SKRIPSI_QONIATURROHMATILLAH.pdf

QR_GRIFJ \INOI_BGZGGD IHCDCNJ NGQZG_GHGR NIMGMYJ MINOGFG GNJM [GHGR DGQJCDGM (Qtubj Hgsus OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg)

QH_J\QJ BJGKYHGD HI\GBG EGHYMRGQ IHCDCNJ BGD OJQDJQ JQMGN YDJUI_QJRGQ JQMGN DIFI_J QYDGD HGMJKGFG ZCFZGHG_RG QIOGFGJ QGMG@ QGRY QZG_GR NIN\I_CMI@ FIMG_ QG_KGDG QR_GRG QGRY BGMGN IHCDCNJ JQMGN CMI@; WCDJ‚GRY_ _C@NGRJMMG@ DJN. 7107<<1? BCQID \INOJNOJDF; \INOJNOJDF; KGY@G_ EG_GBJQ, [email protected]., N.G DJ\; 7:02<9?1 ?<77<7 7 <<0

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\inoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt oirupg zghgt, jdegq bgd s`gbgqg` ([JQ) nidkgbj jdstrunid ygdf sgdfgt scmutje tir`gbgp pirihcdcnjgd pirihcdcnjgd ngsygrghgt. Qimgjd jtu [JQ ninjmjhj pirgd ygdf sgdfgt strgtifjs bgmgn upgyg pidfidtgsgd hinjshjdgd. @gm jdj bjhgridghgd [JQ nirupghgd sgrgdg pidyuajgd kjwg bgd `grtg, agrg pingdeggtgddyg bjbgsgrhgd pgbg eudfsj scsjgmdyg ogfj hipidtjdfgd ngsygrghgt ygdf nidyidtu` hgmgdfgd njshjd ngupud hgyg. \idimjtjgd jdj oirtukugd udtuh nidfitg`uj strgtifj pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt nimgmuj minogfg gnjm zghgt dgsjcdgm hctg Zcfyghgrtg. \idbihgtgd  pidimjtjgd jdj gbgmg` pidimjtjgd hugmjtgtje-hugdtjtgtje bidfgd sunoir bgtg ygdf bjfudghgd gbgmg` bgtg prjnir. \cpumgsj pidimjtjgd ygjtu nustg`jh ygdf tirfgoudf bgmgn prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj bidfgd sgnpmi pidimjtjgd nidffudghgd tihdjh rgdbcn sgnpmjdf siogdygh 99 nustg`jh. Nitcbi gdgmjsjs ygdf bjfudghgd bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj gbgmg` gdgmjsjs QVCR bgd Ykj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist. Rihdjh gdgmjsjs hugmjtgtje nidffudghgd Gdgmjsjs QVCR, gdgmjsjs jdj bjfudghgd udtuh nimj`gt hihugtgd, himing`gd,  pimugdf, bgd gdagngd minogfg. Qimgjd jtu, Gdgmjsjs QVCR bjfudghgd udtuh niditgphgd strgtifj ygdf acach binj himgdfsudfgd `jbup minogfg. Qibgdfhgd gdgmjsjs Hugdtjtgtje nidffudghgd Ykj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist. Ykj Vjmacxcd bjfudghgd udtuh nidfitg`uj piroibggd pidbgpgtgd bgd ncbgm, sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd. @gsjm pidimjtjgd Gdgmjsjs QVCR nidudkuhhgd og`wg Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg nidinpgtj hugbrgd JJ (bjvirsjejhgsj). @gsjm pidimjtjgd Ykj Vjmacxcd nidudkuhhgd og`wg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt ninpudygj  piroibggd pidbgpgtgd bgd ncbgm nustg`jh sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg  pinoirbgyggd. Qi`jdffg bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt jdj tirouhtj ngnpu nidjdfhgthgd ihcdcnj nustg`jh. Hgtg Hudaj ; Qtrgtifj, \inoirbgyggd, \idbgpgtgd, bgd Ncbgm.

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 GO  G O QR_ QR _ GA R

R`i iacdcnja inpcwirnidt ce t`i acnnudjty jd t`i ecrn ce zghgt, jdegq gdb sgbgqg` ([JQ) wgs t`i jdstrunidt t`gt viry scmutjcd-ogsib cd t`i iacdcny ce t`i acnnudjty. Jd gbbjtjcd [JQ `gs g viry strgtifja rcmi jd pcvirty gmmivjgtjcd ieecrts. R`js js oiagusi t`i [JQ js g nigds ce purjejagtjcd ce t`i scum gdb  pcssissjcds, tc utjmjzgtjcd ogsib cd jts scajgm eudatjcd jd t`i puomja jdtirist t`gt tcua`is t`i rja` gdb pccr gmjhi. R`js stuby gjns tc bitirnjdi t`i iacdcnja inpcwirnidt strgtify t`rcuf` gnjm zghgt jdstjtutjcds dgtjcdwjbi ajty ce Zcfyghgrtg. R`js risigra` gpprcga` js qugmjtgtjvi-qugdtjtgtjvi risigra` wjt` t`i scurai ce t`i bgtg usib js prjngry bgtg. R`i stuby pcpumgtjcd js nustg`jh jdacrpcrgtib jd t`i iacdcnja inpcwirnidt  prcfrgn wjt` risigra` risigra ` sgnpmis usjdf t`i tia`djqui ce rgdbcn sgnpmjdf gs nua` gs 99 nustg`jh. R`i gdgmytjagm nit`cb usib jd t`js risigra` js QVCR gdgmysjs gdb Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist. Wugmjtgtjvi gdgmysjs tia`djquis usjdf QVCR gdgmysjs, t`js gdgmysjs js usib tc mcch gt t`i stridft`s, wighdissis, cppcrtudjtjis, gdb t`rigts jdstjtutjcds. Jd gbbjtjcd, t`i QVCR gdgmysjs js usib tc istgomjs` g  sujtgomi strgtify ecr t`i survjvgm ce t`i jdstjtutjcd. V`jmi qugdtjtgtjvi gdgmysjs usjdf t`i Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist. Vjmacxcd tist usib tc bitirnjdi bjeeiridais jd jdacni gdb agpjtgm, oiecri gdb getir t`i prcfrgn's inpcwirnidt. QVCR gdgmysjs ce risigra` risumts s`cw t`gt Ogzdgs Zcfyghgrtg caaupjis t`i siacdb qugbrgdt (bjvirsjejagtjcd). Vjmacxcd tist risigra` risumts jdbjagti t`gt t`i iacdcnja inpcwirnidt prcfrgn `gs bjeeiridais ce jdacni gdb agpjtgm nustg`jh oiecri gdb getir t`ijr inpcwirnidt. Jt acdamubib t`gt iacdcnja inpcwirnidt prcfrgn `gs oiid prcvid tc jnprcvi t`i iacdcny nustg`jh.  Hiywcrbs; Qtrgtify, Inpcwirnidt, _ividui gdb gdb Agpjtgm.

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@GMGNGD NCRRC

”Jdfgtmg`, tjbgh ghgd hgmjgd nidbgpgthgd jmnu hiaugmj bidfgd 5 sygrgt. Zgjtu; Airbgs, singdfgt, singdfgt, sgogr, gbg ojgyg, bjbjhgd furu bgd wghtu ygdf mgng„. (Dgb`cn Hjtgo Gmgmg)

”Ouhgdhg` hiagdtjhgd jtu bidfgd pghgjgd ygdf nidf`jgs hjtg, sisudffu`dyg hiagdtjhgd jtu jgmg` hiagdtjhgd bidfgd jmnu bgd hiscpgdgd„

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@GMGNGD \I_QINOG@GD

Hgryg jdj hu pirsinog`hgd hipgbg;

Crgdf Rug Rirajdtg

(Gyg`gdbg @. Nuh`mjs Qyg–ogdg bgd Joudbg @k. Dur @gnjbg`) Gbjhhu tirsgygdf R`cyjo @gojoummc`

Gmngngtir Rirajdtg YJD Qudgd Hgmjkgfg Zcfyghgrtg

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HGRG \IDFGDRG_

Qyuhur gm`gnbumjmmg` pidumjs pgdkgthgd hi`gbjrgt Gmmg` QVR hgridg bidfgd rg`ngt bgd `jbgyg`Dyg hipgbg pidumjs si`jdffg bgpgt nidyimisgjhgd  pidumjsgd shrjpsj jdj bidfgd ogjh. Q`gmgwgt sirtg sgmgn sincfg tiraurg` hipgbg  ogfjdbg Dgoj Nu`gnngb QGV, himugrfg bgd s`gogtDyg s`gogtD yg ygdf timg` ninoirjhgd  pitudkuh kgmgd ygdf bjrjb`gj Gmmg` QVR. \idumjs nidygbgrj bgmgn pidumjsgd shrjpsj jdj ngsj` kgu` bgrj sinpurdg,  ogjh

pidyusudgd,

pidumjsgd,

ngupud

jsjdyg.

@gm

tirsiout

bjhgridghgd

hitirogtgsgd pidfitg`ugd, pidfgmgngd bgd hingnpugd ygdf pidumjs njmjhj. Cmi` hgridg jtu, sgrgd bgd ngsuhgddyg sgdfgt pidumjs `grgphgd. _gsg tirjng hgsj` ygdf sioisgr-oisgrdyg pidumjs sgnpgjhgd hipgbg  oirogfgj pj`gh ygdf timg` ninogdtu pidumjs bgmgn nidyimisgjhgd shrjpsj jdj. Ytgngdyg pidumjs `gturhgd tirjng hgsj` hipgbg ; 7. Ogpgh \rce. Zubjgd Vg`yubj \`.B. simghu _ihtcr Ydjvirsjtgs Jsmgn Difirj Qudgd Hgmjkgfg Zcfyghgrtg. ?. Ogpgh Br. @. Qygejq Ng`ngbg` @gdgej, Q.Gf., N.Gf. simghu Bihgd Eghumtgs Ihcdcnj Bgd Ojsdjs Jsmgn YJD Qudgd Hgmjkgfg Zcfyghgrtg. 1. Jou Qudgrygtj, Q.I., N.Qj. simghu Hitug \rcfrgn Qtubj Ihcdcnj Qygrjg` Eghumtgs Ihcdcnj bgd Ojsdjs Jsmgn YJD Qudgd Hgmjkgfg. 2. Ogpgh Nu`gnngb F`geur Vjocwc, Q.I., N.Qa. simghu Bcsid \inojnojdf Ghgbinjh. Rirjnghgsj` gtgs ojnojdfgd, dgsj`gt, bgd buhudfgddyg bgrj gwgm sinistir `jdffg sihgrgdf bgmgn ninogdtu nidfgrg`hgd stubj siagrg ghgbinjh. 9. Ogpgh Kgu`gr Egrgbjs, [email protected]., N.G. simghu Bcsid \inojnojdf Qhrjpsj. Qgyg uagphgd tirjnghgsj` ogdygh gtgs wghtu, ngsuhgd, bgd sgrgd-sgrgd, sirtg nidgnog` hcrihsj bgd pirogjhgd sjstin pidumjsgd. 5. Qifidgp bcsid \rcbj Ihcdcnj Qygrjg` Eghumtgs Ihcdcnj bgd Ojsdjs Jsmgn ygdf timg` ogdygh sihgmj ninoirjhgd bgd nidfgkgrhgd jmnu ygdf oirgrtj hipgbg pidimjtj.

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6. Qimuru` stgee

Rgtg Ysg`g ygdf ygdf timg` ninogdtu ninogdtu nidfurusj surgt jzjd

 pidimjtjgd bgd urusgd himidfhgpgd gbnjdjstrgsj pidimjtj bgrj gwgm sinistir `jdffg oirgh`jr stubj pidimjtj. 0. Qimuru` Gnjm bgd \ifgwgj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ygdf nidfjzjdhgd  pidumjs udtuh nidimjtj bj minogfg Ogzdgs, sirtg sgdfgt ninogdtu pidumjs bgmgn pircmi`gd bgtg, bgd bchunid-bchunid mgjddyg. :. Crgdf tug tirajdtg, Ogpgh @. Nuh`mjs Qyg–ogdg bgd Jou @k. Dur @gnjbg`, ygdf simgmu sgogr nidbjbjh, ninctjvgsj, nidgsi`gtj, nidbuhudf siagrg ngtirj bgd dcd ngtirj, bgd ygdf tjgbg `idtjdyg nidbcghgd putrjdyg wgmgu tgdpg bjnjdtg, sirtg ougt Gbjhhu R`cyjo @gojoummc` ygdf siagrg tjbgh mgdfsudf nidfgkgrj sgyg gfgr nidkgbj acdtc` bgd nibjg  egstgojqum h`cjrct  udtuhdyg. 7<. Gog` B_. H@. G`ngb Egtg`.,Q,Gf., bgd Jou Dygj @k. Djsrjd Djhng` simghu  pidfgsu` \cdbch \isgdtrid Quddj Bgrussgmgn ygdf simgmu nidyjrgnj jmnu rc`gdj hipgbg pidumjs. 77. Qg`gogt-sg`gogt Gmundj \\. _gub`gtumYmun, \\. Gm-Nudgwwjr bgd \\. Quddj Bgrussgmgn, ygdf simgmu nidyingdfgtj pidumjs ogjh siagrg mgdfsudf ngupud vjg nibjg scsjgm. 7?. Himugrfg oisgr Ihcdcnj Qygrjg` gdfhgtgd ?<71 h`ususdyg himgs IQ-G ygdf tjbgh

bgpgt

bjsiouthgd

sgtu

pirsgtu,

tirjnghgsj`

gtgs

hioirsgnggd,

hiog`gfjggd, ygdf tiruhjr simgng ngsg-ngsg pirhumjg`gd. 71. Qg`gogt-sg`gogthu Bjdg, Nudg, Ypjh, Gudj, Gjdj, Mutejg`, bgd Djhng` ygdf simgmu ninougt jdbg` `grj-`grjhu. 72. Himugrfg HHD :< Himcnpch 7<5 Kuruf, Fjrjwudfu, \gdffgdf, Fududf Hjbum (Gdffjt, _isdj, Durum, Irjhg, Agagh, Kiki, Gdbj, Oubj, bgd Gdbrj) sincfg tgmj sjmgturg`nj hjtg titgp tirkgfg `jdffg gh`jr `gygt. 79. Jhgtgd Himugrfg Gmundj _gub`gtum Ymun Qghgtjfg Zcfyghgrtg, ygdf timg`  ogdygh ninogdtu pidumjs bgmgn pirkugdfgd ngsuh YJD Y JD Qudgd Hgmjkgfg bgd ninojnojdf pidumjs bj ngsg Crjidtgsj Ng`gsjswg sirtg tinpgt hinogmj hitjhg rjdbu Qungtirg.

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\IBCNGD R_GDQMJRI_GQJ G_GO-MGRJD

Rrgdsmjtirgsj hgtg-hgtg Grgo ygdf bjpghgj bgmgn pidyusudgd shrjpsj jdj  oirpibcngd pgbg Qurgt Hiputusgd Oirsgng Nidtirj Gfgng bgd Nidtirj \idbjbjhgd bgd Hioubgyggd _ipuomjh Jdbcdisjg Dcncr; 790/7:06 bgd <921o/Y/7:06.

G. Hcdscdgd Rudffgm @urue Grgo

Dgng

@urue Mgtjd

Dgng

Gmje

Rjbgh bjmgnogdfhgd bjmgnogdfhgd

Rjbgh bjmgnogdfhgd bjmgnogdfhgd

Oć–

O

Oi

Rć–

R

Ri

Ṭć–

ṧ

is (bidfgd tjtjh bj gtgs)

KĨn

K

Ki

Ḣć–

ḩ

`g (bidfgd tjtjh bj ogwg`)

H`ć–

h`

hg bgd `g

Bćm

b

Bi

Ÿćm

Ž

zit (bidfgd tjtjh bj gtgs)

_ć–

r

Ir

[ćj

z

zit

QĨd

s

Is

QyĨd

sy

is bgd yi

ṯćb

ṡ

is (bidfgd tjtjh bj ogwg`)

ḍćb

Ḏ

bi (bidfgd tjtjh bj ogwg`)

ṭć–

Ṯ

ti (bidfgd tjtjh bj ogwg`)

ẟć–

ẑ

zit (bidfgd tjtjh bj ogwg`)

—Gjd

ʸ

hcng tirogmjh bj gtgs

Fgjd

f

Fi

Ećʽ

e

Ie

Wće 

q

Wj

Hće 

h

Hg

xjjj

Mćn

m

Im

NĨn

n

In

 DŨd

d

Id

Vćwu

w

V

@ć–

`

@g

@gnzg`

ˈ 

Gpcstrce

Zćʽ

y

Zi

 Qygbbg` bjtumjs _gdfhgp O. Hcdscdgd _gdfhgp hgridg Qygb Bjtumjs

 Nutg‐gbbjbg`

Bjtumjs

‐jbbg`

A. Rᾷ‚ ngroŨṮg`

Qinug tᾷ‚ ngroŨṮg`bjtumjs ngroŨṮg`bjtumjs bidfgd `, ogjh oirgbg pgbg gh`jr hgtg tudffgm gtgupud oirgbg bj tidfg` pidffgoudfgd hgtg (hgtg ygdf bjjhutj cmi` hgtg sgdbgdf

”gm„). Hitidtugd jdj   tjbgh bjpirmuhgd ogfj hgtg-hgtg Grgo ygdf subg` tirsirgp bgmgn og`gsg Jdbcdisjg, sipirtj s`gmgt, zghgt, bgd siogfgjdyg hiaugmj bjhi`idbghj hgtg gsmjdyg.

Bjtumjs

 Ḣjhng`

Bjtumjs

‐jmmg`

Bjtumjs

 H grᾷng` grᾷng` gm -gumjyᾷ‚ 

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B. Uchgm \idbih  bgd  bgd \idirgpgddyg \idirgpgddyg ----  ---

Egtḩg`

Bjtumjs

 G

----  ---

Hgsrg`

Bjtumjs

j

----  ---

ḍgnng`

Bjtumjs

u



Egtḩg`

Bjtumjs

 eg‐gmg

Hgsrg`

Bjtumjs

Žuhjrg

ḍgnng`

Bjtumjs

 ygŽ`gou





I. Uchgm \gdkgdf

7. Egtḩg` + gmje 

?. Egtḩg` + yć– ngtj



1. Hgsrg` + yć– ngtj 2. ḍgnng` + wćwu ngtj

Bjtumjs

ᾷ

Bjtumjs

 kᾷ`jmjyyg`

Bjtumjs

ᾷ

Bjtumjs

tgdsᾷ

Bjtumjs

Ĩ 

Bjtumjs

hgr Ĩ  Ĩn  

Bjtumjs

Ũ

Bjtumjs

 eur ŨḎ  ŨḎ 

Bjtumjs

gj

Bjtumjs

ogjdghun

Bjtumjs

gu

Bjtumjs

qgum 

E. Uchgm _gdfhgp

7. Egtḩg` + yć– ngtj

?. ḍgnng` + wćwu ngtj

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F. Uchgm \idbih ygdf Oirurutgd bgmgn Qgtu Hgtg Bjpjsg`hgd bidfgd Gpcstrce



Bjtumjs

g‚gdtun

Bjtumjs

u‐jbbgt 

Bjtumjs

mg‚jdsyghgrtun

@. Hgtg Qgdbgdf Gmje + Mgn

7. Ojmg bjjhutj `urue Wgngrjyyg` nghg Wgngrjyyg` nghg bjtumjs bidfgd nidffudghgd `urue

gwgm ”gm„ Bjtumjs

 Gm-Wur‚ᾷd  Gm-Wur‚ᾷd

Bjtumjs

 Gm-Wjyᾷs  Gm-Wjyᾷs

?. Ojmg bjjhutj `urue Qygnsjyyg` bjtumjs Qygnsjyyg` bjtumjs sisugj bidfgd `urue pirtgng Qygnsjyyg` tirsiout Qygnsjyyg` tirsiout

J.

Bjtumjs

 Gs-Qgnᾷ  Gs-Qgnᾷ

Bjtumjs

 Gsy-Qygns

\idumjsgd Hgtg-hgtg bgmgn _gdfhgjgd Hgmjngt

Bjtumjs nidurut pidumjsgddyg Bjtumjs

 [ ɗwjgm-eur ŨḎ  ŨḎ 

Bjtumjs

 G`mgs-suddg`

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BGERG_ JQJ

@GMGNGD QGN\YM @GMGNGD KYBYM .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... j GOQR_GH ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................... ...jj GOQR_GAR ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ........................................... .....................jjj @GMGNGD \I_QIRYKYGD ............................................ .................................................................. .................................... ..............jv @GMGNGD \IDFIQG@GD......................................................... ............................................................................... ......................... ...v QY_GR \I_DZGRGGD HIGQMJGD ............................................................. ................................................................... ......vj \I_QIRYKYGD \YOMJHGQJ......................................... ............................................................... ....................................... .................vjj NCRRC ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ......vjjj @GMGNGD \I_QINOG@GD .......................................... ................................................................. .................................... .............jx HGRG \IDFGDRG_.......................................................... ................................................................................ .................................... ..............x \IBCNGD R_GDQMJRI_GQJ ......................................... ............................................................... .................................... ..............xjjj BGERG_ JQJ ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... .....................xvjj BGERG_ RGOIM .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ .................................... ..............xjx BGERG_ FGNOG_ .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ................................ ..........xx OGO J \IDBG@YMYGD 7.7 Mgtgr Oimghgdf .................... .......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 7 7.? _unusgd Ngsgmg` ......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ..................... 9 7.1 Rukugd bgd Ngdeggt \idimjtjgd \idimjtj gd .................................... .......................................................... ............................ ...... 5 7.2 Qjstingtjhg \inog`gsgd ............................... ..................................................... ........................................... ..................... 6 OGO JJ HI_GDFHG RIC_J BGD \IDFINOGDFGD @J\CRIQJQ ?.7 \idfirtjgd [JQ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................... ... : ?.? Nidfidgm Eudbrgjsjdf.......................................... ................................................................. .................................... ............. 7? ?.1 Qtrgtifj ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .................................... .............. 71 ?.1.7 \idfirtjgd Qtrgtifj ............................................... .................................................................... ..................... 71 ?.1.? Eudfsj bgd Rjdfhgtgd Qtrgtifj .................................................. .................................................. 72 ?.2 \inoirbgyggd ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................... ... 75 ?.9 \idbgpgtgd ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................ ...... ?7 ?.5 Ncbgm ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ........................................ ................. ?1 ?.6 \idimjtjgd \idimjt jgd Rirbg`umu ............................................................... ................................................................................ ................. ?2 ?.0 Hirgdfhg \idimjtjgd ............................................................ ................................................................................. ..................... ?5 ?.: @jpctisjs ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ .................................... .............. ?6 OGO JJJ NIRCBI \IDIMJRJGD 1.7 \cpumgsj .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ .................................... .............. 1< 1.? Qgnpim ................................. ....................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ......................... .. 1< 1.1 Ugrjgoim \idimjtjgd .................................... .......................................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 17 1.2 Mchgsj \idimjtjgd ............................ .................................................. ............................................ .................................... .............. 1? 1.9 Kidjs \idimjtjgd .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 1? 1.9.7 \idimjtjgd Mgpgdfgd ......................................... ............................................................... ......................... ... 1? 1.9.? Nitcbi Gdgmjsjs Bgtg ........................................... ................................................................ ..................... 12 OGO JU FGNOG_GD YNYN BGD @GQJM \IDIMJRJGD 2.7 Fgnogrgd Ynun ........................... ................................................. ............................................ .................................... .............. 27 2.7.7 Qikgrg` Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ............................................ .............................................. .. 27 2.7.? Hifjgtgd/\rcfrgn Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ............................ ............................ 21 2.7.1 Qtruhtur Crfgdjsgsj .......................................... ................................................................. ......................... .. 91

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2.7.2 Bgsgr @uhun ................................................... .......................................................................... ......................... .. 92 2.7.9 Rukugd bgd Eudfsj ............................................ ................................................................... ......................... .. 99 2.7.5 Qjstin Hirkg ............................... ..................................................... ............................................. ......................... .. 90 2.? Gdgmjsjs bgd @gsjm \inog`gsgd .............................................. ............................................................... ................. 9: 2.?.7 Gdgmjsjs QVCR H bgd QVCR 2 Hugbrgd................................. Hugbrgd................................. 9: 2.?.7.7 Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh .............................. ............................................... ................. 9: 2.?.7.? Gdgmjsjs QVCR 2 Hugbrgd......................................... Hugbrgd......................................... 57 2.?.7.1 \inog`gsgd Gdgmjsjs QVCR ............................... ..................................... ...... 5: 2.?.? @gsjm Gdgmjsjs Ykj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist ........................ ........................ 6? 2.?.?.7 Gdgmjsjs Bishrjptje .................................................. ..................................................... ... 6? 2.?.?.? Gdgmjsjs Bgtg .................................. ........................................................ ............................ ...... 65 2.?.?.1 \inog`gsgd @gsjm Ykj Vjmacxcd ............................... ............................... 6: OGO U \IDYRY\ 9.7 Hisjnpumgd ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................ ...... 0? 9.? Qgrgd ............................ ................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ................................ .......... 01 ................................................................... ............................................. ............................ ...... 02 BGERG_ \YQRGHG ............................................ MGN\J_GD

xvjjj

BGERG_ RGOIM

Rgoim 7.7 Bgtg Hinjshjdgd BJZ............................................ .................................................................. .................................... .............. 7 Rgoim 1.7 Gdgmjsjs Gdgmjsj s QVCR Hmgsjh ........................................... .................................................................. .................................... ............. 15 Rgoim 2.7 \iroibggd \ircmi`gd [JQ gdtgrg Y\[ bgd Dcd Y\[ ................................ ................................ 9? Rgoim 2.? Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh Ogzdgs Hctg ZH......................................... ................................................... .......... 9: Rgoim 2.1 @gsjm Gdgmjsjs QVCR Ogzdgs Hctg ZH ........................................... ..................................................... .......... 5< Rgoim 2.2 Djmgj Rctgm Rirtjnogdf Ogzdgs Hctg ZH .................................................. .................................................. 55 Rgoim 2.9 Qimjsj` Qimj sj` Djmgj Rirtjnogdf Ogzdgs Hctg ZH ....................... ............................................. ......................... ... 56 Rgoim 2.5 Himcnpch Nustg`jh ............................................ .................................................................. ....................................... ................. 6? Rgoim 2.6 Kidjs K idjs Himgnjd ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ............................. ...... 6? Rgoim 2.0 Ynur ........................................................... ................................................................................. ............................................. ......................... .. 61 Rgoim 2.: \idbjbjhgd Rirgh`jr ............................................ .................................................................. ....................................... ................. 62 Rgoim 2.7< Kidjs Ysg`g............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................ ...... 62 Rgoim 2.77 Bisarjptjvi Bisar jptjvi Qtgtjstjas Qtgtjstj as \idbgpgtgd .................................................. ............................................................ .......... 65 Rgoim 2.7? _gdh \idbgpgtgd .......................................... ................................................................ ...................................... ................ .... 65 Rgoim 2.71 Rist Qtgtjstjas \idbgpgtgd ............................................ ................................................................... ....................... .... 66 Rgoim 2.72 Bisarjptjvi Qtgtjstjas Qtgtjstj as Ncbgm .......................................... .............................................................. .................... .... 66 Rgoim 2.79 _gdhs Ncbgm ............................................ .................................................................. .......................................... .................... .... 60 Rgoim 2.75 Rist Qtgtjstjas Ncbgm ........................................... .................................................................. ................................ ............ 60

