"A ñ o d e l D i á l o g o y l a R e c o n c i l i a c i ó n N a c i o n a l"
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL CENTRO DEL PERÚ
Presentado por :
BERRIOS MORALES, Shirley GUTARRA GARCÍA, Janeth INGARUCA HUAMÁN, Zoranith LOARDO TOVAR, Harold SIESQUEN VILCA, Luis SOTO ZURITA, Lucero
Huancayo – 2018
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
RESUMEN El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó en un bosque tropical del distrito de Iberia, provincia de Tahuamanu, Tahuamanu, en Madre de Dios; Dios; con el objetivo de determinar determinar la estructura tanto horizontal, mediante el IVI, como vertical, identificando los gremios ecológicos; y diversidad de un bosque tropical. La investigación fue aplicada, no experimental, de diseño descriptivo. Se instaló una parcela de 1ha, el cual se dividió a su vez en 10 sub parcelas de 50 x 20 m. Primero, una vez dado el punto inicial, i nicial, se trazó la línea base de 100m y a partir de ella, cada 20m se instalaron jalones de las cuales se trazaban líneas perpendiculares perpendiculares formando formando ángulos ángulos de 90°. Una Una vez delimitadas las áreas, áreas, se recolectaron recolectaron datos de las especies arbóreas con diámetros mayores a 10 cm, identificando sus nombres comunes y tomando DAP, altura total y altura comercial. Los resultados muestran que la especie mas abundante es Schizolobuim amazonicum con 7.94%, la especie más frecuente es Hura es Hura crepitans con crepitans con 7.02% y la especie dominante es Ceiba samauma con samauma con 14.10%, el el mayor IVI es para Hura para Hura crepitans con crepitans con 7.98%. Las especies son en su mayoría esciófitas. Y para la diversidad se obtuvieron los siguientes índices: Shannon: 3.449, Margaleff: 6.28 y el índice de Simpson muestra como resultado 0.02, indicando una alta diversidad. El estudio pretende contribuir al conocimiento de los alumnos para generar planes de manejo sostenible y cuidado a los bosques tropicales mediante el estudio y análisis de sus datos.
samauma , Hura Palabras clave: Bosque Tropical, Schizolobuim amazonicum, Ceiba samauma, crepitans, crepitans, gremios ecológicos.
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
CARÁTULA RESUMEN ÍNDICE I.
INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1.OBJETIVO………………………………………………….………………….7 1.1.OBJETIVO………………………………………………….………………….7
II.
MARCO TEÓRICO 2.1.ANTECEDENTES……………………………………………….…………...8 2.1.ANTECEDENTES……………………………………………….…………...8 2.2.BASES 2.2.BASES TEÓRICAS………………….……………………….………………1 TEÓRICAS………………….……………………….………………155 2.3.MARCO 2.3.MARCO CONCEPTUAL……………… CONCEPTUAL………………….……………………….………...35 ….……………………….………...35
III.
MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 3.1.LUGAR DE EJECUCIÓN…………….………………………………..……38 EJECUC IÓN…………….………………………………..……38 3.2.MATERIALES 3.2.MATERIALES Y EQUIPOS…………….………………………….….……40 3.3.METODOLOGÍA 3.3.METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN…………….…..………… INVESTIGACIÓN…………….…..………….…41 .…41 3.4.PROCEDIMIENTO…………………..…………….………………………...43 3.4.PROCEDIMIENTO…………………..…………….………………………...43
IV. RESULTADOS 4.1.COMPOSICION 4.1.COMPOSICION FLORISTICA…………………………...…………… FLORISTICA…………………………...…………………46 ……46 4.2.ESTRUCTURA HORIZONTAL…………….……………………….………50 4.3.ESTRUCTIURA 4.3.ESTRUCTIURA VERTICAL…………….…………………………….…….62 4.4.GRÉMIOS 4.4.GRÉMIOS ECOLÓGICOS…………………………………………………...6 ECOLÓGICOS…………………………………………………...666 4.5.ÍNDICES 4.5.ÍNDICES DE DIVERSIDAD………………………………………………....68 V.
DISCUSIONES 5.1.COMPOSICION 5.1.COMPOSICION FLORISTICA…………….……………………………….7 FLORISTICA…………….……………………………….744 5.2.ESTRUCTURA 5.2.ESTRUCTURA HORIZONTAL……………. HORIZONTAL…………….………………………………75 ………………………………75 5.3.ESTRUCTURA 5.3.ESTRUCTURA VERTICAL…………….………………………………. VERTICAL…………….………………………………..…80 .…80 5.4.GREMIOS 5.4.GREMIOS ECOLÓGICOS…………………………………………………..81 5.5.ÍNDICES 5.5.ÍNDICES DE DIVERSIDAD………………………………………………...82
VI. VII. VIII.
CONCLUSIONES RECOMENDACIONES BIBLIOGRAFIA
ANEXOS
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Composición Floristica TABLA 01- Especies según orden, familia, género y especie ………………………46 TABLA 02- Taxas encontradas por encontradas por parcela………………………………………….47 TABLA 03- Composición Florística : Especie, nombre local, familia y orden………48
Estructura Horizontal TABLA 04- Abundancia absoluta y relativa de las especies…………………….…..50 TABLA 05- Frecuencia absoluta y relativa de las especies……………………….…52 TABLA 06- Dominancia absoluta y relativa de las especies……………….….…….54 especies……………….….…….54 TABLA 07- Abundancia, Frecuencia, Frecuencia, Dominancia e IVI por especies……………...56 especies……………...56 TABLA 08- Familias con mayor y menor indice i ndice de valor de importancia….…….....59 TABLA 09- Índice de valor de importancia por categoría diamétrica …..….……….61
Estructura Vertical TABLA 10- Distribución de especies por estratos…………………………………..62 TABLA 11 – 11 – Distribución Distribución de individuos i ndividuos por estratos………………………………..63 TABLA 12 –Distribución 12 –Distribución de especies especies según suposición sociológica sociológica por estratos…..63 estratos…..63 TABLA 13- Distribución de especies según suposición sociológica.………………64
Gremios Ecológicos TABLA 14- Distribución de especies según gremio…………………………………66
Indices de Diversidad TABLA 15 – 15 – Índice Índice de diversidad Shannon………………………………………....68 TABLA 16 – 16 – Índice Índice de diversidad Margaleff………………………………………..70 TABLA 17 – 17 – Índice Índice de diversidad Simpson…………………………………………72
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS Composición Floristica GRÁFICO 01- Riqueza taxonómica t axonómica según Orden, Familias, Géneros y Especies......46 Especies......46 GRÁFICO 02- Composición florística según Orden, Familias, Especie e Individuos…………………………………………………………………………….49 GRÁFICO 03- Riqueza por familia……………………………………………..……49
Estructura Horizontal GRÁFICO 04 - Especies de mayor y menor abundancia relativa…………………....51 GRÁFICO 05 - Especies de mayor y menor frecuencia relativa……………………..53 GRÁFICO 06 - Especies de mayor y menor me nor dominancia relativa……………………55 GRÁFICO 07 - Índice de valor de importancia general por especies (%)…………...57 GRÁFICO 08 - Relación de abundancia, abundancia, frecuencia dominancia e IVI de las especies……………………………………………………………………………….58 GRÁFICO 09 - Índice de valor de importancia por familia (%)……………………..59 GRÁFICO 10 - Índice de valor de importancia por categoría diamétrica (%)……….61
Estructura Vertical GRÁFICO 11- Estratificación de las especies por pisos……………………………..63 GRÁFICO 12 -Posición sociológica de las especies…………………………………6 especies…………………………………655
Gremios Ecológicos GRÁFICO 13 - Distribución de especies según gremio ……………………………..67
Índices de Diversidad GRÁFICO 14- Índice de Shannon……………….………… Shannon……………….…………………………………...69 ………………………...69 GRÁFICO 15- Índice de diversidad Margalef………………………………..…...…71 GRÁFICO 16- Índice de diversidad Simpson…………………………….....……….73
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
I.
