof] n]vsf] k|efj:j¿k ko{6g Joj;fo / pBdsf d'h'/f, d'gfx¿ / slnnf kfn'jfx¿df t'iff/fkft x'g nfUof] . ;Eotf / ljlzi6 dGb d':sfgk"0f{ g]kfnL cf]7df sn]6L kg{ yfNof] . ;f―Rr} g} Tof] n]v / oyfl:yltn] lg/fzfjfbsf] r/d gsf/fTds t/Ë g} Nofof] . n]vsf] k|ltlqmofn] t'¿Gt k|lts"n c;/ kg{ yflnxfNof], h;sf nIf0fx¿ b]vf kl/xfn] . pQm n]v k|sflzt ePkl5 cGt/f{li6«o :t/af6 dfq xf]Og, /fli6«o :t/df klg ljleGg kq—klqsf, a'l4hLjL / ko{6gsf] kf6f]df nfu]sf pBdLx¿;d]tn] g]kfnsf] c:tJo:t jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofk|lt cfuf]df £o" ylkg] u/L emg\ cg]s gsf/fTds lj1lKtx¿ k|sfzg ug{ yfn] . ;d:of ;'lNemg'sf] ;§f emg} plNemof], alNemof] . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3b]lv ko{6gl;t ;DalGwt ;a} ;+3—;+:yfx¿sf] uf]i7L, ;Dd]ng, sfo{zfnf cflb cg'i7fgx¿df sf7df8f}+sf] Tof] k|b"lift jftfj/0f g} cfd 5nkmnsf] ljifo aGg yfNof] . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] gu/kflnsfnfO{, gu/kflnsfn] pBdLx¿— nfO{, clg pBdLx¿n] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lhDd]jf/ ;flat ug]{ cf/f]k k|Tof/f]ksf] rqm rNof] . ;a}n] ;d:of sf]6\ofpg yfn] t/ ;dfwfgk|lt eg] s;}n] rf;f] g} /fv]gg\ . xf] t lg; ;d:of sf]6\ofpg ;lhnf] x'G5, To;sf lgldQ a'l4 g} rflx+b}g . t/ ;dfwfgsf pkfo vf]Hg uf¥xf] x'G5 h;sf nflu dgdl:tis / a'l4 3f]6\g} k5{ . o;} l;nl;nfdf ljleGg 5nkmn, sfo{zfnf / uf]i7Lx¿df efu lnbf+lnb} d]/f] dgdf Pp6f s'/f p7\of] . lsg g]kfndf klg xfdLn] e|d0f jif{ ;'¿ gug]{ < ;d:ofsf] l;h{gfTds pkrf/sf ljsNkx¿ lsg cjnDag gug]{ < xfdLsxf― pknAw cltLo ;―f:s[lts, k|fs[lts Pj+ P]ltxfl;s :df/s, /}yfg]kg, …cltlyb]jf] ejÚ sf] pRr ;―:sf/nfO{ lsg phfu/ gug]{ < xf], o:tf lglj{sNk ljljwtfx¿nfO{, ;f―lu|nfx¿nfO{ xfdLn] cGt/f{li6«o ko{6g jhf/df k'¥ofpg} ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ . ;w}+ pxL ;u/dfyf / pg} lxdlzv/x¿nfO{ dfq lsg k'g¿Qm, k|ltlalDat ul//xg] < g]kfnsf sGb/f, s'gfsfKrfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf ;'/Do bxx¿, tfntn}ofx¿, 3fdsf] Hof]lt kbf{ OGb|]0fLsf] cg'e"lt lbg] ;'Gb/ 5x/fx¿, ;'uGwo'Qm ljljw jg:klt, cGoq lj/n} kfOg] dgdf]xs r/fr'¿ËLx¿ / b]zsf] x/]s efu / lhNnf–lhNnfsf cfºg} lsl;dn] o'uf}+— o'ub]lv hLjGt ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/x¿, pk]Iff ubf{—ub}{ klg af―lr/x]sf ljljw ;+:s[lt Pj+ ;+:sf/–Jojxf/, cg'kd sf}zn— s'―lbPsf snfTds ckf/ ;DkbfnfO{ xfdLn] cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf k'¥ofpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ . n'ls/fv]sf oL b'n{e ;f+:s[lts Pj+ k|fs[lts j}ej / ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ Jofks k|rf/—k|;f/ ub{} ko{6g ljsf;sf] k|;Ëdf ;/sf/, ;DalGwt lgsfo, pBdLx¿ / g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fd"lxs ;xeflutf h'6fpg d}n] …g]kfn e|d0f jif{Ú sf] dfWodnfO{ cToGt ;fdlos / pko'Qm 7fg]+ . b'O— { tLg dlxgf nufP/ …g]kfn e|d0f jif{Ú sf] ;Dk"0f{ ¿k/]vf sf]/]+, vfsf tof/ u/]+, Pp6f :j¿k lbP― . g]kfn e|d0f jif{ lsg ;+rfng ug'{k¥of], ko{6gsf] dfWodaf6 ljsf;df s;/L 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5, cfGtl/s ko{6gnfO{ s;/L k|f]T;flxt ug]{, cfGtl/s ko{6gsf] hu a;fnL cGt/f{ li6«o ko{6gsf] s;/L la:tf/ ug]{, ko{6g dxf]T;j s;/L cfof]hgf ug]{, pT;jsf] dfWodaf6 s;/L ;f+:s[lts k'ghf{u/0f ug]{ cflb—OToflb ;jfnnfO{ b[li6ut u/L …g]kfn e|d0f jif{ sfo{qmdÚ th'{df u/]+ . sf]7fdf a;]/ sfuhdf dfq of]hgf / sfo{qmd sf]/]/ s]xL x'―b}g . To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ dnfO{ To:tf ;fyLx¿sf] cfjZostf lyof] h:fsf] ljrf/ ;sf/fTds, af}l4s / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]uL x'g ;S5 . e|d0f jif{sf] cjwf/0ff kq d}n] ko{6g dGqfnosf tTsfnLg ;lrj 120

121 bLk]Gb|k'¿if 9sfn / ko{6g ljefusf dxflgb]{zs k|r08dfg >]i7nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]+ / pgLx¿l;t pT;fxk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf s'/f u/]+ . tL b'j}hgfn] e|d0f jif{sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xif{ :jLsf/] . bLk]Gb| / k|r08 h:tf ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f ePsf /fi6«;]jsx¿ g]kfnsf ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfodf e}lbPsf] eP zfob g]kfnsf] cj:yf o:tf] x'g] lyPg . dnfO{ nfU5 pgLx¿n] g]kfnsf] ko{6g pBf]unfO{ ko{6g pBdLn] eGbf a9L a'e]msf 5g\, a9L hfg]sf 5g\ . b'j}hgfsf] ;xof]u / ;Nnfxaf6 d}n] g]kfn e|d0f jif{sf] k|:tfjgfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't cjwf/0ffnfO{ kl/is[t :j¿kdf NofP― . kl5 tTsfnLg ko{6g dGqL rqmk|;fb jf―:tf]nfl;t klg e]6 u/]+ . jf―:tf]nfl;tsf] d]/f] ldqtf ToxL+b]lv k|f/De ePsf] xf] . klxn] t xjfO{hxfh ckx/0f ug]{ JolQm s:tf xf]nfg\ eGg] sf}t"xn lyof] ddf t/ lbdfusf r':t /x]5g\ rqmk|;fb . x'g t cGo /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ h:t} pgL klg c¿sf] s'/f ;'Gg]eGbf cfk}+m a9L af]Ng] uy]{ t/ pgsf] v'jL s] /x]5 eg] c¿sf] yf]/} s'/f ;'g]/ klg y'k|} s'/f a'‰g;Sg] . cfwf 306fsf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf pgn] a'lemxfn] …e|d0f jif{ sfo{qmdsf] d"n;f/ / lgisif{Ú . yfngLdfq u/]klg ko{6gsf] gof― cWofo ;'¿ x'g ;S5 . ;kmn xf]nf gxf]nf, xfdLn] olsg u/]sf lyPgf}+ t/ ljsf;sf] yfngL ubf{ To;af6 ;sf/fTds k|ltkmnx¿ cjZo klg cfp―5g\ eGg] xfdLn] ljZjf; u/]sf lyof}+ . :ofnsf] lzsf/ ug{nfO{ af3sf] lzsf/df rflxg] tf/tDo h'6fpg sf]lz; ul/of] . lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] la:tf/b]lv gof―—gof― xjfO{:ynsf] lgdf{0f, /fhdfu{ dd{tb]lv lnP/ v'nf cfsfz gLltsf] cjwf/0ff, cfGtl/s ko{6gb]lv ;f:+s[lts dxf]T;j OToflb . g]kfn e|d0f jif{sf] sfo{qmddf xfdLn] s~h':ofO― gu/Lsg ko{6gsf] lj/f6 :j¿knfO{ k|:t't u¥of}+ . e|d0f jif{ s;/L ;+rfng ug]{ / ko{6g pBf]usf nflu s;/L cfa4 / k|ltj4 u/fpg] eGg] kIfdf lj:t[t 5nkmn u/L d}n] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]+ . e|d0f jif{sf] cjwf/0ff jf:tjdf ;g\ !((& nfO{ g} eg]/ tof/ u/]sf lyof}+ t/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / cGo ;Da4 dGqfnox¿af6 ;xof]ufTds k|ltlqmof cfPg . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf tTsfnLg Ps pkfWoIfn] o:tf];Dd gsf/fTds k|ltlqmof lbP, æg]kfnsf] o:tf] c:tJo:t cj:yfdf …g]kfn e|d0f jif{Ú dgfP/ ko{6sx¿nfO{ emg\ gsf/fTds 5lj b]vfpg] <Æ of] jfbljjfb k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] g]kfn ko{6g kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf ePsf] lyof] . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u h:tf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ ;+:yfsf pkfWoIfaf6 hgtfn] NofPsf] kl/of]hgfnfO{ pT;flxt ug'{sf] ;§f lg¿T;flxt ug]{ vfnsf ljrf/ cfp―bf dnfO{ b'Mv klg nfUof] . cfqmf]zdf d}n] p7]/ eg]+, æolb g]kfnsf] jftfj/0fLo ;a} ;d:of ;'NemfPkl5 dfq g]kfn e|d0f jif{ ;+rfng ug]{ xf] eg] xfdLn] krf; jif{ kv{g' k5{Æ . k|wfgdGqL;lxt ;a} dGqLx¿, ;lrjx¿ pkl:yt ePsf] ;f] e]nfdf d}n] lgw{Ss eO{ k"0f{ ljZjf;sf ;fy eg]+, æoL ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ hfb"sf] k'l/of g} …g]kfn e|d0f jif{Ú xf] . tkfO{+x¿ lsg a'‰g'x'Gg < g]kfn e|d0f jif{ ;+rfng u/]/ u'dfpg' kg]{ s]xL 5}g . 7"nf] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf 5}g . h'gh'g dGqfnon] h'gh'g ljsf;sf] lgldQ vr{ u/]sf 5g\, ToxL ljsf;sf] wf/nfO{ of]hgfa4 Pj+ ;+of]lht 9¨n] dfq kl/rfng ul/lbP k'U5 . tkfO{+x¿ cfnf]rs x'g'eGbf cl3 Psrf]l6 d]/f] of] k|:tfjgf uDeL/ eP/ kl9lbgf];\, To;kl5 l6Kk0fL ubf{ d wGojfb lbG5' .Æ jf:tjdf g]kfndf k|:tfjgfx¿ s;}n] k9\b}gg\ . lagfcWoog 5nkmndf s8f 6Lsf—l6Kk0fL ul/xfN5g\ . j}7sx¿df ;a}nfO{ af]Ng}kg]{, k|ltlqmof lbg}kg]{, c¿sf] v'§f tflgxfNg'kg]{ . t/ ;a}hgf To:tf klg x'―bf/x]g5g\, sf]xL sf]xL t gk9Lsg klg k|:tfjgfsf] efjgfnfO{ a'e]m/ 121

122 ;sf/fTds k|ltlqmof hgfpg ;Sg] /x]5g\ . k|wfgdGqL / ko{6gdGqL b'a}hgf e|d0f jif{sf] k|:tfjgftkm{ cfslif{t x'gyfn] . a¿ e|d0f jif{ !((& df nfu" ug'{sf] ;f6f] Psjif{sf] tof/Lkl5 !((* df nfu" ug]{ u/L /fli6«o ko{6g kl/ifb\af6 kfl/t ul/of] . Tof] klg d]/f nflu :jLsfo{ lyof] . d dfq xf]Og, o;df leqL x[bob]lv dnfO{ ;fy lbg] bLk]Gb|k'¿if / k|r08dfg c;fWo} v';L eP . ca xfdLn] s]xL ug{ ;S5f}+ eGg] s'/fdf xfdL k"0f{ ljZj:t eof}+ . ko{6g kl/ifb\sf] Tof] a}7s, d OdfGbf/L;fy eG5', xfd|f nflu ;~hLjgL jf sf]/fldg lyof] . g]kfn e|d0f jif{ !((* ;'¿ x'g s]xL lbgdfq af―sL lyof] t/ o;sf nflu xfdLn] u[xsfo{ eg] ;q dlxgfcl3b]lv g} o'4:t/df ;'¿ ul/;s]sf lyof}+ . e|d0f jif{ s'g} ljsf;] kl/of]hgf geP/ b]zsf] clwsf+z ;d:of Pj+ r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug]{ ax'cfoflds cleofg lyof] . ko{6gsf] gfdaf6 ;dfg'kflts ljsf; ug]{ Pp6f axfgf lyof] of] . zx/b]lv b'u{d If]q;Dd, k"jf{wf/b]lv jftfj/0f, /fhdfu{b]lv xjfO{dfu{, l/S;fb]lv /flqa; ;]jf, 6\ofS;Lb]lv xjfO{hxfh, dfUg]b]lv 7Ug] / cWofudgb]lv eG;f/;Dd ;a} ;d:ofx¿ e|d0f jif{;―u} uf―l;Psf lyP . tL ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg …g]kfn e|d0f jif{ !((*Ú leq klxNofpg ;ls+b}g eGg] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf lyof] . ko{6gsf] If]qdf ;d:of w]/} 5g\, Tof] s6' ;To xf] . t/, g]kfn e|d0f jif{n] ;d:ofx¿ ;'Nemfpg] qmddf h] hlt k|of; u¥of], To;nfO{ ;d'b|df Psyf]kf xf]Og, ufu|Ldf Ps c―h'nL kfgLsf] ¿kdf x]g'{ pko'Qm x'GYof] . t;y{, g]kfn e|d0f jif{nfO{ d"NofÍg ubf{ xfdLn] lunf;df ePsf] kfgLnfO{ cfwf vfnL g} 5 eg]/ xf]Og, cfwf el/O;s]sf] 5 eGg] ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f /fVg' h?/L lyof] . g]kfn e|d0f jif{ Pp6f ;'¿cft lyof] . of] ;g\ !((* df ;lsg] sfo{qmd geP/ lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof lyof] . ha …g]kfn e|d0f jif{ !((*Ú nfu" ug]{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o ;dfrf/x¿af6 ;fj{hlgs eof], zfGt / gL/j tnfpdf Pp6f 7"nf] 9'Ëf ºof―Sbf t/Ësf cgluGtL z[ª\vnf l;h{gf ePh:t} eof] . ;d'b|df ck|Toflzt 5fnx¿ pln{Ph:t} …g]kfn e|d0f jif{Ú k|lt cg]sy/Lsf l6Kk0fLx¿sf] g/f]lsg] jiff{ g} cfpg yfNof] . sltn] o;nfO{ cfsfzsf] kmn eg]+, sltn] afn'jfsf] dxn xf] eGg klg af―sL /fv]gg\ . s;}n] g]kfn h:tf] cGof]nu|:t /fhgLltsf] af9Ldf …g]kfn e|d0f jif{Ú ;kmn gx'g] olsg ub}{ eljiojf0fL ug{ klg kl5 k/]gg\ . To;a]nf Psjif{sf] cNkfjlwdf kf―r nfv ko{6s Nofpg] nIo ;/;tL{ afx\o cf―vfn] jf rd{rIf'n] dfq x]bf{ ;f―Rr} c;Dejh:t} b]lvGYof] . s;}–s;}n] t olt;Dd klg eg], …kf―r nfv ko{6s Nofpg] tYofË k'¥ofpg t lzj/flqdf cfpg] ;fw', ;GtdxGt, ef/taf6 cfpg] xs/ / dfUg]x¿ klg ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .Ú uha /x]5 xfd|f] Pp6f afgL . sfd} gubf{ rflx+ s;}n] s]xL geGg] t/ sfdsf] yfngL ugf{;fy t'?Gt} 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug]{ g]kfnLx¿sf] afgL g} /x]5 . Pstfsf ;u/dfyf eGg] klqsfdf d}n] …lelh6 g]kfnÚ sfo{qmdaf6 olt kmfObf p7fP―, plt kmfObf p7fP― eg]/ d]/f] rl/qnfO{ g} xTof ug]{ u/L lgDg:t/Lo kf/fn] s'g} Pp6f l/kf]6{/n] n]v]sf] lyof] . Tof] klqsfsf ;Dkfbs d]/f] :s"nsf ;xkf7L lx/0onfn >]i7 lyP / pgnfO{ d}n] kqdfk{mt dgsf] tLtf] kf]v]sf] lyP― . d}n] kqdf n]v]+, æ7Ls 5, dflg;n] cfnf]rgf ;xg'k5{ . To;sf] d lj/f]wL xf]Og t/ rl/qxTof ug{ vf]Hg] vfnsf ufnLunf}h s]jn e|i6n] dfq ;xg ;S5, d krfpg ;lSbg― . d]/f] af/]df s'g ;Djfbbftfn] n]Vof] jf s;n] n]Vg nufof], dnfO{ hfGg] OR5f 5}g lsgeg] v;LnfO{ s's'/ eg]/ 7Ug] 7ux¿l;t jfbk|ltjfb u/]/ d cfºgf] :t/ 36fpg rfxGg . clxn];Dd d]/f] s'g} zq' 5}g eG7fg]sf] lyP― t/ of] ;dfrf/ k9]kl5 xfd|f] 122

123 ;dfhdf k|b"lift / ljs[t dgMl:ylt /fVg] ;f]rfOsf] sdL 5}g eGg] s'/f yfxf kfP― . cfk"mn] glrg]sf], ghfg]sf] JolQmaf/] n]Vbf s]xL ;f]wk'5 ug'{ kb}{gYof] < Pshgf JolQmnfO{ OHht sdfpg aL;f}+ jif{ nfU5 . To;/L sdfPsf] OHht If0fe/df xTof ug{ vf]Hg' Unethical dfq xf]Og Sadistic / Psychopathic klg xf] .Æ ;f] kqdf d}n] k]ml/ n]v]+, æd]/f] cfly{s ;DkGgtfdf dnfO{ nfh 5}g lsgeg] of] d]/f] kl/>dsf] sdfO{ xf] . t/ d gjwgf9\o h:tf] wgsf] cZnLn k|bz{gL slxNo} ulb{g― .Æ d}n] yk hfgsf/L lb+b} :ki6 u/]+, æd}n] rnfPsf] 6Nn 6lNsg] uf8L >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] xf]Og, d]/f] cfºg} xf] . d e|d0f jif{sf] gfp―df Psk};f tna vf―lbg, sfof{nodf vfg] cfn' lrp/fsf] lgldQ klg cfºg} k};f lt5'{ / e|d0f jif{tfsf ;+;f/df hxf― klg 3'Dg uP―, cfºg} vr{df uP― . cfºg} k};fn] l6s6 lnP―, cfºg} k};fn] xf]6]ndf a;]+ . b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{sfndf d}n] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] Psk};f klg lnPsf] 5}g . s;}n] d}n] lnPsf] k};fsf] Pp6f klg /l;b jf ef}r/ k]z ug{ ;S5 eg] To;sf nflu d r'gf}tL lbg rfxG5' . lagfsf/0f, lagfk|df0f s;}sf] klg cgfof; rl/qxTof ug{ vf]Hg' c/fhs ;dfhdf xf]nf t/ g}lts, ljj]sk"0f{ ;dfhdf :jLsfo{ x'―b}g . cfk"m :jo+ sfd ug{ g;Sg]x¿n] c¿nfO{ lsg xtf]T;fxL agfpg] < sfd ug]{nfO{ ufnL ug'{ eg]sf] ;dfhnfO{ g} ufnL ug'{ xf] .Æ slxn]sfxL+ dg / d'6'nfO{ g} l5ofl5of kfg]{ vfnsf 6Lsfl6Kk0fLx¿ cfp―5g\ . ljifoj:t' yfxf gkfpg] cgf8Lx¿af6 cfP t cfP t/ To:tf 5]p g 6'Kkfsf k|ltlqmofx¿ cfºg} pBf]usf ;xsdL{x¿af6 cfP eg] To;a]nf dg emg\ b'V5 . slxn]sfxL+ t x/]z klg vfG5' gfgfy/Lsf s'/f ;'g]/ / k9]/ . Pstfsf b/af/dfu{sf Pshgf xf]6]n Joj;foLn] pgsf] xf]6]n k5fl8 s's'/n] e's]/ kfx'gfx¿ ;'Tg g;s]sf] x'―bf dnfO{ /flt !! ah] 6]lnkmf]g ub}{ eg], …of] s:tf] jflxoft e|d0f jif{ < s] o;n] s's'/nfO{ klg tx nufpg ;Q}mg <Ú h'g ;d'bfosf lglDt of] e|d0f jif{ ;'¿ ul/Psf] lyof], pgLx¿ g} o;sf] p2]Zo / k|lqmof a'¤b}gg\ eg] d o:tf] jflxoft sfddf lsg nfu]sf] x'―nf eGg] h:tf] klg nfUYof] dgdf . jf:tjdf o:tf cfnf]rgf / 6Lsfl6Kk0fLaf6 klg an k|fKt x'―bf]/x]5, pmhf{ ylk+bf] /x]5 . cGttM g]kfn e|d0f jif{ ;'¿ eof] Psbd w'dwfdsf ;fy . ;f/f b/af/dfu{ / 6'+l8v]ndf lbgel/ 6«flkms aGb u/]/ nfvf}+ dflg;sf] hd36sf ;fy >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/ / a8fdxf/fgL ;/sf/sf] pkl:yltdf pb\3f6g ;df/f]x ;'¿ ul/of] . To;kZrft\ x/]s dlxgfdf lhNnf lhNnfdf e|d0f jif{ sfo{qmdx¿ /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf ;+rfng ul/of] . #^% lbgdf Ps;o krf;j6feGbf a9L pT;j, d]nf, ;df/f]x ;+rfng ubf{ emG8} tL;—k}tL; nfv hgtf e|d0f jif{df k|ToIf ;xefuL ag] . e|d0f jif{nfO{ ;xL dfg]df ;kmn ug{ d]/f] elth of]u]Gb|, uf}tdbf; >]i7, Zofd sIfklt, g/]Gb| ah|frfo{, k|sfz >]i7, lbjfs/ /fhsl0f{sf/, k|bLk j}B cflbn] pNn]vgLo ;xof]u u/] . kl5 e|d0f jif{sf pknlAwx¿ la:tf/} xfl;n ePkl5 6Lsfl6Kk0fLx¿ la:tf/} ;sf/fTds x'g yfn] . …lelh6 g]kfnÚ s'Des0f{ h:tf] ;'lt/x]sf] ko{6gnfO{ Ao―'emfpg] k|of; lyof] . lelh6 g]kfn af―emf] hldgdf xnf] hf]Tg] Pp6f k|lqmof lyof], cfk"ml;t ePsf] dnhn k|of]u u/L olb jiff{t\sf] a]nf cfsfzaf6 kfgL ;do—;dodf a:of]{eg] jif{sf] rf/ afnL vfp―nf, xf]Og eg] sd;]sd Ps—b'O{ afnL t cjZo klg vfp―nf eGg] Pp6f k|of; lyof] . sf]lz; u/]/ s] lalu|of] t < sfd u/]/ s] lalu|G5 < cfh sfd g;lsP ef]ln u/f}+nf t/ sfd t u/f}+ eGg] b[9ljZjf;s} k|ltkmn lyof] g]kfn e|d0f jif{ . e|d0f jif{sf] k|f/Deb]lv gl;l4P;Dd d}n] hlt sfd u/]+ Tolt sfd d]/f] hLjgsfndf d}n] slxNo} u/s} lyOg . em08} lbgsf] aL; 306f;Dd klg zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s tj/n] Jo:t /xg'kYof]{ / /xGy]+ klg . slxn] t /ft– 123

124 /fte/ d ;'Tg ;lSbgy+] . cf―vf t lrlDnGy]+ t/ lbdfun] sfd ul//fv]sf] x'―bf]/x]5 . lbdfun] sfdubf{ d]/f b'Oj6} v'§fsf a"9L cf}+nf Pscfk;df 3f]l6O/x―bf /x]5g\, n8fO{+ ubf{ /x]5g\ . o;f]ubf{ dWo/ftdf ha vf6 xlNnbf] /x]5 clg d]/L >LdtL æcF of] dfG5] t af}nfxf x'g nfUof] Sof/] †Æ eGb} csf]{ sf]7fdf ;'Tg hflGyg\ . ha ;Lldt ;|f]taf6 c;Lldt sfd ug{'kg]{ x'G5, k|foM cj:yf o:t} x'G5 . t/ To:t}a]nfdf cToGt k|efjsf/L Pj+ 7f]; sfdx¿ klg x'―bf/x]5g\ . h;/L 3/sL >LdtLnfO{ s':t k};f lbP/ 3/ vr{ rnfp eGof] eg] u[lxl0fn] rf}aL;} 306f 6]lnlehg x]b}{, 3fd tfKb} jf zLtndf cf/fd ub}{ jf 3/sf sfd c¿nfO{ nufP/ slxNo} l;h{gzLn aGg] sf]lz; ub}{gg\ . t/ ha uR5]cg';f/sf] k};f u[xl0fnfO{ dlxgfjf/L vr{sf] ¿kdf lbOG5 / oltaf6} 6fg'{ elgG5, ta pgn] t/sf/L sxf― ;:tf] kfOG5, df;'sf] ;§f ;fu, d"nf cem u'Gb|'s s;/L :jflbnf] tl/sfn] ksfpg ;lsG5 cflb s'/fx¿ l;lS5g\ . wgaf6 dfq ljsf;sf ;a} sfd ug{ ;ls+b}g . slxn]sfxL+ sd k};f x'g] kl/l:yltn] klg cj;/sf cg]s 9f]sf vf]N5g\ . ;f―Rr} eGg] xf] eg] sd k};fn] emg\ ;[hgzLn sfo{x¿ ug{ ;lsG5 . Pstfsf kfNkf—tfg;]gnfO{ ko{6sLo uGtJo:yn agfpg xfdLn] dw'dtLsf] uLtnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ æ;'xfgf ;km/ cf}/ df};d sxL+, vf] gf hfP xd kfNkfd] sxL+Æ n]v]/ kf]i6/ agfO{ uf]/vk'/, nvgplt/sf zx/ / /]Nj] :6]zgx¿df 6f―:g nufof}+ . sd k};fdf ef/tLo ko{6g ahf/df kfNkfsf] k|rf/ eof] . cfd g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf ;xefuL u/fpg] p2]Zo cg'¿k ef]6flx6L / wgs'6f h:tf ko{6sLo 7fp― / ufp―x¿sf 3/wgLx¿n] cf— cfºgf] 3/ cfk}+mn] g} /ª nufP/ ko{6sx¿nfO{ cfslif{t u/fpg] ;sf/fTds k|lt:kwf{sf] k|f/De u/] . uhn /]i6'/]i6df uLt ;'g]/ of tf;dfq v]n]/ ;do latfpg] g]kfnLnfO{ :jb]z e|d0f ug{, u/fpg cle?lr hufof] o;n] . ljdfg:yndf u|Lg Rofgn vf]lnof], jiff}{+b]lv :ylut ljdfg:yn / /gj]x¿ agfOof] . 6'+l8v]nsf] af6f] rf}8f ug]{ cleofg ;'¿ eof] . :yfgLo ljdfg:ynx¿nfO{ IF]qLo ljdfg:ynsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/of] . g]kfn 6]lnlehgl;t ;xsfo{ u/L tL;eGbf a9L ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynaf/] b'O{b]lv kf―r ldg]6sf] k|j4{g—k|rf/sf ;fdfu|Lx¿ agfO{ k|rf/—k|;f/ ul/of] . Ol08og 6]lnlehg / cGt/f{li6«o /¨sdL{x¿nfO{ cfdGq0f u/L g]kfndf lkmNdx¿ agfpg nufOof] . g]kfn e|d0f jif{df ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdx¿sf] tLg;o k]h nfdf] clen]v tof/ eof], h'g oxf― j0f{g ug{ ;ls+b}g . e|d0f jif{ sfo{qmd ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng ug{ z+s/ sf]O/fnf, 8f= xl/ zdf{ h:tf cToGt OdfGbf/, lqmofzLn / ;/n JolQmx¿ cfºgf] ;xsdL{sf] ¿kdf kfPsf] lyP― d}n] . e|d0f jif{ ;ldltdf sfd ug]{ xfdL kGw|– aL; hgfeGbf a9L lyPgf}+ . t/ xf―;v]n ub}{ /dfOnf] jftfj/0fdf o;/L sfd ul/of] ;do uPsf] kQ} ePg . 7"nf ;fgf ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿l;t Ps} kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿e}+m Ps} 7fp―df cfn' t/sf/L, lrp/f, rfprfp, df;' vf―bf c;fWo} :jflbnf] nfUYof] . slxn]sfxL+ aflx/af6 dMdM lemsfOGYof], x/]s lbg lkslgs h:t} . d / 8fS6/ xl/ zdf{ gf} ah] g} sfof{nodf k'UYof}+ . klxnf] k|x/sf] tLg 306f e|d0f jif{sf sfo{qmdl;t ;DalGwt dGqfno Pj+ ljefuaf6 ;dGjo u/fpg' kg]{ sfdsf nflu tL clkm;x¿df wfpg] uYof}{+ . clg l;+xb/af/sf] clkm;df cfP/ n]vfk9Lsf] sfd ul/GYof], k"/f tnaL sd{rf/L h:t} . e|d0f jif{n] ;kmntfsf l;+9L pSnb} uPkl5 ljleGg dGqfnosf dGqL / ;lrjx¿l;t e]6\g uf¥xf] klg ePg . pgLx¿sf kL=P= nfO{ va/ lbgf;fy dGqLx¿;―u e]6\g ;lsGYof] . g9f―6Lsg eGg'k5{, qmdzM ;DalGwt ;a} dGqfno / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] e|d0f jif{sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ cfºg} sfo{qmd eG7fgL lbnf]Hofgn] ;Sbf] ;xof]u u/] . jf:tjdf e|d0f jif{sf 124