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bidfgd

sifgmg

hipidtjdfgddyg, nidyibjghgd sgrgdg bgd prgsgrgdg ygdf bjpirmuhgd udtuh ninpirmgdagr ngsygrghgt.

pimghsgdggd Bgmgn

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B.J

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7

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Vgmgupud Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ninjmjhj kunmg` pidbubuh njshjd ygdf ridbg` bjogdbjdfhgd hgoupgtid mgjd bj B.J Zcfyghgrtg, hinjshjdgd bj Hctg Zcfyghgrtg `grus ojsg bjtgdffumgdfj, si`jdffg tirajptg pinirgtggd hisikg`tirggd ngsygrghgt bj Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. Bj tidfg` prcomingtjhg pirihcdcnjgd jdj, zghgt nudaum nidkgbj jdstrunid ygdf scmutje. [ghgt siogfgj jdstrunid pinogdfudgd pirihcdcnjgd bgd  pidfidtgsgd hinjshjdgd ungt bgirg`. Ninjmjhj ogdygh hiudffumgd bjogdbjdfhgd jdstrunid ejshgm hcdvidsjcdgm ygdf hjdj timg` gbg (Qghtj, ?<<6;7:?). [ghgt ninjmjhj pirgdgd ygdf sgdfgt strgtifjs bgmgn upgyg pidfidtgsgd hinjshjdgd gtgu pinogdfudgd ihcdcnj. @gm tirsiout oiroibg bidfgd sunoir hiugdfgd udtuh pinogdfudgd ygdf mgjd, zghgt tjbgh ninjmjhj bgnpgh ogmjh gpgpud hiaugmj rjb`g bgd nidf`grgp pg`gmg bgrj Gmmg` singtg. Dgnud binjhjgd,  ouhgd oirgrtj oirg rtj nihgdjsni zghgt tjbgh gbg sjstin hcdtrcmdyg. Djmgj strgtifjs zghgt bgpgt bjmj`gt nimgmuj, pirtgng, zghgt nirupghgd pgdffjmgd gfgng. Jg nirupghgd airnjdgd bgrj hijngdgd sisicrgdf. Hibug, sunoir hiugdfgd zghgt tjbgh ghgd  pirdg` oir`idtj. Grtjdyg sicrgdf ninogygr zghgt, tjbgh ghgd pirdg` `gojs bgd ygdf timg` ninogygr sitjgp tg`ud gtgu pirjcbi wghtu ygdf mgjd ghgd tirus ninogygr. Hitjfg, zghgt siagrg inpjrjh bgpgt nidf`gpushgd hisidkgdfgd scsjgm bgd siogmjhdyg bgpgt nidajptghgd ribjstrjousj gsit bgd pinirgtggd pinogdfudgd (_jbwgd, ?<<9; 70:-7:<). Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt Dgsjcdgm (OG[DGQ) gbgmg` minogfg dcdstruhturgm ygdf bjoidtuh oirbgsgrhgd Ydbgdf-Ydbgdf Dc ?1 Rg`ud ?<77 tidtgdf \idfimcmggd [ghgt. \inoidtuhgd OG[DGQ pirtgng hgmj bjtitgphgd bidfgd Hiputusgd \risjbid Dc 0 Rg`ud ?<<7 tidtgdf Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt Dgsjcdgm sisugj

1

gngdgt Ydbgdf-Ydbgdf Dc 10 Rg`ud 7::: tidtgdf \idfimcmggd [ghgt ygdf  oirmghu sggt s ggt jtu. Qitimg` piruog`gd rifumgsj ri fumgsj OG[DGQ oirstgtus oirstgt us siogfgj minogfg  pinirjdtg` dcdstruhturgm ygdf oirsjegt ngdbjrj bgd oirtgdffudf kgwgo hipgbg \risjbid nimgmuj Nidtirj Gfgng (ogdgs.kcfkghctg.fc.jb) Qitjgp minogfg zghgt ninpudygj trjh bgd strgtifj ngsjdf-ngsjdf bgmgn  pinoirbgyggd bgd pidbjstrjousjgddyg. Qtrgtifj ygdf bjfudghgd bjsitjgp minogfg zghgt

oiroibg-oibg

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dgnud

ngsygrghgt.

tukugddyg

tjbgh

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ygdf

oiroibg

yghdj

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udtuh

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minogfg zghgt dgnpghdyg ninpudygj gdbjm ygdf sgdfgt oisgr. Ogdygh ngsygrghgt ygdf tirogdtu bidfgd gbgdyg prcfrgn-prcfrgn ygdf timg` bj agdgdfhgd tirsiout. Qimgjd jtu, ogdygh pumg bj hgmgdfgd ngsygrghgt ygdf nirgsg nidbgpgthgd nctjvgsj si`jdffg oihirkg mioj` fjgtbgd ogjh fudg nidagpgj hisimgrgsgd `jbup ygdf mioj` ogjh. Hgridg pgbg bgsgrdyg ngdusjg tjbgh simgmu  oirtunpu pgbg crgdf mgjd. mg jd. Hjtg sinug wgkjo nidacog bgd oirusg`g. Crgdf ygdf hugt udtuh oihirkg dgnud tjbgh nidffudghgddyg udtuh oihirkg nghg sgng `gmdyg jg tjbgh nidsyuhurj gpg ygdf Gmmg` oirjhgd oirupg hihugtgd bgd hisi`gtgd kgsngdj. \idffudggd strgtifj ygdf ogjh sgdfgt pirmu. Bidfgd strgtifj ygdf ogjh, nghg pidagpgjgd tukugd pinoirbgyggd zghgt ghgd nidbgpgthgd `gsjm yghdj hisikg`tirggd ygdf nidjdfhgt bgd hisinpgtgd bgmgn ninjdjngmhgd hinjshjdgd (hisidkgdfgd) singhjd oisgr. Hiojkghgd Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt Bgirg` Hctg Zcfyghgrtg tg`ud ?<7<-?<79 bjgrg`hgd pgbg tjfg `gm pchch, yghdj; 7) Nidjdfhgthgd hisgbgrgd nuzghhj, nus`gbjq bgd nudejq nudejq bgmgn nidudgjhgd zghgt jdegq8 ?) nidjdfhgthgd pimgygdgd

2

gnjm tir`gbgp nuzghhj, nudejq, nus`gbjq bgd nustg`jq8 1) nidjdfhgthgd `gsjm fudg bgd bgyg fudg zghgt jdegq ogfj hisikg`tirggd ngsygrghgt. Gbgpud strgtifj udtuh nirigmjsgsjhgd hitjfg hiojkghgd tirsiout bgmgn tg`ud ?<79 bjtugdfhgd bgmgn mjng prcfrgn Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt Bgirg` Hctg Zcfyghgrtg bidfgd hifjgtgd prjcrjtgs ngsjdf-ngsjdf ygjtu; 7. \rcfrgn Buhudfgd Ngdgkinid bgd \imghsgdggd Rufgs ?. \rcfrgn Ojnojdfgd Nuzghhj Nudejq 1. \rcfrgn \idfunpumgd Eudbrgjsjdf/pidfunpumgd 2. \rcfrgn \idtgsygruegd/\idbjstrjousjgd 9. \rcfrgn \idbgygfudggd bgd \inoirbgyggd Bgrj oirogfgj prcfrgn ygdf bjagdgdfhgd OG[DGQ bjgtgs pidumjs jdfjd sihgmj nidimjtj sikgu` ngdg upgyg OG[DGQ bgmgn pinoirbgyggd bgdg zghgt tirsiout. Rjbgh sinug prcfrgn ygdf bjagdgdfhgd Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg  pidumjs timjtj, `gm jdj hgridg nidfjdfgt mugsdyg pinoirbgyggd ygdf bjkgmgdhgd Ogzdgs

Hctg

Zcfyghgrtg,

si`jdffg

pidimjtj

oirnghsub

oirechus

pgbg

 pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgtdyg. \inoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt ygdf bjkgmgdhgd Ogzdgs nimjputj  oioirgpg himcnpch ygdf tirfcmcdf tirfcmcdf bimgpgd gsdge, yghdj ; 7. Bjegoim ?. Nugmge 1. Ystgbz/ustgbzg` Rpg 2. \G@ (\idyumu` Gfgng @cdcrir) 9. \GJE (\idyumu` Gfgng Eudfsjcdgm) 5. OH\_NJ (Ogbgd Hcnudjhgsj \inubg _ingkg Ngskjb Jdbcdisjg)

9

Nidurut

pidimjtj,

`gm

jdj

sgdfgt

nidgrjh

udtuh

bjtimjtj

hgridg

 pinoirbgyggd nustg`jh ygdf bimgpgd gsdge bjngsuhhgd bgmgn himcnpchhimcnpch ngkmjs tirtidtu, si`jdffg pinoirbgyggd singhjd ieihtje bgd tipgt sgsgrgd. Qimgjd jtu pidimjtj nidffudghgd nitcbi pidimjtjgd ygdf oimun pirdg` bjfudghgd cmi` pidimjtj-pidimjtj sioimundyg. Gbgpud pidumjs nidffudghgd gmgt gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh bgd QVCR 2 Hugbrgd bgd Ykj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist . @gm jdj bjnghsubhgd gfgr pidimjtjgd ygdf bjtimjtj nidf`gsjmhgd kgwgogd ygdf mioj` hcdhrjt. Bjmj`gt bgrj urgjgd pirngsgmg`gd bjgtgs nghg pidumjs ninougt gtgu nidfgkuhgd shrjpsj bidfgd kubum ”QR_GRIFJ ” QR_GRIFJ \INOI_BGZGGD IHCDCNJ NGQZG_GHGR NIMGMYJ MINOGFG GNJM [GHGR DGQJCDGM (Qtubj Hgsus OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg)„ Zcfyghgrtg) „. 7.?.

_unusgd Ngsgmg`

Bgrj pidkimgsgd ygdf timg` bjurgjhgd bj gtgs ygdf nidffgnogrhgd oifjtu  pidtjdfdyg pirgd zghgt bgd strgtifj (agrg) bgmgn nidfgtur ogfgjngdg gfgr hisikg`tirggd bgpgt tiragpgj bidfgd ogjh bgd hcdtjdui. Nghg pirmu ihsjstidsj  prcfrgn-prcfrgn ygdf sihjrgdyg sihjrgd yg bjtirjng bj ngsygrghgt hurgdf ngnpu. Qtrgtifj ygdf bjfudghgd `grusmg` bjsisugjhgd bidfgd sjtugsj bgd hcdbjsj ngsygrghgt tirsiout. \idfgnojmgd hiputusgd strgtifj tjbgh ojsg gsgm-gsgmgd. Ghgd titgpj pirmu bjpir`jtudfhgd bgd bjejhjrhgd oirsgng-sgng, gfgr pidagpgjgd `gsjm ojsg nghsjngm bgd nidfudtudfhgd crgdf ogdygh tirutgng ngsygrghgt hurgdf ngnpu. Bgrj urgjgd tirsiout, nghg pidumjs nirunushgd ngsgmg` gfgr mioj` spisjejh bgd tifgs ygjtu siogfgj oirjhut;

5

7. Ogfgjngdg gdgmjsjs strgtifj pinoirbgyggd ygdf bjmghuhgd Ogzdgs bgmgn  pidjdfhgtgd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt3 ?. Gpghg` gbg piroibggd pidbgpgtgd gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg  prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt3 ngsygrghgt3 1. Gpghg` gbg piroibggd ncbgm gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn  pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt3 7.1.

Rukugd Bgd Ngdeggt \idimjtjgd

Gbgpud tukugd bgrj pidimjtjgd jdj gbgmg` siogfgj oirjhut; 7. Nidfjbidtjejhgsj strgtifj pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt ygdf bjmghuhgd OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg8 ?. Nidfitg`uj piroibggd pidbgpgtgd nustg`jh gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt. 1. Nidfitg`uj piroibggd ncbgm nustg`jh gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg  prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt. ngsygrghgt. Qinidtgrg jtu, pidimjtjgd jdj bj`grgphgd ngnpu ninoirjhgd ngdeggt ogfj  oioirgpg pj`gh bjgdtgrgdyg; 7. Ngdeggt Ghgbinjsj @gsjm pidimjtjgd jdj bj`grgphgd ngnpu nidgnog` h`gsgdg` hipustghggd bgd og`gd rieiridsj ogfj pidimjtjgd simgdkutdyg. ?. Ogfj \inirjdtg` Hgoupgtid/Hctg Nidkgbj og`gd ngsuhgd bgd jdecrngsj tirhgjt pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt nimgmuj [JQ.

6

1. Ogfj \idimjtj Nidgnog` wgwgsgd bgd pidfitg`ugd tidtgdf strgtifj pinoirbgyggd zghgt, sirtg siogfgj ogfjgd bgrj pirsygrgtgd tufgs gh`jr udtuh ninpircmi` fimgr Qtrgtg Qgtu (Q7). 7.2.

Qjstingtjhg \inog`gsgd

Qjstingtjhg pinog`gsgd jdj oirtukugd udtuh nidffgnogrhgd gmur  pinjhjrgd pidumjsgd bgrj gwgm `jdffg gh`jr. Gbgpud rgdagdfgd pinog`gsgd bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj bjogfj nidkgbj mjng ogo ygdf tirogfj bgmgn suo ogo ygjtu; OGO J \idbg`umugd. Ogo jdj ninugt pidkimgsgd ygdf oirsjegt unun, ygjtu mgtgr oimghgdf, runusgd ngsgmg`, tukugd bgd ngdeggt pidimjtjgd, sirtg sjstingtjhg pinog`gsgd. Bgmgn ogo jdj siagrg unun pinog`gsgd oirjsj tidtgdf `grgpgd supgyg pinogag bgpgt nidinuhgd mgtgr oimghgdf gtgu gmgsgd ticrjtjs bgrj sunoir ogaggd tirpiragyg bgd higbggd rigmjtgs cokih pidimjtjgd. Binjhjgd ogo jdj nidkgbj bgsgr gtgu gaugd nitcbcmcfjs bgrj ogo-ogo simgdkutdyg. OGO JJ Mgdbgsgd Ricrj. Ogo jdj ninog`gs tidtgdf pidimjtjgd tirbg`umu, tjdkgugd pustghg nidfidgj vgrjgoim-vgrjgoim ygdf bjtimjtj, bgd pidfinogdfgd `jpctisjs. Qiagrg fgrjs oisgr ogo jdj ninugt tidtgdf `uoudfgd vgrjgoim bipidbid bgd jdbipidbid si`jdffg bgpgt bjtgrjh `jpctisjs. Bidfgd hgtg mgjd, ogo jdj oirjsj ticrj-ticrj tidtgdf pidfgru` strgtifj pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt ygdf bjmghuhgd cmi` Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. OGO JJJ Nitcbcmcfj \idimjtjgd. Ogo jdj oirjsj pidkimgsgd nidfidgj fgnogrgd unun cokih pidimjtjgd, pcpumgsj bgd sgnpim pidimjtjgd, nitcbi  pidfunpumgd bgtg, sirtg tihdjh ygdf bjfudghgd bgmgn gdgmjsjs bgtg pidimjtjgd.

0

OGO JU Fgnogrgd Ynun Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg bgd @gsjm \idimjtjgd. Ogo jdj nidkimgshgd tidtgdf fgnogrgd unun Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg, bishrjpsj cokih pidimjtjgd, `gsjm gdgmjsjs sirtg pinog`gsgd siagrg nidbgmgn nidfidgj `gsjm bgd tinugd oisirtg jnpmjhgsjdyg. OGO U \idutup. Ogo jdj ninugt tidtgdf hisjnpumgd `gsjm pidimjtjgd, sgrgd sirtg jnpmjhgsjdyg udtuh oirogfgj pj`gh. Ogo jdj oirjsj jdtj bgrj `gsjm  pidimjtjgd ygdf bjhiruauthgd.

OGO JJ MGDBGQGD RIC_J BGD \IDFINOGDFGD @J\CRIQJQ

?.7

\idfirtjgd \idfirtjgd [ghgt, Jdegq bgd Q`gbgqg`

 [ghgt   nidurut muf`c` (og`gsg), oirgrtj dgng‚   > hisuourgd, t`g`grg` > hisuajgd, ogrghg` > ogrghg` > hioirhgtgd bgd oirgrtj kufg tgzhjyg` tgt``jir  >   > nidsuajhgd. Qygrg‚ ninghgj h gmjngt gmjngt tirsiout bidfgd hibug pidfirtjgd jdj (Gsy-Qyjbbjqj, 7:9?; ?2). \irtgng, bjdgnghgd bidfgd jstjmg` zghgt bjsjdj hgridg ningdf pgbg bgsgrdyg zghgt tirsiout ygdf nidkgbj siogo ygdf bj`grgphgd bgpgt ninupuh  pg`gmg si`jdffg ngnpu nidyuourhgd pg`gmg. Nghg bgrj jtumg` bjdgnghgd ”zghgt„ yghdj `grtg ygdf bjhimugrhgd. Hibug, bjdgnghgd zghgt hgridg grtj bgrj zghgt sidbjrj ygjtu nidyuajhgd kjwg bgrj hihjhjrgd bgd hibcsggd. [ghgt gbgmg` sugtu jogbg` ygdf oirhgjtgd bidfgd `grtg oidbg ygdf bjsipghgtj ( Nggmjyg`  Nggmjyg` Jktjng‚jyyg` Jktj ng‚jyyg`)) ygdf ninjmjhj pirgd sgdfgt pidtjdf bgd strgtifjs. Qimgjd jtu zghgt ninpudygj pirgd ygdf sgdfgt irgt `uoudfgddyg bidfgd hi`jbupgd bgd ngsygrghgt hiajm. [ghgt jdj nirupghgd sgmg` sgtu jogbg` pchch,  og`hgd zghgt z ghgt bjsiouthgd bgmgn ruhud-ruhud Jsmgn ygdf 9. @gm jdj nidudkuhhgd  og`wg zghgt sgdfgt pidtjdf bgmgn hi`jbupgd pirihcdcnjgd ngsygrghgt Jsmgn (Dgwgwj, ?<7<;7). Bgmgn hgjtgd bidfgd pinoirjgd zghgt ygdf sjegtdyg prcbuhsj tirbgpgt  oioirgpg pidbgpgt ygdf sgdfgt nidgrjh siogfgjngdg bjhinuhghgd cmi` Zusue Gm-Wgrb`gwj bgmgn ejq` zghgt og`wg pinirjdtg` Jsmgn ninpirocmi`hgd gtgs  pinogdfudgd-pinogdfudgd  pinogdfudgd-pinogdf udgd pgorjh bgd pirusg`ggd, ygdf sunoir pidbgdggddyg

:

7<

 oirgsgm bgrj zghgt udtuh hinubjgd `gsjm bgrj hipinjmjhgd bgd hiudtudfgd bjtukuhgd hipgbg eghjr njshjd, si`jdffg bgrj sgdg hioutu`gd-hioutu`gd eghjr njshjd sibjhjt tirgtgsj. Rjbgh bgpgt bjpudfhjrj og`wg zghgt gbgmg` siogfgj sgmg` sgtu tgnog`gd  ogfj pingsuhgd gtgu ogfj pingsuhgd ogru. @gm jdj ghgd nidyiogohgd gbgdyg  pidjdfhgtgd pgbg pirnjdtggd tir`gbgp ogrgdf. Qibgdfhgd pgbg sihtcr prcbuhsj ghgd nidyiogohgd oirtgnog`dyg prcbuhtjvjtgs, si`jdffg pirusg`ggd-pirusg`ggd ygdf timg` gbg singhjd oirfirgh ngku, og`hgd ninudaumhgd oirbjrjdyg  pirusg`ggd-pirusg`ggd ogru udtuh nidf`gbgpj nidf`gbgpj pirnjdtggd tirsiout. Bj mgjd pj`gh ncbgm ygdf ngsuh hi pirusg`ggd tirsiout singhjd  oirtgnog` ogdygh. Qitjgp sugtu ogrgdf sgdfgt pidtjdf pidtj df bgd nirupghgd hioutu`gd ygdf nidbgsgr, sitjgp jtu pumg pirnjdtggd tjbgh ghgd oiruog`. @gm jdjmg` ygdf nidyiogohgd tirus nidirusdyg prcbuhtjvjtgs pirusg`ggd bgd tirkgnjddyg ncbgmncbgm ygdf bjjdvistgsjhgd (Gm-Og‚my, (Gm-Og‚my, ?<<5; 7?5). ?<<5; 7?5). Jdegq oirgsgm bgrj hgtg gdegqg-yudejqu ygdf gdegqg-yudejqu ygdf oirgrtj nidfimugrhgd sisugtu (`grtg) udtuh hipidtjdfgd sisugtu (Wgrb`gwj, 7::1; 7:). Aghupgd jdegq sgdfgtmg` mugs, hgridg oirjdegq oirgrtj nidkgmgdhgd `grtg sisugj bidfgd tudtudgd gfgng Jsmgn, oirsibihg` bgd oirzghgt ojsg bjsiout jdegq.  Dgnud ngsygrghgt Jdbcdisjg sirjdf nidffudghgd jstjmg`-jstjmg` jdegq jdj udtuh hifjgtgd scsjgm oirupg pinogdfudgd-pinogdfudgd ygygsgd Jsmgn; Ngskjb, gsrgng, ngupud ngbgrgsg` sirtg ygygsgd ygdf oirfirgh bgmgn ojbgdf higfgnggd mgjddyg. Bgmgn ngsygrghgt Jsmgn, timg` nidkgbj hiojgsggd og`wg jdegq ninpudygj hcdctgsj mioj` tirtuku pgbg sibihg` suddg` ygdf bjoirjhgd udtuh

77

hifjgtgd-hifjgtgd ygdf oirhgjtgd bidfgd higfgnggd. Njsgmdyg ninogdfud  pcdbch pisgdtrid, nus`cmmg`, nus`cmmg`, ngskjb, bmm. Kjhg zghgt gbg djsgodyg, jdegq tjbgh nidfidgm djs`go. Jdegq bjhimugrhgd cmi` sitjgp crgdf ygdf oirjngd, ogjh ygdf oirpidf`gsjmgd tjdffj ngupud ridbg` (Wgrb`gwj.7::1). Qurgt Gm-Jnrcd ; 712

Gmmg` tg‚gmg nidairjtghgd sjegt g`mj surfg. Bjg oirejrngd, ”Crgdf-crgdf ”Crgdf -crgdf ygdf nidfjdeghhgd `grtgdyg, ogjh bjwghtu mgpgdf ngupud sinpjt„ yghdj pgbg sggt sumjt bgd mgpgdf, sggt fjgt bgd ngmgs, sggt si`gt bgd sghjt, bgd bgmgn sifgmg `gm bgd higbggd. Gmmg` tg‚gmg oirejrngd ”Crgdf-crgdf ”Crgdf -crgdf ygdf nidfjdeghhgd `grtgdyg pgbg ngmgn bgd sjgdf `grj, siagrg rg`gsjg ngupud tirgdf-tirgdfgd.„ tirgdf- tirgdfgd.„ Nghsub gygt jdj gbgmg` og`wg nirihg tjbgh bjmgmgjhgd cmi` pirhgrg gpgpud udtuh nidggtj Gmmg` Rg‚gmg bgd oirjdegh oirjdegh udtuh ninpircmi` rjb`g-Dyg (Rgesjr Jod Hgtsjr cmi` Gr-_jeg‚j, Gr-_jeg‚j, ?<7?; 227). Jdegq bgpgt bjfudghgd udtuh nidfimugrhgd siogfjgd hiajm `grtg udtuh hingsmg`gtgd unun bgd oirgrtj sisugtu hiwgkjogd ygdf bjhimugrhgd gtgs hiputusgd ”ngdusjg„ (Jdcib, ?<<9;71). Q`gbgqg` gtgu sibihg` oirgsgm bgrj hgtg ”Q`gbgqg„ ygdf oirgrtj oidgr. Crgdf ygdf suhg oirsibihg` gbgmg` crgdf ygdf oidgr pidfghugd jngddyg. Nidurut tirnjdcmcfj sygrj‚gt, pidfirtjgd sibihg` sgng bidfgd pidfirtjgd pi dfirtjgd jdegq, tirngsuh kufg `uhun bgd hitidtugd-hitidtugddyg (@gejb`ubbjd, 7::0; 79).

7?