INTRODUCCIÓN
Los bosques tropicales son uno de los ecosistemas con mayor riqueza de especies, siendo importantes debido a los servicios ambientales que brindan. Gentry (1988, 1992) muestra que debido a que la diversidad de los ecosistemas que existen en la selva peruana, se ha desarrolado una riqueza tanto en flora como en fauna, siendo los bosques tropicales (45% del total de los bosques tropicales de todo el planeta), ecosistemas dinámicos que se encuentran sujetos a la influencia de una amplia gama de procesos ambientales, lo cual los convierte en áreas complejas con una gran riqueza en su composición y estructura que varía de un lugar a otro. Miguel M. (2012) señala que el manejo sostenible de estos bosques, es una labor que requiere de estrategias mantenimiento de grandes grandes remanentes de selvas selvas interconectados, interconectados, conservación conservación de la fauna, fauna, usos agrícolas de bajo impacto impacto y reducida extensión, periodos agrícolas agrícolas cortos intercalados con tiempos de regeneración prolongados, prolongados, restauración y enriquecimiento de selvas secundarias secundarias con especies nativas de valor biológico y/o social, así como alicientes socioeconómicos socioeconómicos a los pobladores locales que promuevan la conservación de selvas en sus tierras. Para el buen manejo de los bosques tropicales, deben de surgir acuerdos comunes en donde participen propietarios de tierras, instituciones de gobierno, gobierno, organizaciones organizaciones no gubernamentales gubernamentales y académicos. Los inventarios son un método de recolección y registro de los diferentes árboles forestales que conforman un bosque, a través de pequeñas parcelas de muestreo en una
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
de las especies en el espacio cuidando de la distribución de diferentes especies y sus clases de tamaño; así mismo, la diversidad en la composición florística, permite identificar la importancia de algunas especies sobre otras y lo plasma mediante la cuantificación de sus características. En el presente informe se evalúa la diversidad y estructura tanto horizontal como vertical de un bosque, teniendo en cuenta valores como la abundancia, frecuencia y dominancia que servirán para sacar el Índice de Valor de importancia tomando datos pertenecientes a un inventario forestal de una parcela, en el distrito distri to de Iberia, propiedad de la universidad, ubicado en el departamento de Madre de Dios. Además, se analizarán estadísticamente, para presentar los resultados y conclusiones, seguido de las recomendaciones, recomendaciones, para luego citar las referencias bibliográficas de los textos revisados para la elaboración del informe. Finalmente, los anexos son mostrados con imágenes y gráficos que complementan al análisis del trabajo.
1.1.OBJETIVOS 1.1.1. GENERAL
Determinar la estructura y diversidad de un bosque tropical de Iberia, provincia de Tahuamanu, Tahuamanu, región Madre de Dios. 1.1.2. ESPECÍFICOS
Identificar la composición florística según su riqueza específica y taxonómica del bosque tropical tropical de Iberia.
Determinar la estructura horizontal según la abundancia, frecuencia y dominancia del bosque tropical de Iberia.
L A
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
II.
MARCO TEÓRICO
2.1.ANTECEDENTES Roeder Sattui, M.A. (2004) en su Tesis DIVERSIDAD Y COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA DE UN ÁREA DE BOSQUE DE TERRAZAS EN LA COMUNIDAD NATIVA AGUARUNA HUASCAYACU, HUASCAYACU, EN ALTO ALTO MAYO, SAN MARTÍN-PERÚ MARTÍN-PERÚ para obtener el título de Ingeniero Forestal en la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina; busca estudiar la diversidad arbórea, la composición florística y determinar la estructura arbórea del bosque, hallando el Índice de Valor de Importancia y el Índice de Valor de Importancia por Familia. Para ello estableció una parcela permanente de 1 ha (100m x 100m) en Bosque Premontano Tropical en zona de Terrazas; en la Comunidad Nativa Aguaruna Huascayacu, en el Alto Mayo, departamento de San Martín, se marcaron, midieron, colectaron e identificaron todos los árboles con DAP 10 cm. También se hizo una recopilación de la información existente sobre parcelas de 1 ha, levantadas en
L A
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
total anual no es predecible; en cuanto a la relación de estacionalidad de precipitación con diversidad alfa, se puede decir que existe una relación inversa entre ambas variables, a mayor estacionalidad de precipitación, el número de especies tiende a disminuir; por otro lado, para los plots estudiados, se observa que a medida que aumenta la altitud, el número de especies disminuye; así, plots levantados en zonas bajas presentan entre 200 a más de 300 spp/ha, en altitudes entre los 500 a 1500 msnm el número de especies disminuye (80 - 130 spp / ha);sin embargo, se observa que plots levantados en bosques montanos nublados (1600 – 2500 msnm) la diversidad aumenta (150 especies / ha ) comparados con los levantados en bosque premontanos. En el estudio “Potencial maderable y valorización de d e las especies comerciales del bosque de terraza terraza media de la cuenca del río Atacuari, Provincia Provincia de Ramón Castilla, Loreto, 2012” realizado 2012” realizado por Vásquez, M. (2014), se desarrolló en un área de 250 ha de un bosque de terraza media en la cuenca del río Atacuari, provincia de Ramón Castilla, departamento de Loreto. El objetivo fue determinar el potencial maderable y la valorización económica de las especies forestales maderables. El método fue descriptivo y analítico, utilizando para el estudio la clasificación de ingresos y costos de la empresa. Se encontraron 904 individuos, agrupados en 13 especies y 06 familias botánicas. La especie Cedrela odorata “Cedro” presenta el mayor volumen comercial con 41,43 m3/ha, seguido de Virola sp. “cumala” y Caraipa guianensis “andiroba” con 30,82 m3/ha y 29,57 m3/ha, respectivamente. Asimismo, las especies inventariadas inventariadas (en pie) tienen un valor de S/. 1 321 115,32. La especie con mayor valor en este bosque este bosque fue Simarouba Simarouba amara amara “marupa” “marupa” con S/. 257 306,87; seguido de Caraipa guianensis “andiroba” e Hymenaea oblongifolia “az úcar huayo” huayo ” con S/. 216 583,55 y S/. 164 076,00, respectivamente. El valor económico del bosque de terraza media asciende a S/. 908 424,65 y los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio da a conocer que