125 nflu ug]{ ;xof]u s'g} gof― / sl7g sfd lyPg, cfºg} dGqfno / ljefu cGtu{tsf sfo{qmdx¿ aLr /fd|/L ;dGjo ul/lbP k'UYof] . e|d0f jif{tfsf dnfO{ ;aeGbf ;Gtf]if nfu]sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfd d'lUnË—kf]v/f /fhdfu{ dd{t klg lyof] . Tof] /fhdfu{sf] cj:yf clt gfh's lyof], dd{tsf] sfd lgs} l9nf] / ;':t rfndf e}/x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] bf];|f] ko{6sLo uGtJo:yn kf]v/fsf] oftfoft Joj:yf ;'ud geOsg e|d0f jif{ ;kmn x'g] s'/} lyPg . To;}n] ;f] /fhdfu{sf] dd{t sfo{ e|d0f jif{ ;'¿ x'g'cufj} k"/f u/fpg tTsfnLg lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqL ljhos'df/ uR5bf/sxf― k'u]sf lyof}+ . tftf] lrof v'jfp―b} pgn] eg], æe|d0f jif{ t ;f―Rr} /fli6«o cleofg xf] lg s;f] < o;nfO{ t xfdL ;a} ldnL ;kmn kfg}{k5{ .Æ o;f] eGb} d'lUn¨—kf]v/f /fhdfu{ dd{t ug]{ kfls:tfgL 7]s]bf/nfO{ tTsfn} af]nfP/ dGqL uR5bf/n] cfb]z lbP, ækf]v/f;Ddsf] dd{tsf] sfd e|d0f jif{ ;'¿ ug'{eGbf cufl8 g} ;DkGg x'g'k5{ cGoyf tkfO{+sf] e'QmfgL /f]lsg]5 .Æ x'g t uR5bf/nfO{ cg]s /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fn] x]l/G5 t/ e|d0f jif{df pgL h:t} c¿ g]tfx¿n] klg w]/} ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf lyP . s'g} Ps JolQmdfq ;lqmo eP/ e|d0f jif{ h:tf] dxTjfsfª\IfL /fli6«o cleofg ;kmn x'g ;Sb}gYof] . hgj/L Ps !((* df e|d0f jif{ ug]{ x'―bf, Tof] lbgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs labf 3f]if0ff ug{ nufpg xfdL df]xDdb df]xl;gb]lv /fli6«o;efsf cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿sxf― k'Uof}+, pgLx¿ ;a}n] k"0f{ ;xof]u u/] . To;a]nf ldnLh'nL ;/sf/ lyof] . ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf k|wfgdGqL x'g'x'GYof] . labf 3f]if0ff u/fpgsf nflu k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{nodf klg xfdL k'u]sf lyof}+ . d';'Ss xf―;]/ pxf―n] eGg'eof], ælab}—labf ePsf] of] b]zdf km]l/ csf]{ Pslbg labf † n—n x'G5 o;nfO{ t ;kmn kfg}{ k¥of] lg xf]Og / s0f{hL <Æ s]xL dxLgf cl3dfq k|wfgdGqL yfkfsf] d'6'sf] uDeL/ zNolqmof (Open Heart Surgery) ePsf] lyof] . pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf b/af/dfu{b]lv l;+xb/af/;Dd k|wfgdGqL;lxt ;a} ;xefuLx¿ k}bn ofqf ug]{ sfo{qmd lyof] . dnfO{ 8/ lyof], k|wfgdGqL yfkf lx8\g ;Sg'xf]nf ls gxf]nf . t/ c¿hlQs} nv/—nv/ kf] lx+ 8\g'eof] a'9f t . k|wfgdGqLn] d';'d';' xf―:b} ;f] kbofqf ;dfkg ug'{eof] . e|d0f jif{ !((* sf] k|f/Deb]lv g} ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ lagf/f]s6f]s ;Dkfbg x'―b} uPsf lyP . Tof] x]/]/ dnfO{ ljZjf; nfu]sf] lyof,] ca of] e|d0f jif{df s'g} cj/f]w cfp―b}g / s'g} clk|o 36gf klg x'―b}g . geGb} e|d0f jif{sf] cjlwe/ s'g}klg cjf~5gLo b'3{6gfx¿ ePgg\ . g s'g} ljdfg b'3{6gf eof] g t Clts /f]zg h:tf sf08x¿ g} eP . kq–klqsfdf dfcf]jfbLn] e|d0f jif{nfO{ layf]Ng]5g\ h:tf va/x¿ Jofks ¿kdf k|rf/ x'―bf klg dfcf]jfbLaf6 sxL+ klg s'g} clk|o 36gf ePg . clw/fHosf ;Dk"0f{ c~rn, clwsf+z lhNnf, ufp―—ufp―df g]kfn e|d0f jif{ /fli6«o kj{sf] ¿kdf dgfOof] . jif{ lbgdf !%! j6f pT;j, dxf]T;j, k|bz{gL h:tf a[xb\ sfo{qmdx¿ ;kmntf;fy ;+rfng eP . ;Dk"0f{ uf8L dflnsx¿n] cfºg} vr{df e|d0f jif{sf] lrGx c+lst nf]uf] / l:6s/ cf—cfºgf] a;, 6«s, 6\ofS;L / uf8Lx¿df 6f―;]/ o;nfO{ /fli6«o cleofgsf] ¿kdf dgfP― . kl5 t uf8Ldf, nhnhdf l:6s/ 6f―:g] nx/ g} rNof] . ;8s—;8sdf :jtM:k"mt{ ¿kn] cfºg} k};f vr{ u/L cf– cfºgf] 3/ ;]tf] /Ën] kf]Tg] pT;fxLx¿ klg plQs} lgl:sP . nf]kf]Gd'v gfrufg / ;―f:s[lts Pj+ wfld{s sfo{qmdx¿sf] k'ghf{u/0f eof] . e|d0f jif{sf] csf]{ cb\e"t pknlAw xf], cfGtl/s ko{6gsf] ;'¿cft . ToxL a]nfb]lv g]kfndf bf]xf]/L uLtsf] /fd|f] k]mzg rNg yfNof] . cfh sf7df8f}+df ;d]t uhn /]:6'/]06x¿sf] ;§f bf]xf]/L uLtsf /]:6'/]06x¿ rNg yfNg'sf k5fl8 e|d0f jif{sf] pNn]Vo e"ldsf 5 . e|d0f jif{sf ;Dk"0f{ pknlAw / cgluGtL 125

126 k|ltkmnx¿ Pp6f cWofodf JofVof ug{ ;lsGg . t/ of] sfo{qmdn] g]kfnsf] ko{6g pBf]udf clj:d/0fLo 5fk 5f]8]/ uPsf] 5, sf]z]9'Ëf ;flat ePsf] 5 . o;f] eGg' cTo'lQm gxf]nf, rfnL;–krf; jif{sf] ko{6gsf] Oltxf;df g]kfn e|d0f jif{n] Pp6f ;'vb cfofd yk]sf] 5 . e|d0f jif{sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lghL pBdLx¿l;t ;dGjo /fvL b'O{ k|ltzt ko{6g z'Ns p7fP/ efjL sfo{qmdsf nflu ko{6g af]8{sf] :yfkgf u¥of] . #! l8;]Da/ !((* df :juL{o /fgL P]Zjo{sf] cfltYodf xg'dfg9f]sfsf] u2L a}7ssf] k|f¨0fdf w'dwfd;―u ;dfkg ;df/f]x cfof]hgf ul/of] . xg'dfg9f]sfsf] klZrdkl§ d~r agfP/ eJotfsf ;fy ;dfkg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . To;a]nf /fgLsf] ;f]kmf u2L a}7ssf] klZrd a/G8fdf ;hfOPsf] lyof] . klxn] t dnfO{ ofb} ePg . kl5 k"j{lt/ x]b}{ 8\of;af6 efif0f ug{ vf]Hbf d]/f cf―vf cs:dft\ ;f]kmfsf] 7Ls dfly al;/x]sf y'k|} k/]jfx¿sf] ayfgdf k/] . efif0f ubf{ub}{ dnfO{ 8/ nflu/x]sf] lyof], k/]jfsf] kmf]xf]/ /fgL dfly knf{ ls eg]/ . t/ s'g} la£gafwf lagf e|d0f jif{sf] clGtd sfo{qmd klg ;kmntfk"j{s ;dfkg eof] . 8]9 jif{sf] cys k|of;kZrft\ Tof] lbg d]/f] sf―waf6 Pp6f 7"nf] af]em x6]sf] d}n] cg'ej u/]+ . dgdf 7"nf] ;fGTjgf 5fof] / dnfO{ nfUof], g]kfndf rfxg] xf] eg] w]/} sfd ug{ ;ls+bf]/x]5 . ko{6g Pp6f cToGt lqmofzLn pBf]u xf] . s]xL g s]xL lqmofsnfkx¿ of] pBf]udf eO{ g} /xg' k5{ . oxL s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL d}n] ;g\ @))! sf nflu klg ;fxl;s v]ns'b ko{6g jif{ 'Sports Himalaya Year 2001' sf] Pp6f csf]{ k|:tfj >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lbP― . g]kfndf e|d0f jif{ ;dfkgsf] 7\ofSs} Ps jif{kl5 blIf0f PlzofnL v]ns"b klg ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng ul/of] . ef}lts, k|fljlws Pj+ dfgl;s b[li6sf]0fn] klg ca g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o Oe]G6x¿ cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pRr dgf]an hfu[t eof] . Tof] cj;/ :kf]6{;\ lxdfno Oo/h:tf ko{6sLo Pj+ v]ns"b ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf ug{sf nflu clt pko'Qm ;do lyof] . blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns"bsf nflu ljleGg ldq/fi6«x¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 c/af}+ ¿k}of― nufgL u/L g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] k"jf{wf/ tof/ eO;s]sf] lyof] . tL k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{ k|of]u ub}{, xfdLsxf― pknAw hgzlQm / cfTdannfO{ kl/rfng u/L ;fxl;s ko{6g jif{sf] cjwf/0ffkq tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fxl;s ko{6gsf nflu g]kfn ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf cfsif{s uGtJo:yn x'g;S5 . o;df s'g} z+s} 5}g . ;fxl;s v]ns"b ko{6g ljZjsf ;dsfnLg cfw'lgs ko{6sx¿sf nflu ;aeGbf 7"nf] rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ljsl;t d'n'sdf #@ k|ltzt ko{6sx¿n] ;fxl;s v]ns"b ko{6gdf rf;f] b]vfPsf 5g\ . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t kj{tf/f]x0f, Dof/fy'g bf}8, Kof/f UnfOl8ª, aGhL hlDkª, sfoflsª, Sofgf]lgª\ To:t} If]qLo:t/sf lqms]6, k'm6an, …xfO{ clN6Ro'6 6]lg;Ú ;fy} xfQL, ofs / 3f]8f bf}8, kxndfg s':tL, 5]nf] xfGg], jf0f xfGg] cflb—OToflb k/Dk/fut v]nx¿ klg ;dfj]z u/]/ ko{6gsf nflu gof― cfsif{0fsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . v]ns"b ko{6gsf] s'g} l;dfgf 5}g . t/ o;nfO{ a'¤g / hfGgsf nflu ;[hgzLntfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ;fxl;s v]ns"b ko{6g jif{sf] cjwf/0ff tof/ ubf{ d}n] ljleGg lgsfol;t ;Dks{ /fv]sf] lyP― . tTsfnLg hd{g /fhb"tl;t n'Snfdf xfO{ clN6Ro'6 6]lg; Dofrsf] ;DefJotfaf/] s'/f u/]sf] lyP― . clS;hg sd ePsf] pRr e"—efudf 6]lg; v]Nbf hLp a9L k"mlt{nf] x'g] x'―bf o;n] ljZjsf] Uo|f08:Nofd 6'gf{d]G6 v]Ng klg ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 . olb g]kfndf xfO{ clN6Ro'6 6]lg; Dofrsf] ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{ ;lsof] eg] ljZjsf Jofj;flos v]nf8Lx¿ cGt/f{li6«o k]z]j/ Dofr v]Ng'cl3 g]kfndf cfP/ k|lzIf0f lng] ;Defjgf x'G5 . g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f 126

127 cfsif{s …lqms]6 e]Go"Ú agfpg] l;nl;nfdf Ol08ofsf dxfg\ lqms]6 v]nf8L slknb]j g]kfn cfp―bf b]a|] / afof― xftn] v]Ng] lqms]6 v]nf8Lx¿sf] …sf7df8f}+ SNof;Ú gfddf cGt/f{li6«o lqms]6 Dofrsf] cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgfaf/] klg cWoog u/]sf lyP . v]ns"b ko{6gsf] dfWodaf6 g]kfndf v]ns"bsf] :t/ ljsf; ub}{ b]znfO{ ;fxl;s v]ns"b ko{6gsf] uGtJo:ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ xf] eg] w]/} ;+efjgfx¿ Ps}rf]l6 lelqg]5g\ . cfhsfn On]S6«f]lgs ldl8ofdf ;"tL{hGo r'/f]6sf] lj1fkgdf /f]s nufOPsf] 5 . o;sf/0f r'/f]6 / /S;L pTkfbg ug]{ 7"N7"nf pBf]ux¿n] clxn] k|z:t wg/flz v]ns"b k|fof]hgdf vr{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] ;dodf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf v]ns"b k|ltof]lutfx¿ g]kfndf cfof]hgf ug{sf nflu cfjZos cfly{s ;|F]t ;lhn} h'6fpg ;lsG5 . olb xfdLn] cGt/f{li6«o r]; ;+3nfO{ cfJxfg u/]/ ;u/dfyf cfwf/lzlj/df r]; Uo|f08df:6/x¿nfO{ cfdGq0f u/L Dofr b]vfpg ;Sof}+ eg] To:tf] v]n cg]s cGt/f{li6«o sDkgLx¿n] k|fof]hg ug{ ;S5g\ / tL DofrnfO{ e"—pku|xdfk{mt ;f/f ;+;f/sf 6]lnlehgx¿df k|ToIf k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . sNkgf u/f}+ t ;u/dfyfsf] k]mbLdf aa lkm;/ / sfkf]{:sf]eh:tf Uo|f08df:6/x¿sf] r]; Dofr clg ljZje/sf 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿df To;sf] k|ToIf k|;f/0f † s] o:tf sfo{qmdsf] k|fof]hg gy{k]m;, 8g Hofs]6n] gunf{g\ / < clg x'G5 g]kfnLsf] lz/ 7f8f] . cfsf+ Iff 7"nf] /fVg' k5{, sfof{Gjog ug{ uf¥xf] 5}g g]kfn h:tf] k|fs[lts :ju{df . Psl5g csf]{ sNkgf u/f}+ g . df]xDdb cnLsL 5f]/L n}nf cnLnfO{ af]nfP/ kf]v/fdf dlxnf alS;ª k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsof] eg] To;sf] k|efj s:tf] xf]nf † kf] v/fsf] v'nf d}bfgdf df5fk'R5«]sf] k[i7e"lddf n}nf cnLn] Dofr v]ln;s]kl5 cfºgf] d'v ?dfnn] k'5\b} ysfO{ dfg{ 'Where is my coke ?' eGb} sf]s vfPsf] b[Zo b]vfpg] k|:tfj sf]s sDkgLnfO{ lbOof] eg] s] Tof] sf]s sDkgLn] k|rf/—k|;f/sf] Tof] ;'j0f{ df}sf u'dfpnf t < ;fxl;s v]ns"b ko{6g jif{sf] cjwf/0ff tof/ kfbf{ d}n] oL sfNklgs s'/f ;f]r]sf] dfq xf]Og, xfd|f k/Dk/fut v]nx¿nfO{ s;/L ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 / To;nfO{ ko{6g k|of]hgsf lglDt s;/L k|rf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] tYonfO{ klg cWoog u/]sf] lyP― . yfONof08df e}+;Lbf}8, rLgdf uf]a|]ls/fsf] n8fO{+, dn]l;ofsf] …cfp68'c/ Sj]:6Ú n] clxn] ;+;f/sf] ko{6g ahf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . olb yfONof08sf] e}+;L bf}8n] ko{6snfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;S5 eg] xfd|f] xfQL, ofs bf}8n] lsg :yfg gkfpg] < jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] clxn];Dd xfdLn] ko{6gnfO{ …Oe]G6Ú sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;s]s} 5}gf}+ . s'g} Pp6f b]zdf cfO{ 3'd]/ hfg' eg]sf] 8fo/Ldf n]Vg] vfnsf] Pp6f 36gf dfq xf] h'g ko{6sx¿n] Psrf]l6 u5{g\ / lal;{G5g\ . t/ v]ns"bsf dfWodaf6 ko{6gnfO{ k|rf/ ub}{ n}hfg ;lsof] eg] o;n] ko{6gsf] lbuf] ljsf; u5{ . v]n eg]sf] Psrf]l6 dfq v]ln+b}g, /dfOnf] eof] eg] af/Daf/ v]lnG5 / v]ns} dfWodaf6 g]kfnnfO{ ljZjsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ uGtJo:yn agfpg ;lsG5 clg ko{6sx¿ oxf― Psrf]l6dfq xf]Og, v]nx¿ v]Ng / x]g{sf lgldQ klg af/Daf/ cfp―5g\ . ;fxl;s v]ns"b ko{6g jif{sf] cfof]hgf g]kfnn] cfh ;s]g eg] ef]ln, ef]ln ;s]g eg] kl;{ t ug}{k5{ . ;g\ @))! sf lgldQ of] k|:tfjgf k]z ubf{ d}n] ;+of]hg ug{sf nflu cg'k /f0ffsf] gfd k|:tfj u/]sf] lyP― . cg'k ko{6gsf ;fy;fy} v]ns"b hut\df klg rlr{t JolQm lyP t/ pgsf] c;fdlos lgwgaf6 of] ;Dej x'g ;s]g . kl5 s'df/ v8\u ljqmd zfx;―u o;af/] s'/f u/]sf] lyP― . t/ lsg xf] s'lGg, >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;fxl;s v]ns"b ko{6g jif{sf] ;f6f] uGtJo g]kfn jif{ cfof]hgf u¥of] . x'g t ko{6g ljsf;sf lgldQ s'g} g s'g} sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L g} /fVg' k5{ . t/ 127

128 uGtJo g]kfnsf] gf/fdf s'g} vf; bd eP h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g . s'g}klg ko{6g jif{ dgfpg] xf] eg] gf/f cfsif{s x'g'k5{, s'g} ljz]if p2]Zolt/ nlIft x'g'k5{ / Tof] gf/fdf …kGrnfOgÚ x'g'k5{ . lelh6 g]kfn jf g]kfn e|d0f jif{n] dnfO{ Pp6f 7"nf] kf7 l;sfof] . cfºgf] cGt/fTdfnfO{ k|lta4 agfpg / ;dlk{t kfg{ ;lsof] eg] of] b]zdf w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . sfd ug{ clwsf/ / zlQm rflx+b}g, cle?lr / ;dk{0f rflxG5, a;\ . d t Pp6f ;fwf/0f Jofkf/L x'―, g t dl;t s'g} kb 5 g clwsf/ . olb d h:tf] ;fwf/0f gful/sn] of] b]zdf olt ug{ ;S5' eg] dGqL, ;lrj / 7"N7"nf cf]xbfdf a;]/ sfd ug]{ clws[tx¿n] rfx] eg] s] ug{ ;Sb}gg\ < kl/R5]b b—!% !% lhGbuLsf] gof― df] 8 ækfls:tfgsL e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL >LdtL a]glh/ e'§f] g]kfn cfp―bf Pslbg kfs{ len]h xf]6]n, a'9fgLns07df lbjfef]hsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;a]nf a]glh/ e'§f];―u d]/f] Pp6f /dfOnf] jftf{nfk ePsf] lyof] . clt cfsif{s JolQmTjsL wgL / k/Lh:t} ;'Gb/L a]glh/sf] sf]dn / zLtn xft;―u cfºgf] xft ldnfPkl5 7§f ub}{ d}n] a]glh/ e'§f]nfO{ eg]sf] lyP―, ætkfO{+sf] ;Demgfdf ca of] xft d tLg lbg;Dd w'Gg .Æ (To cherish this

moment of your memory, I will not wash my hand for three days)

cln cln nfh / cln cln v'zLn] dVv k/]sf] a]glh/ e'§f]sf] d'xf/ :ki6 emlNsGYof] . dlxnf hlt;'s} /fd|L / ljlzi6 ePklg pgLx¿nfO{ jf:tjdf x'¿Ss kfg{ Tolt uf¥xf] /x]g5 . 6fpsf]df cf]l9/fv]sf] u'nfaL dvdnsf] 3'D6f]nfO{ b'a} xftn] ldnfP/ b¨ eO{ a]glh/ e'§f]n] elgg\ 'What a clever man ! Thank you' Tof] a]nf z]/axfb'/hL / cf/h' klg ;―u} lyP / cf/h' d]/f] s'/f ;'g]/ dHhfn] xf―l;g\ .Æ k}tfnL; jif{sf] pd]/df d]/f] hLjgsf] gof― ;"o{ pbfof] . gof― hLjg;fyL, gof― ;f]r, gof― hf]z, gof― hf―u/, gof― r'gf}tL clg gof― ;Demf}tf t/ ;Demf}tfsf] gfp―df wd{, sd{ / dd{nfO{ Tofu]/ xf]Og, Pp6f k"0f{ Gofof]lrt tl/sf (With a great sense of judgement) sf ;fy hLjg latfpg sf]lz; u/]+ . d clxn] 3/fo;L hLjgdf r'n'{Dd 8'a]/ Pp6f lktf, klt / ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ Pp6f lhDd]jf/ cleefjssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5' . ;DkGgtf ;d[l4sf] Pp6f ;"rs x'g ;S5 t/ o;nfO{ Wofg k'¥ofpg ;lsPg eg] >fk klg aGg ;S5 . ;DkGgtfsf] ejg nf]enfUbf] l;;}l;;fn] ag]sf] x'G5, x]bf{ 6nSs 6lNsg] t/ o;nfO{ leq jf aflx/af6 s;}n] klg 9'¨f ºof―s]/ ;lhn} k'm6fpg ;S5 . bf]wf/sf] lhGbuL latfpg]x¿ dh:t} efUodfgL x'G5g\ eGg ;lsGg . d]/L kTgL, 5f]/f5f/Lx¿n] d]/f] b[9 / crn dgf]efjgfnfO{ a'e]msf 5g\ . ha dflg; cf—cfºgf] clwsf/ / cfsf+Iffs} kl/lwleq a;]/ st{Jo lgjf{x u5{, Toxf― snx sd} x'G5 . of] dfg]df d w]/} efUodfgL 5' lsgls cfh kTgL / 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿s} k"0f{ljZjf; / ;xof]usf sf/0f d}n] gof―—gof― sfd ug]{ k|]/0ffx¿ kfO/x]sf] 5' . d efUodfgL o; dfg]df klg x―' lsgeg] krkGg jif{sf] nfdf] hLjgofqf;Dd bfh' / lbbLx¿sf] ;flGgWodf a;]/ d}n] Pp6f ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df ;'vk"j{s hLjg latfpg kfP― . ;+o'Qm kl/jf/ k4lt Jofjxfl/s / clt ;sf/fTds Joj:yf xf] . olb ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f sfod /fVg ;lsof] eg] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] sdL–sdhf]/L / u'0f tyf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ ;Gt'ng ldnfP/ w]/} s'/fx¿ ljsf; ug{ ;lsg]/x]5 . s;}df s]xL sdL sdhf]/L xf]nfg\ t/ cg]s u'0fx¿ klg ljBdfg x'G5g\ . h:tf] kf―rj6f cf}+nfdf s'g} 5f]6f] 5 t s'g} nfdf] t/ 5f]6f] / nfdf] cf}+nfsf] ;+o'Qm k|of]uaf6 g} 7"N7"nf sfdx¿ x'G5g\ . olb xftsf ;a} cf}+nf a/fa/ e}lbPsf] eP w]/} 128

129 sfd ug{ kSs} cK7\of/f] x'GYof] xf]nf . d]/f] kl/jf/df cfk;L :g]x, jfT;No, dfof / k|]dnfO{ af―lw/fVg d]/L cfdfsf] 7"nf] / ct'ngLo e"ldsf lyof] . /dfOnf] jftfj/0fdf Pp6} efG5fdf vfg], Vofn7§f ug]{, ;d:of k¥of] eg] Pscfk;df ;Nnfx u/L ;'Nemfpg] . >LdtL la/fdL ePsf] a]nf d ljb]z hf―bf 3/df bfh', efph', lbbL ePsf] x'―bf lgw{Ss;―u aflx/ a:g ;lsof] . pBf]u–Jofkf/sf] lrGtf lng' k/]g . ;+o'Qm kl/jf/sf] dxTj / dlxdf o:t} ;dodf dfq a9L cg'ej x'G5 . >LdtLsf] b]xfj;fgkl5 efph'x¿sf] :g]x / dfofsf sf/0f d}n] PSnf]kgsf] cg'ej ul/g― . efph'x¿n] g} d]/f n'ufkmf6f wf]Olbg'x'GYof], tGgf ldnfOlbg'x'GYof] / laxfg cf―vf vf]Ng' cufl8 g} lrof NofOlbg'x'GYof] . ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df ha;Dd ljZjf; / OdfGbf/L x'G5, ta;Dd of]eGbf 7"nf] zlQm c¿ x'―b}g . x'g t s'g}klg ;DaGw slxNo} PstkmL{ cfTdLo aGg ;Sb}g . Pp6f xftn] dfq dfof / :g]xsf] tfnL aHb}g . c¿sf] dfof kfpg cfk"mn] klg dfof ug'{ k5{ . d ;w}+ efph'x¿nfO{ TolQ g} dfof, :g]x / cfb/ u5'{ hlt d]/f cfdf / lbbLx¿nfO{ u5'{ . d elthf, elthLx¿nfO{ cfºgf 5f]/f5f]/LeGbf a9L dg k/fp―y]+ / pgLx¿nfO{ d]/f] cfºgf] ;kgfsf] ;fe]mbf/ klg agfp―y]+ . pgLx¿sf] k9fO, n]vfO / eljiok|lt d ;w}+ lrlGtt /xGy]+ . d}n] lhGbuLdf slxNo} cfºgf] :jf:gL / 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ dfq eg]/ s'g} lrh lsg]sf] lyOg―, h] lsg] klg ;a}nfO{ Ps}vfnsf / Tolt g} k};f kg]{ . dg, jrg / sd{sf] wfuf]n] xfd|f] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/k|lt d]/f] st{Jo af―lwPsf] lyof] . d]/L cfdfsf] :juf{/f]x0f kZrft\ xfdL bfh'efOsf] c+za08f ug'{kg]{ s'/f p7\of] . cflv/ Ps g Ps lbg cnu x'g}k5{ eGg] 6'Ëf]df xfdL k'Uof}+ . lhGbuLsf] of] jf:tljstfaf6 6f9f hfg klg ;ls+b}gYof] . klxn] t cf+lzs c+za08fdfq ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of}+ . t/ To; lsl;dsf] c+za08faf6 eljiodf af―8kmf―8 ubf{ emg 7"nf] vt/f x'g ;Sg] ePsf] x'―bf xfdLn] ;+rfng eO/x]sf] skf]{/]6 lahg]znfO{ ;+o'Qm¿kdf oyfjt g} rnfO{ a―fsL rn—crn ;DklQdfq af―8\g] ;f]r klg NofOof] . t/ Tof] klg Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] cln ;Dj]bgzLn h:tf] b]lvPkl5 ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] g} c+za08f ug]{ lgwf] eof] . lhGbuLe/ ;―u} a;]/ xfdL bfh'efOn] eljiodf s'g} klg la£gafwf cfpg] vfnsf hf]lvd lng rfx]gf}+ . tTkZrft\ s]xL lbgleq} cfk;L ;dembf/L Pj+ ;f}xfb{k"0f{ jftfj/0fdf ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] af―8kmf―8 ljgfem}emu8f, ljgf— dgd'6fj ;Dkfbg ul/of] . eljiodf s'g} t';\ af―sL g/xf] ;\ eGg] d"n s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL j}1flgs tl/sfn] ;a} hfoh]yf b'O{ efudf 5'6\ofOof] / uf]nf k|yfåf/f c+za08f ul/of] . c+za08fsf] dfdnf cToGt hl6n / emGeml6nf] x'g] u5{ t/ cfh xfd|f] kl/jf/nfO{ s] uj{ 5 eg] xfdLn] oltsf pBf]uwGbf ljgfem~em6 af―8kmf―8 ug{ ;Sof}+ hjls Ps O~rL hUuf / Pp6f blngsf lglDt klg cfhsfn sltko bfh'—efO jiff}{jif{;Dd d'2f v]lk/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . kRkGg jif{;Dd ;―u} a;]/ Ps}rf]l6 5'l§g' cjZo g} ;lhnf] lyPg . s]xL lbg g/dfOnf] klg nfUof] . kl5 :jfefljs ¿kd} cf—cfºgf] sd{ / bfloTjsf] af]w x'g yfNof] . rfnL; jif{;Dd pBf]udf lqmofzLn e};s]kl5 km]l/ Psrf]l6 lhGbuLsf] bf}8df efu lng dg nfUof] . x'g t xfdLnfO{ ;a} k'UYof] t/ cflv/ rfxgf g xf], sxf― t[lKt x'g' / † c+za08f cufl8 cfºgf] cfuGt's sf8{df tLg—rf/j6f xf]6]nx¿sf dflns eg]/ n]lvGYof] . k/Gt' ca cfP/ Ps}rf]l6 Pp6fdfq xf]6]ndf ;Lldt x'g'kbf{ s]—s] gk'u]sf] h:tf] nfUof], Psk|sf/sf] ps';d's'; cg'ej ug{ yflnof], dGqL avf{:t ePkl5 56k6fPh:t} . ca s;/L cufl8 a9\g] eGg]df lrQ tNnLg eof] . 5f]/f5f]/L, hxfgkl/jf/ / ;fyLefOl;t ;Nnfx u/]+ . s;}n] eg] g]kfnsf] cj:yf /fd|f] 5}g, /fhgLlt cGof]nu|:t 5, ef]ln s] x'G5 s:tf] x'G5 yfxf 5}g . To;}n] clxn] s]xL ug'{ x'―b}g, kl5 ljrf/ k'¥ofP/ sfd ug'{k5{ . 129

