ISSN 1739-1377
Free from Poverty
Mushroom Growers Handbook
2
Shiitake Cultivation
Free from Poverty
Mushroom Mus hroom Gro Growe wers rs
Handbo Han dbook ok
2
Shiitake Cultivation
Copyright © 2005 by MushWorld All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. ISSN 1739-1377 Published by
MushWorld
Haeng-oon Bldg. 150-5 Pyungchang-dong, Jongno-gu, SEOUL 110-846, KOREA Tel. +82 +82-2-3 -2-396-1 96-1507 507 Fax. +82-2-396-1547 http://www.Mus http:/ /www.MushWorld. hWorld.com com
[email protected] Distributed mainly to developing countries for free Printed in Republic of Korea
PREFACE
PREFACE
As a non-profit organization, MushWorld has devoted itself to distributing abundant, valuable information on mushroom science and cultivation via its website, www.MushWorld.com, for free since established in 1998. Though the access to MushWorld is free and unlimited, Internet is not readily available for people in developing countries, who sincerely need information informatio n sources for mushroom growing. The Mushroom Growers’ Handbook series published and distributed for free by MushWorld is aimed at providing those people with greater access to information on mushroom cultivation. The first handbook was published in March, 2004, on the subject of oyster mushroom cultivation and has been distributed to developing countries free of charge through their embassies and NGOs. All the papers included in the first handbook are also being provided on the MushWorld website. This handbook joined in disseminating the effectiveness of mushroom growing as a means of poverty alleviation and in providing practical guides to oyster mushroom cultivation in less developed countries. Since distribution of the handbook, many letters of appreciation and encouragement have been received from those interested in poverty alleviation by mushroom farming or mushroom growing project. Following the successful publication of the 1st handbook, MushWorld worked on its second handbook, which is about shiitake cultivation, by reviewing various publications on shiitake, contacting mushroom growers and scientists in every corner of the world, and visiting exemplary shiitake growing bases in developing countries.
Mushroom Growers’ Handbook 2: Shiitake Cultivation covers various aspects of shiitake cultivation with emphasis on applicable technology, especially in developing countries. It consists of two parts and ten chapters. Part I deals with all the aspects of shiitake cultivation. Chapter 1 is an introduction to shiitake and its cultivation. It presents interesting aspects of shiitake cultivation including its cultivation history, various kinds of growing practices, world production & consumption, nutritional & medicinal values, and illustrated guides to shiitake cultivation. Chapter 2 is about spawn and strain, one of the most important factors affecting mushroom growing. In this chapter, shiitake spawn preparation is provided with vivid images, shiitake spawn improvement for alternative substrates is discussed, and finally, cryogenic preservation method of shiitake spawn stocks is described. Chapter 3 reviews shiitake cultivation on log, a traditional method. Every detail of log cultivation is elaborated with solid scientific data and 2 examples in Brazil and Nepal. Chapter 4 is about shitake bag cultivation, which is widely practiced. This chapter begins with a technical investigation on principles of shiitake cultivation on sawdust. Following are several examples of shiitake growing on different alternative substrates. The subsequent examples of shiitake growing in Thailand and China illustrate various practices of bag cultivation adapted to each region. Finally, farm diary of shiitake bag cultivation encourages growers to do various trials to find cultivation methods best fit for their environmental and market conditions. Chapter 5 contains how to manage pest and disease of shiitake. Pathogens, symptoms and control measures of different pests and diseases are well summarized for log and bag cultivation respectively. Abnormal growth is also described with informative supporting images. Chapter 6 illustrates shiitake growing houses in Thailand and how to regulate environmental parameters. It is followed by a detailed description of Korean shiitake growing houses, which makes full use of environmental conditions. conditions. Chapter 7 the last chapter of the Part I, covers post-harvest management. Various ways of recycling of spent shiitake substrate and processing harvested shiitake are illustrated. Suggestions are provided for farm management and marketing. Part II illustrates mushroom growing for better life in the world. Chapter 8 is about cultivation of various mushrooms for a living. It includes Coprinus mushroom in Thailand, Agaricus blazei in Brazil, and oyster mushroom in Egypt. Chapter 9 illustrates how mushroom growing projects for poverty alleviation were planned and implemented in Nepal and
Colombia, to provide possible project planners and managers with a guide to mushroom growing project. Copyright© 2005 by MushWorld All rights reserved.
