ELEKTROTEHNIČKI FAKULTET FAKULTET U PODGORICI PODGORI CI Studije: specijalističke akadeske Studijski p!"#!a: E$e!#etika i aut"atika Sje!: Elekt!"e$e!#etski sistei
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ELEKTROENERGETSKI KA'LO(I NAZIV TEME TEME SEMINARSKOG RADA: VISOKONAPONSKI ELEKTROENERGETSKI KABLOVI
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Elektroenergetski Elektroenergetski kablovi
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Elektroenergetski kablovi
1*U,"d K&/0o+s-i +od i0i -r&ce -&/&0 %e e0e-troenergets-i +od s& i.o0o+&ni* (ro+odni-o*? (o0o@eni* u .e*0%u dire-tno i0i u -&/0o+s-i* -&n&0i*&? ci%e+i*&? (ort&0i*& i s0i7no$ K&/0o+s-i +odo+i (o0o@eni u .e*0%u se 7esto n&.i+&%u i (od.e*ni* e0e-troenergets-i* +odo+i*&$ R&ni%e su se s&*o -&/0o+i -oristi0i .& (od.e*no (o0&g&n%e$ Oni su i*&0i .&5titni s0o% od (rodor& +0≥o0o+ni o*ot&c? *e8&ni7-u i &nti-oro.ionu .&5titu$ K&/0 -&o e0e*ent e0e-troenergets-og siste*& tre/& d& %e s&g0&s&n s& ost&0i* e0e*enti*&? sto se tice n&(ons-og ni+o& i stru%nog o(tereen%&$ On s0u@i i -&o (o+e.ni e0e*ent i.*e9u e0e-tr&n&? r&.+odni8 (ostro%en%& i n&d.e*ni8 +odo+&$ Sto se tice +i5i8 n&(on&? oni su se (r+o (ri*%en%i+&0i n& n&d.e*ne +odo+e? (& te- ond& n& -&/0o+s-e ./og s0o@eni%e te8no0ogi%e i.r&de odgo+&r&%uceg -&/0&$ Pro/0e* (re0&s-& n& +r0o +iso-e n&(one u -&/0o+s-o% te8nici se s&sto%i? i.*ed%u ost&0og? u s*&n%en%u die0e-tri7ni8 gu/it&-&$ S& -0&si7no* (&(irno;u0%no* i.o0&ci%o*? stru%no o(tereen%e -&/0& od #!!;1!! -V (o7in%e n&g0o d& o(&d&$ Viso-on&(ons-i +odo+i u gr&ds-i* (odru7%i*& u (rete@no* /ro%u s0u7&%e+& su -&/0o+s-i$ Utic&% +odo+& n& o-o0inu se og0ed& u .&u.i*&n%u (rostor& i (o+r5in&? utic&%& n& te0e-o*uni-&cione +e.e? n&ru5&+&n%e o-o0ine? utic&% e0e-tro*&gnetnog (o0%& n& 7o+%e-& i drugo$ Do- n&d.e*ni +odo+i n&ru5&+&%u estets-i i.g0ed o-o0ine? one*ogu&+&%u r&.+o% gr&do+& i o*et&%u +&.dusni s&o/r&%? -&/0o+s-i +odo+i +r0o ri%et-o uti7u n& s*&n%en%e o/r&di+i8 (o+5in&$ Kod -&/0o+s-i8 +odo+&? ./og +e0i-e ne*ogunosti u i./oru ti(& -&/0& s& g0edi5t& e-r&ni.u%ueg efe-t&? (ro/0e* utic&%& n& te0e-o*uni-&cione +odo+e se s&s+i* us(%e5no r%e5&+& i&-o su *e9uso/n& r&sto%&n%& re0&ti+no *&0&$ Utic&% +odo+& n& o-o0inu se og0ed& i u is(o0%&+&n%u de%st+& e0e-tro*&gnetnog (o0%& n& 0%ude i @i+otin%e? -&o i n& /i0%-e i /&-teri%e$ Do- %e -od n&d.e*ni8 +odo+& o+&% utic&% i.r&@en? -od -&/0o+s-i8 +odo+& o+i utic&%i (r&-ti7no i ne (osto%e? %er %e e0e-tri7no (o0%e .&t+oreno u s&* -&/0? i.*e9u (ro+odni-& i e-r&n&? & *&gnetno (o0%e +&n -&/0& %e u nor*&0no* (ogonu (r&-ti7no .&ne*&r0%i+o$ Do-&.&no %e d& o+i utic&%i r&stu s& (o+e&n%e* (ri*i%en%enog n&(on& i stru%nog o(tereen%&$ Prednosti -&/0o+& u odnosu n& n&d.e*ne +odo+e su: B ne*& +i.ue0ne degr&d&ci%e (rostor&? osi* (ri0i-o* inst&0&ci%e -&/0o+&? B i*&%u +eu (ogons-u (ou.d&nost ./og 7in%enice d& ni%esu i.0o@eni ud&ri*& gro*o+& i ost&0i* &t*osfers-i* utic&%i*&? B .&5tieni su od n&*%ernog uni5t&+&n%&$ Nedost&ci -&/0o+& u odnosu n& n&d.e*ne +odo+e su: B n&%7e5e d&0e-o +ee ci%ene u odnosu n& ci%enu d&0e-o+od&? B u s0u7&%u -+&r& -o%i *o@e n&stu(iti negd%e n& -&/0u? te@e %e 0ocir&ti *%esto -+&r&?& (otre/no %e i d&0e-o +i5e +re*en& .& u-0&n%&n%e -+&r&$ Osno+ni -onstru-ti+ni d%e0o+i -&/0& su: (ro+odni-? @ic&? i.o0&ci%&? @i0&? %e.gro -&/0&? is(un&? (0&5t? *et&0ni (0&5t? o*ot&7? &r*&tur&? s0&/o(r(+d-i s0o%? e0e-tri7n& .&5tit&$ ;Pro+odni- %e *et&0ni dio -&/0& n&*i%en%en (ro+o9en%u stru%e$ Pro+odni- *o@e /iti (uni? -&d& se s&sto%i od %edne @ice 'do "1 ** (res%e-&) i0i u@e? -&d& se s&sto%i od +i5e @ic& '+i5e@i7ni)$ ; Cic& %e osno+ni s&st&+ni e0e*ent (ro+odni-&? n&7in%en od (ro+odnog *&teri%&0& '/&-&r i0i &0u*ini%u*)$ ; I.o0&ci%& %e s0o% od i.o0&cionog *&teri%&0& -o%i s0u@i .& e0e-tri7no i.o0o+&n%e (ro+odni-&$ ,
Elektroenergetski kablovi