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
ha) con un diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) ≥ 1 cm. Se registraron 78 especies, incluidas en 50 géneros y 24 familias. La familia Fabaceae fue la más importante respecto a su número de especies (24), géneros (14) e individuos (274). En total se registraron 1 013 individuos y 2 313 tallos. Los valores promedio del área basal, cobertura y altura fueron f ueron de 0.18 m2, 310 m2 y 5 m, respectivamente. El número promedio de especies por parcela fue 10, mientras que el valor medio del índice α de Fisher= 8. El b osque tropical caducifolio estudiado comparte características similares a comunidades análogas situadas en otras partes de México y del neotrópico, lo que permite ratificar patrones previamente detectados en la composición, estructura y diversidad de este tipo de vegetación. En el artículo COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA Y ESTRUCTURA DEL BOSQUE AMAZÓNICO PREANDINO EN EL SECTOR DEL ARROYO NEGRO, PARQUE NACIONAL MADIDI, BOLIVIA, elaborado por Araujo-Murakami, A. et. al. (2005) y publicado en la revista Ecología en Bolivia, se muestra una investigación donde busca conocer la composición florística y estructura de un bosque en el sector del Arroyo Negro y así contribuir al conocimiento de la diversidad florística de la región de Madidi. Para ello, se instaló y midió 12 parcelas de muestreo de 0.1 ha. Después de un análisis de similitud e intentar una ordenación, procedieron a analizar las 12 parcelas como una unidad de vegetación representativa del sector de estudio. Se registraron 2.680 individuos (2.369 árboles y 311 lianas) con un área basal de 40.7 m2 (33.9 m2/ha) pertenecientes a 62 familias y 310 especies, de las cuales 274 son árboles y 36 lianas. Hay una alta probabilidad de aumentar el número de especies al incrementar la intensidad y superficie de muestreo. En el sector estudiado, las Fabaceae (28 especies), Lauraceae (21), Rubiaceae (18), Moraceae (16), Myrtaceae (15), Meliaceae (12), Sapotaceae y Melastomataceae (11) son las familias con mayor riqueza. Asimismo, las familias Violaceae (7.6%), Arecaceae (7.4%), Moraceae
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
aculeata, Piper obliquum, P. laevilimbum, Cyathea amazonica, Stylogyne ambigua y Talauma boliviana).
Jimenez, A. et al. (2010) en su trabajo de EVALUACION DE LA COMPOSICION Y ESTRUCTURA DEL BOSQUE SEMIDECIDUO DE LA REGION MONTAÑOSA M ONTAÑOSA DE SOROA RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA SIERRA DEL ROSAARIO realizaron su estudio buscando evaluar evaluar la composición composición florística y estructural estructural del bosque semideciduo semideciduo en la loma de San Ramón de Aguas Claras, zona de transición oeste de la Reserva de la biosfera de Sierra del Rosario, ubicada en la región montañosa de Soroa, Municipio Candelaria, durante los meses de mayo-julio de 2009. Se establecieron 5 parcelas de 0.1 ha, con el objetivo de determinar la diversidad, estructura y dinámica del bosque. La riqueza estimada es un total de 65 especies arbóreas distribuido en 55 géneros, perteneciente a 28 familias. Se realizó el análisis de la estructura horizontal y vertical, así como la diversidad Beta. El índice valor de importancia ecológica de las especies fue obtenido mediante la suma de los parámetros de la estructura horizontal. Se determinaron índices de diversidad como riqueza de especies, equitatividad, abundancia y dominancia. Se tuvo en cuenta la distancia a viviendas, caminos, ríos o arroyos, la pendiente, exposición y tenencia de la tierra. Las especies arbóreas de mayor valor de importancia ecológica en el área son: S.jambos, M.apetala, T. r
Calzadilla-Tomianovich, Calzadilla-Tomianovich, M.H. y Cayola, L. (2006) en el artículo ESTRUCTURA Y COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA DE UN BOSQUE AMAZÓNICO DE PIE DE MONTE, ÁREA NATURAL DE MANEJO INTEGRADO MADIDI, LA PAZ – PAZ – BOLIVIA BOLIVIA publicado en la revista Ecología en Bolivia, se muestra un estudio en el que busca evaluar la composición florística de una Parcela Permanente de Muestreo (PPM) analizando la estructura horizontal y vertical para caracterizar la vegetación e identificar la flora del lugar, para ello, se instaló una PPM de 1 ha en un sitio de bosque amazónico dentro del Área
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
a la encontrada en Ecuador y en la parte inferior del rango establecido para Perú, lo que indica la tendencia de disminución de la diversidad conforme aumenta aumenta la distancia a la l a línea ecuatorial. En el artículo de título: DIVERSIDAD, COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA Y ENDEMISMOS EN LOS BOSQUES ESTACIONALMENTE ESTACIONALMENTE SECOS ALTERADOS DEL DISTRITO DE JAÉN, PERÚ de Marcelo-Peña, J.L., et al. , publicado en la revista Ecología Aplicada del 2007, se busca contribuir al conocimiento de la diversidad y niveles de endemismo de los Bosques de Jaén, además de mostrar algunos parámetros preliminares vinculados a la estructura, cuyos resultados puedan propiciar las bases para su conservación. conservación. Se establecieron 40 transectos siguiendo la metodología de Gentry, se realizó re alizó un análisis de la diversidad, endemismos, composición florística y complementariamente la estructura de la vegetación leñosa de bosques estacionalmente secos (BTES) alterados de cuatro sectores del distrito de Jaén, obteniendose las familias más abundantes que son: Boraginaceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae y Cactaceae; los géneros más abundantes son Cordia, Tetrasida, Esenbeckia y Browningia, y las especies más importantes son Cordia iguaguana, Tetrasida chachapoyensis y Browningia altissima, altissima, las tres son endémicas restringidas a los bosques estacionalmente secos del Marañón. La diversidad vegetal es moderada. Sin embargo, los resultados confirman que la zona presenta valores sorprendentemente altos en endemismo
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
Valor de Importancia más alto, seguido de la l a familia Caricaceae, con la especie J. digitata. digitata . Según el índice de diversidad de Shannon, el lote 1 fue más diverso y el lote 2 menos diverso. El mayor valor de equitabilidad fue para el lote 3 y el menor valor fue para el lote 1. El índice de similitud fue alto entre el lote 1 y 2. El mayor número de individuos por hectárea se encontró en la clase diamétrica 10-20 cm. C. elástica fue la única especie que tuvo distribución vertical continua en los tres lotes.