\grg euqg`g sipghgt og`wg `uhun bgrj s`gbgqg` gbgmg` suddg`. Dgnud s`gbgqg` ygdf `uhundyg suddg` ojsg nidkgbj s`gbgqg` ygdf `uhundyg `grgn, nidkgbj `grgn gpgojmg hjtg subg` nidfitg`uj pirjmghu crgdf ygdf `idbgh hjtg  oirj oirhimghugd ouruh gtgu `idbgh ninpirfudghgddyg bgmgn `gm nghsjgt. Q`gbgqg` ojsg nidkgbj wgkjo gpgojmg sisicrgdf oirtinu sisicrgdf ygdf himgpgrgd bgd sgdfgt nidfgdagn hisi`gtgddyg og`hgd dygwgdyg sibgdfhgd crgdf pirtgng tgbj ninpudygj oihgm nghgdgd ygdf ogdygh nimioj`j bgrj hipirmugd bjg sggt jtu, nghg crgdf pirtgng jdj wgkjo ninoirjdyg s`gbgqg` nghgdgd. @uhun s`gbgqg` nidkgbj wgkjo pumg gpgojmg sisicrgdf oirdgbzgr udtuh nidfimugrhgd s`gbgqg` hipgbg sisicrgdf gtgu minogfg (Nursyjb, ?<<5; 7<). Ogrgdf ygdf `idbgh bjs`gbgqg`hgd `idbghdyg ogrgdf ygdf ogjh bgd oirngdeggt, bgd hjrg-hjrg agmcd  pidirjng s`gbgqg` nidyuhgj ogrgdf tirsiout. Bgrj ngsg hingsg, zghgt, jdegq, bgd s`gbgqg`, subg` ogdygh tirouhtj ninpudygj gdbjm ygdf ogjh bgmgn pirtunou`gd bgd pidfinogdfgd ungt Jsmgn. @gm jdj ojsg bjmj`gt bgrj hioirgbggd ngskjb rgyg, nus`cmmg-nus`cmmg ogjh bj hctg ngupud bj bisg. Qimgjd jtu, pisgdtrid, pgdtj gsu`gd, pcmjhmjdjh bmm. Qinug  pidbgdggd tirsiout tjbgh t jbgh sinug oirgsgm bgrj ogdtugd pinirjdtg`, ghgd titgpj kufg  oirgsgm bgrj bgdg ungt oirupg [JQ, wghge bgd `jog` (Nursyjb, (Nursyjb, ?<<5; 7). ?.?

Nidfidgm Eudbrgjsjdf

Jstjmg`  eudbrgjsjdf bjbgmgn og`gsg Jdffrjs oirgrtj pidfunpumgd ugdf. Nudaum pirtgdyggd bgrj oidgh hjtg, nidfgpg pidfunpumgd ugdf pirmu3 Hgridg  pidfunpumgd ugdf jdj sgdfgt pidtjdf bgd bjpirmuhgd udtuh ninojgygj prcfrgn hirkg bgd cpirgsjcdgm ygygsgd.

71

Rgdpg gbgdyg  eudbrgjsjdf   nghg upgyg pidbjstrjousjgd ugdf zghgt tjbgh tiragpgj.  Eudbrgjsjdf   jdj ojgsgdyg bjmghuhgd bjminogfg-minogfg gtgu crfgdsgsj djrmgog. Bgmgn crfgdjsgsj pirusg`ggd gtgu minogfg, sgdfgt bjoutu`hgd tjn ygdf `gdbgm fudg nidkgfg hioirmgdfsudfgd `jbup pirusg`ggd gtgu minogfg tirsiout. Rjn tirsiout ghgd bjhunpumhgd bgmgn sgtu ngdgkinid gfgr tirajptgdyg  pidfgwgsgd bgd ngnpu nidffirghgd siagrg tircrfgdjsjr. Gbgpud tukugd pchch bgrj  eudbrgjsjdf   jdj ygjtu pidffgmgdfgd bgdg udtuh kgdfhg wghtu ygdf pgdkgdf. Qimgjd jtu,  eudbrgjsjdf   kufg sgdfgt pidtjdf bgmgn hifjgtgd pidf`jkgugd sioug` crfgdjsgsj gfgr titgp ihsjs bgmgn pirputgrgd budjg fmcogm sggt jdj. Ridtu tufgs tirsiout tjbghmg` tj bghmg` nubg`, sgdfgt bjoutu`hgd wghtu ygdf auhup mgng bgd pidfcrogdgd udtuh nidinuhgd ridagdg strgtifj. Qtrgtifj ygdf bjfudghgd kufg ygdf nubg` gfgr pimghsgdggddyg ojsg cptjngm. Rufgs C\[ bgmgn nidfinogd eudbrgjsjdf  nidfinogd eudbrgjsjdf  tjbghmg`  tjbghmg` rjdfgd, jg bjtudtut udtuh timjtj, kimj, hipihggd bgd rutjdjtgs ygdf mugr ojgsg (Nursyjb, ?<<5; 75). Ydtuh nidffgjrg`hgd crfgdjsgsj, hjtg ojsg nidirgphgd ngdgkinid ncbird. Hjtg kufg ojsg nidffudghgd ngdgkinid sibir`gdg ygdf bjpimcpcrj cmi` Kgnis

Qtcdir,

siogfgj

piridagdggd,

pidfcrfgdjsgsjgd,

pidfgrg`gd,

bgd

 pidfgwgsgd (Qubjrngd, ?<<6; 6:). 6:). ?.1

Qtrgtifj

?.1.7

\idfirtjgd strgtifj

\idfirtjgd strgtifj oirngagn-ngagn. Nidurut A`gdbmir (7:5?), strgtifj nirupghgd gmgt udtuh nidagpgj tukugd pirusg`ggd (minogfg) bgmgn hgjtgddyg tukugd kgdfhg pgdkgdf, prcfrgn tjdbgh mgdkut sirtg prjcrjtgs gmchgsj sunoir bgyg (Yngr, ?<7<).

72

Qtrgtifj gbgmg` sjgsgt udtuh nidagpgj sugtu tukugd bidfgd sibjhjt  pidfcrogdgd. \inoirbgyggd unngt gbgmg` pidfinogdfgd hingnpugd ngsygrghgt si`jdffg bgpgt nidyimisgjhgd ngsgmg` bgd bgpgt nidfgnojm hiputusgd siagrg oiogs bgd ngdbjrj. Qiagrg shingtjs hcnpcdid ngdgkinid strgtifj gbgmg` siogfgj oirjhut; 7. Mjdfhudfgd ojsdjs ?. \rcejm pirusg`ggd 1. Qtrgtifj ojsdjs 2. Ujsj ‑  Ujsj ‑  njsj  njsj pirusg`ggd. (Nu`gnngb, ?<71) Nidyusud strgtifj oirgrtj nidagrj kgmgd ogfgjngdg nidagpgj `gsjm ygdf bjtgrfithgd sisugj bidfgd vjsj bgd njsj bjbgmgn sjtugsj crfgdjsgsj bgd  prcspih ygdf bj`gbgpj. Qtrgtifj gbgmg` kgmgd udtuh nidagpgj tukugd tirtidtu gtgu udtuh nidagpgj tgrfit hiugdfgd bidfgd pcsjsj stgrtifjs. Qtrgtifj pgbg bgsgrdyg tirbjrj bgrj bug `gm. \irtgng `gm.  \irtgng,, tjdbghgd ngdgkinid ygdf tiruhur bgd  oirtukugd (jdtidbib strgtify)  strgtify)  bgd, hibug,  hibug,  righsj gtgs pirhinogdfgd ygdf tjbgh bjgdtjsjpgsj sioimundyg bgd tihgdgd pirsgjdfgd sipirtj pirgturgd  pinirjdtg`, ngsuhdyg pidbgtgdf ogru, bgd piruog`gd tghtjh pisgjdf (@grjgbj, ?<<1). ?.1.?

Eudfsj bgd Rjdfhgtgd Qtrgtifj

7. Eudfsj strgtifj g.

Qtrgtifj siogfgj ridagdg ( pmgd)  pmgd) Qtrgtifj nidkgbj grg` tjdbghgd pibcngd ygdf bjfudghgd udtuh nidf`gbgpj tgdtgdfgd mjdfhudfgd tirtidtu. Oirtjtjh tcmgh bgrj hisgbgrgd hihugtgddyg.

79

 o. Qtrgtifj siogfgj pcmg ( pgttird)  pgttird) Qiogfgj pcmg bgrj sugtu rgdfhgjgd tjdbghgd udtuh nidf`gbgpj tgdtgdfgd/gdagngd gtgu ngdeggt pimugdf ygdf tirbgpgt bjmjdfhudfgd (Ngtcdbgdf, 7::6). a.

Qtrgtifj siogfgj hibubuhgd ( pcsjtjcd)  pcsjtjcd) \idinpgtgd pirusg`ggd bjmjdfhudfgd nghrc. Qtrgtifj nidkgbj nibjg ygdf nidkinogtgdj pirusg`ggd bidfgd mjdfhudfgddyg.

b. Qtrgtifj siogfgj pirspihtje Qtrgtifj nidkgbj pirwukubgd agrg nimj`gt bgd ping`gngd mjdfhudfgd. Bjsusud oirtjtjh tcmgh bgrj tgtg djmgj oubgyg hirkg bgd wgwgsgd hcgmjsj bcnjdgd jtu. ?. Rjdfhgtgd Qtrgtifj Qtrgtifj tirbgpgt pgbg oirogfgj tjdfhgtgd bgmgn sioug` crfgdjsgsj. Rjdfhgtgd strgtifj bgpgt bjogfj gtgs 1 ogfjgd, ygjtu; g.

Qtrgtifj hcrpcrgt Qugtu

pirdygtggd

nghsub

sioug`

pirusg`ggd,

grg`

 pirtunou`gddyg bgd tukugd kgdfhg pgdkgdfdyg. Rukugd hcrpcrgt  pirusg`ggd tirpusgt pgbg sioug` pirtgdyggd hudaj; ojsdjs gpg ygdf `grus bjfimutj pirusg`ggd3 Qtrgtifj hcrpcrgsj ghgd nididtuhgd gpghg` oidtuh hifjgtgd ojsdjs bgrj crfgdjsgsj tirsiout, pirmuhg` sgtu  pirusg`ggd bjjdtifrgsjhgd bidfgd pirusg`ggd mgjd gtgu `grus oirbjrj sidbjrj-sidbjrj bgd ogfgjngdg ojsdjs tirsiout oir`uoudfgd bidfgd ngsygrghgt.  o. Qtrgtifj ojsdjs

75

\irdygtggd rjdaj biejdjsj, njsj, tukugd, udjt ojsdjs bgd gdagdfgdagdf ygdf ghgd bjfudghgd udtuh nidagpgj tukugd kgdfhg pgdkgdf  pirusg`ggd. Jsu utgng strgtifj bgmgn mivim jdj j dj jgmg` oirhidggd bidfgd  pirsgjdfgd bjsugtu pgsgr cmi` sitjgp udjt ojsdjs, njsgmdyg gpg sgkg hiudtudfgd tir`gbgp pisgjdf, gpg pimugdf ygdf bgpgt bjngdeggthgd,  ogfgjngdg pirusg`ggd `grus nidfgmchgsjhgd sunoir bgygdyg udtuh nidagpgj pcsjsj hcnpitjtje ygdf bjjdfjdhgd. a.

Qtrgtifj cpirgsjcdgm/eudfsjcdgm Qugtu piridagdggd rjdaj tukugd kgdfhg pidbih bgd nitcbi ygdf ghgd bjfudghgd cmi` sugtu ojbgdf cpirgsjcdgm udtuh nidagpgj tukugd  kgdfhg pidbih udjt ojsdjsdyg. Jsu utgng strgtifj pgbg mivim jdj  oirhidggd bidfgd ogfgjngdg ngsjdf-ngsjdf ogfjgd bgrj crfgdjsgsj bgpgt

bjrgdfhgj

siagrg

oirsgng-sgng

ninoidtuh  strgtifja

gra`jtiaturi ygdf siagrg ieihtje ngnpu nidf`gsjmhgd grg` strgtifj (Qjngrsgd.?<71). ?.2

\inoirbgyggd

\idfirtjgd pinoirbgyggd bgpgt bjsgnghgd bidfgd jstjmg` pidfinogdfgd (invcwirnidt ) gtgu bgpgt pumg bjsgnghgd bidfgd jstjmg` pinogdfudgd (bivimcpnidt) bivimcpnidt) (Nga`idbrgwgtj (Nga`idbrgwgtj bgd Qygei‚j Qygei‚j,, Ogdbudf. ?<<7). \inoirbgyggd

gbgmg`

tirking`gd

bgrj

inpcwirnidt , 

sibgdf

ninoirbgyghgd gbgmg` tirking`gd bgrj inpcwir . Nidurut Nirrjgn Viostir bgd Cxecrb Idfmjs` Bjatjcdgry bgmgn @utcnc ?<<<; 7, hgtg inpcwir nidfgdbudf bug pidfirtjgd, ygjtu;

76

7. tc fjvi pcwir gtgu gut`crjty tc gtgu ninoirj hihugsggd, nidfgmj`hgd hihugtgd gtgu nidbimifgsjhgd ctcrjtgs hi pj`gh mgjd8 ?. tc fjvi gojmjty tc gtgu idgomi gtgu usg`g udtuh ninoirj hingnpugd gtgu hipirbgyggd.7 Jstjmg` pinoirbgyggd nidurut Na. Grbmi (7:0:) ygdf bjhutjp cmi` @iry @jhngt, gbgmg` siogfgj prcsis pidfgnojmgd hiputusgd cmi` crgdf-crgdf ygdf siagrg hcdsihuid nimghsgdghgd hiputusgd tirsiout (@jhngt, ?<<2; 1). Bgmgn tjdkgugd `jstcrjs, jstjmg` pidfinogdfgd ngsygrghgt bjgbcpsj bgrj  og`gsg Jdffrjs, bjngdg hgdtcr pinirjdtg` hcmcdjgm Jdffrjs nidfimugrhgd sugtu nincrgdbg ygdf oirjsjhgd tidtgdf agrg udtuh nidjdfhgthgd hi`jbupgd ngsygrghgt bjbgirg` hcmcdj (Ogdfsg Jdffrjs), ygdf bjsiout bidfgd dgng \idfinogdfgd Ngsygrghgt. Nincrgdbg tirsiout oirjsjhgd tjfg hiojkghgd ygdf bjhimugrhgd pgbg tg`ud 7:22, ygjtu; 7. Nidjdfhgthgd hcdbjsj hi`jbupgd bgd hisikg`tirggd ngsygrghgt. ?. \idjdfhgtgd tgrje `jbup ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt. 1. \idfinogdfgd jdstjtusj bgd hihugtgd pcmjtjh (Gbj, ?<<1;7:6-7:0). Nidurut Fjdgdbkgr Hgrtgsgsnjtg (7::5), pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj rghygt gbgmg` ”Ypgyg ygdf nirupghgd pidfirg`gd sunoir bgyg udtuh nidfinogdfhgd  pctidsj ihcdcnj rghygt udtuh nidjdfhgthgd prcbuhtjvjtgs rghygt si`jdffg, ogjh sunoir bgyg ngdusjg ngupud sunoir bgyg gmgn bjsihjtgr hioirgbggd rghygt, bgpgt bjtjdfhgthgd bjtjdfhgthgd prcbuhtjvjtgsdyg„. Bgrj oirogfgj pgdbgdfgd nidfidgj hcdsip  pinoirbgyggd, nghg

bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd, og`wg pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj

ngsygrghgt gbgmg` pidfugtgd pinjmjhgd eghtcr-eghtcr prcbuhsj, pidfugtgd 7

`ttp;//www.pidbjbjhgdihcdcnj.acn

70

 pidfugsggd bjstrjousj bgd pingsgrgd, pidfugtgd ngsygrghgt udtuh nidbgpgthgd fgkj/upg` ygdf ningbgj, bgd pidfugtgd ngsygrghgt udtuh ninpircmi` jdecrngsj,  pidfitg`ugd bgd hitrgnpjmgd, ygdf `grus bjmghuhgd siagrg numtj gspih, ogjh bgrj gspih ngsygrghgtdyg sidbjrj, ngupud gspih hiojkghgddyg. \idbihgtgd acnnudjty bivimcpnidt  oirogsjs zghgt oirtukugd udtuh nidfjdtirdgmjsgsjhgd tukugd zghgt ogfj piruog`gd hgun b`ugeg. \inoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ygdf oirogsjs [JQ ninjmjhj tukugd mioj` mugs ouhgd sihibgr gspih ngtirj nimgjdhgd gbg tukugd mgjd, yghdj siogfgj oirjhut; g.

Ninpirtifu` hijngdgd Ninpirtifu` hijngdgd nirupghgd mgdbgsgd pgmjdf utgng bgrj  pidbgygfudggd zghgt ouhgd `gdyg pinogdfudgd gspih ihcdcnj sgkg. \inogdfudgd sunoir bgyg ngdusjg ninjmjhj pidfgru` ygdf sgdfgt pidtjdf tir`gbgp pinogdfudgd oirogfgj gspih. Hgridg hihugtgd sunoir bgyg ngdusjg ghgd ninoirjhgd nctjvgsj hugt ogfj sisicrgdf udtuh oirusg`g niruog` gtgu nidjdfhgthgd hi`jbupgd bgmgn sifgmg gspih. Djmgj hijngdgd  oirupg sjegt sgogr, tgwghgm bgd hijdfjdgd hugt udtuh oirusg`g nirupghgd idirfj ygdf ngnpu ninogdfhjthgd singdfgt hgun b`ugeg.

 o. Nidjdfhgthgd hugmjtgs `jbup Hugmjtgs `jbup tirbjrj oioirgpg gspih ygjtu bgrj gspih ihcdcnj si`jdffg himugr bgrj pirgdfhgp hinjshjdgd. Oifjtu pumg gspih hisi`gtgd gfgr nidkgbj ngdusjg ygdf si`gt bgd hugt tir`jdbgr bgrj oirogfgj pidyghjt. Rgh hgmg` pidtjdf bgrj gspih ihcdcnj bgd hisi`gtgd ygjtu ojbgdf pidbjbjhgd. Bidfgd hiudffumgd bgmgn pidbjbjhgd bgpgt nimg`jrhgd ngdusjg ygdf udffum himugr bgrj hitirtjdffgmgd bgd hiocbc`gd.

7:

a.

Nidunou`hgd kjwg idtirpridiurs`jp gfgr idtirpridiurs`jp gfgr bgpgt ngdbjrj Hingdbjrjgd nirupghgd sisugtu ygdf sgdfgt pidtjdf og`hgd mioj`  oirdjmgj bgrj ngtirj. Nidunou`hgd hingdbjrjgd oirwjrgusg`g bgmgn kjwg sisicrgdf udtuh ghgd mioj` ogjh nidbcrcdf hioir`gsjmgd si`jdffg tiragpgjdyg tukugd ygdf bjajtg-ajtghgddyg (Ogrjyg`, ?<7?). Bgmgn upgyg pidjdfhgtgd tgrge `jbup ngsygrghgt, pcmg pinoirbgyggd

ygdf tipgt sgsgrgd sgdfgt bjpirmuhgd, oidtuh ygdf tipgt gbgmg` bidfgd ninoirjhgd hisinpgtgd hipgbg himcnpch njshjd udtuh niridagdghgd bgd nimghsgdghgd prcfrgn pinogdfudgd ygdf timg` nirihg tidtuhgd. Bjsgnpjdf jtu ngsygrghgt kufg bjoirjhgd hihugsggd udtuh nidfimcmg bgdgdyg sidbjrj, ogjh ygdf  oirgsgm bgrj pinirjdtg` ngupud pj`gh gnjm zghgt, jdjmg` ygdf ninoibghgd gdtgrg  pgrtjsjpgsj ngsygrghgt bidfgd pinoirbgyggd ngsygrghgt. Rukugd ygdf jdfjd bjagpgj bgrj pinoirbgyggd gbgmg` udtuh ninoidtuh jdbjvjbu bgd ngsygrghgt nidkgbj ngdbjrj, hingdbjrjgd tirsiout nimjputj hingdbjrjgd oirejhjr, oirtjdbgh bgd nidfidbgmjhgd gpg ygdf nirihg mghuhgd tirsiout. \inoirbgyggd ngsygrghgt `idbghdyg nidfgrg` pgbg pinoidtuhgd hcfdjtje ngsygrghgt ygdf mioj` ogjh, udtuh nidagpgj hingdbjrjgd tirsiout bjpirmuhgd sioug` prcsis gtgu pcmg bgmgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt. \cmg pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt jdj ninjmjhj ajrj-ajrj gtgu udsurudsurudsur siogfgj oirjhut; 7. Ninpudygj tukugd ygdf `idbgh bjagpgj. ?. Ninpudygj wgbg` hifjgtgd ygdf tircrfgdjsjr. 1. Ghtjvjtgs ygdf bjmghuhgd tiridagdg sirtg `grus sisugj bidfgd hioutu`gd bgd sunoir bgyg sitinpgt.

?<

2. Gbg

piruog`gd

sjhgp

pgbg

ngsygrghgt

sgsgrgd

simgng

tg`gp-tg`gp

 pinoirbgyggd. 9. Nidihgdhgd pgbg pidjdfhgtgd pgrtjsjpgsj ngsygrghgt bgmgn ihcdcnj tirutgng bgmgn wjrgusg`g. 5. Gbg hi`grusgd ninogdtu simuru` mgpjsgd ngsygrghgt h`ususdyg ngsygrghgt mgpjsgd ogwg`. Kjhg tjbgh, nghg scmjbgrjtgs bgd hirkg sgng sumjt bjagpgj. Fudg nidagpgj piruog`gd ygdf mioj` ogjh nghg tg`gpgd sjhmjhgm  pinoirbgyggd `grusmg` nimiwgtj oioirgpg tg`gp ygjtu; g.

Rg`gp pidfidgmgd ngsygrghgt bgd jbidtjejhgsj hioutu`gd wjrgusg`g.

 o. Rg`gp pidfidgmgd pirngsgmg`gd bgd jbidtjejhgsj hioutu`gd wjrgusg`g. a.

Rg`gp pidygbgrgd ngsygrghgt ghgd pidtjdfdyg pidfusg`g.

b. Rg`gp jnpminidtgsj ridagdg hifjgtgd. i.

Rg`gp ivgmugsj jnpminidtgsj ridagdg hifjgtgd.

e.

Rg`gp pirmugsgd pinoirbgyggd ngsygrghgt (Ogbrjyg` bhh.?<<9). Gbgpud jdbjhgtcr hioir`gsjmgd prcfrgn ygdf bjpghgj udtuh nidfuhur

 pimghsgdggd prcfrgn-prcfrgn bgrj sioug` pinoirbgyggd ngsygrghgt gbgmg` siogfgj oirjhut; g.

Oirhurgdfdyg kunmg` pidbubuh njshjd

 o. Oirhinogdfdyg usg`g bgd pidjdfhgtgd pidbgpgtgd ygdf bjmghuhgd cmi`  pidbubuh njshjd bidfgd bidfgd ningdeggthgd sunoir bgyg ygdf tirsibjg. a.

Nidjdfhgtdyg

hipibumjgd

ngsygrghgt

tir`gbgp

upgyg

pidjdfhgtgd

hisikg`tirggd himugrfg njshjd bjmjdfhudfgd. b. Nidjdfhgtdyg hingdbjrjgd himcnpch ygdf bjtgdbgj bidfgd singhjd  oirhinogdfdyg usg`g prcbuhtje gdffctg bgd himcnpch, singhjd hugtdyg

?7

 pirncbgmgd himcnpch, nghjd rgpj sjstin gbnjdjstrgsj himcnpch, sirtg singhjd mugsdyg jdtirghsj himcnpch bidfgd himcnpch mgjd bjbgmgn ngsygrghgt. i.

Nidjdfhgtdyg hgpgsjtgs ngsygrghgt bgd pinirgtggd pidbgpgtgd ygdf bjtgdbgj cmi` pidjdfhgtgd pidbgpgtgd himugrfg njshjd ygdf ngnpu ninidu`j hioutu`gd pchch bgd hioutu`gd scsjgm bgsgrdyg. Bgrj jdbjhgtcr bjgtgs, ygdf bjsiout bidfgd ngsygrghgt jtu oirbgyg, kjhg

ngsygrghgt ngnpu ninidu`j hioutu`gddyg sidbjrj bgd ngnpu nidsikg`tirghgd ngsygrghgt sihjtgrdyg (Quncbjdjdfrgt.7:::). @gm pchch ygdf `grus bjnjmjhj cmi` ngsygrghgt bgmgn upgyg pidjdfhgtgd  pinoirbgyggd ygjtu; pidjdfhgtgd tgrge pidbjbjhgd, bgd birgkgt hisi`gtgd, sirtg ghsis hibgmgn sunoir-sunoir hingkugd ihcdcnj spirtj ncbgm, tihdcmcfj, jdecrngsj, mgpgdfgd hirkg, bgd pgsgr (A`cmjsjd, ?<77;1). ?.9

\idbgpgtgd

\idbgpgtgd gbgmg` simuru` pidirjnggd ogjh oirupg ugdf ngupud ogrgdf ygdf oirgsgm bgrj pj`gh mgjd ngupud bgrj jdbustrj ygdf bjdjmgj gtgs bgsgr kunmg` ugdf bgrj `grtg ygdf oirmgmu sggt jtu (Qurctc, 7::?;?1). \idbgpgtgd sisicrgdf ygdf bjtirjng `grus bgpgt bjfudghgd bgd bjngdeggthgd bidfgd siogjh-ogjhdyg gfgr ngnpu nidjdfhgthgd hisikg`tirggd. Qitjgp crgdf ghgd bgpgt nidauhupj hisikg`tirggddyg gpgojmg ngnpu ninidu`j hioutu`gddyg bidfgd ogjh, yghdj  pidfimugrgddyg bjsisugjhgd bidfgd oisgrdyg pingsuhgd. \idbgpgtgd gtgu pidf`gsjmgd himugrfg gbgmg` sifgmg oidtuh ogmgs hgryg ygdf bjpircmi` siogfgj jnogmgd gtgu ogmgs kgsg gtgs sunogdfgd sisicrgdf.

