Lotman teoriza desde la semiótica de la cultura, el lenguaje cinematográfico.Full description
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Undergraduate Thesis University of Kentucky Spring 2013
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Un propuesta de sistematización de la semiótica general, por Eero Tarasti.
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Ashwin
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OF all recent developments in what used to be confidently called the humanities, no event has registered a more radical and widespread impact than the growth of semiotics. There scarcely remains a...
Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis), or signification and communication, signs and symbols symbols,, both individu individually ally and groupe groupedd into into sign sign syste systems ms.. It includ includes es the study study of how meaning is constructed and understood.. understood This discipline discipline is frequently frequently seen as having having important important anthropological anthropological dimensions. dimensions. However, some semioticians focus on the logical dimensions of the science. They eamine areas belonging also to the natural sciences ! such as how organisms ma"e predictions about, and adapt to, their semiotic niche in the world (see semiosis semiosis). ). In general, semiotic theories ta"e signs or sign syste systems ms as their their ob#ect ob#ect of study$ study$ the commun communica icatio tionn of inform informati ation on in living living organism organismss is covere coveredd in biosemiotics or %oosemiosis. Syntactics is the branch of semiotics that deals with the formal properties of signs and symbols. symbols.&' Terminology The term, which was spelled semeiotics (ree" ( ree"$$ *+-/0123, semeioti"os, an interpreter of signs), was first used in 4nglish by Henry Stubbes ('567, Stubbes ('567, p. 68) in a very precise precise sense to denote the branch branch of medical medical science relating relating to the interpretatio interpretationn of signs. 9ohn :oc"e :oc"e used the terms semeioti"e and semeiotics in ;oo" <, =hapter >' of ?n 4ssa 4ssayy =onc =oncernin erningg Huma Humann @nderstanding ('5A7). Here he eplains how science can be divided into three parts$ ?ll that can fall within the compass of human understanding, being either, first, the nature of things, as they are in themselves, their relations, and their manner of operation$ or, secondly, that which man himself ought to do, as a rational and voluntary agent, for the attainment of any end, especially happiness$ or, thirdly, the ways and means whereby the "nowledge of both the one and the other of these is i s attained and communicatedB I thin" science may be divided properly into these three sorts. C:oc"e, 'D>EF'A5E, p. '6< :oc"e then elaborates on the nature of this third category, naming it G+-/01+ (Semeioti"e) and eplaining it as the doctrine of signs in the following terms$ or is there any thing to be relied upon in Jhysic",&> Jhysic",&> but an eact "nowledge of medicinal physiology (founded on observation, not principles), semeiotics, method of curing, and tried (not ecogitated,&E ecogitated,&E not not commanding) medicines. C:oc"e, 'D>EF'A5E, <.>'.<, p. '68 In the nineteenth nineteenth century, century, =harles Jeirce defined Jeirce defined what he termed semiotic semiotic as the quasi!necessary, or formal doctrine of signs, which abstracts what must be the characters of all signs used by...an intelligence capable of learning by eperience&< eperience&<,, and which is philosophical logic pursued in terms of signs and sign processes&8 processes&8.. =harles Korris followed Jeirce in using the term semiotic and in etending the discipline beyond human communication to animal learning and use of signals. Saussure,, however, viewed the most important area within semiotics as belonging to the social sciences$ Saussure It is... possible to conceive of a science which studies the role of signs as part of social life. It would form part of social psychology, and hence of general psychology. Le shall call it semiology (from the ree" semeMon, NsignN). It would investigate the nature of signs and the laws governing them. Since it does not yet eist, one cannot say for certain that it will eist. ;ut it has a right to eist, a place ready for it in advance. :inguistics is only one branch of this general science. The laws which semiology will discover will be laws applicable in linguistics, and linguistics will thus be assigned to a clearly defined place in the field of human "nowledge. C=ited in =handlerNs Semiotics Oor ;eginners, Introduction. &edit edit Oormulations Semioticians classify signs or sign systems in relation to the way they are transmitted (see modality modality). ). This process of carrying meaning depends on the use of codes that may be the individual sounds or letters that humans use to form words, the body movements they ma"e to show attitude or emotion, or even something as general as the clothes they wear. To coin a word to refer refer to a thing thing (see leical words), the community must agree on a simple meaning (a denotative denotative meaning) meaning) within their language.. ;ut that word can transmit language transmit that meaning only within the languageNs languageNs grammatica grammaticall structures structures and codes (see synta and semantics semantics). ). =odes also represent the values values of of the culture culture,, and are able to add new shades of connotation to every aspect of life. To eplai eplainn the relati relations onship hip betwee betweenn semiot semiotics ics and communication studies, studies, communication is defined as the process of transferring data from a source to a receiver as efficiently and effectively as possible. Hence, communication theorists construct models based on codes, media, and contets to eplain the biology biology,, psychology psychology,, and mechanics involved. ;oth disciplines also recognise that the technical process cannot be separated from the fact that the receiver must decode decode the the data, i.e., be able to distinguish the data as salient salient and and ma"e meaning out of it. This implies that there is a necessary overlap between semiotics and communication. Indeed, many of the concepts are shared, although in each field the emphasis is different. In Kessages and Keanings$ ?n Introduction to Semiotics, Karcel Panesi ('AA<), suggested that semioticiansN priorities were to study signification first and communication second. ? more etreme view is offered by 9ean!9acques attie% ('AD6B trans. 'AA7$ '5), who, as a musicologist,, considered the theoretical study of communication irrelevant to his application of semiotics. musicologist Semiotics Semiotics differs from linguistics linguistics in in that it generali%es the definition of a sign to encompass signs in any medium or sensory modality. modality. Thus it broadens the range of sign systems and sign relations, and etends the definition of language in what amounts to its widest analogical or metaphorical sense. JeirceNs definition of the term semiotic as the study of necessary features of signs also has the effect of distinguishing the discipline from linguistics as the study of contingent features that the worldNs languages happen to have acquired in the course of human evolution.