; Ci0& %e i.o0o+&ni *et&0ni '+i5e@i7ni) (ro+odni-$ S&sto%i od (ro+odni-&? i.o0&ci%e i s0&/o(ro+odni8 s0o%e+&? &-o (osto%e$ ; =e.gro -&/0& %e s-u( (ou@eni8 @i0&? s& odgo+&r&%uo* is(uno*? &-o (osto%i$ ; Is(un& %e e0e*ent -&/0& -o%i* se is(un%&+& *e9u(rostor i.*e9u @i0& +i5e@i0ni8 -&/0o+&? d& /i se do/io -ru@ni (res%e- -&/0&$ ; P0&5t 'o*ot&7) %e .&5titni s0o% od (o0i+ini080orid& 'PV) i0i (o0ieti0en& 'PE) -o%i 5titi e0e*ente -&/0& od +0&ge i 8e*i%s-i8 utic&%&? & u *&n%o% *eri i od *e8&ni7-i8 o5teen%&$ 3 Met&0ni (0&5t %e /e5&+n& ci%e+ od o0o+& i0i &0u*ini%u*& -o%& se (ost&+0%& (re-o %e.gr& -&/0& s& ci0%e* d& 5titi i.o0&ci%u od +0&ge i 8e*i%s-i8 i0i *e8&ni7-i8 o5teen%&$ ; Ar*&tur& %e s0o% od *et&0ni8 tr&-& i0i @ic& -o%i 5titi -&/0 od (re-o*%erni8 *e8&ni7-i8 i o5teen%& -&/0&$ ; S0&/o(ro+odni s0o% 'e-r&n -&/0&) %e s0o% -o%i se (ost&+0%& is(od i.o0&ci%e i i.n&d i.o0&ci%e i s0u@i .& r&di%&0no o/0i-o+&n%e i ogr&ni7en%e e0e-tri7nog (o0%&$ ; E0e-tri7n& .&5tit& %e *et&0ni s0o% -o%i s0u@i .& ogr&ni7en%e e0e-tri7nog (o0%&? .& od+o9en%e stru%e .e*0%os(o%& i .&5titu od indire-tnog dodir&$ Kod %edno@i0ni8 -&/0o+& e0e-tri7n& .&5tit& se (ost&+0%& i.n&d s0&/o(ro+odnog s0o%& i.o0&ci%e? do- -od tro@i0ni8 -&/0o+& on& *o@e d& se (ost&+i (re-o s+&-e @i0e i0i d& /ude .&%edni7-& .& s+e @i0e $
Slika 1: Konstrukcija kabla
2
Elektroenergetski kablovi
4* Ist"!ijski !a&,"j ka5l",a Ri%e7 -&/0 %e &r&(s-og (ori%e-0&$ R&ni%e %e (osto%&0& %&sn& r&.0i-& i.*e9u -&/0o+& i i.o0o+&ni8 (ro+odni-&$ K&/0o+i su se -oristi0i .& (od.e*no (o0&g&n%e$ Oni su i*&0i .&5titni s0o% od (rodor& +0≥o0o+ni o*ot&7? *e8&ni7-u .&5titu i .&5titu od -oro.i%e$s&d& se st+&r /itno i.*i%eni0&? (& se ne *o@e %&sno (o+ui gr&nic& i.*e9u -&/0o+& i i.o0o+&ni8 +odo+&$ E0e-troenergets-i -&/0o+i su u u(otre/i +e sto godin&$ Pr+i -&/0 s& i.o0&ci%o* %e -onstruis&n "4#!$ godine? & /io %e n&*i%en%en te0efoni%i i te0egr&fi%i$ Z/og s+o%e nis-e r&dne te*(er&ture od s+eg& 2# gut&(er-& -&o i.o0&ci%& -&/0& ni%e n&50& 5iru (ri*%enu$ Ne-i8 ,! godin& -&sni%e gut&(er-& %e .&*i%en%en& %uto* i*(regnis&no* +&.e0ino*$ K&o .&5titu od (rodor& +0&ge -ori5en %e o0o+ni o*ot&7$ U eng0es-o% %e "46!$ godine er&nti -ontruis&o "! -V %ednof&.ni -&/0? 5to %e /i0o us0o+0%eno (re0&s-o* %ednos*%erne ne n&i.*%eni7ni siste* n&(&%&n%&$ Godine "46$ -onstruis&n %e (r+i trof&.ni -&/0 "! -V? t.+$ (o%&sni -&/0$ S+&-& od @i0& %e /i0& i.o0o+&n& & s+e tri @i0e /i0e su i.o0o+&ne .&%edni7-o* (o%&sno* i.o0&ci%o*$ O0o+ni o*ot&7 %e s0u@io d& se s(ri%e7i (rodor +0&ge$ Me9uti*? o+&% -&/0 (o-&.&o %e +e0i-e nedost&t-e .& +i5e n&(one$ U/r.o %e "6",$ godine -onstris&n ,, -V -&/&0 s& e-r&ni.ir&ni* @i0&*& od i./u5enog *et&0i.ir&nog (&(ir&? 5to %e o*ogui0o nes*et&no -ret&n%e u0%& u -&/0u$ Us-oro %e ust&no+0%eno d& o+&-+& +rst& -&/0& nee .&do+o0%iti us0o+e +i5i8 n&(on& i.n&d 1! -V? %er su se u 5u(0%in&*& i.o0&ci%e %&+0%&0& %&-& e0e-tri7n& (r&@n%en%& -o%& su /r.o +odi0& do (ro/o%& -&/0&$ U to* (eriodu te@n%& n&u7ni-& /i0& %e us*%eren& -& odstr&n%i+&n%u 5u(0%in& u i.o0&ci%i$ T&-o se n& tr@i5tu u n&redni8 "# godin& *og0o n&i: "62$ godine; u0%ni -&/&0 "6,"$ godine; u0%ni -&/0o+i u ci%e+i*& "6,3$ godine;g&sni -&/&0 s& unutr&5n%i* (ritis-o* • • •
Godine "6#!;e u Eng0es-o% %e r&.+i%eno +i5e ti(o+& -&/0o+& s& (rinudni* 80&9en%e*$ Z&8+&0%u%ui n&g0o* r&.+o%u 8e*i%s-e industri%e? (o7in%e se trideset godin& (ro50og +i%e-& s& (ri*%eno* +%e5t&7-i8 *&teri%&0& .& i.r&du i.o0&ci%e -&/0&$ Predn%&7i (ri*%en& (o0i+ini0;80orid& 'PV)$ K&sni%e u Eng0es-o% ot-ri+en %e (o0ieti0en 'PE)? -o%e e (reu.eti +odeu u0ogu u i.r&di i.o0&ci%e -&/0&$ S*&tr& se d& %e (re0o*ni trenut&- n&st&o "616$ godine -&d& %e u r&ncus-o% i.gr&9en +iso-on&(ons-i -&/&0 #-V i.o0o+&n s& PE$ Z&ti* s0i%edi -&/&0 3#-V u To-i%u$ Godine "64#$ (roi.+ed %e (r+i -&/&0 n&(on& 2!! -V i.o0o+&n s& PE$ V&@&n trenut&- u r&.+o% u -&/0o+& .& (renos +iso-og n&(on& s*&tr& se (u5t&n%e u (renos (r+e ci%e+ne dionice S1 "63"$godine$ Godine "63$ osno+&n %e (r+i studi%s-i -o*itet IGRE? -o%i se /&+io +iso-on&(ons-o* te8no0ogi%o*$ O+&% -o*itet /io %e od +e0i-e +&@nosti .& r&.+o% e0e-troenergets-i8 -&/0o+&$
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Elektroenergetski kablovi
6* P"djela ka5l",a Pre*& oso/in&*& e0e-tri7ne energi%e -o%u (ro+ode? -&/0o+e di%e0i*o n&: "$ energets-e i $ te0e-o*uni-&cione Pre*& -onstru-ci%i -&/0o+i se r&.0i-u%u (o: gr&9i (ro+odni-&? gr&9i i.o0&ci%e i gr&9i .&5titni8 s0o%e+&$ Pre*& gr&9i (ro+odni-& r&.0i-u%e*o -&/0o+e s& %ed&ni*? d+&? tri? 7etiri i0i s& (et (ro+odni-&$
Slika 1: Jednožilni,tožili i četvorožilni kabal
Pre*& gr&9i i.o0&ci%e: Osno+n& +rst& i.o0&ci%e -od -&/0o+& %e 7+rst& i.o0&ci%&? do- se -od -&/0o+& VN -&o i.o0&ci%& (ri*%en%u%e i ulje ili #as p"d p!itisk" $ S o.iro* n& +rstu 7+rste i.o0&ci%e? r&.0i-u%e*o -&/0o+e: ; s& sinteti7-o* '(o0i*er) i.o0&ci%o* i ;i.o0o+&ne i*(regnis&ni* (&(iro* Fto se ti7e gr&9e s& .&5titni* s0o%e+i*&? i*&*o s0edee +rste .&5tite:*et&0ni (0&5t? unutr&5n%i .&5titni s0o%? &r*&tur& i s(o0%&5n%i (0&5t$ Pre*& n&(onu .& -o%i -&/0 i.gr&9en r&.0i-u%u se: ;nis-on&(ons-i? ;sredn%en&(ons-i i ;+iso-on&(ons-i$ 4.