??

\idbgpgtgd himugrfg bgpgt ninpidfgru`j pgrtjsjpgsj gtgu gmchgsj wghtu hirkg bgrj sisicrgdf. Qunoir pidbgpgtgd ngsygrghgt tirbjrj bgrj; g. Bj sihtcr ecrngm oirupg fgkj, upg` ygdf bjpircmi` siagrg titgp.  o. Bj sihtcr jdecrngm oirupg pidf`gsjmgd bgfgdf, tuhgdf, ouru`, bgd mgjdmgjd. a. Bj sihtcr suosjstid nirupghgd `gsjm usg`g sidbjrj oirupg tgdgngd, tirdgh, hjrjngd bgd pinoirjgd crgdf mgjd. \idbgpgtgd sihtcr jdecrngm gbgmg` sifgmg pidf`gsjmgd ygdf oirupg ugdf ngupud ogrgdf ygdf bjtirjng, ojgsgdyg siogfgj ogmgs kgsg/hcdtrg pristgsj bgrj sihtcr jdecrngm. Nidurut Nuoygrtc (7::<; :2) pidbgpgtgd jdj oirupg; g. \idbgpgtgd bgrj usg`g, nimjputj; `gsjm oirsj` bgrj `gsjm usg`g sidbjrj, hcnjsj bgd pidkugmgd.  o. \idbgpgtgd bgd jdvistgsj. a. \idbgpgtgd bgrj hiudtudfgd scsjgm. Nidurut Fjmgrsc (7::?; 5?) pidbgpgtgd himugrfg bgpgt oirsunoir bgrj; g. Ysg`g sidbjrj (wjrgswgstg) njsgmdyg, oirbgfgdf, nidfirkghgd sgwg`, bgd nidkgmgdhgd pirusg`ggd sidbjrj.  o. Oihirkg pgbg crgdf mgjd, njsgmdyg, oihirkg bj hgdtcr/pirusg`ggd siogfgj  pifgwgj/hgrygwgd (ogjh swgstg ngupud pinirjdtg`). a. @gsjm bgrj njmjh, njsgmdyg ninpudygj sgwg` bjsiwghgd, pudyg rung` bjsiwghgd, pudyg ugdf bjpjdkgnhgd, ugdf pidsjud ogfj nirihg ygdf subg` mgdkut usjg bgd bumu oihirkg pgbg pinirjdtg`/jdstgdsj mgjd. b. Qunogdfgd/`gbjg`, njsgmdyg schcdfgd bgrj egnjmy, wgrjsgd, `gbjg`, tgoudfgd, bgd mgjddyg.

?1

i. \jdkgngd/`utgdf, jdj nirupghgd ugdf ngsuh titgpj pgbg sugtu sggt `grus bjmudgsj/bjhinogmjhgd. ?.5

Ncbgm

Qinghjd

oirhinogdfdyg

budjg

usg`g

sirtg

singhjd

agdffj`dyg

 pidffudggd gmgt-gmgt bgmgn budjg hirkg, nghg pirngsgmg`gd ygdf tjnoum bgd `grus bj`gbgpj cmi` pirusg`ggd singhjd hcnpmih bgd ninoutu`hgd pinjhjrgd ygdf sirjus. Qgmg` sgtu pirngsgmg`gd bgmgn budjg usg`g gbgmg` ngsgmg` eghtcr  prcbuhsj ncbgm ygdf ninpudygj pirgdgd sgdfgt s gdfgt pidtjdf bgmgn ninpirtg`gdhgd himgdfsudfgd `jbup pirusg`ggd tirsiout. Nidurut _jygdtc (?<<7; 76-70) bgmgn  ouhudyg Bgsgr-bgsgr \inoimgdkggd \irusg`ggd, ncbgm ninpudygj pidfirtjgd ygdf oirngagn-ngagn gdtgrg mgjd; g. Qiagrg hmgsjh ncbgm ninpudygj grtj siogfgj `gsjm prcbuhsj ygdf bjfudghgd udtuh ninprcbuhsj mioj` mgdkut.  o. Bgmgn grtj sinpjt, ncbgm bjgrtjhgd `gdygmg` bgmgn grtjgd ugdf, sibgdfhgd bgmgn grtj mugs ncbgm nimjputj ogjh ncbgm bgmgn oidtuh ugdf ngupud bgmgn oidtuh ogrgdf njsgmdyg nisjd, ogrgdf-ogrgdf bgfgdfgd bgd mgjd siogfgjdyg. a. Ncbgm bgpgt kufg bjgrtjhgd siogfgj hcmihtjvjtgs bgrj ogrgdf-ogrgdf ncbgm ygdf tirbgpgt bgmgn dirgag sioimg` biojt, sibgdfhgd ygdf bjnghsub bidfgd ogrgdf-ogrgdf ncbgm jgmg` sinug ogrgdf ygdf gbg bgmgn rung` tgdffg pirusg`ggd bgmgn eudfsj prcbuhtjedyg udtuh ninoidtuh pidbgpgtgd. Qibgdfhgd nidurut Nudgwjr (?<<7; 7:) ncbgm nirupghgd `gh gtgu  ogfjgd ygdf bjnjmjhj cmi` pirusg`ggd ygdf bjtudkuh bgmgn pcs ncbgm (ncbgm

?2

sg`gn), surpmus bgd mgog ygdf bjtg`gd gtgu himioj`gd djmgj ghtjvg ygdf bjnjmjhj cmi` pirusg`ggd tir`gbgp simuru` `utgdf-`utgdfdyg. Ncbgm gbgmg` `gm ygdf sgdfgt hrusjgm bgmgn pinogdfudgd sioug` usg`g bgd kufg pidfinogdfgddyg. Cmi` hgridg jtu, sicrgdf pidfusg`g ygdf pctidsjgm `grus bjoirjhgd ogdtugd ygdf oisgr si`jdffg jg ojsg nidbgpgthgd hisinpgtgd udtuh oirsgjdf bidfgd mioj` hcnpitjtje. ?.6

\idimjtjgd Rirbg`umu

Gfgr bgpgt niniag`hgd ngsgmg` bgd nidagpgj tukugd oirsgng siogfgjngdg ygdf timg` bjpgpgrhgd bjgtgs, nghg pirmu bjmghuhgd timgg` pustghg fudg nidbuhudf `gsjm pidimjtjgd gfgr ninpircmi` `gsjm ygdf ogjh bgd nghsjngm siogfgjgngdg ygdf bj`grgphgd. \idumjs nidygkjhgd oirogfgj sunoir bgd rieiridsj bgrj oirogfgj shrjpsj, tisjs ngupud kurdgm. Gbgpud rieiridsj tirsiout gbgmg` siogfgj oirjhut; Nidurut pidimjtjgd ygdf bjtumjs cmi` Qgieummc` (?<7?;77-7?) nidygtghgd  og`wg pidfimcmggd zghgt ygdf bjhinogdfhgd cmi` MG[ _ung` [ghgt Hctg Qingrgdf bgmgn rgdfhg nidjdfhgthgd hisikg`tirggd ungt nimgmuj pinoirbgyggd ngsygrghgt, MG[ _ung` [ghgt Hctg Qingrgdf nidffudghgd ncbim  Iac Agri bidfgd sjstin hcpirgsj sygrj‚g` (nczgjh), bjngdg zghgt prcbuhtje bjbjstrjousjhgd siagrg sjstingtjs, jdtidsje, bgd oirhisjdgnoudfgd. Bgmgn ncbim Nczgjh jdj, nustg`jh bjoirj bgdg zghgt ygdf sjegtdyg oirfumjr grtjdyg nustg`jh tjbgh bjoirj bgdg zghgt oirupg ncbgm siagrg aung-aung ghgd titgpj nustg`jh bjoirj bgdg zghgt sitimg` nustg`jh sgnpgj subg` ngnpu ngdbjrj bgdg zghgt jtu bjhinogmjhgd hi nczgjh mgfj bgd bgrj nczgjh tirsiout bjfumjrhgd hi nustg`jh ygdf mgjddyg mgfj, bgd sitirusdyg.

?9

Qygjpubbjd Imngd (?<79) bgmgn pidimjtjgddyg nidfidgj ”Qtrgtifj \idygmurgd Bgdg [ghgt Ogzdgs nimgmuj \rcfrgn \inoirbgyggd Ihcdcnj„ nidfudfhgphgd og`wg bgnpgh pidygmurgd bgdg zghgt nidfgmgnj pidjdfhgtgd hioutu`gd ihcdcnj ogfj ogfj himugrfg, yghdj nidfgmgnj pirhinogdfgd sioisgr 7<% bgrj kunmg` nustg`jh :.162 nustg`jh.  Dur Gbbjdj _g`ng (?<79) bgmgn pidimjtjgddyg nidfidgj ”\iniorbgyggd ”\iniorbg yggd Ihcdcnj Yngt Nimgmuj \idygmurgd [ghgt \rcbuhtje„ nidfinuhghgd og`wg hioirgbggd OG[ bgd MG[ ninoirjhgd ngdeggt ygdf sgdfgt oisgr, og`hgd ngnpu nidgnog` ncbgm nustg`jh. Gddjsg @grtjwj Vumgdbgrj (?<7<) bgmgn pidimjtjgddyg nidfidgj ”Qtrgtifj \idbgygfudggd Bgdg [ghgt nimgmuj \inoirbgyggd Ihcdcnj Ngsygrghgt (Qtubj Hgsus _ung` [ghgt)„ nidfinuhghgd og`wg o g`wg ogdtugd ncbgm oirtukugd udtuh  pidfinogdfgd usg`g, nctjvgsj ncrjm bjnghsubhgd pidirgdfgd tidtgdf eudfsj, `gh bgd hiwgkjogd ngdusjg bgmgn `jbupdyg, sipirtj oirjngd, oirjogbg`, oihirkg,  oirjh`tjgr. \imgtj`gd usg`g sirtg udtuh ninoirbgyghgd nustg`jh gfgr gfgr ngdbjrj. Rguejh Dur @jbgygt (?<7<) bgmgn pidimjtjgddyg nidfidgj ”\idfimcmggd Bgdg [ghgt, Jdegq, bgd Q`gbgqg` udtuh \inoirbgyggd Ihcdcnj Yngt (Qtubj Hgsus MG[ Rgk Wurc bj Hgoupgtid Fududf Hjbum) nidfinuhghgd og`wg gbg eghtcr pidbuhudf bgd pidfg`gnogt bgmgn pimghsgdggd pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ungt. Eghtcr pidbuhudf ygjtu gbgdyg hifjgtgd pidfgkjgd sitjgp ngmgn hgnjs si`jdffg tirkgmjd hcnudjhgsj sirtg jdtirghsj udtuh ninog`gs ngsgmg` ygdf tjnoum, sirtg gbgdyg pimgpcrgd hifjgtgd bidfgd sjstin ngdgkinid tirouhg. Qibgdfhgd eghtcr pidf`gnogtdyg gbgmg` hiajmdyg sunoir pidbgpgtgd bgdg [JQ si`jdffg pidygmurgd bgdg [JQ sibjhjt tir`gnogt bgd aghupgddyg sgdfgt hiajm.

?5

_csgbj (?<79) bgmgn pidimjtjgddyg nidfidgj ”\inoirbgyggd Ihcdcnj Nustg`jh

Oirogsjs

[ghgt

\rcbuhtje

Cmi`

B\Y- BR B\Y-BR

bj

Zcfyghgrtg„

nidfinuhghgd og`wg pinoirbgyggd tirsiout ngnpu nidjdfhgthgd pidf`gsjmgd himugrfg, oirtgnog`dyg shjmm bgd ngnpu nidunou`hgd hgrghtir ygdf mioj` ogjh. Bgrj oioirgpg timgg` pustghg bj gtgs, bgpgt bjtidtuhgd og`wg pidimjtjgd jdj  oiroibg bidfgd pidimjtjgd tirbg`umu yghdj tirmitgh pgbg upgyg gtgu strgtifj  pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt nimgmuj [JQ ygdf bjkgmgdhgd cmi` minogfg gnjm zghgt, simgjd jtu pidumjs nidffudghgd gmgt gdgmjsjs Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist   bgd hugmjtgtje (QVCR), nimj`gt timgg` pustghg bjgtgs oimun gbg pidimjtjgd tirhgjt pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt bgmgn `gm zghgt bidfgd nidffudghgd Gmgt Gdgmjsjs Ykj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist  bgd  bgd QVCR. ?.0

Hirgdfhg \injhjrgd

Oirbgsgrhgd hirgdfhg pinjhjrgd tirsiout bjhgtghgd ngsygrghgt timg`  oirbgyg bgrj sjsj ihcdcnjdyg gtgu vgrjgoim Z bjuhur nidffudghgd bug eghtcr ygjtu pidbgpgtgd bgd ncbgm. Bug eghtcr tirsiout bjfudghgd udtuh nidfuhur sioirgpg oisgr pidfgru` [JQ tir`gbgp pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt,

?6

si`jdffg bidfgd gbgdyg eghtcr tirsiout bgpgt bjhitg`uj gpghg` [JQ ngnpu ninpidfgru`j pidbgpgtgd bgd ncbgm nustg`jh. ?.:

@jpctisjs

@jpctisjs nirupghgd bufggd ygdf ghgd bjukj hioidgrgddyg bidfgd eghtg ygdf gbg. Oirbgsgrhgd pinjhjrgd ygdf oirsjegt ticrjtjs bgd nidfgau pgbg stubj inpjrjs ygdf pirdg` bjmghuhgd. \idimjtjgd jdj nidfgsunsjhgd og`wg singhjd  oisgrdyg bgdg [JQ ygdf bjfudghgd udtuh pinoirbgyggd nghg pirihcdcnjgd ngsygrghgtpud ghgd singhjd ogjh. 7. @uoudfgd gdtgrg prcfgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj bgd pidbgpgtgd

Nidurut jmnu ihcdcnj pidbgpgtgd nirupghgd djmgj nghsjnun ygdf bgpgt bjhcdsunsj cmi` sisicrgdf bgmgn sugtu pirjcbi bidfgd nidf`grgphgd higbggd ygdf sgng pgbg gh`jr pirjcbi sipirtj higbggd sinumg. Qcihgrtjwj (?<
?0

Qimgjd jtu, pidimjtjgd ygdf bjmghuhgd cmi` Durnjtg (?<75;95) nidygtghgd og`wg pidfgru` hcdtrgh pinojgyggd oirpidfgru` pcsjtje bgd sjfdjejhgd tir`gbgp pidbgpgtgd. @g 7 ; Gbg piroibggd pidbgtgpgd gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt. ?. @uoudfgd gdtgrg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj bgd ncbgm

Nidurut Hgnus Oisgr Og`gsg Jdbcdisjg (HOOJ) bgmgn Mjstygwgd Grbj Dufrg`g (?<778:) ”ncbgm usg`g gbgmg` ugdf ygdf bjpghgj siogfgj pchch (jdbuh) udtuh oirbgfgdf, nimipgs ugdf, bgd siogfgjdyg, `grtg oidbg (ugdf,  ogrgdf, bgd siogfgjdyg) ygdf bgpgt bjpirfudghgd udtuh nidf`gsjmhgd sisugtu ygdf nidgnog` hihgyggd„. \idimjtjgd cmi` Nja`imm (?<71;1?) nidygtghgd og`wg pirihcdcnjgd siagrg unun pingdeggtgd ncbgm ygdf tipgt ghgd nidbcrcdf pidjdfhgtgd  prcbuhsj. Nidjdfhgtdyg kunmg` ncbgm ygdf bjfudghgd ghgd nidjdfhgthgd  pidbgpgtgd. Cmi` hgridg jtu, ncbgm nirupghgd gmgt pidbcrcdf ygdf hugt udtuh nidjdfhgthgd `gsjm prcbuhsj ygdf gh`jrdyg ghgd bgpgt nididtuhgd  pidbgpgtgd usg`g. \rcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj nustg`jh ygdf bjfudghgd siogfgj ncbgm usg`g nustg`jh bj`grgphgd ngnpu nidgnog` ncbgm nustg`jh si`jdffg ninpidfgru`j pidbgpgtgd nustg`jh. Bjbuhudf cmi` pidimjtgjd tirbg`umu bgmgn shrjpsj Dur Gbbjdj _g`ng` (?<79) og`wg pidfimcmggd [JQ ninoirjhgd ogdygh ngdeggt tirutgng pgbg ncbgm nustg`jh.

?:

Qimgjd jtu, pidimjtjgd ygdf bjmghuhgd cmi` Durnjtg (?<75;99) nidygtghgd og`wg hcdtrgh pinojgyggd oirpidfgru` sjfdjejhgd gtgs  piruog`gd pidbgpgtgd dgsgog` gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` pinojgyggd. pinojgyggd. @g ? ; Gbg piroibggd ncbgm gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt.

OGO JJJ NIRCBI \IDIMJRJGD

Nitcbcmcfj pidimjtjgd nirupghgd strgtifj nutmgh ygdf `grus bjfudghgd bgmgn sioug` pidimjtjgd. Bgmgn pidumjsgd shrjpsj jdj, pidumjs jdfjd nidfitg`uj sikgu` ngdg hcdtrjousj bgd ngdeggt pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt ygdf bjmghuhgd cmi` OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ogfj hisikg`tirggd ngsygrghgt. Cmi` hgridg jtu, bgmgn pidumjsgd shrjpsj jdj nidffudghgd mgdfhg`-mgdfhg` siogfgj  oirjhut; 1.7.

\cpumgsj

Nidurut Qu`grsjnj (?<<5; 71<), pcpumgsj gbgmg` hisimuru`gd suokih  pidimjtjgd. \cpumgsj bgmgn pidimjtjgd gbgmg` sinug nustg`jh ygdf nidirjng  prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt ngsygrghgt Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. 1.?.

Qgnpim

Qgnpim gbgmg` siogfjgd gtgu wghjm pcpumgsj ygdf bjtimjtj (Qu`grsjnj, ?<<5) sgnpim bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj nidffudghgd nitcbi jdsjbidtgm rgdbcn  sgnpmjdf  

ygjtu

nirupghgd

tihdjh

pididtugd

sgnpim

oirbgsgrhgd

hioitumgd/jdsjbidtgm oirtinu bidfgd pidimjtj bgpgt bjfudghgd siogfgj sgnpim ojmg bjpgdbgdf crgdf ygdf bjtinuj jtu acach siogfj sunoir bgtg (Qufjcdc, ?<<6). Ydtuh nidfitg`uj oisgrdyg uhurgd sgnpim ygdf ghgd bjfudghgd bgmgn  pidimjtjgd jdj, bjfudghgd runus pidbihgtgd pidbihgtgd smcvjd (Yngr, ?<<1) siogfgj oirjhut;

d>

  

Bjngdg;

1<

17

d ; uhurgd sgnpim  D ; uhurgd pcpumgsj pcpumgsj i ; pirsid himcdffgrgd hitjbghtimjtjgd hgridg hisgmg`gd pidfgnojmgd sgnpim ygdf ngsj` bjtcmimjr (bjtitgphgd 7<%)

d >

>

>

  

 ()()

 

> 92,? Bgrj bgtg nidfidgj pir`jtudfgd sgnpim bjgtgs tirbgpgt 92,? sgnpim kgbj rispcdbid bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj gbgmg` 92,? sgnpim ghgd titgpj pidimjtj oumgthgd nidkgbj 99 sgnpim gtgu rispcdbid. 1.1.

Ugrjgoim \idimjtjgd

@gm ygdf pirmu bjmghuhgd sioimun nidfunpumhgd bgtg ygjtu nididtuhgd vgrjgoim bidfgd kimgs. Ugrjgoim nirupghgd cokih gtgu ygdf nidkgbj tjtjh pir`gtjgd sugtu pidimjtjgd. \idimjtjgd jdj nidffudghgd bug vgrjgoim ygjtu vgrjgoim jdbipidbid bgd vgrjgoim bipidbid. Ugrjgoim jdbipidbid ygjtu vgrjgoim oiogs (P) gbgmg` vgrjgoim ygdf ninpidfgru`j vgrjgoim bipidbid gtgu vgrjgoim tirjhgt. Ugrjgoim jdbipidbid ygdf bjfudghgd bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj gbgmg` prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt, sibgdfhgd vgrjgoim bipidbid gtgu vgrjgoim tirjhgt (Z) gbgmg` vgrjgoim ygdf oisgr hiajmdyg tirfgdtudf pgbg djmgj vgrjgoim oiogs. Bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj

1?

vgrjgoim bipidbid ygdf bjfudghgd gbgmg` nustg`jh siogfgj pidirjng [JQ  prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj cmi` Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. Gbgpud jdbjhgtcrdyg yghdj tjdfhgt pidbgpgtgd bgd ncbgm. 1.2.

Mchgsj \idimjtjgd

\idimjtjgd jdj bjmghuhgd bj OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ygdf oirgmgngthgd bj Mgdtgj Bgsgr Ngskjb Bjpcdifcrc Km. Hidgrj Dc.95 Ogmgjhctg Zcfyghgrtg. Gbgpud gmgsgd pidumjs ninjmj` pidimjtjgd bj OG[DGQ ygjtu; OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg nirupghgd Minogfg [ghgt Dgsjcdgm risnj bgd bjbuhudf cmi`  pirudbgdf-udbgdfgd.  pirudbgdf-udbgdfgd. 1.9.

Kidjs \idimjtjgd

Bgmgn pidumjsgd shrjpsj jdj, pidumjs nidffudghgd \idimjtjgd HugmjtgtjeHugdtjtgtje. 1.9.7.

\idimjtjgd Mgpgdfgd

7. Cosirvgsj Zgjtu pidumjs nidbgtgdfj hgdtcr OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg tirsiout fudg ninpircmi` bgtg ygdf hcdhrit tidtgdf `gm-`gm ygdf nidkgbj cokih  pidimjtjgd. ?. Vgwgdagrg Vgwgdagrg jdj bjmghuhgd pidumjs gfgr ninpircmi` bgtg ygdf cokihtje nidfidgj pinoirbgyggd zghgt siogfgj tukugd hisikg`tirggd ngsygrghgt hurgdf ngnpu bidfgd agrg nidfgkuhgd oirogfgj pirtgdyggd siagrg mgdfsudf hipgbg tirwgwgdagrg tidtgdf sifgmg sisugtu ygdf oirhgjtgd mgdfsudf bidfgd pidumjsgd. 1. Bchunidtgsj

11

Zgjtu pidumjs nidfunpumhgd, ninogag, bgd ninpimgkgrj oirogfgj  oidtuh bgtg tirtumjs (ouhu bgd oumitjd) ygdf tirbgpgt bj hgdtcr OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg, pirpustghggd gtgu jdstgdsj mgjd ygdf bgpgt bjkgbjhgd gdgmjsg

bgmgn

pidimjtjgd

jdj

ygdf

oir`uoudfgd

bidfgd

strgtifj

 pinoirbgyggd zghgt fudg tirajptg hisikg`tirggd ngsygrghgt hurgdf ngnpu. 2. Kidjs Bgtg g.

Bgtg \rjnir Bgtg prjnir gbgmg` bgtg ygdf mgdfsudf bjhunpumhgd cmi` pidumjs (pimghsgdggd bgrj sunoir prjnir bgmgn `gm jdj gbgmg` wgwgdagrg mgdfsudf bidfgd biwgd pidfurus OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg bgd nidyiogr

hujsjcdir

hi

oioirgpg

dgsgog`

OG[DGQ

Hctg

Zcfyghgrtg).  o. Bgtg Qihudbir Bgtg sihudbir jdj oirupg bgtg ygdf tirsusud bgmgn oidtuh bchunidbchunid. Zgdf nidkgbj bgtg sihudbir bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj gbgmg`  ouhu-ouhu, oumitjd bgd og`gd jdecrngsj mgjddyg ygdf ninjmjhj rimivgdsj bidfgd ngsgmg` siogfgj og`gd pidudkgdf pidimjtjgd. a.

Gdgmjsjs Bgtg Himgdkutgd bgrj nidfimcmg bgtg, pidumjs nimghuhgd gdgmjsjs bidfgd nidffudghgd nitcbi hugmjtgtje bgd hugdtjtgtje. Gdgmjsjs hugmjtgtje bjmghuhgd bidfgd nidffudghgd gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh bgd QVCR 2 Hugbrgd. Nitcbi jdj bjfudghgd udtuh nidfitg`uj hiudffumgd hcnpgrgtje ygdf bjnjmjhj cmi` sugtu prcbuh. Qimgjd jtu udtuh

12

nididtuhgd strgtifj pidfinogdfgd ygdf acach bgd sisugj bgmgn nidjdfhgthgd hugmjtgs OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. Qibgdfhgd gdgmjsjs hugdtjtgtje bjfudghgd udtuh nidfgdgmjsjs pidfgru` strgtifj  pinoirbgyggd fudg pidagpgjgd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt. \idfcmg`gd bgtg bjmghuhgd bidfgd nidffudghgd JON Q\QQ ?7, nitcbi ygdf bjfudghgd udtuh nidfgdgmjsjs sioimun bgd sisubg` pinoirbgyggd ygjtu Ykj Vcmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist . Gbgpud tihdjh pidumjsgd shrjpsj jdj nidffudghgd ouhu  pibcngd ygdf bjsusud cmi` Eghumtgs Ihcdcnj bgd Ojsdjs Jsmgn YJD Qudgd Hgmjkgfg Zcfyghgrtg. 1.9.?.

