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Design of NANOROBOT in Human Body
ABSTRACT ABSTRACT
Imagine there’s no need to go to the doctor, not even to the pharmaceutical shop. No more health problems now, not even an opportunistic cold. This dream will soon come true because of a wizard by the new technology called nanotechnology & the miracle is NAN!"T.
This paper depicts on case study of NAN!"T# IN $%AN "'( which comes from NAN"IT)*$N+ NAN"IT)*$N+( (,, the science science which deals with production of -new’ materials and devices from precise placement used in biology.
The Nanorobots hold promise for a strong presence in medicine to come. Nanorobots lie in the heart of many proposed solutions of nanomedicine, which includes serving as antibo antibodie diess in wea wea immun immunee system systems, s, curing curing diseas diseases, es, unresp unrespons onsive ive to convent convention ional al methods, repairing damaged tissue, unblocing arteries affected by pla/ue, construction of replacement body organs and more.
It proves essential when damage to the human body is highly selective, subtle or time critical. critical. Their Their characteri characteristics stics provide provide faster faster medical medical treatment, treatment, versatili versatility ty,, reliabili reliability ty,, sensitive response threshold, minimum side effects, non0to1ic and verification of progress and precision.
Nanorobots will patrol in body through blood vessels illing the pathogens & remove or repair the damaged cells thereby improving your immunity and life e1pectancy too. I. INTRODUCTION A. What is NANOTECHNOLOGY?
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The Nanotechnology is the science which deals with the production of -new’ materials and devices from the precise placement. It causes direct manipulation of atoms or molecules and the development of products or substances that tae advantage of and use the novel properties of materials less than few nm in size. The nanotechnology woring in the field of biotechnology is termed as Nano0"iotechnology.
B. Where it can be used? cientists are !"re interested t" !a#e use "$ nan"techn"%"&' in the $ie%d "$ !edicine. This may be because, the basic unit of life i.e. 'NA and other proteins are also
of nanosize. ne of the most challenging things on this line for researchers is to develop a nano ob2ect which will enter the body, patrol through the body, ill the pathogens, remove or repair the damaged cells and eep internal environment as re/uired. This ob2ect is nothing but 3Nanorobot4. ther fields of interest for nanotechnology is 5 o "iochips o "iofluidic devices o Nanomachines o Intelligent drug delivery system o other nano bio devices & many more66666666..
II. NANOROBOT IN HU(AN BODY A. Bac#&r"und ) Intr"ducti"n De$* NANOROBOTIC is concerned with7 I. 'esign and fabrication of Nanorobots with overall dimensions of na noscopic
components. II. 8rogramming and coordination of large numbers of such Nanorobots. III. 8rogrammable assembly of nanometerscale components either by manipulation with
macro or micro devices, or by self0assembly on programmed templates or scaffolds.
(edica% techn"%"&' +i%% be the $irst a,,%icati"n t" rea, the bene$its "$ Nan"r"b"t a,,%icati"ns.
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Nanorobots lie in the heart of many proposed solutions of nanomedicine, of which application include serving as antibodies in wea immune systems, curing diseases, unresponsive to conventional methods, repairing damaged tissue, unblocing arteries affected by pla/ue, construction of replacement body organs and more. 9ust imagine that Nanorobots are patrolling in your system through blood vessel and ill the pathogens and remove or repair the damaged cells :shown in figure; thereby improving your immunity and life e1pectancy too. This will not be the dream only after five to ten years.
B. Designing a Nanorobot
It consists of following parts7 -. ens"r0 In figures the chemical & electrical biosensors are shown. They will detect the
condition of cell & surrounding environment by chemical or electrical means. The binding of a specific chemical species recognized by the protein causes motion about a 3hinge,4 which results in a change of distance between an electrically0 active component and an electrode and, therefore, can be detected electrically. The che!ica% sens"rs +i%% +"r# e$$icient%' in b"d'. These will detect the pathogen by chemical stimuli.
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. #ensor
. Actuat"rs/Bi"!"t"rs* This is the important part of body is considered. This is highly
complicated too because, inside body only power is available in the form of AT8 which is bio0fuel. To run non0biological motor re/uire e1ternal power supply which will increase size of Nanorobot along with creating several other problems. "io0motors tend to be on the range of =? s of nanometers, and are typically larger than the synthetic molecular machines which have overall sizes of only a few nanometers. "io0motors are manufactured artificially in laboratories using 'NA.
