SMChap011

Chapter 11 - Investments

Chapter 11 Investments SOLUTIONS MANUAL Discussion Questions 1. [LO 1] Describe how interest income and dividend income are taxed. What are the similarities and differences in their tax treatment? Because they are cash method taxpayers, individual investors typically are taxed on interest and dividends when they receive them. However, interest income is taxed using ordinary rates while qualified dividends are taxed at lower capital gains rates. 2. [LO 1] What is the underlying policy rationale for the current tax rules applicable to interest income and dividend income? Interest and dividends are typically taxed annually when received because taxpayers have the wherewithal to pay the tax at that time. Interest income is taxed at ordinary rates because it is viewed as a less risky type of income compared to other more risky forms of income such as the expected appreciation in capital assets. Qualified dividends are taxed at capital gains rates to mitigate the effect of double taxation on corporate earnings. 3. [LO 1] Compare and contrast the tax treatment of interest from a Treasury bond and qualified dividends from corporate stock. Both the interest from Treasury bonds and dividends are taxed by cash method taxpayers in the year they are received. However, interest is taxed using ordinary rates while qualified dividends are taxed at lower capital gains rates. An additional difference between these types of income relates to their state income tax treatment. The interest from Treasury bonds is exempt from state income taxes while dividends are subject to state income taxes. 4. [LO 1] How are Treasury notes and Treasury bonds treated for federal and state income tax purposes? Generally, interest from Treasury bonds and notes is taxed annually as it is received at ordinary rates for federal income tax purposes. However, interest from Treasury bonds and Treasury notes is exempt from state income taxes. Treasury bonds and Treasury notes are issued at maturity value, at a discount, or at a premium, depending on prevailing interest rates. Treasury bonds and Treasury notes pay a stated rate of interest semiannually. When Treasury bonds and Treasury notes are either issued or subsequently purchased at either a premium or discount, special rules apply. Specifically, taxpayers may elect to amortize the premium to reduce the amount of interest currently reported. To the extent taxpayers amortize the premium, they reduce the tax basis in the related bond or note. If a portion of the premium is unamortized 11-1 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


(either because the election to amortize the premium was not made or because the bond is sold prior to maturity), the unamortized premium remains part of the tax basis of the bond or note and affects the amount of capital gain or loss taxpayers recognize when the bond or note is sold or when it matures. Original issue discount must be amortized and included in gross income in addition to any interest payments taxpayers actually receive. Also, the tax basis of a bond or note is increased by the amount of original issue discount amortized into income. In contrast, market discount is not amortized into income unless taxpayers elect to do so. Rather, the market discount that would have been amortized into income (on an annual basis using a straight line method) if the taxpayer had elected to amortize the market discount into income is treated as ordinary income when the bond or note is sold or when it matures. 5. [LO 1] Why would taxpayers generally prefer the tax treatment of market discount to the treatment of original issue discount on corporate bonds? Taxpayers generally would prefer market discount to original issue discount on bonds because the ordinary income related to market discount is deferred until bonds are sold or until they mature. In contrast, taxpayers must report ordinary income from the amortization of original issue discount yearly until the bonds are sold or until they mature. 6. [LO 1] In what ways are U.S. savings bonds treated more favorably for tax purposes than corporate bonds? U.S. Savings Bonds compare favorably with corporate bonds because any interest related to the original issue discount on savings bonds is deferred until the savings bonds are cashed in. In comparison, any original issue discount on corporate bonds must be amortized and included in the investor’s annual tax returns. Also, interest from savings bonds used to pay for qualifying educational expenses may be excluded entirely from income whereas interest from corporate bonds must eventually be reported. 7. [LO 1] {Research, Planning} When should investors consider making an election to amortize market discount on a bond into income annually? [Hint: see §1278(b)] A taxpayer may elect under §1278(b) to amortize market discount on a bond into income currently (as ordinary income) rather than wait to recognize the accrued market discount as ordinary income when the bond is sold or matures. Generally, this election makes sense when the taxpayer’s current marginal tax rate is expected to be significantly lower than the future marginal rate when the bond is sold or matures.

11-2 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


8. [LO 1] Why might investors purchase interest-paying securities rather than dividendpaying stocks? Non-tax considerations may play a role. For example, investors may be willing to give up the tax rate benefit from receiving qualified dividend income in exchange for the certainty of receiving predicable interest payments. In addition, risk preferences might cause investors to prefer one investment over another. FDIC insurance guarantees the security of an investment in savings accounts and certificates of deposit up to a threshold amount; whereas, no guarantees exist for stock investments.

9. [LO 1] Compare and contrast the tax treatment of dividend-paying stocks and growth stocks. Qualified dividends from dividend paying stocks and long-term capital gains from growth stocks are both taxed at favorable capital gains rates. However, dividends are taxed when received in contrast to the appreciation in growth stocks which is taxed only when growth stocks are sold. All else equal, growth stocks will have a higher after-tax rate of return because the tax is deferred into the future while dividend paying stocks are taxed annually. 10. [LO 1] Do after-tax rates of return for investments in either interest or dividend paying securities increase with the length of the investment? Why or why not? After-tax rates of return do not increase for interest or dividend paying securities with the length of the investment period because they are both taxed annually. 11. [LO 2] What is the definition of a capital asset? Give three examples of capital assets. In general, a capital asset is any asset other than an asset used in a trade or business (i.e., equipment, buildings, inventory, etc.), or accounts or notes receivable generated from the sale of services or property by a trade or business. Also, any property that is used for personal rather than business purposes is a capital asset. Examples of capital assets include investment assets such as corporate or governmental bonds, corporate stock, stocks in mutual funds, and land held for investment. Personal assets such as automobiles, personal residences, golf clubs, book collections, and televisions are also capital assets. 12. [LO 2] Why does the tax law allow a taxpayer to defer gains accrued on a capital asset until the taxpayer actually sells the asset? Taxpayers are allowed to defer accrued gains on capital assets until the date of sale because the investment doesn’t provide the wherewithal (i.e., cash) to pay the tax on the accrued gains until after it is sold. When the taxpayer sells the asset, the investment should provide the cash necessary to pay the taxes due on the gain. 11-3 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


13. [LO 2] Why does the tax law provide preferential rates on certain capital gains? Preferential tax rates apply to gains on the sale of certain capital assets (e.g., capital assets held for more than one year). Among other things, these preferential rates are meant to encourage taxpayers to invest in those assets and to hold those assets for the long term. The government believes this will help the national economy by stimulating the demand for risky investments. 14. [LO 2] Cameron purchases stock in Corporation X and in Corporation Y. Neither corporation pays dividends. The stocks both earn an identical before-tax rate of return. Cameron sells stock in Corporation X after three years and he sells the stock in Corporation Y after five years. Which investment likely earned a greater after-tax return? Why? The gain from the sale of the Corporation Y stock should earn a greater after-tax return because the tax was deferred for 5 years while the tax on the gain from the sale of Corporation X stock was deferred for 3 years. The longer the tax is deferred, the less it costs on an after-tax basis. The lower the tax cost, the higher the after-tax return, all else equal. 15. [LO 2] What is the deciding factor in determining whether a capital gain is a short-term or long-term capital gain? The deciding factor is the amount of time an asset has been held by the taxpayer. When a capital asset that has been held for more than one year is sold, it generates a long-term capital gain. When it has been held for one year or less it generates a short term capital gain when sold. 16. [LO 2] What methods may taxpayers use to determine the adjusted basis of stock they have sold? Taxpayers can use the FIFO method to determine basis in the stock. That is, the first stock purchased (i.e., the stock the taxpayer has held for the longest time) is treated as though it is the first stock sold. Taxpayers can also use the specific identification method of determining the basis of the stock sold. 17. [LO 2] What tax rate applies to net short-term capital gains? Net short-term capital gains are taxed at the taxpayer’s ordinary tax rates. 18. [LO 2] What limitations are placed on the deductibility of capital losses for individual taxpayers?



Individual taxpayers with a net capital loss for the year may deduct up to $3,000 of the capital loss against ordinary income. Taxpayers can deduct up to $3,000 ($1,500 if married filing separately) of net capital losses against ordinary income. Net capital losses in excess of $3,000 ($1,500 if married filing separately) retain their short or longterm character and are carried forward. 19. [LO 2] What happens to capital losses that are not deductible in the current year? Individual capital losses that are not deducted in the current year are carried forward indefinitely and treated as though they were incurred in the subsequent year. 20. [LO 2] Are all long-term capital gains taxable at the same maximum rate? If not, what rates may apply to long-term capital gains? Long-term capital gains may be taxed at one of five different rates (0, 15, 20, 25, or 28 percent). Unrecaptured §1250 gains from the sale of depreciable real estate investments are taxed at a 25% maximum rate, gains from collectibles held for more than one year are taxed at a 28% maximum rate, and recognized gains from the sale of qualified small business stock held for more than five years is taxable at a 28% maximum rate. The remaining long-term capital gains are taxed at 0, 15, or 20 percent depending on the taxpayer’s ordinary income tax rate as follows: Ordinary Tax Bracket Capital Gains Tax Rate 10% or 15% 0% 25%, 28%, 33%, or 35% 15% 39.6% 20% 21. [LO 2] {Planning}This year, David, a taxpayer in the highest tax rate bracket, has the option to purchase either stock in a Fortune 500 company or qualified small business stock in his friend’s corporation. All else equal, which of the two will he prefer from a tax perspective if he intends to hold the stock for six years? Which would he prefer if he only plans to hold the stock for two years? If David holds the stock in his friend’s corporation for more than five years, 100% of his gain will be excluded. In contrast, gains from the sale of stock in the Fortune 500 company would be taxed at the prevailing maximum capital gains rate (maximum of 20% currently). Thus, David would prefer to purchase stock in his friend’s corporation if taxes are the only consideration. If the stocks are only held for two years, the stock in his friend’s corporation would not be treated as qualified small business stock and he would be indifferent, from a tax perspective, between purchasing the two stocks.



22. [LO 2] What is a “wash sale”? What is the purpose of the wash sale tax rules? A wash sale is a tax term that applies to transactions in which a taxpayer purchases the same stock or “substantially identical” stock to the stock they sold at a loss within a 61day period centered on the date of the sale. A wash sale occurs when an investor sells or trades stock or securities at a loss and within 30 days either before or after the day of sale buys substantially identical stocks or securities. Because the day of sale is included, the 30 days before and after period creates a 61-day window during which the wash sale provisions may apply. The purpose of the wash sale tax rules is to prevent taxpayers from accelerating losses on securities that have declined in value without actually changing their investment in the securities. The 61-day period ensures that taxpayers cannot deduct losses from stock sales while essentially continuing their investment in the stock. 23. [LO 2] Nick does not use his car for business purposes. If he sells his car for less than he paid for it, does he get to deduct the loss for tax purposes? Why or why not? Personal-use of assets falls within the category of capital assets. When a taxpayer sells a personal-use asset, the gain from the sale of the personal-use asset is taxable even though it was not purchased for its appreciation potential. If a taxpayer sells a car for less than he paid for it, the loss from the sale of the personal-use asset is not deductible, and therefore never becomes part of the netting process. Hence losses recognized on assets used for personal purposes are not deductible. However, if Nick sold the car for more than he purchased it, he would be taxed on the capital gain. 24. [LO 2] Describe three basic tax planning strategies available to taxpayers investing in capital assets. When a taxpayer holds capital assets for more than one year before selling, she is actually utilizing two basic strategies. First, she defers recognizing capital gains thereby reducing the present value of the capital gains tax due when the asset is sold. Second, by converting the capital gain into a long-term capital gain, the gain is taxed at a preferential maximum tax rate of 0/15/20% (depending on her income) instead of her ordinary rate. A third strategy is to sell investments with built-in losses. Selling loss assets reduces taxes by providing up to a $3,000 deduction against ordinary income and by reducing the amount of capital gains that would otherwise be subject to tax during the year. This is particularly beneficial for a taxpayer with short-term capital gains that would be taxed at high ordinary rates absent offsetting capital losses.