Ka5l",i &a ,is"ke i ,!l" ,is"ke $ap"$e
K&/0o+i .& +iso-e i +r0o +iso-e n&(one -oriste ter*i7-i st&/i0ne i.o0&ci%e '(&(ir i*(regnis&n u0%e* (od tr&%ni* (ritis-o*? (&(ir u (0inu (od tr&%ni* (ritis-o*? (0in (od (ritis-o*) Pod%e0&: "$ Ter*ost&/i0ni: U0%ni -&/0o+i nis-og (ritis-& U0%ni -&/0o+i +iso-og (ritis-& • •
1
Elektroenergetski kablovi • •
"$ $ • • •
K&/0o+i s& unutr&5n%i* (ritis-o* g&s& K&/0o+i s& s(o0%&5n%i* (ritis-o* g&s& K&/0o+i s& sinteti7-o* i.o0&ci%o* Viso-on&(ons-i -&/0o+i +e0i-i8 sn&g&: K&/0o+i s& (rinudni* 80&9en%e* i%e+ni -&/0o+i Kriogens-i -&/0o+i: Su(er;(ro+odni -&/0o+i Krio;re.isti+ni -&/0o+i • •
/*1* Te!"sta5il$i ka5l",i O+i -&/0o+i su i.o0o+&ni (&(iro* i i*(regnis&ni u u0%no* -o*(&udu? s& ogr&ni7eno* (ri*%eno* do 1! -V$ Osno+ni (ro/0e* %e /io u n&st&%&n%u 5u(0%in& u i.o0&ci%i -&/0& ./og r&.0i7iti8 -oefici%en&t& 5iren%& o0o+nog o*ot&7&? (&(ir& i u0%&$ Kod .&gri%&+&n%& -&/0& n&st&%e 5iren%e i*(regn&cione *&se -o%& t&-o9e 5iri o0o+ni o*ot&7$ K&/0 se ./og s+o%e nee0&sti7nosti ne +r&& u (r+o/itni (o0o@&%$ Re.u0t&t o+og u7est&nog (roces& %e st+&r&n%e 5u(0%in& u i.o0&ci%i? -o%e se (od utic&%e* e0e-tri7nog (o0%& %oni.u%u 5to do+odi do s-r&en%& @i+otnog +i%e-& i (ro/o%& -&/0&$ Z/og s+eg& o+og& se *or& one*oguiti st+&r&n%e 5u(0%in& 5to se (osti@e (o+e&n%e* (ritis-& u0%& i0i g&s&$ Z/og tog& se o+& gru(& -&/0o+& n&.i+& ter*ost&/i0ni*$
/*1*1* Ulj$i ka5l",i $isk"# p!itiska N&%r&s(rostr&n%eni%& -onstu-ci%& -&/0& s& nis-i* (ritis-o* u0%& -&r&-teri5e se 5u(0%i* (ro+odni-o* u -o*e se n&0&.i u0%e (od st&ti7-i* (ritis-o*$ K&d se te*(er&tur& -&/0& *i%en%& u0%e se (o*%er& i od0&.i i0i do0&.i i. u0%ni8 sudo+& se +r&& u -&/0 (od de%st+o* (ritis-& g&sni8 %&stu-&H u sudo+i*&$ Z& o+&-o os%et0%i+o (o*%er&n%e u0%& neo(8odno %e d& %e ono *&0og inte.itet&
Slika 1: jednožilni uljni kabal niskog pritiska
Pro+odni- *o@e /iti i.gr&9en n& ne-o0i-o n&7in&: od o-rug0i8 @ic& s& -&n&0o* .& u0%e od s(ir&0ne tr&-e od seg*entni8 @ic& -o%e o/r&.u%u -&n&0 .& u0%e .& +ee (res%e-e s& t.+$ Mi00i-en -onstru-ci%o* (ro+odni-& I.o0&ci%& u0%ni8 -&/0o+& %e od (&(ir& +iso-i8 oso/in& i r&.0i7iti8 de/0%in&? r&di (o+e&n%& die0e-tri7ne 7+rstoe$ Met&0ni o*ot&7 i.r&9u%e se od o0o+& i &0u*ini%u*&$ Pri*%ene • • •
3
Elektroenergetski kablovi
&0u*ini%s-i8 o*ot&7& u*&n%u%e *&su i sni@&+& ci%enu -&/0o+&$ K&-o se (ritis&- u0%& o/i7no -ree od # do 4 /&r to o0o+ni o*ot&7 *or& /iti (o%&7&n /ron.&ni* tr&-&*&$ Re9& %e (ri*%en& 7e0i7ni8 tr&-&? -o%e *or&%u /iti ne*&gnetne. U0%ni -&/0 (os*&tr&n -&o 8idr&u0i7-i siste* u s+e*u se (on&5& (o .&-oni*& 8idr&u0i-e$ Kod u0%ni8 -&/0o+i *ogu se %&+iti i din&*i7-i (ritisci$ Oni n&t&%u -&d& se 80&d&n -&/0 u-0%u7u%u n& (uno e0e-tri7no o(tereen%e? (& se (ro+odni- /r.o gri%e i (renosi to(0otu n& 80&dno u0%e$ U0%ni -&/0o+i nis-og (rtis-& *ogu o(st&ti u (ogonu i&-o u0%e curi n& *%estu o5teen%& *et&0nog o*ot&7&$ U to* s0u7&%u se *or& -ontro0is&ti /r.in& otic&n%& u0%& i ni+o u0%& u sudo+i*&$ P&do* (ritis-& u0%& u -&/0u n&%&+0%u%e se *ogui e0e-tri7ni -+&r$ U (ogodni* (ri0i-&*& *o@e se -&/0 is-0%u7iti? odrediti *%esto curen%& i od-0oniti -+&r$ U o+o*e 0e@i +e0i-& (rednost u0%nog -&/0& n&d -&/0o+i*& s& 7+rsti* die0e-tri-o*$
/*1*4* Ulj$i ka5l",i ,is"k"# p!itiska D& /i se u0%ni* -&/0o+i*& (rodu@i0& 8idr&u0i7n& dionic&? (otre/no /i /i0o (o+e&ti -&n&0 .& u0%e u (ro+odni-u i (ritis&- g&s&$ To i. -onstru-ti+ni8 i drugi8 r&.0og& ni%e s+rsis8odno$ O+&-+i (ro/0e*i se r%e5&+&%u u0%ni* -&/0o+i*& +iso-og (ritis-&$ Konstru-ci%& o+i8 -&/0o+& %e re0&ti+no %ednost&+n&$ Ci0e su i*(regnis&ne +is-o.ni* -&*(&undo*$ O-o @i0& su s(ir&0no (ost&+0%ene *et&0ne @ice od ne*&gnetnog 7e0i-& i0i /&-r&? -o%e i*&%u s+r8u d& .&5tite @i0u -&/0& od *e8&ni7-i8 o5teen%& (ri (o0&g&n%u u 7e0i7ne ci%e+i$ Pored (&si+ne &nti-oro.i+ne .&5tite 7e0i7ne ci%e+i (re(oru70%i+& %e i (ri*%en& &-ti+ne -&todne .&5tite$ Princi( r&d& o+og ti(& -&/0& %e s0i7&n -&o i -od u0%nog -&/0& ni-og (ritis-&$ U0%e se 5iri (ri .&gri%&+&n%u i te7e u (ose/&n re.er+o&r n& -r&%u dionice$ Pri 80&9en%u -&/0& u0%e se +r&& u 7e0i7nu ci%e+ (od de%st+o* (u*(ne st&nice -o%& odr@&+& (ritis&- n& odre9eno% +ri%ednosti -o%& %e (otre/n& '"#;"3 /&r)$ U0%e n& t&% n&7in d%e0u%e dire-tno n& i.o0&ci%u @i0e i do.+o0%&+& d& se o/r&.u%u (r&.ni (rostori$ Pu*(ne st&nice *ogu n&(&%&ti -&/0o+s-e dionice du@ine i do deset -i0o*et&r&$ Prednost o+og -&/0& n&d u0%ni* -&/0o* nis-og (ritis-& %e u +i5e* ste(enu (ou.d&nosti %er %e /o0%e .&5tien od e+entu&0ni8 *e8&ni7-i8 o5teen%&$ Nedost&t&- *u %e +e& ci%en&? s-u(0%& *ont&@& i o(&snost od .&g&9en%& o-o0ine (ri o5teen%u ci%e+i i curen%& u0%&$ Pr+o se (ost&+0%&%u i .&+&ru%u? (& se (os0i%e n%i8o+og is(iti+&n%& n& (ritis&-? (ro+0&7e -&0o+i$ Pose/ne te5-oe (redst&+0%&%u (r0%&+5tin& i +od& -o%e *ogu ui u ci%e+$