130 v} s] xf] s] † t/ dnfO{ eg] ps';d's';n] 5f]8\b— } 5f]8]g . /ftdf lgb|f gnfUg];d]t x'g nfUof] . o;/L sfd gu/L nfdf] ;do a:bf kl5 sfd} ug{ ;ls+b}g eGg] s'/f dnfO{ /fd|/L x]Ssf lyof] . lbdfu Pp6f d]lzg h:t} xf], lvof nfUof] eg] o:fn] sfd} ub}{g . To:t} lbdfu Pp6f Ogf/ h:tf] klg xf], h;af6 kfgL lg/Gt/ lemls/flvof] eg]+ ;|f]tsf] lgsf; k'm6]/ :jR5 kfgL pd|]/ cfO/xG5 t/ Toxf―af6 kfgL lemlsPg eg] Tof] Ogf/ kl5 ;'s]/ hfG5 . d d]/f] lbdfusf] Ogf/ ;'sfpg rfxGg . sfd ug{ 5f]8\of] eg] o;df lvof nfU5 clg kl5 sfd ug{ vf]Hbf o;n] sfd} ub}{g . h'g;'s} sfd ;dod} ug'{k5{ . pT;fx / pdË cfPsf] a]nf ug'{k5{ . /fd|f] ;do cfpnf eg]/ slt kv]{/ a:g] < g]kfnsf] l:ylt t'¿Gt ;'lw|G5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g . of] åGå j:t'tM Pp6} s'/fsf] pkh kSs} klg xf]Og . /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{ s c;Gt'ngsf] ;+o'Qm pkh xf] of] . o;f] x]/f}+ t, ;+;f/sf clwsf+z efudf JofKt 5 of] bzf . of] åGå klxn] ;'lNemPnf / clg sfd u/f+}nf eg]/ a:g' a'l4dfgL 7flgg― d}n] . b'O6} 5f]/fnfO{ /fv]/ 5nkmn u/]+ . lg0f{o klg lnof}+, kl/l:ylt h:tf];'s} xf];\ pBf]u la:tf/ ub}{ hfg] . h]7f] 5f]/fnfO{ n'lDagLdf k7fP/ Toxf― ePsf] hUufdf gof― xf]6]n lgdf{0f ug]{ lhDdf lbP― . sfG5f] 5f]/fnfO{ sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp;df lbgsf] !* 306f sfd ug]{, k'/fgf kfx'gfnfO{ ;Dks{ ub}{ gof― kfx'gfnfO{ ;fyL agfp―b} hfg] / dd{t sfo{x¿ wdfwd yfngL u/L xf]6]nnfO{ a9L cfsif{s agfpg] lhDd]jf/L lbP― . b'O6} 5f]/fx¿nfO{ eg]+, leq nufPsf] u~hL / c08/j]o/x¿ kl;gfn] lgy|'Ss gleh];Dd sfd ug"{, ljj]s g5f]8\g", a'l4 nufpg" / cfOkg]{ ;d:ofsf] cfkm}+ ;dfwfg ug"{ . 5f]/fx¿nfO{ cfºg} v'§fdf pleg / ddf e/ gk/L cfºg} lsl;dn] pBf]u ;+rfng ug{ lhDd]jf/L lbP―, lsgls 7"nf] ?v d'lg ;fgf] la¿jf x'ls{b}g eGg] cfxfg a'¤5' d . d cfk"mn] a'9fgLns07l:yt hUufdf cfºgf] OR5f / dg cg';f/sf] xf]6]n lgdf{0f ug]{ lhDdf lnP― . cfheGbf kGw| jif{ klxn] stf—stf dnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof], ;g\ @))% kl5 zx/leqeGbf rqmky aflx/ ko{6g pBf]u ljsl;t x'―b} hfg]5 . ko{6sx¿ klxn] zx/leq a;]/ ufp―x¿df b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ hfGy]+ eg] kl5 ufp― 3/df a;]/ zx/leq b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ hfG5g\ . a'9fgLns07 dnfO{ klxn]b]lv dg k/]sf] 7fp― klg xf] . blIf0f df]x8fsf] kxf8L e]u ePsf] x'―bf laxfgb]lv ;f―em;Dd 3fd nflu/x]sf] x'G5 Tof] 7fp―df . lqz"nLsf] vf]+raf6 lg/Gt/ alu/xg] :jR5 / zLtn xfjfn] Toxf―sf] b"lift jftfj/0fnfO{ p8fp―b} k/—k/ n}hfG5 . lzjk'/Lsf] ljzfn kxf8 / Toxf― ePsf ljljw k|hfltsf jg jg:klt;d]tn] e/kbf]{ hnfwf/sf] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . kfgL :jR5 5 . ;aeGbf 7"nf] s'/f lzjk'/L / a'9fgLns07 cToGt dxTjk"0f{ wfld{s:ynx¿ ePsf] x'―bf Toxf―af6 afudtL / lai0f'dtL aUb} zlQm kL7x¿sf] k|f/De x'G5 . Tof] 7fp―df k|s[ltl;t ;fd~h:o u/L Pp6f jftfj/0f d}qL xf]6]n (Eco Friendly Hotel) agfpg] klxn]b]lv g} 7"nf] OR5f lyof] / gfd klg kfs{ len]h g} /fVg] d]/f] ;kgf lyof] . t/ ;kgf dfq eP/ sxf― k'U5 / † ;a} kl/jf/sf] ;xof]u / ljZjf; klg rflxGYof] . ljleGg cj/f]wsf sf/0f d}n] Toxf― l/;f]6{ agfpg] cj;/ kfPs} lyOg . jf:tjdf oxf― s:tf] xf]6]n agfpg' knf{ eGg] kl/sNkgf d}n] bzjif{ klxn] g} ul/;s]sf] lyP― . ejgx¿ sxf―—sxf― aGg'k5{, af6f] sxf― x'G5, kf}8L kf]v/L stf aG5, a[xb\ ;Dd]ng sIf stf agfpg] h:tf df]6fdf]6L gS;f / jf:t'snfsf] :j¿k d}n] klxn] g} lbdfudf sf]l/;s]sf] lyP―, ;f] cg';f/ d}n] s]xL agfO{ klg ;s]sf] lyP― . a[If/f]k0f klg u/]+ . jg ljz]if1 ePsf] gftfn] Toxf― ¿v /f]Kbf dnfO{ c;fWo} cfgGb cfp―Yof] . x/]s jiff{ofddf s§' nufP/ emdemd kfgLdf leh]/ la¿jf /f]Kg' d]/f]] ;f]v g} lyof] . kfs{ len]hdf clxn] ;txQ/ hftsf tLg xhf/eGbf a9L la¿jfx¿ 130

131 5g\ . lzjk'/Lsf] /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] hËnaf6 ljleGg hftsf r/fx¿ cfP/ xf]6]nsf ¿vx¿df af; a:5g\ . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ jf ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf d}n] o; xf]6]ndf Pp6f l;4fGt ckgfPsf] 5', Tof] s] xf] eg] gb]lvg] u/L k|s[ltn] xf]6]nsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ …8f]ldg]6Ú u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . kfs{ len]h xf]6]n lgdf{0fsf qmddf clxn] d}n] a6'n]sf] csf]{ cfgGb s] xf] eg] d}n] Toxf― ca s]xL ug{ c¿ s;}l;t klg ;f]lw/xg' kb}{g . lgdf{0fsf nflu vr{ ubf{ s;}nfO{ elg/xg' kb{}{g . dgdf / lbdfudf h] gS;f sf]l/Psf] 5, To;nfO{ hldgdf ptfg{ kfpg'eGbf /dfOnf] / ;lhnf] If0f c¿ s] xf]nf < o:tf] /dfOnf] l:yltdf lbgsf] kGw|306f sfd ubf{ klg ysfO{ nfUb}gYof] ha cfºg} /x/n] ul//x]sf] x'Gy+] . Pp6f pBdLn] cfk"mn] eg] h:t} pBf]u ug{ kfof] eg] Tof]eGbf a9L /dfOnf] s] x'g ;S5 < clxn] kfs{ len]h xf]6]n lgdf{0fsf qmddf d]/f] kl/jf/n] dnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ljZjf; u/]sf] 5 / zfob oxL ljZjf;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k d}n] oxf― cfºgf] cfTdfnfO{ ;fIfL /fvL sfd ug{ kfPsf] x'―bf o; kfs{ len]hdf d]/f] JolQmTjsf] cfef; kfOG5 eg]/ d]/f 5f]/fx¿n] eGg] u5{g\ . tLg jif{sf] cys k|of;kl5 ;a} xf]6]nx¿sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg eof], t'¿Gt} ;+rfngdf klg cfOxfn] . g]kfnsf] tTsfnLg kl/l:yltnfO{ x]/L ko{6gsf] eljio /fd|f] x'g ;Sb}g egL w]/}n] z+sf u/]sf lyP . t/ @))# sf] cGt cGtdf cfOk'Ubf g]kfnsf] ko{6g pBf]udf km]l/ cfzfsf] d'gf knfof] . klxn] t g]kfndf cfpg ko{6sx¿ lgs} 8/fPsf lyP . b'O{–tLg jif{;Dd klv{P klg t/ g]kfn cfpg] k|uf9 OR5fnfO{ pgLx¿n] w]/} ;do /f]Sg} ;s]gg\ kmn:j¿k @))# ;fndf ko{6g g]kfndf cfzf u/]sf]eGbf w]/} /fd|f] eof] ko{6gsf] eljio ;w}+ pHHjn 5 . cfw'lgs ;Eo dflg; ;w}+ Pp6} sf]7fdf u'lD;P/ a:g ;Sb}g . ha—ha pl;t vr{ ug]{ cf}sft jf qmozlQm a9\b} hfG5, tata p;nfO{ cfºgf] jf;:yfgeGbf aflx/ 6f9f–6f9fsf ;'b"/ 7fp―x¿df 3'Dg] cbDo OR5f hfu[t x'G5 . g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg] ko{6sx¿ klxnf]kN6 ;jf]{Rr lxdlzv/ ;u/dfyf / cGo dgf]/d lxd>[+vnf g} x]g{ cfp―5g\ . kl5 pgLx¿ ha oxf―sf dflg;l;t s'/f u5{g\, oxf―sf] hLjgz}nL;―u ;fIffTsf/ u5{g\, x]bf{ u/La t/ cGt/fTdfdf eg] v';L / k|;Gg b]lvg] oxf―sf dflg;sf] cltlylk|o Jojxf/ cfTd;ft\ u5{g\, clg ko{6sx¿ g]kfndf bf];|f]—t];|f] kN6dfq xf]Og, af/Daf/ cfp―5g\ . @))# df cfpg] ko{6sx¿nfO{ lgofn]/ x]bf{ o:tf ko{6sx¿ kfOP hf] klxn] klg cfO;s]sf lyP . slt hgf t bf];|f] t];f]kN6 dfq xf]Og, rf}yf] kN6 cfPsf lyP . g]kfn Pp6f o:tf] uGtJo:yn e};s]sf] 5 ljZjdf, ko{6sx¿ oxf― cfp―bf g]kfn}dfq eg]/ cfpg] u5{g\ . klxn] ef/t / a}+sssf] e|d0f ug]{ qmddf af6f]df kg]{ x'―bf …;fO8 l6«kÚ sf ¿kdf dfq cfp―y], clxn] t ef/tsf clwsf+z 7"nf–7"nf 6«fen Ph]06n] klg ef/tsf] e|d0f u/fpg g]kfnsf] gfd ;dfj]z u/]/ kf;f] yfKg] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfdL g]kfnLsf nflu of] uj{ / 3d08sf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . ko{6g IF]qsf] pHHjn eljio b]v]/ g} of] If]qdf cfºgf] zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd cfºgf] st{Jo k"/f ug{ d pBt ePsf] x"― . ko{6g pBf]udf yk ;+efjgfx¿ leq\ofpg xf}l;Psf] 5' . eujfg\sf] s[kfn], cfdfa'jfsf] cfzLjf{bn] d}n] h] hlt ug{ ;s]+, u/]+ . d]/f] lbdfudf s'g} lsl;dsf] af]em 5}g . lhGbuLdf d}n] lbg]afx]s lng] u/]sf] 5}g . d]/f] ;aeGbf ;'v / ;Gt'li6 o;}df 5 . k};fl;t d]/f] slQ klg 3[0ff 5}g, k};f rflxG5 t/ k};}dfq lhGbuLsf] d"No, dfGotf / cfsif{0f xf]Og . d s'g}klg sfd ubf{ k};fsf] lglDtdfq ug{ rfxGg . s] s'/f kSsf xf]eg] sfd ubf{ dnfO{ /dfOnf] x'g}k5{ . cfk"mnfO{ /x/ gnfu]sf] sfddf d kf―r ldg]6 klg nfUg ;lSbg― . t/ Psrf]l6 dgn] lg0f{o u/]kl5 dWo/ftd} ;"o{ pbfpg'kg]{ 131

132 d]/f] afgL 5 . cfºgf] klg ToxL afgL / sf]xL To:t} l;h{gzLn, ljsf;k|]dL / kv{g g;Sg] JolQmx¿ b]v]+ eg] d pgLx¿k|lt t'?Gt} cfslif{t eOlbG5' . g]kf]lnogn] eg] h:t} A man is like a woman who always loves a man -dflg; klg cfOdfO{ h:t} xf] hf] ;w}+ db{nfO{ dg k/fp―5g\_ . 6'―l8v]n jl/kl/sf] af6f] rf}8f kfg]{ s'/fnfO{ g} lnp―m . d}n] sltrf]l6 kL=Pn= l;+xnfO{ o;af/] cg'/f]w u/]+ t/ pxf―x¿n] a'¤g'ePg jf o;nfO{ k|fyldstf g} lbg'ePg . s]zj :yflkt d]o/ ePkl5 pgn] t'?Gt} of] sfo{nfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/xfn] . ;f―Rr} eGg] xf] eg] sf7df8f}+sf nflu s]zj cToGt pko'Qm d]o/ x'g\ . pgnfO{ yfxf 5, s'g sfd ubf{ hgtfnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ . hgtfsf] Wofg cfsif{0f ug]{ snf pgnfO{ /fd|/L yfxf 5 . x'g t ;}4flGts b[li6n] :yflktsf] / d]/f] km/s—km/s l;4fGt / dt xf]nf t/ sf7df8f}+sf nflu :yflkt h:tf] ultzLn d]o/ csf]{ x'g} ;Sb}g . pgsf] /fd|f] u'0f pgL ;kgf b]Vg ;S5g\, ;kgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{;Sg] Ifdtf klg 5 pgdf . t/ slxn]sfxL+ eg] cln a9L ;kgf b]Vg] afgL 5 pgsf] . tyflk pgn] sltko ;kgfx¿ ;fsf/ kf/]/} b]vfPsf 5g\ . slxn]sfxL+ d cfk"mnfO{ s]zj :yflktl;t bf―Hg vf]H5', ;kgf b]Vg] / ;kgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf . t/ ddf ;fd, bfg, b08, e]b ckgfP/ sfd ug{ u/fpg ;Sg] Ifdtf eg] 5}g . s]zj :yflkt d]o/ x'g'eGbf klxn] sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] r'gfjdf d]o/ kbdf s+u|];sf] tk{maf6 p7\gsf nflu dnfO{ To;a]nf k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] cke{m6 kmf]g ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxf―n] eGg'eof], æzfSohL tkfO{n] sf7df8f}+sf] d]o/df p7\g'k¥of] .Æ d csdSs k/]+ . z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ d}n] slxn] klg e]6]sf] lyOg― . d}n] kmf]gaf6 pxf―nfO{ eg], æxh'/, dnfO{ lsg <Æ pxf―n] eGg'eof], ætkfO{+sf] af/]df d}n] w]/} ;'g]+ . tkfO{ k9]n]v]sf] dfG5], ljjfbf:kb klg x'g'x'Gg / tkfO{+n] s]xL sfd u/]/ cfºgf] Ifdtf k|dfl0ft ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 .Æ d}n] pxf―nfO{ eg], æv} xh'/ d t /fhgLlts k|f0fL g} xf]Og, sxf― d}n] d]o/sf] kb ;DxfNg ;S5' / †Æ pxf―n] km]l/ eGg'ef] æd]o/ kb /fhgLlts xf]Og, Joj:yfkgsf] xf] .Æ k|wfgdGqL h:tf] JolQml;t s'/f ubf{ æx'G5Æ eGg ;lhnf] x'G5 t/ æx'―b}gÆ eGg c;fWo} uf¥xf] . æd xh'/nfO{ ef]ln laxfg e]6\g cfp―5'Æ, d}n] eg]+ . æn /fd|/L ;f]Rgf];\ x}Æ eg]/ pxf―n] 6]lnkmf]g /fVg'eof] . t'¿Gt d}n] b'O{hgf ldql;t s'/f u/]+ . bLk]Gb|k'¿if 9sfnn] æn s0f{ o;df ljrf/} gu/, of] sfd ltd|f] xf]Og, o;df nfUof} eg] clxn];Dd ltdLn] kfPsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljZj;gLotf vQd x'G5Æ eg] . csf]{ ;fyL 8f= zlzgf/fo0f zfxn] eg], æv} s0f{hL lng] / < lsg rflxof] tkfO{nfO{ of] . cfºg} Toltsf sfd 5g\ . tkfO{+sf] cfºgf] sfd s;n] ;DxfNg] <Æ d]/L >LdtL ;'zLnfn] t æof] t x'―b}—x'―b}g, ;f]Rg} kb}{gÆ elgg\ . ;a}sf] k|ltlqmof ;'g]kl5 z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] 3/df uP/ cfdg] ;fdg] æd ug{ ;lSbgÆ eGg] cf―6 cfPg . clg ef]lnkN6 laxfg} 5 ah] ;'zLnf;lxt kf]v/flt/ efluxfn]+ . tTkZrft\ ;w}+ e}+m 3fGb'|stkm{ nfu]+ . lsg xf] s'lGg † To;kl5 z]/axfb'/hLn] dnfO{ emg dg k/fpg yfNg'eof] . zfob d]/f]af/]df pxf―sL >LdtL cf/h' b]pjf /f0ffaf6 pxf―n] s]xL a'¤g'ePsf] x'g;S5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf sfd ubf{ cf/h'l;t d]/f] /fd|} lrgfkrL{ lyof] . xfdL Ps csf{nfO{ cfb/ uYof}+{, k]zfut ;Ddfg klg uYof}{+ . pgsf] af}l4s Ifdtf pRr 5 / pgL ;a}nfO{ x―;fP/ kl/j]znfO{ g} hLjGt kfg{ ;lS5g\ . kfls:tfgsL e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL >LdtL a]glh/ e'§f] g] kfn cfp―bf Pslbg kfs{ len]h xf]6]n, a'9fgLns07df lbjfef]hsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;a]nf a]glh/ e'§f];―u d]/f] Pp6f /dfOnf] jftf{nfk ePsf] lyof] . clt cfsif{s JolQmTjsL wgL / k/Lh:t} ;'Gb/L a]glh/sf] sf]dn / zLtn 132

133 xft;―u cfºgf] xft ldnfPkl5 7§f ub}{ d}n] a]glh/ e'§f]nfO{ eg]sf] lyP―, ætkfO{+sf] ;Demgfdf ca of] xft d tLg lbg;Dd w'Gg .Æ (To cherish this moment of your memory, I will not wash my hand for three days) cln cln nfh / cln cln v'zLn] dVv k/]sf] a]glh/ e'§f]sf] d'xf/ :ki6 emlNsGYof] . dlxnf hlt;'s} /fd|L / ljlzi6 ePklg pgLx¿nfO{ jf:tjdf x'¿Ss kfg{ Tolt uf¥xf] /x]g5 . 6fpsf]df cf]l9/fv]sf] u'nfaL dvdnsf] 3'D6f]nfO{ b'a} xftn] ldnfP/ b¨ eO{ a]glh/ e'§f]n] elgg\ 'What a clever man ! Thank you' Tof] a]nf z]/axfb'/hL / cf/h' klg ;―u} lyP / cf/h' d]/f] s'/f ;'g]/ dHhfn] xf―l;g\ . vfgf vfO;s]kl5 au}+rfdf uP/ d, z]/ axfb'/hL / Pshgf e"tk"j{ dGqL /fhgLlts kl/j]zsf s'/f ug{ yfNof}+ . d}n] lh1f;f /fv]+, æxf]Og xh"/, cfhsn cvaf/x¿df tkfO{+sf efif0f, dGtJo / b[li6sf]0fx¿ k|foM b]vf kb}{gg\ lg † sy+sbflrt\ b]vf kl/xfn] klg k|m06 k]hdf xf]Og, Jofs k]h jf leqL k]hdf, Tof] klg ;fgf] x]8nfOgdf . t/ c¿ g]tfx¿sf] eg] k|m06 k]hdf 7"nf x]8nfOgdf e/df/ cfp―5g\ lg, lsg <Æ d]/f] sf}t"xn / rf;f] ;'g]/ pxf― ;x;f :tAw x'g'eof] / Psf]xf]/f] cf―vf nufP/ d]/f] pTs07fk|lt ;xdlt hgfpb} eGg'eof], æTo} t eG5' d klg † kqsf/x¿n] d]/f s'/fx¿ lsg l6Kb}gg\ lul/hfafa'nfO{ h;/L † 5Ss k5'{ d .Æ k"j{ dGqL rflx+ r"k nfu]/ xfd|f] s'/f Ps6sn] ;'lg/x]sf lyP . b]pjfsf] ;f]emf] s'/f ;'g]/ cgfo; d}n] Pp6f k|:tfj /fv]+, ætkfO{+sf k};fjfn ;dy{sx¿l;t cln cln k};f hDdf u/L 7"nf cvaf/df cfºgf] ljrf/nfO{ k|fof]hg u/]/ 5kfpgf];\ g, tfls tkfO{+sf] efjgf dflg;x¿n] 7Dofpg ;s'g\ .Æ d]/f] k|:tfj ;'g]/ tL k'/fgf dGqL b¨dfq ePgg\, pQ]lht;d]t eP/ k|ltlqmof lbP, æxf], of] …ºofG6fl:6s cfOl8ofÚ xf], o;} u/f}+ o;sf] ;+of]hg ug]{ lhDdf s0f{hLnfO{ lbp―m .Æ b]pjfn] aLrd} pgnfO{ /f]s]/ eg], æs0f{hL h:tf JolQmnfO{ o:tf] sfddf d'5\g' x'―b}g . xfdL h:tf /fhgLlt ug]{x¿n] slxn] s:fsf], slxn] s:fsf] cfnf]rgf u5f}{+, dfcf]jfbLx¿sf lj¿4 klg af]ln/xg' kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] k|rf/d'vL sfddf s0f{hL h:tf …h]Go'OgÚ dflg;x¿nfO{ k|of]u ug'{ x'―b}g .Æ pxF―sf] Tof] kl/kSjtf, a'l4dQf, ljj]s / b"/blz{tf b]v]/ d clt g} v';L eP― . xf] /x]5, s]xL g s]xL ljz]iftf geO{ dflg; k|wfgdGqL h:tf] 7"nf] kbdf k'Ubf] /x]g5 . b]pjfsf] Tof] k|ltlqmof ;f―Rr} ;fy{s, dfld{s, bL3{;f]rsf] clg a'l4dfgLk"0f{ lyof] / cem cwd{ gug]{ bz{gdf cfwfl/t nfUof] . t/ tL dGqLsf] pQ]hgfaf6 g]kfnsf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿sf] dgf]bzf / dgf]efjgfnfO{ ;lhn} gfKg ;lsGYof] . kf6L{ /fhgLlttk{m dnfO{ slxNo} cfsif{0f ePg . d /fhgLlts sfo{stf{sf glhs a:g klg ;lSbg― . zfob pgLx¿k|lt d]/f] gh/df ;Ddfg geP/ klg xf] ls † lglxt :jfy{sf s'/f ug]{, kb k|fKt ugf{;fy pgLx¿sf] njfO{—vjfO{df s:tf] sfofkn6 x'g] † /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ dfq e}/x―bf pgLx¿ t x'nd'ndf To;} x/fp―5g\ t/ ha pgLx¿ ;f+;b jf g]tf x'G5g\, pgLx¿sf] af]nLrfnL, x]/fO / u/fOdf olt cx+sf/ a9\5 ls x]g]{nfO{ g} ckr nfU5 Tof] Jojxf/ . lxhf] sxf― lyP, cfh sxf― 5g\ h:tf] nfU5 . ;fgf] dfG5] 7"nf] x'g'x'―b}g eGg] d]/f] efjgf xf]Og . ;fgf] dfG5] klg 7"nf] x'g;S5 / x'g'k5{, olb p;df Nofst 5 eg], olb Tof] :t/df k'Ug p;sf] af}l4s ljsf; ePsf] 5 eg] . km6\ofO{+, rt'¥ofO{+, rfkn';L / lrKnf] efif0fsf sf/0faf6 dfq ha s'g} dfG5] g]tf aGg k'U5, To;a]nf Tof] g]tfnfO{ :jLsfg{ k9]n]v]sf JolQmnfO{ w]/} uf¥xf] x'―bf]/x]5 . xfdL h] cWoog u5f}{+ / h'g ljifodf s'/f u5f}{+, To;sf] xfdLnfO{ 1fg x'G5 . t/ ;;'/fnL hfg] a]nfdf s'v'/f Rof―kL lx+8\g] cf}+7f5fk dGqLx¿nfO{ …xh"/Ú egL ;Daf]wg ug'{kbf{ e"lk z]/rgn] eg]h:t} uwfnfO{ xh"/ eGg' g} a¿ /dfOnf] h:tf] nfU5 . 133

134 d !! clk|n @))# df ;f7L jif{ k'u]+ . dfG5]sf] lhGbuLdf hDdf b'Oj6f dxTjk"0f{ hGdlbg x'G5g\ . Pp6f PSsfO;f}+ hGdlbg ha dflg;n] cfºg} v'§fdf 6]s]/ Sofl/o/ ;'¿ u5{, csf]{ ;f7Lof}+ hGdlbg ha pm cfWoflTds d"No / dfGotfnfO{ :jLsfg{ yfN5 . jf:tjdf d cfºgf] hGdlbg w'dwfdsf ;fy slxNo} dgfpb}gy]+ . k/Dk/fut wfld{s ljlwcg';f/ u|xk"hf u/]/, Pp6f ;u'g lnP/} hGdlbgsf] ljlw ;DkGg ug]{ uy]{+ . d]/f] hGd c;g 6f]ndf ;]tf] dlR5b|gfysf] /y k'u]s} a]nf ePsf] x'―bf d]/f] a'afn] d]/f] gfd s?0ffdosf] gfp―af6 …s?0fÚ /fVg'ePsf] /x]5 . af]nfp―bf af]nfpb} kl5 s0f{ eP5 . ;fy} d hGd]sf] lbg /fdgjdLsf] kj{ k/]sf] x'―bf d]/f] a'afsf] kfnfb]lv g} rf8kj{ dgfp―bf—dgfp―b} d]/f] hGd lbgklg dgfpg] qmd ;'¿ eof] . t/ d]/f] hGdlbg wfld{s k"hfcfhfafx]s hGdf]T;js} nflu eg]/ ;fyLefO, Oi6ldqx¿nfO{ af]nfP/ kfZrfTo tl/sfn] slxNo} dgfOPg . lsg xf] s'lGg † d}gaQL lgefP/ …x\ofkL ay{8]Ú eGg dnfO{ nfh nfU5 . d /fdgjdLsf] lbg hGd]sf] yfxf kfPkl5 d]/f] JolQmut hLjgl;t lr/kl/lrt Pshgf e§/fO{ ;fyLn] æs[i0ffi6dLdf hlGdg' kg]{ of] dfG5] sxf―af6 /fd gjdLsf] lbgdf hlGdP5 †Æ egL luHofp―y] . d]/f] ;f7Lcf}+ hGdlbg d]/f] kl/jf/n] w'dwfd;―u dgfpg] of]hgf agfof] . kl/jf/sf] OR5f lyof] d]/f ldNg] b'O;o hlt ;fyLx¿nfO{ af]nfP/ /dfOnf] ug]{ . sfo{qmddf dl;t s'g} g s'g} ;dodf sfd u/]sf d]/f cleGg ldq tyf dxfg'efjx¿n] d]/f] af/]df b'OzAb af]Ng] sfo{qmd klg /flvof] . s[i0ff tfd|fsf/ d]/f] ;f7Lcf}+ hGdlbgdf cfof]hgf ul/g] sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f]if0f ug{ tof/ eOg\ . dnfO{ Psbd xif{ / uj{ nfUof] . s[i0ff tfd|fsf/n] pb\3f]if0f u/]sf w]/} w]/} sfo{qmd d}n] x]l/;s]sf] 5' . t/ d]/f] hGdlbgsf] sfo{qmddf pgn] cfºgf] k'/fgf] z}nL ljk/Lt Pp6f sljtfjfrg u/]/ af]Ng ;'¿ ul/g\ / pb\3f]if0fsf qmddf dfld{s eP/ cf―vfaf6 cf―;' 6KsfOg\ . s[i0ffhLnfO{ d ;w}+ cfb/ uy]{+ . ;fg} pd]/b]lv d}n] pgsf] :j/ /]l8of]df ;'g]sf] . s[i0ff tfd|fsf/sf] :j/ g;'Gg] sf] g]kfnL xf]nf < /]l8of] ;~rf/sf] IF]qdf t pgL …lnleª lnh]08Ú g} x'g\ . SofG;/ /f]unfO{ lht]/ ;~rf/sf] If]qdf cgj/t nfUg], dnfO{ nfU5, s[i0ff tfd|fsf/afx]s c¿ 5}g . s6gsf] ;f8L nufP/ clxn] klg ;w}+ nv/nv/ lx+l8/x]sL x'lG5g\ pgL . kf6f g]kfn RofK6/sf] cfof]hgfdf d]/f] cWoIftf / tfd|fsf/sf] ;+of]hsTjdf rf}jL; jif{ klxn] ko{6g pBf]uaf/] /]l8of]dfk{mt r]tgf hufpg] p2]Zon] /]l8of] g]kfndf …ko{6g sfo{qmdÚ u/]sf lyof}+ xfdLn], h'g clxn];Dd rln/x]sf] 5 . s[i0ff tfd|fsf/ h:tf] JolQmTj / cfb/0fLo ;xsdL{n] hGdlbgsf] sfo{qmddf efjljef]/ z}nLdf pb\3f]if0f ul/lbPsf]df d uj{ ub{5' . xf]6]n P;f]lzPzgsf cWoIf g/]Gb| ah|frfo{, ca{'b /f]u lgjf/0f ;+3sf cWoIf lbjfs/ /fhsl0f{sf/, ;Dkbf ;+3sf cWoIf ps]z/fh e'h' / ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifsf /fli6«o lgb]{zs 8f= rGb| u'?¨n] ;DalGwt If]qx¿df d]/f] ;+nUgtfaf/] af]n]/ dnfO{ s[t1 agfOlbP . o;sf ;fy} d]/f ldq bLk]Gb|k'?if 9sfnn] t sljtf sf]/]/} dnfO{ Pp6f clj:d/0fLo pkxf/ lbP, h'g o:tf] lyof]M df}gtfsf] lg/Lx jftfj/0f Pp6fsf] k|j]zn] x'/Latf; cfP e}+m b]v]sf] 5' Dffxf}n g} tfltPsf] b]v]sf] x'― sf] /x]5 t pm eGbf, d]/} ;fyL Zofdn j0f{, gfdn] s0f{ Pp6fn] ;De―mb} lyof] j/ / kLknsf] lax]sf] syf eGg] km/]i6/ eg]/ csf]{ eGYof] …xf]Og, pm t 7d]n agfpg] / lrgfpg]Ú eg]/ t];|f] eG5 Tof] t e|d0f jif{jfnf kf] xf] 134

