VISOKA ŠKOLA STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA ZA INFORMACIONE TEHNOLOGIJE
Terzić Milica
Engleski jezik 1 Skripta
Beograd Semptembar, 2011 1
Sadržaj:
The Simple Present Tense ..................................................................................... 4 The Present Continuous Tense ............................................................................... 6 Verbs not Used with Continuous Tenses .......................................................... 8 The Simple Past Tense ........................................................................................... 8 The Past Continuous Tense ................................................................................... 10 Adjectives ending in -ED and -ING ........................................................................ 12 Comparison of Adjectives ...................................................................................... 13 The Future Simple Tense ....................................................................................... 14 Be+Going to+Infinitive .................................................................................. 15 Prepositions of Place .............................................................................................. 16 Prepositions of Time............................................................................................... 17 Reflexive Pronouns................................................................................................. 18 The Present Perfect Simple Tense ......................................................................... 18 Past Simple and Present Pefrect ...................................................................... 21 Modal Verbs............................................................................................................ 21 The Past Perfect Simple Tense .............................................................................. 23 Countable and Uncountabnle Nouns ..................................................................... 25 Quantifiers.................................................................................................... 25 Articles ................................................................................................................... 26 The Indefinite Article ..................................................................................... 26 The Definite Article ........................................................................................ 26 No Article ..................................................................................................... 27 Verb Patterns.......................................................................................................... 28 Defining Relative Clauses ...................................................................................... 28 Reported Speech
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Statements ................................................................................................. 29 Questions .................................................................................................... 30 Orders ........................................................................................................ 31 Conditional Sentences ........................................................................................... 31 The First Conditional ..................................................................................... 31 The Second Conditional ................................................................................. 32 The Third Conditional .................................................................................... 32 The Passive Voice .................................................................................................. 33
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Literatura ...............................................................................................................35
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THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (PROSTO SADAŠNJE VREME) Prosto sadašnje vreme (present simple tense) se gradi od osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez «to»). Na primer, infinitiv sa «to» glagola raditi glasi to work a infinitiv bez «to» glasi work. Za sva lica osim za treće lice jednine potvrdni oblik prostog sadašnjeg vremena glasi work. Za treće lice se dodaje –s. Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I work – Ja radim You work – Ti radiš He works – On radi She works – Ona radi It works – Ono radi
Množina (plural) We work – Mi radimo You work – Vi radite They work – Oni rade
Nastavak –s u trećem licu jednine može imati različite oblike. Ukoliko se glagol završava na vokal o nastavak će glasiti –es, kao u primeru glagola go koji u 3. l. jed. glasi goes ili glagol do koji u 3. l. jed. glasi does. Ukoliko se glagol završava na –ch, -sh, -x, -ss, nastavak takoñe glasi –es. Na primer: He teaches (teach – predavati). She washes (wash – prati). He kisses (kiss – ljubiti). She fixes (fix – popravljati). Ako se glagol završava na –y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik –y prelazi u –ie. Na primer: He cries (cry -plakati). It flies (fly – leteti). Ako je ispred –y samoglasnik, nema promene. She plays (play – igrati). He stays (stay – ostati). Izuzetak je glagol have (imati) koji u trećem licu glasi has. Upitni oblik glagola u prostom sadašnjem vremenu se gradi od pomoćnog glagola do, odnosno does (za treće lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Sva pitanja se u engleskom jeziku dele na Yes/No pitanja i Wh- pitanja. Yes/No pitanja nemaju upitnu reč i na njih se može odgovoriti sa „da“ ili „ne“. Wh- pitanja počinju upitnom rečju a one su: when, what, why, where, how, how much, how many... Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Do I work? – Da li ja radim? Do you work? – Da ti radiš? Does he work? – Da li on radi? Does she work? – Da li ona radi? Does it work? – Da li ono radi?
Množina (plural) Do we work? – Da li mi radimo? Do you work? – Da li vi radite? Do they work? – Da li oni rade?
Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Do I work? – Yes, I do / No, I don’t 4
Do you work? – Yes, you do / No, you don’t. Does he work? – Yes, he does / No, he doesn’t Does she work? – Yes, she does / No, she doesn’t Does it work? – Yes, it does / No, it doesn’t Do we work? - Yes, we do / No, we don’t Do you work? – Yes, we do / No, we don’t Do they work? –Yes, they do/No, they don’t Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where do I work? – Gde ja radim? Where do you work? – Gde ti radiš? Where does he work? – Gde on radi? Where does she work? – Gde ona radi? Where does it work? – Gde ono radi?
Množina (plural) Where do we work? – Gde mi radimo? Where do you work? – Gde vi radite? Where do they work? – Gde oni rade?
Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog obika pomoćnog glagola do (odnosno does za treće lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I do not (don't) work – Ja ne radim You do not (don't) work – Ti ne radiš He does not (doesn't) work – On ne radi She does not (doesn't) work – Ona ne radi It does not (doesn't) work – Ono ne radi
Množina (plural) We do not (don't) work – Mi ne radimo You do not (don't) work – Vi ne radite They do not (don't) work – Oni ne rade
Upotreba: Prosto sadašnje vreme se koristi za: Radnje koje se ponavljaju (navike, običaji, rutine) I get up at 6 o'clock. (Ja ustajem u 6 sati.) She wears a uniform at work. (Ona nosi uniformu na poslu.) The English drink tea at 5 o'clock in the afternoon. (Englezi piju čaj u 5 sati popodne.) U ovom smislu se mogu koristiti i prilozi i fraze za učestalost (reči koje označavaju koliko često se dešava radnja). To su: Always (uvek), usually (obično), often (često), sometimes (ponekad), never (nikad), every day (svakog dana), every month (svakog meseca), every year (svake godine) i sl. Zatim, once a year (jedanput godišnje), twice a day (dvaput dnevno), three times a week (triput nedeljno) i sl. Prilozi always, usually, often, sometimes, never dolaze pre glavnog glagola u potvrdnom obliku. Fraze every day, every month, twice a year, itd. najčešće dolaze na kraju rečenice. I always go to school at 8 o'clock in the morning. (Ja uvek idem u školu u 8 sati ujutru.) She usually drinks tea in the evening. (Ona obično pije čaj uveče.) We never eat in the living room. (Mi nikad ne jedemo u dnevnoj sobi.) 5
Opšte istine (nešto što je uvek tačno): People change money in banks. (Ljudi menjaju novac u bankama.) A day has 24 hours. (Dan ima 24 časa.) The Earth goes around the Sun. (Zemlja se okreće oko Sunca.) The Sava flows into the Danube. (Sava se uliva u Dunav.) Karakteristike subjekta: He speaks English very well. (On dobro govori engleski.) My sister plays the piano. (Moja sestra svira klavir.)
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (SADAŠNJE TRAJNO VREME) Sadašnje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostom sadašnjem vremenu (Present Simple Tense), tj. is/am /are+ sadašnji particip (present participle) glavnog glagola. Sadašnji particip se gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak –ing: go – going sleep – sleeping work – working Ako se glagol završava na jedan suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak, naglašen samoglasnik, krajnji se suglasnik ispred –ing udvostručava. Na primer: hit – udariti stop – prestati permit – dopustiti begin – početi
particip: particip: particip: particip:
hitting stopping permitting beginning
Krajnje –l se uvek uvostručava.Npr.: travel – putovati
particip: travelling
Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I am working – Ja radim You sre working – Ti radiš He is working – On radi She is working – Ona radi It is working – Ono radi
Množina (plural) We are working – Mi radimo You are working – Vi radite They are working – Oni rade
Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Am I working? – Da li ja radim? Are you working? – Da li ti radiš? Is he working? – Da li on radi? Is she working? – Da li ona radi? Is it working? – Da li ono radi?
Množina (plural) Are we working? – Da li mi radimo? Are you working? – Da li vi radite? Are they working? – Da li oni rade?
Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način:
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Am I working? – Yes, I am / No, I'm not Are you working? – Yes, you are / No, you aren’t. Is he working? – Yes, he is / No, he isn’t Is she working? – Yes, she is / No, she isn’t Is it working? – Yes, it is / No, it isn’t Are we working? - Yes, we are / No, we aren’t Are you working? – Yes you are / No, you aren’t Are they working? –Yes, they are / No, they aren’t Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where am I working? – Gde ja radim? Where are you working? – Gde ti radiš? Where is he working? – Gde on radi? Where is she working? – Gde ona radi? Where is it working? – Gde ono radi?