Slika 2: Uljni kabal visokog pritiska
/*1*6* Ka5l",i sa u$ut!a7$ji p!itisk" #asa Princi( r&d& -&/0& s& unutr&5n%i* (ritis-o* g&s& %e s0i7&n (rinci(u r&d& u0%nog -&/0& s& nis-i* (ritis-o*? %er se 5u(0%ine is(un%&+&%u g&so* (od (ritis-o*$ Z& g&s se o/i7no -oristi 4
Elektroenergetski kablovi
&.ot (od (ritis-o* od "# /&r;&$ K&-o (ro/o%n& 7+rsto& g&s& r&ste s& (or&sto* (ritis-& (o+e&+& se n&(on %oni.&ci%e? (& o+&-+e 5u(0%ine +i5e ni%esu (od0o@ne r&.&ru%ue* de%st+u e0-tri7nog (o0%&$ Konstru-ci%e o+og -&/0& *ogu /iti %edno@i0ne gd%e g&s (ro0&.i -ro. 5u(0%i (ro+odni- i0i (rostor i.*e9u *et&0nog o*ot&7& i i.o0&ci%e$ P&(irn& i.o0&ci%& o+i8 -&/0o+& %e i*(regnis&n& s(eci%&0ni* u0%i* -o*(&undo* +eeg +is-o.itet& -&-o ne /i do0&.i0o do n%ego+og (o*%er&n%&$
o0o+ni (0&st -&n&0 .& u0%e (ro+odni- (&(irni i.o0&tor Slika 3:Kabal sa unutranji! pritisko! gasa
/*1*/* Ka5l",i sa sp"lja7$ji p!itisk" #asa O+&% ti( -&/0& (redst&+0%& -o*/in&ci%u troo0o+nog -&/0& i 7e0i7ne ci%e+i u -o%u %e u+u7en$ O+d%e se t&-o9e -oristi &.ot (od (ritis-o* od "# /&r;&$ G&s ne (redst&+0%& i.o0&cioni *edi%u*? %er ne (rodire u i.o0&ci%u -&/0&$ Pritis&- g&s& se(renosi n& i.o0&ci%u -&/0& (re-o o0o+nog o*ot&7& -&/0&$ K&d se -&/0 .&gri%&+& o0o+n o*ot&7 d%e0u%e -&o *e*/r&n& i (reu.i*& 5iren%e i*(regn&cionog -o*(&und&? & -&d se 80&di *e*/r&n& se +r&& u (r+o/itni (o0o@&% (od (ritis-o* g&s&$ D& /i se 0&-5e (odnosio (ritis&- g&s& @i0&*& se d&%e o+&0ni o/0i-$ Od i*(regn&cionog -o*(&und& se .&8ti%e+& d& *u +is-o.nost ne .&+isi *nogo od te*(er&ture u r&dno* (odru7%u$ K&o i -od s+i8 -&/0o+& s& 7e0i7ni* ci%e+i*& i o+d%e se (o-0&n%& (&@n%& n%i8o+o% &nti-oro.i+no% .&5titi i (ro/0e*u dete-ci%e *%est& n& -o*e curi g&s$
/*4* Ka5l",i sa si$teti8k" i&"lacij" +rst& i.o0&ci%& (odr&.u*i%e+& i.o0&ci%u od +%e5t&7-i8 sinteti7-i8 *&teri%&0&: PV '(o0i+ini0;80orid) PE '(o0iei0en) UPE 'u*re@eni (o0ieti0en) EPR 'eti0en (ro(i0en) i drugi • • • •
Pri*%ene 7+rste i.o0&ci%e .& +iso-on&(ons-e -&/0o+e do50& %e -&o odgo+or n& ne-e (ogons-e *&ne u0%ni8 -&/0o+&$ U0%ni -&/0o+i nis-og (ritis-& i*&%u siste* n&(&%&n%& -&/0o+& u0%e* -o%e *or& d& %e (od st&0ni* n&d.oro*$ T&-o9e se (o-&.&0o d& %e ot-ri+&n%e *%est& curen%& u0%& -od o+i8 -&/0o+& re0&ti+no dug i -o*(0i-o+&n (ostu(&-$ U0%ni -&/0o+i u ci%e+i*&? t.+$ O0ist&tic -&/0o+i ./og +eeg (ritis-& i -o0i7ine u0%& (redst&+0%&%u st&0nu o(&snost .& o-o0inu u s0u7&%u curen%& u0%&$ Kod -&/0o+& s& 7+rsto* i 8o*ogeno* estrudo+&no* i.o0&ci%o* od PE? UPE i0i EPR o+i (ro/0e*i ot(&d&%u$ Me9uti*? -od +i5i8 n&(on& i de/0%e i.o0&ci%e u (r+i (0&n i./i%&%u (ro/0e*i (roi.+odn%e 8o*ogene i.o0&ci%e? /e. 5u(0%in&? str&ni8 u-0%u7&-& i ne7isto&$ 6
Elektroenergetski kablovi
"abela 1# Uporene karakteristike
Ka!akte!istike Tr&%no od.+o0%en& te*(er&tur& u K&rt-os(o%n& do.+o0%en& te*(er&tur& u Nu@ni (ogon u Die0e-tri7n& -onst&nt& ɛr Tgδ"!, ɛr tgδ S(ecifi7ni to(0otni ot(or K*J<
PE 3!;4! ",!;"1! J $,;$2 !$2;!$4 L!$!!" ,$#
UPE 6! #! ",! $,;$# !$1;"$ !$!!! ,$#
EPR 6! #! ",! $3;,$ #;1 L!$!!"# ,$#
E0&sto*eri*& (ri(&d& UPE? gu*& i s0i7ni *&teri%&0i$ K&r&-teri5e i8 (ro*%en0%i+& e0&sti7nost (ri nis-o* (ritis-u? r&dni* i +iso-i* te*(er&tur&*&$ O+i *&teri%&0i su neoto(0%i+i$ PE (ri +iso-i* te*(er&tur&*& i*& -rist&0nu stru-turu$ Pri te*(er&turi od ""! ste(eni (ost&%e ter*o(0&sti7&n i ne +r&& se +i5e u (r+o/itni (o0o@&%$ N& +i5i* te*(er&tur&*&? d& /i .&dr@&o s+o% o/0i-? u*re@&+& se$ U*re@&+&n%e *o@e /iti fi.i7-o i 8e*i%s-o$ N&%r&s(rostr&n%eni%e %e 8e*i%s-o u*re@&+&n%e$ Z& to %e (otre/no do+o9en%e dod&tne to(0ote (ute* +odene (&re itd$ Po.n&t %e n&7in u*re@&+&n%& (o*ou energi%e .r&7en%&$ Osno+ni nedost&t&- PE i UPE %e u to*e 5to su os%et0%i+i n& (&rci%&0n& e0e-tri7n& (r&@n%en%&$ Me9uti*? EPR se (ot(uno r&.0i-u%e od n%i8$ On (o-&.u%e *&0u os%et0%i+ost n& (&rci%&0n& (r&@n%en%&$ PE i UPE i.o0&ci%e su s0i7ni8 oso/in&$ PE -&o ter*o(0&sti7ni *&teri%&0 i*& *&n%u do.+o0%enu te*(er&turu$ K&/0o+i s& t+rdo*? sinteti7-o* i.o0&ci%o* i*&%u s0edee (rednosti u (ore9en%u s& u0%ni* -&/0o+i*&: *&n%e die0e-tri7ne gu/it-e ne*& (otre/e .& odr@&+&n%e* *&n%i (re7ni- s&+i%&n%& 0&-o (re*o5en%e +e0i-i8 +isins-i8 r&.0i-& • • • •