25. [LO 2] {Planning} Clark owns stock in BCS Corporation that he purchased in January of the current year. The stock has appreciated significantly during the year. It is now December of the current year, and Clark is deciding whether or not he should sell the stock. What tax and nontax factors should Clark consider before making the decision on whether to sell the stock now? Tax factors: Clark should consider the rate at which the gain will be taxed. If he sells the stock in December of the current year, the gain is a short-term gain that will likely be taxed at his marginal ordinary income rate. If he waits until he has held the stock for more than a year, the gain will be taxed at a maximum of 0/15/20% (depending on income). Clark should also assess his other capital gains and losses incurred during the year. The gain he recognizes on the sale will enter the netting process. Thus, if he has a large short term capital loss, he may want to sell the stock this year to absorb the loss. Nontax factors: If Clark decides to hold the stock, there is risk that the value will decline. Likewise, the stock may appreciate in value if Clark decides to wait to sell. Clark should assess his risk of loss and appreciation potential of the stock before selling. 26. [LO 2] Under what circumstances would you expect the after-tax return from an investment in a capital asset to approach that of tax-exempt assets assuming equal beforetax rates of return? The after-tax return from capital assets approaches the after-tax return of tax-exempt assets (assuming equal pre-tax rates of return) the longer the taxpayer holds the capital asset. The longer the taxpayer holds the capital asset before selling, the less the tax costs in present value terms. In the extreme, a taxpayer who holds an appreciated capital asset until death escapes income tax on the gain entirely. In this circumstance, the pretax and after tax return on the capital assets would be the same just as it is with tax exempt assets. 27. [LO 3] Why does the federal government exempt municipal bond interest from federal income tax? The federal government exempts municipal bond interest income from tax to subsidize state and local governments. The tax benefits associated with municipal bonds allows state and local governments to borrow at lower rates than they would otherwise have to pay.



28. [LO 3] Why do taxpayers have an incentive to purchase municipal bonds from within their own states? The states typically exempt municipal bond interest from bonds issued within the state from state income tax. As a result, taxpayers should prefer to purchase municipal bonds issued by governmental entities within their own state holding other factors constant. 29. [LO 3] What is an “implicit tax” and how does it affect a taxpayer’s decision to purchase municipal bonds? The price of tax-advantaged assets like municipal bonds is bid up in competitive markets relative to the price of similar assets, like corporate bonds, without tax advantages. The higher price paid for tax-advantaged assets reduces the rate of return on these assets relative to other similar assets without tax advantages. This difference in rates of return represents an “implicit tax” on tax-advantaged assets. A taxpayer would have to calculate weather her implicit tax rate is greater than or less than her individual marginal tax rate (explicit rate) before deciding to purchase municipal bonds. If her explicit tax rate exceeds her implicit tax rate on municipal bonds, she will prefer municipal bonds over taxable bonds all else being equal. 30. [LO 3] How do taxpayers’ explicit marginal tax rates affect their decision to purchase municipal bonds? When deciding whether to purchase municipal bonds, taxpayers often must compare the rate of return from municipal bonds with the after-tax rate of return from similar taxable bonds. Taxpayers must factor in their own explicit marginal tax rates when computing their after-tax rate of returns for taxable bonds. Taxpayers with low marginal tax rates prefer explicitly taxed investments like corporate bonds because the explicit taxes they actually pay are less than the implicit taxes they avoid on tax-favored assets like municipal bonds. 31. [LO 3] Is there a natural clientele for municipal bonds? Why or why not? Yes there is. Taxpayers with high marginal rates are the natural clientele for municipal bonds. Although they pay “implicit taxes” due to lower returns on municipal bonds, the explicit taxes they save by avoiding taxable bonds are greater than the implicit taxes they pay. 32. [LO 3] In what sense can life insurance be viewed as an investment? Some life insurance policies allow for a build-up in the cash surrender value of the policy over time. Policy holders are frequently permitted to borrow against the cash surrender value of the policy or may receive the cash surrender value if they choose to terminate the policy.



33. [LO 3] How are life insurance proceeds taxed when paid after the insured individual’s death? Life insurance proceeds distributed after the death of the insured individual are tax exempt. 34. [LO 3] How are life insurance proceeds taxed if a policy is cashed out early? In this instance, the policy holder is taxed at ordinary rates on the difference between their investment in the policy and the amount they receive. 35. [LO 3] List the important nontax issues to consider when purchasing life insurance as an investment. Life insurance products, when compared to other investment alternatives, tend to be weighed down by high fees and commissions. In addition, beneficiaries may find it difficult to plan for cashing in their investments if they decide to wait until the insured party dies. 36. [LO 3] How are state-sponsored 529 educational savings plans taxed if investment returns are used for educational purposes? Are the returns taxed differently if they are not ultimately used to pay for education costs? Investment returns from state sponsored 529 plans are never taxed if used to pay for “qualified higher education expenses”. If distributed investment returns are used for any other purpose, the distributee will pay tax on the investment returns in the year received at ordinary rates. In many instances, the distributee will also be required to pay an additional 10% penalty tax in addition to the normal tax on the investment returns. 37. [LO 3] {Planning} Why would someone saving for college consider investing in something other than a 529 plan? 529 plans offer a fixed menu of investments choices. An individual saving for education costs with a desire for greater investment options may decide to invest elsewhere. 38. [LO 4] Are dividends and capital gains considered to be investment income for purposes of determining the amount of a taxpayer’s deductible investment interest expense for the year? Long-term capital gains and dividends that qualify for the preferential 20% (or lower) tax rate are not considered to be investment income for purposes of determining the investment interest expense deduction unless the taxpayer makes an election to tax this income at ordinary rates. If the taxpayer makes this election, the dividends and longterm capital gains count as investment income for this purpose. Dividends and capital gains that are not eligible for the preferential rate are included in investment income in determining the deductibility of investment interest expense.



39. [LO 4] How is the amount of net investment income determined for a taxpayer with investment expenses and other noninvestment miscellaneous itemized deductions? Investment expenses and miscellaneous itemized deductions are subject to the 2% of AGI limitation. So, when the two types of expenses are added together, only the amount in excess of 2% of AGI is deductible. The amount in excess of 2% of AGI is first considered to be the investment expenses. If these expenses are fully deductible, the remaining miscellaneous itemized deduction consists of the non-investment expenses. This sequence maximizes the deductibility of the investment expenses. The sequence is unfavorable for the taxpayer because maximizing the deductible investment expenses minimizes net investment income which minimizes the investment interest expense deduction. 40. [LO 4] What limitations are placed on the deductibility of investment interest expense? What happens to investment interest expense that is not deductible because of the limitations? Investment interest expense is deductible, as an itemized deduction, to the extent of net investment income. Net investment income is investment income minus deductible investment expenses. Investment interest expense that is not deductible because of the net investment income limitation is carried forward and treated as though it is incurred in the next year. Unused investment interest expense can be carried forward indefinitely. 41. [LO 4] When taxpayers borrow money to buy municipal bonds, are they allowed to deduct interest expense on the loan? Why or why not? Interest expense incurred on loans used to purchase municipal bonds is not deductible. The interest income from the municipal bonds is not included in income; therefore, the interest expense incurred to produce the tax exempt income is not deductible. 42. [LO 5] What types of losses may potentially be characterized as passive losses? Losses from limited partnerships, and from rental activities, including rental real estate, are generally considered passive losses. In addition, losses from any other activity involving the conduct of a trade or business in which the taxpayer does not materially participate are also treated as passive losses. Material participation is defined as “regular, continuous, and substantial.” 43. [LO 5] What are the implications of treating losses as passive? Passive losses may not be used to offset portfolio income or active income. Passive losses can only be used to offset passive income. Passive losses that are limited will be suspended until taxpayers have passive income or until the activity producing the passive loss is sold.



44. [LO 5] What tests are applied to determine if losses should be characterized as passive? In general, losses from trade or business activities are passive unless individuals are material participants in the activity. Regulations provide seven separate tests for material participation, and individuals can be classified as material participants by meeting any one of the seven tests. The seven tests are as follows: 1. The individual participates in the activity more than 500 hours during the year. 2. The individual’s activity constitutes substantially all of the participation in such activity by the individuals including non-owners. 3. The individual participates more than 100 hours during the year, and the individual’s participation is not less than any other individual’s participation in the activity. 4. The activity qualifies as a “significant participation activity” (more than 100 hours spent during the year) and the aggregate of all “significant participation activities” is greater than 500 hours for the year. 5. The individual materially participated in the activity for any five of the preceding 10 taxable years. 6. The individual materially participated for any three preceding years in any personal service activity (personal services in health, law, accounting, architecture, etc.) 7. Taking into account all the facts and circumstances, the individual participates on a regular, continuous, and substantial basis during the year. 45. [LO 5] {Planning} All else being equal, would a taxpayer with passive losses rather have wage income or passive income? A taxpayer in this situation would prefer passive income because the taxpayer’s passive losses could be applied currently against the passive income to reduce the amount of tax paid currently. If the taxpayer had received wage income, the passive losses would have been suspended, and the tax benefits associated with the passive losses would be deferred. 46. [LO 1,2,3] {Planning} Laurie is thinking about investing in one or several of the following investment options: Corporate bonds 529 plan Dividend-paying stock Life insurance Savings account Treasury bonds



Growth stock a. Assuming all seven options earn similar returns before taxes, rank Laurie’s investment options from highest to lowest according to their after-tax returns. b. Which of the investments employ the deferral and/or conversion tax planning strategies? c. How does the time period of the investment affect the returns from these alternatives? d. How do these alternative investments differ in terms of their nontax characteristics? Investment

Part a AT RoR Rank

Corporate Bonds

6

529 plan

2 (used for education)

Part b Tax planning strategy None Conversion Deferral if proceeds not used for education.

Dividend Paying Stock

4

Conversion

Life Insurance

1 (if held until death)

Conversion

Savings Account

7(likely wouldn’t earn same return as other

Part c Time period No effect No effect if proceeds used for education. Returns increase with holding period if proceeds not used for education. No effect

No effect if policy held until death of insured. Otherwise returns increase with holding period. No effect

None

Part d Nontax characteristics Rate higher than savings but may be more risky. Limited choices of investments. Not asset of student for financial aid purposes. 10% penalty if not used for education. Consistent income stream. Equity investment subject to market risk. High commissions and fees.

Safe investment; likely low beforetax return.



Treasury Bonds Growth Stock

investments) 5 (but no state taxes) 3

None for federal/conversio n for state. Deferral and conversion.

No effect

Safe investment.

Returns increase with holding period.