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0. C"ntr"%* It is the heart of the nanorobot. *ontrollers for macroscopic robots are
typically full0fledged computers. It is unliely that the Nanorobots of the near future will be able to carry inside of them the e/uivalent of a 8*. )very function of the nanorobot will be controlled by the control mechanism which consists of +ab0n0*hip. !ight from the movement of nanorobot up to its communication & functions, everything will be controlled by the control assembly.
different Nanorobots is essential for the purpose of proper coordination between them. A Nanorobot must inform other all Nanorobots about its current position and status and also the condition of surrounding environment. The use of modulated waves of several fre/uencies :!<; will serve the purpose. It will re/uire transmitter and receiver antenna, which will also help in communicating with Nanorobot e1ternally and thus controlling it whenever re/uired which will also reduce probability of 3grey goo4.
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C. Lab2"n2chi, *
The Nanorobots when designed for the purpose of patrolling through body must be safe enough to in2ect in the blood stream. Thus while design a Nanorobot for this purpose following points need to be considered0 -. N"n2T"4ic - It must not be poisonous to the body nor should it create poisonous
substances in system. The probable solution to this problem is to use ma1imum components of biological origin which will suit the person’s internal homeostasis and to avoid release of some harmful chemical as sensors. )ven though we use non0biological components it should be ensured that the metallic or non metallic component present in
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that component doesn’t react chemically with any substrate in body to form harmful product. 'acron & Teflon are the materials found to be tolerated by blood. . I!!une s'ste! and Nan"r"b"t interacti"n
$uman immune system attacs the 3non0self4 cell in the body. Thus as Nanorobots enter in the body they will be attaced by immune system. In order to avoid this immunity should be suppressed which will cause adverse effect to body in future. ne way to avoid attac of immunity on the Nanorobots is to mae Nanorobot from non0self to selfFfriendly cell. "ut it is possible only when genetic mae up matches with that of host cell. The only solution is thus to attach chemical component to surface of Nanorobot which will avoid contact of immunity cells with Nanorobot maing Nanorobot invisible for immune system called ’repellent’.
0. Re,%icati"n "$ Nan"r"b"t/ 5&re' &""6 ,r"b%e! 7
The idea of 3grey0goo4 was first proposed by 3)ric 're1ler4 in his boo 3 Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology4. $e predicted that in future Nanorobot will start self replicating in uncontrolled manner and demolish everything in their path. At first site this seems to be true because Nanorobot uses some biological components including 'NA, and in future may start replicating in uncontrolled manner. As stated earlier due to communication of Nanorobot with each other and with outside agency we can chec every time whether it is woring in desired manner or not. If not then it would be programmed in such a way that it will start sending some signals of 3help4 or 3warning4 to other Nanorobots and to outside agency too. This will mae other Nanorobot alert and they will either repair it or destroy it and throw it outside the body. $owever scientist believe that controlled replication is re/uired for Nanorobot for enhancing the functioning. 1. Other i!,"rtant c"nsiderati"ns i8e* In order for a blood0operating Nanorobot to be able to flow freely throughout the
human body, the Nanorobot must be smaller than G0micrometers in width :=1=?0E m; in
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order to fit through the smallest capillaries of the lungs. The Nanorobots shown above manufactured using bio0molecules are of size D?? nm. 9uncti"n s,eci$icati"n* The function of the Nanorobot must be considered when it is
designed. In the case of a mechanical Nanorobot red blood cell, in order to assume the role of a biological red blood cell, the Nanorobot must be able to function completely and flawlessly as a red blood cell. Acce,tab%e :uantit' 7 A Nanorobot is of size @??0D??nm an in2ection of dose of @cm@
would be acceptable in blood stream.
E%i!inati"n thr"u&h b"d'* As soon as function is over they should be eliminated from
the body. The simplest way is to remove them through feceal matter due to smaller size. They can also be removed through urine discharge, but not before end of their function. III. DI99ERENT (ODEL O9 NANOROBOT 9ust lie to be hormones, Nanorobots are highly target oriented. Chile designing a
Nanorobot first of all its area of function in body is considered. Thus according to the area of interest different models of Nanorobots are proposed to be manufactured. The concept of the 3swarm nanorobot4 is getting popular. This swarm will consist of one master nanorobot which will command the other nanorobots. Chile among the other nanorobot some will be Hasculoid, some icrobivores, some respirocytes & many more depending upon the functional re/uirement. #ome of these models are0 (icr"bi;"res* It is an oblate, spheroidal, nanomedical device with size @.B micron in
diameter nano enter the body, destroy pathogens, and e1it the body intact. They are G? times more efficient as phagocytic agents than the macrophages.