135 clg csf]{ eGYof] xf]Og xf]Og Tof] t SofG;/ pkrf/sf nflu r'/f]6df s/ nufpg] eg]/ o;nfO{ ;Dkbf ;+/If0f egL lrRofO/x]sf] b]Vg] klg ToxL+ lyP cg}lts sfo{sf] lj/f]wdf aflem/x]sf] b]Vg] klg /x]5g\ slxNo} a"9f] gx'g] s:tf] of] eGb} lyP ;bfjxf/ of] dfgj sf] /x]5 t eGbf, d]/} ;fyL gdfGg] zd{ ;w}+sf] gd{ e|d0f jif{tfsf pgL eGy] ;kmn x'g …lehgÚ / …ld;gÚ x'g'k5{ eg]/ n'lDagL af/]df af]n]sf] ;'g]+ wd{ / dd{ eP/ k'Ub}g sd{ rflxG5 eg]/ sf] xf] t pm eGbf, d]/} ;fyL lbnsf] r"0f{ ;a} kl/k"0f{ v';L dnfO{ csf]{ eO/x]5 cfh} yfxf eof] d sfG5f] /x]5' ;'Gb/ rd{sf P bfO s0f{ ;f7L k'u]5f} ;fyL ca s]xL ;':tfPs} hftL sd{of]uL eujfg\ /fds} lbgdf hGd]sf P ;fyL ltd|f] gfd cfh dnfO{ abNg dg nflu/x]5 x'G5 eg], ca ltDnfO{ s0f{ xf]Og sd{ zfSo eg"g\ . ;f]xL hGdlbg ;df/f]xdf e}/j l/;fnn] pNn]v u/]sf cfTdLo s'/fx¿ t d s;/L la;{g ;S5' / † æs0f{zfSo pT;fxL / hf―ul/nf] dfG5] x'g\ . pgnfO{ e]6]/ s'/f u/]kl5 pT;fx knfp―5, hf―u/ rN5 . h;/L g]kfnLdf Pp6f egfO 5 Gofo x/fP uf]vf{ hfg", ljBf x/fP sfzL hfg" . d yKg] u5'{ hf―u/ x/fP Onfd hfg" . s0f{ zfSohLnfO{ k9]kl5 d yK5' pT;fx x/fP s0f{ zfSonfO{ e]6\g",Æ e}/j l/;fn h:tf] s;}nfO{ l/emfpg} ghfGg] JolQmaf6 o:tf cfTdLo s'/f ;'g]/ dnfO{ cln nfh klg nfUof] . pxf―n] ;a}nfO{ x―;fP/ km]l/ eGg'eof], æoBlk s0f{hLn] ca d cjsfzsfnLg hLjg af―R5', Joj;fo / Jofkf/af6 lj>fd lnG5', em~em6df cNdlnGg eGg] dgzfo JoQm u/] . s0f{zfSo;―u d]/f] a;fp7L / nfdf] ;+ut xf]Og t/ hlt;Dd d}n] s0f{zfSo eGg] JolQmTjnfO{ lrg]sf] 5' / k9]sf] 5', d 7f]s]/ eGg;S5' s0f{ zfSo eGg] JolQm cjsfzsfnLg hLjgofkg ug{} ;Sb}g, Tof] Psk|sf/sf] cfºg}kgsf] 5, r"kf] nfu]/ a:g} ;Sb}g . of] sbflk ;Dej s'/} xf]Og af―lr/x];Dd, x]/f}+nf .Æ e}/j l/;fn h:tf] k"hgLo Pj+ /fli6«o:t/sf] lgisn+lst a'l4hLjL, kqsf/sf] dk|ltsf] l6Kk0fL ;'g]/ dnfO{ Psl5g uj{ klg nfUof] . e}/jhLsf Ps Ps zAb d]/f nflu ax'd"No ;'geGbf d"Nojfg\ 5g\ . jf:tjdf e}/jhLn] eljiojf0fL u/]h:t} eO/x]sf] 5 . Tolta]nf d]/f] pd]/, zf/Ll/s l:ylt, kfl/jfl/s cj:yf, lbdfusf] l;h{gzLntf / ;dosf] ckJoo x'g glbg] eGg] dk|ltsf] pxf―sf] l6Kk0fL / Tof] ;df/f]xdf cleJoQm pb\uf/ sf]/f efj'stfsf cleJolQmdfq x'g\ h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] . t/ jf:tjdf d}n] of] pd]/d}; z/L/, dg / dl:tis olt pmhf{jfg\ 5―bf5―b} hah{:tL pQ/bfloTjljxLg, pT;fx / hf―u/ l/lQPsfx¿em} lgl:qmo hLjg /f]Hg' hLjgofqfdf k"0f{lj/fd lbPsf], d]/f] cfºg} kl/jf/ / cem dft[e"ldsf] elQmk|lt pk]Iff u/]sf] t 7xb}{g < o:tf k|Zg klg d cfkm}+;―u ul//xg dnfO{ dg nfU5 . sfdug]{ zlQm, hf―u/, pT;fx oyfjt\ /x―bf/x―b} cjsfzsf] hLjg /f]Hg'sf] s] cf}lrTo x'G5 < Tof] t knfogjfb xf]Og / < o:tf s'/fx¿ d ;f]lr/xG5' . ;f7L jif{sf] pd]/ kf/ u/]kl5 d}n] ;a} Jofkf/ Joj;fo 5f]8\g] 135

136 ljrf/ u/]sf] lyP― . ;a} xf]6]n b'O{ 5f]/fx¿nfO{ 5f]8]/ cjsfzsfnLg hLjgofkg ug{ klg vf]h]sf] klg x'― . ;f7L jif{sf] hGdlbg dgfp―b} d}n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyP―, æcfhb]lv d Jofkf/df ;+nUg x'Gg . xf]6]nsf] b}lgs sf/f]jf/ x]lb{g .Æ ;f―Rr} 3f]if0ff u/]h:t} d s'g}klg xf]6]ndf uOg― . ;a} 5f]/fx¿s} e/df 5f]l8lbP― . 5f]/fx¿n] klg d]xgt ul//x]sf 5g\ . kfl/jfl/s pBf]unfO{ cufl8 a9fO/fv]sf 5g\ . d lglZrGt 5', pgLx¿ lau|]sf 5}gg\ . t/ dfG5]sf] jf:tljs lhGbuLdf oltdfq eP/ k'Ubf] /x]g5 . lbgel/ s] u/]/ a:g] < au}+rfdf k"mn pdfg]{ ;f]v d]/f] 5}g . jftfg's"lnt a}7sdf a;]/ lqm:6n Unf;df lx\j:sL vfO{ ukmdfq ug{ dnfO{ dg 5}g . d tf; v]Ng hflGbg, d ef]het]/, kf6L{x¿df w]/}h;f] hfGg . kf6L{df hfg dg gnfUg'sf] sf/0f xf], ;w}+ Toxf― …pBf]u vQd 5, ko{6g aGb 5, b]z vQd 5 ug]{ s] <Ú h:tf Ps}vfn] gsf/fTds s'/fdfq eO/xG5g\ . lbge/ 3/d} a:bf, >LdtLl;t dfofk|Lltsf s'/f dfq ul//x―bf slxn]sfxL+ t emu8f klg x'―bf]/x]5 . 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] cf–cfºgf] yftjf; a;fO;s] . 5f]/f a'xf/LnfO{ 3/df vfg af]nfp―5' . cfhsfnsf 5f]/fa'xf/LnfO{ eGg] s] < kGw|—aL; ldg]6 ;―u} a;]kl5 aflx/ hfg vf]H5g\, cg]s axfgf agfP/ . lhGbuL o:t} xf] . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k9fOG5, 7"nf] kfl/G5 t/ kv]6f knfPkl5 p8]/ uOxfN5g\ . o;sf] dtna of] xf]Og ls d]/f 5f]/f5f]/Ln] dnfO{ dfof ub}{gg\ . x/]s lbg 3/df sfd ug]{x¿l;t d]/f]af/] d s:tf] 5', 7Ls 5' ls 5}g eg]/ ;f]lw/xG5g\ . dnfO{ s]xL eOxfNof] eg] pgLx¿nfO{ kL/ t cjZo k5{ g} . pgLx¿sf] cfºg} hLjgz}nL 5, cfºg} b'lgof― 5, cfºg} ;+;f/ 5 . Gene is always selfish eg] e}+m k|s[ltsf] lgod cg';f/ 8'Ab} hfg] j+zf0f' (gene) nfO{ :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5}g, Tof] Pslbg hfG5 g} . t/ ca cfpg] j+zf0f'nfO{ hf]ufpg' k5{, ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ . To;}n] dflg;x¿ ;w}+ cfºgf afa'afh]nfO{ eGbf klg cfºgf ;GtfgnfO{ a9L :ofxf/;';f/ ub{5g\, ug'{ klg k5{ . of] hgfj/b]lv dfG5];Ddsf] k|fs[lts, g};lu{s lgod xf] . d d]/f] lhGbuLsf] wf/nfO{ efUosf] gbLdf dfq aufpg lbGg . d cfºgf] d]xgt / sd{n] efUosf] wf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ vf]H5' / u5'{ klg . To;}n] d s;}sf] bof / dfofsf] cf8e/f];fdf dfq a:g rfxGg― . d s'g}klg xfntdf d"NoxLg hLjg latfpg ;lSbg . d cfºgf] :yfg, jf;:yfg cfkm}+ agfp―5' . rfnL; jif{;Dd d}n] cfk"mn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;Lk, cWoog u/]sf] lzIff / cfh{g u/]sf] bLIffnfO{ k/ ;f/]/ k};f sdfpg]lt/ nfu]+, sdfOof] klg . pknlJw klg xfl;n ul/of] . t/ dnfO{ clxn] nflu/x]5 d}n] cfh{g u/]sf 1fg / ;Lkn] dnfO{ g} klv{/fv]sf 5g\ . ca d h] u5'{, Tof] sdfpgsf nflu xf]Og, d]/f] ;f]vsf nflu / ;lsG5 eg] gof― pknlAw xfl;n ug{sf nflu u5'{ . oxL s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL tLg–rf/ dlxgf klxn] d]/f] clt ldNg] ;fyL xl/z/0f g]kfnL æsfhLÆ, ;xkf7L k'ik/Tg zfSo / ps]z e'h', k|df]b k|wfg, /fh]Gb| ;'jfn h:tf ;+/If0fljb\;―u ldn]/ k|s[lt ;+/If0fl;t cfj4 Pp6f sDkgL :yfkgf u/]+ . Tof] sDkgLsf] gfd xf] …g]kfn g]r/ 86 sdÚ . kl/R5]b b—!^ !^ /}yfg] ko{6g æ8fS6/x¿ …l/6fo8{Ú ePkl5 lSnlgsdf sfd ug{ kfp―5g\, OlGhlgo/n] cjsfz kfPkl5 cfºg} kmd{ vf]N5g\, s[lifljb\ l/6fo8{ ePkl5 cfºg} Joj;fo ug{ ;S5g\ t/ k|s[ltljb\ l/6fo8{ ePkl5 s] ug]{ < :s"ndf hfuL/ vfg uof] eg] a9L k9]sf] eG5g\, ljZjljBfnodf k9fpg uof] eg] cg'ej gk'u]sf] elgG5, aLr}df e'ml08P/ a:g'k5{ pgLx¿n], g otf g ptf ====== cgdf]n k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿n] el/Psf] of] b]zdf ko{6gsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf x'―bfx'―b} klg y'k|} y'k|} k|s[ltljb\, r/fljb\, jg:kltljb\, k'tnLljb\x¿n] Jofj;flos 136

137 cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . s:tf] lj8Dagf † otf lj1 5g\, sfd kfO/fv]sf 5}gg\ . ptf cj;/ 5g\, pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .Æ 3/fo;L Jofkf/ 5f]/fx¿nfO{ lhDdf nufPkl5 ha d]/f] lbgrof{df s'g} lhDd]jf/Lsf] sfd ePg, ddf …g]kfn g]r/ 86 sdÚ sf] dfWodaf6 Pp6f gof― lsl;dsf] ko{6g ;+rfng ug{ /x/ hfUof] . g]kfn g]r/ 86 sdsf] gfds/0f d}n] ;[hgzLn o'js ;'dg zfSon] ;'¿ u/]sf] …ljt/s 86 sdÚ af6 clek|]l/t eO{ u/]sf] lyP― . o;f] x]bf{ t ljt/s 86 sd x'nfsL sfd xf] t/ :t/o'Qm tl/sfaf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsof] eg] x/]s k]zfdf OHht x'G5 eGg] s'/f ljt/s 86 sdn] k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 . g]kfndf s]xL sfd 5}g eGg] lg/fzfjfbLx¿nfO{ ljt/s 86 sdn] cf―vf vf]lnlbPsf] 5 . …ljt/s 86 sdÚaf6 …d]6«f]Ú gfds Pp6f klqsf klg k|sfzg ul/+bf] /x]5 . To; klqsfsf] clGtd k]hdf ;'dgsf] cfu|xdf …;f]rÚ zLif{sdf d}n] z[ª\vnfa4 :tDe n]v]sf] lyP― . hL=6L=h]8=n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] Ps k|jrg sfo{qmddf gjo'js ;'dgn] d]/f] efif0f ;'g]sf /x]5g\ / daf6 clek|]l/t eP5g\, t/ kl5 d kf] pgLaf6 clek|]l/t eP― …ljt/s 86 sdÚaf6 k|efljt x'―b} …g]r/ 86 sdÚ sf] gfds/0f u/]/ . ko{6gsf] ahf/df clxn] 7"nf] k|lt:kwf{ 5 . vf;u/L k/Dk/fut vfnsf …sGe]G;gnÚ ko{6gdf t g]kfn h:tf] u/La d'n's l6Sg} g;Sg] e};s]sf] 5 . c¿ b]zx¿df wdfwd kf―r tf/] dfq xf]Og, ;'k/ l8nS; xf]6]nx¿ lgdf{0f eO/x]sf 5g\ . Joj:yfkg ;+oGqx¿ klg cTofw'lgs e};s]sf 5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfx¿ pRrtd 5g\ . sf]7f vf]Ng]b]lv xf]6]nsf] lalnª;Dd sDKo"6/af6 x'G5 . Snab]lv Sofl;gf];Dd, :jLldª k'nb]lv :kf;Dd ljnfl;tfsf ;Dk"0f{ cTofw'lgs ;]jfx¿ xf]6]nsf] Ps} 5tdf pknAw 5g\ . To:tf ljnf;L xf]6]nx¿sf] bf―hf]df xfd|f xf]6]nn] s;/L k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ < g t xfdLl;t cfly{s ;|f]t 5, g t cfw'lgs k|ljlw g} . ljZjsf] ko{6g pBf]u ;w}+ rf/ j6f 'S' SUN, SAND, SEA and SEX -;"o{, afn'jf, ;d'b| / ;]S;_ af6 k|efljt x'g] uYof]{ . t/ clxn] dflg;x¿sf] rf;f]df s]xL kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . cfhsn s[lqd ko{6gdf eGbf klg k|fs[lts ko{6gdf a9L dflg;x¿ cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . xfd|f] g]kfndf s[lqd ko{6gsf] ljsf; sd x'g ;Snf t/ k|fs[lts ko{6gsf lgldQ g]kfnsf] ahf/ w]/} 7"nf] 5 . ;+;f/df o:tf] d'n's sxf― kfpg' hxf― cgluGtL k|fs[lts ljljwtf / ;Dkbf ljBdfg 5g\ . k[YjLsf] s"n e"—efusf] )=! k|ltzt dfq hdLg cf]u6]sf] rjGg xhf/ ju{ldnsf] of] ;fgf] d'n'sdf ljZjs} $=@ k|ltzt :tgwf/L hgfj/x¿sf] pkl:ylt 5 . xfdLl;t !*! hftsf :tgwf/L hgfj/ /x]5g\ . ;+;f/df kfOg] r/fx¿dWo] *=% k|ltzt r/f xfd|} e"lddf kfOG5g\ . s] of] uj{nfUbf] s'/f xf]Og / olt ;fgf] d'n'sdf klg o"/f]k / pQ/ clk|msfdf kfOg] ;Dk"0f{ r/fx¿eGbf a9L k|hfltsf r/fx¿ kfOg' < To;} u/L ^#% hfltsf k'tnLx¿ kfOG5g\ xfdLsxf―, ljZjs} s"n k'tnLsf] $=@ k|ltzt . tLdWo] sltko t b'n{e hftsf /x]5g\ . ljZjsf @=@ k|ltzt :jR5 hndf5f (Fresh water fish), !=! k|ltzt Eofu'tf] hftsf peor/ / em08} !=% k|ltzt /]K6foN; xfdLsxf― /x]5g\ . ;d'b|L ;txaf6 ^ ld6/ prfO{b]lv ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] e"efu ePsf] of] b]zdf olt w]/} lsl;dsf jg:kltx¿ 5g\ h;sf] clxn];Dd j}1flgs b[li6sf]0fn] cGj]if0f / cg';Gwfg klg ePsf] 5}g . ;Lldt cWoogaf6 s] a'lemPsf] 5 eg] g]kfndf ^ xhf/ hftsf ;k'iks la?jf (Flowering Plant) k]mnf kl/;s]sf 5g\, ljZjsf] cf―s8fdf em08} @=$ k|ltzt . ljZjd} ^ k|ltzt c+z cf]u6\g] #@ hftsf nfnLu'/f―; 5g\ xfdLsxf― / ;+;f/s} @ k|ltzt cyf{t #^) hftsf ;'gufef (Orchid) km'nfpg] ;d[4 k|fs[lts w/f]x/ xf] g]kfn . #^ k|ltzt clkmd kl/jf/sf Meconopsis hftsf 137

138 Poppies x¿ g]kfnd} /x]5g\ t/ wGo, nfu" kbfy{ agfpg] vfnsf klkhx¿ eg] xfdLsxf― /x]g5g\ . To:tf clkmdx¿ ls t yfONof08sf] Golden Triangle df kfOG5g\ of ckmuflg:tfgdf . g]kfnsf pRr lxdfnL e]sdf kfOg] clkmd hftsf oL k"mnx¿ cToGt ;'Gb/ / /¨Lla/¨L 5g\ . cli6«ofsf] /fli6«o k"mn dflgg] Edel Weiss Toxf―sf] k|fs[lts jf;:yfgaf6 nf]k e};s]sf] 5 t/ of] k"mn nfª\6fª\sf] 3f―;] d}bfgdf k|z:t kfOG5 . olt yf]/} e"—efudf olt w]/} k|hfltsf af]6la?jf / hgfj/ kfOg' rfgr'g] s'/f xf]Og . t/, g]kfnL cfk}+mnfO{ cfºgf cd"No ;Dkbf / ;|f]tx¿sf af/]df kof{Kt yfxf 5}g . xfd|F] h:tf] b]z ;+;f/df zfob} xf]nf hxf― clk|msfsf] h}ljs ljljwtfb]lv lnP/ d]l86]l/og / cfNk;sf] k|fs[lts :j¿k ;d]t pknAw 5 . t/fO{df kfOg] xfQL, u}+8f, lrt'jf, cgf{, gLnufO{, s[i0f;f/, uf]xL cflbn] clk|msfsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Demfp5g\ eg] lxdlrt'jf, 3f]/n, ef/n, emf/n, gfofg, xl/0f cflbn] d]l86]l/og / cfNk;sf] ememNsf] lbG5g\ . Psl;¨] u}+8fsf] ;+Vofsf lx;fjn] g]kfn ljZjs} bf];|f] wgL d'n's dflgG5 . To:t} h¨nL hLjhGt'df ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ af3 (Lords of the Jungle) sf] jf;:yfg klg oxL+ 5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf xfdLn] hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ w]/} ;Dkbfx¿ df;]sf klg 5f}+ / arfPsf klg 5f}+ . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ kN6fP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] h'gh'g a]nf /fhgLltn] sf]N6f] k]m/]sf] 5, Tof]—Tof] a]nf jgh¨n w]/} dfl;Psf 5g\ . jgIf]qdf ;aeGbf klxnf] rfk @))& ;fndf k¥of] . To;kl5 @)!& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gdf t/fO{sf] rf/sf];] emf8L dfl;g k'Uof] . x's'djf;L / ;'s'djf;Ln] t/fO{ If]qdf em08} @) k|ltzt h¨n ;vfk kfl/lbP . @)#^ ;fndf k]ml/ csf]{ 7"nf] jg cltqmd0f eof] . Tof] a]nf df]/ª, emfkfdf xhf/f}+ laufxdf la:tfl/t pTs[i6 cu|fvsf] h¨n dfl;of] . Tolt dfq xf]Og, ;k{sf] 5fnfb]lv u}+8fsf] vfu;Dd lgof{t ug{] nfO;]G; lbOof] . Tof] k|lqmof /f]Sg g;s]/ d}n] g]kfn k|s[lt ;+/If0f ;+3 (Nepal Nature Conservation Society) af6 /fhLgfdf klg lbPsf] lyP― . kl5 ;k{sf] 5fnf lgsf;L /f]Sg WWF sf] ef/t zfvfsf cWoIf 8f= s/0f l;+xnfO{ d}n] kqdfkm{t cfu|x u/]sf] lyP― . g]kfnsf] h¨n dfl;of] eGg] ;Gbe{df dnfO{ Pp6f 36gf ofb cfp―5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf ufGwL dflgg] ef/tLo ;'Gb/nfn ax'u'0ff Psrf]l6 k}bn ofqf u/L g]kfn cfPsf lyP . ufGwLh:t} pgL klg Psbd xn'¨f] v2/sf] n'uf nufp―y] . ;]tf] nfdf] bf¥xLdf pgsf] JolQmTj 6f9}af6 emlNsGYof] . pgnfO{ :jfut ug{ ef/tLo b"tfjf;df Pp6f ;fgf] lrofkfgsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . lgDtf] cfPsfn] d klg k'u]+ . lrofkfgcl3 ;'Gb/nfnsf] efif0f lyof] . efif0fdf pgn] eg], æg]kfndf jg dfl;Psf sf/0fn] ef/tdf nfvf}+nfv dflg;sf] hLpwg dfl;of] .Æ pgn] Toxf― pkl:yt ;a} uGodfGo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ g]kfnL e"efudf h¨n gdf:g >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ bafj lbg cg'/f]w u/] . d;―u} xfd|F jgdGqL a;]sf lyP . pgL s]xL af]n]gg\ . ax'u'0ffsf] k|v/ efif0fkl5 Toxf― s;}n] klg af]n]g t/ dnfO{ Pp6f k|Zgn] 3r\3RofO/x]sf] lyof] . b"tfjf;n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] Tof] sfo{qmd k|jrgsf] geO{ dfq lrgfkrL{sf] ePsf] x'―bf k|Zg u?― ls gu?― eGg] bf]dg eO/x]sf] lyof] . cflv/ d}n] cfk"mnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsg― / p7]/ /fhb"tl;t Ifdf dfUb} ax'u'0ffnfO{ g]kfnsf] afWotfsf af/]df ;"rgf k|jfx ub}{ eg]+, ædxf]bo, tkfO{+n] xfdLnfO{ g]kfnsf] jgh¨n ;+/If0f ug{ cfJxfg ug'{eof] t/ g]kfndf ?v s6fgL g]kfnLsf sf/0faf6 dfq xf]Og, ef/tsf] jggLltsf sf/0faf6 klg eO/x]sf] 5 . ef/t ;/sf/n] cfºgf] jgh¨n gsf6\g s8f gLlt ckgfPsf] 5 t/ g]kfnaf6 cu|fvsf 7"N7"nf aNnLx¿ ef/tsf 7]s]bf/x¿ g} nfg] u5{g\ .Æ ax'u'0ff cfºgf] bf¥xL d';fb}{ cf―v} glemDSofO{ d]/f] s'/f ;'lg/x]sf lyP . d}n] 138

139 k]ml/ eg]+, æclxn] ljxf/ / o"=kL= df hlt klg /]nj] :nLk/ ag]sf 5g\ tL hDd} g]kfns} cu|fvsf] sf7af6 ag]sf 5g\ . olb ef/t ;/sf/n] cfºgf] l;dfgf rf}sLx¿df sf7sf] rf]/L lgsf;L /f]Sg] sf]lz; u/]sf] eP g]kfnsf] jgh¨n lsg dfl;GYof] <Æ olt eGb} d}n] ax'u'0ff;―u k]ml/ cg'/f]w u/]+, æxfdL klg g]kfndf h¨n s6fg gug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ bafj lbG5f}+ / tkfO{+n] klg ef/t ;/sf/nfO{ g]kfnaf6 sf7 glsGg bafj lbg nufpg' k¥of], rf]/L lgsf;Laf6 cfpg] sf7 /f]Sg ;Ldf rf}sLnfO{ klg ;ts{ u/fOlbg' k¥of] .Æ cg]s /fhgLlts v]nrqmdf g]kfnsf] w]/} jgh¨n dfl;P tfklg ljut aL;—tL; jif{leq ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf g]kfnn] pNn]vgLo k|ult u/]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos jgljsf; cleofgdf t uj{ ug{ ;lsg] u/L xfdLn] w]/} ;kmntf xfl;n ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . Pstfsf ;f/f jgh¨n /fli6«os/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kZrft\ ufp―—ufp―df jgh¨n ;vfk kfl/of] . kl5 jgh¨n hDd} pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L ;fd'bflos jg (Community Forest) sf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t ul/of] . o;df t]hs'df/ dxtsf] of]ubfgnfO{ xfdLn] la;{g' x'―b}g . pgsf] of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ci6]«lnog ;/sf/n] a'¤of] / ;fd'bflos jg kl/of]hgfnfO{ …Soflk6nfOhÚ ul/lbof] . /fli6«o lgs'~hsf If]qdf klg xfdLn] w]/} ljsf; ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . aL;—kRrL; jif{sf] cjlwdf xfdLn] b]zsf] em08} c7f/ k|ltzt e"—efunfO{ /fli6«o lgs'~hdf ;dfj]z u/L ;+/If0f ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . tLg bzscl3 Pp6f klg /fli6«o lgs'~h gePsf] d'n'sdf clxn] cf7j6f /fli6«o lgs'~h :yflkt eO;s]sf 5g\ . h;df b'Oj6f t ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLd} ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . aL; jif{cl3 g]kfndf krxQ/—c;L j6f u}+8f lyP . cfh ltg} u}+8fsf] ;+Vof ^%) eGbf a9L k'lu;s]sf] 5 . ;+/If0fsf] b[li6sf]0fn] gkTofpg] vfnsf k|ult x'g\ oL . oltdfq xf]Og, xfdLn] u}+8fnfO{ lrtjgaf6 alb{of / z'Snfkmf―6fdf ;d]t ;kmntfk"j{s k|lt:yfkg ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . To:t}, aL; jif{sf] ;+/If0f k|of;af6 xfdLn] af3sf] ;+Vof *) af6 #)) eGbf a9L k'¥ofO;s]sf 5f}+ . clt b'n{e lxdlrt'jfsf] ;+Vof lbgfg'lbg a9\b}5 . lrtjgsf] r'/Lofsf] k]mbLdf Pstfsf uf}/L ufO{ d'v / v'§fsf] /f]u (Foot and mouth diseases) n] em08} ;vfk e};s]sf lyP . clxn] lrtjgdf ;of}+sf] ;+Vofdf uf}/LufO{ kfOG5g\ . To:t} sf]zL 6Kk'df cgf{ em08} nf]k e};s]sf] lyof] . clxn] ;oeGbf a9L cgf{ sf]zLsf] 3f―;] d}bfgdf rl//fv]sf] xfdL b]Vg ;S5f}+ . s[i0f;f/sf] ;+/If0fdf klg xfdLn] pNn]Vo km8\sf] df/]sf 5f}+ . z'Snfkmf―6fsf] 3f―;] d}bfgdf kRrL; ;oeGbf a9L af¥x l;―u]sf] e'm08 b]Vg kfOG5 . eG5g\, olt 7"nf] afx|l;+u]sf] ayfg ;+;f/df sxL+ b]Vg kfOb}g . ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] dflgg] of] h/fof] ha Ps 7fp―af6 csf]{ 7fp―df bf}l8G5, e'O{+df sDkg x'G5 / hldgaf6 w"nf] afbn h:t} dfly p8\5 . of] b[Zo clk|msfdf kfOg] …ljNb/lji6Ú hftsf hgfj/x¿sf] a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] h:t} b]lvG5 . 3l8ofn uf]xLsf] k|fs[lts af;:yfg /fKtL / gf/fo0fL gbLnfO{ dflgG5 . Pstfsf g]kfndf dfemLx¿n] gbLsf] lsgf/} lsgf/df 3l8ofn uf]xLsf] k'mn df;]/ em08} l;WofO;s]sf lyP . t/ cgj/t ¿kn] lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hdf ;dlk{t /fdk|Lt ofbjsf] k|of; / tLy{dfg df:s]sf] cu'jfOaf6 uf]xL ;+/If0fdf xfdL ;+;f/sf] cu|k+lQmdf k'Ug ;Ifd eof}+ . :of/ef]6, nfs]{ef]6, 5fs]{ef]6 cflb b'u{d lxdfnL e]udf ltAatL ln+S;\, gfofg, Sofg hftsf uwf / ltAatL xl/0fx¿ (Antelop) x]g{ d}n] 7"nf] sf]lz; u/]sf] lyP― t/ slxNo} b]Vg] df}sf kfOg . To;a]nf tL b'n{e hftsf jGo hGt'x¿sf] ;+Vof g} sd lyof] jf pgLx¿nfO{ x]g]{ d]/f] efUo g} lyPg . t/ s]xL jif{ klxn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] hLjzf:q ljefudf sfo{/t 8f= s/0f zfxn] pkNnf] d':tf¨sf] bfdf]b/ s'08df ltAatL uwf, ln+S;\, gfofg / PG6]nk;d]t b]Vg kfP /] . k|s[ltljb\sf] x}l;otn] of] va/ ;'g]/ d 139