M&ne o+i8 -&/0o+& su s0edee: ne (osto%i *ogunost (o%&+e e0e-tri7nog -+&r&? 5to %e s0u7&% -od u0%ni8 nedo+o0%no (ot+r9en @i+otni +i%e-H? .& +i5e n&(one od ""! -V 0ut&n%& (ri i./oru s(o%nic& .& *ont&@u (re*& s&d&5n%e* st&n%u te8no0ogi%e ni%e %o5 (ogod&n .& n&%+i5e n&(one$ • • •
/*6* (is"k"$ap"$ski ka5l",i ,is"ki9 s$a#a Koncentr&ci%& +e0i-i8 o(tereen%& u gr&do+i*& i industri%i us0o+i0& %e gr&dn%u tr&nsfor*&ci%& +e0i-i8 sn&g&? & ti*e i us0o+i0& r&.+o% -&/0o+& +e0i-i8 sn&g&$ Z& (o+e&n%e (renosne sn&ge -&/0& su /itne +&@nosti: ;die0e-tri7ni gu/ici ;(o/o5&0%e od+o9en%& to(0ote s& -&/0&$ Z& n&(on ,4! -V (ri*%en& u*re@enog (o0ieti0en& i*& .n&7&% ./og .n&tno *&n%i8 die0e-tri7ni8 gu/it&-& nego -od u0%ni8 -&/0o+&$ Po/o0%5&n%e od+o9en%& to(0ote s& -&/0&? (& ti*e i (o+e&n%e (renosne sn&ge -&/0& *o@e se (ostii i: ;od+o9en%e* to(0ote (rirodni* n&7ino* s& (ri*%eno* (ose/ni8 -&/0o+s-i8 (oste0%ic&? "!
Elektroenergetski kablovi
;od+o9en%e to(0ote (rirodni* (ute*$ Po.n&to %e ne-o0i-o n&7in& (rinudnog 80&9en%& -&/0o+&: ;indire-tno 8&09en%e (o+r5ine -&/0&? ;dire-tno 80&9en%e (o+r5ine -&/0& i ;dire-tno 80&9en%e
/*6*1* Ka5l",i sa p!i$ud$i 9lae$je N&%7e5e r&s80&dno sredst+o .& -&/0o+e %e +od& i u0%e$ U0%e %e (ogodno %er *o@e (redst&+0%&ti i i.o0&ciono sredst+o? *&d& i*& drugi8 *&n&$ Vod& -&o r&s80&dno sredst+o (os%edu%e od0i7ne oso/ine: nis-i +is-o.itet i +e0i-i s(ecifi7ni to(0otni -&(&citet$ Pri -ori5en%u +ode? n&ro7ito -od dire-tnog 80&9en%& %&+0%&%u se (ro/0e*i: ;-&-o %e +od& n& u0&s-u (od re0&ti+no +iso-i* (ritis-o*? *ogu& %e ero.i%& ci%e+i to-o* @i+otnog +i%e-& r&s80&dnog siste*& i -&/0&? ;(o%&+& -oro.i%e ci%e+i ;(renos;i.no5en%e (otenci%&0& D& /i se i./%eg0& ero.i%& i -oro.i%& .ido+& ci%e+i -oriste se ci%e+i od (0e*enitog 7e0i-&? -o%e su se (o-&.&0e /o0%e od ci%e+i od &0u*ini%u*&$ R&s80&9i+&n%e -&/0& *o@e /iti i.+edeno n& +i5e n&7in&$ Ko%i e se siste* 80&9en%& -oristiti .&+isi od du@ine r&s80&dne dionice? r&s(ored& -&/0o+&? 5irine r&s(o0o@i+og (rostor&? (res%e-& (ro+odni-& -&/0&$ Kod dug&7-i8 -&/0o+s-i8 +odo+& r&s80&9i+&n%e se *o@e (odi%e0iti u +i5e dionic&;t.+$ -&s-&dni siste*$ Siste* indire-tnog 80&9en%& (o+r5ine -&/0o+&? i&-o %e re0&ti+no %ednost&+&n u (ore9en%u s& drugi* n&7ini*&? i(&- %e +r0o -o*(0e-s&n %er .&+isi od ni.& 7in%enic&: du@in& r&s80&dne dionice? /ro%& r&s80&dni8 st&nic&? *e9uso/nog (o0o@&%& -&/0o+& i c%e+o+od&? /r.ine +ode? r&.0i-& (ritis-& +ode n& u0&.u i i.0&.u? r&.0i-& te*(er&tur& n& u0&.u i i.0&.u? (res%e-& i *&teri%&0& ci%e+i? r&s(o0o@i+e 5irine .& -&/0o+s-u tr&su? r&s80&9i+&n%e -&/0o+s-i8 g0&+& i s(o%nic&$ Kod indire-tnog 80&9en%& (o+r5ine -&/0& (otre/no %e i.*e9u -&/0& i c%e+o+od& ost+&riti do/ru to(0otnu +e.u -&-o /i se 5to +e& -o0i7in& to(0ote s& -&/0& od+e0& c%e+o+odo*$ 0&9en%e -&/0o+s-e g0&+e *o@e se i.+esti n& ne-o0i-o n&7in&: ;cir-u0&ci%o* u0%&? ;s(o0%&5n%i* 80&9en%e*$ Z& 80&9en%e -&/0o+s-i8 g0&+& -oristi se t&-o9e u0%e u 5u(0%ini (ro+odni-& -o%e (rinudno cir-u0i5e du@ ci%e0e dionice -oristei %ed&n 8idr&u0i7ni siste* .& od0&.&-? & drug& d+& .& (ro+odni- u0%&$ Stru%n& o(teret0%i+ost -&/0& 80&9eni* +odo* .&+isi od ne-o0i-o 7ini0ic&: ;(res%e-& (ro+odni-&? ;*&-si*&0ne te*(er&ture r&s80&dne +ode?" ;oso/ine sredine;.e*0%i5t& (re-o -o%eg se (renosi dio to(0ote$ Kod n&%+i5i8 n&(on& od (ose/nog interes& %e us-0&9i+&n%e die0e-tri7ni8 gu/it&-& i de/0%ine i.o0&ci%e s& to(0otno* (ro+odno5u i.o0&ci%e$ Z& i./or o(ti*&0ne -onstru-ci%e -&/0& tre/& us-0&diti 7etiri (&r&*etr&: ;i.o0&ci%u? t%$ n%en s(ecifi7ni to(0otni ot(or? ;de/0%inu i.o0&ci%e? ;tgδ ;i osno r&sto%&n%e -&/0o+& N&%efi-&sni%e (rinudno 80&9en%e -&/0& %e 80&9en%e (ro+odni-& +odo*$ Pro/0e* %e 5to su inst&0&ci%e .& 80&9en%e s-u(e i .&8ti%e+&%u st&0ni n&d.or i odr@&+&n%e u odre9eni* +re*ens-i* inter+&0i*&$ 0&9en%e %e us(%e5ni%e u-o0i-o %e dionic& -&/0& .& 80&9en%e -r&&$ Prenosn& sn&g& ""