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system capable of duplicating all essential thermal and biochemical transport functions of the blood, including circulation of respiratory gases, glucose, hormones, cytoines, waste products, and cellular components.
atom diamond structure is able to hold an additional nine billion atoms of o1ygen, carbon0dio1ide, fuel, or water. The respirocyte contains an array of o1ygen and carbon dio1ide gas sensors, three stage molecular sorting rotor assemblies :pumps;, an onboard nano computer, four glucose engines, and a one thousand0atmosphere pressure gas holding area, able to store and transport >@E0times more o1ygen, and can be used to replace the need for biological transfusable blood substitution. Nan"&enerat"r* target cancer cells and destroy them. The product is comprised of a
molecular cage that uses a chemical ring to grab and hold a single radioactive atom, actinium0>DD. The cage is attached to an antibody that targets cancer cells. Chen a cancer cell is reached, the radioactive atom is inserted into the cell. nce inside the cancer cell, the actinium0>DD atom breas down, high energy alpha particles are released, and cell is destroyed.
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I<. AD
=. "uild up artificial immunity. >. )nsures proper treatment of disease. @. )nsures removal & repair of damaged cells :blood less surgery;. B. 'o not cause any harm with their use. DIAD
=. #elf replication of nanorobots & Nanorobots going intelligent, these two fears are still in the minds of scientists. >. Cith lots of research a nanorobot is still is in laboratory :it is e1pected to get launched within ne1t D years; <. AN EYE TO 9UTURE
As Nanorobotics is a young field born through "iotechnology, present literature is relatively sparse and leaves much room for e1pansion of information. #pecifically, the design of Nanorobots needs more attention. nce the field advances enough to create a successful combination of biological characteristics and macro robotic operations, Nanorobots can start being produced on large scale and being used everywhere. The big goal is to provide solutions previously unavailable for healing, monitoring and regeneration of the body.
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The Nanorobots hold promise for a strong presence in medicine to come. It proves essential when damage to the human body is highly selective, subtle or time critical. Their characteristics provide faster medical treatment, versatility, superior building materials, reliability, sensitive response threshold, minimum side effects, and verification of progress and precision. any scientists are in opposition to the use and prosperity of Nanorobots. They thin that Nanorobots in future will surpass humans. 'ystopian vision 3a wretched, hard0scrabble e1istence under cruel oppression4 is also supported by some people. This technology will lead to 3an accumulation of great power and, concomitantly, great danger4, with the nowledge behind the technologies available for abuse, specifically by 3individuals or small groups4. Nanorobot will become intelligent, demolish every thing in their way, and we can’t control them. #o and so, there are some people to place this opinion. #ince many ob2ections to the feasibility of nanotechnology have still been resolved, Nan"r"b"ts ha;e a bri&ht $uture . Imagine666666666.
o (ou will have no need to go to the doctor, not even to the pharmaceutical shop. o (ou will face no health problem not even an opportunistic cold. This all will soon be possible through nan"techn"%"&'.
Cith increasing development in technology, living beings are more threatened to variety of diseases. The traditional field of medicine is maing every effort to eliminate the diseases along with it’s cause and mae living being disease free but it seems to be /uite difficult for this field alone. The field of biotechnology on the other hand though is recent showing the best results of e1periments being conducted. The Nanorobots, in its infancy, are promising that future living being will be disease free with strong artificial immunity in them. The Nanorobots hold promise for a strong presence in medicine to come. It proves essential when damage to the human body is highly selective, subtle or time critical.
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Their characteristics provide faster medical treatment, versatility, superior building materials, reliability, sensitive response threshold, minimum side effects, and verification of progress and precision. The Nanorobot will be the boon to human life in future but only if used for the good purpose. therwise, it will be threat to not only human but to whole life on earth. The Nan"techn"%"&' if used along with the field of medicine :i.e. Nanorobot; then it will definitely give best result out of it which ensures prosperity of life.
>; http7 FFwww. nanomedicine.com @; http7 FFwww. foresight.orgFnanomedicine B; http7 FFwww0lmr.use.eduF0lmr D; http7 FFwww. google.comFNanorobots