Gallegos Rodríguez A., et al. (2008) En su artículo “DETERMINACIÓN DE GREMIOS ECOLÓGICOS DE OCHO ESPECIES ARBÓREAS DE UN BOSQUE TROPICAL DE JALISCO, MÉXICO”, se analiza la distribución diamétrica de ocho especies arbóreas de importancia ecológica y económica de un bosque tropical en Jalisco, México para determinar los gremios ecológicos a los que pertenece cada una. Tradicionalmente se han definido grupos ecológicos que permiten en cualquier bosque, reconocer y clasificar especies que poseen características biológicas y ecológicas afines y son conjuntos de individuos que utilizan uno o varios recursos del medio ambiente en forma similar. Estos gremios agrupan especies que comparten patrones similares de exigencias de radiación lumínica, regeneración y crecimiento. Las heliófitas efímeras son especies intolerantes a la sombra y tienen una vida corta; las heliófitas durables son intolerantes a la sombra, de vida relativamente larga y las esciófitas son especies tolerantes a la sombra. Un
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
Bosque", que cuenta con 428.5 ha perteneciente a la Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre de Dios, localizado en la provincia de Tambopata-Madre de Dios. El presente estudio abarco los bloques XII, XI, X, XV, XVI, XVII con aproximadamente 150 ha. Se realizó un inventario de todos los claros naturales presentes en el área de estudio, se registraron 94 claros grandes (>150m2) y 200 pequeños (>40m2.>150m2), se evaluaron 72 claros, 23 grandes y 49 pequeños, cuyo tamaño varía de 47.12m2 a 384.85m2. El área cubierta por los claros grandes es de 5637.6 m2 (54.9%) y los l os pequeños de 4632.3m2 (45.1%), presentando una orientación heterogénea. En el centro de cada claro se instalaron parcelas correspondientes al 1 0% del área total del claro, dentro de estas parcelas se evaluó la regeneración natural de especies forestales en la fase de brinzales (>30 cm y< 150 cm) y latizales (>150cm y > 9.9cm de dap), se registraron 420 individuos distribuidas en 62 especies arbóreas, arbóreas, 50 géneros y pertenecientes pertenecientes a 22 familias botánicas. Dentro de estas, 60 fueron identificadas hasta la categoría taxonómica de especie y 2 hasta el género. Las familias más representativas en especies fueron: Moraceae con 12 (19.35%), Fabaceae con 9 (14.52%), Lauraceae Lauraceae con con 6 (9.68%) (9.68%) y Myristicaceae Myristicaceae con con 5 (8.06%). (8.06%). Doce familias tuvieron una especie. Las familias más representativas en número de individuos fueron: Fabaceae con 111 (26.43%), Myristicaceae con 76 (18.1%), Moraceae con 72 (17.14%). Mientras que Anacardiaceae, Malvaceae, Putranjivaceae, Sabiaceae y Urticaceae tuvieron un solo individuo por familia. Mientras que las especies más representativas en cantidad de
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
palmeras de aguas negras, un grupo; y 6) bosque de palmeras de terraza baja, un grupo. Problemas taxonómicos en el nivel de especies fueron minimizados con la remoción de las especies raras.
2.2.BASES TEÓRICAS 2.2.1. ESTRUCTURA DE UN BOSQUE Se entiende por estructura de un bosque al patrón establecido de relaciones entre los componentes o partes de una organización. Cuando se trata de la estructura de un sistema social, la misma no es visible de la misma manera que en un sistema biológico o mecánico. No puede ser vista, pero afecta las operaciones operaciones y el comportamiento de la organización. organización. La distinción entre estructura y proceso en los sistemas ayuda a entender este concepto. En contraste, la fisiología se refiere al estudio de las funciones de los organismos vivos. En el caso de la estructura de un bosque; ésta refiere a las características innatas que presenta el área boscosa.
Estructura horizontal La estructura horizontal cuantifica la presencia de las especies con relación a las demás
y muestra cómo se distribuyen espacialmente. Este aspecto es determinado es determinado
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
=
ℎ
Donde: Aa= Abundancia absoluta n/ha= Numero de árboles por ha de la especie
Abundancia relativa (Ab%)
Ab% = (ni / N) x 100 Donde: ni = Número de individuos de la enésima especie N = Número de individuos totales en en la muestra
B. Dominancia La dominancia de una especie se define como la suma de las proyecciones horizontales de los individuos. En bosques densos es difícil determinar éste valor por presentar una estructura vertical y horizontal muy compleja. El grado de dominancia da una idea de la
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
Dominancia relativa (D%) D% = (DaS / DaT) x 100
Donde: DaS = Dominancia absoluta de una especie DaT = Dominancia absoluta de todas las especies
C. Frecuencia La distribución espacial de los árboles en el rodal tiene importancia por el aprovechamiento físico del espacio. Estos modelos naturales de distribución espacial son locales, variables espacialmente, sin considerar variaciones en la calidad de sitio y en ausencia de factores de control humano. En las l as distribuciones aleatorias puede esperarse una
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
Frecuencia Frecuencia relativa (Fr%) Fr% =(Frni / Frt ) x 100 Donde: Fi = Frecuencia absoluta de la enésima especie Ft = Total de las frecuencias en el muestreo
Indice para medir la Diversidad En las evaluaciones biológicas se usan ciertos índices de diversidad los cuales definen
y nos dan una idea i dea de la riqueza r iqueza de especies y su distribución. Para obtener estos resultados la estimación se realiza a través de diferentes índices, tales como:
A. Indice de Margaleff
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
B. Indice de Simpson Este tipo de índice (denominado también como índice de la diversidad de las especies o índice de dominancia) es uno de los parámetros que nos permiten medir la riqueza de organismos y para cuantificar la biodiversidad de un hábitat. (Pielou, 1969). A medida que el índice se incrementa, la diversidad decrece. El índice de Simpson sobrevalora las especies más abundantes en detrimento de la riqueza total de especies. Entonces entre más aumente el valor a uno, la diversidad disminuye (Pielou, 1969). El índice de Simpson precisa el valor de pi, Siendo pi = ni /N, donde ni es el número de individuos de la especie „i‟ y N es la abundancia total de las especies. Con otras palabras, pi es la abundancia proporcional de la especie „i‟. Se toma en cuenta que el valor mí nimo para este índice es 1 que indica que no hay diversidad y que la dominancia es alta (Lamprecht, 1990).
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
haber ecosistemas con valores mayores (bosques tropicales, arrecifes de coral) o menores (algunas zonas desérticas). La mayor limitante de este índice es que no tiene en cuenta la distribución de las especies en el espacio (Moreno, 2001).
Donde: H = Diversidad de especies. Pi = Es la proporción del número de individuos de la especie i con respecto a N Obteniendo pi de la división del número de individuos de una especie con la sumatoria del número total de individuos de todas las especies; realizando la misma operación para cada una de las especies. Ln (pi) = Logaritmo natural. De pi.
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
paulatinamente y además permiten junto con el desarrollo vertical realizar una caracterización adecuada del bosque (Hernández, 1999).