Množina (plural) Where are we working? – Gde mi radimo? Where are you working? – Gde vi radite? Where are they working? – Gde oni rade?
Odrični oblik sadašnjeg trajnog vremena se gradi od odričnog oblika pomoćnog glagola TO BE u sadašnjem vremenu i sadašnjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I am not (I'm not) working – Ja ne radim You are not (aren't) working – Ti ne radiš He is not (isn't) working – On ne radi She is not (isn't) working – Ona ne radi It is not (isn't) working – Ono ne radi
Množina (plural) We are not (aren't) working – Mi ne radimo You are not (aren't) working – Vi ne radite They are not (aren't) working – Oni ne rade
Upotreba: Sadašnje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se koristi za: Radnju koja se dešava u trenutku govora, te se stoga uz njega često nalaze vremenske odrednice now (sada) i at the moment (u ovom trenutku). She is reading a book at the moment. (Ona trenutno čita knjigu.) Privremenu radnju We're living in my sister's flat until we find a new house to buy. (Živimo u kući moje sestre dok ne nañemo novu kuću da kupimo.) Planove vezane za budućnost. I am visiting my sister next weekend. (Sledećeg vikenda ću posetiti svoju sestru.)
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GLAGOLI KOJI SE NE UPOTREBLJAVAJU U PRESENT CONTINUOUS-u Jedan broj glagola najčešće ne može da bude upotrebljen u trajnim vremenima. Najvažniji od njih su: hear – čuti, see – videti , taste – okusiti , smell – mirisati, remember – setiti se , understand – razumeti , wish – želeti , want – hteti, know – znati itd. Npr.: Oni su, umesto u present continuous tense-u koriste u present simple tense-u. I hear a noise in the next room. (Čujem nekakvu buku u susednoj sobi.) Stop! Don't you see the red light? (Stani! Zar ne vidiš crveno svetlo?) This cake tastes good. (Ovaj kolač ima dobar ukus.) Do you remember our first dance? ( Sećaš li se našeg prvog plesa?) I wish you a lot of happiness. (Želim vam mnogo sreće.) I know that you don't understand me. (Znam da me ne razumete). Neki od datih glagola menjaju značenje u present continuous tense-u: I see a boy in the garden. (Vidim dečaka u dvorištu.) She is seeing Milan. (Ona se viña sa Milanom.) I don’t hear you. Could you repeat it, please. (Ne čujem te. Možeš li da ponoviš, molim te.) I am hearing from him twice a month. (Čujem se s njim dva puta mesečno.)
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (PROSTO PROŠLO VREME) Prosto prošlo vreme (Simple Past Tense) pravilnih glagola se gradi od osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez «to») i nastavka –ed. Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I worked – Ja sam radio You worked – Ti si radio He worked – On je radio She worked – Ona je radila It worked – Ono je radilo
Množina (plural) We worked – Mi smo radili You worked – Vi ste radili They worked – Oni su radili
Ako se infinitiv glagola završava na –e, nastavak glasi –d Primer: He closed (close – zatvoriti) Ako se glagol završava na –y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik, –y prelazi u –i. Primer: He cried (cry -plakati) Ako je ispred –y samoglasnik, nema promene. She played (play – igrati) He stayed (stay – ostati) Ukoliko se infinitiv završava na jedan suglasnik ispred koga je kratak, naglašen samoglasnik, taj krajnji suglasnik se udvostručava pred nastavkom za prosto prošlo vreme. plan – planned (planirati) stop – stopped (zaustaviti) Nepravilni glagoli imaju posebne oblike za prošlo vreme i oni se uče napamet. 8
Upitni oblik glagola u prostom prošlom vremenu se gradi od pomoćnog glagola do u prošlom vremenu koji glasi did i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Did I work? – Da li sam ja radio? Did you work? – Da li si ti radio? Did he work? – Da li je on radio? Did she work? – Da li jeona radila? Did it work? – Da li je ono radilo?
Množina (plural) Did we work? – Da li smo mi radili? Did you work? – Da li ste vi radili? Did they work? – Da li su oni radili?
Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Did Did Did Did Did
I work? – Yes, I did / No, I didn’t you work? – Yes, you did / No, you didn’t. he work? – Yes, he did / No, he didn’t she work? – Yes, she did / No, she didn’t it work? – Yes, it did / No, it didn’t
Did we work? – Yes, we did / No, we didn’t Did you work? – Yes you did / No, you didn’t Did they work? – Yes, they did / No, they didn’t Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where did I work? – Gde sam ja radio? Where did you work? – Gde si ti radio? Where did he work? – Gde je on radio? Where did she work? – Gde je ona radila? Where did it work? – Gde ono radilo?
Množina (plural) Where did we work? – Gde smo mi radili? Where did you work? – Gde ste vi radili? Where did they work? – Gde su oni radili?
Nepravilni glagoli grade upitni oblik na isti način.
Subjekatska i objekatska pitanja (Subject and object questions) Kada se upitna reč odnosi na subjekat rečenice koja je odgovor na postavljeno pitanje, glagol stoji u potvrdnom obliku. Ovakvo pitanje se naziva subjekatsko. Kod rečenice: Who called you? (Ko te je pozvao?) odgovor na pitanje glasi John called me. Odgovor na gorenavedeno pitanje je »John«, što je subjekat rečenice. Kod rečenice: Who did you call last night? (Koga si pozvao sinoć?) odgovor na pitanje glasi I called Robert last night. Odgovor na gorenavedeno pitanje je »Robert«, što je objekat rečenice.
Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog oblika pomoćnog glagola do u prošlom vremenu i 9
osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I did not (didn't) work – Ja nisam radio You did not (didn't) work – Ti nisi radio He did not (didn't) work – On nije radio She did not (didn't) work – Ona nije radila It did not (didn't) work – Ono nije radilo
Množina (plural) We did not (didn't) work – Mi nismo radili You did not (didn't) work – Vi niste radili They did not (didn't) work – Oni nisu radili
Nepravilni glagoli grade odrični oblik na isti način. Upotreba: Prosto prošlo vreme se koristi za radnju koja je završena u prošlosti. Karakteristične vremenske odrednice uz koje se upotrebljava su: Yesterday – juče, the day before yesterday – prekjuče, two years ago – pre dve godine, three hours ago – pre tri sata, last Monday – prošlog ponedeljka, last year – prošle godine, in 1977 – 1977.-e i sl.
I worked in a shop last year. (Radio sam u prodavnici prošle godine.) My brother finished his homework an hour ago. (Moj brat je završio domaći pre sat vremena.) Last week we decided to buy a new house. (Prošle nedelje smo odlučili da kupimo novu kuću.) Sandra closed the window a few minutwes ago. (Sandra je zatvorila prozor pre nekoliko minuta.) My father built this house in 1997. (Moj otac je sagradio ovu kuću 1997.-e) The day before yesterday Marko bought a nice hat. (Prekjuče je Marko kupio lep šešir.)
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROŠLO TRAJNO VREME) Prošlo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostom prošlom vremenu, tj. was/were i sadašnjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola. Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I was working – Ja sam radio You were working – Ti si radio He was working – On je radio She was working – Ona je radila It was working – Ono je radilo
Množina (plural) We were working – Mi smo radili You were working – Vi ste radili They were working – Oni su radili
Upitni oblik glagola u prošlom trajnom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomoćnog glagola TO BE (u prošlom vremenu) i lične zamenice.
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Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Was I working? – Da li sam ja radio? Were you working? – Da li si ti radio? Was he working? – Da li je on radio? Was she working? – Da li je ona radila? Was it working? – Da li je ono radilo?
Množina (plural) Were we working? – Da li smo mi radili? Were you working? – Da li ste vi radili? Were they working? – Da li su oni radili?
Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Was I working? – Yes, I was / No, I wasn’t Were you working? – Yes, you were / No, you weren’t. Was he working? – Yes, he was / No, he wasn’t Was she working? – Yes, she was / No, she wasn’t Was it working? – Yes, it was / No, it wasn’t Were we working? - Yes, we were / No, we weren’t Were you working? – Yes, you were /No, you weren’t Were they working? –Yes, they were / No, they weren’t Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where was I working? – Gde sam ja radio? Where were you working? – Gde si ti radio? Where was he working? – Gde je on radio? Where was she working? – Gde je ona radila? Where was it working? – Gde je ono radilo?
Množina (plural) Where were we working? – Gde smo mi radili? Where were you working? – Gde ste vi radili? Where were they working? – Gde su oni radili?
Odrični oblik prošlog trajnog vremena se gradi od odričnog obika pomoćnog glagola TO BE u prošlom vremenu i sadašnjeg participa glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I was not (I wasn't) working – Ja nisam radio You were not (weren't) working – Ti nisi radio He was not (wasn't) working – On nije radio She was not (wasn't) working – Ona nije radila It was not (wasn't) working – Ono nije radilo
Množina (plural) We were not (weren't) working – Mi nismo radili You were not (weren't) working – Vi niste radili They were not (weren't) working – Oni nisu radili
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Upotreba: Prošlo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se koristi za: Radnju koja je u prošlosti duže vreme trajala: She was reading a book all day yesterday. (Ona je ceo dan juče čitala knjigu.) Dve radnje koje su se u prošlom vremenu paralelno dešavale: While I was watching TV, my sister was doing her homework. (Dok sam ja gledao TV, moja sestra je radila svoj domaći.) Prošlu radnju koja je duže trajala a prekinuta je nekom drugom prošlom radnjom. Ta druga radnja se obično izražava prostim prošlim vremenom (past simple tense): I was watching TV when the telephone rang. (Ja sam gledao TV kada je telefon zazvonio.) When we arrived they were playing cards. (Kada smo stigli oni su igrali karte.) Napomena: Glagoli koji se ne koriste u Present Continuous Tense-u, ne koriste se ni u Past Continuous Tense-u. Umesto njih se obično koristi glagol u Past Simple Tense-u.
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN –ING OR –ED (PRIDEVI KOJI SE ZAVRŠAJU NA –ING ILI -ED) -ing pridevi (adjectives) opisuju situaciju, osobu ili stvar: an interesting life – interesantan život a boring teacher – dosadan profesor an exciting film – uzbudljiv film -ed pridevi (adjectives) opisuju kako se neko oseća: I’m very interested in modern art. (Ja sam veoma zainteresovan za modernu umetnost.) We were bored at the end of the lesson. (Bilo nam je dosadno na kraju lekcije.) She’s excited about going on holiday tomorrow. (Ona je uzbuñena zbog sutrašnjeg odlaska na odmor.) Evo još nekoliko primera: I’m confused by this confusing letter. (Ja sam zbunjen ovim zbunjujućim pismom.) I am boring. (Ja sam dosadan.) I am bored. (Meni je dosadno.) She was very surprised when he came. (On je bila veoma iznenañena kada je on došao.) It was very surprising that he came. (Bilo je veoma iznenañujuće što je on došao.)
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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (POREĐENJE PRIDEVA) Kod jednosložnih i nekih dvosložnih prideva komparativ se gradi dodavanjem sufiksa –er, a superlativ dodatkom sufiksa –est. Ispred superlativa se koristi odreñeni član the. old older the oldest (star, stariji, najstariji) smart smarter the smartest (pametan, pametniji, najpametniji) Pridevi koji se završavaju na –y ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, menjaju –y u –i. friendly friendlier the friendliest (ljubazan, ljubazniji, najljubazniji) Jednosložni pridevi sa kratkim samoglasnikom udvajaju poslednji suglasnik u poreñenju. big bigger the biggest (velik, veći, najveći) thin thinner the thinnest (mršav, mršaviji, najmršaviji) Višesložni pridevi se porede na sledeći način: komparativ se gradi dodatkom priloga more a superlativ dodatkom priloga most. beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful (lep, lepši, najlepši) popular more popular the most popular (popularan, popularniji, najpopularniji) Ovakvo poreñenje se još naziva i složeno poreñenje. U okviru složenog poreñenja možemo razlikovati pozitivno i negativno poreñenje. Pozitivno poreñenje govori o tome da jedan subjekat u većoj meri sadrži navedenu osobinu. She is more intelligent than her sister. (Ona je inteligentnija od njene sestre.) Negativno poreñenje govori o tome da jedan subjekat u manjoj meri sadrži navedenu osobinu. Belgrade is a less dangerous place than New York. (Beograd je manje opasno mesto od Njujorka.) Neki pridevi mogu da se porede i uz pomoć sufiksa i uz pomoć priloga common commoner the commonest (običan, običniji, najobičniji) more common the most common Razliku izmeñu dva subjekta možemo iskazati i sa different from. Belgrade is different from New York. (Beograd je drugačiji od Njujorka.) Poreñenje po jednakosti znači da dva subjekta u istoj meri poseduju neku osobinu. U tu svrhu koristimo as …pridev... as. Mary is as beautiful as her sister. (Meri je lepa kao njena sestra.) He is as smart as I am. (On je pametan kao ja.) Neki pridevi se porede nepravilno good, better, the best (dobar, bolji, najbolji) bad, worse, the worst (loš, gori, najgori) little, less, the least (malo, manje, najmanje) much, more, the most (mnogo, više, najviše) many, more, the most (mnogo, više, najviše)
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THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (PROSTO BUDUĆE VREME) Future Simple Tense (Prosto buduće vreme) se gradi od modalnog glagola will i osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez to). Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I will (I’ll) work – Ja ću raditi You will (You’ll) work – Ti ćeš raditi He will (He’ll) work – On će raditi She will (She’ll) work – Ona će raditi It will (It’ll) work – Ono će raditi
Množina (plural) We will (We’ll) work – Mi ćemo raditi You will (You’ll) work – Vi ćete raditi They will (They’ll) work – Oni će raditi
Upitni oblik glagola u Future Simple Tense-u se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) modalnog glagola will i lične zamenice Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Will I work? – Da li ću ja raditi? Will you work? – Da li ćeš ti raditi? Will he work? – Da li će on raditi? Will she work? – Da li će ona raditi? Will it work? – Da li će ono raditi?
Množina (plural) Will we work? – Da li ćemo mi raditi? Will you work?– Da li ćete vi raditi? Will they work? – Da li će oni raditi?
Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Will Will Will Will Will
I work? – Yes, I will / No, I won’t you work? – Yes, you will / No, you won’t. he work? – Yes, he will / No, he won’t she work? – Yes, she will / No, she won’t it work? – Yes, it will / No, it won’t
Will we work? - Yes, we will / No, we won’t Will you work? – Yes we will / No, we won’t Will they work? –Yes, they will/ No, they won’t Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where will I work? – Gde ću ja raditi? Where raditi? Where raditi? Where raditi? Where raditi?
will you work? – Gde ćeš ti will he work? – Gde će on
Množina (plural) Where will we work? – Gde ćemo mi raditi? Where will you work?– Gde ćete vi raditi? Where will they work? – Gde će oni raditi?
will she work? – Gde će ona will it work? – Gde će ono
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Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I will not (won’t) work – Ja neću raditi You will not (won’t) work – Ti nećeš raditi He will not (won’t) work – On neće raditi She will not (won’t) work – Ona neće raditi It will not (won’t) work – Ono neće raditi
Množina (plural) We will not (won’t) work – Mi nećemo raditi You will not (won’t) work – Vi nećete raditi They will not (won’t) work – Oni neće raditi
Upotreba: Prosto buduće vreme (future simple tense) koristimo: da bismo govorili o radnjama koje predviñamo da će se desiti u budućnosti (future predictions). She will travel to Jamaica next year. (Ona će putovati na Jamajku sledeće godine.) Will it rain tomorrow? (Hoće li padati kiša sutra?) za odluke donete u trenutku govora. A: ‘’We ran out of sugar.’’ (Nestalo nam je šećera.)
B: ‘’I will go and buy some.’’ (Otići ću i kupiću ga.)