Nitcbi Gdgmjsjs Bgtg

7. Gdgmjsjs QVCR-H bgd QVCR-2H Gdgmjsjs QVCR-H (Hmgsjh) gbgmg` sioug` gmgt pidacachgd ygdf  pidtjdf ygdf ninogdtu pgrg ngdgkir nidfinogdfhgd inpgt kidjs strgtifj; Qtrgtifj QC (hihugtgd-pimugdf), Qtrgtifj VC (himing`gd pimugdf), Qtrgtifj QR (hihugtgd-gdagngd), ( hihugtgd-gdagngd), bgd Qtrgtifj VR (himing`gdgdagngd) (Erib _. Bgvjb, ?<<:; 1?6). Qtrgtifj QC  ningdeggthgd hihugtgd jdtirdgm minogfg bgmgn

nidbgpgthgd bcdgtur/nuzghhj. Jdtirdgm pirusg`ggd sgdfgt irgt hgjtgddyg bidfgd ihstirdgm minogfg. Nghg bgrj jtu, hihugtgd jdtirdgm minogfg sgdfgt pirmu bjkgfg bgd pirmu pidjdfhgtgd hugmjgtgs jdtirdgm. Qiagrg unun, minogfg ghgd nidkgmgdhgd strgtifj VC, QR gtgu VR udtuh nidagpgj sjtugsj bjngdg nirihg bgpgt nimghsgdghgd Qtrgtifj QC. Kjhg minogfg ninpudygj himing`gd oisgr, nghg minogfg ghgd oirkugdf

19

udtuh nidfgtgsjdyg bgd nidfuog`dyg nidkgbj hihugtgd. Rgthgmg sioug` minogfg bj`gbgphgd pgbg gdagngd ygdf oisgr, nghg minogfg ghgd  oirusg`g udtuh nidf`jdbgrjdyg nidf`jdbgrjdyg bgd oirhcdsidtrgsj pgbg pimugdf. Qtrgtifj VC  oirtukugd udtuh ninpirogjhj himing`gd jdtirdgm

bidfgd agrg ninjdjngmhgd himing`gd ygdf gbg. \idfunpumgd bgdg ygdf bjmghuhgd cmi` gnjm zghgt `grus bjmghuhgd bidfgd timjtj bgd `gtj`gtj, simgdkutdyg nidt`gsygruehgd hipgbg nustg`jh ygdf tipgt, fudg  pidagpgjgd pidt`gsygruegd ygdf tipgt sgsgrgd. @gm jdj nirupghgd sgmg` sgtu agrg ninjdjngmhgd himing`gd. Qtrgtifj QR nidffudghgd hihugtgd sioug` minogfg udtuh

nidf`jdbgrj gtgu nidfurgdfj bgnpgh gdagngd ihstirdgm. @gm jdj ouhgd  oirgrgtj og`wg sugtu crfgdjsgsj ygdf hugt `grus simgmu nidf`gbgpj gdagngd siagrg mgdfsudf bjbgmgn mjdfhudfgd ihstirdgm. Qtrgtifj VR nirupghgd tghtjh bieidsje ygdf bjgrg`hgd udtuh

nidfurgdfj himing`gd jdtirdgm sirtg nidf`jdbgrj gdagngd ihstirdgm bgd himing`gd jdtirdgm oidgr-oidgr bgmgn pcsjsj ninog`gyghgd. ?. Rg`gpgd \idyusudgd Ngtrjhs Ydtuh

niwukubhgd

 pimghsgdggd tg`gpgd

ngtrjhs

oirjhut jdj

QVCR-H

tirsiout

bjpirmuhgd

(Bgvjb bhh, bgmgn Quwgrscdc

Nu`gnngb, ?<71). g.

Ngdgkinid

sidbjrj

ngupud

oirsgng

hcdsumtgd

nimghuhgd

jbidtjejhgsj bgd jdvidtcrj tir`gbgp hihugtgd bgd himing`gd ygdf sihgrgdf bjnjmjhj cmi` minogfg (udjt usg`g strgtifjs). Bj sgnpjdf jtu

15

ngdgkinid kufg pirmu nimghuhgd pirogdbjdfgd bidfgd hiudffumgd bgd himing`gd ygdf bjnjmjhj cmi` pisgjdf.  o. Ngdgkinid nidbitihsj mjdfhudfgd ojsdjs nghrc bgd njhrc (pisgjdf) ygdf ninjmjhj pidfgru` sjfdjejhgd tir`gbgp hjdirkg pirusg`ggd gtgu minogfg, hjdj bgd ngsg ygdf ghgd bgtgdf. a.

Ngdgkinid nidacog nirunushgd pjmj`gd strgtifj ygdf nudfhjd bgpgt bjjnpminidtgsjhgd bidfgd agrg nimghuhgd riemihsj gtgs  oirogfgj hinudfhjdgd hcnojdgsj bgrj jdbjhgtcr hihugtgd (Q), himing`gd (V), pimugdf (C), bgd gdagngd (R) ygdf timg` bjtinuhgd  pgbg bug mgdfhg` sioimundyg. Rirsibjg Rir sibjg inpgt ngagn strgtifj strgti fj yghdj; QC (nghsj-nghsj), VC (njdj-nghsj), QR (nghsj-njdj), bgd VR (njdj-njdj). \gbg tg`gpgd jdj kufg tirbgpgt hiaidbirudfgd udtuh siogdygh nudfhjd nidinuhgd runusgd strgtifj, ygdf kjhg bjairngtj mioj` bgmgn ojgsgdyg kustru oirjsj strgtifj ygdf tjbgh ninjmjhj hinudfhjdgd udtuh bjtirgphgd. Ngdgkinid `idbghdyg nidygbgrj hiaidbirudfgd tirsiout bgd cmi` hgridg jtu `grus bj`jdbgrj. Kjhg  oir`gsjm

bjrunushgd

nidfjnpminidtgsjhgd

bidfgd hiinpgt

pgs, kidjs

ngdgkinid

strgtifj

tirsiout

sjnumtgd, tjbgh `gdyg ninjmj` sgmg` sgtu.

\imugdf Ojsdjs Gdagngd Ojsdjs

Rgoim 1.7 Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh; Hihugtgd Himing`gd Minogfg Minogfg Qtrgtifj Q  ‑  C Qtrgtifj V-C Qtrgtifj Q  ‑  R

Qtrgtifj V  ‑  R  R

bgpgt siagrg

16

Qimgjd QVCR Hmgsjh gbg pumg QVCR 2 Hugbrgd. Qiagrg unun tjbgh gbg piroibggd ygdf oirgrtj bjogdbjdf bidfgd tg`gpgd pidyusudgd ngtrjhs QVCR-H. \iroibggd pchchdyg `gdyg tirmitgh pgbg pinoirjgd ococt, djmgj, bgd

djmgj

tirtjnogdf

pgbg

ngsjdf-ngsjdf

jdbjhgtcr

(outjr)

vgrjgoim

mjdfhudfgd ihstirdgm bgd jdtirdgm. Gbgpud mgdfhg`-mgdfhg` pidyusudgd ngtrjhs QVCR 2 Hugbrgd ygjtu siogfgj oirjhut; 7. Ngdgkinid pirmu ninougt bgetgr jdbjhgtcr (outjr) bgrj vgrjgoim mjdfhudfgd ihstirdgm bgd jdtirdgm ygdf bjpirhjrghgd ninpidfgru`j ngsg bipgd minogfg. ?. Ninoirjhgd ococt (wijf`t) pgbg (wijf`t) pgbg ngsjdf-ngsjdf jdbjhgtcr (outjr) bidfgd agrg ninogdbjdfhgd pirgd sgtu jdbjhgtcr tirtidtu bidfgd jdbjhgtcr mgjddyg. \irmu bjmj`gt tjdfhgt pidtjdfdyg pidfgru` mgdfsudf bgd tjbgh mgdfsudf sgtu jdbjhgtcr tirtidtu bjogdbjdf jdbjhgtcr ygdf mgjd bgrj hgtifcrj vgrjgoim hihugtgd pirusg`ggd bgd pimugdf pgbg pidagpgjgd tukugd pirusg`ggd pgbg pirjcbi pidyusudgd ridagdg strgtifjs. Bidfgd hgtg mgjd, pinoirjgd ococt mioj` ogdygh oirhgjtgd bidfgd pirogdbjdfgd  oisgr hiajmdyg pirgd gdtgr jdbjhgtcr. \rcsis pidfukjgd ygdf sgng yghdj  pirogdbjdfgd sgtu jdbjhgtcr bidfgd jdbjhgtcr ygdf mgjd bjmghuhgd udtuh hgtifcrj vgrjgoim himing`gd pirusg`ggd bgd gdagngd ojsdjs bidfgd nimj`gt oisgr hiajmdyg `gnogtgd ygdf nudfhjd bjtjnoumhgd. 1. Ngdgkinid ninoirjhgd pidjmgjgd tir`gbgp oisgr hiajmdyg sunogdfgd gtgu `gnogtgd ygdf bjoirjhgd cmi` ngsjdf-ngsjdf jdbjhgtcr tir`gbgp  pidagpgjgd tukugd minogfg, h`ususdyg udtuh sgtu pirjcbi pidyusudgd

10

siagrg stgrtifjs. Oiroibg bidfgd pinoirjgd ococt ygdf mioj` ninoirjhgd tihgdgd pgbg pirogdbjdfgd pirgd gdtgr jdbjhgtcr, pidjmgjgd jdj mioj` mgdfsudf nidudkuh pgbg sunogdfgd gtgu `gnogtgd ygdf `idbgh bjoirjhgd cmi` ngsjdf-ngsjdf jdbjhgtcr pgbg pidagpgjgd hjdirkg minogfg. \idjmgjgd pgbg ngsjdf-ngsjdf jdbjhgtcr ojgsgdyg bjmghuhgd bidfgd ninoirjhgd shcr 7 sgnpgj 9 udtuh hgtifcrj vgrjgoim hihugtgd minogfg bgd pimugdf ojsdjs, hgridg hibug hgtifcrj vgrjgoim tirsiout ninjmjhj `uoudfgd pcsjtje bidfgd hjdirkg minogfg. \idjmgjgd bjoirjhgd bidfgd gdfhg difgtje -7 sgnpgj -9 udtuh hgtifcrj vgrjgoim himing`gd minogfg bgd gdagngd ojsdjs, hgridg hibug hgtifcrj vgrjgoim tirsiout ninjmjhj `uoudfgd difgtje bidfgd pidagpgjgd hjdirkg pirusg`ggd. \idjmgjgd kufg ocmi` bjoirjhgd bidfgd gdfhg pcsjtje, ghgd titgpj bjoirmghuhgd siogfgj pidfurgdf hitjhg nididtuhgd pcsjsj hugbrgd minogfg. Qihgmjpud binjhjgd tjbgh gbg hi`grusgd udtuh nidffudghgd shcr 7 sgnpgj 9. Ngdgkinid bjpirsjmg`hgd udtuh nirunushgd sidbjrj shgmg pidjmgjgd ygdf `idbgh bjfudghgd, njsgmdyg ojsg bgrj 7 sgnpgj 7<. 2. Ngdgkinid nidf`jtudf djmgj tirtjnogdf bgrj ngsjdf-ngsjdf jdbjhgtcr bgmgn sgtu hgtifcrj vgrjgoim bgd nidkunmg`hgddyg. Djmgj tirtjnogdf nirupghgd `gsjm pirhgmjgd gdtgr ococt bgd djmgj ngsjdf-ngsjdf jdbjhgtcr. Qitimg` djmgj tirsiout tirtjnogdf ngsjdf-ngsjdf jdbjhgtcr bjtinuhgd, djmgj tirtjnogdf tirsiout bjkunmg`hgd. 9. Nididtuhgd pcsjsj minogfg bgmgn sgmg` sgtu hugbrgd bgrj inpgt hugbrgd ygdf bjnjmjhj cmi` ngtrjhs QVCR-2H bgd sihgmjfus nididtuhgd strgtifj  oirsgjdf ygdf siycfygdyg bjmghsgdghgd oirbgsgrhgd oirbgsgr hgd pcsjsj ygdf bjnjmjhj

1:

tirsiout. Ydtuh hipirmugd jtu bj`jtudf tirmioj` bg`umu simjsj` djmgj tirtjnogdf gdtgrg vgrjgoim hihugtgd bgd himing`gd pirusg`ggd sirtg sihgmjfus simjsj` djmgj tirtjnogdf gdtgrg pimugdf bgd gdagngd ojsdjs. Kjhg simjsj` hibug djmgj tirsiout pcsjtje, nghg pcsjsj minogfg oirgbg bjhugbrgd J bgd minogfg bjsgrgdhgd nidffudghgd strgtifj pirtunou`gd. Kjhg djmgj tirtjnogdf pimugdf mioj` oisgr bgrjpgbg gdagngd ojsdjs bgd bjsggt ygdf sgng djmgj tirtjnogdf hihugtgd mioj` hiajm bgrjpgbg himing`gd minogfg, nghg pcsjsj minogfg oirgbg bjhugbrgd JJ bgd cmi` hgridg jtu ngdgkinid bjsgrgdhgd nidffudghgd strgtifj stgojmjsgsj. Kjhg simjsj` hibug djmgj tirsiout difgtje, nghg pcsjsj minogfg oirgbg bjhugbrgd JJJ bgd cmi` hgridg jtu minogfg bj`grgphgd ninjmj` strgtifj pidyimgngtgd. Kjhg djmgj tirtjnogdf  pimugdf mioj` hiajm bgrjpgbg gdagngd ojsdjs bgd bjsggt ygdf sgng djmgj tirtjnogdf hihugtgd mioj` oisgr bgrjpgbg himing`gd minogfg, nghg pcsjsj minogfg

oirgbg

bjhugbrgd

JU

bgd

pirusg`ggd

siycfygdyg

nidfjnpminidgtsjhgd strgtifj bjsirsjejhgsj. ?. Ykj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist  Vjmacxcd sjfdib rgdh tist  nirupghgd  nirupghgd ukj dcd pgrgnitrjh ygdf bjfudghgd udtuh nidfgdgmjsjs bgtg oirpgsgdfgd hgridg gbgdyg bug pirmghugd ygdf  oiroibg.7 Gsunsj-gsunsj pidfukjgd wjmacxcd sjfdib rgdh tist ygjtu; g. Nidffudghgd bgtg oirpgsgdfgd bgd oirgsgm bgrj pcpumgsj ygdf sgng, ukj jdj sgng bidfgd tukugd ukj t oirpgsgdfgd.

7

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 o. Qitjgp pgsgdfgd bjpjmj` siagrg gagh bgd jdbipidbidt. Nghsubdyg jdj bgmgn pidfgnojmgd sgnpim tjbgh suokihtje gtgu gsgm gnojm, ghgd ittgpj  pidfgnojmgd sgnpimdyg siagrg gagh. a. Qhgmg pidfuhurgd njdjngm crbjdgm, bgd tjbgh outu` gsunsj dcrngmjtgs. Jdjmg` ygdf ninoibghgd bidfgd ukj t oirpgsgdfgd. Gbg bug higbggd bgmgn nidffudghgd ukj wjmacxcd; pirtgng, hitjhg bgtg ygdf bjfudghgd crbjdgm nghg pghgj wjmacxcd. Hibug, hitjhg bgtgdyg jdtirvgm gtgu rgsjc nghg pgstjhgd gpghg` dcrngm gtgu tjbgh. Gpgojmg bgtg dcrngm nghg ukj ygdf `grus bjpghgj ygjtu ukj t oirpgsgdfgd, ghgd titgpj kjhg bgtg tjbgh dcrngm nghg ninghgj ukj wjmacxcd.

Ydtuh

nidfitg`uj gpghg` bgtg hjtg dcrngm gtgu tjbgh, nghg hjtg ojsg nidfukjdyg tirmioj` bg`umu bidfgd nidffudghgd ukj dcrngmjtgs.

@c bjtirjng gpgojmg t 4 @c bjtcmgh gpgojmg = t

η

η

Qugtu `jpctisg ojsg bjmghuhgd bidfgd nimj`gt djmgj sjfdjejhgdsj `gsjm  pidfukjgd mioj` hiajm bgrj tjdfhgt sjfdjejhgdsj ()  <,<9. Qiagrg prjdsjp bgpgt bjtumjs bidfgd (Qufjgdtj, ?<<2;722) Kjhg prcogojmjtgs 4 <,<9 nghg @c bjtirjng. Kjhg prcogojmjtgs = <,<9 nghg @c bjtcmgh.

OGO JU FGNOG_GD YNYN BGD @GQJM GDGMJQJQ 2.7.

Fgnogrgd Ynun

2.7.7

Qikgrg` Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg

OG[JQ gtgu \idfimcmg Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt, Jdegq bgd Q`gbgqg` nirupghgd dgng minogfg zghgt ygdf hinubjgd bjruog` bjruog` nidkgbj OG[DGQ. OG[JQ jdj oirbjrj sioimun tg`ud 7::5. Hipidfurusgd pgbg pirjcbi 7::5-7::: gbgmg`

oirbgsgrhgd

Qurgt

Hiputusgd

Vgmjhctgngbyg

Zcfyghgrtg

 Dc.766/HB/Rg`ud 7::5 bidfgd prcfrgn hirkg nidf`jnpud pidfunpumgd bgdg jdegq suhgrimg bgrj \ifgwgj Difirj Qjpjm (\DQ) bj mjdfhudfgd Hctgngbyg Zcfyghgrtg. Qibgdfhgd udtuh pidygmurgd bgdg jdegq tirsiout ngsj` sgdfgt tirogtgs bgd bjprjcrjtgshgd udtuh pinogdfudgd gtgupud ri`go tinpgt jogbg`,  ogjh ngskjb ngupud nus`cmg. \gbg pirhinogdfgd oirjhutdyg, sitimg` `gojs ngsg hipidfurusgd OG[JQ nghg bjtirojthgddygmg` QH ogru tidtgdf pinoidtuhgd pidfurus OG[JQ ngsg  oghtj 7:::-?<<1 bidfgd QH Vgmjhctgngbyg Zcfyghgrtg Dc.1<:/HB/Rg`ud 7:::. Binj upgyg pidjdfhgtgd pinoirbgyggd [JQ bgd pidtgsygruegddyg, nghg bjtirojthgdmg` surgt ibgrgd Vgmjhctgngbyg Dc.297.7?/7925 Rgdffgm 75 Kumj 7::: tidtgdf \idudgjgd bgd \idfunpumgd [ghgt, Jdegq, bgd Q`gbgqg` ogfj \DQ bj mjdfhudfgd Hctgngbyg Zcfyghgrtg. Bidfgd gbgdyg surgt ibgrgd tirsiout, nghg singhjd ninogdtu bgmgn nidunou`hgd

hisgbgrgd

pgrg

\DQ

udtuh

nidjtjphgd

siogfjgd

zghgt/jdegq/s`gbgqg`dyg hipgbg OG[JQ Hctgngbyg Zcfyghgrtg, si`jdffg 27

2?

 kunmg` bgdg ygdf ngsuh singhjd oirtgnog`, bgd ngnpu ninpirmugsgd  pinoirbgyggd. \idtgsygruegd ygdf bjmghuhgd cmi` pidfurus OG[JQ-pud singhjd bjpirmugs sisugj bidfgd hitidtugd bgd sgsgrgd. Qimgjd udtuh tinpgt jogbg`, [JQ  kufg bjsgmurhgd hipgbg eghjr njshjd, minogfg higfgnggd/minogfg scsjgm,  pidfinogdfgd Gfgng Jsmgn/pidbjbjhgd, kufg kufg bjoirjhgd hipgbg jodu sgojm. \gbg tgdffgm <7 Kumj ?<<9 yghdj pgbg pirjcbi ?<<9-?<<0 bjtirojthgd Qurgt Hiputusgd tidtgdf pinoidtuhgd \idfurus Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt (OG[) Hctg Zcfyghgrtg Dc.?62/hip/?<<9, bidfgd susudgd pidfurus bgd urgjgd nidfidgj  pinogfjgd tufgs siogfgjngdg nistjdyg, `gm tirsiout sisugj bidfgd YdbgdfYdbgdf Dc.10 Rg`ud 7::: tidtgdf pidfimcmggd zghgt, og`wg sgdfgt bjpirmuhgd gbgdyg pidyisugjgd ogjh pidfimcmg crfgdjsgsj ngupud struhtur susudgd  pidfurus bgd prcfrgn hirkgdyg. hirkgdyg. Bgmgn hipidfurusgd pirjcbi jdj, bjnumgjdyg usg`g bgmgn ninpirmugs sgsgrgd pidf`jnpudgd bgdg OG[. Gbgpud nuzghhj/nudejq/nus`gbjq tjbgh `gdyg bjpirudtuhhgd hipgbg \DQ bj mjdfhudfgd Hctg Zcfyghgrtg, ghgd titgpj bjupgyghgd bgpgt nidkgdfhgu pgrg hgrygwgd swgstg bj mjdfhudfgd Hctg Zcfyghgrtg, sisugj bidfgd gngdg` udbgdf-udbgdf Dc.10 tg`ud 7::: tidtgdf  pidfimcmggd zghgt. \irhinogdfgd OG[ jdj nidfgmgnj hivghungd (tjbgh nghsjngm) bgd tjbgh ngnpu nidkgmgdhgd prcfrgn ygdf timg` bjgngdg`hgd, si`jdffg Vgmjhctg Zcfyghgrtg ninutushgd udtuh nidf`idtjhgd minogfg jdj. Minogfg jdj sinpgt tjbgh oireudfsj simgng hurud wghtu 2 tg`ud. Bgdg [JQ kufg tjbgh gbg ygdf ngsuh hi OG[ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg.

21

Oirogfgj ngagn pirtjnogdfgd timg` bjnusygwgrg`hgd, hinubjgd bjputushgd hinogmj udtuh ninumgj nidkgmgdhgd OG[ hinogmj pgbg gh`jr tg`ud ?<<:. Vgmjhctg Zcfyghgrtg kufg hinogmj nidfimugrhgd surgt hiputusgd \idbjrjgd Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt Bgirg` Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ygdf oirbjrj sgnpgj sggt jdj. Ydbgdf-udbgdf tirogru Dc.?1 Rg`ud ?<77 tidtgdf \idfimcmggd [ghgt, nghg OG[BG Hctg Zcfyghgrtg bjruog` nidkgbj OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. 7 2.7.?

Hifjgtgd/\rcfrgn Hifjgtgd/\rcfrgn Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg

\gbg tg`ud ?<75, bjtirojthgd surgt hiputusgd cmi` hitug OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg Dc.9 Rg`ud ?<75 tidtgdf Qtgdbgr Cpirgsjcdgm \rcsibur \imgygdgd \idt`gsygruegd bgd \idbgygfudggd ?<75 N/7216 @. Gbgpud tufgs bgd eudfsj sitjgp ojbgdf gbgmg` siogfgj oirjhut; 7. Ojbgdf \idf`jnpudgd g.

Rufgs bgd Eudfsj Ojbgdf \idfunpumgd Ojbgdf \idf`jnpudgd ninjmjhj tufgs utgng sisugj bidfgd  pirgturgd OG[DGQ Dc.<1 Rg`ud ?<72 gbgmg` niridagdghgd, nidfgrg`hgd sirtg nidfivgmugsj tgrfit pidf`jnpudgd bgdg [ghgt, Jdegq, bgd Q`gbgqg` sirtg ningstjhgd strgtifj ygdf bjfudghgd subg` tipgt bgmgn upgyg pidagpgjgd sgsgrgd gtgu  oimun. Qibgdfhgd eudfsj bgrj Ojbgdf \idf`jnpudgd jdj gbgmg` siogfgj oirjhut; g)

\imghsgdggd nuzghhj8

7

 Ogzdgs.kcfkghctg.fc.jb

pidfimcmggd

bgd

pidfinogdfhgd

bgtg

22

 o)

\imghsgdggd hgnpgdyi zghgt8

a)

\imghsgdggd bgd pidfidbgmjgd pidfunpumgd zghgt8

b)

\imghsgdggd pimgygdgd nuzghhj8

i)

\imghsgdggd ivgmugsj pidfimcmggd pidfunpumgd zghgt8

e)

\idyusudgd

pimgpcrgd

bgd

pirtgdffudfkgwgogd

 pidfunpumgd zghgt8 f)

\imghsgdggd pidirjnggd bgd tjdbgh mgdkut hcnpmgjd gtgs mgygdgd nuzghhj8

`)

Hccrbjdgsj pimghsgdggd pidfunpumgd zghgt tjdfhgt Hctg Zcfyghgrtg.

 o.

Yrgjgd Rufgs 7.

Ninougt piridagdggd hifjgtgd bgd gdffgrgd ojbgdf  pidfunpumgd.

?.

Riragpgjdyg tgrfit pidfunpumgd [ghgt, Jdegq, Q`gbgqg` sirtg bgdg scsjgm higfgnggd mgjddyg.

1.

Nimghuhgd hirkgsgng bidfgd oirogfgj pj`gh bgmgn upgyg  pidfunpumgd pctidsj pctidsj [JQ bj Hctg Zcfyghgrtg.

2.

Oirtgdffudf kgwgo bgmgn prcsis pidfunpumgd bgdg [ghgt, Jdegq, bgd Q`gbgqg`.

9.

Nimghuhgd pidjmgjgd bgd ivgmugsj njdffugd tir`gbgp hingkugd hifjgtgd pidfunpumgd.

a.

Qjstin bgd \rcsibur g.

\idf`jnpudgd Nimgmuj \imgygdgd Hgdtcr

29

\imgygdgd

pinogygrgd

[JQ

nimgmuj

pinogygrgd

mgdfsudf bj hgdtcr OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg; 7. \itufgs nimgygdj nuzghhj, nudejq, bgd nus`gbjq bidfgd pimgygdgd ygdf rgng` sisugj oubgyg sidyun, sgpg, bgd sgmgn. ?. \itufgs nidf`jtudf hinubjgd nidagtgt [JQ bj  ouhu

h`usus

ouhtj

pidirjnggd.