A. Estratos El límite del primer piso (inferior) se fija ordenando en forma creciente las alturas, y queda determinado cuando se alcanza el 50 % del número de pies, en forma similar se procede para los otros dos pisos (medio y superior) hasta alcanzar el 30 % y 20 %, respectivamente. respectivamente. De esta forma se asigna un valor a cada subestrato ponderado por el número de pies que lo integran. De este modo, se observa que naturalmente en el piso inferior es donde existe el mayor número de pies y proporcionalmente menos en los otros pisos de mayor altura. El subestrato es una porción de la masa contenida dentro de determinados límites de altura, fijados subjetivamente, según el criterio que se haya elegido. Generalmente se
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Heliófitas Efímeras Las heliófilas efímeras son aquellas especies intolerantes a la sombra, de reproducción masiva y precoz; el crecimiento es rápido en buenas condiciones de luz y tienen una vida corta, aptas para la colonización de espacios abiertos; las semillas mantienen su viabilidad por largo tiempo y a menudo se encuentran en los bancos de semillas, tanto en bosques primarios como áreas cultivadas. cultivadas. En bosque primarios primarios intervenidos o no intervenidos, intervenidos, estas especies generalmente tienen poca presencia y una distribución diamétricas del número de
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Esciófita parciales Las esciófitas parciales son aquellas especies tolerantes a la sombra, aunque la mayoría de ellas aumentan su crecimiento más lento que las heliófitas, con mayor esfuerzo asignado a la producción de estructuras permanentes que favorecen una vida larga de los individuos. Las semillas y plántulas de las esciófitas generalmente son de tamaño mediano a grande. De acuerdo a (Finegan B. 1992), las plántulas de estas especies se establecen y crecen
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- Que las subunidades de muestreo sean sobre una misma unidad homogénea de formación vegetal - formación superficial. -Que las subunidades marquen un transecto geobotánico. Una cinta métrica de 50 m. marca el centro del eje a lo largo de cada línea; los individuos censados censados son aquellos que se situan dentro de la distancia de 1 m a cualquier lado de la cinta métrica. La utilización de éste método cuantitativo frente a los inventarios con valores
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
muy amplia (cobertura hasta 50 m). Tronco cilíndrico sólido, grueso y recto, con contrafuertes grandes y bien desarrollados, cubierto por numerosas espinas cónicas fuertes. Pocas ramas gruesas, robustas y torcidas, dispuestas casi horizontalmente en forma de pisos. Corteza externa lisa a ligeramente li geramente fisurada en ocasiones, gris plomiza a verdosa, cubierta de espinas cónicas, sobre todo en los individuos jóvenes. Interna de color crema amarillento, granulosa con presencia de abundantes fibras. Sus raíces son tabulares angostas extraordinariamente grandes, grandes, de 15 a 30 cm de grueso. Se extienden horizontalmente sobre
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octubre). Las semillas germinan durante la estación lluviosa, varios meses después de que los frutos han caído del árbol. Se propaga habitualmente por semilla. Usos: La madera tiene importancia para gran variedad de usos locales l ocales como carpintería y construcción, se usa también como leña o carbón. Es un árbol multiuso. Hojas y frutos altamente palatables se utilizan como forraje. Las semillas se cuecen o tuestan y se comen enteras, como si fueran castañas.
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
D. Carahuasca
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
Distribución y hábitat: Región Amazónica, mayormente por debajo de los 700 msnm.
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
Distribución y hábitat: Centroamérica desde México hasta la región Amazónica, hasta
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
El género Hevea se caracteriza por la corteza que exuda látex abundante color crema
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U NI VE RS ID AD N AC IO NA L D EL C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y Del A mbi en te
L. Pashaco
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
4.3.ESTRUCTURA VERTICAL A) ESTRATIFICACIÓN TABLA 10 – Distribución Distribución de especies por estratos N° 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
ESPECIE NOMBRE CIENTIFICO
INFERIOR Anacardium sp 0 Apeiba membranacea 0 Aspidosperma parvifolium 0 Aspidosperma spruceanum 0 Brosimum alicastrum 1 Brosimum lactescens 0 Bursera Graveolens 0 Calophyllum sp 0 Castilla ulei 0 Cecropia sp. 0 Ceiba pentandra 0 Ceiba samauma 0 Celtis sp 0 Cinnamomum verum 0 Clarisia racemosa 1 Dipteryx odorata 0 Endlicheria formosa 0 Erythroxylum catuaba 0 Eugenia biflor 0 Ficus Antihelmintica. 0 Ficus killipii 0 Guatteria hyposericea Diels 0 Hevea guianensis Aubl 0 Hirtella racemosa 0 Hura crepitans 0 Leonia glycycarpa 0 Manilkara sp. 0 Matisia spp 1 Myroxylon balsamun 0 Pourouma cecropiaefolia 0 Pouteria neglecta 0 Pseudolmedia laevis 0 Pseudolmedia macrophylla 1 Rollinia peruviana Diels 1 Schizolobuim amazonicum 1 Sebastiania sp. 0 Siparuna decipiens 2 TOTAL 8
PISOS MEDIO 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 4 1 1 55
SUPERIOR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 5 1 3 63
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
GRÁFICO 11 – Estratificación Estratificación de las especies de las especies registradas en el inventario del bosque en estudio.
SUPERIOR
s o s i P
MEDIO
INFERIOR
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cantidad Ind.
B) POSICIÓN SOCIOLÓGICA TABLA 11 – Distribución Distribución de individuos por estratos ESTRATO
RANGO
N° INDIV.
IVI%
INFERIOR MEDIO SUPERIOR
[0-10] [11-20] [21-30]
8 55 0
12.31 84.85 1.54
63
99
TOTAL
TABLA 12 – Distribución Distribución de especies según suposición sociológica por estratos ESTRATO
RANGO
INFERIOR [0-10] MEDIO [11-20] SUPERIOR [21-30] TOTAL
N° INDIV.
PS
8 56 0
0.12 0.87 0
1.23 8.72 0
63
1
10
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
TABLA 13- Distribución de especies especies según suposición suposición sociológica N° 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
ESPECIES Anacardium sp Apeiba membranacea membranacea Aspidosperma parvifolium parvifolium Aspidosperma spruceanum spruceanum Brosimum alicastrum Brosimum lactescens Bursera Graveolens Calophyllum sp Castilla ulei Cecropia sp. Ceiba pentandra Ceiba samauma Celtis sp Cinnamomum verum Clarisia racemosa Dipteryx odorata Endlicheria formosa Erythroxylum catuaba Eugenia biflor Ficus Antihelmintica. Antihelmintica. Ficus killipii Guatteria hyposericea Diels Hevea guianensis Aubl Hirtella racemosa Hura crepitans Leonia glycycarpa Manilkara sp. Matisia spp Myroxylon balsamun Pourouma cecropiaefolia cecropiaefolia Pouteria neglecta Pseudolmedia laevis Pseudolmedia macrophylla macrophylla Rollinia peruviana Diels Schizolobuim amazonicum Sebastiania sp.
N° IND.
1 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 5 1
INFERIOR
MEDIO
SUPERIOR
POSICIÓN SOCIOLÓGICA
EI
VF(0.12)
EM
VF(8.62)
ES
VF(0.15)
PS a
PS r (%)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0.12 0.12 0.12 0
1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 4 1
8.62 17.2 8.62 17.2 25.9 8.62 8.62 8.62 17.2 17.2 34.5 17.2 8.62 8.62 0 8.62 8.62 8.62 8.62 8.62 8.62 8.62 17.2 8.62 34.5 8.62 8.62 8.62 17.2 8.62 8.62 17.2 17.2 0 34.5 8.62
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.62 17.24 8.62 17.24 25.98 8.62 8.62 8.62 17.24 17.24 34.48 17.24 8.62 8.62 0.12 8.62 8.62 8.62 8.62 8.62 8.62 8.62 17.24 8.62 34.48 8.62 8.62 8.74 17.24 8.62 8.62 17.24 17.36 0.12 34.6 8.62
1.81 3.63 1.81 3.63 5.47 1.81 1.81 1.81 3.63 3.63 7.26 3.63 1.81 1.81 0.03 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 3.63 1.81 7.26 1.81 1.81 1.84 3.63 1.81 1.81 3.63 3.65 0.03 7.28 1.81
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
GRÁFICO 12 -Posición sociológica de las especies Siparuna decipiens
1.87
Sebastiania sp.