Za razliku od prostog budućeg vremena o čijoj je upotrebi bilo reči, kada govorimo o svojim planovima i odlukama donetim ranije, koristimo konstrukciju BE+GOING TO+INFINITIVE
A: I’ve got a headache. B: I will get you an aspirin. (Boli me glava.) (Doneću ti aspirin.) (Odluka koja nije mogla biti doneta ranije jer B nije znao da A boli glava.) I bought the tickets for the cinema. I’m going to see a film. (Kupio sam karte za bioskop. Ići ću da gledam film.) (Čim je kupio karte znači da je odluku doneo pre trenutka govora, odnosno da je planirao.) Ponekad je razlika izmeñu upotrebe ova dva načina izražavanja budućnosti veoma mala. Kada koristimo going to konstrukciju, mi znamo da će se nešto desiti na osnovu nečega što sada možemo jasno videti, dakle iznosimo predviñanje zasnovano na nekom dokazu . Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. (Pogledaj te sive oblake. Pašće kiša.) I feel terrible. I think I`m going to be sick. (Osećam se grozno. Mislim da će mi pozliti.) U situacijama kada je verovatnoća da će se radnja desiti manja, bolje je koristiti will+inifinitiv. Marko will probably arrive at about 6 o`clock. (Marko će verovatno stići oko 6 sati.)
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PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (PREDLOZI ZA MESTO) Kao predlog za mesto at služi da odredi mesto gde se nešto dešava. at the football match (na fudbalskoj utakmici) at school (u školi) at the party (na zabavi) at work (na poslu) at university (na univerzitetu) at the concert (na koncertu) at Jane's (house) (kod Džejn) at the doctor's (kod doktora) at the door (na vratima) Zapamtite: at the traffic lights (na semaforu) at the desk (za stolom) at the top (na vrhu) at the bottom (na dnu) Kao predlog za mesto in se koristi za gradove i države. in London (u Londonu) in France (u Francuskoj) Zapamtite da se kaže in the world (na svetu), in a picture (na slici), in a street (na ulici), in the mirror (u ogledalu) Razlika u upotrebi at i in za mesto je u tome što in insistira na unutrašnjosti zgrade, a at može značiti unutra, neposredno ispred, neposredno iza I'll meet you at the theatre. (Naći ćemo se u pozorištu / kod pozorišta) I'll meet you in the theatre. (Naći ćemo se u pozorištu – u unutrašnjosti zgrade) Kada se koristi za mesto on znači “na” on the roof (na krovu) on the floor (na podu) on the wall (na zidu)
Predlog to se koristi da označi pravac kretanja. Koristi se uz glagole kretanja. go to work (ići na posao) run to the office (trčati do kancelarije) swim to the boat (plivati do čamca) Ako imenici home prethodi glagol kretanja, ispred nje se ne koristi predlog I'm tired. I'm going home. (Umoran sam, idem kući.) Did you walk home? (Da li si hodao do kuće?) Ako imenici home prethode be, stay, do something, ispred nje dolazi at I'm staying at home this evening. (Ostajem kod kuće ove večeri.) When I am at home, I usually watch TV. (Kada sam kod kuće, obično gledam TV.) I like working at home. (Volim da radim kod kuće.) Kada idemo od jednog do drugog mesta koristimo from...to We travel from Novi Sad to Budapest. (Mi putujemo od Novog Sada do Budimpešte.) Kada se govori o prevoznom sredstvu koristi se predlog by by bus (autobusom) by car (autom) 16
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME (PREDLOZI ZA VREME) Kao predlog za vreme at se koristi za izražavanje sati i tačno datog vremena. at 6 o'clock (u 6 sati) at 7:30 in the morning (u pola 8 ujutru) at 11 pm (u 11 sati uveče) at noon (u podne) at midnight (u ponoć) at night (noću) Predlog in se kao predlog za vreme koristi za označavanja meseci i godina, kao i ispred delova dana. in June (u junu) in May (u maju) in in in in in in
1987 (1987. godine) summer (u leto) winter (u zimu) the morning (ujutru) the afternoon (popodne) the evening (uveče)
Predlog on se može koristiti da označi vreme dešavanja radnje i to onda kada se govori o danima. Mogu se navoditi dani u nedelji, delovi dana, ali i datumi. on Monday (u ponedeljak) on Sunday evening (u nedelju uveče) on 21st November (21. novembra) From…to se takoñe koristi i za vremenski period I work from 9 to 5. (Ja radim od 9 do 5.)
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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (POVRATNE ZAMENICE) Povratna zamenica u srpskom jeziku se izražava pomoću: «SEBE» ili «SE» i koristi se da se izrazi nešto što je neko sam učinio, bez ičije pomoći, uticaja ili krivice. Na primer: Ja sam SE posekao (Ja sam SEBE posekao). U engleskom jeziku, one po licima glase: Jednina (singular) myself yourself himself herself itself
Množina (plural) ourselves yourselves themselves
Primeri: Do it yourself. (Uradite to sami.) He's looking at himself in the mirror. (On se gleda u ogledalu.) He cut himself with a knife. (Posekao se nožem.) Please, help yourselves. (Poslužite se, molim vas.) Leyla had a nice time in London. She enjoyed herself. (Leyla se lepo provela u Londonu. Uživala je.) Povratnu zamenicu koristimo i uz predlog by u značenju alone (sam). She went on holiday by herself. (Ona je sama išla na odmor.) I made it by myself. ( Ja sam to sama napravila.) Povratne zamenice mogu da budu uz sam subjekat ili na kraju rečenice kada se koriste u značenju „lično“. She herself wrote the story. ili She wrote the story herself. (Ona lično je napisala priču.) Izraz each other znači jedno drugome, meñusobno. They will help each other with the cleaning. (Pomoći će jedan drugome sa čišćenjem.)
THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (SADAŠNJE SVRŠENO PROSTO VREME) Sadašnje svršeno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se gradi od glagola TO HAVE u sadašnjem prostom vremenu, tj. have/has i prošlog participa (past participle) glavnog glagola. Prošli particip se kod pravilnih glagola gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak –ed. Kod nepravilnih glagola prošli particip ima drugačiji oblik (tzv. treća kolona): play – played work – worked sleep – slept Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I have (I've)worked – Ja sam radio You have (You've)worked – Ti si radio He has (He's)worked – On je radio She has (She's) worked – Ona je radila It has (It's) worked – Ono je radilo
Množina (plural) We have (We've) worked – Mi smo radili You have (You've) worked – Vi ste radili They have (They've) worked– Oni su radili
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Jednina (singular) I have (I've) slept – Ja sam spavao You have (You've) slept – Ti si spavao He has slept (He's) – On je spavao She has slept (She's) – Ona je spavala It has slept (It's) – Ono je spavalo
Množina (plural) We have slept (We've) – Mi smo spavali You have slept (You've) – Vi ste spavali They have slept (They've) – Oni su spavali
Upitni oblik glagola sadašnjeg svršenog vremena se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomoćnog glagola TO HAVE (u sadašnjem vremenu) i lične zamenice. Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Have I worked? – Da li sam ja radio? Have you worked? – Da li si ti radio? Has he worked? – Da li je on radio? Has she worked? – Da li je ona radila? Has it worked? – Da li je ono radilo?
Množina (plural) Have we worked? – Da li smo mi radili? Have you worked? – Da li ste vi radili? Have they worked? – Da li su oni radili?
Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Have I worked?–Yes, I have / No, I haven't Have you worked? – Yes, you have / No, you haven't Has he worked? – Yes, he has / No, he hasn't. Has she worked? – Yes, she has/ No, she hasn't. Has it worked? – Yes, it has / No, it hasn't. Have we worked? - Yes, we have / No, we haven't. Have you worked? – Yes, you have / No, we haven't Have they worked? –Yes, they have / No, they haven't. Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where have I worked? – Gde sam ja radio? Where have you worked? – Gde si ti radio? Where has he worked? – Gde je on radio? Where has she worked? – Gde je ona radila? Where has it worked? – Gde je ono radilo?
Množina (plural) Where have we worked? – Gde smo mi radili? Where have you worked? – Gde ste vi radili? Where have they worked? – Gde su oni radili?
Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog obika glagola have (odnosno has za treće lice jednine) i prošlog participa glavnog glagola.