140 xif{n] ljef]/ eP― lsgls g]kfnsf] lxdfnL e]uaf6 tL b'n{e hgfj/x¿ nf]k eO;s]sf /x]g5g\ . of] dfg]df klg d}n] ;fGTjgf k|fKt u/]+ ls 7Ls} 5, s0f{ zfSon] tL hgfj/ x]g{ g;s] klg p:t}—p:t} gfd ePsf s/0f zfxn] t b]Vg kfP . /fhgLltsf] v]nrqmdf g]kfnsf] w]/} jgh¨n dfl;of] / tbcg';f/ h¨nL hLjhGt'x¿sf] af;:yfg klg x/fof] . t/ ;+/If0f / ljsf;;―u} hfg] k|lqmof ePsf] x'―bf o;sf sltko k|lqmofx¿ :jtM ;lqmo eO/xs]f x'g;S5g\ . vf;u/L sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf jgh¨nx¿ ;k|]/ cfpg'df cfw'lgs hLjgz}nLn] klg yk of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . d clxn] klg ;lDemG5', xfdL c;g 6f]ndf a;]sf] a]nf c;g u0f]z:yfgsf] rf/}lt/ ef/Lsf ef/L bfp/f a]Rg NofOGYof] . oxf―sf tLg zx/ aflx/sf sltko ufp―n]x¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g bfp/f a]r]/ g} x'g] uYof]{ t;y{ pgLx¿nfO{ bfp/] elgGYof] . lbgsf] xhf/f}+ ef/L bfp/f sf7df8f}+df pkef]u x'g] x'―bf uf]bfj/L, lzjk'/L, gu/sf]6sf h¨n ;vfk h:t} e};s]sf lyP . t/ clxn] ;Dk"0f{ sf7df8f}+af;L :6f]e jf Uof―; k|of]u u/L vfgf ksfp5g\ clg gfl¨b} uPsf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf eL/kfvfx¿ clxn] xl/of, el/nf ePsf 5g\ . k|fs[lts k'¿Tkfbg (Natural Regeneration) sf sf/0fn] ca k]ml/ pkTosf jl/kl/sf h¨nx¿df k|s[lt nxnxfpg yfn]sf] 5 . of]afx]s clxn] dfcf]jfbLx¿ klg h¨n h¨ndf ;lqmo ePsf]n] g]kfnsf jgh¨n w]/} xb;Dd ;+/lIft x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . jgh¨n a9]kl5 sflnh, xl/0f, d[u cflb :jtM a9\g] g} eP . k|s[lt / ko{6g g]kfnsf ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿ x'g\ . g]kfnL bfz{lgsx¿n] ;f]r]/ g} ;fOgf] nufPsf xf]nfg\ jg / wgaLr clg h¨n / d¨nsf aLr . t/ slxn]sfxL+ dnfO{ tfHh'a nfU5, xfdLn] k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ Jojl:yt 9¨n] k|of]u u/]/ ko{6g ljsf; ug{ lsg ;s]gf}+ < ;w}+ ljb]zLn] g} xfdLnfO{ af6f] b]vfp―5 . ;aeGbf klxn] hf]g s'kd]g eGg] Ps ljb]zLn] lrtjgaf6 ;kmf/L ko{6g ;'¿ u/], s0f]{n lhDdL /j6{ / dfOs r]gLn] kbofqfsf] Joj;fo ;'¿ u/] . !(*) sf] bzsdf ljb]zL Joj;foLx¿n] g} g]kfnsf gbLx¿df ¥oflº6ªsf] Jofkf/ ;'¿ u/] . To:t} an'gdf Uof―; e/]/ p8\g] …x6 Po/ an'lg¨Ú, p8\g] df]6/ ;fOsn …cN6«f Po/ qmfº6Ú, 5ftfsf] k|of]u u/]/ dflyaf6 tn emg]{ …Kof/f UnfOl8ªÚ / 8f]/Laf6 xfdkmfNg] …aGhL hlDkªÚ h:tf ;fxl;s ko{6g Joj;fo ljb]zLx¿n] g} xfdLsxf― ;'¿ u/]sf x'g\ . s:tf] lj8Dagf † krf; jif{sf] ko{6g Oltxf;df xfdL /fd slxNo} aGg ;s]gf}+, ;w}+ xg'dfg eP/ g} sfd u¥of}+ . xfdL aUuLsf] 3f]8f h:t} ljb]zLn] b]vfPsf] ko{6gsf] af6f]df dfq bf}l8O/x\of}+} . o; qmdaf6 xfdLn] y'k|} ;kmntf xfl;n gu/]sf] klg xf]Og t/ Pshgf ljb]zLn] ;kmf/L ;'¿ u¥of], xfdL ;f/fsf ;f/f Tof] kub08Laf6 Ps O~r klg bfof―—afof― uPgf}+ . ko{6sx¿nfO{ b[Zofjnf]sg u/fpg] qmddf ;w}+ xfdLn] kz'klt, :joDe", b/af/ :Sjfo/ dfq b]vfof}+ . dfbn ahfP/ …kfgsf] kftÚ uLts} e/df xfdLn] tLg bzs 6]«lsªsf] Jofkf/ ;+rfng u¥of}+ . xfQL r9fP/ Pp6} h¨ndf Pp6} s'gfdf dfq ljb]zLnfO{ 3'dfof}+ . dnfO{ nfUof], ca xfdLn] c;+Vo ;Defjgfx¿ af]s]sf] k|s[ltd'vL ko{6gnfO{ ljsf; ug{ s]xL ;[hgzLn k|of;x¿ ug'{k5{ . t/ s;/L < o;} ;Gbe{df k|s[lt ko{6gsf] ljzfn …cfO;ju{Ú sf] Ps 6'Kkf] (tip of an iceberg) dfq ePklg To;nfO{ k]mnf kfg{ / cgluGtL ;Defjgfx¿sf] s]xL pQ/ vf]Hg xfdL b'O{—rf/hgf ;+/If0fljb\ ;fyLx¿ ldn]/ 5nkmn u¥of}+ . xfdLnfO{ nfUof], g]kfn g]r/ 86 sdsf] dfWodaf6 /}yfg] ko{6gnfO{ ;fgf] :s]naf6 ePklg ;'¿cft ug{ ;lsG5 . kbofqf / 6]«lsª Joj;fonfO{ la:tf/ ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] gof―—gof― 7fp―x¿ vf]Ng nflu/x]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfn g]r/ 86 sdsf] p2]Zo lgif]lwt IF]qdf uP/ gof― ?6af6 kbofqf 140

141 ;+rfng ug{ vf]Hg' xf]Og . clxn] v'ln/fv]s} jgh¨n, /fli6«o lgs'~h, l;d;f/ If]qleqs} gf}nf k|fs[lts ljz]iftfx¿ cWoog u/L ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] ?lrs/ b]lvof] eg] To;nfO{ ko{6s;dIf kl:sg vf]lhPsf] xf] . g]kfndf sltko o:tf ljnIf0f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ 5g\, h'g c¿ b]zdf kfOb} kfOb}gg\ . To:tf /}yfg] k|fs[lts j:t'x¿sf] b[Zofjnf]sg u/fpg], cWoog / cGj]if0f u/fpg] p2]Zo af]s]sf] of] sDkgLnfO{ k]zfut ;+/If0fljb\x¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 ;+rfng ul/g]5 . g]kfndf dfq kfOg] k|fs[lts Pj+ ;―f:s[lts ;DkbfnfO{ b]vfP/ ;+rfng ul/g] ePsf] x'―bf o:tf] ko{6gnfO{ xfdLn] /}yfg] ko{6g (Endemic Tourism) eg]/ gfds/0f u/]sf xf}+ . /}yfg] ko{6g s'g} gf}nf] cWofo xf]Og, ;+;f/sf cGo d'n'sx¿df klg o;sf] cEof; ePsf] 5 t/ cfºg} lsl;dn] . /}yfg] eg]s} cfºg} lsl;dsf] xf] . ;+;f/df ljleGg vfnsf dflg;x¿ 5g\ / pgLx¿sf] ;f]v klg km/s— km/s, ljlrqsf x'G5g\ . cf}+;Lsf] /ftdf e"t x]g{sf nflu k'/fgf v08/x¿df af; a;]/ k};f vr{ ug]{ ul/G5 . e"t b]vfpgs} nflu eg]/ Haunted weekend sf] gfddf ko{6g Joj;foLx¿n] Kofs]h agfPsf x'G5g\ . /f]df~rsf/L 36gfsf] cg'ej u/fpg 6]lnlehgdf b]vfOg] Fantasy Island h:tf uGtJo:ynx¿ lgdf{0f u/]/ cgf}7f] ko{6g ;+rfng ul/+b}5 o'/f]klt/ . ;+;f/df s}of}+ ;GsL vfnsf 6«fen Ph]G;Lx¿ klg 5g\ h;n] uf]nL rNg] cft+su|:t 36gf:yndf nu]/ qmflGtsf] ¿k b]vfpg] ko{6g k|j4{g u5{g\ /], h;nfO{ …qmfOl;; 6'l/hdÚ elgG5 /] . dflg;sf] ;f]v / rfxgfsf] s'g} l;dfgf x'―b}g . xfn} dfq Ps cd]l/sL c/jkltn] 7"nf] wg/flz lt/]/ /l;ofaf6 /s]6 r9]/ cGtl/Ifsf] ofqf u/] . ci6]«lnofdf bf];|f] ljZjo'4df rnfOg] …8\ofsf]6fÚ Kn]g r9]/ dxfåLksf] dWoefudf ;fxl;s ofqf ug]{x¿ klg plQs} 5g\ . O{¨Nof08df o:tf 6«fen Ph]G;Lx¿ klg 5g\, h;n] gjwgf9\o cd]l/sLx¿nfO{ n8{ / af/gx¿sf] hLjgz}nLsf] cg'ej u/fpg k'/fgf] /fhb/af/df vfg] a:g] Joj:yf ldnfp―5g\, cjsfzk|fKt /fhb"tx¿— nfO{ …;f]km/Ú jf …8fOe/Ú agfP/ ºofp/f]sf] lzsf/ v]nfp―5g\ / ;f―em b/af/sf] e"ldut ;]n/df /flvPsf] ;of}+ jif{ k'/fgf] …jfOgÚ v'jfP/ /fhsLo ljnfl;tfsf] cg'ej u/fp―5g\ . o:tf /}yfg] ko{6gsf] d"No / b//]6 g} x'―b}g . ;fOj]l/of, cnf:sf, gy{kf]n cflb /f]df~rsf/L Pj+ cgsG6f/ k|fs[lts :ynx¿df ;+rfng ul/g] Kofs]h klg To:t} dx―uf x'G5g\ . P]gfsf] kg8'AaL hxfh (Glass Capsule Boat) af6 xhf/f}+ lkm6 tn ;d'b|sf] k]mbL;Dd hfg], hnofqf xf];\ jf PG6fl6{sfdf k]gUjLg x]g{ hfg], UofnfKofuf]h 6fk'df clt 7"nf] s5'jf (Gaint Tortoise) x]g]{ jf cfl6{s kf]nf/ lao/ -;]tf efn'_ x]g{ hfg] sfo{qmd, oL ;a} ljleGg b]zsf cf—cfºg} /}yfg] ko{6gsf kl/sf/x¿ x'g\ . /}yfg] ko{6g eg]sf] …df; 6'l/hd\Ú xf]Og . o;df ko{6sx¿ Ps}kN6 x\jf/x\jftL{ cfp―b}gg\ . ;f]lvg / s'g} ljifoj:t'nfO{ cToGt rfv /fVg] wgf9\o jf hf]lznf (Passonate) ko{6sx¿ dfq cfp―5g\ . cfºgf] ;f]vs} nflu pgLx¿ g …sDk|f]dfOhÚ u5{g\ g t df]ntf]n . /}yfg] ko{6gsf lglDt g]kfndf k|z:t cfsif{s j:t'x¿ 5g\ h:t} Pp6} e|d0fdf t]O;b]lv tL; hftsf nfnLu'/f―; x]g]{, Pp6} l6«kdf #*) eGbf a9L hftsf r/f x]g]{, cfºg} vfnsf ;'gufef x]g]{, l;d;f/ r/f cjnf]sg, s]z/PlxGb h:tf b'n{e k'tnLx¿ x]g]{, cflb . elgG5, ;+;f/df ;aeGbf 7"nf h¨nL eL/df}/L g]kfndf kfOG5g\ /] . g]kfnsf cgsG6f/ eL/kfvfx¿df :yfgLo ufp―n]x¿n] ;do;dodf cfºgf] Hofg} hf]lvddf /fvL Pp6f 8f]/Ldf e'ml08P/ eL/eL/sf] vf+]rvf+]raf6 df}/Lsf] dx lgsfNg] u5{g\ . eL/df}/Lsf] dx /S;LeGbf klg s8f x'―bf]/x]5 . g]kfn e|d0f jif{tfsf xfdLn] df}/Lsf] dx sf8\g] kj{nfO{ k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] k"hf u/L w'dwfdsf ;fy dxf]T;js} ¿kdf ;+rfng u/]sf lyof}+ . ljb]zLx¿ dfq xf]Og, sf7df8f}+ / kf]v/fsf cfGtl/s ko{6sx¿sf] ;d]t 141

142 Toxf― 3'―Orf] nfu]sf] lyof] . Tof] sfo{qmd b]vfpg d}n] d]/L >LdtL / 5f]/LnfO{ klg nu]sf] lyP― . 8f]/Ldf af―lwP/ ;of}+ lkm6 dflyaf6 e'ml08b} a"9f] ufp―n]n] dx sf8\bf 8/fP/ d]/L >LdtLn] x]g}{ ;lsgg\ . Tof] sfd TolQ /f]df~rs x'G5 eg]/ d}n] klg ;f]r]s} lyOg― . uha 5 † Ps ljb]zL gful/sn] …xgL xlG6¨Ú sf] lstfj 5fk]/ nfvf}+ 8n/ sdfP t/ w]/} g]kfnLnfO{ h¨nL eL/sf] dx sxf― / s;/L sfl8G5 eGg] ;fdfGo 1fg klg 5}g . /}yfg] ko{6gdf cg]s cfsif{0fx¿ 5g\ . xfdLsxf― Ps} ofqfdf ;+;f/sf] 5QL; k|ltzt klkh km"nx¿ lg/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} sfnLu08sLdf uP/ zflnu|fdsf] cWoog ug{, u/fpg ;lsG5 . sfnLu08sL gbLsf] jfl/kfl/ kfOg] cb\e"t t/ km/s h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;'Id cWoog t cem ug{ g} af―sL 5 . r/fk|]dLx¿ klg uha—uhasf x'―bf /x]5g\ . cd]l/sfdf Fat Birder gfds r/f cg'/fuLx¿sf] Pp6f ;+:yf 5 . ;of}+ lsnf] jhg ePsf, s':t k};f sdfPsf, h¨nleq lx+8\g} g;Sg] t}klg r/f x]g{ dl/xQ] ug]{x¿nfO{ g]kfn g]r/ 86 sdn] …ºof6 a8{/Ú l;t ldn]/ tL df]6f wgf9\o cd]l/sLx¿nfO{ ;'¿b]lv cGTo;Dd Nof08/f]e/ uf8Ld} /fv]/ r/fx¿ b]vfpg] Kofs]h agfPsf] 5 . of] klg /}yfg] ko{6gs} Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . olb /}yfg] ko{6gnfO{ Jojl:yt 9¨n] ;+rfng ug]{ xf] eg] o;nfO{ ;:tf] df]ndf lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5}g . s]xL u/L ko{6sx¿n] dxuf] eof] eg]/ clgR5f b]vfP klg 3'Dbf3'Db} ?Dhf6f/ eg] h:t} cGttf]uTjf pgLx¿ xfdLsxf― cfpg} kg]{ x'G5 . k|s[lt / kof{j/0fdf cfwfl/t of] /}yfg] ko{6g ;:tf] gx'g'sf] sf/0f xf], o;df ;xefuL ;a} hgzlQm j}1flgs, k|s[ltljb\ Pj+ …Ps]8]ldl;ogx¿Ú x'G5g\ . cGo ko{6g k]zf ;/x h;n] kfof] p;n] o;nfO{ ;+rfng ug{ uf¥xf] x'G5 . o;sf lgldQ r/fljb\ (Ornithologist), k'tnLljb\ (Lepidopterist), ;k{ljb\ (Herpitologist), af―b/ljb\ (Primatologist), jg:kltljb\ (Botanist), e"—ue{ljb\ -Geologist) cflb ljz]if1x¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . g]kfn g]r/ 86 sd :yfkgf ug'{sf] csf]{ efjgfTds p2]Zo klg 5 . xl/z/0f …sfhLÚ l;t d]/f] tLg bzs nfdf] ldqtf 5 . ;g\ !(&* df xl/z/0f / d}n] g]kfndf r/f ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf / To;;DaGwL r]tgf hfu/0f ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]/ g]kfn a8{ jflrª Snj :yfkgf u/]sf lyof}+ . Tof] a]nf r/fk|lt dflg;sf] rf;f] g} lyPg . ufp―3/sf s]xL dflg;nfO{ dfq r/fx¿sf] gfp― yfxf x'GYof] . t/ zx/L If]qdf a:g] dflg;x¿nfO{ r/f eg]kl5 ;a} r/f clg g]jf/x¿sf lglDt …em¨Ú eg]kl5 ;a} r/f . slxn]sfxL+ r/fdf ;f]v /fVg] d]/f ljb]zL ldqx¿n] g]kfndf cfP/ r/f x]g]{ cfºgf] OR5f k|s6 uy]{ . g]kfnL r/fljb\ ldnfOlbgsf lglDt d;―u cg'/f]w uy]{ . To;a]nf g]kfndf r/fljb\x¿ 5}gg\ eGg dnfO{ c;fWo} cK7\of/f] nfUYof] . g]kfn a8{ jflrª Snasf] :yfkgf ubf{ sfhL / d]/f] p2]Zo g} g]kfndf k|z:t r/fljb\x¿ pTkfbg ug]{ /x]sf] lyof] . x/]s zlgjf/ xfdL :s"n / SofDk;df k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kmsfO{—k'mNofO{ 7d]nl:yt sf7df8f}+ u]i6xfp;af6 n}grf}/sf] /fgLjg, uf]bfj/L, lzjk'/L cflb h¨ndf nu]/ r/f b]vfpg], lrgfpg], pgLx¿sf] cfjfh ;'gfpg] / pgLx¿sf] jf;:yfgsf] cWoog u/fpg] uYof}{+ . g]kfn g]r/ 86 sddf /fh]Gb| ;'jfn klg 5g\ . hf] clxn] l;d;f/ IF]q, vf; u/L ;f/; (Crane) ljz]if1 e};s]sf 5g\, To;a]nf ev{/sf] l76f] /fh]Gb| ;'jfnnfO{ j8{ jflr¨ Snadf ;xefuL u/fp―b} sfhL / d}n] r/fk|lt k|]d / 1fg hufPsf lyof}+ . clxn] /fh]Gb|nfO{ g} g]kfn g]r/ 86 sdsf] Dofg]lh¨ 8fO/]S6/ agfP/ Pp6f gof― cleofgsf] nufd lbg kfPsf]df sfhL / dnfO{ w]/} ;Gtf]if nfu]sf] 5 . g]kfn g]r/ 86 sd :yfkgf ePsf] ^ dlxgf klg k'u]sf] 5}g t/ aL=aL=;L= h:tf] k|ltli7t ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] Crane Migration h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL aGg ;Ifd eO;s]sf] 5 of] . ;f] sfo{qmd nflu hf]d;f]ddf b'O{ xKtf a;]/ 142

143 d+uf]lnof / ;fOj]l/ofaf6 a;fO{+;/fO{+sf qmddf p8]/ cfpg] s¥ofª—s'?ªsf] j[Qlrq agfpg ;3fpb}5 g]kfn g]r/ 86 sdn] . g]kfn g]r/ 86 sddf sfd ubf{ dnfO{ ldn]sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;Gt'li6 xf], d}n] efjgf ldNg] ;fyLx¿l;t sfd ug{ kfPsf] 5' . sfhLn] cfºgf] lhGbuLsf] clwsf+z ;do r/f;―u} latfP / r/fs} ;+;f/df cfk"mnfO{ ;dlk{t u/] . s;};―u k};f glnO{ cfºg} ;Lldt ;|F]t / ;fwg k|of]u u/]/ sfhLn] g]kfnsf b'u{d Pj+ cgsG6f/ If]qdf 3'd]/ vt/fk"0f{ lbgrof{ latfO{ ;of}+ hftsf r/fx¿ j}1flgs 9¨n] ;+sng u/]/ ;'/lIft /fv] . r/f ;+/If0fsf] r]tgf hfu/0f ug{ cfk"mn] ;+sng u/]sf r/fx¿sf] :s"n :s"ndf uP/ k|bz{g u/] . kl5 cfºgf] cd"No r/f ;+sng g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|fs[lts lj1fg ;+u|xfnonfO{ k|bfg u/] . lhGbuLe/ sfhLn] h¨n 3'd]/ r/fsf] cWoog u/] t/ pgn] b'O{ k};f klg sdfpg ;s]gg\ . cfk"m hGdbf h:tf] 3/ lyof], clxn] klg To:t} 5 k'/fgf], kf}/fl0fs vfnsf] . t/ k};fn] sfhLnfO{ slxn] cft'/ agfPg . pgL k};fsf lgldQ af―r]s} xf]Ogg\, cfºg} ;f]vsf] lglDt . t/ sfhLn] geg] klg pgsf] cfly{s cK7\of/f] kl/l:yltnfO{ d}n] a'e]msf] 5' . To:t} d]/f csf{ ;xkf7L 8f= k'ik/Tg zfSo klg g]kfn g]r/ 86 sd;―u ;Da4 5g\ . ;DaGwn] pgL d]/f] alxgL HjfO{ k5{g\ . t/ xfd|f] Jofj;flos ;DaGwsf] cfofd cs}{ 5 . xfdLn] ;―u} aL=P:;L= k9\of}+ . pgL jg:kltljb\, d rflx+ jglj1 . k'ikn] cfºgf] sfo{sfndf g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf jgh¨n 3'ld;s]sf 5g\, ljljw jg:kltsf] cWoog ul/;s]sf 5g\ . pgsf] 7"nf] ;f]v g} k"mn k'mn]sf] la?jf b]Vgf;fy 6kSs l6k]/ sfuhleq Rofk]/ ;+sng ul/xfNg] lyof] . tL; jif{sf] ;]jf cjlwdf pgn] slt jg:klt, kft, k"mn, ;+sng ul/;s], Tof] t d}n] ;f]w]sf] 5}g t/ dnfO{ s] yfxf 5 eg] jg:klt ljefusf] xj]{l/od zfvfdf ;+slnt clwsf+z la?jfx¿sf] ;+snssf ¿kdf pgs} gfd 5 . Pp6f la?jfsf] t k'ik zfSos} gfdaf6 Corydalis Shakyai gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 . pgn] cfºgf] e|d0fsfndf bzeGbf a9L gof― k|hfltsf la?jfx¿ kQf nufPsf lyP . tLg bzssf] d]xgt / cys k|of;kl5 k'ikn] jg:klt ljefuaf6 cjsfz lnP . pgsf] cfly{s cj:yf klg sfhLsf] eGbf vf;} /fd|f] ePsf] d b]lVbg― . 8fS6/x¿ …l/6fo8{Ú ePkl5 lSnlgsdf sfd ug{ kfp―5g\, OlGhlgo/n] cjsfz kfPkl5 cfºg} kmd{ vf]N5g\, s[lifljb\ l/6fo8{ ePkl5 cfºg} Joj;fo ug{ ;S5g\ t/ k|s[ltljb\ l/6fo8{ ePkl5 s] ug]{ < :s"ndf hfuL/ vfg uof] eg] a9L k9]sf] eG5g\, ljZjljBfnodf k9fpg uof] eg] cg'ej gk'u]sf] elgG5, aLr}df e'ml08P/ a:g'k5{ pgLx¿, g otf g ptf . slxn]sfxL+ ;fgf]ltgf] sG;N6]G;L ug'{ afx]s pgLx¿;―u csf]{ ljsNk b]lv+b}g . cgdf]n k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿n] el/Psf] of] b]zdf ko{6gsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf x'―bfx'―b} klg y'k|} y'k|} k|s[ltljb\, r/fljb\, jg:kltljb\, k'tnLljb\x¿n] Jofj;flos cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . s:tf] lj8Dagf † otf lj1 5g\, sfd kfO/fv]sf 5}gg\ . ptf cj;/ 5g\, pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;f]v / ;]jfsf nflu dfq sfhL / k'ik h:tf k|s[ltljb\x¿n] slt ;do ;dfh;]jfdf dfq} latfpg] < g]kfn g]r/ 86 sdn] /}yfg] ko{6g ;+rfngdfk{mt s]xL k};f sdfP/ k|s[ltljb\x¿sf nflu s]xL cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] ;+efjgf b]v]sf] 5 . :ki6 eGg' kbf{ g]kfn g]r/ 86 sd u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf]Og, of] k|s[lt ;+/If0fsf] lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] Pp6f Jofkfl/s sDkgL xf] . c+u|]hLdf eGg' kbf{ 'This is a profit making academic company with social responsibility' . g]kfn g]r/ 86 sdsf] nIo jf:tjdf oxL xf] . k|s[ltnfO{ ko{6gdf ;dfj]z u/]/ k|s[ltljb\x¿sf] Jofj;flos bIftfsf] dfs]{l6¨ ug{ vf]Hg' klg xf] o;sf] nIo . /}yfg] ko{6gdf o:tf 143

144 ;Defjgfx¿ w]/} 5g\, o;sf] nIosf] l;dfgf cgGt 5 . o;}nfO{ ;dGjo ug{;s] /}yfg] ko{6gsf] eljio ;'gf}nf] / pHHjn 5 . cGtdf t/ ====== æs':t k};f sdfP/ dfq dflg; ;kmn aGg ;Sb}g . ;kmntf gfKg] dfWod k};f xf]Og . ;kmn Tof] JolQm dfq x'g;S5 h;n] ;dfhaf6 OHht kfpg ;S5 . wgf9\o t/ 3[l0ft eP/ af―Rg' Pp6f 7"nf] clezfk xf] . …;6{ u]dÚ v]n]/ s]xL ;dosf nflu dflg;n] ;kmntfsf] l;+9L t r9\g ;S5 t/ ;kmntfnfO{ sfod /flv/fVg dflg;n] OdfGbf/L, ;+nUgtf / k|lta4tfsf] …nªu]dÚ g} v]Ng'k5{ . ;kmn pBdL aGgsf nflu p;df ;[hgzLn lbdfu x'g'k¥of], ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ a'‰g'k¥of], ;kgf b]Vg / To;sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ hfGg'k¥of], ;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{] OR5fzlQm / k|lta4tf x'g'k¥of], nIo– k|flKtsf lgldQ cfsfª\Iff / d]xgt klg x'g'k¥of] . oltdfq eP/ klg k'Ub}g, Tof] JolQmdf oyfl:yltsf] ;xL d"NofÍg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf clg Jofjxfl/s kIfaf6 of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;Sg] of]Uotf clg OR5f, ljj]s, w}o{ / cfTdljZjf; x'g'k¥of] .Æ cfºgf] lhGbuLsf] :jo+ d"NofÍg ubf{ dnfO{ Tolt c;Gt'li6 nfu]sf] 5}g . slxn]sfxL+ lhGbuLsf kfgfx¿ kN6fP/ x]bf{ d}n] y'k|} sfdx¿ ul/;s]sf] 5' h:tf] klg nfU5 . zfob of] d]/f] 3d08 xf] jf dfgjLo sdhf]/L, obfsbf tL s'/fx¿ c¿nfO{ eGg dg nfU5 . wd{zf:q eG5 æsfd u/ kmnsf] cfzf gu/ .Æ t/ d h:tf] ;fwf/0f dflg;sf] Jojxf/df of] slt ;Dej xf]nf s'lGg, d eGg ;lSbg . x'g t df}sf kfp―bf cfk"mn] u/]sf sfdnfO{ a9fO{ r9fO{ gu/] klg sGh':ofO― eg] d}n] u/]sf] 5}g . t/ slxn]sfxL+ d}n] of] klg ul/;s]sf] 5', Tof] klg ul/;s]sf] 5' eGbf æof] dfG5] km6fxf t xf]OgÆ eGnfg\ eGg] 8/ klg nfU5 . lhGbuLdf d}n] h]hlt u/]+, ;a} c¿nfO{ ;'gfp―bf, d cfk+}m >f]tfsf] 7fp―df ePsf] ePklg ¤jf§} ljZjf; nfUb}gYof] xf]nf . s;/L kTofp―nfg\ c¿n] olb d Jofkf/L x'―, ;dfh;]jL x'―, ;+/If0fljb\ klg x'― n]vs klg x'― eGof] eg] . clg cGgk"0f{ /fli6«o lgs'~h, 6'+l8v]nsf] af6f], s]z/dxnsf] :jKg au}+rf, SofG;/ c:ktfnb]lv d]l8sn l;6L, e|d0f jif{ cflb—OToflbsf :yfkgfy{, ;+rfngfy{ Pj+ sfof{Gjogsf nflu kl/sNkgf / k|:tfjx¿df d]/f] xft 5 eGbf of] s:tf] Wjf―; lbg] dfG5] /x]5 egL cjZo eGnfg\ . t/ u/]sf] ljz]if sfd 7fp―df pNn]v gug'{ klg s~h':ofO{ dfq xf]Og, ;[hgzLn Oltxf;sf] lgd{d xTof ug'{ xf]Og / < cGt/fTdfn] pQ/ vf]lh/xG5 . h] xf];\, lhGbuLsf] of] d]/f] jf:tljs ;TonfO{ g d n'sfpg ;S5' g t c¿ s;}n] bafpg g} ;S5 . Tof] ;To lnlvt jf clnlvt ¿kn] sxL+ g sxL+ /lx/x]sf] x'G5 . zAba|x\d h:t} sd{a|x\d klg zfZjt\ ;To xf]Og / < zfob oxL jf:tljstfsf] pkh xf] of] d]/f] ;fgf] k':ts . d}n] clxn];Dd h] hlt u/]+, Tof] d]/f] PSn}sf] k|of; x}g . PSn} dflg;n] s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g pm cfºgf] ljwfdf hlt;'s} ;Ifd lsg gxf];\ † clt g} OdfGbf/, d]xgtL, nugzLn cfdf / afj'sf] sf]vaf6 hGdg] of]u kg'{ g} d]/f nflu 7"nf] cj;/ lyof] . lhGbuLsf] x/]s df]8df d}n] cfºgf] kl/jf/, cfkmGt / ldqx¿af6 7"nf] ;xof]u kfPsf] 5' . clxn];Dd d]/f s'g} zq' 5}gg\ / d}n] a'e]m;Dd d]/f] s'enf] lrtfpg] klg 5}gg\ . a¿ d]/f] enfO ;f]Rg]x¿ g} w]/} xf]nfg\ . /fd|f lzIf0f ;+:yfgx¿af6 lzIff xfl;n ug{] df}sf kfP―, b]z ljb]z 3'Db} Toxf―s} kl/j]zdf lhGbuL latfP― . lhGbuLsf] ofqfdf d]/f ;xofqLx¿n] dnfO{ w]/} ;xof]u u/] . pgLx¿af6 d}n] y'k|} cg'ej / dgf]jnx¿ ;―ufn+] . sn]hdf k9\g hfg] a]nf;Dd zf/Ll/s b[li6n] d cfk"mnfO{ cfsif{0fxLg JolQm eG7fGy]+ . ;fgf] cf―vf / xK;Lsf] h:tf 7"nf cf]+7 . oL dgf]efjgfTds sdhf]/Lk|lt d :jo+ g} clt ;r]t lyP― . s]6Lx¿sf cufl8 144