1.81
Schizolobuim amazonicum Rollinia peruviana Diels
7.28 0.03
Pseudolmedia Pseudolmedia macrophylla
3.65
Pseudolmedia laevis
3.63
Pouteria neglecta
1.81
Pourouma cecropiaefolia
1.81
Myroxylon balsamun
3.63
Matisia spp
1.84
Manilkara sp.
1.81
Leonia glycycarpa
1.81
Hura crepitans
7.26
Hirtella racemosa
1.81
Hevea guianensis Aubl
s e i c e p s E
3.63
Guatteria hyposericea Diels
1.81
Ficus killipii
1.81
Ficus Antihelmintica. Antihelmintica.
1.81
Eugenia biflor
1.81
Erythroxylum catuaba
1.81
Endlicheria formosa
1.81
Dipteryx odorata
1.81
Clarisia racemosa
0.03
Cinnamomum verum
1.81
Celtis sp
1.81
Ceiba samauma
3.63
Ceiba pentandra
7.26
Cecropia sp.
3.63
Castilla ulei
3.63
Calophyllum sp
1.81
Bursera Graveolens
1.81
Brosimum lactescens
1.81
Brosimum alicastrum
5.47
Aspidosperma spruceanum
3.63
Aspidosperma parvifolium A. DC.
1.81
Apeiba membranacea Spruce ex Benth
3.63
Anacardium sp
1.81 0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
4.4. GREMIOS ECOLÓGICOS TABLA 14- Distribución de especies según gremio, registradas en el inventario del bosque en estudio. N°
NOMBRE CIENTIFICO
NOMBRE COMUN
GREMIO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Anacardium sp
Cashopiro
Apeiba membranacea membranacea
Peine de mono
Aspidosperma parvifolium parvifolium
Baston
Aspidosperma spruceanum spruceanum
Pinsha caspi
Brosimum alicastrum
Manchinga
Brosimum lactescens
Leche Leche
Bursera Graveolens
Palo santo
Calophyllum sp
Coloradillo
Castilla ulei
Caucho
Cecropia sp.
Cetico
Ceiba pentandra
Lupuna
Ceiba samauma
Huimba
Celtis sp
Fariña seca
Cinnamomum verum
Canela
Clarisia racemosa
Mashonaste
Dipteryx odorata
Shihuahuaco
Endlicheria formosa
Moena
Erythroxylum catuaba
Catuaba
Eugenia biflor
Guayabilla
Ficus Antihelmintica.
Oje
Ficus killipii
Matapalo
Guatteria hyposericea
Carahuasca
Hevea guianensis
Shiringa
Hirtella racemosa
Coloradillo
Hura crepitans
Catahua
Leonia glycycarpa
Motelo caspe
Manilkara sp.
Quinilla negro
Matisia spp
Sapote
Myroxylon balsamun
Estoraque
Pourouma cecropiaefolia
Uvilla
Pouteria neglecta
Caimito
Pseudolmedia Pseudolmedia laevis
Chimicua
Pseudolmedia Pseudolmedia macrophylla
Pama
Rollinia peruviana Diels
Anonilla
Heliófita Parcial Heliófita Durable Esciófita Parcial Heliófita Durable Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Heliófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Heliófita Durable Heliófita Durable Heliófita Durable Heliófita Durable Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Heliófita Durable Esciófita Parcial Heliófita Durable Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Heliófita Durable Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial Esciófita Parcial
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
GRÁFICO 13 - Distribución de especies según gremio 25 23
20 s o u d i 15 v i d n I e d o r e 10 m ú N
11
5 2 1 0 Esciófita Durable
Esciófita Parcial
Heliófita Durable
Gremios Ecológicos
Heliófita Parcial
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
4.5. INDICES DE DIVERSIDAD A) Índice de diversidad Shannon TABLA 15 – Índice Índice de diversidad Shannon de las especies registradas en el i nventario del bosque en estudio. N°
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
ESPECIES
Anacardium sp Apeiba membranacea Aspidosperma parvifolium Aspidosperma spruceanum Brosimum alicastrum Brosimum lactescens Bursera Graveolens Calophyllum sp Castilla ulei Cecropia sp. Ceiba pentandra Ceiba samauma Celtis sp Cinnamomum verum Clarisia racemosa Dipteryx odorata Endlicheria formosa Erythroxylum catuaba Eugenia biflor Ficus Antihelmintica. Ficus killipii Guatteria hyposericea Diels Hevea guianensis Aubl Hirtella racemosa Hura crepitans Leonia glycycarpa Manilkara sp. Matisia spp Myroxylon balsamun Pourouma cecropiaefolia Pouteria neglecta
N° IND.
N° TOTAL DE INDIV.
ni/N
Ln(ni/N)
ndice Shanon
1 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 1
63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63
0.016 0.032 0.016 0.032 0.063 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.032 0.032 0.063 0.032 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.032 0.016 0.063 0.016 0.016 0.032 0.032 0.016 0.016
-4.143 -3.450 -4.143 -3.450 -2.757 -4.143 -4.143 -4.143 -3.450 -3.450 -2.757 -3.450 -4.143 -4.143 -4.143 -4.143 -4.143 -4.143 -4.143 -4.143 -4.143 -4.143 -3.450 -4.143 -2.757 -4.143 -4.143 -3.450 -3.450 -4.143 -4.143
0.066 0.110 0.066 0.110 0.175 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.110 0.110 0.175 0.110 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.110 0.066 0.175 0.066 0.066 0.110 0.110 0.066 0.066
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
GRÁFICO 14- Índice de Shannon de las especies registradas en el inventario del bosque en estudio.
-0.110 -0.110
-0.175
-0.110 -0.110
-0.175
-0.110
-0.110 -0.175 -0.110 -0.110
-0.145
-0.110
-0.150
-0.066 -0.066 -0.066
-0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066
1
-0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066
-0.066
-0.145 -0.200
-0.066
-0.066
-0.201
-0.250
-0.066
-0.100
-0.050
Anacardium sp
Apeiba membranacea Spruce ex Benth
Aspidosperma parvifolium A. DC.
Aspidosperma spruceanum
Brosimum alicastrum
Brosimum lactescens
Bursera Graveolens
Calophyllum sp
Castilla ulei
Cecropia sp.