Elektroenergetski kablovi
n&g0o o(&d& s& (o+e&n%e* du@ine r&s80&dne dionice$ Visin& (renosne sn&ge +eo*& %e .&+isn& i od 5u(0%ine u (ro+odni-u$
/*6*4* Cije,$i ka5l",i G&s S1 %e /e. *iris&? negor0%i+? neotro+&n i inert&n$ On %e i.+&redno st&/i0&n? 7&- do #!! 5to %e .n&tno i.n&d n%ego+e r&dne te*(er&ture$ "abela 2: $sobine gasa S% & Oso/in&
Vri%ednost
S(ecifi7n& te@in& (ri " /&r? ! u gJ0 S (ecifi7n& to(0ot& (ri " /&r? # u =J-g To(0otn& (ro+odnost (ri 3! u
1?# 11#?3 !?!"#4 L" !?!!! L"!;3
Z&8+&0%u%ui +r0o nis-o% die0e-tri7no% -onst&nti g&s& S 1? & t&-o9e f&-toru gu/it&-&? die0e-tri7ni gu/ici su *u +r0o *&0i$ G&s S 1 u n&i.*%eni7no* e0e-tri7no* (o0%u ne (o-&.uu%e (ro*%enu os/in& 5to %e 7esto s0u7&% -od -0&si7ni8 i.o0&ci%&$ N%ego+& die0e-tri7n& 7+rsto& (od (ritis-o* %e +e& +i5e od d+& (ut& nego +&.du8&? & od u0%& s-oro d+& (ut&$ Kod S1 -&/0o+& .&8+&0%u%ui re0&ti+no +e0i-i* (o+r5in&*& unutr&5n%e i s(o0%&5n%e ci%e+i? od+o9en%e to(0ote %e *nogo efi-&sni%e$ Prenos to(0ote s& (ro+odni-& n& ci%e+ se o/&+0%& do/ro? i&-o (r&-ti7no ne (osto%i (renos to(0ote -ro. g&s indu-ci%o*$ Pre7ni- S1 -&/0o+& %e no-o0i-o (ut& +ei nego -od u0%ni8 -&/0o+&$ O(ti*&0ni odnos unutr&5n%eg (o0u(re7ni-& %e ?3$ S& -onstru-ti+ne t&7-e g0edi5t& (osto%e d+i%e +rste ci%e+ni8 -&/0o+&: ;-ruti 'nes&+it0%i+i) ci%e+ni -&/0o+i ;s&+it0%i+i Nes&+it0%i+i ci%e+ni -&/0o+i se r&de u %ednof&.no* i trof&.no* i.+o9en%u$ =ednof&.n& -onstru-ci%& do.+o0%&+& n&%+i5e n&(one$ Posto%e -onstru-ci%e (renosne sn&ge i "! GVA$ Nedost&t- o+i8 -onstru-ci%& %e +iso-& ci%en&? (otre/&n 5iro- -oridor? (otre/& .& su./i%&n%e* gu/it&-& u ci%e+i*& i s0i7no$ Trof&.ne -onstu-ci%e ne do.+o0%&+&%u t&-o +iso-e n&(one -&o %edno@i0ne? &0i su .n&tno %eftini%e$ S&+it0%i+i ci%e+ni -&/0o+i su i.r&9eni d& /i se *og0i u +ei* du@in&*& (o0&g&ti u .e*0%u$ Pro+odni- o+i8 -&/0o+& %e i.r&9en od (ou@enog &0u*ini%s-og u@et& u seg*entno* o/0i-u i (ost&+0%en u +&0o+itu /&-&rnu ci%e+$ Du@in& s&+it0%i+i8 -&/0o+& .&+isi od (otre/nog (o0u(re7ni-& -ri+ine i *ogue +e0iine /u/n%&$ E-ono*i7nost ci%e+ni8 -&/0o+& %e +iso-&? n&ro7ito .& +r0o +iso-e n&(one$
Slika ': S% & kabal
/*6*6* K!i"#e$ski ka5l",i "
Elektroenergetski kablovi
U s+i%etu s+e +i5e +0&d& (otre/& .& (renoso* +e0i-i8 sn&g&$ Kriogens-i -&/0o+i ./og +e0i-i8 sn&g& (renos&? 7&- do # GVA i re0&ti+no nis-e s(ecifi7ne ci%ene i*&%u do/re i.g0ede d& .&do+o0%e o+&-+e energets-e .&8t%e+e$ U -oriogens-e -&/0o+e se u/r&%&%u: ;su(er(ro+odni ;i -rio;re.isti+ni -&/0o+i
/*6*6*1* Supe!p!","d$i ka5l",i Me9u su(er(ro+odnici*& se ne n&0&.e *et&0i -o%i su n& o/i7ni* te*(er&tur&*& do/ri (ro+odnici$ Pri sni@&+&n%u te*(er&ture ot(or su(er(ro+odni-& o(&d& (oste(eno d& /i (ri %edno% odre9eno% te*(er&turi n&g0o o(&o s-oro n& nu0u$ T& te*(er&tur& se n&.i+& -riti7no* Tc$ Z&8+&0%u%ui oso/ini ide&0nog di&*&gneti.*&? su(er(ro+odni u.or&- sn&@no od/i%& st&0ni *&gnet -o%i se n&d n%eg& n&dnese? 5to do+odi do 0e+it&ci%e *&gnet&$ Po+r5ins-& stru%& u su(er(ro+odni-u? -o%& se %&+0%& -&o od.i+ n& (risust+o (o0%& st&0nog *&gnet&? st+&r& (o%e i i.+&n su(er(ro+odnog u.or-&? -o%e do/i%& st&0ni *&gnet$
Slika 1# (agnet lebdi i)nad superprovodnika
Su(er(ro+odnici se .&+isno od (on&5&n%& u *&gnetno* (o0%u s+rst&+&%u u d+i%e +rste:I i II$ Su(er(ro+odnici I +rste o/u8+&t&%u ne-e *et&0e i +i5e 0egur& i (on&5&%u se -&o di&*&gnetici do -riti7ne %&7ine *&gnetnog (o0%& c -&d& i* se +r&& nor*&0n& ot(ornost$ O+o st&n%e su(er(ro+odnosti o(st&%e u (ro+odni-u u +r0o t&n-o* s0o%u n& n%ego+o% (o+r5ini$ Su(er(ro+odnici II +rste i*&%u s&s+i* druge oso/ine$ Oni se u %edno* o(segu *&gnetng (o0%& (on&5&%u -&o su(e(ro+odnici I +rste$ I.n&d tog *&gnetnog (o0%& *&gntni f0u-s (o7in%e d& u0&.i u (ro+odni-? &0i ne nest&%e su(er(ro+odnost$ On& e nest&ti (ri ne-o* %o5 +ee* *&gnetno* f0u-su$ U o+o% *e9uf&.i u (ro+odni-u %edno+re*eno (osto%e su(er(ro+odnost i nor*&0n& (ro+odnost$ Su(er(ro+odnici druge +rste i*&%u +i5u -riti7nu te*(er&turu i *nogo +i5e -riti7no *&gnetno (o0%e? & ti*e i +ei -&(&citet (renos&;+eu stru%u$ Fto se ti7e -o*erci%&0ne (roi.+odn%e su(er(ro+odni8 -&/0o+& (osto%i ne-o0i-o (ro/0e*& -o%e tre/& ri%e5iti -&o: r&s80&dni siste*? (ro+odni-? e0e-tri7nu i ter*i7-u i.o0&ci%u i s0i7no$ =ed&n od osno+ni8 (ro/0e*& %e -&-o r&s80&dni (ro+odni-? & u isto +ri%e*e g& to(0otno i.o0o+&ti od utic&%& o-o0ine$ To(0otno i.o0o+&n%e -&/0& %edino %e us(%e5no i.+od0%i+o (ri*%eno* +&-u*&$