Typically involves risk; therefore, should diversify.

Problems 47. [LO 1] Anne’s marginal income tax rate is 30 percent. She purchases a corporate bond for $10,000 and the maturity, or face value, of the bond is $10,000. If the bond pays 5 percent per year before taxes, what is Anne’s annual after-tax rate of return from the bond if the bond matures in one year? What is her annual after-tax rate of return if the bond matures in 10 years? Anne’s after-tax rate of return from the corporate bond is 3.5% or 5% x (1-.3). Because interest from the bond is taxed annually and her rate is assumed to be constant, the aftertax rate of return doesn’t depend on her investment horizon. Thus, her annual after-tax rate of return remains at 3.5% if the bond matures in ten years. 48. [LO 1] Matt recently deposited $20,000 in a savings account paying a guaranteed interest rate of 4 percent for the next 10 years. If Matt expects his marginal tax rate to be 20 percent for the next 10 years, how much interest will he earn after-tax for the first year of his investment? How much interest will he earn after-tax for the second year of his investment if he withdraws enough cash every year to pay the tax on the interest he earns? How much will he have in the account after four years? How much will he have in the account after seven years? After one year, Matt will have earned $640 or $20,000 x .04(1-.2) after tax. In the second year, Matt will earn $660 after tax or $20,640 x .04(1-.2) after tax. After four years, Matt will have $22,686 or $20,000 x (1 + .04(1-.2))4 in the savings account. After seven years, Matt will have $24,934 or $20,000 x (1 + .04(1-.2))7 in the savings account. 49. [LO 1] Dana intends to invest $30,000 in either a Treasury bond or a corporate bond. The Treasury bond yields 5 percent before tax and the corporate bond yields 6 percent before tax. Assuming Dana’s federal marginal rate is 25 percent and her marginal state rate is 5 percent which of the two options should she choose? If she were to move to another state where her marginal state rate would be 10 percent, would her choice be any different? Assume that Dana itemizes deductions. When the state rate is 5 percent, Dana would achieve the following returns from the Treasury bond or the corporate bond: 11-13 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


The Treasury bond yields $1,125 or $30,000 x [.05 × (1-.25)] after tax. The corporate bond yields $1,282.50 or $30,000 x [.06 × (1 - .25 - .05(1-.25))] after tax. Note that the



actual state rate is reduced by 25% to allow for the deductibility of state income taxes on the federal income tax return. Thus, she should choose the corporate bond. When the state rate is 10%, Dana would achieve the following returns from the Treasury bond or the corporate bond: The Treasury bond would still yield $1,125 or $30,000 x [.05 × (1-.25)] after tax because state rates don’t affect after- tax returns from Treasury bonds. The corporate bond yields $1,215 or $30,000 x [.06 x (1 - .25 - .10(1-.25))] after tax. Again, note that the actual state rate is reduced by 25% to allow for the deductibility of state income taxes on the federal income tax return. If Dana’s state tax rate increases to 10%, corporate bonds are still superior to Treasury bonds. 50. [LO 1] At the beginning of his current tax year David invests $12,000 in original issue U.S. Treasury bonds with a $10,000 face value that mature in exactly 10 years. David receives $700 in interest ($350 every six months) from the Treasury bonds during the current year and the yield to maturity on the bonds is 5 percent. a. How much interest income will he report this year if he elects to amortize the bond premium? b. How much interest will he report this year if he does not elect to amortize the bond premium? a. If David elects to amortize the $2,000 bond premium, he will use the constant yield method (similar to the effective interest method used to amortize bond premium under GAAP) to amortize the bond premium semiannually. Ultimately, he will report $599 of interest income from the bond. The amortization table below reflects the required calculations: Column 1 Semiannu al Period

1 2 Yearly Total

Column 2 Adjusted Basis of Bond at Beginning of Semiannual Period $12,000 $11,950

Column 3 Interest Received

Column 4 Premium Amortization (Column 3 – Column 5)

Column 5 Reported Interest (Column 2 x . 05 x .5)

$350 $350 $700

$50 $51 $101

$300 $299 $599

b. If David does not elect to amortize the bond, he will simply report the entire $700 payment he receives as interest income for the year. 51. [LO 1] Seth invested $20,000 in Series EE savings bonds on April 1. By December 31, the published redemption value of the bonds had increased to $20,700. How much 11-15 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


interest income will Seth report from the savings bonds in the current year absent any special election? Seth will not report any interest income from the EE savings bonds currently unless he elects to have the increase in redemption value taxed currently. 52. [LO 1] At the beginning of her current tax year, Angela purchased a zero-coupon corporate bond at original issue for $30,000 with a yield to maturity of 6 percent. Given that she will not actually receive any interest payments until the bond matures in 10 years, how much interest income will she report this year assuming semiannual compounding of interest? Angela would recognize $1,827 of interest income from OID calculated as follows: $30,000 x .06 × ½ = $30,900 x .06 × ½ = Total

$900 927 $1,827

53. [LO 1] At the beginning of his current tax year, Eric bought a corporate bond with a maturity value of $50,000 from the secondary market for $45,000. The bond has a stated annual interest rate of 5 percent payable on June 30 and December 31, and it matures in five years on December 31. Absent any special tax elections, how much interest income will Eric report from the bond this year and in the year the bond matures? Accrued market discount on bonds is reported as interest income when the bonds are sold or mature. Therefore, Eric will only report the interest he actually receives or $2,500 [($50,000 × .025) x 2]. In the year the bond matures, he will again report $2,500 of interest income related to the semiannual interest payments received and an additional $5,000 of interest income related to the market discount on the bonds. 54. [LO 1] Hayley recently invested $50,000 in a public utility stock paying a 3 percent annual dividend. If Hayley reinvests the annual dividend she receives net of any taxes owed on the dividend, how much will her investment be worth in four years if the dividends paid are qualified dividends? (Hayley’s marginal income tax rate is 28 percent.) What will her investment be worth in four years if the dividends are nonqualified? If Hayley receives qualified dividends, her annual after-tax rate of return will be 2.55% or 3% × (1-.15). On the other hand, if the dividends are nonqualified her annual aftertax rate of return will be 2.16% or 3% × (1-.28). As a result, her investment will be worth $55,298 or 50,000 x (1+.0255)4 if the dividends are qualified. Otherwise, her investment will be worth $54,462 or $50,000 × (1+.0216)4. 55. [LO1] {Planning} Five years ago, Kate purchased a dividend-paying stock for $10,000. For all five years, the stock paid an annual dividend of 4 percent before tax and Kate’s



marginal tax rate was 25 percent. Every year Kate reinvested her after-tax dividends in the same stock. For the first two years of her investment, the dividends qualified for the 15 percent capital gains rate; however, for the last three years the 15 percent dividend rate was repealed and dividends were taxed at ordinary rates. a. What is the current value (at the beginning of year 6) of Kate’s investment assuming the stock has not appreciated in value? b. What will Kate’s investment be worth three years from now (at the beginning of year 9) assuming her marginal tax rate increases to 35 percent for the next three years? a. The following formula takes into account the change in dividend tax rates in the last three years of Kate’s investment: $10,000 × (1+ (.04 × (1-.15))) 2 × (1+ (.04 × (1-.25))) 3 = $11,683 b. $11,683 × (1+ (.04 × (1-.35))) 3 = $12,618 56. [LO 2] John bought 1,000 shares of Intel stock on October 18, 2010 for $30 per share plus a $750 commission he paid to his broker. On December 12, 2013, he sells the shares for $42.50 per share. He also incurs a $1,000 fee for this transaction. a. b. c.

What is John’s adjusted basis in the 1,000 shares of Intel stock? What amount does John realize when he sells the 1,000 shares? What is the gain/loss for John on the sale of his Intel stock? What is the character of the gain/loss? a. John’s basis in the 1,000 shares of Intel stock is $30,750. This is the purchase price of $30,000 (i.e., 30 × $1,000) plus the $750 commission paid to the broker. b. On the sale, John realizes $41,500. This is the sales price of $42,500 (i.e., 1,000 × $42.50) minus the transaction fee of $1,000. c. John’s gain on the sale is $10,750 which is the amount realized minus his adjusted basis (i.e., $41,500 – 30,750). The gain is a long-term capital gain because John held the stock for more than a year before selling.



57. [LO 2] Dahlia is in the 28 percent tax rate bracket and has purchased the following shares of Microsoft common stock over the years: Microsoft common stock Date Purchased Shares 7/10/2003 400 4/20/2004 300 1/29/2005 500 11/02/2007 250

Basis $12,000 $10,750 $12,230 $7,300

If Dahlia sells 800 shares of Microsoft for $40,000 on December 20, 2013, what is her capital gain or loss in each of the following assumptions? a. b.

She uses the FIFO method. She uses the specific identification method and she wants to minimize her current year capital gain. a. Under the FIFO method, the first 400 shares sold have a $12,000 basis, the next 300 have a $10,750 basis, and the last 100 shares have a basis of $2,446 (100/500 × $12,230) for a total basis of $25,196. The resulting capital gain would be $40,000 less the $25,196 tax basis of the shares sold or $14,804. b. The shares purchased in 2003 cost $30 per share, the shares purchased in 2004 cost $35.83 per share, the shares purchased in 2005 cost $24.46 per share, and the shares purchased in 2007 cost $29.20 per share. To minimize her capital gain, Dahlia should specifically identify the 300 shares purchased in 2004, then the 400 shares purchased in 2003 and then 100 of the shares purchased in 2007. Under the specific identification method, the 300 shares purchased in 2004 have a $10,750 basis, the 400 shares purchased in 2003 have a $12,000 basis, and the 100 shares purchased in 2007 have a basis of $2,920 (100/250 X $7,300) for a total basis of $25,670. The resulting capital gain would be the $40,000 sales proceeds less the $25,670 tax basis of the shares sold or $14,330.

58. [LO 2] {Research} Karyn loaned $20,000 to her co-worker to begin a new business several years ago. If her co-worker declares bankruptcy on June 22nd of the current year, is Karyn allowed to deduct the bad debt loss this year? If she can deduct the loss, what is the character of the loss? According to IRC Section 166 and Publication 550, taxpayers may deduct non-business bad debts in the year the amount of the loss can be determined. Because Karyn will not be able to measure her actual loss until the bankruptcy process is complete, she must wait to deduct her loss until she knows with certainty the amount of her loss.