Ceiba pentandra
Ceiba samauma
Celtis sp
Cinnamomum verum
Clarisia racemosa
Dipteryx odorata
0.000
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
B) Índice de diversidad Margaleff TABLA 16 – Índice Índice de diversidad Margaleff de las especies registradas
N° 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
ESPECIES Anacardium sp Apeiba membranacea membranacea Aspidosperma parvifolium Aspidosperma spruceanum Brosimum alicastrum Brosimum lactescens Bursera Graveolens Calophyllum sp Castilla ulei Cecropia sp. Ceiba pentandra Ceiba samauma Celtis sp Cinnamomum verum Clarisia racemosa Dipteryx odorata Endlicheria Endlicheria formosa Erythroxylum catuaba Eugenia biflor Ficus Antihelmintica. Antihelmintica. Ficus killipii Guatteria hyposericea Diels Hevea guianensis Aubl Hirtella racemosa Hura crepitans Leonia glycycarpa Manilkara sp. Matisia spp Myroxylon balsamun Pourouma cecropiaefolia Pouteria neglecta Pseudolmedia Pseudolmedia laevis Pseudolmedia macrophylla
N° IND. 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3
N° TOTAL DE INDIV. 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63
Ln (N) 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14
Indice Margaff 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.24 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.24 0.72 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.48
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
GRÁFICO 15 – Índice Índice de diversidad Margalef de las especies registradas en el inventario del bosque en estudio.
Siparuna decipiens Sebastiania sp.
0.48 0.00
Schizolobuim amazonicum Rollinia peruviana Diels
0.97 0.00
Pseudolmedia macrophylla
0.48
Pseudolmedia laevis
0.24
Pouteria neglecta
0.00
Pourouma cecropiaefolia
0.00
Myroxylon balsamun
0.24
Matisia spp
0.24
Manilkara sp.
0.00
Leonia glycycarpa
0.00
Hura crepitans Hirtella racemosa
0.72 0.00
Hevea guianensis Aubl
0.24
Guatteria hyposericea Diels
0.00
Ficus killipii
0.00
Ficus Antihelmintica.
0.00
Eugenia biflor
0.00
Erythroxylum catuaba
0.00
Endlicheria formosa
0.00
Dipteryx odorata
0.00
Clarisia racemosa
0.00
Cinnamomum verum
0.00
Celtis sp
0.00
Ceiba samauma Ceiba pentandra
0.24 0.72
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
C) Índice de diversidad Simpson TABLA 17 – Índice Índice de diversidad Simpson de las especies registradas N° 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
ESPECIES Anacardium sp Apeiba membranacea Spruce ex Benth Aspidosperma parvifolium A. DC. Aspidosperma spruceanum Brosimum alicastrum Brosimum lactescens Bursera Graveolens Calophyllum sp Castilla ulei Cecropia sp. Ceiba pentandra Ceiba samauma Celtis sp Cinnamomum verum Clarisia racemosa Dipteryx odorata Endlicheria formosa Erythroxylum catuaba Eugenia biflor Ficus Antihelmintica. Ficus killipii Guatteria hyposericea Diels
N° IND.
1 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
N° TOTAL DE INDIV. 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63
PI 0.01587302 0.03174603 0.01587302 0.03174603 0.06349206 0.01587302 0.01587302 0.01587302 0.03174603 0.03174603 0.06349206 0.03174603 0.01587302 0.01587302 0.01587302 0.01587302 0.01587302 0.01587302 0.01587302 0.01587302 0.01587302 0.01587302
INDIDICE DE SIMPSON 0.00025195 0.00050391 0.00025195 0.00050391 0.00100781 0.00025195 0.00025195 0.00025195 0.00050391 0.00050391 0.00100781 0.00050391 0.00025195 0.00025195 0.00025195 0.00025195 0.00025195 0.00025195 0.00025195 0.00025195 0.00025195 0.00025195
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
GRÁFICO 16 – Índice Índice de diversidad Simpson de las especies registradas en el inventario del bosque en estudio. Siparuna decipiens Sebastiania sp.
0.000755858 0.000251953
Schizolobuim amazonicum Rollinia peruviana Diels
0.001259763 0.000251953
Pseudolmedia macrophylla Pseudolmedia laevis
0.000755858 0.000503905
Pouteria neglecta
0.000251953
Pourouma cecropiaefolia
0.000251953
Myroxylon balsamun
0.000503905
Matisia spp
0.000503905
Manilkara sp.
0.000251953
Leonia glycycarpa
0.000251953
Hura crepitans Hirtella racemosa Hevea guianensis Aubl
0.001007811 0.000251953 0.000503905
Guatteria hyposericea Diels
0.000251953
Ficus killipii
0.000251953
Ficus Antihelmintica.
0.000251953
Eugenia biflor
0.000251953
Erythroxylum catuaba
0.000251953
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
V.
DISCUSIONES
5.1.COMPOSICIÓN 5.1.COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA La composición florística leñosa del bosque tropical de Iberia distribuido entre los 600 a 3800 msnm registró un total de 81 individuos con diámetros (DAP) ≥ diez cm en 0.5 ha, distribuidas en 9 ordenes, 37 géneros y 37 especies y 18 familias (Tabla 1). Las familias más abundantes son las Moraceae ocupando el 20.6% del total de individuos, en segundo lugar, la familia Malvaceae con 15.8% y la familia Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae con 14.2%. Comparando con los resultados de un estudio realizado por Roeder Sattui, M.A. (2004) sobre diversidad y composición florística en Bosque
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
diferencias florísticas entre áreas de suelos ricos con nutrientes concentrados y zonas de suelos pobres y altamente lixiviados (Vásquez, 1997). La formación de bosque tropical de Iberia registró a la familia Moraceae 13 individuos, Seguido de la Familia Malvaceae 10, Euphorbiaceae 9, Fabaceae 8, Apocynaceae 3, Urticaceae 3, Siparnaceae 3, Anacardiaceae 1, Burseraceae 1, Calophyllacae 1, Cannabaceae 1, Chrysobalanaceae 1, Erythroxylaceae 1, Myrtaceae 1, y Violanacae 1 (Tabla 3) según estos resultados observamos que la diferencia composición especifica del Bosque tropical se debe a diferencias principales en la composición florística que suelen ocurrir a escalas locales debido a condiciones de suelo y mosaicos sucesionales, Gentry (1995).
5.1.1. Riqueza taxonómica El mayor número de familias, géneros, especies especies e individuos se encuentran encuentran en las parcelas 1, 6, 9 y 10 (Tabla 2) esto se debe a que, según Tarazona (1998) se trata de bosques más desarrollados desarrollados y menos intervenidos que en las las otras otras formaciones formaciones vegetales vegetales que se desarrollan en condiciones más adversas
5.2.ESTRUCTURA HORIZONTAL 5.2.1. Abundancia
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
indica que la especie Schizolobuim amazonicum sería la que ocupa mayor espacio que se encuentra disponible para crecer.