",
Elektroenergetski kablovi
Osno+ni (ro/0e* te8ni7-e i e-ono*s-e (rirode -od su(er(ro+odni8 -&/0o+& %e to(0otno i.o0o+&n%e -&/0& i siste* .& 80&9en%e$ Z/og s+o%e -rutosti su(er(ro+odni *&teri%&0 s& ne -oristi s&*ost&0no +e se n&nose n& /&-&r i &0u*ini%u*$ R&.0i-u%e se ne-o0i-o ti(o+& su(er(ro+odni8 -&/0o+&: ;-&/0o+i s& nes&+it0%i+i* ci%e+i*&? ;-&/0o+i s& (o0us&+it0%i+i* ci%e+i*& i ;s&+it0%i+i -&/0o+i$ Su(er(ro+odni -&/0o+i .& %ednos*%ernu stru%u u (ore9en%u s& n&i.*%eni7ni* i*&%u s0edee (rednosti: ;ne*& die0e-tri7ni8 gu/it&-&? ;*&n%i u-u(ni gu/ici '*&n%& sn&g& 80&9en%&) ? ;ne*& (otre/e .& su(er(ro+odni* e-r&no* (ro+odni-&? ;%ednost&+n& -onstruu-ci%&$ U (ogonu su(er(ro+odni8 -&/0o+& se %&+0%&%u s0%edei (ro/0e*i: ;n&g0i (or&st te*(er&ture i.&.+&n (o+e&n%e* o(tereen%& i0i (&- -r&t-o* +e.o* u s&*o* -&/0u? *o@e do+esti do s&gori%e+&n%& ci%e0og -&/0&? ;r&s80&dni siste* *or& d& %e st&0no u (ogonu? /e. o/.ir& d& 0i %e -&/0 o(tereen i0i %e u (&r&.no* 8odu? ;+ri%e*e is(&d&? t.+$ +ri%e*e ner&s(o0o@i+oti (ogon& -&/0& *o@e i.nositi ne-o0ii-o *%eseci ./og n&no+og r&s80&9i+&n%& -&/0&? (& se n&*ee (it&n%e (ou.d&nosti n&(&%&n%&$ Su(er(ro+odne @ice se i.gr&9u%u u +idu *nogo/ro%ni8 su(er(ro+odni8 +0&-&n& unut&r *et&0ne nesu(er(ro+odne *&trice$ De/0%ine su(er(ro+odni8 +0&-&n& su L"!;"!! μ*? (ri 7e*u u %edno% su(er(ro+odno% @ici *o@e /iti stotinu (& i 8i0%&du +0&-&n&$ Su(er(ro+odne @ice d&0%e se *ogu u(red&ti u for*i -&/0& i0i (0etenic&$
Slika 2: *e!atski prika) superprovodni+ !ultivlaknasti+: ažica- bkabla- c pletenice#
"2
Elektroenergetski kablovi
/*6*6*4* K!i"3!e&isti,$i ka5l",i Te8ni7-i (ro/0e*i -od -rio;re.isti+ni8 -&/0o+& su +r0o s0i7ni su(er(ro+odni*$ Z& (ro+odni- se -od o+i8 -&/0o+& -oriste ug0&+no* &0u*ini%u* +e0i-e 7istoe$ Z/og nis-og ot(or& do0&.i do %&-og i.r&@&%& s-in efe-t& i efe-t& /r.ine (& i do s0&/og (rodir&n%& stru%e u du/inu (ro+odni-&$ Is(iti+&n%& su (o-&.&0& d& %e *ogu n&%+ei (res%e- (ro+odni-& #!! **$ Mogu& sn&g& (renos& s& &.otni* 80&9en%e* %e o-o # GVA$
;* (is"k"$ap"$ski ka5l",i p!"i&,"a8a
? 3 1;? k( Tip
Sta$da!d
@HE /= IEC >?/? @HE /3A @LPE0PE= IEC >?/? Al3@LPE0PE KONSTRUKI=A : Pro+odni-: Ko*(&-tno u@e od /&-r& i0i &0u*ini%u*&$ E-r&n (ro+odni-&: Po0u(ro+odni u*re@eni (o0ieti0en$ I.o0&ci%&: U*re@eni (o0ieti0en$ E0e-tri7n& .&5tit&: O*ot od /&-&rni8 @ic& i -ontr&s(ir&0& od /&-&rne tr&-e$ P0&5t: (o0ieti0en +iso-e gustine crne /o%e$ Pri*en&: Z& (renos +e0i-e e0e-tri7ne sn&ge i energi%e u +e0i-i* gr&do+i*& i n&(&%&n%e +e0i-i8 industri%s-i8 (otro5&7&$
Vrst& (ro+odni-& &-&r A0u*ini%u* Vrst& (ro+odni-& &-&r A0u*ini%u*
N&.i+ni n&(on 16 -V Pres%e2!;4!! ** 2!;"!!! ** N&.i+ni n&(on ""!;"#! -V Pres%e,!!;4!! ** ,!!;"!!! ** "#
Elektroenergetski kablovi
$ (is"k"$ap"$ski ka5l",i sa UPET i&"lacij"= elekt!i8$" &a7tit" "d 5ak!a= &a7tit" "d p!"d"!a ,la#e i pla7t" "d PE ase= >? 3 1;? k(
TIP E 26? E 26;A >PEJA0 foi0JPE
STANDARD IE 1!42! IE 1!42!
A0;>PEJA0 foi0JPE KONSTRUKI=A : Pro+odni-: Ko*(&-tno u@e od /&-r& i0i &0u*ini%u*&$ Ci0&: Pro+odni- i.o0o+&n UPET;o* s& (o0u(ro+odni* s0o%e+i*& is(od i (re-o i.o0&ci%e$ I.o0&ci%&: U*re@eni (o0ieti0en$ E-r&n i.o0&ci%e: Po0u(ro+odni u*re@eni (o0ieti0en$ E0e-tri7n& .&5tit&: O*ot od /&-&rni8 @ic& i -ontr&s(ir&0& od /&-&rne tr&-e$ Z&5tit& od (rodor& +ode: u/ree tr&-e is(od i (re-o e0e-tri7ne .&5tite? s& *oguo* &0u*ini%u*;-o(o0i*er fo0i%o* is(od s(o0%nog (0&5t&$ P0&5t: Po0ieti0en +iso-e gustine crne /o%e$ Pri*en&: Z& (renos +e0i-e e0e-tri7ne sn&ge i energi%e u +e0i-i* gr&do+i*& i n&(&%&n%e +e0i-i8 industri%s-i8 (otro5&7&$ Pogod&n .& +0&@ne sredine$ Vrst& (ro+odni-& &-&r A0u*ini%u* Vrst& (ro+odni-& &-&r A0u*ini%u*
N&.i+ni n&(on 16 -V Pres%e2!;4!! ** 2!;"!!! ** N&.i+ni n&(on ""!;"#! -V Pres%e,!!;4!! ** ,!!;"!!! **
"1
Elektroenergetski kablovi
6*(is"k"$ap"$ski ka5l",i sa UPET i&"lacij"= "l",$i pla7t" i sp"lj$i pla7t" "d PE ase= >B 3 1;? k(
TIP E !,? E !,;A >PEJ>JPE
STANDARD IE 1!42! IE 1!42!