59. [LO 2] Sue has 5,000 shares of Sony stock that has an adjusted basis of $27,500. She sold the 5,000 shares of stock for cash of $10,000, and she also received a piece of land as part of the proceeds. The land was valued at $20,000 and had an adjusted basis to the buyer of $12,000. What is Sue’s gain or loss on the sale of 5,000 shares of Sony stock? Sue’s gain on the sale is $2,500, which is the amount realized of $30,000 ($10,000+ $20,000) less her adjusted basis of $27,500. Note that the value of the land is included in her amount realized along with the cash she received. 60. [LO 2] Matt and Meg Comer are married. They do not have any children. Matt works as a history professor at a local university and earns a salary of $54,000. Meg works parttime at the same university. She earns $21,000 a year. The couple does not itemize deductions. Other than salary, the Comers’ only other source of income is from the disposition of various capital assets (mostly stocks). a. What is the Comers’ tax liability for 2013 if they report the following capital gains and losses for the year? Short-term capital gains $9,000 Short-term capital losses ($2,000) Long-term capital gains $15,000 Long-term capital losses ($6,000) b. What is the Comers’ tax liability for 2013 if they report the following capital gains and losses for the year? Short-term capital gains Short-term capital losses Long-term capital gains Long-term capital losses

$1,500 $0 $15,000 ($10,000)

a. Salary $75,000 Net short-term capital gain 7,000 Net long-term capital gain 9,000 AGI $91,000 Standard deduction (12,200) Personal exemption (7,800) Taxable income $71,000 Less preferentially taxed income (9,000) Income taxed at ordinary rates $62,000  tax $1,785 + $6,623 = $8,408 Income subject to capital gains rates $9,000  tax ($9,000 × 0%) = $0 Total tax liability = $8,408+ $0 = $8,408



b. Short-term capital gains Short-term capital losses Net short-term capital gain

$1,500 $0 $1,500

Long-term capital gains $15,000 Long-term capital losses ($10,000) Net long-term capital gains $5,000 Salary $75,000 Long-term capital gains 5,000 Short-term capital gains 1,500 AGI $81,500 Standard deduction (12,200) Personal exemption (7,800) Taxable income $61,500 Less preferentially taxed income (5,000) Income taxed at ordinary rates $56,500  tax $1,785 + $5,798 = $7,583 Income subject to capital gains rates $5,000  tax ($5,000 ×0%) = $0 Total tax liability = $7, 583 + $0 = $7,583 61. [LO 2] Grayson is in the 25 percent tax rate bracket and has the sold the following stocks in 2013: Stock A Stock B Stock C Stock D Stock E a. b. c. d.

Date Purchased 1/23/1989 4/10/2013 8/23/2011 5/19/2003 8/20/2013

Basis $7,250 14,000 10,750 5,230 7,300

Date Sold 7/22/2013 9/13/2013 10/12/2013 10/12/2013 11/14/2013

Amount Realized $4,500 17,500 15,300 12,400 3,500

What is Grayson’s net short-term capital gain or loss from these transactions? What is Grayson’s net long-term gain or loss from these transactions? What is Grayson’s overall net gain or loss from these transactions? What amount of the gain, if any, is subject to the preferential rate for certain capital gains?

a. Grayson’s net short-term capital loss is $300, which is the net of the short-term gains and losses for the year. This $300 loss is the short-term capital gain of $3,500 from Stock B (i.e. $17,500 – 14,000) less the short-term capital loss of $3,800 from Stock E (i.e. $3,500 – 7,300). 11-20 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


b. Grayson’s net long-term capital gain is $8,970, which is the net long-term gain less the long-term loss for the year. This is the net of the long-term capital gain of $11,720 (i.e. $4,550 from Stock C ($15,300 – 10,750) and $7,170 from Stock D ($12,400 – 5,230)) less the long-term capital loss of $2,750 from Stock A ($4,500 – 7,250). c. Grayson’s net capital gain is $8,670, which is the net short-term loss offset against the net long-term capital gain for the year because the signs are opposite. This $300 short-term capital loss (from part a) is netted against the $8,970 net long-term capital loss (from part b). d. Grayson’s entire net capital gain of $8,670 will be taxed at a preferential 15 percent tax rate. 62. [LO 2] George bought the following amounts of Stock A over the years: Stock A Stock A Stock A

Date Purchased 11/21/1987 3/18/1993 5/22/2002

Number of Shares 1,000 500 750

Adjusted Basis $24,000 9,000 27,000

On October 12, 2013, he sold 1,200 of his shares of Stock A for $38 per share. a.

How much gain/loss will George have to recognize if he uses the FIFO method of accounting for the shares sold? b. How much gain/loss will George have to recognize if he specifically identifies the shares to be sold by telling his broker to sell all 750 shares from the 5/22/2002 purchase and 450 shares from the 11/21/1987 purchase? a. George will recognize $18,000 of long-term capital gain. This is the amount realized of $45,600 (i.e. $38 per shares multiplied by 1,200 shares) less the adjusted basis of $27,600. The adjusted basis is calculated under the FIFO method. This means the 1,200 shares sold were the first 1,200 purchased. Therefore the 1,200 sold were the 1,000 shares purchased on 11/21/1987 (basis of $24,000) and 200 of the shares purchased on 3/18/1993 (basis of $3,600 which is calculated by taking the $9,000 total basis divided by 500 shares purchased multiplied by the 200 shares sold). b. George’s long-term capital gain is $7,800. This is the amount realized of $45,600 (i.e. $38 per shares multiplied by 1,200 shares) less the adjusted basis of $37,800. The adjusted basis is calculated under the specific identification method. George identified that the shares sold were the 750 purchased on 5/22/2002 (basis of $27,000) and 450 of the shares purchased on 11/21/1987 (basis of $10,800 or



$24,000 total basis divided by 1,000 shares purchased multiplied by the 450 shares sold). 63. [LO 2] During the current year, Ron and Anne sold the following assets: Capital Market Tax Holding Period Asset Value Basis L stock $50,000 $41,000 > 1 year M stock 28,000 39,000 > 1 year N stock 30,000 22,000 < 1 year O stock 26,000 33,000 < 1 year Antiques 7,000 4,000 > 1 year Rental home 300,000* 90,000 > 1 year *$30,000 of the gain is 25 percent gain (from accumulated depreciation on the property). a. Given that Ron and Anne have taxable income of only $20,000 (all ordinary) before considering the tax effect of their asset sales, what is their gross tax liability for 2013 assuming they file a joint return? b. Given that Ron and Anne have taxable income of $400,000 (all ordinary) before considering the tax effect of their asset sales, what is their gross tax liability for 2013 assuming they file a joint return? a. Ron and Anne’s netting process is reflected in the following table: Description Stock N Stock O Step 1: Antiques Unrecaptured §1250 Gain Remaining Gain from Rental Property Stock L Stock B Step 2: Steps 4 and 5: Step 6: N/A

ShortTerm

Long-term Overall

LongTerm 28%

LongTerm 25%

LongTerm 0/15/20%

$8,000 $(7,000 ) $1,0 00 $3,000 $30,000

$3,000 $30,000

$180,000

$180,000

$9,000 $(11,000) $211,000

$9,000 $(11,000) $178,000



Step 7 Step 8 Summary

$3,000 $1,000

$3,000

$30,000 $30,000

$178,000

Ron and Anne’s ordinary income will increase from $20,000 to $21,000 due to their $1,000 net short-term capital gain. Ron and Anne’s gross tax liability of $31,133 is computed as follows: Amount and Type of Income $17,850; ordinary

Applicabl e Rate 10%

Tax $1,785

$3,150; ordinary

15%

$473

$30,000; 25% rate capital gain $3,000 28% rate capital gains $18,500; 0/15/20% rate capital gains

15%

$4,500

15%

$450

0%

$0

$159,500

15%

$23,92 5

Gross tax liability

Explanation $17,850 × 10% The first $17,850 of Ron and Anne’s $21,000 of ordinary income is taxed at 10% (see MFJ tax rate schedule for this and other computations). $3,150 × 15%. Ron and Anne’s remaining $3,150 of ordinary income (21,000 – 17,850) is taxed at 15%. $30,000 × 15% $3,000 × 15% $18,500 × 0% $18,500 ($72,500 - $21,000 ordinary income $30,000 25% capital gain - $3,000 28% capital gain) of 0/15/20% rate capital gain fits into the remaining 15% bracket so it is taxed at 0%. $159,500 × 15% All of the remaining $159,500 ($178,000 $18,500) of 0/15/20% capital gain is in an ordinary income bracket greater than 15% and less than 39.6% so it is all taxed at 15%.

$31,13 3

b. The netting process used to determine Ron and Anne’s gross tax liability for the year is unchanged from the process used in part a. Ron and Anne’s ordinary income will increase from $400,000 to $401,000 due to their $1,000 net short-term capital gain. Ron and Anne’s gross tax liability of $151,836 is computed as follows: 11-23 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


Amount and Type of Income $17,850; ordinary

Applicabl e Rate 10%

Tax $1,785

Explanation $17,8500 × 10% The first $17,850 of Ron and Anne’s $401,000 of ordinary income is taxed at 10% (see MFJ tax rate schedule for this and other computations). $54,650 × 15%. The next $54,650($72,500- $17,850) of Ron and Anne’s $401,000 of ordinary income is taxed at 15%. $73,900 × 25% The next $73,900 ($146,400-$72,500) of Ron and Anne’s $401,000 of ordinary income is taxed at 25%. The next $76,650 ($223,050-$146,400) of Ron and Anne’s $401,000 of ordinary income is taxed at 28% The next $175,300 ($398,350-$223,050) of Ron and Anne’s $401,000 or ordinary income is taxed at 33%. $2,650 × 35% $2,650 ($401,000 - $398,350) taxed in 35% ordinary income bracket. $3,000 × 28%

$54,650; ordinary

15%

$8,197.5

$73,900; ordinary

25%

$18,475

$76,650; ordinary

28%

$21,462

$175,300

33%

$57,849

$2,650; ordinary

35%

$927.5

$3,000; 28% rate capital gains $30,000; 25% rate capital gains $16,000; 0/15/20% rate capital gains

28%

$840

25%

$7,500

$30,000 × 25%

15%

$2,400

$162,000; 0/15/20% rate capital gains

20%

$32,400

$16,000 × 15% $16,000 ($450,000 - $401,000 ordinary income $30,000 25% capital gain - $3,000 28% capital gain) of 0/15/20% rate capital gain fits into the remaining 35% bracket so it is taxed at 15%. $162,000 × 20% All of the remaining $162,000 ($178,000 $16,000) of 0/15/20% capital gain is in the 39.6% ordinary income bracket so it is taxed at 20%.

Gross tax liability

$151,83 6 11-24

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


64.

[LO 2] In 2013, Tom and Amanda Jackson (married filing jointly) have $200,000 of taxable income before considering the following events: a) On May 12, 2013, they sold a painting (art) for $110,000 that was inherited from Grandma on July 23, 2011. The fair market value on the date of Grandma's death was $90,000 and Grandma's adjusted basis of the painting was $25,000. b) Applied a long-term capital loss carryover from 2012 of $10,000. c) Recognized a $12,000 loss on 11/1/13 sale of bonds (acquired on 5/12/03). d) Recognized a $4,000 gain on 12/12/13 sale of IBM stock (acquired on 2/5/13). e) Recognized a $17,000 gain on the 10/17/13 sale of rental property (the only §1231 transaction) of which $8,000 is reportable as gain subject to the 25 percent maximum rate and the remaining $9,000 is subject to the 15 percent maximum rate (the property was acquired on 8/2/07). f) Recognized a $12,000 loss on 12/20/13 sale of bonds (acquired on 1/18/13). g) Recognized a $7,000 gain on 6/27/13 sale of BH stock (acquired on 7/30/04). h) Recognized an $11,000 loss on 6/13/13 sale of QuikCo stock (acquired on 3/20/06). i) Received $500 of qualified dividends on 7/15/13. Complete the required capital gains netting procedures and calculate the Jacksons’ 2013 tax liability. LT ST

(d)

4,000

(f) (12,000)

(8,000)

28%

25%

(a) 20,000

(e) 8,000

(b) (10,000)

$10,000

$8,000

0/15/20% (c) (12,000) (e)

9,000

(g)

7,000

(h)

(11,000)

($7,000)



(7,000) (8,000)

7,000

$3,000 $8,000

8,000

$ 0

(3,000) (5,000)

$ 0

$ 0

$3,000

$ 0

2013 Taxable Income: TI b/4

$200,000

Qual. Dividend

500

LTCG 25%

3,000

Taxable Inc

$203,500



2013 Tax Liability: Ordinary Income:

$28,457.50 + 28% × ($200,000-146,400) =

Capital Gains:

+ 25% × $3,000 =

Dividends:

+ 15% × $500 =

750.00 75.00

Total tax liability 65.