Qimgdkutdyg

nidyirg`hgddyg hipgbg nuzghhj, nudejq, bgd nus`gbjq siogfgj ouhtj pidirjnggd hgdtcr. 1. Qioimun bcdgtur nidjdffgmhgd hgdtcr, pitufgs nidbc‚ghgd bidfgd ribghsj bc‚g ygdf timg` tirtirg bj nikg pimgygdgd. 2. Qitimg` pimgygdgd simisgj, pitufgs pidirjnggd nidyirg`hgd bcdgsj hipgbg ogfjgd hiugdfgd udtuh simgdkutdyg bjgbnjdjstrgsjhgd. Gbgpud gmur pimgygdgd gbgmg` siogfgj oirjhut;

Nuzghhj/nudej

\itufgs

\idirojt

Ogfjgd

q/nus`gbjq

\imgygdgd

tgdbg tirjng

hiugdfgd

Jdput pgbg QJNOG (Qjstin Jdecrngsj

\imgpcrgd

OG[DGQ)

 o. \idfunpumgd Bgdg [JQ Nimgmuj Ydjt \idfunpumgd [ghgt (Y\[)

25

\imgygdgd pinogygrgd [JQ nimgmuj Y\[; 7. \inoidtuhgd

Y\[

tirbjrj

bgrj

Y\[

Jdstgdsj

/Minogfg/\irusg`ggd/Qihcmg`/Ngskjb/Hiwjmg`gd. ?. OG[DGQ  pidfurus

ninoidtuh ygdf

tirbjrj

Y\[

bidfgd

bgrj

hitug,

susudgd sihritgrjs,

 oidbg`grg, bgd gdffctg. 1. \idfurus

Y\[

oirtgdffudf

kgwgo

gtgs

 pidfgbnjdjstrgsjgd bgtg nuzghhj/nudejq/nus`gbjq bgd kunmg` [JQ. 2. \inogygrgd nimgmuj Y\[ nidffudghgd nitcbi  pgyrcmm systin(sjstin systin(sjstin pidffgkjgd) bidfgd agrg bjpctcdf mgdfsudf sisugj bidfgd jhrgr ngsjdfngsjdf bcdgtur bj udjt hirkg 9. \idfurus Y\[ nidtrgdseir gtgu nidyitcr mgdfsudf bgdg [JQ nghsjngm pgbg tgdffgm 9 sitjgp oumgddyg. 5. Ojbgdf pidfunpumgd nimghuhgd ncdjtcrjdf bgd ivgmugsj ieihtjvjtgs bgrj ngsjdf-ngsjdf Y\[. 6. Gmur pimgygdgd pinogygrgd [JQ nimgmuj Y\[; Nuzghhj/nudej

\itufgs

Ogfjgd

q/nus`gbjq

hcdtir

hiugdfgd

pimgygdgd

Mgpcrgd

Jdput bgtg pgbg QJNOG

a. \idf`jnpudgd [JQ Nimgmuj Rrgdseir \irogdhgd

\idirojtgd tgdbg tirjng

26

7. Ojbgdf pidfunpumgd nidyiogrhgd dcncr rihidjdf OG[DGQ

Hctg

Zcfyghgrtg

hipgbg

nuzghhj/nudejq/nus`gbjq. ?. Nuzghhj/nudejq/nus`gbjq nimghuhgd pinogygrgd [JQ mgdfsudf nimgmuj rihidjdf OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. 1. Gmur pimgygdgd pinogygrgd [JQ vjg pirogdhgd;

Nuzghhj/nudejq

Rrgdseir vjg

Ncdjtcrjdf

Ogfjgd

/nus`gbjq

ogdh

pgbg rihidjdf

hiugdfgd

hcrgd

]

mgpcrgd

Jdput pgbg QJNOG

b. \idf`jnpudgd Bgdg [JQ Ncbim Kinput Ocmg 7. Nuzghhj/nudejq/nus`gbjq ygdf jdfjd ninogygr [JQ nimgmuj ncbim kinput ocmg jdj tirmioj` bg`umu ninoirjtg`uhgd nimgmuj agmm aidtri OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. ?. Ncbim kinput ocmg bjpirudtuhhgd ogfj bcdgsj njdjngm sioisgr _p. ?<<.<<<,1. Ojbgdf pidfunpumgd nimghuhgd kinput ocmg hi gmgngt nuzghhj/nudejq/nus`gbjq. 2. Gmur pimgygdgd pinogygrgd [JQ nimgmuj ncbim  kinput ocmg;

20

Nuzghhj/nudejq

Agmm

Ojbgdf

Kinput

/nus`gbjq

aidtri

pidf`jnpudgd

ocmg

mgpcrgd

Jdput pgbg QJNOG

Ogfjgd

Rgdbg

hiugdfgd

tirjng

i. \idf`jnpudgd Bgdg Jdegq nimgmuj \rcfrgn CBCR (Cdi Bgy Cdi R`cusgdb) 7. Ogfjgd pidfunpumgd ninougt hgmidf CBCR. ?. Ninogfjhgd hipgbg pgrg nudejq. 1. Nidfgbnjdjstrgsjhgd

bgtgogsi  bgtgogsi  nudejq

siagrg

tirsidbjrj. 2. Nimghuhgd ncdjtcrjdf prcfrgn CBCR sitjgp  oumgddyg. 9. Gmur pidf`jnpudgd CBCR;

Nudejq

Ojbgdf

Rgdbg

Ogfjgd

pidfunpumgd

tirjng

hiugdfgd

Mgpcrgd

Jdput pgbg QJNOG

2:

e. \idf`jnpudgd Nimgmuj Q`grjdf \rcfrgn 7. Ogfjgd pidfunpumgd ninougt prcfrgn hifjgtgd  oirsgng

ojbgdf pidt`gsygruegd

bgmgn

oidtuh

 prcpcsgm hirkgsgng bidfgd jdstgdsj mgjd. ?. Ojbgdf

pidfunpumgd

nimghuhgd

pidgwgrgd

hirkgsgng bidfgd pj`gh hitjfg bgmgn rgdfhg  s`grjdf prcfrgn ygdf prcfrgn ygdf ghgd bjmghuhgd. 1. \imgpcrgd hirkgsgng prcfrgn bidfgd pj`gh hitjfg. 2. Gmur pidf`jnpudgd nimgmuj s`grjdf nimgmuj s`grjdf prcfrgn; prcfrgn;

Bcdgtur

Ojbgdf

Rgdbg

Ogfjgd

\idfunpumgd

tirjng

hiugdfgd

Jdput pgbg

mgpcrgd

sjnog

?. Ojbgdf \idt`gsygruegd bgd \idbgygfudggd g.

Rufgs bgd Eudfsj 7. Rufgs Ojbgdf

pidt`gsygruegd

bgd

pidbgygfudggd

ninjmjhj tufgs pidbjstrjousjgd bgd pidbgygfudggd zghgt. @gm tirsiout timg` bjtitgphgd bgmgn \irgturgd OG[DGQ Dc.1 Rg`ud ?<72 pgsgm 1:. ?. Eudfsj

9<

Ojbgdf

pidt`gsygruegd

bgd

pidbgygfudggd

nidyimidffgrghgd eudfsj sisugj tufgs siogfgjngdg ygdf timg` bjnghsubhgd pgbg pgsgm 1: \irgturgd OG[DGQ Dc.1 Rg`ud ?<72. Gbgpud

eudfsj-eudfsj

tirsiout

gbgmg`

siogfgj

 oirjhut; g. \idyusudgd

strgtifjs

pidt`gsygruegd

bgd

 pidbgygfudggd zghgt.  o. \imghsgdggd pidfimcmggd bgd pidfinogdfgd bgdg nustg`jh. a. \imghsgdggd bgd pidfidbgmjgd pidt`gsygruegd bgd  pidbgygfudggd zghgt. b. \imghsgdggd ivgmugsj pidfimcmggd pidt`gsygruegd bgd pidbgygfudggd zghgt. i. \idyusudgd pimgpcrgd bgd pirtgdffudfkgwgogd  pidt`gsygruegd bgd pidbgygfudggd pidbgygfudggd zghgt. e.

Hccrbjdgsj

pimghsgdggd

pidt`gsygruegd

bgd

 pidbgygfudggd zghgt tjdfhgt Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. Zcfyghgrtg.  o.

Yrgjgd Rufgs 7.

Nidyusud

QC\

pidt`gsygruegd

bgd

 pidbgygfudggd. ?.

Ninougt

prcfrgn

hirkg

pidt`gsygruegd

 pidbgygfudggd. 1.

Niditgphgd pirsygrgtgd bgd hrjtirjg nustg`jh.

bgd

97

2.

Nimghuhgd simihsj bgd pirsitukugd nustg`jh.

9.

Niditgphgd

rimgwgd

zghgt

bgd

pidbgnpjdf

 prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd. 5.

Nidsupirvjsj

bgd

ivgmugsj

pimghsgdggd

 pidt`gsygruegd bgd pidbgygfudggd. 6.

Ninougt gfidbg pidt`gsygruegd bgmgn sgtu tg`ud.

0.

Nidfimcmg bgd nidfinogdfhgd bgtg nustg`jh.

:.

Nimghuhgd hccrbjdgsj bidfgd nustg`jh.

7<. Nimghsgdghgd hccrbjdgsj bidfgd rimgwgd zghgt bgd pidbgnpjdf prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd. 77. Nimghsgdghgd pidt`gsygruegd [JQ sisugj prcfrgn. 7?. Nimghsgdghgd

ncdjtcrjdf

bgd

bchunidtgsj

 pimghsgdggd pidt`gsygruegd bgd pidbgygfudggd. pidbgygfudggd. \idkimgsgd bjgtgs nidyjnpumhgd og`wg strgtifj ygdf bjpghgj bgmgn pidfunpumgd/eudbrgjsjdf gbg 5 agrg, ygjtu ; 7. \idf`jnpudgd nimgmuj pimgygdgd hgdtcr. ?. \idfunpumgd bgdg [JQ nimgmuj Ydjt \idfunpumgd [ghgt (Y\[). 1. \idf`jnpudgd [JQ nimgmuj trgdseir pirogdhgd. 2. \idf`jnpudgd [JQ nimgmuj ncbim kinput ocmg. 9. \idf`jnpudgd bgdg Jdegq nimgmuj hctgh prcfrgn CBCR ( Cdi bgy cdi t`cusgdb ) 5. \idf`jnpudgd nimgmuj s`grjdf nimgmuj s`grjdf prcfrgn. prcfrgn.

9?

Bgrj

5

agrg

bjgtgs,

og`wg

Y\[

nirupghgd

sgtu-sgtudyg

 pidfunpumgd ygdf ninjmjhj hihugtgd oisgr, yghdj ninjmjhj YY zghgt, buhudfgd bgrj pinirjdtg` bmm. Bgpgt bjmj`gt og`wg pircmi`gd Y\[ ygdf  oirgsgm bgrj hgmgdfgd \DQ sgdfgt oisgr pidbgpgtgddyg.? Rgoim 2.7 \iroibggd pircmi`gd [JQ gdtgrg Y\[ bgd Dcd Y\[ (Kinput Ocmg) @jdffg Bisinoir ?<75 Y\[

Kinput Ocmg

1.05<.??6.512

25:.0<1.201

Qunoir; Mgpcrgd Hiugdfgd Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg Rgoim bjgtgs nidudkuhhgd og`wg pidfunpumgd [JQ bgrj Y\[ sgdfgt oisgr pircmi`gddyg bjogdbjdfhgd bidfgd pidfunpumgd nimgmuj  prcfrgn gtgu strgtifj mgjd.

?

 Grsjp bchunid Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg

91

2.7.1

Qtruhtur Crfgdjsgsj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg

\INOJDG; VGMJHCRG ZCFZGHG_RG

\IDGQI@GR; HINIDGF HCRG ZCFZGHG_RG

\JN\JDGD OG[DGQ; GYBJR QZG_J‚G@;

7)Br.Nu`gnngb, N.Gf, ?)[email protected] Gz`grj,

HINIDGF HCRG ZCFZGHG_RG

1)B_. Gbj Qciprgptc, Q.Qcs.,N.Qj, 2)Ngrsubj Idbgdf Qrj _ikihj, QI.,N.Qj, 9)Brs.Ejrbgus Nuttgqji

QGRYGD GYBJR JDRI_DGM; Bwj Mistgrj

Qtygdjdfsj`, QI

\IMGHQGDG OG[DGQ; Brg. _r. Rjtjh Qumgstrj @. Njsog`rubjd, Q,Gf

OJBGDF \YDFYRGD; Bidj _jgdj, QIJ

OJBGDF \IDR@GQZG_YEGD & \IDBGZGFYDGGD;

Nu`gjnjd, Q.Qj

OGFJGD \I_IDAGDGGD HIYGDFGD BGD \IMG\C_GD; Dccrmjg B`grngwgtj, QI

OJBGDF GBNJDJQR_GQJ YNYN &QBN; N. Eugb

92

2.7.2

Bgsgr @uhun

Qiagrg himinogfggd Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt Dgsjcdgm Hctg Zcfyghgrtg bjoidtuh oirbgsgrhgd Hiputusgd oirbgsgrhgd Hiputusgd Bjrihtur Kidbirgm Ojnojdfgd Ngsygrghgt Jsmgn Hinidtirjgd Gfgng _J Dcncr BK.JJ/950 Rg`ud ?<72 tidtgdf pinoidtuhgd Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt Dgsjcdgm Hgoupgtid/Hctg si-Jdbcdisjg. Qibgdfhgd udtuh hipidfurusgd bjoidtuh oirbgsgrhgd Qurgt Hiputusgd Vgmjhctg Zcfyghgrtg  Dcncr 1?1 Rg`ud ?<79 Ridtgdf \idfgdfhgtgd \jnpjdgd bgd \imghsgdg OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg Ngsg Oghtj ?<79-?
Bjrihtur

Kidbirgm

Ojnojdfgd

Ngsygrghgt

Hinidtirjgd Gfgng _J Dcncr BK.JJ/950 Rg`ud ?<72

Jsmgn tidtgdf

 pinoidtuhgd Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt Dgsjcdgm Hgoupgtid/Hctg siJdbcdisjg. b. \irgturgd

OG[DGQ

Dc.

<7

Rg`ud

?<72

tidtgdf

\idfgkugd

\irtjnogdfgd \jnpjdgd OG[DGQ \rcvjdsj/Hgoupgtid/Hctg. i. \irgturgd OG[DGQ Dc. <1 Rg`ud ?<72 tidtgdf Crfgdjsgsj bgd Rgtg Hirkg OG[DGQ \rcvjdsj/Hgoupgtid/Hctg. e. \irgturgd OG[DGQ Dc. <2 Rg`ud ?<72 tidtgdf \ibcngd \idyusudgd _HGR OG[DGQ \rcvjdsj/Hgoupgtid/Hctg.

99

f. Hiputusgd Vgmjhctg Zcfyghgrtg Dcncr 1?1 Rg`ud ?<79 Ridtgdf \idfgdfhgtgd \jnpjdgd bgd \imghsgdg OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg Ngsg Oghtj ?<79-?
Rukugd Bgd Eudfsj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg

UJQJ Rirwukubdyg minogfg ygdf gngdg`, prceisjcdgm, bd trgdspgrgd ygdf bjpiragyg ngsygrghgt, ninpudygj hingnpugd bgd jdtifrjtgs udtuh nidfinogdfhgd zghgt jdegq. \idkimgsgd gtgs oioirgpg hgtg bgmgn Ujsj tirsiout gbgmg` siogfgj  oirjhut; g. \usgt zghgt8 hccrbjdgtcr simuru` Y\[ bgd MG[ bj Hctg Zcfyghgrtg.  o. Hcnpitid8 ngnpu nidkgmgdhgd gngdg`dyg siagrg prceisjcdgm sisugj sygrjg` sirtg oirogsjs tihdcmcfj jdecrngsj udtuh nimghuhgd jdtifrgsj bgtg

nuzghj,

nustg`jh,

prcfrgn

pidf`jnpudgd,

prcfrgn

 pidtgs`gruegd, pimgpcrgd bgd puomjhgsj. a. Rirpiragyg8 nidkgbj minogfg zghgt ygdf bgpgt bjpiragyg bgmgn  pidfimcmggd [JQ. b. Rgdffgp ; rispcdsje, prcghtje tir`gbgp pirngsgmg`gd ungt. i. Oirzghgt ; oirzghgt nimgmuj gnjm sisugj sygrjg`. e. Ngdbjrj ; nidkgbjhgd nustg`jq ygdf ngnpu `jbup siagrg mgygh. f. Zcfyghgrtg oirhg`8 hisikg`tirggd bgd hioirhg`gd `jbup ogfj nuzghj bgd nustg`jh bj Hctg Zcfyghgrtg.

95

NJQJ Ydtuh niwukubhgd Ujsj tirsiout bgpgt bjtinpu` nimgmuj 9 (mjng) Njsj siogfgj oirjhut; 7. Niwukubhgd OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ygdf hcnpitid bgmgn nidfimcmg [JQ. ?. Niwukubhgd OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ygdf tirpiragyg bgd nidkgbj pjmj`gd ungt. 1. Niwukubhgd OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ygdf tgdffgp tir`gbgp  pirngsgmg`gd ungt. 2. Niwukubhgd OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ygdf ngnpu nidfuog` nustg`jh nidkgbj nuzghj. 9. Niwukubhgd OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ygdf ninoirj hingsmg`gtgd  ogfj ungt.  DJMGJ  Djmgj-djmgj ygdf bjtitgphgd bgd `grus bjkudkudf tjdffj cmi` simuru`  pj`gh ygdf tirmjogt bidfgd OG[DGQ OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg gbgmg`; g. Rghwg8  Rghwg8  sinug `gm ygdf bjmghuhgd bgmgn rgdfhg nidfgobj hipgbg hipgbg Gmmg` bgd ghgd ninpirtgdffudfkgwgohgd hipgbg Gmmg`.  o. Q`jbbjq8  Q`jbbjq8  nirupghgd minogfg ygdf ghudtgoim (bgpgt ninoirjhgd  pirtgdffudfkgwgogd gtgs hjdirkg ygdf bjmghuhgd) hipgbg puomjh sisugj bidfgd stgdbgr pimgygdgd pimg ygdgd bgd tcmch uhur ygdf bjghuj. a.  Egt`cdg`8   Egt`cdg`8  nirupghgd minogfg ygdf ngnpu ninogdfud hgpgsjtgs  pimgygdgddyg oirogsjs jmnu pidfitg`ugd bgd tihdcmcfj bgmgn  pidfimcmggd bgd jdcvgsj pimgygdgd.

96

b.  Gngdg`8 nirupghgd minogfg ygdf nidbgsgrhgd pidfimcmggddyg  pgbg gspih hikukurgd bgd jdtifrjtgs siagrg himinogfggd ngupud  pirscdgm pgrg gnjmdyg. i. Rgomjf`8 nirupghgd minogfg ygdf ngnpu nidfgkgh bgd ninogdfud simuru`

pctidsj

ogdfsg

udtuh

oirsgng-sgng

hisikg`tirggd nustg`jh siogfgj wukub rg`ngtgd

nidjdfhgthgd

mjm‚gmgnjjd .

Gzgs pidfimcmggd 7. Gngdg` \idfimcmggd (pinudfutgd, pidfgbnjdjstrgsjgd bgd pidtgs`gruegd) [JQ bjmghuhgd sisugj tudtudgd sygr‚j bgd pirgturgd pirudbgdfgd. ?. \rceisjcdgm \idfimcmggd [JQ bjmghuhgd sisugj bidfgd prjdsjp  ‑  prjdsjp   prjdsjp tgtg himcmg ygdf oidgr. 1. Rrgdspgrgd Ngsygrghgt bgpgt bgpgt nidfitg`uj hitidtugd hitidtugd bgd bgd jdecrngsj pidfimcmggd [JQ bidfgd aipgt bgd nubg`. Rukugd bgd Qgsgrgd 7. Rukugd g)

Nidjdfhgthgd eudfsj bgd pirgd prgdgtg higfgnggd bgmgn upgyg niwukubhgd hisikg`tirggd bgd higbjmgd scsjgm.

 o)

Nidjdfhgthgd

pimgygdgd

bgmgn

nidudgjhgd

hitidtugd sygr‚j. a)

Nidjdfhgthgd `gsjm fudg bgd bgyg fudg [JQ.

[JQ

sisugj

90

?. Qgsgrgd g)

Nidjdfhgtdyg hisgbgrgd nuzghhj, nudejq bgd nus`gbbjq bgmgn nidudgjhgd [JQ.

 o)

Nidjdfhgtdyg pimgygdgd gnjm tir`gbgp nuzghhj, nudejq, nus`gbbjq bgd nustg`jh.

2.7.5

Qjstin Hirkg

OG[DGQ nirupghgd sgtu bjgdtgrg sibjhjt minogfg dcdstruhturgm ygdf ninoirj hcdtrjousj hipgbg difgrg bjojbgdf pinogdfudgd hisikg`tirggd ngsygrghgt bgd pidgdffumgdfgd hinjshjdgd nimgmuj pidfimcmggd bgdg zghgt. OG[DGQ nidbgpgt ogdtugd pinojgyggd bgrj G\OD sisugj hitidtugd  pirudbgdf-udbgdfgd, dgnud ngdeggt ygdf bjoirjhgd OG[DGQ hipgbg difgrg bgd ogdfsg kgu` mioj` oisgr. Bjhgjthgd bidfgd gngdgt YYB 7:29 pgsgm 12  og`wg ”eghjr njshjd bgd gdgh -gdgh tirmgdtgr bjpimj`grg cmi` difgrg„, nghg  pirgd OG[DGQ sgdfgt nidudkgdf tufgs difgrg. OG[DGQ oirpirgd siogfgj pidyibjg ogdtugd kgnjdgd scsjgm ogfj eghjr njshjd bj tgdg` gjr hjtg. Hi`gbjrgd minogfg jdj nidcpgdf tufgs difgrg bgmgn nidsikg`tirghgd ngsygrghgt, si`jdffg siwgkgrdyg bjschcdf cmi` pinirjdtg`. \irgd bgd hcdtrjousj OG[DGQ hipgbg ngsygrghgt, h`ususdyg ungt Jsmgn, tjbgh `gdyg bgmgn uhurgd ygdf oirsjegt hugdtjtgtje, titgpj kufg uhurgd ygdf  oirsjegt hugmjtgtje, tirutgng pirgd OG[DGQ bgmgn nidyiogrmugshgd djmgj-djmgj zghgt bjtidfg` ngsygrghgt. Zgjtu djmgj-djmgj hijngdgd bgd hitghwggd hipgbg Gmmg` QVR, itcs hirkg, itjhg hirkg bgmgn nidagrj rizihj ygdf `gmgm bgd ogjh, sirtg djmgj-djmgj zghgt ygdf tirhgjt bidfgd pinogdfudgd hgrghtir ngdusjg (a`grgatir oujmbjdf ) siogfgj jdsgd ygdf `grus ninoirj ngdeggt ogfj sisgng .

9:

[ghgt, jdegh, sibihg` bgd bgdg scsjgm higfgnggd mgjddyg ygdf bj`jnpud OG[DGQ, bjsgmurhgd hipgbg crgdf-crgdf ygdf oir`gh nidirjng (nustg`jh) sisugj hitidtugd sygrjgt Jsmgn. \idygmurgd zghgt bjpirudtuhhgd udtuh 0 (bimgpgd) gsdge, ygjtu eghjr, njshjd, gnjmjd, nugmmge, f`grjnjd, rjqgo, ejsgojmjmmg` bgd jodu sgojm. \idygmurgd bgdg ungt ygdf bjhimcmg cmi` OG[DGQ bjmghuhgd bgmgn oidtuh pidbjstrjousjgd (hcdsuntje) bgd pidbgygfudggd (prcbuhtje). Qimgjd nidygdtudj, OG[DGQ nidgdgnhgd singdfgt oirusg`g bgd hingdbjrjgd hipgbg hgun njshjd bgd b`ugeg ygdf ngsj` ojsg oihirkg gfgr tjbgh simgngdyg  oirfgdtudf bgrj bgdg zghgt.1 2.?

Gdgmjsjs bgd @gsjm \inog`gsgd

2.?.7

Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh bgd QVCR 2 Hugbrgd.

2.?.7.7 Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh

Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ninjmjhj hihugtgd, pimugdf, himing`gd bgd gdagngd ygdf bjrunushgd bgmgn Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh, yghdj siogfgj  oirjhut; Rgoim 2.? Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg HIHYGRGD OG[DGQ siogfgj pidfimcmg risnj. Njtrg pidyimidffgrg pidyimidffgrg  pinirjdtg`. Qjstin jdecrngsj ygdf nidudkgdf. Bjbuhudf cmi` pirgturgd  pirudbgdfgd.  pirudbgdfgd. Buhudfgd pinirjdtg`. HIMING@GD _idbg`dyg hisgbgrgd ungt bgmgn nidudgjhgd [JQ nimgmuj Ogzdgs Hctg 

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\IMYGDF \ctidsj Nuzghhj _ifumgsj ygdf nidbuhudf. Runou`dyg hisgbgrgd ngsygrghgt bgmgn nidudgjhgd [JQ. Runou`dyg ngkimjs tg‚mjn   

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1

 jojb

GDAGNGD _idbg`dyg hipiragyggd ngsygrghgt tir`gbgp minogfg  pinirjdtg`. 

5<







Zcfyghgrtg. Oimun ninjmjhj sgrgdg bgd  prgsgrgdg ygdf ningbgj. ningbgj. Rjdfhgt hisikg`tirggd gnjm ridbg`. Oimun ninjmjhj prcfrgn udffumgd.

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Hioirgbggd minogfg pidfimcmg [JQ bj mugr Ogzdgs. Njdjndyg hipibumjgd ngsygrghgt bgmgn nidkgmgdhgd sygrj‚gt gfgng h`ususdyg pidudgjgd [JQ.