145 nfOg dfg]{ cf―6 t emg\ cfp―b} cfp―b}gYof] . t/ ci6]«lnofdf k9\g uPkl5 d]/f] JolQmTjdf Pp6f 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfof] . d a:g] Dofsf]/L xfp;sf] xf]:6]nsL Pp6L cGt/Ë ;fyLn] d]/f] Tof] n3'tfefifnfO{ lhTg d2t ul/g\ . pgL v'a} /fd|L lyOg\, pgnfO{ xf]:6]nsL …Dofs'/L SjLgÚ ;d]t elgGYof] . pgnfO{ y'k|}– y'k|} wgL / /fd|f s]6fx¿ ;fyL agfpg dl/xQ] uy]{ . t}klg pgn] dnfO{ g} cfºgf] ;fyL /f]lhg\ . pgL elGyg\, æltd|f] cf―vf ;fgf ePklg x―l;nf 5g\ .Æ Tof]a]nfb]lv d]/f] dgleq s'l07t n3'tfefif / sdhf]/L la:tf/}—la:tf/} x6\b} uP . ;f―Rr} eGg] xf] eg] d]/f] lhGbuLdf ;aeGbf klxn] cfTdljZjf; hufpg] ltg} …Dofs'/L SjLgÚ lyOg\ . lhGbuLsf cg]s v'8\lsnfdf dnfO{ ;fy lbg] c¿ klg w]/} 5g\ . ;a}sf] JofVof d oxf― ul//xg ;lSbg, ldNb}g / ;fGble{s klg x'―b}g . t/ d]/f] af}l4s IfdtfnfO{ ;f―3'/f] 3]/faf6 km/flsnf] kmf―6df lnP/ hfg] csL{ Ps ;fyLsf] oxf― rrf{ ul/Pg eg] zfob of] lstfj k"0f{ x'―b}g . z}lIfs Pj+ af}l4s k|ltefsf b[li6sf]0fn] d cfk"mnfO{ ;w}+ Ps dWod vfnsf] JolQm eG7fGy]+ lsgeg] k/LIffx¿df d ;w}+ låtLo / t[tLo >]0fLdf dfq ptL0f{ x'Gy]+ . d]/f] n'ls/fv]sf] af}l4s cfTdljZjf; To;a]nf k|:k'm6g eof] ha d}n] tL ;fyLnfO{ kL=Pr=8L= kf; u/fpg s]xL d2t ug{ ;s]+ . aQL; jif{ klxn] pgL k]l/;sf] …;ag{Ú ljZjljBfnodf ;d;]{6 dd\ / lgT;]sf] t'ngfTds ;flxTo ljwf (Comparative Literature)df ljBfjfl/lwsf lglDt cfºgf] y]l;;nfO{ clGtd ¿k lb+b} lyOg\ . y]l;; s;/L k|:t't ug]{ eGg] ljifodf xfdLaLr 5nkmn x'―bf d]/f ;'emfj / ljrf/x¿n] pgnfO{ clek|]l/t u/]sf lyP . ;f]xL cg';f/ pgn] y]l;; tof/ ul/g\ . To;a]nf stfstf dnfO{ cfef; eof] ddf klg s]xL k|fl1s tTjx¿ /x]5g\ . To;af6 pgnfO{ dfq xf]Og, d cfk}+mnfO{ ddf ;dfnf]rsLo k|ltef sxf―af6 / s;/L cfOk'Uof] eg]/ cfZro{ nfUof] . tTkZrft\ cWoogdf d]/f] ?lr a9\g yfNof] . ;f―Rr} eGg] xf] eg] x/]s ljifoj:t'nfO{ bfz{lgs b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{, cWoog ug]{, d"NofÍg Pj+ ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;Lk ljsf; ug{df dnfO{ tL ;fyLn] w]/} ;xof]u ul/g\ . o;af6 d]/f] cfTdljZjf; bl/nf] ePsf] d dx;'; u5{' . dflg;df cfTdljZjf; eGg] 7"nf] u'0f x'―bf]/x]5 . cfk"mpk/ g} e/f];f / ljZjf; geOsg s;}n] s]xL ug{ ;Sbf]/x]g5 . jg ljefudf sfd ug'{eGbf klxn] d]/f] ;f]r / cjwf/0ff s'jfsf] Eofu'tf]sf] h:tf] lyof] . gof― ;8ssf] /]i6'/]06df lrof vfg hfg], kLknjf]6df klqsf lsg]/ ;8s cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug]{ . a;\ Toltd} ;Lldt . ha d}n] t/fO{ / kxf8x¿ 3'Dg] cj;/ kfP―, tL e]udf ;+:s[lt / k|s[ltsf] ;fxro{ tyf cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw x]g{ k'u]+, k|s[ltnfO{ x]g]{ tf}/tl/sfdf d}n] hLjg / k|s[ltsf] jf:tljstf a'e]+m . ;xofqLx¿ hf]g Jnf]j/ / aa ºn]ldªaf6 klg d}n] w]/} l;s]+ . s'g}klg ljifonfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g]{ cEof; klg ToxL+af6 u/]+ . Jofkf/ / pBf]usf] If]qdf d]/f bfh'sf] dk|ltsf] ljZjf; g} d]/f nflu 7"nf] ;fdYo{ aGg k'u]sf] xf] . g]kfndf w]/} bfh'x¿ 5g\ hf] efOsf] pmhf{ yfxf kfP/ klg 8fxf / Oiof{u|:t eO{ sfd ug{ lbb}gg\ . t/ d]/f] bfh'n] cfºgf] ;kgf daf6 x]g{ rfx]/ d}n] h] u5'{ eg]+, Tof] ug{ lbg'eof] . s'g} sfddf slxNo} afwf–c8\rg ug'{ ePg / dnfO{ ;w}+ pT;fx lbg'eof] . d]/f efph'x¿n] klg dnfO{ cfºgf] ;xf]b/ efO h:t} dfof u/]/ cfkTsfnLg a]nfdf klg slxNo} pbf; /xg lbg'ePg . kfl/jfl/s Joj;fodf d]/f elthfx¿ / 5f]/fx¿n] O{+6dfly O{+6 yk] . zfSo kfl/jf/df pBf]u / Joj;fonfO{ :yflkt ug{ pgLx¿n] w]/} ;fy lbP . ;fdflhs If]qdf SofG;/ /f]ula?4 d]/f] cleofgdf :juL{o zfxHofbL hoGtL zfx / lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] 7"nf] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'eof] . To;/L g} …g]kfn e|d0f jif{Ú cleofgdf rqmk|;fb jf―:tf]nf, bLk]Gb|k'?if 9sfn, k|r08dfg >]i7, z+s/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, 145

146 8f= xl/ zdf{ / c¿ w]/}n] dnfO{ ;fy lbP . dflg;n] hlt;'s} d]xgt u/]tfklg sfd ug{, u/fpg hfg]g eg] PSn}n] s'g}klg ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . ;kmntf k|fKt ug{sf nflu hfb'sf] 58L s;};―u klg x'―b}g, g t x'G5 s'g} kmd'{nf g} . Pstfsf sf7df8f}+ o"lgel;{6Ldf …lahg]; Dofg]hd]G6Ú df :gfts txdf cWoog/t Ps 5fqf d]/f] …k|f]h]S6 k|f]kmfOnÚ agfpg] p2]Zon] dnfO{ e]6\g cfOg\ . pgn] dnfO{ ;kmn pBdL aGg s] s:tf lgdox¿ kfngf ug'{knf{ eg]/ k|Zg ul/g\ . To;a]nf d}n] tL 5fqfnfO{ s'g} 7f]; hjfkm lbg ;lsg . t/ pgsf] k|Zgn] dnfO{ ;f]Rg afWo u/fof] . ;kmn pBdL aGg / s'g} pBf]u ;+rfng ug{ lgDglnlvt cfwf/ x'g'k5{ h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5M -!_ s'g} dflg; pBdL aGgsf lgldQ ;aeGbf klxn] p;df cfsf+Iff x'g'k¥of] . cfsf+Iff cg'¿k sfd ug{;Sg] Nofst / af}l4s cf}sft x'g'k¥of] . clg cfk"ml;t slt cfly{s ;|f]t 5, slt hgzlQm 5 / slt Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf 5 To;sf] ;xL d"NofÍg ug'{kof]{ . -@_ d}n] ug{ ;S5' eGg] ljZjf; ePkl5 cfºgf] dgdl:tisdf Ifdtf cg';f/sf] sqf] k]lG6ª l;h{gf ug]{ xf], Tof] cfsf/sf] SofGef; agfpg' k¥of] . -#_ cf―vf lrDn]/ x]g{ ;Sg] zlQm klg rflxG5 Pp6f ;kmn pBdL aGgsf nflu . t/ ;kgf b]Vg'k5{ eGb}df :jlKgn, …8glSjhf]Ú h:tf] c;Dej ;kgfsf] Pswf/] ;f]rdf au]/ hfg] xf]Og . ;f]rsf] wf/nfO{ ljleGg /¨af6 sf]b}{ cfºgf] SofGef;df c6fpg] u/L Pp6f snfs[ltsf] kl/sNkgf jf cjwf/0ffsf] k|f¿k tof/ ug'{ k¥of] . -$_ olt u/]kl5 cf―vf lrDn+bf—lrDn+b} lbdfusf] 9f]sf vf]Ng ;Sg'k¥of] . clg SofGef;df sf]/]sf] k|f¿kcg';f/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu s] s:tf], s;af6 / s;nfO{ h:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ tof/ ug'{kof]{ . -%_ nIo k|flKtsf nflu lbdfudf dGyg ubf{ slxn]sfxL+ clgoldt sfdlt/ ?lr a9\g ;S5 lsgeg] lbdfu :jfyL{ x'G5 . To;}n] lbdfuaf6 lg0f{o ug'{eGbf klxn] x[bosf] cfjfh ;'Gg'k5{ . To;kl5 lg0f{o ug'{k5{ lsgeg] x[bon] slxNo} wf]sf lb+b}g . -^_ pBf]usf] /]n lgdf{0f geP;Dd cfk+}mn] d]xgt / kl/>d ug'{k5{ . c¿x¿sf e/df ;w}+ sfd ug]{ dflg; ;kmn pBdL aGg} ;Sb}g . ;'¿af6 cfºg} xftn] sfd ;DxfNg' k5{ . lsgeg] cfk"mafx]s c¿nfO{ cfºgf] ;kgfsf] :j¿k yfxf x'―b}g . -&_ pBf]usf] /]nuf8L tof/ ePkl5 To;nfO{ cfºg} lgu/fgLdf lnudf ptfg'{ k5{ . /fd|/L rNof] rn]g, x]/]kl5 dfq c¿nfO{ rnfpg lbg'k5{ . /]nsf] kl5kl5 cfk"m bf}8\g' kb}{g . t/ cfºgf] pBf]usf] /]n s;nfO{ rnfpg lbg], nfos hgzlQm s;/L 5fGg], o:tf tl/sfx¿ hfGg}k5{ . To;sf] nflu ljZjfl;nf] / nfos dfG5] lrGg ;Sg] cf―vf rflxG5 . -*_ pBf]u ;+rfng u/]kl5 nfos hgzlQmnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ;Sg] x[bo / c¿af6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/fpg] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf rflxof] . -(_ pBf]usf] ?v /f]Kgf;fy To;n] t'?Gt} kmn lb+b}g . w}o{ /fVb} cfk+}mn] dnhn ug'{k5{, cfk"mn] /f]k]sf] la?jfsf] /]vb]v c¿n] ub}{gg\ . -!)_ cfsfz v:nf, hdLg kmf6\nf, kftfn plS;Pnf, jd k'm6\nf eg]/ x'l6\6ofp―h:t} 8/fP/ lx+8\g]x¿ sbflk pBdL aGg ;Sb}gg\ . -!!_ pBf]udf ;sf/fTds ;f]r x'g}k5{ . t/ ef]ln s] x'G5, To:sf] ;f]r klg /fVg'k5{ . olb /fd|f] ePg eg] d o;/L ;d:of ;dfwfg u5'{ eGg] …qmfOl;; Dofg]hd]G6Ú sf] clu|d ;f]rfO klg x'g'k5{ . cGtdf clncln efUo t x'g}k5{ ;kmn pBdL aGgsf lgldQ . 146

147 Pslbg Pshgf kqsf/n] dnfO{ a8f] cK7\of/f] k|Zg u/], tkfO{ ;kmn pBdL ls ;Gtf]ifL pBdL xf] eg]/ . d}n] To;sf] hjfkm lbg ;lsg / clxn];Dd klg d ;kmn xf] ls ;Gtf]ifL, d}n] lgSof]{n ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . lsgeg] ;kmntf / ;Gtf]if b'O{ cnucnu t/ kof{ojfrs ljifo x'g\ . oL b'O6} Ps}rf]l6 k|fKt x'―b}gg\ h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . vf;u/L pBdLsf] kl/j]zdf ;kmntf jf ;Gtf]if k|fKt ug{ dfgjLo u'0f / ;f]rsf leGgfleGg} dfqfx¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . klxn]—klxn] cf}iflw k;ndf sDkfp08/n] ljleGg dfqfdf cf}iflwx¿ ld;fP/ …ldS:r/Ú / a}Bx¿n] kfrs agfPh:t} . d]/f] JolQmut d"NofÍg cg';f/ Pp6f ;kmn pBdL aGgsf nflu cGbfhL kGw| k|ltzt cfsf+Iff, bz k|ltzt ;[hgzLntf, ;xL lg0f{o bz k|ltzt, kfl/jfl/s ;'v kf―r k|ltzt, OdfGbf/L kf―r k|ltzt, d]xgt / kl/>d bz k|ltzt, Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf kGw| k|ltzt, w}o{ kf―r k|ltzt JolQmTj bz k|ltzt, ;sf/fTds ;f]r kf―r k|ltzt / efUo bz k|ltzt cfjZos x'G5 . t/ Pp6f ;Gtf]ifL pBdL aGg] xf] eg] zfob dflysf u'0fx¿sf] dfqfdf s]xL yk36 x'G5 . To;sf nflu cfsf+Iff kf―r k|ltzt, ;[hgzLntf kf―r k|ltzt, ;xL lg0f{o kf―r k|ltzt, kfl/jfl/s ;'v bz k|ltzt, OdfGbf/L bz k|ltzt, d]xgt kf―r k|ltzt, Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf kGw| k|ltzt, JolQmTj kf―r k|ltzt, w}o{ kGw| k|ltzt, ;sf/fTds ;f]r kGw| k|ltzt / efUo bz k|ltzt cfjZos x'G5 . of] d]/f] lgtfGt lghL cfsng xf], s'g} bfz{lgs Pj+ j}1flgs tYofÍ xf]Og . ;kmn pBdL ;Gtf]ifL pBdL != cfsfª\Iff !% k|ltzt @= ;[hgzLntf !) k|ltzt #= ;xL lg0f{o !) k|ltzt $= kfl/jfl/s ;'v % k|ltzt %= OdfGbf/L % k|ltzt ^= d]xgt !) k|ltzt &= Jofj;flos Ifdtf !% k|lzzt *= JolQmTj !) k|ltzt (= w}o{ % k|ltzt !)= ;sf/fTds ;f]r % k|ltzt !!= efUo !) k|ltzt != cfsfª\Iff % k|ltzt @= ;[hgzLntf % k|ltzt #= ;xL lg0f{o % k|ltzt $= kfl/jfl/s ;'v !) k|lzt %= OdfGbf/L !) k|ltzt ^= d]xgt % k|ltzt &= Jofj;flos Ifdtf !% k|lzzt *= JolQmTj % k|ltzt (= w}o{ !% k|ltzt !)= ;sf/fTds ;f]r !% k|ltzt !!= efUo !) k|ltzt s'g} klg JolQm hGdhft ;kmn eP/ hlGdb}g . wgf9\o kl/jf/df hlGdb}df dfG5] 7"nf] x'―b}g . To;f] x'g] ePsf] eP t g]kfn rnfpg] clxn]sf clwsf+z pRr cf]xbfsf JolQmx¿ uf―p3/af6 g} lsg cfP t < sltko dGqLx¿, ;lrjx¿, gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ / /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ ;f―Rr} eGg] xf] eg] u/Lj / dWod kl/jf/af6} cfPsf x'g . 7"nf] dflg; aGgsf lgldQ ;j{k|yd af―Rg rfxg] cfGtl/s OR5f (Survival Instinct) x'g'k5{, cfsf+Iff /fVg' 147

148 k5{ clg nIo k|fKt ug]{ rfx x'g} k5{ . t/ 7"nf] x'g' / ;kmn x'g' Pp6} s'/f xf]Og . s':t k};f sdfP/ dfq dflg; ;kmn aGg ;Sb}g . ;kmntf gfKg] dfWod k};f xf]Og . ;kmn Tof] JolQm dfq x'g;S5 h;n] ;dfhaf6 OHht kfpg ;S5 . wgf9\o t/ 3[l0ft eP/ af―Rg' Pp6f 7"nf] clezfk xf] . …;6{ u]dÚ v]n]/ s]xL ;dosf nflu dflg;n] ;kmntfsf] l;+9L r9\g ;S5 t/ ;kmntfnfO{ sfod /flv/fVg dflg;n] OdfGbf/L, ;+nUgtf / k|lta4tfsf] …nªu]dÚ g} v]Ng'k5{ . d clxn] ;kmn pBdLsf] s'/f ub}{5' . o;sf nflu p;df ;[hgzLn lbdfu x'g'k¥of], p;n] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ a'‰g'k¥of], ;kgf x]g{ / To;sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ hfGg'k¥of], ;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{] OR5fzlQm / k|lta4tf x'g'k¥of], nIo–k|flKtsf nflu cfsf+Iff / d]xgt x'g'k¥of] . oltdfq eP/ k'Ub} g, Tof] JolQmdf oyfl:yltsf] ;xL d"NofÍg ug{ ;Sg] of]Uotf clg Jofjxfl/s kIfaf6 of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'k¥of] . cGtdf Tof] JolQmdf d]xgt ug]{] OR5f, ljj]s, w}o{ / cfTdljZjf; x'g'k¥of] . sfd ug]{ dflg;af6 e"n x'g} ;Sb}g eGg ;lsGg . s'g} uNtL jf e"n sfd} gug]{, lgn{Hh / gfnfos JolQmaf6 dfq x'―b}g . o:tf dflg; ;w}+ gsf/fTds x'G5g\ . cfk"m sfd ug{ g;Sg], c¿n] u/]sf] sfdsf] 8fxf ug]{x¿ ;w}+ n3'tfefifn] ;tfOPsf x'G5g\ . lrlgof― bfz{lgs sGºo"l;ozn] eg]sf lyP, ælhGbuLdf slxNo} klg gn8\g' 7"nf] s'/f xf]Og t/ n8]/ p7\g' 7"nf] s'/f xf] .Æ To;}n] t elgG5, lhTg]n] slxNo} 5f]8\b}g, 5f]8\g]n] slxNo} lhTb}g . dnfO{ nfU5, xfd|f] ;dfhdf hDdf tLg lsl;dsf pBdLx¿ 5g\ . klxnf] hf] k|z:t ljrf/ k'¥ofP/ sfd u5{g\ clg sd e"n u5{g\ / e"n ul/xfn] klg eljiodf To;af6 kf7 l;s]/ c¿ e"n gug]{ sf]lz; u5{g\ . bf];|f] k|sf/df To:tf pBdL hf] ljgfof]hgf b]vfl;sLsf cfwf/af6 xtfl/P/ sfd u5{g\ / e"n u5{g\ . kl5 cfºgf] e"nnfO{ :jLsf/]/ eljiodf ;'wfg{ vf]H5g\ / sd e"n ug]{ k|of; u5{g\ . t];|f] vfn] dflg; a8f] 8/nfUbf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿;―u g sNkgf x'G5 g of]hgf . c¿n] eg]sf] xfxfdf 7"N7"nf sfd ug{ vf]H5g\ clg e"ndfly e"n ub}{ hfG5g\ . cfºgf] e"nnfO{ :jLsfg{ rfx―b}gg\ . cem cfºgf] e"nnfO{ n'sfP/ 7Ls ;fljt ug{ lg/y{s jfbljjfb u5{g\ h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿n] cfºgf] eljio dfq xf]Og, c¿nfO{ klg 8'afOlbG5g\ . ;a} dflg; ;j{u'0f ;DkGg x'―b}gg\ . x/]s dflg;df s]xL g s]xL sdhf]/L t cjZo x'G5 . t/ a'l4dfgL s] xf] eg] p;n] cfºgf] sdhf]/LnfO{ hfGg' k¥of], a'¤g' k¥of] / c¿x¿sf] ;xof]u lnP/ sdhf]/LnfO{ zlQmdf kl/0ft ug{ ;Sg'k¥of] . s'g} dflg;df s]xL sdhf]/L 5g\ eg] p;df u'0f klg n'ls/fv]sf x'G5g\ . cfºgf u'0f / sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ lrg]/ / a'e]m/ a'l4dQfk"0f{ tl/sfn] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsof] eg] w]/} sfdx¿ ug{, u/fpg ;lsG5 . sltko 7"N7"nf pBdLx¿n] cfºgf] sdhf]/LnfO{ :jLsf/]/, cfk"ml;t gePsf] u'0fnfO{ c¿ dfWodaf6 kl/rfng u/]/ 7"N7"nf pBf]ux¿ rnfO/fv]sf x'G5g\ . dflg;n] cfºgf sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd 5f]k]/ /fVg ;Sb}g . sdhf]/L n'sfpg' eg]sf] cfk"mn] cfkm}+nfO{ wf]sf lbg' xf] . sdhf]/LnfO{ :jLsf/]/ cfºgf] Ifdtf cg'¿ksf] ;Lldt 3]/fleq a:of] eg] zfob To;n] lhGbuLdf 7"nf] wf]sf vfb}g . ;+;f/df ;a} k|ltefzfnL x'―b}gg\ . ;a}sf] ;fdfGo 1fg ;dfg x'―b}g . of] klg dflg;sf] j+zf0f', hLg, qmf]df]hf]ddf e/k5{ . Pp6} cfdfafa'n] hGdfPsf ;Gtfgdf sf]xL cUnf] x'G5, sf]xL xf]rf], sf]xL sfnf] x'G5 t sf]xL uf]/f] . sf]xL cN5L x'G5 eg] s]xL d]xgtL . sf]xL rnfv, sf]xL ;Lwf;f]emf] . cfdfafa'sf] ;dfg :g]x, Kof/ / dfof kfp―bf—kfpb} klg Pp6} ;fdflhs / z}lIfs jftfj/0fdf x's{+bf–x's{+b} / ;dfg kf}li6s vfgf vf―bfvf―b}klg hj Ps} kl/jf/sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿df olt leGgtf x'G5 eg] xfdL ;a} cf–cfºgf] b[li6sf]0fn] slt km/s x'G5f}+ xf]nf † of] 148

149 bfz{lgs s'/f dfq xf]Og, lj1fg;Ddt ts{ xf] . x/]s dflg;df kfOg] km/s– km/s 8L=Pg=P= / lhgsf cfwf/df o:tf] ljifdtf x'g] xf] . xfdL OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy cfºgf] sdhf]/LnfO{ :jLsfb}{ cfk"mdf n'ls/fv]sf ;sf/fTds kIfnfO{ hfu[t ub}{ cfºgf] lhGbuLnfO{ ljleGg lsl;daf6 ;kmnLe"t ug{ ;S5f}+ . u0f]zdfg l;+x aL=kL= aGg ;Sb}gy], aL=kL= u0f]zdfg aGg ;Sb}gy] . t/ oL b'a} dxfg\ JolQmTjx¿n] cf–cfºgf] kIfaf6 ;kmntf xfl;n u/] . ;a} Jofkf/L df]xguf]kfn v]tfg aGg ;Sb}gg\, ;a} pBdL ljgf]b rf}w/L aGg ;Sb}gg\ . df/jf8L ;]+7x¿sf] b]vfl;sL u/]/ 7"nf– 7"nf pBdL aGg] nfn;fn] a}+saf6 C0f lnP/ pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ w]/} dflg; 8'j]sf 5g\ . ljlrqsf] 5 k};fsf] v]n . ;f}efUoj; d Tof] v]n hflGbg . d}n] slxNo} cfk"mn] ;DxfNg g;Sg] cfly{s ef/ af]s]/ sfd ug{ rflxg . d]/f] lbdfu k};fsf] dfdnfdf w]/} sdhf]/ 5 . clxn];Dd dnfO{ …8]lj6Ú eg]sf] s] xf], …qm]l86Ú eg]sf] s] xf], cndn eO g} /xG5 . hj Psfp06]06n] d]/f] sDkgLsf] jf;nft Nofp―5g\, d ;w}+ pgLx¿nfO{ 8]la6 / qm]l86 eg]sf] k};f ltg'{ kg]{ xf] ls lng' kg]{ xf], a|fs]6df v'nfP/ Nofpg cg'/f]w u5'{ . cfºgf] sdhf]/LnfO{ a'em]/ To;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{ klg Pp6f zlQm xf] . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df dflg;x¿ cf–cfºgf] af}l4s:t/ klxrfg u/]/, To;nfO{ ;xif{ :jLsf/ u5{g / eljiosf] af6f] lgwf{/0f u5{g\ . w]/} k9\g g;Sg] dflg;n] 7"nf—7"nf sn]h / ljZjljBfnodf uP/ ;do ajf{b ub}{gg\ . cfºgf] lbdfusf] Ifdtf cg';f/ cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ sfd 5fg]/ ToxL sfd ug{ hfG5g\ . sf]xL 8sdL{ x'G5g\, sf]xL l;sdL{, sf]xL KnDa/ x'G5g\ sf]xL On]lS6«l;og, sf]xL sfk]{G6/, sf]xL s's / sf]xL v]tjf/Ldf uP/ ls;fgL sfd u5{g\ . ;'v Tof] xf], h]df sfd ubf{ /dfOnf] x'G5 . t/ xfd|f] d'n'sdf rf/–kf―rrf]l6 cfO{=P= cg'QL0f{ ePklg o'lgel;{6L hfg} kg]{, Pd=P= kf; ug}{ kg]{ . bf¥xL h―'uf nfd} eO;Sbf klg, j}+zfn' hLjg latfO;s]kl5 klg afa'nfO{ cfly{s af]em lbP/ ;w}+ ljBfyL{ aGg /x/ nfUg] † h;/L ePklg o'lgel;{6Lsf] l8u|L xfl;n u/L pRr cf]xbfsf] hfuL/ vfg}kg]{ . /fhgLlts g]tf / dGqLx¿n] klg ef]6sf] nf]edf k/L o:tf cIfdx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ cf]xbfdf hfuL/ v'jfP/ ;+:yfg, k|lti7fg / ;/sf/L sfof{nodf ljs[lt NofOlbg] dfq xf]Og tL ;+:yfnfO{ 8'afO{ g} lbg] sfd u5{g\ . pRr lzIff ;a}sf] clwsf/ xf]Og, k9\g ;Sg]x¿sf] dfq xf] . rfx] pBdL xf];\ jf Jofkf/L jf sd{rf/L, p;n] cfºgf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Ddsf] sfd ug'{k5{ . g]kfndf o:tf sltko xflsd sd{rf/Lx¿ 5g\ hf] xflsd aGg nfos} 5}gg\ . g p;df Nofst 5, g u'0f, g t 5 lg0f{o lbg;Sg] cf―6 . a;\ p;nfO{ xflsd aGg} kg]{ . ;]tf] Kn]6sf] ;/sf/L uf8Lsf] nf]e, Oi6ldq jf ;;'/fnLdf wfs jf pRr cf]xbfdf k'u]/ k};f sdfpg] bfp . ha To:tf dflg; …;f];{ / kmf];{Ú sf] cfwf/df pRr cf]xbfdf k'U5g\, pgLx¿ ;xL ;dodf 7Ls lg0f{o ug{ g;s]/ cfk}+mnfO{ tgfju|:t agfp5g\ clg ;+:yfnfO{ xflg k'¥ofp―5g\ . JolQmut Ifdtfsf] of] lj8Dagf ;/sf/L If]qdf dfq xf]Og, pBf]u Joj;fodf klg 5\ofk5fKtL b]Vg ;lsG5 . c¿x¿sf] b]vfl;sLdf cfºgf] Ifdtfn] Eofp―b} gEofpg] sfd u/]/ sltko wgf9\o kl/jf/x¿ Psb'O{ k':tf kl5 g} w/fzfoL ePsf 5g\ . d slt ;kmn 5', dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . t/ d]/f sdhf]/LnfO{ d}n] slxNo} n'sfOg― . 7"nf–7"nf ;fx'—dxfhgsf] h:tf] d]/f] lx;fa—lstfa alnof] 5}g . d]/f] lbdfudf hl6n cy{ Joj:yfkgsf s'/fx¿ 3':b}—3':b}gg\ . ha d To:tf plNemPsf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;'Nemfpg vf]H5', d]/f] skfn b'Vg yfN5 . To;}n] d ;f]emf], ;fwf/0f s'/fx¿ dfq ug{ rfxG5' . vNtLdf k};f ePsf] a]nfdfq d pBf]u jf Jofkf/ u5'{ . dnfO{ ;aeGbf ;Gtf]ifsf] s'/f s] xf] eg] clxn] d hlt sfd ul//fv]sf] 5' tL s'g} lvrLldrL vfnsf 5}gg\ . lvrLldrLaf6 w]/} 6f9f a:5' d . slxn]sfxL+ ha d lgdf{0fsf sfdx¿ u5'{, 149