$43,465.50

$44,290.50

[LO 2] For 2013, Sherri has a short-term loss of $2,500 and a long-term loss of $4,750. a. How much loss can Sherri deduct in 2013? b. How much loss will Sherri carryover to 2014 and what is the character of the loss carryover? a. Sherri has a $2,500 short-term capital loss and a $4,750 long-term capital loss. Because both are losses they cannot be netted. Individual taxpayers can offset $3,000 of capital loss against ordinary income, with short-term losses being offset first. b. Individual taxpayers can offset $3,000 of capital loss against ordinary income, with short-term losses being offset first. Therefore, Sherri can deduct the $2,500 short-term capital loss and $500 of the long-term capital loss in 2013. The remaining $4,250 of the long-term capital loss (i.e. $4,750 less the $500 deducted currently) is carried forward indefinitely.

66.

[LO 2] Three years ago, Adrian purchased 100 shares of stock in X Corp. for $10,000. On December 30 of year 4, Adrian sells the 100 shares for $6,000. a.

Assuming Adrian has no other capital gains or losses, how much of the loss is Adrian able to deduct on her year 4 tax return? b. Assume the same facts as in part a, except that on January 20 of year 5, Adrian purchases 100 shares of X Corp. stock for $6,000. How much loss from the sale on December 30 of year 4 is deductible on Adrian’s year 4 tax return? What basis does Adrian take in the stock purchased on January 20 of year 5? a. Adrian has a $4,000 long-term capital loss. She can offset $3,000 of the capital loss against ordinary income. The remaining $1,000 of the capital loss (i.e. $4,000 less the $3,000 deducted currently) is carried forward indefinitely. b. Adrian has a realized $4,000 long-term capital loss on the sale of the 100 shares. However, she has purchased substantially identical stock within the 61 day period (30 days before the sale until 30 days after the sale); therefore, her loss is limited 11-27 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


by the wash sale rules. Since Adrian purchased 100 shares the loss is not currently recognized. The loss is added to the basis of the new shares purchased. Thus, the basis of the 100 new shares of stock is $10,000 (i.e. the $6,000 purchase price plus the unrecognized loss of $4,000).



67. [LO 2] Christopher sold 100 shares of Cisco stock for $5,500 in the current year. He purchased the shares several years ago for $2,200. Assuming his marginal ordinary income tax rate is 28 percent, and he has no other capital gains or losses, how much tax will he pay on this gain? Christopher’s long-term capital gain is $3,300 ($5,500 amount realized less his $2,200 tax basis). Since Christopher’s marginal rate on ordinary income is above 15% and below 39.6% his long-term capital gains rate is 15%. Therefore, he will pay 15% of $3,300 or $495 in capital gains tax. 68. [LO 2] Christina, who is single, purchased 100 shares of Apple Inc. stock several years ago for $3,500. During her year-end tax planning, she decided to sell 50 shares of Apple for $1,500 on December 30. However, two weeks later, Apple introduced the iPhone 5, and she decided that she should buy the 50 shares (cost of $1,600) of Apple back before prices skyrocket. a.

What is Christina’s deductible loss on the sale of 50 shares? What is her basis in the 50 new shares? b. Assume the same facts, except that Christina repurchased only 25 shares for $800. What is Christina’s deductible loss on the sale of 50 shares? What is her basis in the 25 new shares? a. Christina has engaged in a wash sale because she bought identical stock within 30 days of selling Apple stock. Therefore, her $250 ($1,500 less $1,750) loss is disallowed. The basis of Christina’s 50 shares of new Apple stock is $1,850 ($1,600 purchase price plus $250 of disallowed loss). b. Christina has engaged in a partial wash sale because she bought 25 shares of identical stock within 30 days of selling Apple stock. Therefore, she may deduct $125 or 50% of her $250 ($1,750 less $1,500) loss; the remaining $125 is disallowed. The basis of Christina’s 25 shares of new stock is $925 ($800 purchase price plus $125 of disallowed loss). 69. [LO 2] {Research}Arden purchased 300 shares of AMC common stock several years ago for $1,500. On April 30, Arden sold the shares of AMC common for $500 and then purchased 250 shares of AMC preferred stock two days later for $700. The AMC preferred stock is not convertible into AMC common stock. What is Arden’s deductible loss from the sale of the 300 shares of AMC common stock? Section 1.1233-1(d) of the Income Tax Regulations indicates that common and preferred stock of the same company are not considered "substantially identical property" for purposes of applying the wash sale rules as long as the preferred stock is not convertible into common stock. Thus, Arden may deduct $1,000 dollars of loss from the sale of the AMC stock in the current year.



70. [LO 2] {Planning} Shaun bought 300 shares of Dental Equipment, Inc. several years ago for $10,000. Currently the stock is worth $8,000. Shaun’s marginal tax rate this year is 25 percent, and he has no other capital gains or losses. Shaun expects to have a marginal rate of 30 percent next year, but also expects to have a long-term capital gain of $10,000. To minimize taxes, should Shaun sell the stock on December 31 of this year or January 1 of next year (ignore the time value of money)? If Shaun sells the stock in the current year, he may deduct his $2,000 capital loss against his ordinary income. Given that his tax rate in the current year is 25 percent, this will produce a tax benefit of 25 percent of $2,000 or $500. On the other hand, if he waits until the following year to recognize the $2,000 capital loss, he must apply the loss against his $10,000 long-term capital gains taxed at a 15 percent rate. If he waits, his loss would produce a tax benefit of only 15 percent of $2,000 or $300. Therefore, Shaun should sell his stock in the current year. 71. [LO 2] {Planning} Irene is saving for a new car she hopes to purchase either four or six years from now. Irene invests $10,000 in a growth stock that does not pay dividends and expects a 6 percent annual before-tax return (the investment is tax deferred). When she cashes in the investment after either four or six years, she expects the applicable marginal tax rate on long-term capital gains to be 25 percent. a. b.

What will be the value of this investment four and six years from now? When Irene sells the investment, how much cash will she have after taxes to purchase the new car (four and six years from now)?

a. Her investment will be worth $12,625 or $10,000 X (1+.06)4 after 4 years; and $14,185 or $10,000 X (1+.06)6 after 6 years. b. After 4 years, Irene will pay taxes of 25 percent on her investment returns of $2,625 leaving her with investment returns after taxes of $1,969 or [(1-.25) X $2,625]. This, combined with her original $10,000 investment, will leave her with $11,969 to purchase the car. After 6 years, Irene will pay taxes of 25 percent on her investment returns of $4,185 leaving her with investment returns after taxes of $3,139 or [(1-.25) X $4,185]. This, combined with her original $10,000 investment, will leave her with $13,139 to purchase the car. 72. [LO2] {Planning} Komiko Tanaka invests $12,000 in LymaBean, Inc. LymaBean does not pay any dividends. Komiko projects that her investment will generate a 10 percent before-tax rate of return. She plans to invest for the long term. a. How much cash will Komiko retain, after-taxes, if she holds the investment for 5 years and then she sells it when the long-term capital gains rate is 15 percent? b. What is Komiko’s after-tax rate of return on her investment in part (a)?



c. How much cash will Komiko retain, after-taxes, if she holds the investment for 5 years and then sells when the long-term capital gains rate is 25 percent? d. What is Komiko’s after-tax rate of return on her investment in part (c)? e. How much cash will Komiko retain, after taxes, if she holds the investment for 15 years and then she sells when the long-term capital gains rate is 15 percent? f. What is Komiko’s after-tax rate of return on her investment in part (e)? a.

$12,000 × (1.10)5 = $19,326 (12,000) $7,326 × 15 = 1,099

amount received basis in stock long-term capital gain percent tax on gain

Cash retained = $19,326 – 1,099 taxes = $18,227 b.

($18,227/12,000)1/5 – 1 = 8.7 percent

c.

$12,000 × (1.10)5 =

$19,326 (12,000) $7,326 × 25% = $1,832

amount received basis in stock long-term capital gain tax on gain

Cash retained = $19,326 – 1,832 taxes = $17,494 d.

($17,494/12,000)1/5 – 1 = 7.83 percent

e.

$12,000 × (1.10)15 = $50,127 (12,000) $38,127 × 15% = $5,719

amount received basis in stock long-term capital gain tax on gain

Cash retained = $50,127 – 5,719 taxes = $44,408 f.

($44,408/12,000)1/15 – 1 = 9.11 percent

73. [LO 2] {Research} Becky recently discovered some high-tech cooking technology that has advantages over microwave and traditional ovens. She received a patent on the technology that gives her exclusive rights to the technology for 20 years. Becky would prefer to retain the patent, but she doesn’t want to deal with the manufacturing and marketing of the technology. She was able to reach a compromise. A little over a year after she secured the patent, Becky signed a contract with DEF Company giving DEF control to manufacture and market the technology. In exchange, Becky is to receive a royalty based on the sales of the technology. For tax purposes, Becky is not sure how to



treat her arrangement with DEF. If the exchange with DEF is treated as a sale, she will recognize long-term capital gain because the patent is a capital asset held for more than a year. If the exchange is not treated as a sale, Becky will recognize ordinary income as she receives the royalties. (Hint: IRC §1235) a.

Is it possible for Becky to treat the exchange with DEF as a sale even though she never relinquishes actual title of the patent? If so, what requirements must she meet to treat the contract as a sale for tax purposes? b. Does your answer to the question above change if Becky’s contract with DEF gave DEF Company control over the income from the patent for the next 10 years of the patent’s remaining 19-year life? a. Section 1235 allows certain contracts outlining an exchange to be treated as sales if the exchange meets the following two criteria: (1) The exchange results in a transfer of property consisting of “all substantial rights to a patent”, and (2) the transferor is a “holder” of the patent. The first criteria (all substantial rights to a patent) require the transferor (i.e., Becky) to permanently give up all rights to control creation of income from the patent. The transferee’s (DEF) control cannot be limited geographically or by industry. Also the rights cannot be for a shorter period than the life of the patent. The second criterion requires the taxpayer to be an individual or a partner in a partnership. This restricts corporations from getting the beneficial sales treatment of the patent. In this case, Becky would qualify for capital gain treatment on the exchange with DEF. Thus, she would be taxed on the gain from the exchange at the preferential capital gains rates instead of the ordinary income rates applicable to royalty income. b. In this case, Becky would not meet the first criteria to qualify for sale treatment because she no longer transferred “all substantial rights to the patent” to DEF. Consequently, she would be required to treat the royalties as ordinary income rather than long-term capital gain. 74. [LO 3] {Planning} The Johnsons recently decided to invest in municipal bonds because their marginal tax rate is 40 percent. The return on municipal bonds is currently 3.5 percent and the return on similar taxable bonds is 5 percent. Compare the after-tax returns of the municipal and taxable bonds. a. b.