A0;>PEJ>JPE KONSTRUKI=A : Pro+odni-: Ko*(&-tno u@e od /&-r& i0i &0u*ini%u*&$ E-r&n (ro+odni-&: Po0u(ro+odni u*re@eni (o0ieti0en$ I.o0&ci%&: U*re@eni (o0ieti0en$ E-r&n i.o0&ci%e: Po0u(ro+odni u*re@eni (o0ieti0en$ E0e-tri7n& .&5tit&: O0o+ni (0&5t$ P0&5t: Po0ieti0en +iso-e gustine crne /o%e$ Pri*en&: Z& (renos +e0i-e e0e-tri7ne sn&ge i energi%e u +e0i-i* gr&do+i*& i n&(&%&n%e industri%s-i8 (otro5&7&$ Pogod&n .& 8e*is-i &gresi+ne i0i +0&@ne sredine$ Neot(or&n n& *e8&ni7-& n&(re.&n%&$ Vrst& (ro+odni-& &-&r A0u*ini%u* Vrst& (ro+odni-& &-&r A0u*ini%u*
N&.i+ni n&(on 16 -V Pres%e2!;4!! ** 2!;"!!! ** N&.i/ni n&(on ""!;"#! -V Pres%e,!!;4!! ** ,!!;"!!! **
/* Ka5l",i sa UPET i&"lacij" &a elekt!")ilte!e = /? 3 11? k( "3
Elektroenergetski kablovi
TIP E;P 24?
STANDARD IE 1!42!
E;P 24;A NSQ VDE !"21 NASQ KONSTRUKI=A : Pro+odni-: @ic& i0i +i5e@i7no u@e od /&-r& i0i &0u*ini%u*&$ E-r&n (ro+odni-&: Po0u(ro+odni u*re@eni (o0ieti0en$ I.o0&ci%&: U*re@eni (o0ieti0en$ E-r&n i.o0&ci%e: Po0u(ro+odni u*re@eni (o0ieti0en$ E0e-tri7n& .&5tit&: O*ot od /&-&rni8 @ic& i -ontr&s(ir&0& od /&-&rne tr&-e$ P0&5t: E-strudo+&ni s0o% od PV *&se crne /o%e$ Pri*en&: Z& n&(&%&n%e %ednos*erno* stru%o* e0e-trost&ti7-i8 fi0ter& -o%i e0i*ini5u 7estice (r&5ine u 8e*is-o% industri%i? ce*ent&r&*& i f&/ri-&*& .& s(&0%i+&n%e ot(&d&$
Vrst& (ro+odni-& &-&r A0u*ini%u*
N&.i+ni n&(on 16 -V Pres%e"1;#! ** "1;#! **
>* aklju8ak "4
Elektroenergetski kablovi
Te*& s(eci%&0isti7-og r&d& %e (ro/0e*&ti-& +e.&n& .& +iso-on&(ons-e -&/0o+e? n%i8o+u (od%e0u i osno+ne -&r&-teristi-e$ E0e-troenergets-i -&/0 i0i -r&e? -&/&0 %e e0-trenergets-i +od s& i.o0o+&ni* (ro+odnici*&? (o0o@eni* u .e*0%u dire-tno i0i u -&/0o+s-i* -&n&0i*&? ci%e+i*&? (ort&0i*& i s0i7no$ K&/0o+s-i +odo+i (o0o@eni u .e*0%u se 7esto n&.i+&%u i (od.e*ni e0e-trenergets-i -&/0o+i$ E0e-troenergets-i -&/0? -&o e0e*ent e0e-trenergets-i8 siste*& tre/& d& %e s&g0&s&n s& ost&0i* e0e*enti*&?(r+enst+eno 5to se ti7e n&(ons-og ni+o& i stru%nog o(tereen%&$ D&n&s se e0-troenergets-i -&/0o+i r&de .& s+e s+e n&(ons-e ni+oe? (o7e+ od nis-og n&(on&? s(e-o sredn%eg i +iso-og n&(on& do +eo*& +iso-og n&(on&? n(r$ 2!! -V$ Fto se ti7e +i5i8 n&(on&? oni su se (r+o (ri*%en%i+&0i n& n&d.e*ne +odo+e? (& te- ond& n& -&/0o+s-e$ U.ro- to*e %e /i0& s0o@eni%& te8no0ogi%& i.r&de odgo+&r&%ueg -&/0&$ Pro/0e* (re0&s-& n& +r0o +iso-e n&(one u -&/0os-o% te8nici se s&sto%i? i.*e9u ost&0og? u s*&n%en%u die0e-tri7ni8 gu/it&-&$ Osno+n& (od%e0& e0e-troenergets-i8 -&/0o+& (re*& n&(ons-o* ni+ou: nis-on&(ons-i? sredn%en&(ons-i i +iso-on&(ons-i -&/0o+i$ Nis-on&(ons-i -&/0o+i o/u8+&t&%u PV i UPE -&/0o+e$ Sredn%en&(ons-i -&/0o+i o/u8+&t&%u (&(irne -&/0o+e i -&/0o+e s& sinteti7-o* i.o0&ci%o*$ Viso-on&(ons-i -&/0o+i i*&%u ne5to 5iru (od%e0u$ Osi* ter*ost&/i0ni8 -&/0o+& u -o%e s(&d&%u: u0%n -&/0o+i nis-og (ritis-&? u0%ni -&/0o+i +iso-og (riti-&? -&/0o+i s& unutr&5n%i* (ritis-o* g&s& i -&/0o+i s& s(o0%&5n%i* (ritis-o* g&s&? u gru(u +iso-on&(ons-i8 -&/0o+e se u/r&%&%u i -&/0o+i s& sinteti7-o* i.o0&ci%o*? %edno@i0ni u0%ni -&/0 s& str&ni* 80&9en%e*? (od.e*ni ci%e+ni +odo+i s& S1 -&o i +iso-on&(ons-i -&/0o+i +e0i-i8 sn&g&$ Viso-on&(ons-i -&/0o+i +e0i-i8 sn&g& o/u8+&t&%u -&/0o+e s& (rinudni8 80&9en%e*? ci%e+ne i -riogens-e -&/0o+e$ Kriogens-i -&/0o+i o/u8+&t&%u su(er(ro+ode i -riore.isti+ne -&/0o+e$ O to*e 5t& %e -&/0? -onstru-ci%i -&/0& i -o%e su n%ego+e (rednosti i *&ne u odnosu n& +odo+e go+ori se u (r+o* (og&+0%u o+od r&d&$ U drugo* (og0&+0%u %e -r&t-o o istori%s-o* r&.+o%u -&/0o+&? u tree* %e (od%e0& -&/0o+&? do- %e u 7et+rto* (od%e0& +iso-on&(ons-i8 -&/0o+&? osno+ne -&r&-teristi-e s+&-og -&/0& (ose/no i (ri*%en&$ U (os0edn%e* (og0&+0%u su (ri*%eri +iso-on&(ons-i8 -&/0o+& -o%e (roi.+odi <&00 o*erc i. =&godine$
*LITERATURA: "6
Elektroenergetski kablovi
"$ oris0&+ M$ >&0e+i: Elektroenergetski kablovi, .eograd 1//3
INTERNET STRANICE 8tt(:JJ$-&/0o+i$/i.J-&/0o+i$(8( $i-i(edi&$org $-&/0o+i$/i.
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