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Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I have not (haven't) worked – Ja nisam radio You have not (haven't) worked – Ti ne radiš He has not (hasn't) worked – On nije radio She has not (hasn't) worked – Ona nije radila It has not (hasn't) worked – Ono nije radilo
Množina (plural) We have not (haven't) worked – Mi nismo radili You have not (haven't) worked – Vi niste radili They have not (haven't) worked – Oni nisu radili
Upotreba: Sadašnje svršeno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se koristi za: Radnju koja je upravo završena, te se stoga uz njega često nalazi vremenska odrednica just (upravo) She has just gone out. (Ona je upravo izašla.) Radnju koja se desila u prošlosti u neko neodreñeno vreme: I have travelled to America. (Putovao sam u Ameriku.) Prošlu radnju koja ima vidljive rezultate (posledice) u sadašnjosti. The lift has broken down. We have to use the stairs. (Lift se pokvario. Moramo da idemo stepenicama.) I have washed the car. It looks lovely. (Oprao sam kola. Izgledaju odlično.) Radnju koja se desila u prošlosti ali je moguće da se ponovi u sadašnjosti. I have seen wolves in that forest. You can still see them sometimes. (Video sam vukove u toj šumi. Još uvek ih ponekad možeš videti.) Radnju koja se dešava u nezavršenom vremenskom periodu. Vremenski period koji traje često je označen sa today, this morning / afternoon / evening / week / month / year / century, recently, lately... I haven't seen him today. (Nisam ga danas video.) He has had a lot of bad luck recently. (U poslednje vreme nije imao mnogo sreće.) U ovom značenju često se javljaju i prilozi ever i never da označe životna iskustva subjekta. He has never eaten Chinese food. (On nikada nije jeo kinesku hranu.) Radnju koja je počela u prošlosti i još uvek traje. U tom smislu se koriste for i since. For se koristi da označi vremenski period u kojem radnja traje. We have lived here for 10 years. (Živimo ovde već 10 godina.) Since označava trenutak kada je radnja počela. They have been friends since their schooldays. (Oni su prijatelji još od školskih dana.)
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PRESENT PERFECT TENSE and PAST SIMPLE TENSE
Present Perfect Tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile u neodreñenom trenutku u prošlosti. Mary has travelled to America. (Meri je putovala u Ameriku.) I have broken my leg. (Slomila sam nogu.) Past Simple će se upotrebiti kada imamo vremensku frazu koja nam jasno ukazuje na to kada se nešto odigralo u prošlosti. Mary travelled to America last year. (Meri je putovala u Ameriku prošle godine.) I broke my leg when I was ten. (Slomila sam nogu kad mi je bilo deset godina.) Kada opisujemo odreñeni dogañaj često ćemo praviti kombinacije ova dva vremena. Kada navodimo činjenicu do koje je došlo možemo upotrebiti Present Perfect. Ali već svaka druga detaljnija informacija vezana za tu situaciju će biti izražena Past Simple Tense-om. I have lost my wallet. (Izgubila sam novčanik.) It happened in a supermarket. (To se desilo u supermarketu.) I came to the cashier but there wasn't a wallet in my bag. (Došla sam na kasu ali novčanik nije bio u torbi.) I was desperate. (Bila sam očajna.) Uz reč when ide Past Simple Tense, jer se traži tačno vreme u prošlosti. Have you ever been to England? (Da li si ikada bio u Engleskoj?) Yes, I have. (Da, jesam.) When did you go there? (Kada si išao tamo?) I went there three years ago. (Išao sam pre tri godine.)
MODAL VERBS (MODALNI GLAGOLI) Modalni glagoli su glagoli nepotpunog značenja, koji odgovaraju našim: moći, hteti, umeti, smeti… U engleskom jeziku oni imaju tri važne karakteristike. 1. traže dopunu u vidu infinitiva bez to 2. imaju isti oblik za sva lica 3. u odričnom i upitnom obliku ne koriste glagol to do, upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom Must je jedan od modalnih glagola koji označava postojanje obaveze (obligation). To je najčešće obaveza koja dolazi od prvog lica, tzv. unutrašnja obaveza. I must call my sister tonight. (Moram da pozovem sestru večeras.) She must win the competition. (Ona mora da pobedi na takmičenju.) Glagolska konstrukcija have to ima slično značenje kao i must. Razlika je u tome što have to označava obavezu koja dolazi od drugog lica, tzv. spoljašnja obaveza. To se uglavnom odnosi na pravila i zakone koji su nam propisani. Children have to go to school. (Deca moraju da idu u školu.) You have to fill in this form to get a visa. (Morate da ispunite ovaj formular da biste dobili vizu.) Glagol Have to se takoñe koristi umesto glagola modalnog glagola must u prošlom i budućem vremenu, jer must nema oblike za njih. You didn't have to come if you didn't want to. (Nisi morao da doneš ako nisi želeo.)
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Treba voditi računa o tome da Have to nije modalni glagol. Mustn't je odričan oblik glagola must i označava zabranu (prohibition). You mustn't smoke in the classroom. (Ne smete pušiti u učionici.) We mustn't play with matches. (Ne smemo se igrati sa šibicama.) Davanje ili oduzimanje dozvole se izražava i konstrukcijom be allowed to. We are allowed to enter the temple. (Dozvoljeno nam je da uñemo u hram.) Ovom konstrukciojm možemo i zabranjivati. You are not allowed to smoke in the classroom. (Ne dozvoljava se da pušenje u učionici.) Needn’t označava nepostojanje obaveze (lack of obligation). Umesto njega se može koristiti not need to koji se može menjati kroz vremena i nije modalni glagol. You needn’t clean the floor. (Ne moraš da očistiš pod.) He doesn’t need to play. (On ne mora da igra.) They didn’t need to fix the car, yesterday. (Nisu morali da poprave kola juče.) Can označava postojanje sposobnosti (ability) u sadašnjosti dok can't označava nepostojanje sposobnosti (lack of ability). I can play the guitar. (Umem da sviram gitaru.) She can't drive a car. (Ona ne ume da vozi auto.) Could govori o sposobnosti koja je postojala nekada u prošlosti. Couldn't označava nepostojanje sposobnosti u prošlosti. Michael could climb trees as a child. (Majkl je mogao da se penje na drveće kao dete.) I couldn't read when I was 4. (Nisam umela da čitam kada mi je bilo 4 godine.) Za sposobnost ili mogućnost u prošlosti, koristi se još i glagol be able to I wasn't able to come yesterday. (Nisam mogao juče da doñem) Razlika u upotrebi could i was/were able to se ogleda u tome što se could koristi za generalnu sposobnost (general ability) u prošlosti, dok was/were able to za sposobnost u nekoj specifičnoj situaciji (ability on a specific occasion). (Kada ima značenje – uspeti nešto uraditi = manage) I could climb a tree when I was younger. (Umeo sam da se popnem na drvo kada sam bio mlañi.) The prisoner was able to escape by climbing over the wall. (Zatvorenik je uspeo da pobegne tako što se popeo na zid.) Be able to se takoñe koristi za budućnost. I'll be able to come tomorrow. (Moći ću sutra da doñem.) Can / can't može značiti i imati / nemati dozvolu (permission) da nešto uradite. You can leave the room. (Možete da napustite prostoriju.) We can't vote when we are 16. (Ne možemo da glasamo ako imamo 16 godina.) May / might se koriste da označe verovatnoću (probability) da će se nešto desiti. Might nosi nešto manju mogućnost da se radnja ostvari. It may rain. It is cloudy. (Možda će padati kiša. Oblačno je.) It might rain. It is still sunny.(Možda će padati kiša. Još uvek je sunčano.) Would se koristi za zamišljene situacije. Često se skraćuje i glasi 'd Where would you go? (Gde biste išli?) I'd stay at some hotel. (Odsela bih u nekom hotelu.) Should / shouldn't (trebalo bi / ne bi trebalo) se koriste za davanje saveta, predloga, sugestija (advice, suggestions). 22
Mary should go home. She has high temperature. (Meri bi trebalo da ode kući. Ima visoku temperaturu.) You shouldn't walk alone by night. It is dangerous. (Ne bi trebalo da šetaš sam noću. Opasno je.) Shall / shan’t se koristi za obećanja, sugestije, naredbe i pretnje (promises, suggestions, commands, threats) I shan’t forget where I came from. (Neću zaboraviti odakle sam došao.) Shall I help you? (Da li da ti pomognem?) He shall not have dinner. (On neće dobiti večeru.)
THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (DAVNO PROŠLO PROSTO VREME) Davno prošlo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se gradi od pomoćnog glagola TO HAVE prošlom prostom vremenu (past simple tense-u), tj. had i prošlog participa glavnog glagola. Jednina (singular) I had (I’d) worked – Ja sam bio radio You had (You’d) worked – Ti si bio radio He had worked (He’d) – On je bio radio She had worked (She’d) – Ona je bila radila It had worked (It’d) – Ono bilo je radilo
Jednina (singular) I had (I’d) slept – Ja sam bio spavao You had (You’d) slept – Ti si bio spavao He had (He’d) slept – On je bio spavao She had (She’d) slept – Ona je bila spavala It had (It’d) slept – Ono je bilo spavalo
Množina (plural) We had (We’d) worked– Mi smo bili radili You had (You’d) worked– Vi ste bili radili They had (They’d) worked– Oni su bili radili
Množina (plural) We had (We’d) slept – Mi smo bili spavali You had (You’d)slept – Vi ste bili spavali They had (They’d) slept– Oni su bili spavali
Upitni oblik glagola u davnom prošlom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomoćnog glagola TO HAVE (u prošlom vremenu) i lične zamenice. Upitni oblik Jednina (singular) Had I worked? – Da li sam ja bio radio? Had you worked? – Da li si ti bio radio? Had he worked? – Da li je on bio radio? Had she worked? – Da li je ona bila radila? Had it worked? – Da li je ono bilo radilo?
Množina (plural) Had we worked? – Da li smo mi bili radili? Had you worked? – Da li vi ste bili radili? Had they worked? – Da li su oni bili radili?
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Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Had Had Had Had Had
I worked? – Yes, I had / No, I hadn't you worked? – Yes, you had / No, you hadn't he worked? – Yes, he had / No, he hadn't she worked? – Yes, she had/ No, she hadn't it worked? – Yes, it had / No, it hadn't
Had we worked? - Yes, we had / No, we hadn't Had you worked? – Yes, you had / No, we hadn't Had they worked? –Yes, they had / No, they hadn't Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where had I worked? – Gde sam ja bio radio? Where had you worked? – Gde si ti bio radio? Where had he worked? – Gde je on bio radio? Where had she worked? – Gde je ona bila radila? Where had it worked? – Gde je ono bilo radilo?
Množina (plural) Where had we worked? -Gde smo mi bili radili? Where had you worked? – Gde ste vi bili radili? Where had they worked? –Gde su oni bili radili?
Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog oblika prošlog vremena glagola have i prošlog participa glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik
Jednina (singular) I had not (hadn't ) worked – Ja nisam bio radio You had not (hadn't) worked –Ti nisi bio radio He had not (hadn't) worked – On nije bio radio She had not (hadn't) worked – Ona nije bila radila It had not (hadn't) worked – Ono nije bilo radilo
Množina (plural) We had not (hadn't) worked – Mi nismo bili radili You had not (hadn't) worked – Vi niste bili radili They had not (hadn't) worked – Oni nisu bili radili
Upotreba: Davno prošlo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se upotrebljava za: Radnju koja se završila pre neke druge prošle radnje. She suddenly found that she had lost her camera. (Odjednom je shvatila da je izgubila foto aparat.) The Past Perfect Tense se upotrebljava u zavisnim rečenicama uz after. Takoñe se mogu pojaviti i prilozi when i because. After we had reached the top, we began to feel tired. (Pošto smo se popeli na vrh počeli smo da osećamo umor.) 24
His friend tried to help him after he had lost all his money. (Prijatelji su pokušali da mu pomognu nakon što je izgubio sav svoj novac.) When he had finished his homework, he went to play. (Kada je završio domaći, izašao je da se igra.) Because he'd spent so much, he had very little money. (Pošto je bio potrošio toliko, imao je vrlo malo novca.)
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (BROJIVE I NEBROJIVE IMENICE) Brojive imenice (countable nouns) su imenice koje imaju množinu – mogu se brojati. book – knjiga books – knjige child – dete children – deca Nebrojive imenice (uncountable nouns) nemaju množinu – ne mogu se brojati. sugar milk love money
QUANTIFIERS (IZRAZI ZA KOLIČINU) SOME AND ANY Količina se može iskazati neodreñenim prilozima some i any. Some (nekoliko) se koristi u potvrdnim rečenicama. Može stajati isred brojivih imenica u množini i ispred nebrojivih imenica. She left some oranges on the table. (Ona je ostavila nekoliko narandži na stolu.) We need to buy some butter for the cake. (Treba da kupimo malo putera za tortu.) Jedini slučaj kada se some upotrebljava u pitanjima jeste kada nekoga nudimo nečim. Would you like some coffee? (Da li bi htela kafu?) How about some oranges? (Hoćeš li narandže?) Any (ijedan, nijedan) se koristi u upitnim i odričnim rečenicama ispred brojivih imenica u množini i ispred nebrojivih imenica. Are there any eggs in the fridge? (Ima li jaja u frižideru?) There isn't any coffee left in the coffee box. (Nema nimalo kafe u kutiji za kafu.) U potvrdnim rečenicama any znači ma koji, bilo koji, svaki. Any day suits me. (Odgovara mi bilo koji dan.) Give me any book you want. (Daj mi ma koju knjigu hoćeš.) Any man can understand that. (Svaki čovek može to da razume.)
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ARTICLES (ČLANOVI) NEODREĐENI ČLAN (INDEFINITE ARTICLE) Neodreñeni član (indefinite article) a/an se ispred imenica koje počinju suglasnikom čita / ə / dok se ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom čita kao / ən /. a boy / ə boi / an egg / ən eg / Neodreñeni član se koristi da označi lice ili stvar koje ne poznajemo ili koje po prvi put pominjemo. neodreñeni član se upotrebljava isključivo sa imenicama u jednini. There is a boy in the street. (Neki dečak se nalazi na ulici.) She put an apple on the table. (Stavila je jabuku na sto.) Neodreñeni član se koristi ispred imenskog dela predikata i profesija. I am a student. (Ja sam student.) The ugly duckling became a beautiful swan. (Ružno pače je postalo prelepi labud.) ODREĐENI ČLAN (DEFINITE ARTICLE) Odreñeni član (definite article) the se isped imenica koje počinju suglasnikom izgovara kao / δə / dok se ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom odreñeni član čita kao / δi: /. the book / δə buk / the eyes / δi: аіz / Odreñeni član se koristi za opisivanje odreñenih, poznatih lica i stvari. The man you met is my friend. (Čovek kog si upoznao je moj prijatelj.) The book on the table is mine. (Knjiga na stolu je moja.) Odreñeni član se koristi ispred superlativa i rednih brojeva. She is the prettiest girl in the class. (Ona je najlepša devojka u razredu.) The first act of the play was the best. (Prvi čin drame je bio najbolji.) Odreñeni član se koristi da označi pojmove od kojih samo jedan postoji na svetu. the the the the
Earth past Sun weather Odreñeni član se koristi ispred imena reka, mora, okeana, planinskih venaca…
the the the the
Sava Adriatic sea Atlantic Alps Odreñeni član se koristi ispred imena pripadnika narodnosti da označi celu naciju.
the French the Swiss
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Odreñeni član se koristi ispred imena javnih zgrada i institucija u gradu. the the the the
Odeon Cinema National Museum Modern Art Gallery Globe Theatre
Odreñeni član se koristi ispred naziva instrumenata. She plays the guitar. (Ona svira gitaru)
IZOSTAVLJANE ČLANA Član se ne koristi Sa imenicama u množini i nebrojivim imenicama kada govorimo uopšteno o nečemu Apples are very good for your health. We drink coffee and tea. Ispred imena jezika i obroka She speaks French. (Ona govori francuski.) We had lunch with John. (Ručali smo sa Džonom.) Ispred imena igara i sportova Marko plays chess very well. (Marko igra šah vrlo dobro.) Many people like playing basketball. (Mnogi ljudi vole da igraju košarku.) Ispred ličnih imena i imena gradova I live in New York. (Ja živim u Njujorku) U mnogim uobičajenim izrazima, kao što su By day – danju, po danu At night – noću At home – kod kuće At work – na poslu In bed – u krevetu By car – kolima
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VERB PATTERNS (GLAGOLSKI OBRASCI) Odreñeni glagoli zahtevaju iza sebe gerund (glagolska osnova+nastavak -ing). Takvi glagoli su: love, like, hate, enjoy, prefer, detest, dislike kao i izrazi don't mind i can't stand I love walking. (Ja volim da šetam.) My sister likes reading. (Moja sestra voli da čita.) Women hate ironing. (Žene mrze da peglaju.) My brother enjoys eating. (Moj brat uživa da jede.) Alex doesn't mind getting up early. (Aleksi ne smeta da ustaje rano.) I can't stand waiting for a bus. (Ne podnosim da čekam autobus.)