Qunoir; Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg Gdgmjsjs QVCR bjgtgs hinubjgd bjhcnojdgsjhgd gfgr tirajptg strgtifj  pirtunou`gd minogfg ogjh jdtirdgm bgd ihstirdgm. Gbgpud `gsjm Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh tirtirg bgmgn tgoim bjogwg` jdj; Rgoim 2.1 @gsjm Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg Qtridft`s (Q) Njtrg pidyimidffgrg pidyimidffgrg  pinirjdtg`. Qjstin jdecrngsj ygdf nidudkgdf. Bjbuhudf cmi` pirgturgd  pirudbgdfgd.  pirudbgdfgd. Buhudfgd pinirjdtg`.

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Vighdissis (V) _idbg`dyg hisgbgrgd ungt bgmgn nidudgjhgd [JQ nimgmuj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. Oimun ninjmjhj sgrgdg bgd prgsgrgdg ygdf ningbgj. Rjdfhgt hisikg`tirggd hisikg`tirggd gnjm ygdf ridbg`. Oimun ninjmjhj  prcfrgn udffumgd. udffumgd. Qtrgtifj (VC) Nidunou`hgd hisgbgrgd nuzghhj udtuh ninogygr [JQ. Qgrgdg ygdf oimun ningbgj sifirg bjtjdbgh mgdkutj gfgr tirajptg sgrgdg ygdf mioj` ogjh. Ninoirj pimgtj`gd h`usus ogfj gnjm fudg tiragpgjdyg t iragpgjdyg  prcfrgn udffumgd udffumgd

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Cppcrtudjtjis (C) \ctidsj nuzghj _ifumgsj ygdf nidbuhudf. Runou`dyg hisgbgrgd ngsygrghgt bgmgn nidudgjhgd [JQ. Runou`dyg ngkimjs tg‚mjn.

Qtrgtifj (QC) \idfimcmg risnj ningdeggthgd pctidsj nuzghj bgd pirtunou`gd himgs nididfg`. Ningdeggthgd buhudfgd  pinirjdtg`. Buhudfgd ygdf sgdfgt hugt cmi` pinirjdtg` ngnpu nidgrjh njdgt nuzghhj. \irgturgd udbgdfudbgdf ngnpu nidfugthgd bgd nidbuhudf  pirtunou`gd ngkimjs. ngkimjs. 

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57

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R`rigt`s (R) _idbg`dyg hipiragyggd ngsygrghgt tir`gbgp minogfg pinirjdtg`. Hioirgbggd minogfg  pidfimcmg [JQ [JQ bj mugr Ogzdgs. Njdjndyg hipibumjgd ngsygrghgt bgmgn nidkgmgdhgd gfgng h`ususdyg pidudgjgd [JQ.

Qtrgtifj (QR) Ogzdgs `grus mioj` trgdspgrgd fudg nidgrjh hipiragyggd ngsygrghgt. Nidfgbghgd Nidfgbghgd hgkjgdhgkjgd bj ngkimjs-ngkimjs ngkimjs-ngkimjs tidtgdf hiutgnggd hiutgnggd ninogygr [JQ. Buhudfgd pinirjdtg` nidkgbj hudaj Ogzdgs siogfgj minogfg [JQ ygdf oiroibg bidfgd minogfg [JQ mgjddyg. 

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Qtrgtifj (VR) Nidfgbghgd scsjgmjsgsj tidtgdf hiudffumgd Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. \rcsis [JQ ygdf `grus trgdspgrgd. Nidgjhgd pctidsj bgd  pristgsj ygdf bjpircmi` Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. \inoirbgyggd gnjm mioj` bjtjdfhgthgd. 

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2.?.7.? Gdgmjsjs QVCR 2 Hugbrgd

7.

Hihugtgd 7) Ogzdgs siogfgj pidfimcmg risnj Zghdj Ogzdgs nirupghgd sugtu minogfg zghgt ygdf bjbjrjhgd  oirbgsgrhgd YY. ?) Njtrg pidyimidffgrg pinirjdtg` \idyimidffgrg pinirjdtg` bgirg` prcvjdsj bgd hgoupgtid/hctg tirbjrj gtgs hipgmg bgirg` bgd B\_B bjogdtu cmi` \irgdfhgt Bgirg`. Bgmgn nidyimidffgrghgd pinirjdtg`gd, pinirjdtg` bgirg` oirpibcngd pgbg gsgs pidyimidffgrggd pinirjdtg` difgrg ygdf tirbjrj gtgs hipgstjgd `uhun, tirtjo pidyimidffgrg difgrg, hipidtjdfgd unun, hitirouhggd, prcpcrsjcdgmjtgs, prceisjcdgmjtgs, ghudtgojmjtgs, iejsjidsj , ieihtjvjtgs, bgd higbjmgd. @gm jdj sidgbg bidfgd gsgs pidfimcmggd Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg, ygjtu Gngdg` \rceisjcdgm bgd Rrgdspgrgd. 1) Qjstin jdecrngsj ygdf nidudkgdf.

5?

\irsgjdfgd ygdf hitgt bj irg ncbird nidudtut sugtu pirusg`ggd gtgupud minogfg-minogfg pinirjdtg`gd bgd minogfg swgstg udtuh bgpgt ninjmj` strgtifj ygdf tirogjh gfgr tukugd pirusg`ggd gtgu minogfg bgpgt tiragpgj bgd himgdfsudfgd pirusg`ggd bgpgt  oirkgmgd bidfgd ogjh. Ogdygh gmtirdgtje strgtifj ygdf eudfsjdyg siogfgj pidudkgdf hiudffumgd strgtifjs sgmg` sgtudyg ygjtu sjstin jdecrngsj. \gbg tjdfhgt ngdgkirjgm ygdf mioj` tjdffj, ygjtu tjdfhgt  piridagdggd strgtifjs, sjstin jdecrngsj bgpgt bjfudghgd udtuh nidfuog` grg` sioug` pirusg`ggd bgmgn nidbgpgthgd hiudffumgd strgtifjsdyg. Qjstin jdecrngsj ninjmjhj pirgd ygdf sgdfgt pidtjdf bgmgn sioug` crfgdjsgsj. Nidurut C‚Or jid jid (?<<:), sjstin jdecrngsj ninjmjhj  pirgd bgmgn nidudkgdfd hifjgtgd ojsdjs cpirgsjcdgm, nidudkgdf ngdgkinid

bgmgn

pidfgnojmgd

hiputusgd,

bgd

nidudkgdf

hiudffumgd strgtifj hcnpititje crfgdjsgsj. Nidurut _coirt G. Mijta`bgmgn Gfudfsr.stgee.fudgbgrng.ga.jb 8 sjstin jdecrngsj gbgmg`

sugtu

ninpirtinuhgd

sjstin

bj

bgmgn

hioutu`gd

sugtu

pidfcmg`gd

crfgdjsgsj trgdsghsj

ygdf `grjgd,

nidbuhudf cpirgsj, oirsjegt ngdgkirjgm bgd hifjgtgd strgtifj bgrj sugtu crfgdjsgsj bgd nidyibjghgd pj`gh mugr tirtidtu bidfgd mgpcrgd-mgpcrgd ygdf bjpirmuhgd. Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ninjmjhj sjstin jdecrngsj ygdf bjoirj dgng QJNOG (Qjstin Jdecrngsj Ogzdgs), Qjnog oireudfsj siogfgj gmgt jdecrngsj ygdf nidygnpgjhgd `gm-`gm tirhgjt hiugdfgd,

51

nuzghhj, nudejq, bmm. Ogzdgs ygdf ninjmjhj sjegt trgdspgrgd ningdf dygtg gbgdyg, `gm jdj ojsg bjpgstjhgd bgmgn Qjnog. 2) Bjbuhudf cmi` pirgturgd pirudbgdfgd. g. Ydbgdf-udbgdf Dc.?1 t` ?<77  o. \irgturgd \inirjdtg` Dc.72 Rg`ud ?<72 a. Jdstruhsj \risjbid _J Dc.1 Rg`ud ?<72 b. \irgturgd Nidtirj Gfgng _J Dc. 9? Rg`ud ?<72 tidtgdf Qygrgt bgd Rgtg Agrg \ir`jtudfgd [ghgt Ngm bgd [ghgt Ejtrg` Qirtg \idbgygfudggd [ghgt Ydtuh Ysg`g \rcbuhtje. i. Ibgrgd Fuoirdur BJZ Dc. 297 Rg`ud ?<<: tidtgdf firghgd [JQ. e. Hiputusgd Vgmjhctg Zcfyghgrtg Dc. 1?1 Rg`ud ?<79 tidtgdf \idfgdfhgtgd

pjnpjdgd

bgd

\imghsgdggd

Ogzdgs

Hctg

Zcfyghgrtg pirjcbi ?<79-?
surgt

ibgrgd

ygdf

oirgsgm

bgrj

Fuoirdur/hisumtgdgd bgd wgmjhctg, si`jdffg bgsgr ygdf bjpghgj

52

bgmgn pidt`gsygruegd [JQ jdj kimgs bgd pgrg Nuzghhj ygdf  oirgsgm bgrj \DQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg pgtu` ghgd pirjdtg`  pinirjdtg` pusgt BJZ tirsiout. Qurgt ibgrgd ygdf bjhimugrhgd cmi` Fuoirdur/hisumtgdgd BJZ bgd Vgmjhctg Zcfyghgrtg ygdf bjtukuhgd hipgbg pgrg \DQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg udtuh ninogygrhgd [JQ jdj mg` ygdf nidkgbj  pidfugt pidt`gsygruegd [JQ Ogzdgs Hctg Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. 9) Buhudfgd pinirjdtg`. Buhudfgd pinirjdtg` bjsjdj simgjd YY ygjtu pirgd pinirjdtg` hctg Zcfyghgrtg bgmgn ninogygrhgd [JQ bj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ?.

Himing`gd 7) _idbg`dyg hisgbgrgd ungt bgmgn nidudgjhgd [JQ nimgmuj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. Ogdygh ngsygrghgt ygdf ninjmjhj pirihcdcnjgd bjgtgs stgdbgr hinjshjdgd ygdf ngsj` idffgd nidygmurhgd zghgtdyg bj Minogfg Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg, nidurut Qj G, nidygmurhgd mgdfsudf hipgbg titgdffg ygdf ninoutu`hgd kgu` mioj` nubg` bgd tjbgh sumjt. ?) Oimun ninjmjhj sgrgdg bgd prgsgrgdg ygdf ningbgj. Gbgpud sgrgdg prgsgrgdg ygdf gbg sgdfgt sibir`gdg, bgd rugdf hgdtcrpud bjrgsg sgdfgt sinpjt. Ghgd titgpj, sijrjdf oirkgmgddyg wghtu, sgrgdg prgsgrgdg singhjd ninogjh, `gm jdj bgpgt bjmj`gt  og`wg Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg subg` ninjmjhj ncojm h`usus bgd ninjmjhj usg`g ectc acpy.

59

1) Rjdfhgt hisikg`tirggd gnjm ygdf ridbg`. Oimun ninjmjhj prcfrgn udffumgd. Hisikg`tirggd gnjm ningdf sgdfgt hurgdf. Qgmg` sgtudyg ygjtu tidgfg gnjm ygdf sgdfgt sibjhjt. Gmtirdgtje mgjddyg yghdj bidfgd nirihrut rimgwgd. 1.

\imugdf 7) \ctidsj nuzghhj Nuzghhj ygdf sgdfgt oirpidfgru` yghdj nuzghhj ygdf oirgsgm bgrj hgmgdfgd \DQ si-Hctg Zcfyghgrtg, bjngdg \DQ nusmjn jdj bjtudtut udtuh ninogygr [JQ bidfgd sjstin pctcdf fgkj hgrygwgd. ?) _ifumgsj ygdf nidbuhudf Gbgpud

rifumgsj

ygdf

nidbuhudf

ygjtu;

YY,

\irgturgd

\inirjdtg`, Egtwg NYJ, bmm. 1) Runou`dyg hisgbgrgd ngsygrghgt nidudgjhgd [JQ. Qgmg` sgtu pidyiogo tunou`dyg hisgbgrgd ngsygrghgt bgmgn nidudgjhgd [JQ ygjtu hgridg gbgdyg pidfgru` bgrj ngkimjs tg‚mjn bgd scsjgmjsgsj zghgt. 2) Runou`dyg ngkimjs tg‚mjn. Ngkimjs tg‚mjn nirupghgd sgmg` sgtu nibjg oirscsjgmjsgsj ygdf scmutje. Bidfgd gbgdyg ngkimjs tg‚mjn, ngsygrghgt nusmjn ghgd tirfufg` bidfgd pgdffjmgd scsjgmdyg. Qinghjd ning`gnj ghgd jdbg`dyg gkgrgd gfgng, nghg jg ninjmjhj hihugtgd `gtj udtuh simgmu nidfirkghgd `gm-`gm ygdf ogjh. Rirutgng bgmgn nidudgjhgd ruhud Jngd ygdf hi 2.

55

2.

Gdagngd 7) _idbg`dyg hipiragyggd ngsygrghgt tir`gbgp minogfg pinirjdtg`. @gm jdj bjtuturhgd cmi` sgmg` sicrgdf dgsgog`, og`wg tirhgjt rifjstrgsj pinirjdtg`gd bjgdffgp oiroimjt-oimjt bgd nidyusg`hgd. ?) Hioirgbggd minogfg pidfimcmg [JQ bjmugr Ogzdgs. Qimgjd

ninogdtu

bgd

pirmugsgd

pinoirbgyggd

ihcdcnj

ngsygrghgt cmi` minogfg zghgt, hioirgbggd minogfg pidfimcmg [JQ ygdf singhjd ogdygh ninougt gdagngd tirsidbjrj pgbg minogfg ygdf mgjd pumg. 1) Njdjndyg hipibumjgd ngsygrghgt bgmgn nidkgmgdhgd gfgng h`ususdyg pidudgjgd [JQ. @gm jdj bgpgt bjmj`gt bgrj mjdfhudfgd sihjtgr, hgridg mjdfhudfgd ngnpu ninpidfgru`j kjwg scsjgm bgd higfgnggd. Rgoim 2.2  Djmgj Rctgm Rirtjnogdf OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg Zcfyghgrtg Hgtifcrj Ugrjgoim bgd Jdbjhgtcr Hihugtgd Minogfg Ogzdgs siogfgj pidfimcmg risnj Njtrg pidyimidffgrg pinirjdtg` Qjstin jdecrngsj ygdf nidudkgdf Bjbuhudf cmi` pirgturgd pirudbgdfgd Buhudfgd pinirjdtg` Hctg Zcfyghgrtg RCRGM Himing`gd Minogfg _idbg`dyg hisgbgrgd unngt bgmgn nidudgjhgd [JQ nimgmuj Ogzdgs. Oimun ninjmjhj sgrgdg bgd prgsgrgdg ygdf ningbgj

Rjdfhgt hisikg`tirggd gnjm ygdf ridbg` Oimun ninjmjhj prcfrgn udffumgd

Ococt Djmgj

Djmgj Rirtjnogdf

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2 1 ? 2 1

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56

RCRGM

1,5

\imugdf Minogfg \ctidsj nuzghhj _ifumgsj ygdf nidbuhudf. Runou`dyg hisgbgrgd ngsygrghgt bgmgn nidudgjhgd [JQ. Runou`dyg ngkimjs tg'mjn RCRGM Gdagngd _idbg`dyg hipiragyggd ngsygrghgt tir`gbgp minogfg pinirjdtg` Hioirgbggd minogfg pidfimcmg [JQ bj mugr Ogzdgs. Njdjndyg hipibumjgd ngsygrghgt bgmgn nidkgmgdhgd gfgng h`ususdyg  pidudgjgd [JQ. RCRGM Qunoir; Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg

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2

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9

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<,1<

2

7,? 2,2

Oirbgsgrhgd `gsjm gdgmjsjs mjdfhudfgd jdtirdgm bgd ihstirdgm timg` bjbgpgthgd `gsjm tctgm eghtcr jdtirdgm hihugtgd sioisgr 1,0 himing`gd sioisgr 1,5. Bgd eghtcr ihstirdgm pimugdf sioisgr 2 bgd gdagngd sioisgr 2,2. Rgoim. 2.9 Qimjsj` Djmgj Rirtjnogdf Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg  Djmgj tirtjnogdf hihugtgd Ogzdgs Hctg

1,0

Zcfyghgrtg  Djmgj tirtjnogdf himing`gd Ogzdgs Hctg

1,5

Zcfyghgrtg Qimjsj` pcsjtje

<,?

 Djmgj tirtjnogdf pimugdf Ogzdgs Hctg

2

Zcfyghgrtg

50

 Djmgj tirtjnogdf gdagngd Ogzdgs Hctg

2,2

Zcfyghgrtg Qimjsj` Difgtje

-<,2

Bgrj gdgmsjsjs bjgtgs bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg pcsjsj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg tirmitgh pgbg hugbrgd JJ ygjtu bjvirsjejhgsj, yghdj pircmi`gd djmgj tirtjnogdf hihugtgd mioj` oisgr bgrjpgbg djmgj tirtjnogdf pimugdf bidfgd simjsj` pcsjtje <,? ygjtu hihugtgd sioisgr 1,0 bgd pimugdf sioisgr 1,5. Bgd bjsggt ygdf sgng djmgj tirtjnogdf gdagngd mioj` oisgr bjogdbjdfhgd djmgj tirtjnogdf pimugdf bidfgd simjsj` difgtje -<,2 ygjtu gdagngd sioisgr 2,2 bgd pimugdf 2. Fgnogr 2.7 \csjsj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg bgmgn ngtrjhs QVCR-2H  \imugdf

Qtgojmjsgsj

\irtunou`gd

himing`gd

hihugtgd

Oirtg`gd @jbup

Bjvirsjejhgsj

Gdagngd

5:

2.?.7.1 \inog`gsgd \inog`gsgd Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh bgd QVCR 2 Hugbrgd

7. Ogfgjngdg gdgmjsjs strgtifj pinoirbgyggd ygdf bjmghuhgd Ogzdgs bgmgn pidjdfhgtgd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt3 \idirgpgd strgtifj bjmghuhgd oirbgsgrhgd `gsjm gdgmjsjs mjdfhudfgd ihstirdgm bgd jdtirdgm minogfg bidfgd nidffudghgd gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh bgd QVCR 2 Hugbrgd.@gsjm QVCR Hmgsjh nidudkuhhgd  og`wg; Qtrgtifj (QC) gbgmg` siogfgj oirjhut;

g. \idfimcmg risnj ningdeggthgd pctidsj nuzghhj bgd pirtunou`gd himgs nididfg`.  o. Ningdeggthgd buhudfgd pinirjdtg` ogjh oirupg \irudbgdfudbgdfgd ngupud surgt ibgrgd cmi` pinirjdtg`. a. Nidkgmgdhgd

bidfgd

ogjh

udbgdf-udbgdf

gfgr

ngnpu

nidfugthgd bgd nidbuhudf pirtunou`gd ngkimjs. Qtrgtifj (VC) ;

g.

Nidunou`hgd hisgbgrgd nuzghhj udtuh ninogygr [JQ.

 o.

Nimidfhgpj sgrgdg bgd prgsgrgdg.

a.

Ninoirj pimgtj`gd h`usus ogfj gnjm fudg tiragpgjdyg prcfrgn udffumgd. Qtrgtifj (QR);

g.

Ogzdgs `grus mioj` trgdspgrgd fudg nidkgfg hipiragyggd ngsygrghgt.

 o.

Nidfgbghgd hgkjgd gtgu scsjgmjsgsj bj ngkimjs tg‚mjn tidtgdf hiutgnggd ninogygr [JQ.

6<

a.

Buhudfgd pinirjdtg` nidkgbj hudaj Ogzdgs siogfgj minogfg [JQ ygdf oiroibg bidfgd minogfg [JQ mgjddyg. Qtrgtifj (VR);

g.

Nidfgbghgd scsjgmjsgsj gtgu pidfidgmgd tidtgdf Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg.

 o.

\rcsis [JQ ygdf `grus titgp trgdspgrgd.

a.

Nidgjhgd pctidsj bgd pristgsj ygdf bjpircmi` Ogzdgs.

b.

\inoirbgyggd gnjm mioj` bjtjdfhgdhgd. Bgrj gdgmjsjs QVCR Hmgsjh bjgtgs bgpgt bjgnojm hisjnpumgd og`wg

Minogfg OG[DGQ Hctg Zcfyghgrtg pirmu nidfgbghgd scsjgmjsgsj gtgu pidfidgmgd minogfg hipgbg ngsygrghgt, bgd ningdeggthgd buhudfgd ngsygrghgt. Gdgmjsjs QVCR Hugbrgd oirupg ococt bgd djmgj ygdf bjpircmi` bgrj ngdgkir/stgee Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ygdf nidaghup hihugtgd, himing`gd,

pimugdf

bgd

gdagngd,

ygjtu

nidf`gsjmhgd

djmgj

tirtjnogdf hihugtgd hihugtgd sioisgr 1,0, himing`gd sioisgr 1,5, pimugdf 2 bgd gdagngd sioisgr 2,2. Bidfgd hgtg mgjd, Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg ninjmjhj hihugtgd ygdf mioj` oisgr bgrjpgbg himing`gd, bgd bjsggt ygdf sgng pumg gdagngd Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg mioj` oisgr bjogdbjdfhgd pimugdfdyg. Cmi` hgridg jtu, strgtifj ygdf pirmu bjtirgphgd bj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg gbgmg` strgtifj bjsirtjvjhgsj ogjh bjvirsjvjhgsj hcdsidtrjh ngupud hcdfmcnirgsj. Minogfg sisudffu`dyg ninjmjhj hiudffumgd  oirsgjdf ygdf ningbgj, ghgd titgpj gdagngd minogfg mgjd mioj`

67

 ogdygh. Cmi` hgridg jtu, minogfg pirmu nimghuhgd tircocsgd bidfgd hiudffumgd ygdf bjnjmjhj udtuh ningsuhj irg ogru bidfgd strgtifj mgng ngupud strgtifj ogru. Minogfg tjbgh pirmu rgfu-rgfu udtuh nidjdffgmhgd strgtifj mgng, hgridg `gdyg nidyjsghgd sibjhjt  pimugdf, og`hgd kustru nidyibjghgd nidyibjghgd gdagngd.

2.?.?

@gsjm Gdgmjsjs Ykj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist

2.?.?.7 Gdgmjsjs Bishrjptje Bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj, pcpumgsj ygdf nidkgbj sgnpim gtgu coyih  pidimjtjgd

gbgmg`

770

nustg`jh

pidirjng

ogdtugd

prcfrgn

 pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt cmi` Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. Kunmg` sgnpim bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj ygjtu sioisgr 99 sgnpim nustg`jh ygdf bj`jtudf bidfgd nidffudghgd nitcbi rgdbcn sgnpmjdf . \gbg sggt hujsjcdir bjogfjhgd simuru` nustg`jh nidyirg`hgd sinug hujsjcdirdyg, si`jdffg bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj sinpurdg 99 rispcdbid ygdf bjkgbjhgd cokih bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj. Bjogwg` jdj nirupghgd urgjgd bgrj prcejm rispcdbid. 7. Gsgm Himcnpch Oirbgsgrhgd `gsjm pidimjtjgd ygdf bjmghuhgd, bgrj 5 himcnpch tirbjstrjousj pgbg simuru` himcnpch, yghdj himcnpch ; \G@, \GJE, BJEGOIM,

OH\_NJ,

Ystgbz

R\G,

bgd

Nugmge.

Rgoim

2.5

nidudkuhhgd bjstrjousj erihuidsj himcnpch ygdf nidkgbj sgnpim bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj.

6?

Rgoim 2.5 Rgoim Himcnpch Nustg`jh Himcnpch Nugmge Bjegoim \G@ \GJE OH\_NJ Ystgbz Rpg Kgngg` RCRGM

Erihuidsj 79 71 5 9 1 : 2 99

\rcsidtgsi (%) ?6% ?29 77% :% 9% 75% 6% 7<<%

Bgrj tgoim bjgtgs bgpgt bjmj`gt og`wg gsgm nustg`jh tirogdygh bgrj himcnpch Nugmge, ygjtu sioisgr 79 rispcdbid (?6%) nidudkuhhgd bgd kunmg` pgmjdf sibjhjt ygjtu bgrj himcnpch OH\_NJ ygjtu sioisgr 1 rispcdbid (9%). ?. Kidjs himgnjd Bgrj `gsjm pidfunpumgd hujsjcdir siogdygh 99 rispcdbid, bjstrjousj erihuidsj kidjs himgnjd bjtudkuhhgd pgbg Rgoim 2.6.

Kidjs Himgnjd Mghj-mghj \irinpugd RCRGM

Rgoim 2.6 Rgoim Kidjs Himgnjd Erihuidsj \rcsidtgsi (%) ?6 2:% ?0 97% 99 7<<%

Rgoim bjgtgs nidudkuhhgd `gsjm rispcdbid bidfgd kidjs himgnjd tirogdygh bgrj \irinpugd, ghgd titgpj piroibggd gdtgrg rispcdbid mghj-mghj bidfgd rispcdbid pirinpugd tjbgh kgu` oiroibg, yghdj `gdyg simjsj` 7. Gbgpgud pirinpugd siogdygh ?0 rispcdbid (97%) bgd mghj-mghj 96 rispcdbid (2:%).

61

1. Ynur Bjstrjousj rispcdbid nidurut unur bjogfj bgmgn hmgrjejhgsj bidfgd rgdfi 9 (mjng) sipirtj bjtudkuhhgd Rgoim 2.0 bidfgd rgtg-rgtg rispcdbid gbgmg` 4>9< tg`ud.