Which type of bond should the Johnsons select? What type of bond should the Johnsons select if their marginal tax rate was 20 percent? c. At what marginal tax rate would the Johnsons be indifferent between investing in either taxable or municipal bonds? 11-32 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


a. Assuming the Johnson’s marginal rate is 40 percent, their after-tax rate of return from taxable bonds would be 3 percent or 5 percent x (1-.40). Because this is less than the 3.5 percent rate of return from municipal bonds, they should purchase municipal bonds. b. If the Johnson’s marginal rate is 20 percent the after-tax rate of return from taxable bonds would be 4 percent or 5 percent x (1-.20). Under this assumption, the Johnsons should buy taxable bonds. c. To discover the marginal tax rate at which the neighbors would be indifferent between investing in either type of bond, solve the following equation for t: 5 percent x (1-t) = 3.5 percent. It turns out that t equals 30 percent. In other words, the after-tax rates of return for both bonds are equal if the Johnsons have a marginal tax rate of 30 percent. 75. [LO 3] Lynette VanWagoner purchased a life insurance policy to insure her mother Idon. Idon is currently 64. Insurance companies predict that women in her condition will live, on average, to be 81 years old. Lynette makes a one-time payment of $100,000 to purchase a life insurance policy on Idon’s life. The policy provides for a $1,000,000 death benefit and a cash surrender value equal to the original $100,000 premium plus a 7 percent annual rate of return on the premium. a. b.

How much will Lynette receive after taxes if Idon dies in 14 years? How much will Lynette receive after taxes if Idon dies in seven years?

c.

How much will Lynette receive after taxes if Lynette decides to cash in the policy after four years when Idon is still living and Lynette’s marginal tax rate is 28 percent?

a. If Lynette receives the life insurance proceeds after Idon’s death, she will receive $1,000,000 after taxes without regard to the number of years Idon lives after the policy is purchased because death benefits from life insurance policies are tax free. b. Again, if Lynette receives the life insurance proceeds after Idon’s death, she will receive $1,000,000 after taxes without regard to the number of years Idon lives after the policy is purchased because death benefits from life insurance policies are tax free. c. If Lynette decides to cash in the policy four years after purchasing it, she will receive $131,080 or 100,000 × (1.07)4 before taxes. Comparing the $131,080 proceeds to her original $100,000 investment, Lynette’s taxable earnings will be $31,080. Given her assumed tax rate of 28 percent, she will pay $8,702 or (.28 × $31,080) in tax leaving her with $122,378 or ($131,080 - $8,702) after taxes.



76. [LO 3] Ben recently made a one-time investment of $20,000 in the Florida 529 educational savings plan for his three-year-old son, Mitch. Assume the plan yields a constant 6 percent return for the next 15 years. a.

How much money will be available for Mitch after taxes when he begins college at age 18? b. Assume, instead, that when Mitch turns 18, he decides to forego college and spend his time as a traveling artist. If Mitch’s parents give him the amount in the 529 plan to pursue his dreams, how much will he keep after taxes if his marginal tax rate is 10 percent? a. Because earnings inside a 529 plan compound tax free, the 529 plan Ben set up for Mitch will be worth $47,931 or $20,000 × (1+.06)15 after fifteen years. If this amount is distributed to Mitch and he uses it to pay for qualified higher education expenses, neither he nor Ben will owe any tax on the distribution. b. If Mitch becomes a traveling artist, he will pay taxes and penalties on the earnings portion of the $47,931 distribution. Because the original investment in the account was $20,000, the earnings portion of the $47,931 distribution would be $27,931. This amount will be subject to Mitch’s ordinary 10 percent tax rate plus a 10 percent penalty rate. Thus, Mitch will pay $5,586 or $27,931 x 20 percent in taxes and penalties leaving him with $42,345 to pursue his dreams as a traveling artist. 77. [LO 4] Rich and Shauna Nielson file a joint tax return, and they itemize deductions. Assume their marginal tax rate on ordinary income is 25 percent. The Nielsons incur $2,000 in miscellaneous itemized deductions, excluding investment expenses. They also incur $1,000 in noninterest investment expenses during the year. What tax savings do they receive from the investment expenses under the following assumptions: a. b.

Their AGI is $90,000. Their AGI is $130,000.

a. The Nielsons have $3,000 of miscellaneous itemized deductions including investment expenses. These deduction are only deductible to the extent they exceed 2 percent of AGI. If AGI is $90,000, 2 percent of AGI is $1,800 and $1,200 of the $3,000 is deductible. The deductible portion is first treated as investment expense and then noninvestment miscellaneous itemized deductions. In this situation, all $1,000 of the investment expenses are deductible ($200 of the other miscellaneous itemized deductions are deductible). The tax benefit of the investment expenses is $250 (i.e., $1,000 deduction × 25 percent marginal tax rate). b. If AGI is $130,000, 2 percent of AGI is $2,600. In this case only $400 of the miscellaneous itemized deductions are deductible. Because the deductible portion 11-34 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


is first considered to be the investment expenses, all $400 of the deductible miscellaneous itemized deductions are considered to be investment expenses. The tax benefit from the $400 deductible investment expense is $100 (i.e., $400 × 25 percent). 78. [LO 4] Mickey and Jenny Porter file a joint tax return, and they itemize deductions. The Porters incur $2,000 in employment-related miscellaneous itemized deductions. They also incur $3,000 of investment interest expense during the year. The Porters’ income for the year consists of $150,000 in salary, and $2,500 of interest income. a. What is the amount of the Porters’ investment interest expense deduction for the year? b. What would their investment interest expense deduction be if they also had a ($2,000) long-term capital loss? a. The $3,000 of investment interest expense is deductible to the extent of net investment income. In this problem, investment income and net investment income are $2,500 because there are no investment expenses. Consequently, $2,500 of the investment interest expense is deductible and $500 is carried forward to next year. b. If the Porters also have a $2,000 long-term capital loss, their net investment income remains $3,000 for purposes of determining the investment interest expense deduction. Capital losses are not included in the calculation of net investment income. Consequently, $2,500 of the investment interest expense is deductible and $500 is carried over to next year. 79. [LO 4] {Planning} On January 1 of year 1, Nick and Rachel Sutton purchased a parcel of undeveloped land as an investment. The purchase price of the land was $150,000. They paid for the property by making a down payment of $50,000 and borrowing $100,000 from the bank at an interest rate of 6 percent per year. At the end of the first year, the Suttons paid $6,000 of interest to the bank. During year 1, the Suttons only source of income was salary. On December 31 of year 2, the Suttons paid $6,000 of interest to the bank and sold the land for $210,000. They used $100,000 of the sale proceeds to pay off the $100,000 loan. The Suttons itemize deductions and are subject to a marginal ordinary income tax rate of 35 percent. a. Should the Suttons treat the capital gain from the land sale as investment income in year 2 in order to minimize their year 2 tax bill? If so, how much? b. How much does this cost or save them in year 2? a. In year one, the Suttons incurred $6,000 of investment interest expense but did not have any investment income so the investment interest expense is not deducted and is carried over to year 2. In year 2, the Suttons incurred another $6,000 of investment interest expense. Combined with the carryover from year 1, the Suttons had $12,000 of investment interest expense they could potentially deduct 11-35 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


in year 2. In year 2, the Suttons have $60,000 of long-term capital gain. None of this long-term capital gain is investment income unless the Suttons elect to have some of it taxed at ordinary rates. If the Suttons don’t elect to tax any of the capital gain as ordinary income, they would not be able to deduct any of the investment interest expense and they would owe taxes of $9,000 (i.e., $60,000 x 15 percent). The Suttons would have a $12,000 investment expense carry forward to next year. If the Suttons elect to include $12,000 of the long-term capital gain in investment income and have it taxed at ordinary rates, the Suttons would owe tax of $4,200 ($12,000 x 35 percent) on this portion of the capital gain and they would owe $7,200 of taxes on the rest of the capital gain (i.e., $48,000 x 15 percent). The $12,000 investment interest expense deduction would save the Suttons $4,200 in taxes (i.e., $12,000 x 35 percent). The end result is that if the Suttons make the election, they will owe $7,200 in taxes (i.e., $4,200 + $7,200 - $4,200). They will not however have an investment interest expense carry forward. Making the election would make sense for the Suttons if they did not expect to have any investment income for the foreseeable future. b. In terms of the year 2 tax bill only, making the election to tax some of the longterm capital gain at ordinary rates saves the Suttons $1,800 in taxes (i.e., $9,000 - $7,200). 80. [LO 4] {Research} George recently received a great stock tip from his friend, Mason. George didn’t have any cash on hand to invest, so he decided to take out a $20,000 loan to facilitate the stock acquisition. The loan terms are 8 percent interest with interest-only payments due each year for five years. At the end of the five-year period the entire loan principal is due. When George closed on the loan on April 1, 2012, he decided to invest $16,000 in stock and to use the remaining $4,000 to purchase a four-wheel recreation vehicle. George is unsure how he will treat the interest paid on the $20,000 loan. In 2013, George paid $1,200 interest expense on the loan. For tax purposes, how should he treat the 2013 interest expense? (Hint: visit www.irs.gov and consider IRS Publication 550) IRS Publication 550 indicates that “if you borrow money for personal purposes as well as for investment, you must allocate the debt among those purposes.” This means that only interest expense paid on the portion of debt that was used for the investment in the stocks can be deducted as investment interest. The interest paid on the loan allocated to the personal portion isn’t deductible to the taxpayer. Therefore, in determining the deductibility of the $1,200 interest expense paid by George during 2013, George would allocate 80 percent (i.e., $16,000 / 20,000) of the interest expense to the purchase of the stock and 20 percent (i.e., $4,000 / 20,000) of the interest expense to the purchase of the 4-wheeler. Consequently, George would have $960 of



investment interest expense (80 percent x $1,200) and he would have $240 (i.e., 20 percent x $1,200) of nondeductible personal interest. 81. [LO5] Larry recently invested $20,000 (tax basis) in purchasing a limited partnership interest. His at-risk amount is also $20,000. In addition, Larry’s share of the limited partnership loss for the year is $2,000, his share of income from a different limited partnership was $1,000, and he had $3,000 of dividend income from the stock he owns. How much of Larry’s $2,000 loss from the limited partnership can he deduct in the current year? Before considering his $2,000 loss, Larry’s tax basis is $20,000 and his at-risk amount is $20,000. Therefore the basis and at-risk hurdles do not apply. However, Larry still may not deduct $1,000 of the $2,000 loss because he only has $1,000 of passive income for the year. Therefore, Larry has a $1,000 passive activity loss carryover. 82. [LO5] Rubio recently invested $20,000 (tax basis) in purchasing a limited partnership interest. His at-risk amount is $15,000. In addition, Rubio’s share of the limited partnership loss for the year is $22,000, his share of income from a different limited partnership was $5,000, and he had $40,000 in wage income and $10,000 in long-term capital gains. a. How much of Rubio’s $22,000 loss can he deduct considering only the tax basis limitation? b. How much of the loss from part a. can Rubio deduct under the at-risk limitations? c. How much of Rubio’s $22,000 loss from the limited partnership can he deduct in the current year considering all limitations? a. Rubio’s initial tax basis in the limited partnership is $20,000. Rubio’s $22,000 loss reduces his tax basis to zero leaving him with a $2,000 loss carryover because of the tax basis loss limitation. b. Rubio’s initial at-risk amount in the limited partnership is $15,000. Rubio’s $22,000 loss reduces his at-risk amount to zero leaving him with a $5,000 atrisk carryover ($20,000 loss allowed under the tax basis limitation less the $15,000 amount Rubio has at risk). c. After applying the tax basis and at-risk limitations, Rubio can potentially deduct $15,000 of loss. However, because Rubio is a limited partner this loss is considered a passive loss. Therefore, Rubio may only deduct this loss in the current year to the extent he has passive income. Because Rubio has only passive income of $5,000 (from another limited partnership), he may only deduct $5,000 of the $15,000 loss leaving him with a $10,000 passive activity loss that can be carried forward indefinitely.