Posle odreñenih glagola dolazi to + infinitive. Takvi glagoli su: want, decide, learn, need, hope i izrazi would like, would love, would hate I want to leave now. (Želim da odem odmah.) He decided to drive to work. (On je odlučio da vozi do posla.) She’s learning to fly. (Ona uči da leti.) She needs to pass her exam. (Njoj je potrebno da položi ispit.) We would like to come tomorrow. (Želeli bismo da doñemo sutra.)
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (ODREDBENE ODNOSNE REČENICE) Odredbena odnosna rečenica (defining relative clause) bliže odreñuje imenicu ili zamenicu na koju se odnosi. Ona se ne može izostaviti jer bez nje rečenica ili nema smisao ili ga menja. The police have caught the thief who stole the jewels. (Policija je uhvatila lopova koji je ukrao dragulje) who stole the jewels je odredbena odnosna rečenica (defining relative clause). Ove rečenice počinju odnosnim zamenicama who, whose, whom, which, where, that. Kada govorimo o ljudima, koristimo who ili that. I talked to the man who won the race. Ili I talked to the man that won the race. (Razgovarao sam sa čovekom koji je pobedio u trci.) Kada govorimo o stvarima ili životinjama koristimo which ili that. I liked the car which my father bought. Ili I liked the car that my father bought. (Svideo mi se auto koji je kupio moj otac.) Kada odnosna zamenica menja prisvojnu zamenicu (his, her, their...) koristimo whose (čiji, čija, čije) Marko is the boy whose parents live in our neighbouhood. (Marko je dečak čiji roditelji žive u našem kraju.) Kada govorimo gde se nešto održalo ili dešavalo onda koristimo zamenicu where (gde). I saw the building where you had your party. (Video sam zgradu gde ste priredili žurku.) I know where he stayed. (Znam gde je odseo.)
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Odnosne zamenice who, that i which mogu biti subjekat ili objekat odnosne rečenice. Npr.u rečenici I talked to the man who won the race, who je subjekat ili u rečenici That is the dog that attacked me, that je takoñe subjekat rečenice. Meñutim, u rečenici The letter which she sent me was nice, which je objekat Ili u rečenici The man that I met yesterday was very kind, that je takoñe objekat. Kada je odnosna zamenica objekat rečenice ona se može izostaviti. The man that I met yesterday was very kind = The man I met yesterday was very kind. The letter which she sent me was nice. = The letter she sent me was nice.
REPORTED SPEECH (INDIREKTNI GOVOR) Doslovno navoñenje nečijih reči se naziva direktni govor (Direct Speech). Mark said: “I have bought a new car.” (Mark je rekao: “Kupio sam novi auto.”) Sandra: “Peter is doing his homework.” (Sandra: “Piter radi domaći.) Meñutim, prepričavanje nečijih reči se naziva indirektnim govorom (Reported Speech ili Indirect Speech) Pri prebacivanju direktnog govora u indirektni, dešavaju se izvesne promene. Mark said (that) he had bought a new car. (Marko je rekao da je kupio novi auto.) Sandra said (that) Peter was doing his homework. (Sandra je rekla da Piter radi svoj domaći.)
STATEMENTS (IZJAVNE REČENICE)
Pri prebacivanju direktnih potvrdnih i odričnih izjavnih u indirektni govor one se obično uvode glagolom say. Mogu se, meñutim upotrebiti još neki glagoli sa sličnim značenjem: tell (reći), add (dodati), answer (odgovoriti), declare (izjaviti). Nakon ovih glagola može doći veznik that, ali to nije obavezno. U indirektnom govoru dolazi do obaveznog slaganja vremena. Ako je uvodni glagol (say, tell...) u prošlom vremenu, dolazi do promene vremena iz direktnog govora. He said: “I am a teacher.” (On je rekao: “Ja sam nastavnik.”) He said that he was a teacher. (On je rekao da je on nastavnik.) “Mary is reading a book.” (“Meri čita knjigu.”) She said that Mary was reading a book. (Ona je rekla da Meri čita knjigu.) Sarah: “John bought a present for his wife.” (Sara: “Džon je kupio poklon svojoj ženi.” Sarah said that John had bought a present for his wife. (Sara je rekla da je Džon kupio poklon svojoj ženi.) Milan: “They are working in the garden.” (Milan: “Oni rade u bašti.”) Milan said that they were working in the garden. (Milan je rekao da oni rade u bašti.)
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“We have made a cake.” (Napravili smo tortu) They said that they have made a cake. (Oni su rekli da su napravili tortu.) Mark: “Paul will do it.” (Mark: Pol će to uraditi.”) Mark said that Paul would do it. (Mark je rekao da Će to Pol uraditi.) Evo do kojih promena u vremenima dolazi pri slaganju vremena. Present Simple Tense prelazi u Past Simple Tense Present Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect ContinuousTense Past Simple Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Tense Past Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Continuous Tense Will prelazi u Would Shall najčešće prelazi u Would Can prelazi u Could Might se ne menja Should i Ought to se ne menjaju Takoñe se dešavaju i promene u vremenskim odrednicama: Today postaje that day Yesterday postaje the day before The day before yesterday postaje two days before Tomorrow postaje the next day ili the following day The day after tomorrow postaje In two days` time Next week postaje the following week A year ago postaje a year before ili the previous year Mary:”I met him the day before yesterday.” (Meri: “Srela sam ga prekjuče.”) Mary said she had met him two days before. (Meri je rekla da ga je srela prekjuče.) John: “I`ll come tomorrow.” (Džon: “Doći ću sutra. ”) John said he would come the next day. (Džon je rekao da će doći sutra.)
QUESTIONS (UPITNE REČENICE)
Pre prebacivanju direktnih pitanja u indirektna vodi se računa o tome da li je pitanje tipa Yes/No (bez upitne reči) ili Wh- pitanje (sa upitnom reči). Rečenice se uglavnom uvode glagolima ask (pitati), inquire (pitati, raspitivati se), want to know (želeti znati), wonder (pitati se) Ako se radi o Yes/No pitanjima nakon uvodnog glagola dolazi if (ili whether) a zatim prepričano pitanje. Pravilo o slaganju vremena važi i ovde. Ann: ”Are you English?” (An: ”Da li ste vi Englezi?”) Ann asked if they were English (An je pitala da li su oni Englezi.)
Obratite pažnju da je red reči iza if kao u potvrdnoj rečenici. Evo još nekoliko primera: Sandra: ”Can John play the piano?” (Sandra: ”Da li Džon zna da svira klavir?”) Sandra wanted to know if John could play the piano. (Sandra je htela da zna da li Džon zna da svira klavir?) 30
Mark : ”Do you work i na bank?” (Mark: ”Da li radiš u banci?”) Mark asked whether I worked in a bank. (Marko je pitao da li radim u banci) Mario: ”Has anyone been to Madrid?” (Mario: ”Da li je iko bio u Madridu?”) Mario wanted to know if anyone had been to Madrid. (Mario je hteo da zna da li je iko bio u Madridu.)