150 ;s];Dd cfºgf] ;Ldfleq} s]lGb|t eP/ v'n:t lbnn], dgn] rfx]sf] s'/f u5'{ . a¿ s]xL hUuf 5f]8\5' t/ l;dfgfdf uP/ 5/l5d]sl;t emu8f u/]/ d 3/ lgdf{0f jf pBf]u ug{ rfxGg . b'O{ O~r hUuf 5f]8]/ cfgGbk"j{s cfºgf] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 eg] Tolt hUufsf nflu emGem6 lsg af]ls/xg] < d slxNo} d'2f dfdnfdf km:g rfxGg . a¿ s]xL 5f]8]/ ePklg ldnfkq u5'{ . o;n] d]/f] lhGbuL w]/} k6s em~em6df km:gaf6 ar]sf] 5 . To;}n] t cfºgf] lbdfunfO{ pBf]u, Jofkf/ / ;Tsfo{df k|of]u ug{ kfO/x]sf] 5' . ;f7L jif{kZrft\ cjsfz lnP/ cfkm"n] cfh{g u/]sf] z}lIfs ljwf cGtu{t cfºgf] ;f]vsf s'/f ug'{, dg ldNg] ldqx¿l;t a;]/ gof― sfd ug'{ / clncln k};f klg sdfpg kfpg' 7"nf] ;'vsf] s'/f xf] . cfºg} 3/df clkm; /fv]sf] 5' . rf}aL;} 306f cfºgL >LdtLsf] x―l;nf] d'xf/ x]g{ kfO/x]sf] 5', Vofn7§f ug{ kfO/x]sf] 5' . >LdtLl;t s'/f u/]/ af]/ ePkl5 e'Otnfdf /x]sf] clkm;df cfP/ ;fyLx¿l;t a;L sfd ug{ kfO/x]sf] 5' . b'O6} 5f]/fx¿ x'ls{;s], cf–cfºg} 3/df a:5g\ / kfl/jfl/s Joj;fonfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng ul//fv]sf 5g\ . 7"nL 5f]/Lsf] Joj:yf klg /fd|f] 5 . 5 jif{;Dd a]lNhodsf] ljZjljBfnodf pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]/ klg cfºg} 3/df a;]/ u[x:yLsf] sfd ub}{ cfºgf] Joj;fo klg ;―u;―u} ;+rfng ul//x]sL 5g\ . k}tfnL; jif{df bf];|f] ljjfxkZrft\ Pp6L k|ltefzfnL 5f]/L kfPsf 5f}+ t[ifflUg . clxn] pgL rf}w jif{ k'u]sL 5g\ / d]/f] v]nf}gf h:tL ePsL 5g\ . t[iff 5l/tL / tLI0f a'l4sL klg 5g\ . aRrL g} 5―bf d}n] pgnfO{ chd]/sf] d]of] :s"ndf egf{ ul/lbPsf] lyP― . To; :s"ndf pgsf] s]xL ef/tLo /hf}6fx¿sf aRrfx¿l;t ;}4flGts dgd'6fj k/]5 . tL aRrfx¿n] cfºgf] 3/df sfd ug]{ ;a} gf]s/x¿ g]kfnLx¿ x'g\ eg]kl5 t[iffn] klg g]kfndf dfUg]x¿ ;a} ef/tLo d"nsf x'G5g\ eg]/ rrf{ p7fO5g\ . pgLx¿sf] Tof] v6k6n] 7"n} ¿k lnPkl5 cGtdf d]/L 5f]/Ln] laxfg—laxfg ufpg' kg]{ ef/tLo /fli6«o uLt …hgu0fdgÚ ufpg} 5f]l85g\ . of] s'/f lk|lG;knsx―f ;Dd k'u]kl5 pgn] dnfO{ kmf]g u/]/ chd]/ af]nfOg\ . 5f]/LnfO{ …hgu0fdgÚ eg]sf] ljZjk|l;4 slj /jLGb|gfy 6}uf]/sf] /rgf ePsf] x'―bf o;nfO{ ef/tsf] /fli6«o uLt g7fg]/ Pp6f /fd|f] uLtsf] ¿kdf ufpg' egL ;DemfP― . ha pgn] ef/tLo s]6fs]6Lx¿;―usf] jfbljjfbsf af/]df elgg\, dnfO{ d]/L 5f]/Lsf] /fli6«o efjgfdfly uf}/j nfUof] . clg pgnfO{ Toxf―af6 lems]/ g]kfnd} /ftf] a+unf :s"ndf /flvof] . clxn] pgn] :s"ndf klg /fd|f] ul//x]sL 5g\ . lhGbuLdf cg]s ;fdflhs / 3/fo;L ;d:ofx¿ cfp―5g\ . slxn] d]/f] tk{maf6 e"n x'G5 eg] slxn] c¿x¿af6 . t/ slxNo} klg dgd'6fasf tLtf—dL7f 36gfx¿ gcfpg] eP zfob o;nfO{ lhGbuL klg elgb}gYof] xf]nf . lhGbuL u'nfasf] /x/nfUbf] k"mndfq xf]Og, km"n;―u} x'g] sf―8f klg xf] . lhGbuLsf] d"n nIo ljsf; / ;DkGgtfdfq xf]Og, dfgl;s ;'v klg xf] . o;}sf nflu xfdL ;a} cgj/t kl/>d ul//x]sf x'G5f}+ . cGttM d]/f] lhGbuLdf y'k|}—y'k|} dL7f / tLtf 36gfx¿ cfP . t/ b'Mvdf ;'v vf]Hg] / r'gf}tLaf6 k|ult ug]{ cfºgf] OR5f / nIo ePsf] x'―bf s'g} ;dodf b'Mv ef]Ubf—ef]Ub} clxn] cfºg} vfnn] ;'vdo hLjgofkg ul//x]sf] 5' h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . s;}k|lt d]/f] l/;—/fu 5}g / lhGbuLsf] clGtd If0f;Dd o;/L g} lhGbufgL latfpg ;lsof];\ egL eujfg;―u k|fy{gf ub{5' . kl/R5]b b—!* !* lbJobz{g † æs] tkfO{+ SofG;/sf] la/fdL x'g'x'G5 < olb x'g'x'G5 eg] sf]7fleq n's]/ d[To'nfO{ kv]{/ a:g'eGbf cfpgf];\ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ Pp6f ;d"x agfp―m . Tof] ;d"xdf xfdL ;w}+ e]6f}+, Vofn7§f u/f}+, /dfOnf] u/f}+ / af―sL lhGbuL OHht / k'mlt{sf ;fy cfk"mn] h]hlt ug{ ;S5f}+, Tolt u/]/ latfp―m . d[To'sf] ;+3f/df 150

151 k'u]sf JolQmx¿ sf]xLb]lv s]xLb]lv 8/fpb}gg\, e"m6f] af]Nb}gg\ / pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;a}n] ;'G5g\ . hgtfn] ;'Gg]5g\, g]tfn] ;'Gg]5g\, /fhfn] ;'Gg]5g\ / dfcf]jfbLdf nfu]sf JolQmx¿n] klg ;'Gg]5g\ . Tof] lgeL{s zlQm af]s]sf] ;d"xsf] cfjfh ;dfh / b]z ;]jfsf lglDt a'nGb kfg]{ xf] eg] g]kfn h:tf] ;fgf] d'n'sdf w]/} sfd ug{, u/fpg ;lsG5 . pkef]Qmfx¿sf] cfjfhnfO{ a'nGb kfg{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/sf] cf―vf vf]Ng ;lsG5 / hgtfnfO{ xf]:6]df x}+;] u/fpg ;lsG5 . cfpgf];\ of] ;d"xnfO{ lqmofzLn agfcf}+ .Æ kv{gf];\ Psl5g\ † lstfk ;lsof] eg]sf] t 5'6fpg} gx'g] s'/f af―sL g} /x]5 . lrtjgsf] dgf]/d k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf /x]sf] d]/f] df?gL ;]Gr'/L nhdf ;ft lbg a;]/ lbgsf] emG8} afx|306fsf] n]vfOkl5 of] lstfjsf] klxnf] d;f}bf l;l4Ph:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] . laxfgsf] a|]skmf:6 vfP/ d]/f kL=P= ;fsf/ skfnL;―u ?vsf] 5fof―d'lg a;L cf―vf lrlDnP/ d af]Nb} hfGy]+, ;fsf/ l6Kb} hfGy] . dg / dl:tissf] d'xfgaf6 k'm6]/ cfPsf /¨t/¨ / cGt/¨ Psrf]l6 au]kl5 lg/Gt/ alu/x―bf/x]5g\ . dflg;x¿sf] sfg} k'm6\nf h:tf] sf]nfxnaf6 6f9f, h¨naLr r/fr'?¨Lsf] ;'dw'/ cfjfh ;'Gb} dgsf] s'/f kf]Vg kfpg' clt g} /dfOnf] x'―bf]/x]5 . a|]skmf:6 vfP/ n]Vg ;'¿ u¥of], lem;ld; c―Wof/f] ePkl5dfq lj>fd lnGYof}+ . lbp―;f]sf] vfgf klg ToxL+, lrof gf:tf ;a} ToxL+ . rf};7\7L k]hsf kf―rj6f sfkLdf 6Dd n]lv;s]kl5 dgdf Psvfn] ;Gtf]ifsf] efjgf hfu]sf] lyof] . k|f/lDes n]vg l;WofP/ ;ft lbgkl5 ;/f;/ 3/ kmls{of}+ . d]/f >4]o ldq e}/j l/;fnnfO{ 5'6k'6 gldn]sf zAb / efiffnfO{ ;fdfGo ldnfOlbg] cfu|x ub}{ d]/f] ;f]rsf] klxnf] x:tlnlvt kf08'lnlk lbP― . e}/j l/;fnl;tsf] d]/f] lrgfkrL{ em08} ;q jif{ k'/fgf] xf] . kl5 ;+/If0f If]qdf xfdLn] ldn]/} s]xL sfd klg u/]sf lyof}+ . pxf― h:tf] jl/i7 kqsf/n] d]/f] n]vgLnfO{ ;RofOlbg :jLs[lt lbg'ePsf]df d pxf―k|lt w]/} cfef/L 5' . d b¨ k/]/ lstfj 5kfpg] t/v/df lyP― . ToxL a]nf cs:dft\ d]/f] 9f8 b'Vof] . x'g t sDd/d'lgsf] efu clncln ysfO{ nfUg] u/L b'lv/fv]sf] Ps 8]9 dlxgf g} e};s]sf] lyof] . d}n] jf:tf u/]sf] lyOg . To;} lgsf] e}xfNnf egL x]k]/ a;]sf] lyP― . t/ Tof] lbg cfºgf] hLpnfO{ cln a+UofP/ 6]lnkmf]gsf] l/l;e/ p7fpg vf]h]sf] dfq s] lyP―, sDd/ Psbd ;xg} g;Sg] u/L b'Vof] . ;Dk"0f{ hLp ;flns h:tf], rnfpg} gx'g], ;f; k]mg{;d]t uf¥xf], d'vaf6 cfjfh lgsfNg klg p:t} sl7g eof] . b'O{ ldg]6 hlt h:tfsf] t:t} a:ofa:of} u/]+ / kl5 e'ml;lNs/f h:t} l3l;|P/ la:tf/} sf]7faf6 aflx/ lgl:sP― . la:tf/} a;L—a;L e¥ofªaf6 cf]ln{P― . clg 8«fOe/nfO{ af]nfP/ gle{s c:ktfn k'u]+ . cfsl:ds sIfdf k'Ugf;fy 8fS6/ /fjtn] dnfO{ Pp6f gb'Vg] OGh]S;g lbg nufP― . Psl5g cf/fd ePkl5 d]/L >LdtLn] 3/ kms{g] s'/f ul/g\ t/ Ps}l5g cl3sf] kL8fnfO{ ;Dembf cfª g} l;l/ª eof] . b'O{—rf/ lbg c:ktfnd} a;]/ c¿ yk k/LIf0f ug]{ lgwf] u/]+ . 8fS6/ pk]Gb| b]jsf]6fsf] /fodf d]/f] 9f8sf] x8\8L k'm:sg vf]h]sf] lyof] t/ ;dod} k/LIf0f ePsf] x'―bf To;f] x'g kfPg /] . b'O{ xKtf;Ddsf] …a]8 /]i6Ú kZrft\ ;Dk"0f{ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ul/of] . To; qmddf Pd=cf/=cfO{ / cN6«f ;fpG8 klg lnOof] . cN6«f ;fpG8df k|f]:6]6 u|GyL 7"nf] ePsf] kfOof] . x'g t dnfO{ lk;fa kf]Ng] / lk;fk ;DaGwL s'g} ;d:of lyPg . t}klg k|f]:6]6 a9]sf] eg]kl5 lk;fa ubf{ x'g' kg]{ axfjdf cln sdL ePsf] 5 ls h:tf] dx;'; u/]+ . k|f]:6]6 hf―r u/fpgsf lglDt 5f]/f ;'gLnsf] ;fyL 8f= k|bLk j}Bl;t ;Nnfx u/]+ . k|bLk ;h{g x'g\ . bz jif{kl5 oL 8fS6/ g]kfnsf lrlsT;s— x¿sf] cu|k+lQmdf k'Ug]5g\, of] d]/f] bfjf xf] . s'g}klg nf]e, nfn;f gePsf] / ;w}+ la/fdLsf] /]vb]vdf tNnLg x'g] o:tf d]xgtL / OdfGbf/ 8fS6/ d}n] 151

152 g]kfndf la/n} b]v]sf] 5' . 3d08 k6Ss} 5}g, hlxn] klg x―l;nf b]lvG5g\ . k|bLkn] lk;fk /f]u ;DaGwL ljz]if1 8fS6/ ef]nf hf]zLl;t e]6\g] ;do ldnfOlbP . 8f= hf]zLn] d]/f] k|f]:6]6 hf―r u/] . #% u|fdeGbf a9L gx'g' kg]{ d]/f] k|f]:6]6 $% u|fd k'u]sf] /x]5 . /ut hf―rdf klg $ ;Dd k'Ug' kg]{ PSA !$ k'u]sf] kfOof] . kl5 k|f]:6]6leq d]lzg k7fP/ cN6«f ;fp08 ubf{ tLg j6f ;fgf—;fgf l;i6x¿ klg e]§fOof] . oL tLg j6fsf] nIf0fn] s]xL xb;Dd SofG;/ ePsf] ;+s]t lb+bf]/x]5 . SofG;/sf] If]qdf eg], ;'g]sf s'/fx¿ / o;df cfºgf] s]xL cWoog ePsf] x'―bf d rflxg]eGbf a9L ;ts{ x'g k'u]+ . 8/ t nfu]g t/ ;z+lst eg] cjZo eP― . 8f= k|bLkn] PSA sd xf]nf ls eg]/ !$ lbg;Dd PlG6afof]l6s lbP . cf}iflwsf] ;a} sf];{ k"/f ePkl5 k]ml/ /utsf] hf―r ul/of] . t/ PSA k6Ss} 36]g . !$ sf] !$ d} c8\lsP/ al;/x\of] . 8f= ef]nf hf]zL, 8f= k|bLk j}B, d / d]/f 5f]/fx¿ a;]/ 5nkmn u¥of}+ . ca cufl8 s;/L a9\g] < ;a} z+sf ;dfwfg ug{sf] lglDt afof]K;L ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvof] . d]/f] h]7f 5f]/fn] dnfO{ l;+ufk'/ / a}+ssdf nUg] ljrf/ u/] . t/ d}n] eg] g]kfn aflx/ hfg] ljrf/} ul/g . h:tf];'s} /fd|f] Joj:yf ePklg ljb]z hf―bf la/fdLnfO{ dfq xf]Og, ;f/f kl/jf/n] g} dfgl;s b'Mv ef]Ug'k5{ eGg] s'/f dnfO{ /fd|/L yfxf lyof] . h];'s} ePklg pkrf/ :jb]zd} u5'{ eGg] d}n] lgwf] u/]+ . t/ k|f]:6]6sf] afof]K;L cln hl6n ePsf] x'―bf c¿ 8fS6/ ldqx¿n] klg l;+ufk'/ jf a}+ssd} hrfpg' kg]{ ;Nnfx lbP . g]kfndf k|f]:6]6sf] afof]K;L ug]{ pks/0f klg /x]g5 . ;nnNn aUb} /x]sf] d]/f] lhGbuLsf] vf]nf cs:dft\ Pp6f kxf8df 7Ss/ vfPsf] h:tf] dnfO{ dx;'; eof] . s]xL l5gsf nflu d csdSs k/]+ . cln 8/ klg nfUof], s] x'g nfUof] eg]/ . lhGbuLsf cg]s jf:tljstfsf t:jL/x¿ cufl8 ememlNsP t/ la:tf/}—la:tf/} d]/f] dg alnof] x'―b} uPsf] d}n] cg'ej u/]+ . d}n] ;f]r]+ d clxn] ;f7L gfl3;s]sf] 5' . cfd g]kfnL hgtfn] eGbf a9L af―lr/x]sf] 5' . cflv/ lhGbuL slt nfdf] af―Rg] < ;Q/L < c:;L < jf gAa] < slt;Dd af―Rg] < Ps g Ps lbg t hfg' g} 5 eGg] w|'j;TonfO{ u|x0f ug{ vf]h+], u|x0f u/]+ klg . ;f―Rr} uf¥xf] /x]g5 jf:tljstfnfO{ a'¤g, cfTd;ft\ ug{ . d}n] cfk"mn] cfk}+mnfO{ ljZj:t kfg]{ k|of; u/]+ . g]kfnsf] ljBdfg /fhgLlts Pj+ ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf Pp6f dflg;n] h]hlt ug{ ;S5, Tolt d}n] ul/;s+] h:tf] nfUof] . d]/f] dgdf ca of] ug{ af―sL 5, Tof] ug{ afsL 5 eGg] cw'/f] ;kgf 5}g . cfk"mn] h]hlt ug{;Sy]+, Tof] ;a} ul/;s]sf] 5' . cfºgf] nflu dfq xf]Og, c¿sf nflu klg d}n] e/dUb'/ k|of; u/]sf] 5' h:tf] dnfO{ nfUof] . ;'Tg] a]nf, PSn} a:g] a]nf d}n] xfl;n u/]sf ;kmntf, pknlAwx¿ ;DemGy]+ . cfºgf pknlAwx¿nfO{ s]nfp―b} hf―bf d cfk}+mk|lt ljZj:t aGy]+ . dnfO{ nfUof], d}n] sL6kt¨ jf kz' eP/ lhGbuL af―r]sf] 5}g / eljiodf To;/L dg]{ klg 5}g . Pp6f lrGtgzLn, pQ/bfoL dflg; eP/ af―r]sf] 5' / d]/f] lhGbuL hlt af―sL /xG5, uj{sf ;fy af―R5' eGg] dgdf cfof] . a8f] alnof] 5 ;f]r . o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn / 8/nfUbf] cj:yfdf klg d]/f] ;f]rnfO{ ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0fdf 9fn]/ d}n] cfk"mnfO{ alnof] kf/]+ . dg alnof] eP/ cfof] . sf]7fdf P]gf x]/L PSn} ;';]nL xfnL dgdg} u'gu'gfpy]+, æcf † s] 5 / of] lhGbuLdf ug{ a―fsL, ug'{kg]{ hlt ul/;s]sf] 5', Come on Karna, don't worry be happyÆ . d cfk+}m ljZj:t x'Gy]+ ca dnfO{ sy+sbflrt\ s]xL eOxfNof] eg] klg d OHhtsf ;fy af―R5' . d]/f] cf―vfdf s'g} 8/ ePg, r]x/f ;z+lst 5}g / d]/f] b}lgsLdf klg d}n] s'g} kl/jt{g cfpg lbOg― . t/ d]/f] kl/jf/sf] r]x/fdf d}n] cb[Zo kL8fsf d"s t:jL/x¿ 152

153 b]Vgyfn]+ . d]/L >LdtL ;'zLnf, d]/f 5f]/fx¿, 5f]/Lx¿ af]Ng rfx]/ klg af]Ng ;ls/x]sf lyPgg\ . /f]usf af/]df d'vn] s]xL af]Nb}gy] t/ pgLx¿leq n's]sf] ;'if'Kt z+sf / 8/ d Ps—Ps u/L k9\b} lyP― . d xf―:b}, Vofn7§f ub}{ pgL— x¿nfO{ eGy]+, æP dt k'5f] sn Sof xf]uf, hf] eL xf]uf cR5f xf]uf .Æ hxfg kl/jf/l;t /f]usf ;DaGwdf v'n:t 5nkmn u/]+ . o:tf] wldnf] a]nf s'/fnfO{ n'sfP/, jf:tljstfaf6 efu]/ lhGbuL latfpg' d"v{tfh:tf] nfUof] . h] 5 Tof] v'n:t u¥of] eg] Psl5g b'Mv xf]nf t/ kl5 Tof] jf:tljstfnfO{ ;a}n] u|x0f ub}{ hfG5g\ . d]/f 5f]/f5f]/L ;a}n] OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 k|f]:6]6df olb SofG;/ eOxfNof] eg]klg o;n] slt xb;Dd b'Mv lbg ;S5 eGg] s'/fx¿ klg cWoog u/]sf /x]5g\ . cfhsf] :jf:Yo lj1fgn] w]/} pknlAw xfl;n ul/;s]sf] 5 . eG5g\, k|f]:6]6 SofG;/ nfu]sf dflg;x¿ SofG;/af6 eGbfklg c¿ g} /f]un] dg]{ u5{g\ /] † k|f]:6]6sf] SofG;/ af]s]/ klg bz—af¥x jif{ ;lhn} af―Rg ;ls+bf]/x]5 . of] /f]unfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ w]/} k|ljlw / pkfox¿ pknAw 5g\ . oL ;sf/fTds s'/fn] d / d]/f] kl/jf/nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;fGTjgf klg lbP . jf:tjdf k|f]:6]6df SofG;/ x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf w]/} sd x'G5 . oBlk SofG;/ eGgf;fy ;a}sf] dgdf d[To'306f alhxfN5 . o:t} z+sf pkz+sf lnP/ d]/f] 7"nf] 5f]/f ;'gLn / d a}+sssf] a'd?¨uf8{ xl:k6ndf k'Uof}+ . sfG5L 5f]/L :s'n hfg' kg{] x'―bf ;'zLnfnfO{ lnP/ hfg ;lsg . ;'zLnfnfO{ lnP/ cfpg gkfp―bf d]/f] dg ux|f} nfu]sf] lyof] . c:ktfn cufl8 /f]ls+bf d}n] 6\ofS;L 8fOe/nfO{ xfdL xf]6]ndf xf]Og c:ktfn hfg vf]h]sf] atfP― . 8«fOe/n] xf―;]/ æof] xf]6]n xf]Og c:ktfn g} xf]Æ eGof] . emG8} kGw| lkm6 uf]nfOsf chfodfg cUnf—cUnf s+lqm6 lkn/x¿ 6nSs 6lNsg] qmf]d l:6nsf kftfn] df]l8Psf lyP . c:ktfnsf] e'O{ tnfdf lkHhf x6, Pef]k]+, s]G6sL k|mfO8 lrs]g h:tf gfp― rn]sf r]g /]i6'/]G6x¿ lyP . leq skmLb]lv cg]s :jflbi6 kl/sf/sf vfgfx¿sf] jf:gf cfO/x]sf] lyof] . c:ktfnsf] uGw k6Ss} lyPg . l/;]Kzgdf :jb]zL / ljb]zL la/fdLsf nflu cnUu} sfpG6/x¿ lyP . c:ktfnsf] cfºg} kf―r tf/] ;/xsf] xf]6]n lyof] . xfdLn] ToxL a:g]6'¨f] u¥of}+ . c:ktfnsf] /dfOnf] jftfj/0fn] xfd|f] u¥xf}+ dg Ps}l5gdf xn'sf] eOxfNof] . !#)) ef6 ofg] @^)) ?lkof― lt/]/ a:g kfOg] xl:k6ns} …/]lh8]lG;onÚ sf]7f ;x'lnotk"0f{, ;Gtf]ifhgs / ;'ljwfhgs klg lyof] . Pp6f ;'Tg] sf]7f, Pp6f 8«Oª ?d / Pp6f ;fgf] efG5f . To; c:ktfndf cd]l/sf, ci6«]lnof, ;fpbL c/a / a+unfb]zaf6 ;d]t 7"nf ;+Vofdf la/fdLx¿ cfpg] /x]5g\ . olb rfxg] xf] eg] …:jf:Yo ko{6gÚ s;/L ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f Toxf― :ki6 b]Vg ;lsGYof] . dflg;n] vfgfdf sGh':ofO― u5{g\, nfpgdf sGh':ofO{+ u5{g\ t/ :jf:Yof]krf/df k};f vr{ ug{ lxlRsrfp―b}gg\ . To;}n] cfhsn …d]l8sn 6'l/hd\Ú sf] cjwf/0ff w]/} 7fp―df ljsl;t e};s]sf] 5 . t/ c:ktfn hlt;'s} /fd|f] ePklg dgdf z+sf pkz+sf af]s]/ dflg; xf―:g ;Sb}g / /dfOnf] ug{ ;Sb}g . ;'gLnn] dnfO{ v'zL kfg{ /fd|f] /]i6'/]G6 hfg] s'/f u/] . d klg pgnfO{ af]/ xf]nf eg]/ /fd|} 7fp―df vfg hfg] s'/f uy]{+ . afa' 5f] /fsf] dg /fVg vf]H5, 5f]/f afa'sf] . t/ aLrsf] Pp6f kftnf] z+sfsf] kbf{df 7Ss/ vfPkl5 ;a} OR5f / cfsf+Iffx¿ x/fP/ hfG5g\ . s'/f ug{ vf]H5', s'/} cfpb}g . cflv/ c:ktfn eg]sf] t c:ktfn} g xf] † s]xL z+sf ge} dgf]/~hg ug{ egL sf] kf] hfG5 / c:ktfn † ;'gLn / d]/f] aLrsf] clxn]sf] dfgl;s cj:yf cfheGbf ;q jif{ klxn] a}+sss} ;ldlte]h c:ktfndf k'u]sf d / d]/L klxn]sL >LdtL aLrsf] cj:yfeGbf km/s lyPg . km/s Pp6} lyof], klxnf d la/fdL s'?jf lyP clxn] d cfk}+m la/fdLsf] e"ldsfdf 5' . To;sf/0f ;'gLnsf] dgleq s:tf] 153