83. Molly Grey (single) acquired a 30 percent limited partnership interest in Beau Geste LLP several years ago for $48,000. At the beginning of year 1, Molly has tax basis and an atrisk amount of $20,000. In year 1, Beau Geste incurs a loss of $180,000 and does not make any distributions to the partners. 

In year 1, Molly‘s AGI (excluding any income or loss from Beau Geste) is $60,000. This includes $10,000 of passive income from other passive activities.



In year 2, Beau Geste earns income of $30,000. In addition, Molly contributes an additional $30,000 to Beau Geste during year 2. Molly’s AGI in year 2 is $63,000 (excluding any income or loss from Beau Geste). This amount includes $8,000 in income from her other passive investments.

a. Based on the above information, determine the following amounts: 

At-risk amount at the end of year 1



At-risk amount at the end of year 2



Losses allowed under the at-risk rules in year 2



Total suspended passive losses at the end of year 1



Total suspended at-risk losses at the end of year 2



Deductible losses in year 1



Year 2 AGI after considering Beau Geste events

b. Briefly describe actions Molly Grey could undertake in year 2 to utilize any suspended passive losses from year 1. To determine the required amounts, Molly must determine her at-risk basis for each year. At-Risk Amount: Initial year 1 amount: Allowed loss: End of year 1 at-risk amount

$ 20,000 (20,000) $ -0-

Given in problem See below

Contribution for year 2 $ 30,000 BG Income (30% x $30,000) 9,000 Allowed loss: (34,000) End of year 2 at-risk amount $ 5,000

Given in problem Given in problem See below



At-risk allowed loss calculation: Year Total Loss At-Risk Allowed 1

$ 54,000

2

34,000

At-Risk Disallowed

$ 20,000

$ 34,000

34,000

-0-

Passive activity loss allowed calculation: Year At-Risk Allowed PAL Allowed

PAL Disallowed

1

$20,000

$10,000

$10,000

2

34,000 10,000

17,000

27,000

In year 1, Molly has at-risk amount of $20,000 before losses from Beau Geste and therefore is only allowed $20,000 of losses under the at-risk rules. This loss then must pass the passive activity loss rules. Since Molly has $10,000 of passive activity income from other sources in year 1, she may deduct $10,000 of the $20,000 loss allowed under the at-risk rules under the passive activity loss rules. This leaves $10,000 suspended under the passive activity loss rules for year 1. In year 2, Molly’s at-risk amount increases by the amount of her contribution ($30,000) and by the income generated by Beau Geste to $39,000 before considering any losses from Beau Geste. This additional at-risk amount will allow Molly to use up to $39,000 of losses suspended by the at-risk rules in previous years. As a result, the $34,000 of losses suspended in year 1 now flow to the passive activity loss rules. In addition to the $34,000 loss freed from the at-risk rules, Molly must also consider whether she can use the $10,000 loss that was suspended under the passive activity loss rules in year 1. Since she has $17,000 ($9,000 from Beau Geste and $8,000 from other sources) of passive income she may deduct $17,000 of the total $44,000 losses in year 2. This leaves $27,000 of losses that remain suspended under the passive activity loss rules at the end of year 2. Molly’s AGI for year 2 is determined as follows: Year 2 AGI: AGI before Beau Geste: + Year 2 passive income from Beau Geste - Year 2 allowed passive losses = Year 2 AGI

$63,000 9,000 17,000 $55,000

a. Based on the above calculations the following amounts:

 At-risk amount at the end of year 1:

$-0-

 At-risk amount at the end of year 2

$5,000

 Losses allowed under the at-risk rules in year 2

$34,000



 Total suspended passive losses at the end of year 1

$10,000

 Total suspended at-risk losses at the end of year 2

$-0-

 Deductible losses in year 1

$10,000

 Year 2 AGI after considering Beau Geste events

$55,000

b. Meredith could a) sell her entire interest in Beau Geste; or b) acquire an additional passive income generator (e.g., rental property). 84. [LO 5] Anwar owns a rental home and is involved in maintaining it and approving renters. During the year he has a net loss of $8,000 from renting the home. His other sources of income during the year were a salary of $111,000 and $34,000 of long-term capital gains. How much of Anwar’s $8,000 rental loss can he deduct currently if he has no sources of passive income? Because Anwar meets the definition of an “active participant” and has adjusted gross income of less than $150,000, before considering his rental loss, he may deduct $2,500 of the loss against his other income. His $2,500 deduction is computed as follows: Description

Amount

(1) Maximum deduction available before phase-out

$25,000

(2) Phase-out of maximum deduction

$22,500

Explanation

[($145,000 AGI – 100,000) x .5]

(3) Maximum deduction in current year

$2,500

(1) – (2)

(4) Rental loss in current year

$8,000

(5) Rental loss deductible in current year

$2,500

Lesser of (3) or (4)

Passive loss carry forward

$5,500

(3) – (4)

Comprehensive Problems 85. [LO 1, 2, 3] {Planning} As noted in the chapter, Nick inherited $100,000 with the stipulation that he “invest it to financially benefit his family.” Nick and Rachel decided they would invest the inheritance to help them accomplish two financial goals: purchasing a Park City vacation home and saving for Lea’s education.



Initial Investment Investment Horizon

Vacation Home $50,000 5 years

Lea’s Education $50,000 18 years

The Suttons have a marginal income tax rate of 30 percent (capital gains rate of 15 percent), and have decided to investigate the following investment opportunities. 5 Years

Corporate bonds Dividend-paying stock (no appreciation) Growth stock Municipal bond Qualified tuition program

Annual After-Tax Rate of Return

18 Years

Annual After-Tax Rate of Return

5.75%

4.75%

3.50% Future Value is $65,000 3.20%

3.50% Future Value is $140,000

5.75%

5.50%

3.10%

Complete the two annual after-tax rates of return columns for each investment and provide investment recommendations for the Suttons. Considering after-tax rates of return alone, the computations below suggest that the Suttons should invest in growth stocks to save for the vacation home and invest in a qualified tuition program for their daughter’s education. Before making a final decision, the Suttons should also consider relevant nontax factors including differences in risk across the investments. 5 Years (home) Corporate Bonds Dividend-Paying Stock, pref. rate 15% (no appreciation) Growth Stock Municipal Bond Qualified Tuition Program

18 Years (education)

Annual After Tax Rate of Return

5.75%

Annual After Tax Rate of Return 4.025%

4.75%

3.325%

3.50%

2.975%

3.50%

2.975%

FV is $65,000 3.20%

4.65% 3.20%

FV is $140,000 3.10%

5.30% 3.10%

5.75%

3.60%*

5.50%

5.5 %



or 3.84% ** Growth Stock Calculations: FV of Growth Stock After-Tax in 5 Years: 65,000 – [.15 × (65,000 -50,000)] = $62,750 Annual After-tax rate of return= [($62,750/50,000)1/5 – 1] = 4.65% FV of Growth Stock After-Tax in 18 Years: 140,000 – [.15 × (140,000 -50,000)] = $126,500 Annual After tax rate of return= [($126,500/50,000)1/18 – 1] =5.3% Qualified Tuition Program Calculations: FV of QTP in 5 Years: 50,000 × (1+.0575)5 = $66,126 FV of QTP After-Tax in 5 Years: 66,123 – [.4 × (66,126 -50,000)] = $59,676 * The appreciation is subject to tax at 40 percent (30 percent + penalty of 10 percent) Annual After Tax Rate of Return= [($59,676/50,000)1/5 – 1] = 3.6% FV of QTP in 18 Years: 50,000 × (1+.055)18 = $131,073 FV of QTP After-Tax in 18 Years if Funds Not Used for Education: 131,073 – [.4 × (131,073 - 50,000)] = $98,644 ** If not used for educational purposes the appreciation is subject to tax at 40 percent (30 percent + penalty of 10 percent) Annual After Tax Rate of Return= [($98,644/50,000)1/18 – 1] = 3.84% 86.[Tax Forms] [LO 1, 2, 3, 4] During 2013, your clients, Mr. and Mrs. Howell, owned the following investment assets: Investment Assets

Date Acquired

Purchase Price

Broker’s Commission Paid at Time of Purchase $100 $300

300 shares of IBM common 11/22/10 $10,350 200 shares of IBM common 4/3/11 $43,250 3,000 shares of Apple preferred 12/12/11 $147,000 $1,300 2,100 shares of Cisco common 8/14/12 $52,500 $550 420 Shares of Vanguard mutual fund 3/2/13 $14,700 No load fund* *No commissions are charged when no load mutual funds are bought and sold. Because of the downturn in the stock market, Mr. and Mrs. Howell decided to sell most of their stocks and mutual fund in 2013 and to reinvest in municipal bonds. The following investment assets were sold in 2013: 11-42 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


Investment Assets

Date Sold

Sale Price

Broker’s Commission Paid at Time of Sale@ $100

300 shares of IBM common 5/6/13 $13,700 3,000 shares of Apple preferred 10/5/13 $221,400 $2,000 2,100 shares of Cisco common 8/15/13 $63,250 $650 451 Shares of Vanguard mutual fund 12/21/13 $15,700 No load fund* *No commissions are charged when no load mutual funds are bought and sold. The Howells’ broker issued them a Form 1099 showing the sales proceeds net of the commissions paid. For example, the IBM sales proceeds were reported as $13,600 on the Form 1099 they received. In addition to the sales reflected in the table above, the Howell’s provided you with the following additional information concerning 2013: 

The Howells received a Form 1099 from the Vanguard mutual fund reporting a $900 long-term capital gain distribution. This distribution was reinvested in 31 additional Vanguard mutual fund shares on 6/30/13.



In 2008, Mrs. Howell loaned $6,000 to a friend who was starting a new multilevel marketing company called LD3. The friend declared bankruptcy in 2013, and Mrs. Howell has been notified that she will not be receiving any repayment of the loan.



The Howells have a $2,300 short-term capital loss carryover and a $4,800 long-term capital loss carryover from prior years.



The Howells did not instruct their broker to sell any particular lot of IBM stock.



The Howells earned $3,000 in municipal bond interest, $3,000 in interest from corporate bonds, and $4,000 in qualified dividends.