5.2.2. Frecuencia crepitans , ya que se Las especies con mayor número de apariciones son Hura crepitans, encuentra en las 4 parcelas (Tabla 02) de la formación vegetal del bosque tropical G2 de Iberia, de igual menera la especie con más abundancia Schizolobuim amazonicum, siendo registrado en 4 parcelas, luego Brosimum luego Brosimum alicastrum registrada alicastrum registrada en 3 parcelas, (Tabla 05) cuyas especies representan un frecuencia relativa considerable en comparación al resto (Grafico 05), Hura 05), Hura crepitans y Schizolobuim amazonicum tienen amazonicum tienen 7.2% de y la tercera especie Marmaroxylon basijugum con basijugum con un 5.26%. Es decir que la especie más frecuente se debe a que el bosque no fue explotado, como menciona Márquez (2000) “Estos modelos naturales de distribución espacial son locales, variables espacialmente, espacialmente, sin considerar variaciones en la calidad de sitio sit io y en ausencia de factores de control humano”, lo que indica que las especies frecuentes se deben a que son parte de un bosque que no fue intervenido. Por otro lado, 24 de las 37 especies Apeiba membranácea, tienen una baja frecuencia en las parcelas con un 1.75% (( Apeiba Aspidosperma parvifolium, Brosimum lactescens, Bursera Graveolens, Calophyllum sp, Celtis sp, Cinnamomum verum, Clarisia racemosa, Dipteryx odorata, Endlicheria
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
secciones normales normales de todos los fustes a nivel del DAP lo que indica que el número de árboles por unidad de superficie es directamente deducible el diámetro cuadrático medio (Husch, 1993). Las tres tr es especies con mayor dominancia también serían especies potencialmente productivas ya ya que ocupan los 3 primeros rangos rangos de dominancia dominancia según el (Gráfico 06). Por otro lado, estas especies serían las que tienen mejor adaptabilidad al espacio y que aprovechan mejor las condiciones de esta, al como menciona Daunbenmire, Daunbenmire, (1968). Las que poseen una dominancia relativamente alta, posiblemente sean las especies mejor adaptadas a los factores físicos del hábitat. Por otro lado, la dominancia que presenta la Ceiba samauma samauma es un indicador de la potencialidad productiva de una la especie. especie. Es un parámetro parámetro que da idea de la calidad de sitio (Finol, (Finol, 1971).
5.2.4. Índice De Valor De Importancia Por Especies
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reduce a un pequeño grupo de especies realmente bien establecidas. establecida s. De las 63 especies evaluadas, 10 especies suman la mitad del IVI total, lo que significa que la masa boscosa de la parcela de d e 0.5 ha se distribuye en estas 10 especies (27% del total de especies), especies), las restantes que conforman la otra mitad del IVI son especies ocasionales ocasionales o raras (Gráfico 08).
5.2.5. Valor de Importancia Por familia Según el Índice de valor de importancia por familia IVIF%, la familia de mayor participación e importancia en el bosque tropical G2 de Iberia es Moraceae con un 22.36% con 7 especies, le siguen Malvaceae con 17.79%, Euphobiaceae con 13.82%, Fabaceae 11.42% y las familias con menor participación son Burseraceae, Connabaceae, Connabaceae, Myrtaceae, Calophyllaceae, Crhysbalanaceae y Violanaceae (Tabla 08) y (Figura 09).
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
ocurrir a escalas locales debido a condiciones de suelo y mosaicos sucesionales, Gentry (1995). En efecto, es difícil relacionar los bosques con diferentes características características ya que por el requerimiento de cada familia la variabilidad en cuando a la abundancia, abundancia, frecuencia y dominancia de sus especies es diferente. Sim embargo existen semejanzas con el desarrollo de algunas de las familias como es el caso de la Euphobiaceae y Malvaceae. De lo que deduciríamos que son familias tolerantes a las diferencias climáticas y edafológicas.
5.2.6. Índice de Valor de Importancia por categoría diamétrica La distribución diamétrica en los resultados de los individuos muestra que en la categoría I [10-19] se encuentra pocos individuos con un 17.46% de IVI, en la categoría
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5.3.ESTRUCTURA VERTICAL 5.3.1. Estadígrafos por “pisos”- IUFRO Según los resultados establecidos (Tabla 10) en el primer estrato [0-10]m hay 8 individuos, en el segundo estrato [11-20]m hay 55 individuos y en el tercer estrato [2030] no se registraron individuos (Tabla 10) y (Gráfico 10). Siendo la especie Siparuna decipiens la decipiens la que presenta mayor cantidad de individuos en el primer estrato, siendo individuos de competencia por la luz, en el segundo estrato la Schizolobuim amazonicum, amazonicum, Ceiba pentandra y pentandra y la Hura la Hura crepitans, crepitans, estos serán entonces los individuos emergentes. emergentes. Comparando con la investigación de Mendez-Toribio, et al. (2014) la altura promedio de los árboles fue de 4.64 m mientras que de Echarate es de 7.9 m., observándose así, una diferencia a pesar de ser ambos bosques tropicales, pero la diferencia de altitud es un factor que influye en estos casos, pues el área de MichoacánMexico, se ubica en la cuenca hidrológica del río Balsas, cuya altitud oscila entre 200
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solamente en el subestrato superior o superior y/o medio, a excepción de aquellas que por sus características características propias no pasan del del piso inferior.
5.4.GREMIOS ECOLÓGICOS Tomando en cuenta los resultados de la Tabla 13, se identificaron 4 gremios ecológicos en los que se encuentran ubicados las 63 especies del bosque G2 de Iberia. Los gremios que se identificaron son heliófilas durables con 1 especies, heliófita parcial con 2 especies, heliófita durable con 11 especies, esciófita parcial con 23 especies y esciófita durable con 1 especies (Gráfico 13). En base a estos resultados se encuentra el gremio de esciófitas parciales el más abundante con 23 especies. Según Finnegan (1992), las plántulas de estas especies se establecen establecen y crecen bajo dosel, pero exigen luz directa para pasar a la etapa de madurez y los arboles llegan a alturas de 30-45 m. lo que significa que, de los 63 individuos, 23
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en claros naturales en el fundo “El Bosque” de Tambopata, Madre de Dios hallándose 69 especies, cuyos resultados tiene mucha semejanza con la presente investigación ya que el gremio con mayor abundancia de especies es el de esciofitas parciales con 22 especies, seguido de las esciófitas totales con 19 especies, heliofitas durable con 18 especies y heliofitas parciales con 3. Esta semejanza de resultados se debe a la semejanza topografica y climática que ambos bosques presentan.
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U N IV ER SI DA D N AC IO NA L D E L C EN TR O D EL P ER Ú F ac ul ta d De Ci en ci as F ore sta les Y De l A mb ie nte
pertenece a la especie Manilkara spp. spp. con 1.18%. En el Indice de Valor de Importancia por Familia se tiene primero a la familia Moracea con 22.36%, seguido de la familia famili a Malvaceae con 17.79% y Euphorbiaceae con 13.82%. En el Indice de Valor de Importancia por Categoría Diamétrica, se tiene en primer lugar a la categoría II con 38.09%, cuyo intervalo va de 20-29cm, con 24 individuos, en segundo lugar a la categoría diamétrica I y II con intervalos de 10-19 cm y 30-39 cm respectivamente y ambos con IVI de 17.46% y 11
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ingresos de individuos, la regeneración que se establece por debajo de los 10 cm de diámetro. 6. Realizar más estudios en bosques tropicales del Perú, principalmente en la selva amazónica para tener mucha más información y poder impulsar la valoración y buen manejo de nuestros bosques. bosques.
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Finegan, B. (1992). El poencial de manejo de los bosques húmedos secundarios
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Margalef, R. (1969, Julio 18). El ecosistema pelágico del Mar Caribe. Memoria Fund.
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TROPICAL TIMBER, s.f. ITTO MIS (Market Information Service). Recuperado de:
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ANEXOS