Ynur ?9-?: 1<-12 19-1: 2<-22 29-2: 4>9< RCRGM

Rgoim 2.0 Rgoim Ynur _ispcdbid Erihuidsj \rcsidtgsi (%) ? 1,5% 7? ??% 0 79% 77 ?<% 0 79% 72 ?9% 99 7<<%

Oirbgsgrhgd tgoim bjgtgs, rispcdbid oirbgsgrhgd unur bjogfj nidkgbj 5 hgtifcrj, bjngdg rispcdbid ygdf ninjmjhj unur ?9-?: siogdygh ? crgdf (1,5%), 1<-12 siogdygh 7? crgdf (??%), 19-1: siogdygh 0 crgdf (79%), 2<-22 siogdygh 77 crgdf (?<%), 29-2: siogdygh 0 crgdf (79%), bgd 4>9< siogdygh 72 crgdf (?9%). _ispcdbid bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj bjbcnjdgsj cmi` rispcdbid ygdf  oirunur mioj` bgrj 9< tg`ud. @gm jdj oirgrtj nustg`jh pidirjng  ogdtugd ningdf oirgsgm bgrj hgmgdfgd crgdf tug ygdf pgtut bjoirbgyghgd hisikg`tirggddyg. 9. \idbjbjhgd Rirgh`jr Oirbgsgrhgd tjdfhgt pidbjbjhgd tirgh`jr, Rgoim 2.: nidudkuhhgd bjstrjousj erihuidsj tjdfhgt pidbjbjhgd bgrj rispcdbid.

62

Rgoim 2.: Rgoim \idbjbjhgd Rirgh`jr \idbjbjhgd Rirgh`jr QB QN\ QNG \irfurugd Rjdffj Mgjd-mgjd RCRGM

Erihuidsj 5 6 ?1 76 ? 99

\rcsidtgsi (%) 77% 71% 2?% 17% 2% 7<<%

Bgrj tgoim bjgtgs prcejm nustg`jh oirbgsgrhgd tjdfhgt pidbjbjhgd bjogfj nidkgbj 9 hgtifcrj, bjngdg rispcdbid ygdf ninjmjhj tjdfhgt  pidbjbjhgd QB siogdygh 5 crgdf (77%), QN\ siogdygh 6 crgdf (71%), QNG siogdygh ?1 crgdf (2?%), \irfurugd Rjdffj siogdygh 76 crgdf (17%), bgd mgjd mgjd siogdygh ? crgdf (2%). _ispcdbid bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj bjbcnjdgsj cmi` rispcdbid ygdf tjdfhgt  pidbjbjhgd tirgh`jrdyg QNG. @gm jdj nidudkuhhgd og`wg pgrg nustg`jh oirgsgm bgrj tjdfhgt pidbjbjhgd ygdf ridbg`. 5. Kidjs Ysg`g Oirbgsgrhgd kidjs usg`g ygdf bjnjmjhj cmi` gdffctg himcnpch  pidirjng

ogdtugd

prcfrgn

pinoirbgyggd

ihcdcnj

ngsygrghgt bjtudkuhhgd pgbg Rgoim 2.7<. Rgoim 2.7< Rgoim Kidjs Ysg`g Kidjs Ysg`g Kgkgdgd \gsgr Bgfgdf bgd \jkgt Vgrudf Himcdtcdf Vgrudf Nghgd Mcudbry

Erihuidsj 6 : 7< 2 ?

\rcsidtgsi 71% 75% 70% 6% 2%

prcbuhtje

69

Gdfhrjdfgd \idkg`jt Bipct Gjr Njdun Qusu Nurdj \idkugm Hgcs Fgs M\F Grgdf Ognoc Ghtje \itirdgh Hgnojdf Agtirjdf Oidsjd Iair Bgfjdf Gygn \inougt Ngjdgd Ectc Acpy Kugm \umsg \inogmut Gvgjm Mis \rjvgti \ibgfgdf Qgdbgm Rctgm

? 1 ? 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 7 7 7 99

2% 9% 2% ?% ?% ?% ?% ?% ?% ?% ?% ?% ?% 9% ?% ?% ?% 7<<%

Bgrj tgoim bjgtgs bgpgt bjhitg`uj og`wg kidjs usg`g rispcdbid nustg`jh bgmgn pidimjtjgd jdj ygjtu usg`g njhrc. Gbgpud ngycrjtgs usg`g ygdf bjtihudj pgrg nustg`jh ygjtu usg`g wgrudf himcdtcdf siogdygh 7< crgdf (70%), bgfgdf bgd pjkgt siogdygh : crgdf (75%),  kgkgdgd pgsgr 6 crgdf (71%), wgrudf nghgd 2 crgdf (6%), bgd mgjdmgjd. @gm jdj nidudkuhhgd og`wg rispcdbid bgpgt ningdeggthgd  ogdtugd [JQ bidfgd siogjh-ogjhdyg yghdj udtuh himgdagrgd usg`g. 2.?.?.? Gdgmjsjs Bgtg Ydtuh nidfitg`uj bgnpgh bgrj gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt tir`gbgp pidbgpgtgd bgd ncbgm bjfudghgd ukj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist. @gsjm ukj Vjmacxcd  Vjmacxcd  gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn bjtudkuhhgd pgbg tgoim oirjhut jdj.

65

Rgoim 2.77

 D \idbgpgtgdQioimun \idbgpgtgdQisubg`

Bisarjptjvi Qtgtjstjas Nigd Qtb. Bivjgtjcd

Njd

Ngx

99

77926?6,?6 77926?6 ,?6

77:2<<1,177

7<<<<< 96<<<<<

99

7905<:<,:7

721521<,<7 0 721521<,<70

0<<<< 69<<<<<

Bgrj bgtg bjgtgs, bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg pidbgpgtgd nustg`jh nidfgmgnj pidjdfhgtgd sitimg` gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt nimgmuj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. Bjngdg nigd gtgu rgtg-rgtg djmgj pidbgpgtgd sisubg` pinoirbgyggd sioisgr 7905<:<,:7

mioj`

oisgr

bgrjpgbg

djmgj

pidbgpgtgd

sioimun

 pinoirbgyggd sioisgr 77926?6,?6. Rgoim 2.7? _gdhs  D  Difgtjvi _gdhs \idbgpgtgdQisubg` \csjtjvi \csjtjvi _gdhs \idbgpgtgdQioimun Rjis Rctgm g. \idbgpgtgdQisubg` = \idbgpgtgdQioimun  o. \idbgpgtgdQisubg` 4 \idbgpgtgdQioimun \idbgpgtgdQioimun a. \idbgpgtgdQisubg` > \idbgpgtgdQioimun Qunoir; Bgtg bjcmg` JON Q\QQ ?7

1g 9?
Nigd _gdh ?<,11

Qun ce _gdhs 57,<<

?0,22

726:,<< 726:,<<

Bgrj bgtg bjgtgs bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg pidbgpgtgd sisubg` gbgdyg pinoirbgyggd ninjmjhj djmgj  pcsjtjvi rgdhs ygdf oirgrtj djmgj  pidbgpgtgd sisubg` gbgdyg pinoirbgyggd mioj` tjdffj bgrj djmgj  pidbgpgtgd sioimun gbgdyg pinoirbgyggd (pidbgpgtgd sitimg` 4  pidbgpgtgd sioimun gtgu Qun Ce _gdhs 726:,<< _gdhs 726:,<< 4 57,<<).

66

Rgoim 2.71 Rist Qtgtjstjasg \idbgpgtgdQisubg` \idbgpgtgdQioimun [

-9,:9 -9, :9< < ,<<<

Gsynp. Qjf. (?-tgjmib) g. Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdhs Rist  o. Ogsib cd difgtjvi rgdhs.

Oirbgsgrhgd tgoim bjgtgs bgpgt bjhitg`uj djmgj [ ygdf bjbgpgt sioisgr -9.:9< bidfgd p vgmui ( Gsynp. Qjf ? tgjmib ) sioisgr <,<<<. Hgridg sjf pgbg pidbgpgtgd =<,<9 nghg bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg @g bjtirjng, ygdf grtjdyg rgtg-rgtg pidbgpgtgd sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg

prcfrgn

pinoirbgyggd

ihcdcnj

ngsygrghgt

tirbgpgt

 piroibgggd. Bidfgd binjhjgd bgpgt bjhgtghgd og`wg ogdtugd [JQ bgpgt ninpidfgru`j tjdfhgt pidbgpgtgd nustg`jh. Hisjnpumgd bgmgn `jpctisjs jdj gbgmg` ogdtugd [JQ oirpidfgru` sjfdjejhgd gtgs piruog`gd pidbgpgtgd nustg`jh sioimun bgd sisubg`  ogdtugd [JQ. Rgoim 2.72 Bisarjptjvi Qtgtjstjas  D

NcbgmQioimun NcbgmQisubg`

Nigd

Qtb. Bivjgtjcd

Njdjnu Ngxjnun n

99 766:<:<,:7 ?119<9?,690

7<<<<< 7?<<<<<<

99 290:2:9,29 ?:0195?,910

7<<<<<< 76<<<<<<

Bgrj bgtg bjgtgs, bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg ncbgm nustg`jh nidfgmgnj pidjdfhgtgd sitimg` gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd

60

ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt nimgmuj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. Bjngdg nigd gtgu rgtg-rgtg djmgj ncbgm sisubg` pinoirbgyggd sioisgr 290:2:9,29 mioj` oisgr bgrjpgbg djmgj ncbgm sioimun pinoirbgyggd sioisgr 766:<:<,:7. Rgoim 2.79 _gdhs  D  Difgtjvi _gdhs NcbgmQisubg` \csjtjvi \csjtjvi _gdhs NcbgmQioimun Rjis Rctgm g. NcbgmQisubg` = NcbgmQioimun  o. NcbgmQisubg` 4 NcbgmQioimun a. NcbgmQisubg` > NcbgmQioimun


Nigd _gdh ,<<

Qun ce _gdhs ,<<

?6,9<

7209,<< 7209,<<

Qunoir; Bgtg bjcmg` JON Q\QQ ?7 Bgrj bgtg bjgtgs bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg ncbgm sisubg` gbgdyg  pinoirbgyggd ninjmjhj djmgj  pcsjtjvi rgdhs ygdf oirgrtj djmgj ncbgm sisubg` gbgdyg pinoirbgyggd mioj` tjdffj bgrj djmgj ncbgm sioimun gbgdyg pinoirbgyggd (ncbgm sitimg` 4 ncbgm sioimun gtgu  sun ce rgdhs 7209,<< rgdhs 7209,<< 4 <,<<). Rgoim 2.75 Rist Qtgtjstjasg NcbgmQisubg` NcbgmQioimun

[ Gsynp. Qjf. (?-tgjmib) g. Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdhs Rist  o. Ogsib cd difgtjvi rgdhs.

-5,2< -5, 2<6 6 ,<<<

6:

Bgrj tgoim bjgtgs bgpgt bjmj`gt og`wg djmgj [ ygdf bjbgpgt sioisgr 5,2<6 bidfgd p vgmui (Gsynp. Qjf ? tgjmib) sioisgr <,<<<. Hgridg djmgj sjf ncbgm =<,<9 nghg bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg @g bjtirjng, ygdf grtjdyg rgtg-rgtg ncbgm sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn  pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt tirbgpgt piroibggd. Bidfgd binjhjgd bgpgt bjdygtghgd og`wg ogdtugd [JQ ngnpu ninpidfgru`j tjdfhgt ncbgm nustg`jh Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. Hisjnpumgd bgrj pidfukjgd `jpctisjs jdj gbgmg` ogdtugd [JQ  oirpidfgru` sjfdjejhgd tir`gbgp tjdfhgt ncbgm nustg`jh pidirjng  ogdtugd [JQ.

2.?.?.1 \inog`gsgd \inog`gsgd @gsjm \idimjtjgd Ykj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist

7. Gpghg` gbg piroibggd pidbgpgtgd gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt3 @jpctisjs  pidbgpgtgd

pirtgng gdtgrg

nidygtghgd sioimun

bgd

og`wg sisubg`

tirbgpgt gbgdyg

piroibggd prcfrgn

 pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt. @gm jdj bjouhtjhgd bidfgd `gsjm  pidimjtjgd nidudkuhhgd djmgj [ gbgmg`  ‑ 9,:9< 9,:9< bidfgd sjf <,<<<. Hgridg sjf pgbg pidbgpgtgd =<,<9 nghg bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg @g bjtirjng, ygdf grtjdyg rgtg-rgtg pidbgpgtgd sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn ogdtugd [JQ tirbgpgt piroibggd. Bidfgd binjhjgd bgpgt bjdygtghgd og`wg pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt bgpgt ninpidfgru`j piruog`gd pidbgpgtgd nustg`jh bj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg.

0<

@gsjm pidimjtjgd jdj bjbuhudf ticrj Quncbjdjdfrgt (7:::) og`wg  pinirgtggd pidbgpgtgd ygdf bjtgdbgj cmi` pidjdfhgtgd pidbgpgtgd himugrfg njshjd ngnpu ninidu`j hioutu`gd pchch bgd hioutu`gd scsjgmdyg. @gm jdj oirgrtj, prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ngsygrghgt cmi` Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg sgdfgt ninpidfgru`j pidbgpgtgd nustg`jh. @gsjm pidimjtjgd jdj bjbuhudf cmi` pidimjtjgd tirbg`umu cmi` Qgjpubbjd Imngd (?<79), og`wg [JQ ninoirjhgd bgnpgh pcsjtje sjfdjejhgd, og`hgd dgjh 7<% bgrj tg`ud sioimundyg. sio imundyg.

?. Gpghg` gbg piroibggd ncbgm gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg  prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt3 ngsygrghgt3 @jpctisjs hibug nidygtghgd og`wg tirbgpgt piroibggd ncbgm gdtgrg sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt . @gm jdj bjouhtjhgd og`wg djmgj [ ygdf bjbgpgt sioisgr 5,2<6 bidfgd p vgmui (Gsynp. Qjf ? tgjmib) sioisgr <,<<<. Hgridg djmgj sjf ncbgm =<,<9 nghg bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg @g bjtirjng, ygdf grtjdyg rgtg-rgtg ncbgm sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg ogdtugd [JQ tirbgpgt piroibggd. Bidfgd binjhjgd bgpgt bjdygtghgd og`wg  ogdtugd [JQ ngnpu ninpidfgru`j tjdfhgt ncbgm nustg`jh Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg. @gsjm pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt tir`gbgp ncbgm nustg`jh nidfgmgnj

pidjdfhgtgd

si`jdffg

ncbgm

bj`grgphgd

ngnpu

nidjdfhgthgd pidbgpgtgd nustg`jh, `gm jdj sisugj bidfgd pgdbgdfgd Eguzjd (?<77;1<) nidygtghgd og`wg pidbgpgtgd sugtu usg`g

07

tifgdtudf bgrj ncbgm ygdf bjnjmjhj. Kjhg ncbgmdyg oisgr nghg `gsjm  prcbuhsjdyg tjdffj, si`jdffg pidbgpgtgd ygdf bjbgpgt kufg tjdffj. Oifjtu pumg siogmjhdyg kjhg ncbgm hiajm nghg `gsjm prcbuhsj ridbg`, si`jdffg pidbgpgtgd ygdf bjpircmi` kufg ridbg`. @gsjm pidimjtjgd jdj kufg bjbuhudf cmi` pidimjtjgd tirbg`umu cmi` shrjpsj Dur Gbbjdj _g`ng` (?<79), og`wg pidfimcmggd [JQ ninoirjhgd ogdygh ngdeggt tirutgng pgbg ncbgm nustg`jh. Bidfgd

binjhjgd,

pinoirbgyggd

[JQ

nimgmuj

prcfrgn

 pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt cmi` Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg sgdfgt oirpirgd pidtjdf tir`gbgp hioirmgdfsudfgd pirihcdcnjgd nustg`jh.

OGO U \IDYRY\ 9.7

Hisjnpumgd

Oirbgsgrhgd `gsjm pidimjtjgd bgd pinog`gsgd, nghg bgpgt bjtgrjh hisjnpumgd siogfgj oirjhut; 7.

Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg nidbubuhj hugbrgd JJ gtgu bjvirsjejhgsj ygdf  oirgrtj hihugtgd ygdf bjnjmjhj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg mioj` oisgr bjogdbjdfhgd himing`gddyg, bgd pgbg sggt ygdf sgng pumg gdagngd ygdf bj`gbgpj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg mioj` oisgr bjogdbjdfhgd pimugdfdyg.

?.

@gsjm ukj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist \idbgpgtgd nidudkuhhgd og`wg djmgj [ sioisgr -9.:9< bidfgd p vgmui (Gsynp. Qjf ? tgjmib) sioisgr <,<<< = <,<9 nghg bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg @g bjtirjng, ygdf grtjdyg rgtg-rgtg  pidbgpgtgd sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt nimgmuj Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg tirbgpgt piroibggd. Bidfgd binjhjgd nghg ogdtugd [JQ bgpgt ninpidfgru`j tjdfhgt pidbgpgtgd nustg`jh.

1.

@gsjm ukj Vjmacxcd Qjfdib _gdh Rist   ncbgm nidudkuhhgd og`wg djmgj [ sioisgr -5,2<6 bidfgd p vgmui (Gsynp. Qjf ? tgjmib) sioisgr <,<<< = <,<9 nghg bgpgt bjsjnpumhgd og`wg @g bjtirjng, ygdf grtjdyg rgtg-rgtg ncbgm sioimun bgd sisubg` gbgdyg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt tirbgpgt piroibggd. Bidfgd binjhjgd nghg prcfrgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt bgpgt ninpidfgru`j tjdfhgt ncbgm nustg`jh.

0?

01

9.?

7.

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Bgmgn pinoirbgyggd ihcdcnj ngsygrghgt hurgdf ngnpu (nustg`jh) `idbghdyg Ogzdgs nidfiaih ojcbgtg nustg`jh, tukugddyg jgmg` gfgr tjbgh gbg ngdjpumgsj bgtg ygdf bjmghuhgd cmi` nustg`jh. Qimgjd jtu, nustg`jh `idbghdyg ninougt mgpcrgd hiugdfgd (gtgs ugdf ygdf ygdf bjpircmi` bgrj  ogdtugd [JQ).

?.

Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg siagrg hcdsjstid `idbghdyg tirus nidirgphgd sjhgp trgdspgrgd gtgs bgdg [JQ, hgridg hipiragyggd ngsygrghgt sgdfgt bjutgnghgd.

1.

Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyhgrtg `idbghdyg rutjd nidfgbghgd hgkjgd-hgkjgd tidtgdf [JQ ygdf bjsimidffgrghgd bj ngkimjs-ngkimjs fudg pirmugsgd nuzghhj, simgjd jtu kufg siogfgj ouhtj og`wg Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg sgdfgt irgt hihimugrfggddyg tir`gbgp ngsygrghgt.

02

BGERG_ \YQRGHG

Gs-Qjbbjqj, @gsoj,.7:9:. Gr-rjeg‚j, Gr-rjeg‚j, Nu`gnngb Dgsjo. ?<7?.  _jdfhgsgd Rgesjr Jod Hgtsjr.  Hgtsjr.  Kghgrtg; Fing Jdsgdj. Ait.? Ogrjyg`, Cdidf Durum., ?<7?. ”Wugmjty Ngdgfinidt zghgt prjdsjp bgd prghtih  \inoirbgyggd Ihcdcnj„ Ihcdcnj„. Vg`gdg Hgrbceg EGJ YNY. Ogbrjyg`, Mjmj bhh., ?<<9. ” [ghgt bgd Vjrgusg`g„ Vjrgusg`g„. Kghgrtg; AIB. A`cmjsjd. ?<77. \inoirbgyggd ngsygrghgt. Grtjhim. Qmingd; Qtgee \idfgkgr EJQ YDZ. Bgvjb, Erib _, ?<<:. ”Ngdgkinid Qtrgtifjs„,  Qtrgtifjs„,  Kghgrtg; Kghgrtg; Qgminog Inpgt, ouhu 7 ibjsj 7?. F`gzgmj, Jngn. ?<77. ”Gpmjhgsj Gdgmjsjs  Numtjvgrjgti Bidfgd \rcfrgn JON Q\QQ 7:„ 7:„. Ibjsj hi-9. Qingrgdf; Ogbgd \idirojt Bjpcdifcrc. Fjmgrsc, R. 7::?. ” \idfgdtgr Ihcdcnj Ogfjgd Ogfjgd Nghrc„ Nghrc „. Zcfyghgrtg; Hgdjsjus. Eguzjd, Gfus. ?<77. \idfgru` \inojgyggd ONR Rir`gbgp \idjdfhgtgd Hjdirkg  Dgsgog` (Qtubj Hgsus bj ONR Qudgd Hgmjkgfg). Qhrjpsj. Qhrjpsj. Zcfyghgrtg; YJD Qudgd Hgmjkgfg. @gejb`ubbjd, Bjbjd., ?<<:. ”Gfgr @grtg Oirhg` bgd Oirtgnog`„.  Oirtgnog`„.   Kghgrtg;Fing Jdsgdj. , Bjbjd. 7::0.„\gdbugd 7::0. „\gdbugd \rghtjs Ridtgdf [ghgt, Jdegq, Qibihg`„. Kghgrtg; Fing Jdsgdj. @grjgbj, Ognogdf, ?<<1. Qtrgtifj ngdgkinid, Qtrgtifj ninidgdfhgd pirgdf ojsdjs . ojsdjs . Ngmgdf; Ogyunibjg. @jhngt, @grry. ?<<2. ”Qtrgtifj \inoirbgyggd @ungjdjcrg Ytgng \riss, ait. Hi-?.

Ngsygrghgt„.   Ogdbudf; Ngsygrghgt„. 

09

Jdcib, Gnjrubbjd bhh. ?<<9. ”Gdgtcnj Ejq` [ghgt; \ctrit bgd \ing`gngd  Ogbgd Gnjm [ghgt Qungtirg Qungtirg Qimgtgd„.Zcfyghgrtg; Qimgtgd„. Zcfyghgrtg; \ustghg \imgkgr. H`gsgdg`, Ynrgtum„Ngdgkinid Ynrgtum„Ngdgkinid Ngmgdf;?<7<.

[ghgt

Ncbird„,   Ncbird„, 

YJD

Ngmjhj

\riss.

Nga`idbrgwgtj, Dgdj` bgd Gfus G`ngb., ?<<7. ”\idfinogdfgd Ngsygrghgt  Jsmgn Bgrj Jbicmcfj Qgnpgj Rrgbjsj„. Rrgbjsj„. Ogdbudf; _ingkg _csbghgryg. Ngkjb, Gobum.?<
05

Wgrbgwj, Zusue., ?<71. ”Q`gbgqg` (Agrg Jsmgn Nidfidtgshgd Hinjshjdgd)„. Ogdbudf; \R _ingkg _csbghgryg. _g`ng`, Dur Gbbjdj. ?<79. ”\inoirbgyggd Ihcdcnj Yngt Nimgmuj \idygmurgd  [ghgt \rcbuhtje„. \rcbuhtje„. Qhrjpsj. Kghgrtg; YJD QZG@JB. _jgdtc, _jgdtc, Ognogdf. ?<<7. ” Bgsgr-bgsgr \inoimgdkggd \irusg`ggd Ibjsj 2 „. Zcfyghgrtg; O\EI. _jbwgd, Nu`gnngb. ?<<9. ”Ngdgkinid Ogjtum   Nggm Vg Rgnwjm (ONR). Zcfyghgrtg; YJJ \riss. Ait.? _uhnjdtc, Jsogdbj Gbj. ?<<1. ”\inoirbgyggd, \idfinogdfgd Ngsygrghgt bgd  Jdtirvidsj  Jdtirvidsj Hcnudjtgs„. Kghgrtg; Hcnudjtgs„. Kghgrtg; Minogfg \idirojt EI YJ. Ait Hi-7 Qghtj, Gmj. ?<<6. ”Gdgmjsjs Ricrj Jsmgn Kgwgogd gtgs Hihgagugd Ihcdcnj  Ncbird„.  Ncbird„. Kghgrtg; \grgbjfng bgd Gqsg \uomjs`jdf. Qjngrsgd, R`cngs., ?<71. Qjsin pidfidbgmjgd ngdgkinid; hcdsip, gpmjhgsj bgd  pidfuhurgd hjdirkg. Kghgrtg; hjdirkg. Kghgrtg; Jdbihs. Qubjrngd, ?<<6., ”[ghgt Bgmgn \usgrgd Brus Ncbirdjtgs„. Ncbirdjtgs„ . Ngmgdf; YJD Ngmgdf \riss. Qufjcdc, ?<
06

`ttp;//ogzdgs.kcfkghctg.fc.jb/ `ttp;//www.pidbjbjhgdihcdcnj.acn/?<7?/7?/pinoirbgyggd-ihcdcnjngsygrghgt. `tnm `ttp;//www.sngrtojsdjs.ac.jb/ `ttp;//www.stgtjstjhjgd.acn

Grsjp gtgu Bchunid Ogzdgs Hctg Zcfyghgrtg

Mgnpjrgd 7

Qurgt Gm-Jnrcd ; 712

Grtjdyg; (Zgjtu) crgdf-crgdf ygdf nidgehg`hgd (`grtgdyg), ogjh bjwghtu mgpgdf ngupud sinpjt, bgd crgdf-crgdf ygdf nidg`gd gngrg`dyg bgd ninggehg`hgd (hisgmg`gd) crgdf. Gmmg` nidyuhgj crgdf-crgdf ygdf oirougt hiogkjhgd.

J

Mgnpjrgd ? HYJQJCDI_ \IDIMJRJGD  Gssgmgnugmgjhun wr.wo

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Qgmgn,

Wcdj‚gtur _c`ngtjmmg` _c`ngtjmmg`

JJ

\itudkuh \idfjsjgd Hujsjcdir Oirjhut jdj gbgmg` pitudkuh nidfjsj hujsjcdir; 7. Ogagmg` sinug pirtgdyggd bidfgd sihsgng bgd ogjh. ?. Oirjmg` tgdbg (x) gtgu  bgd dcnjdgm pgbg hcmcn ygdf tirsibjg bgmgn nidkgwgo pirtgdyggd. 1. Bgmgn nidkgwgo pirtgdyggd hujsjcdir jdj tjbgh gbg kgwgogd ygdf bjgdffgp sgmg`.

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sioimun

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sitimg`

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