Assume the Howells have $130,000 of wage income during the year.

a. Go to the IRS web site (www.IRS.gov) and download the most current version of Form 8949 and Schedule D. Use Form 8949 and page 1 of Schedule D to compute net long-term and short-term capital gains. Then, compute the Howells’ tax liability for the year (ignoring the alternative minimum tax and any phase-out provisions) assuming they file a joint return, they have no dependents, they don’t make any



special tax elections, and their itemized deductions total $25,000. Assume that asset bases are not reported to the IRS. b. Are there any tax planning recommendations related to the stock sales that you should have shared with the Howells before their decision to sell? c. Assume the Howells’ short-term capital loss carryover from prior years is $82,300 rather than $2,300 as indicated above. If this is the case, how much short-term and long-term capital loss carryover remains to be carried beyond 2013 to future tax years? a. The Howell’s Form 8949 and Schedule D for the year would be completed as follows:









The Howell’s net capital gain is then included with their other income for the year in calculating their final tax liability for the year. Description Wage Income Interest Income Qualified Dividends Net Capital Gains from Schedule D Adjusted Gross Income Total Itemized Deductions Personal Exemptions Taxable Income

Amount 130,000 3,000 4,000 71,700 208,700 (25,000)

Explanation Given Given Given See Schedule D above The effect of investment advice fees and investment interest expense already included in this number

(7,800) 175,900

The Howell’s 2013 tax liability would be $28,515. This is calculated by determining ordinary income of $100,200 which is $175,900 of taxable income minus $71,700 net long-term capital gain that will be taxed at 15% and minus $4,000 qualified dividends that will be taxed at 15%. The tax on $100,200 is $16,908 and the 15% tax on long-term capital gains and qualified dividends of $75,700 is $11,355. This results in a total 2013 tax liability of $28,263. b. Mr. and Mrs. Howell should have told their broker to sell the 200 shares of IBM acquired on 4/3/11 first, using the specific identification method. Because these shares have a much higher tax basis than the shares acquired on 11/22/10, the Howells could have reported a capital loss on the sale of the IBM stock, which could have been used to offset the gains from the sale of the Apple and Cisco stock. However, at this point in time, it’s too late to implement this strategy. Mr. and Mrs. Howell should have consulted with their tax advisor prior to the sale. c. If we assume the Howell’s short-term capital loss carryover into 2013 was $82,300 rather than $2,300 as originally assumed, a number of things change. First, the net short-term capital loss for the year increases to $88,200. When netted against the net long-term capital gain for the year of $79,900, a net short-term capital loss for the year of $8,300 remains. $3,000 of this loss can be used to reduce ordinary income, and the remaining $5,300 constitutes a short-term capital loss carryover to future tax years. 87. [Tax Forms] WAR (We Are Rich) has been in business since 1980. WAR is an accrual method sole proprietorship that deals in the manufacturing and wholesaling of various types of golf equipment. Hack & Hack CPAs have filed accurate tax returns for WAR’s owner since WAR opened its doors. The managing partner of Hack & Hack (Jack) has 11-48 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


gotten along very well with the owner of WAR – Mr. Someday Woods (single). However, in early 2013, Jack Hack and Someday Woods played a round of golf and Jack, for the first time ever, actually beat Mr. Woods. Mr. Woods was so upset that he fired Hack & Hack and has hired you to compute his 2013 taxable income. Mr. Woods was able to provide you with the following information from prior tax returns. The taxable income numbers reflect the results from all of Mr. Wood’s activities except for the items separately stated. You will need to consider how to handle the separately stated items for tax purposes. Also, note that the 2008–2012 numbers do not reflect capital loss carryovers. Ordinary taxable income Other items not included in ordinary taxable income Net gain (loss) on disposition of §1231 assets Net long-term capital gain (loss) on disposition of capital assets

2008 $4,000

2009 $2,000

$3,000

10,000

($15,000)

$1,000

2010 $94,000

2011 $170,000

2012 $250,000

($6,000) ($7,000)

($7,000)

In 2013, Mr. Woods had taxable income in the amount of $460,000 before considering the following events and transactions that transpired in 2013: a. On January 1, 2013, WAR purchased a plot of land for $100,000 with the intention of creating a driving range where patrons could test their new golf equipment. WAR never got around to building the driving range; instead, WAR sold the land on October 1, 2013, for $40,000. b. On August 17, 2013, WAR sold its golf testing machine, “Iron Byron” and replaced it with a new machine “Iron Tiger.” “Iron Byron” was purchased and installed for a total cost of $22,000 on February 5, 2009. At the time of sale, “Iron Byron” had an adjusted tax basis of $4,000. WAR sold “Iron Byron” for $25,000. c. In the months October through December 2013, WAR sold various assets to come up with the funds necessary to invest in WAR’s latest and greatest invention–the three dimple golf ball. Data on these assets are provided below:

Asset Someday’s black leather sofa (used in office) Someday’s

Placed in Service (or purchased)

Sold

Initial Basis

Accumulated Depreciation

Selling Price

4/4/12

10/16/13

$3,000

$540

$2,900

3/1/11

11/8/13

$8,000

$3,000

$4,000



office chair Marketable securities Land held for investment Other investment property

2/1/10

12/1/13

$12,000

$0

$20,000

7/1/12

11/29/13

$45,000

$0

$48,000

11/30/11

10/15/13

$10,000

$0

$8,000

d. Finally, on May 7, 2013, WAR decided to sell the building where they tested their plutonium shaft, lignite head drivers. WAR purchased the building on January 5, 2001, for $190,000 ($170,000 for the building, $20,000 for the land). At the time of the sale, the accumulated depreciation on the building was $50,000. WAR sold the building (with the land) for $300,000. The fair market value of the land at the time of sale was $45,000. Part 1: Compute Mr. Woods’s taxable income after taking into account the transactions described above. Part 2: Compute Mr. Woods’s tax liability for the year. Part 3: Complete Mr. Woods’s Form 8949, Schedule D, and Form 4797 (use the most current version of these schedules) to be attached to his Form 1040. Assume that asset bases are not reported to the IRS. Part 1: Mr. Woods’s taxable income is determined as follows: This table determines the gains, losses and character for each of the dispositions.

Land

Sales Price $40,000

Adjusted Basis $100,000

Gain/Loss $(60,000)

Character Ordinary Loss

Iron Byron Sofa Chair

25,000 2,900 4,000

4,000 2,460 5,000

21,000 440 (1,000)

$18,000 = §1245 Ordinary Income; $3,000 = §1231 §1245 Ordinary income §1231 loss

Marketable Securities Land - Investment Investment Property

20,000 48,000 8,000

12,000 45,000 10,000

8,000 3,000 (2,000)

LTCG LTCG LTCL

255,000 45,000

120,000 20,000

135,000 25,000

Building Land -Bldg

$50,000 Unrecaptured §1250 gain; $85,000 §1231 gain §1231 gain

Once the gains and losses have been characterized, they are netted in the §1231 netting process as follows:



§1231 Netting Step 1 - depreciation recapture §1245 Iron Byron $18,000 §1245 Sofa 440 $18,440

Notes on netting:

Ordinary Income

Step 2 - §1231 G/L netting Gains – Iron Byron $3,000 Building 85,000 Land 25,000 Losses - Chair (1,000) $112,000 Unrecaptured §1250 Gain – Bldg 50,000 (Reclassify unrecaptured §1250 gains before regular §1231 gains) $6,000 will be Ordinary Income $44,000 Unrecaptured §1250 LTCG at 25% 0/15/20% LTCG

Step 3 - Lookback rule $50,000 $112,000

The capital gains and loss netting process follows the §1231 netting process as follows: Capital G/L netting Short term

28%

Long term 25% $ 44,000

$

0/15/20% 112,000

$

8,00 0 3,00 0 (2,000 ) 121,000

$

121,000

(5,000)

(5,000) 5,000

LTCL carryforward

$ $

44,000 (5,000) 39,000

Net LTCG



Mr Woods’s taxable income is calculated as follows: Taxable Income: Taxable income before transactions Ordinary loss - land Recapture Ordinary income from lookback LTCG @ 25% LTCG @ 0/15/20% Taxable income

$460,000 (60,000) 18,440 6,000 39,000 121,000 $584,440

Part 2: Mr. Woods’s tax liability is calculated as follows: Tax Liability: Calculate Ordinary income Tax on ordinary income Tax on 25% Gain Tax on 0/15/20% Gain (taxed at 20%) Tax liability

$424,440 $124,718 9,750 24,200 $158,668

Part 3: Mr. Woods’s Form 8949, Schedule D, and Form 4797 would be completed as follows:











88. Fizbo Corporation is in the business of breeding and racing horses. Fizbo has taxable income of $5,000,000 other than from these transactions. It has nonrecaptured §1231 losses of $10,000 from 2009 and $13,000 from 2007.



Consider the following transactions that occur during 2013: a. A building with an adjusted basis of $300,000 is totally destroyed by fire. Fizbo receives insurance proceeds of $400,000, but does not plan to replace the building. The building was built 12 years ago at a cost of $420,000 and was used to provide lodging for employees. b. Fizbo sells four acres of undeveloped farmland (used for grazing) for $50,000. Fizbo purchased the land 15 years ago for $15,000. c. Fizbo sells a racehorse for $250,000. The racehorse was purchased four years ago for $200,000. Total depreciation taken on the racehorse was $160,000. d. Fizbo exchanges equipment that was purchased three years ago for $300,000 for $100,000 of IBM common stock. The adjusted basis of the equipment is $220,000. If straight-line depreciation had been used, the adjusted basis would be $252,000. e. On November 1, Fizbo sold XCON stock for $50,000. Fizbo had purchased the stock on December 12, 2012 for $112,000. Part 1: After ALL netting is complete, what is Fizbo’s total amount of income from these transactions to be treated as ordinary income or loss? What is its capital gain or loss? Part 2:What is Fizbo’s taxable income for the year after including the effects of these transactions? Part 1: Fizbo’s ordinary income/loss and capital gains/losses are as follows: This table determines the gains, losses and character for each of the dispositions. Asset Amount Adjusted Gain/(Loss) Character Realized Basis Building $400,000 $300,000 $100,000 $20,000 is §291 gain $80,000 is §1231 gain Farm land 50,000 15,000 35,000 $35,000 §1231 gain Racehorse1 250,000 40,000 210,000 160,000 §1245 recapture 50,000 §1231 gain Equipment 100,000 220,000 (120,000) §1231 loss XCON Stock 50,000 112,000 (62,000) STCL Once the gains and losses have been characterized, they are netted in the §1231 netting process as follows:

§1231 Netting: Step 1: recapture: §291 from building §1245 from racehorse

$20,000 160,000 $180,000

Ordinary income

1In the racing business, racehorses are considered to be analogous to equipment for a manufacturing business. 11-58 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


Step 2: net §1231 gains and losses: G: Building $80,000 Farm land 35,000 Racehorse 50,000 Equipment (120,000) Net §1231 Gain $45,000 Step 3: Lookback losses: Ordinary income = $10,000

§1231 = $35,000

The §1231 gains are combined with the other capital gains and losses: Capital Gain/Loss Netting: §1231 $35,000 Capital loss from stock (62,000) Net capital loss $(27,000) Ordinary income: Depreciation recapture Lookback Total

$180,000 10,000 $ 190,000

Capital gain/loss:

$ (27,000)

Part 2: Fizbo’s taxable income is determined as follows: Taxable income before transactions $5,000,000 Ordinary income 190,000 Taxable income $5,190,000 Note that Fizbo may not reduce its taxable income by the net capital loss. Corporations’ capital losses are limited to their capital gains.


SMChap011

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