Ako se radi o Wh-pitanjima if nije potrebno. Wh- pitanja počinju upitnim rečima when, which, who, why... Ivana: ”Where does Mary live?” (Ivana: ”Gde živi Meri?”) Ivana asked where Mary lived. (Ivana je pitala gde Meri živi.) Tom: ”Why has Ann gone?” (Tom: ”Zašto je An otišla? ”) Tom wanted to know why Ann had gone. (Tom je želeo da zna zašto je An otišla.)
ORDERS (NAREDBE) Naredbe se najčešće uvode glagolom tell (reći). Još se javljaju order, command (oba u značenju narediti) dok se molbe uvode glagolom ask (zamoliti) Glagol tell zahteva iza sebe direktan objekat. Imperativ iz direktnog govora postaje infinitiv u indirektnom, dok negativni imperativ (prohibitiv) postaje negativni infinitiv. Ann: ”Open the window.” (An: ”Otvori prozor.”) Ann told me to open the window. (An mi je rekla da otvorim prozor.) Ann: ”Don’t open the window.” (An: Nemoj da otvoriš prozor.) Ann told me not to open the window. (An mi je rekla da ne otvaram prozor.) Tom: ”Please, pass me the glass, John.” (Tom: ”Molim te, Džone, dodaj mi čašu.”) Tom: ”John, will you pass me the glass, please.” (Džone, da li bi mi dodao čašu, molim te.”) Tom: ”John, could you pass me the glass, please.” (Džone, da li bi mogao da mi dodaš čašu.”) su molbe i kao takve se u indirektnom govoru uvode na isti način, glagolom ask. Tom asked John to pass him a glass. (To je zamolio Džona da mu doda čašu.)
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (USLOVNE/POGODBENE REČENICE) Kondicionali (uslovne rečenice) su zavisne rečenice koje se uvode veznikom if (ako). U zavisnosti od toga kolika je mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje svi kondicionali se dele na prvi, drugi i treći kondicional. THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (PRVI KONDICIONAL) Prvi kondicional se još naziva i realni. Sam naziv kaže da postoji velika mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje koja se uslovljava. Kao i u svakoj složenoj rečenici, razlikujemo kondicionalnu (uslovnu) rečenicu i glavnu rečenicu. 31
Uslov se u prvom kondicionalu izražava u Present Simple Tense-u, dok se u glavnoj rečenici javlja Future Simple (will + infinitiv bez to). If you finish your homework on time, you will get a good mark. (Ako završiš domaći zadatak na vreme, dobićeš dobru ocenu.) If she spends all the money, she will not go shopping. (Ako potroši sav novac, ona neće ići u kupovinu). Kao varijacije prvog kondicionala javljaju se sledeće izmene. Umesto oblika will+infinitiv mogu se javiti ostali modalni glagoli sa infinitivom. If you want to lose weight, you should/must eat less bread. (Ako želiš da oslabiš, trebalo bi / moraš da jedeš manje hleba.) If everything is in order, you may/can leave at once. (Ako je sve u redu, možeš odmah otići.) U glavnoj rečenici se može desiti da se takoñe javi Present Simple Tense. To se dešava kada govorimo o naučnim činjenicama ili drugim izvesnim radnjama. If you heat ice it turns to water. (Ako zagrevaš led pretvoriće se u vodu.) If there is an economy crisis prices go up. (Ako nastane ekonomska kriza cene rastu.)
THE SECOND CONDITIONAL (DRUGI KONDICIONAL) Drugi kondicional nosi sa sobom manju verovatnoću da će se radnja ostvariti iako to nije potpuno nemoguće. Uslov se izražava Past Simple Tense-om, dok se u glavnoj rečenici nalazi modalni glagol would + infinitiv bez to. If I had a map, I would lend it to you. (Kad bih imala mapu, posudila bih ti je.) If someone stole my car, I would call the police. (Kad bi mi neko ukrao auto, pozvala bih policiju.) Prošli oblik glagola TO BE se često u drugom kondicionalu javlja samo kao WERE za sva lica. If I were you, I wouldn`t do that. (Da sam ja na tvom mestu, ne bih to uradila.) Varijacije se takoñe mogu javiti u obliku modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would+infinitiv u glavnoj rečenici. If I knew his number, I could ring him up. (Kad bih znala njegov broj, mogla bih da ga pozovem.) If you tried again, you might succeed. (Kad bi ponovo pokušao, možda bi uspeo.)
THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (TREĆI KONDICIONAL) Treći kondicional označava zamišljenu ili potupo nerealnu situaciju. On nam daje do znanja da više ne postoji mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje. Uslov se izražava Past Perfect Tense-om, dok se u glavnoj rečenici nalazi modalni glagol would + prošli infinitiv bez to. Prošli infinitiv (perfect infinitive) je oblik infinitiva koji se gradi od glagola HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE glavnog glagola, npr. have been, have gone, have taken ... If I had seen him, I would have told him the news. (Da sam ga videla, rekla bih mu vesti.) 32
If someone had stolen my car, I would have called the police. (Da mi je neko ukrao auto, pozvala bih policiju.) Varijacije se takoñe mogu javiti u obliku različitih modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would u glavnoj rečenici. If he had invited me, I might have come to the party. (Da me je pozvao, možda bih i došla na zabavu.) If the police had come on time, they could have caught the burglar. (Da je policija došla na vreme, možda bi uhvatili provalnika.) U uslovnoj rečenici se takoñe mogu javiti neke varijacije. Umesto Past Perfect Tense-a može se javiti Past Perfect Continuous Tense. If we had been travelling by car, the accident might not have happened at all. (Da smo putovali autom, možda do nesreće ne bi ni došlo.)
THE PASSIVE VOICE (PASIV) Glagoli imaju dva stanja: AKTIV ili radno stanje i PASIV ili trpno stanje. Ako subjekat rečenice vrši radnju, onda je glagol u AKTIVU Somebody cleans the office every day. (Neko čisti ovu kancelariju svakog dana.) Ako subjekat rečenice trpi radnju, onda je glagol u PASIVU. The office is cleaned every day. (Ova kancelarija se čisti svakog dana.) Objekat aktivne rečenice (the office) postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice i dolazi na početak rečenice, a glavni glagol (clean) se stavlja u pasiv (is cleaned). Pasiv se gradi od odgovarajućeg oblika glagola to be i prošlog participa (past participle) glavnog glagola. Tako će u sadašnjem vremenu pasiv glagola clean glasiti am cleaned, are cleaned, is cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica) a u prošlom vremenu was cleaned, were cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica) Rečenica koju smo imali u sadašnjem vremenu, ovako bi izgledala u prošlom. Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. (Neko je juče očistio ovu kancelariju.) (AKTIV) The office was cleaned yesterday. (Ova kancelarija je očišćena juče.) (PASIV) Ostala vremena pasiva Present Continuous Somebody is cleaning the office. (AKTIV) The office is being cleaned. (PASIV) Past Continuous Somebody was cleaning the office. (AKTIV) The office was being cleaned. (PASIV) Present Perfect Somebody has cleaned the office. (AKTIV) The office has been cleaned. (PASIV) Past Perfect Somebody had cleaned the office. (AKTIV) The office had been cleaned. (PASIV) 33
Modali i buduće vreme Somebody will clean the office. (AKTIV) The office will be cleaned. (PASIV) Somebody can clean the office. (AKTIV) The office can be cleaned. (PASIV) Upotreba: Pasiv se koristi Kada ne znamo ko je izvršio radnju The house was built in the 19th century. (Kuća je izgranena u 19.-om veku.) Kada izvršilac radnje nije bitan. Wine is served during the lunch. (Vino se služi tokom ručka.) Ako želimo da označimo izvršioca radnje, koristimo predlog by. These cakes have been made by mother. (Ove kolače je napravila moja majka.) Napomena: Samo prelazni glagoli (glagoli koji imaju objekat iza sebe) mogu da se stave u pasiv.
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Literatura New English File Intrermediate, Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Oxford University Press, 2007 New Headway Intermediate, Liz Soars, J. Soars, Oxford University Press, 2007 M. Terzić, Materijal sa predavanja u word formi na predmetu Engleski jezik 1, Visoka škola strukovnih studija za informacione tehnologije
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