154 kL8f 5 / p;sf] dgdf s] s:tf Hjf/ef6f pl7/x]sf 5g d PsPs cg'ej ug{ ;Sy]+ . ef]lnkN6 8fS6/nfO{ e]6\g uP― . ;a} l/kf]6{ b]vfP― / pgLx¿nfO{ klg s]xL cg';Gwfg ug{ nufP― . kl5 afof]K;L hf―r ug'{kg]{ lgwf] eof] . 8fS6/n] ;Lwf zAbdf eg] of] cj:yfdf tL; k|ltzt SofG;/ x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . sf7df8f}+df xfdLn] o;af/] yfxf kfO;s]sf] x'―bf 8fS6/sf] Tof] cleJolQmaf6 xfdL slQ lxlRsrfPgf}+ . vfln sf7df8f}+df b'O{b]lv bz k|ltztsf] z+sf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] Toxf― tL; k|ltztsf] z+sf ul/of] . t/ Psrf]l6 SofG;/ eof] ls eg]/ z+sf ul/;s]kl5 bz jf tL; k|ltztn] s]xL km/s kfb}{g /x]5 . ToxL qmddf d]/f] 9f8 klg cln b'v]sf] x'―bf af]g :Soflgª ug]{ ;Nnfx lbOof] . 8fS6/sf] egfO cg';f/ slxn]sfxL+ k|f]:6]6df SofG;/ eof]eg] rfn} gkfOsg xf8df klg ;g{ ;Sbf]/x]5 . Tof] ;'Ggf;fy Psl5g dnfO{ 8/ nfUof] . dnfO{ yfxf lyof] To;sf] dtna s] xf] eg]/ . olb xf8df SofG;/n] 5f]O;s]sf] 5 eg] ;Dk"0f{ pkrf/sf k|lqmof Psbd hl6n x'G5g\, uf¥xf] x'G5 / Aff―Rg] ;do klg sd x'G5 . SofG;/sf] If]qdf nfu]sf] x'―bf dnfO{ of] s'/f yfxf lyof] . t/ d}n] Tof] s'/f ;'gLnnfO{ eg] elgg― . af]g:Sofg u/]sf] af¥x 306fkl5 cyf{t\ ef]lnkN6dfq l/kf]6 lng cfpg 8fS6/n] lgb]{zg lbP . Tof] af¥x 306fsf] ;do d]/f] lhGbuLsf] csf]{ Pp6f cK7\of/f] df]8 lyof] . lsgeg] af]g :Soflgªsf] l/kf]6{df d]6fl;; ePsf] b]lvof] eg] ;Dk"0f{ /f]usf] pkrf/ k|lqmofdf cfsfz / hldgsf] km/s x'g]x'G5 . /fte/ dnfO{ ef]lnsf] l/kf]6{ s:tf] xf]nf eGg] lh1f;fn] ps';— d's'; kf¥of] . t/ ToxL a]nf d]/f] ;f]rdf Pp6f gof― kl/jt{g cfof] . ;f]rsf] 8/nfUbf] / kL8fhgs kIfnfO{ bafP/ olb af]g :Soflgªdf SofG;/sf] c+z b]lvOxfNof] eg] Tof] cj:yfdf s] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0fsf] vf]hLdf nfu]+ . dfG5]sf] dg klg uhasf] x'―bf] /x]5, cflv/ dg} g xf] . /fd|f] kIf x]g]{ afgL a;fNg] xf] eg] gsf/fTds ;f]r bafpg w]/} uf¥xf] gx'g] /x]5 . d}n] ljrf/ u/]+, olb xf8df SofG;/n] 5f]Oxfn]sf] /x]5 eg]klg d sf7df8f}+df uP/ clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf 6ld{gn SofG;/ la/fdLx¿sf] Pp6f ;d"x agfp―5' / ;f] ;d"xdfkm{t cfºg} vfnsf ;fdflhs sfd u5'{ . To:fsf nflu s;/L k|rf/ ug]{ eg]/ of]hgf agfP― . sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf k"/f k]h lj1fkg lbgsf lglDt cfºg} dgsf] ;]tf] sfuhdf sNkgfsf] d;Ln] Pp6f d;f}bf sf]/]+ . æs] tkfO{+ SofG;/sf] la/fdL x'g'x'G5 < olb x'g'x'G5 eg] sf]7fleq n's]/ d[To'nfO{ kv]{/ a:g'eGbf cfpgf];\ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ Pp6f ;d"x agfp―m . Tof] ;d"xdf xfdL ;w}+ e]6f}+, Vofn7§f u/f}+, /dfOnf] u/f}+ / a―fsL lhGbuL OHht / k'mlt{sf ;fy cfk"mn] h]hlt ug{ ;S5f}+ Tolt u/]/ latfp―m . d[To'sf] ;+3f/df k'u]sf JolQmx¿ sf]xLb]lv 8/fpb}gg\, e'm6f] af]Nb}gg\ / pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;a}n] ;'G5g\ . hgtfn] ;'Gg]5g\, g]tfn] ;'Gg]5g\, /fhfn] ;'Gg]5g\ / dfcf]jfbLdf nfu]sf JolQmx¿n] klg ;'Gg]5g\ . Tof] lgeL{s zlQm af]s]sf] ;d"xsf] cfjfh ;dfh / b]z ;]jfsf] lglDt a'nGb kfg]{ xf] eg] g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf] d'n'sdf w]/} sfd ug{ u/fpg ;lsG5 . pkef]Qmfx¿sf] cfjfhnfO{ a'nGb kfg{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/sf] cf―vf vf]Ng ;lsG5 / hgtfnfO{ xf]:6]df x}+;] u/fpg ;lsG5 . cfpgf];\ of] ;d"xnfO{ lqmofzLn agfcf}+ .Æ of] kl/sNkgfsf] /ªn] ha d]/f] dgdl:tisnfO{ /ªfOlbof], d emg\ ulx/f] ;f]rdf k'Ug yfn]+ . d c¿ pT;flxt eP―, ef]ln s] xf]nf eGg] dgsf] 8/ ufoa eof] . To; ;d"xnfO{ Jofjxfl/s 9¨af6 s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5, s;/L ;lqmo agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] Joj:yfksLo ;f]rdf d 8'Ag nfu+] . Ps lsl;dn] /dfOnf] eof] Pp6f cgf}7f] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Pp6f ;f]rdf 8'Ag kfp―bf . s]xL If0fsf] ;f]rljrf/kl5 d s'g a]nf lgbfP―, xf];} ePg . laxfg gf} ah] ;'gLn / d 8fS6/sxf― k'Uof}+ s]xL 8/, s]xL qf; lnP/ . "Mr. Sakya, your bone scanning is perfectly allright", 8fS6/sf] s'/f ;'Ggf;fy 154

155 d]/f] d'xf/df x7ft\ Pp6f v'zLsf] nx/ 5rlNsof] . 8fS6/nfO{ wGojfb lb+b} 5f]/fnfO{ c¨fnf] df/]/ aflx/ lgl:sP― . /fd|f] va/ 8fS6/n] ;'gfPkl5 af]gdf SofG;/sf] c+z k]mnf k/]sf] eP s:tf] uf¥xf] x'GYof] xf]nf eGg] s'/f d}n] ;'gLnnfO{ eGg vf]h]+ t/ ;'gLnnfO{ oL ;a} s'/f klxn] g} yfxf /x]5 . p;n] klg n'sLn'sL o;af/] OG6/g]6df w]/} cWoog ul/;s]sf] /x]5 . uhasf] /x]5 afa' 5f]/fsf] ;DaGw . afa'n] 5f]/fnfO{ b'Mvaf6 6f9f /fVg rfxg], clg 5f]/fn] afa'nfO{ . x'g t d]/f] / ;'gLnsf] pd]/df pGgfO; jif{dfq km/s 5 . o;f] x]bf{ xfdL bfh'efO h:t} b]lvG5f}+ . pGgfO;—aL; jif{sf] cNnf/] hf]jgd} d afa' x'g k'u]sf] x'―bf d}n] ;'gLnk|lt slxNo} afa'sf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ ;s]sf] lyOg . cfk}+m aRrf lyP― . Pp6f aRrfn] csf]{ aRrfnfO{ s;/L x'sf{pg] < ;'gLnsf] nfngkfng d]/L cfdf / lbbLn] ug'{x'GYof] . d rflx+ cNnf/] s]6fsf] ¿kdf lbg latfpg] uy]{+ . xfdL ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df a;]sf] x'―bf d]/f] ;Dk"0f{ Kof/, dfof, :g]x cfºgf] 5f]/fx¿nfO{ eGbfklg d]/f elthf—elthLx¿nfO{ af―l8lbGy] . t/ g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf /utsf] gftf c;fWo} ulx/f] x'g] /x]5 . afa'n] 5f]/fnfO{ dfof ug{ g;s] tfklg cflv/ afa'k|ltsf] 5f]/fsf] dfof slxNo} sd gx'g] /x]5 . h'g a]nf d a}+ssdf k'u+], dk|ltsf] ;'gLnsf] dfof emg\emg\ a9b} uPsf] lyof] . d ;'t]+ ls ;'ltg―, lgbfP― ls lgbfOg― egL 9f]sfsf] vfkf la:tf/} ws]nL ;'gLn d]/f] kn+udf x]g]{ uYof]{ . deg] cf―vf lrlDn/x]sf] x'Gy]+ t/ ;'gLnn] lrofO/fv]sf] dnfO{ yfxf x'GYof] . ha pm nfdf] ;do;Dd afy?ddf al;/xGYof], dnfO{ yfxf x'GYof]— pm d]/} af/]df ;f]lr/x]sf] 5 of /f]O/x]sf] 5 . yfxf kfp―bfkfp―b} klg p;nfO{ d s]xL eGg ;ls/x]sf] x'Ggy] . lsgeg] To;af/] d}n] s]xL s'/f pNn]v ugf{;fy PSsf;L p;sf] dgsf] efj's af―w k'm6\g ;SYof] . hfgfhfgL p;sf] kL8fbfoL efjgfnfO{ d xn'sf] kf/fn] lnOlbGy]+ / cGo /fhgLlts, ;d;fdlos ljifodf p;nfO{ cndNofpg vf]Hy+] . p;nfO{ d of] efg kfg{ rfxGgy+] ls dnfO{ s'g} 8/ / qf;n] ;tfO/x]sf] 5 . d 7Ls 5' / ef]ln h:tf];'s} ePklg d ;fdgf ug{ tof/ 5' eGg] efjgf p;nfO{ af]w u/fpg rfxGy+] . To;/L g} d}n] d]/f] >LdtL ;'zLnf / 5f]/f 5f]/Lx?nfO{ g]kfndf x/]slbg 6]lnkmf]g u/]/ dg /fVg] s'/fx? ul//fVy]+ . af]g :Soflgªdf ha s]xL e]§fOPg, d]/f] ;f]rsf] wf/ g} cs}{ eof], efjL sfo{qmdsf] Ph]G8f g} kl/jt{g x'g yfNof] . Pp6f ;f]r / b[li6sf]0fnfO{ cs}{ df]8df nUg yfn]+ . Pp6f cK7\of/f] / 8/nfUbf] ;d:of t x6\of] . k|f]:6]6sf] afof]K;L ug{ eg] af―sL g} lyof] . t}klg ca dg w]/} xn'sf] eof] ;'gLnsf] klg, d]/f] klg . s]xL e}xfNof] eg]klg w]/} 8/dfGg' kg]{ cfjZostf lyPg, sd;]sd cf7—bz jif{ t ;lhn} af―Rg ;lsG5 . ca d bz jif]{ of]hgf agfpg tNnLg eP― . Affof]K;L ug{sf nflu a}+ssdf 5—;ft lbg c¿ a:g' kg]{ eof] . cfhsn krf; jif{ gf3]kl5 cfsl:ds x[bo /f]usf lglDt Pl:k|g rSsL vfg] k|yf 5 . d klg lbgsf] Ps rSsL ;'Tg] a]nfdf vfg] uy]{+ . afof]K;L ubf{ k|f]:6]6af6 s]xL df;' lgsfNg' kg]{ ePsf] x'―bf Pl:k|g vf―bf /ut cln kftnf] x'g] ePsf]n] …lAnl8ªÚ x'g] 8/n] Pl:k|g vfg] qmd t'?Gt} /f]lsof] / ;ft lbgkl5 dfq afof]K;L ug]{ ltly tf]lsof] . d rfxGy]+ afof]K;L rf8} xf];\, h]xf]nf …b]vf hfo]uf .Ú h] x'g' 5, To;nfO{ s;}n] /f]Sg ;Sb}g eg] ;ft lbg;Dd lsg klv{/xg] eGg] ljrf/ lyof] . dnfO{ eGbf klg ;'zLnf / d]/f] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] dfgl;s kL8fnfO{ d}n] ;xg ;lsg― . cfzf / lg/fzfsf] lkªdf xlNnP/ ;do latfpg ;lhnf] x'―b}g . 8fS6/n] eg]kl5 t kv{g} k¥of] . 5—;ft lbgsf] kvf{Odf d]/f] dgdf cg]s s'/fx¿ bf}8g yfn] . t/ crDd nfU5, d]/f] lbdfudf slxNo} klg nf]e 155

156 / nfn;f hfu]g . cfk"mn] oltsf d]xgt u/]/ agfPsf xf]6]nx¿ s;/L 5f]8]/ hfg], o:tf] cfsif{s 9¨n] dd{t—;Def/ u/]sf] d]/f] 3/ / au}+rfnfO{ d/]kl5 s;/L 5f]8]/ hfg] eGg] ljrf/ d]/f] dgdf slxNo} cfPg . of] ;f]r dnfO{ dfq cfPsf] xf] jf c¿nfO{ klg o:t} cfp―5, dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . oL efjgfTds Tofusf s'/fx¿ ;f]Rg] qmddf d}n] cfºgf] ;f+;fl/s dgnfO{ lht]+ . d]/f b'O{ 5f]/fx¿ ;Ifd eO;s]sf 5g\, pgLx¿sf] ljjfx e};s]sf] 5 / pgLx¿n] kfl/jfl/s pBf]u /fd|/L rnfO/fv]sf 5g\ . To:t} 7"nL 5f]/Lsf] klg ljjfx e};s]sf] 5, HjfO{ d]xgtL / OdfGbf/ 5g\ . k"mlt{nf / nfos gflt—gfltgLx¿ klg 5g\ . pgLx¿sf af/]df d]/f] dgdf s]xL 8/ ePg . t/ d]/L >LdtL ;'zLnf / sfG5L 5f]/Lsf] eg] cln lrGtf nfUof] . vf; u/L sfG5L 5f]/L rf}w jif{sf] slnnf] pd]/s} ePsL x'―bf pgsf] eljiok|lt d cln lrlGtt eP― . x'g t d klg c7f/ jif{sf] slnn} pd]/df 5―bf d]/f] a'af laTg'ePsf] lyof] . h;/L d x'ls{P―, d]/L sfG5L 5f]/L klg To;/L g} x's]{lng\ eGg] dnfO{ nfUof] . ha af]g :Soflgªsf] glthf cfof] clg d 9'Ss eP― . ca h:tf];'s} glthf cfP tfklg d}n] d]/L 5f]/Lsf] cfk+}mn] nfng—kfng ug{ ;Sg] eP― . of] s'/fn] dnfO{ emg\ alnof] kf¥of] . dnfO{ 8/ k6Ss} nfu]g . emg\ jf:tljstfsf] t:jL/n] d]/f] d'6' bl/nf] kfb}{ uof] . …d[To'Ú zAb ;'Gbf 8/ nfU5 t/ dgg ub}{ uof] eg] o;nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf lng ;ls+bf]/x]5 . dnfO{ Tof] lbg ofb 5 ha d]/L cfdf @)#* ;fndf emG8} clGtd cj:yfdf k'Ug'ePsf] lyof] . pxf― 8fOj]l6hsf] la/fdL x'g'x'GYof] . ;'u/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;w}+ …bfjlgnÚ eGg] cf}iflw vfg] ug'{x'GYof] . Tof] lbg cfdfn] Ps rSsL]sf] ;§f b'O{ rSsL bfjlgn vfg'eP5 . cf}iflw vfPkl5 s]xL vfg'kg]{ /x]5, t/ cfdf Tof] /ft s]xL gvfOsg} ;'Tg'eP5 . /flt cGbfhL b'O{ ah]lt/ hLpdf ;'u/ sd ePkl5 cs:dft\ s]xL sDkg eP5 . pxf―sf] cf―vfsf] gfgL dfly uPsf] lyof] . lha|f] pN6f] 3'd]em}+ af]nL n/a/fpg yfn]sf] lyof] . cfdfsf] Tof] cj:yf b]v]/ xfdL …ge{;Ú eof}+, s] ug]{ xf];} cfPg . xfdLn] eG7fGof}+, ca s'g} ;do pxf―n] xfdLnfO{ 5f]8]/ hfg'x'g]5 . lbbLx¿ ?g yfNg'eof], bfO wfld{s ;"qx¿ k9\g yfNg'eof] . cfdfn] la:tf/} d]/f] xft ;dft]/ sfgdf eGg'eof], ædnfO{ bLkÍ/ a'4sf] d"lt{ cufl8 nuL e'O―df /fv .Æ d}n] dflgg― / t'?Gt} 8fS6/ k'is//fh ;TofnnfO{ af]nfpg― k7fP― . pxf― dWo/ftd} cfpg'eof] . pxf―sf] Tof] u'0f lhGbuLdf d}n] slxNo} la;]{sf] 5}g / cfh;Dd klg pxf― d]/f] kl/jf/sf] Ps c¨sf] ¿kdf x'g'x'G5 . 8fS6/ ;Tofnn] s]xL pkrf/ u/]kl5 cfdf t'?Gt} :j:y x'g'eof], pxf―sf] /utdf lrgL gk'u]sf] /x]5 . cfdfn] xf―;]/ Vofn7§f ug{ yfNg'ePkl5 d}n] pxf―nfO{ ;f]w]+, æs] tkfO{+nfO{ klg yfxf lyof] tkfO{ clGtd cj:yf k'Ug'eof] eg]/ <Æ æc― dnfO{ klg nfu]sf] lyof] zfob d dg{ nfu]+ eGg], To;}n] a'4sf] cufl8 /fv eg]sf],Æ cfdfn] a8f] cfgGbk"j{s lglZrGt ¿kn] eGg'eof] . d}n] ;f]w]+, ætkfO{nfO{ d[To'b]lv 8/ nfu]g <Æ ælsg 8/fpg' < of] hLpsf] n'uf k]m/]/ d csf]{ hLpdf t uOxfN5' lg †Æ cfdfsf] Tof] ljZjf; / cf;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ dnfO{ klg nfUof], slt /fd|f] x'GYof] xf]nf d}n] klg d/0ff]k/fGt csf]{ lhGbuL 5 eg]/ ljZjf; ug{ ;Sg] eP . d/]kl5 ;a} vQd / ;a} z"Go eGg] ljrf/n] xfdLnfO{ ;w}+ d[To'sf] 8/n] ;tfO/x]sf] x'G5 . d/]kl5 csf]{ lhGbuL klg 5 eGg] cf; / ljZjf;n] dflg;nfO{ alnof] kfg{ ;S5, h:t} d]/L cfdfnfO{ . xfdL ;w}+ cfl:ts / gfl:tsaLr a;]/ …cfugf]l:6sÚ eO{ g wd{nfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ;S5f}+ g jf:tljstfsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;S5f}+ . t/ of] s'/f klg xf]Og /x]5 . rfx\of] eg] dflg;n] sfnnfO{ klg ;xh} :jLsfg{ ;Sbf]/x]5 . dflg;nfO{ xfdL hlt lgj{n eG7fG5f}+, Tolt sdhf]/ x'―b}g /x]5 . afof]K;L ug]{ lbg cfOk'Uof] . d]/f] dgdf vf; s'g} 8/ / qf; lyPg . h'g;'s} glthf cfPklg d ;fdgf ug{ tof/ eP/ a;]sf] lyP― . t/ ;'gLn 156

157 cln x8a8fPsf] d}n] dx;'; u/]+, cflv/ SofG;/ eg]kl5 cln dgf]j}1flgs tj/n] g} 8/ l;h{gf eOxfN5 . 5f]/fnfO{ 9f8; lb+b} d}n] eg], æh] ePklg wGbf dfGg' kb}{g, xfdL o;df tof/ eP/ a:g' k5{, Let's wish for the best and prepare for the worstÆ. Affof]:kLsf nflu ck/]zg lyP6/df hfg' kbf]{/x]5 n'uf ;a} k]m/]/ c:ktfnsf] ufpg nufO{ dnfO{ ck/]zg lyP6/df nluof] . To;a]nf klg dnfO{ s'g} 8/ ePg . emg\ dg—dgdf Tof] ck/]zg lyP6/sf] ;/;kmfO{ / cfw'lgs pks/0fx¿ x]/]/ xfd|f] b]zdf klg o:t} eOlbPsf] eP s:tf] /fd|f] x'g] lyof] eGg] efjgf kf] pbfO/x]sf] lyof] . s]xL If0fkl5 8fS6/ cfOk'u] . a]xf]z kfg]{ OGh]Szg lbOof], To;kl5 dnfO{ s]xL ofb ePg . g ;kgf cfof] g t d]/f] dl:tisdf s'g} t/¨sf] cg'ej eof] . cf―vf vf]Nbf t d}n] cfk"mnfO{ c:ktfnsf] vf6df kfP― . Affof]:kLsf] gtLhf $* 306f kl5dfq cfpg] /x]5 . afof]K;LkZrft\ d d]/} xf]6]ndf cfP/ a;] klg x'GYof] t/ k|f]:6]6df 3fp kf/L Toxf―af6 df;'sf ;—;fgf 6'qmf lems]/ lnPsf] x'―bf lk;fa kf]Ng ;Sg] (Urinery Infection) sf] w]/} ;Defjgf x'―bf c:ktfnd} Pp6} sf]7f lnP/ a:g] lgwf] u/]+ . $* 306f latfpg cln d'lZsn g} eof] . dg hlt;'s} alnof] kf/] tfklg afof]K;Lsf] glthf s:tf] xf]nf eGg] pT;'stf / clncln 8/ cgfof; dgdf cfOg}/x]sf] lyof] . 8fS6/n] afof]K;Lsf] glthf clk|nsf] @( tfl/v ;f―em rf/ ah] lbG5' eg]/ va/ k7fP . /ftL d lrGtfn] ;'Tg ;lSbg ls eGg] ;f]r]/ x'g;S5, 8fS6/n] dnfO{ lgGb|f cfpg] cf}iflw lbg vf]h]sf lyP . t/ dnfO{ crDd nfUof], tL cGof]nk"0f{ lbgx¿df klg dnfO{ s'g} lrGtfn] ;tfPg . /ftL /fd|};―u lgGb|f k¥of] . d}n] d]/f] dl:tisdf s'g}klg 8/ / qf;nfO{ 7fp― g} lbOg . dgdf s'g} s'/f cfOxfNof] eg] klg d}n] ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0fn] cfºgf ljrf/nfO{ k|of]u ug{ yfn] . cfºgf] Ph]08f agfpgdf d tNnLg eP― . SofG;/ /x]5 eg] s] ug]{, SofG;/ /x]g5 eg] s] ug]{ < ;Lldt cfo' / eljionfO{ Wofgdf /fvL efjL Ph]08fnfO{ ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0fn] k|of]u ubf{ slxn]sfxL+ /dfOnf] klg x'―bf]/x]5 . d]/f] r]x/fdf 8/sf s'g} /]vfx¿ gb]v]kl5 ;'gLnsf] cfTdljZjf; klg a9\g yfNof] . pm klg jf:tljstfsf] ;fdgf ug{ tof/ ePsf] d}n] kfP― . cflv/ clk|n dlxgfsf] @( tfl/v cfOxfNof] . laxfg ;'gLn lrof agfP/ v'jfpg] t/v/ ub}{ lyof] . 7Ls 5 ah]/ PsfpGg ldg]6df ljgfk"j{ ;"rgf 8fS6/ d]/f] sf]7fleq k;] . To;a]nf d cf―vf lrlDnP/ vf6df To;} klN6/x]sf] lyP― . vf6sf] af/df /flv/fv]sf] d]/f] bflxg] xftdf cfºgf] xft /fVb} v'zL eP/ awfO{ lb+b} 8fS6/n] eg]+ "Mr. Sakya, you are very lucky. Thereis no cancer in your biopsy test, congratulation". 8fS6/sf] s'/f ;'g]/ d t s]xL af]Ng} ;lsg― . d]/f] d'vaf6 b'O{ zAb dfq} lgl:sof], "Thank you" . vf6sf] x\ofGb8ndfyL d]/f] bflxg] xftdfly 8fS6/sf] xft / 8fS6/sf] xftdfly k]ml/ d]/f] b]a|] xft . ltg} tLgyfg xftsf dfWodaf6 8fS6/ / daLr gaf]nLsg Ps lsl;dsf] r'krfk ;'vsf] ;Djfb e}/x]sf] lyof] . rf/ ah]dfq lbPk'Ug] afof]K;Lsf] l/kf]6{ laxfg ;a]/} cfO{ dnfO{ lb+bf 8fS6/sf] x[boleq klg slt dfgjLo efjgf x'―bf] /x]5 eGg] :ki6 a'lemof] . lbgdf ;of}+ la/fdL Hff―Rg], dflg;sf] d[To'nfO{ :jfefljs ¿kaf6 x]g]{ 8fS6/x¿nfO{ klg s;}nfO{ v'zLsf] va/ ;'gfpg kfp―bf slt xif{ x'―bf]/x]5 † ToxL xiff{lt/]ssf] cj0f{gLo jftfj/0faLr 8fS6/n] afof]K;Lsf] l/kf]6{ d]/f] xftdf ydfP . cf}wL v'zLsf sf/0f af]Ng} g;ls/fv]sf ;'gLn Psl5g kl5 d]/f] vf6s} 5]pdf a;]/ afof]K;Lsf] l/kf]6{ lnP/ x]g{ yfNof] . c¿x¿sf] cufl8 slxn] ?―b}gYof] ;'gLn . l/kf]6{ k9\bfk9\b} p;sf] cf―vfaf6 b'O{ yf]kf v'zLsf cf―;' 6k6k v;]sf] d}n] b]v]+ . To;a]nf ;"o{sf] gj ls/0fdf p;sf] cf+―;' :ki6 6lNs/x]sf] lyof], df]6f afSnf tL b'O{ yf]kf tftf cf―;'df zAbdf 157

158 JoQm ug{, cÍdf uGg g;lsg] t/ cg'ej eg] ug{ ;lsg] v'zL, ;Gtf]if / :g]xsf efjflt/]s emlNs/x]sf] lyof] . c:ktfnsf] d]/f] sf]7f klZrd df]x8f kms]{sf] lyof] . sf]7fsf] ¤ofnaf6 a}+sssf ;Dk"0f{ uugr'DaL ejgx¿ t:jL/ h:tf b]lvGy] . gLnf], sfnf], ;]tf] P]gf 6Dd nufPsf uugr'DaL ejgx¿af6 ev{/ pbfPsf] ;"o{sf] rf]vf] / :ki6 ls/0fsf] k|ltlaDan] xfd|f] sf]7f hudu e}/x]sf] lyof] . d]/f] sf]7fsf] 7Ls cufl8sf] kRrL; tn] 3/sf] 5fgfdfly cGbfhL rf/ xhf/ :Sjfo/ lkm6sf] ;fOgaf]8{ /flvPsf] /x]5 . ;fOgaf]8{sf] k5fl8 6lNsg] cfNd'lgodsf kftf / Tof] af]8{ c8\ofpg cgluGtL kmnfdsf kfOksf 6«i6x¿ h8fg ul/Psf lyP . ;"of]{bosf] gj nflndfo'Qm ls/0f ;fOgaf]8{sf] cfNd'lgod kftfdf k/]kl5 kmnfd} kmnfdsf kfOkx¿sf sf/0f xL/f jf ax'sf]0ffsf/ lk|hd\ rlDsPe}+m ls/0fsf k|ltlaDax¿ cfsf;el/ 5l/Psf b]lvGy] . ;―u} cGbfhL rfnL; tn] csf]{ Pp6f ljzfn / cUnf] uugr'DaL ejg lyof] em§ x]bf{ xfd|F] 306f3/ h:t} b]lvg] . Tof] ejgsf] ;a}eGbf dfly lgs} 7"nf] uf]nf] xl/of] P]gfn] 9fs]sf] ¤ofn lyof] . Toxf― d}n] Pp6f uhasf] b[Zo b]v]+ . k"j{af6 pbfPsf] ;"o{sf] ;Dk"0f{ cfs[lt Tof] uh'/sf] ¤ofnsf] P]gfleq 7\ofDd} ;dflxt x'―bf klZrdaf6 ;d]t ;"o{ pbfPsf] h:tf] b]lvGYof] . Tof] b[Zo x]g{ nfossf] lyof] . c¿x¿sf nflu of] s'/f ;fdfGo x'g;S5 / pgLx¿n] Tof] b[ZonfO{ ofb gu/]sf klg x'g ;S5g\ . t/ d]/f nflu Tof] clj:d/0fLo If0f lyof] . lsgeg] hLjg / d/0fsf] bf];f―wdf d]/f] csf]{ gjhLjgsf] z'ef/De eof] . b'Mv, si6 / oftgfsf] 8/nfUbf] gbL kf/ ug'{ knf{ ls eGg] ;+qmd0fsfndf d}n] v'§f 6]Sgsf nflu Pp6f k'n];f] kfP― . To:tf] cGof]nk"0f{ If0fdf d}n] gjhLjgbfgsf] Tof] l/kf]6{ kfP― . a]n'sL rf/ah] cfpg' kg]{ l/kf]6{ laxfgsf] ^ ah]/ %! ldg]6d} cfpg' kg]{ lsg < ToxL― a]nf ;"o{sf] ;Dk"0f{ cfs[lt Tof] ejgsf] r'r'/f]df ;dflxt x'g'kg]{ lsg < ToxL a]nf ;"o{sf] cg'kd nflndf Tof] ;fOgaf]8{af6 5l/P/ ;f/f cfsfzdf k}mng' kg]{ lsg < s] o;n] O{Zj/sf] ;j{Jofkstf (Omnipresence) nfO{ b]vfp―b}g < zfob oxL xf]nf lbJobz{g (revelation) / O{Zj/sf] bz{g † ef]lnkN6 klg ToxL uugr'DaL ejgsf] uh'/df k]ml/ pxL ;"o{sf] bz{g u/]/ hk / Wofg ub}{ cfk"mnfO{ tNnLg / tGdo u/fpg] ljrf/ u/]+ . d sf}t'xnsf ;fy gof― ;"of]{bo klv{/fv]sf] lyP―, t/ ^ ah]/ %! ldg]6 uof], ;ft aHof] / cf7 klg aHof] . h'g cnf}lss tyf ljnIf0f b[Zo d}n] cl3Nnf] k|eftdf b]v]+, Tof] d}n] b]Vg ;lsg― . h;/L cl3Nnf] lbg ;"o{sf] ;Dk"0f{ cfs[lt To; uh'/sf] P]gfleq ;dflxt ePsf] lyof], ef]lnkN6 To;f] ePg lsgeg] kl/jt{gzLn ;"o{sf] cIf (Axis) t k]ml/O;s]sf] /x]5 . ca Toxf― ;"o{sf] s]xL c+zdfq k|ltlalDat ePsf] b]lv+bf]/x]5 . eG5g\ eujfg\ x/]s ¿kdf cfp―5g\ jf cfºgf] lbJo :j¿k b]vfp―5g\ . Tof] lbg d}n] eujfg\sf] ck"j{ Pj+ cnf}lss :j¿k ToxL uugr'DaL dxnsf] uh'/df ;fIffTsf/ ug{ kfP― . b'O{ lbgkl5 d]/f] sfG5f] 5f]/f—a'xf/Ln] cf7 kfp08sf] gflt kfPsf] va/ ;'g]+ . Tof] klg j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg; h'glbg eujfg\ a'4sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . O{Zj/ oxL+ 5, ;j{q lj/fhdfg 5 / :ju{ klg oxL+ 5 . a;\ ;f]Rg] / x]g]{ dg dfq rflxG5 .x ;dfKt

158