PREFACE
Chapter 10 provides in-depth researches on the potential of mushroom industry in two Asian countries: Lao PDR and
Vietnam. Appendix provides invaluable information sources not to be missed. Resource directory offers contact information of spawn providers and mushroom consultants and lists of books,
periodicals, papers, and online publications regarding shiitake. MushWorld’s Profile presents MushWorld’s mission, activities and milestones in detail, along with its network through out the world. Index will allow you to locate the pages that address a given topic throughout this handbook. Acknowledgement
As it was for the first handbook, the second handbook came into being thanks to those devoted scientists and growers from various countries as well as MushWorld staff members. Mr. Rick Gush again volunteered to devote his valuable time to copy-editing 370 pages of manuscripts. We are always impressed by his enthusiasm and hard work. MushWorld takes this opportunity to express our special thanks to Mr. Rick Gush for his great job. MushWorld also wants to acknowledge that Prof. Kwon-Sang Yoon and Dr. Won-Chull Bak read all the papers with much care and provided elaborate scientific supervision for the entire handbook. As accomplished scholars in mycology and mushroom science, they contributed a lot to the completion of the handbook. Sally Feistels reviewed every manuscript and provided suggestions and feedbacks from the view point as a non-professional in this field. Her suggestion made this handbook more understandable to the readers with relatively little background knowledge on shiitake and its cultivation. Also, we appreciate MushWorld members from Egypt, Dr. Amira Ali El-Fallal who generously contributed images of mushroom growing in Egypt. Tawat Tapingkae provided detailed review for the manuscripts on Thailand. Photo credits are also given to Furugawa and Nobuchi, and Renato May. A special thanks is made to Mi Jung Kang for her creative and devoted design work. Primary acknowledgement must go to the many contributed authors listed below from nearly a score of countries. Being MushWorld members, they gave us valuable contributions devoted to poverty alleviation through mushroom farming, and substantial encouragement as well. Badr, Ahmed (Egypt) Bak, Won-Chull (Korea) Cadorin, Anselmo (Brazil) Chen, Alice W. (The U.S.) Cho, Song Baek (James) (Korea) Choi, Chan-Kyu (Korea) Choi, Kyung Wha (Ivy) (Korea) Curvetto, N.R. (Argentina) Delmastro, S. (Argentina) Fan, Leifa (China) Figlas, D. (Argentina) Hobbs, Christopher (The U.S.) Jaramillo, Jaramillo, Carmenza Carmenza Lopez (Colombia) (Colombia) Kang, Seungwoo (Richard) (Korea) Kasuya, Maria Catarina (Brazil) Kim, Byung Sik (Steve) (Korea) Kwon, Hyunjong (Miji) (Korea) Lin, Dongmei (China) Lin, Zhanxi (China) Manabe, Akihiko (Brazil) Manandhar, Keshari L. (Nepal) Mata, Gerardo (Mexico)
Matute, R. Gonzalez (Argentina) Mendonça, Margarida (Brazil) Moon, Seung Wan (Korea) Murray, Clare (The U.K.) Osathaphant, Praphant (Thailand) Pale, Wanchai (Thailand) Pan, Huijuan (China) Pejaranonda, Bavornsak (Thailand) Phan, Huy Duk (Vietnam) Rinker, Danny L. (Canada) Royse, Daniel J. (The U.S.) Salmones, Dulce (Mexico) Santana, Cristiane de de Castro (Brazil) (Brazil) Savoie, Jean-Michel (France) Shen, Qing (The U.S.) Soccol, Carlos R. (Brazil) Tapingkae, Tawat (Thailand) Thevasingh, Mungkorn (Thailand) Tokimoto, Keisuke (Japan) Vanetti, Maria Cristina (Brazil) Vieira, Ademir João (Brazil) Wu, Yingmei (China)
Copyright© 2005 by MushWorld All rights reserved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Table of Contents Photo Gallery Part I. Shiitake Chapter 1
What is Shiitake
What is Shiitake?
Chap Ch apte terr 2
Chapter 3
Chap Ch apte terr 4
1
Nutritional and Medicinal Values of Shiitake
12
Illustrated Guide to Shiitake Cultivation
22
Shii Sh iita take ke Sp Spaw awn n an and d Str Strai ain n
Shiitake Spawn Preparation Chiefly with Sawdust
27
Improvement of Spawn for Cultivation in Alternative Substrates
36
Preservation of Shiitake Spawn Stocks by Cryogenic Storage
42
Shiitake Log Cultivation
Shiitake Log Cultivation
46
Shiitake Log Cultivation in Brazil
61
Shiitake Log Cultivation in Nepal
67
Shii Sh iita take ke Ba Bag g Cul Culti tiva vati tion on
Shiitake Bag Cultivation Shiitake Bag Cultivation in the U.S. Alternative Substrate for Shiitake
73 88 91
Coffee Residues
92
Grass
96
Sunflower Seed Hulls
100
Wheat Straw
105
Shiitake Bag Cultivation in Thailand
110
Shiitake Bag Cultivation in China
121
Farm Diary for Shiitake Bag Cultivation
132
Chap Chapte terr 5
Chap Chapte terr 6
Chap hapter ter 7
Pest Pest and and Dis Disea ease se Man Manag agem emen entt of Shii Shiita take ke
Biol Biolog ogy y and and Con Contr trol ol of Pest Pestss and and Dise Diseas ases es in Shii Shiita take ke Log Log Cul Culti tiva vati tion on
152 152
Pest and Disease Management in Shiitake Bag Cultivation
162
Shii Shiita take ke Grow Growin ing g Hous Housee
Shiitake Growing Houses in Thailand and Their Management
169
Shiitake Growing Houses-Korean Cases
178
Shi Shiitak take Pos Postt Ha Harves vest
Recycling Spent Shiitake Substrate
186
Processing of Shiitake
190
Considerations Related to Farm Management and Marketing
195
Part II. Mushrooms for Better Life Chap hapter ter 8
Chap Ch apte terr 9
Chap Ch apte terr 10 10
Mus Mushroo room for for a Liv Liviing
Coprinus Mushroom Cultivation in Thailand
199
Agaricus blazei Cultivation for a Living in Brazil
208
Small Scale Oyster Mushroom Cultivation in Egypt
219
Mush Mu shro room om Gr Grow owin ing g Pro Proje ject ct
Pilot Mushroom Cultivation Project in Nepal
223
Mushroom Growing Project in Colombia
234
Regi Re gion onal al St Stud udie iess
Mushroom Growing in Lao PDR
244
Mushrooms and Cultivation of Mushrooms in Vietnam
260
Appendix Resource Directory
270
MushWorld’s Profile
280
Fruitbodies
Y R E L L A G O T O H P M O O R H S U M
1
2
3
4
5
6
1. Young fruitbody that comes out opening the styrofoam sealing 2. Mature shiitake fruitbody grown on log 3. Fruitbodies heading for sky (showing negative geotropism) 4. Fruitbodies grown on sawdust block 5. Fruitbodies from white synthetic log on the ground 6. Shiitake gills (still inrolled) and stipe
