l r h
E d i t i o n
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SEAMANSHIP
Sinceit was first publishedn 1962, Thc Thzory and Prattice of Seaianship has beencontinuouslyrevised,culminatingin lhis lllh edition.Ttns new editioninclualesan updatedsectionon 'Reguladons for Preventronof Collision at S€a' as well as a new Author's Note.It hasb€enwidelypraisedandis thestandardworkon thesubject. 'Thtu book is tntendedpriDarily for crndidatd for Borrd of Tlade certilicrt4s of competencybot such it the debil th{t while being equrlly sritable for the beginner, it i3 rlso e rcfercnoeworl for experieDcedsermen, snd the layout s||d style of text mrke it suitable for clrrespondencecounic ,ror* wherc pracdcal experlence cur be dlied to the tleorcticrl f,ppmrch, All fsceis of rernrsnshlplrom the rnchor to drmrge control rr€ d€dt with rnd the chspters on pracdcrl sbip hondlin& strrndiDg and b€scbin& towing, emergenclesand the safety of nevigrtion ar€ prrticuh y noteworthy.Thls book ir an excellenarnd rrsporuible contdbution to the nau0cal lleld ,nd must hrve s freEendous rppeal to sll grad€6of serDen.' S€alarsr Graham ltrnlon conrmencedhis seafaringcare€rin 1946 on the faining shipflMS Wrlc€st?r,afterwardsservingwilh lhe Port Line to Australia,NewZealand,USA, Canada,Africa, west Indiesandlhe F{i Islands.He obtainedthe ExtsaMasterMariner'sCenifrcalein 1957, gainingthe year'shighestmarksin the examination.For this he was awaded a Royal Societyof Ans Silver Medal and alsb lhe Criffilhs Award by the MerchantNarT and Ai ine Offrcers'Association.For manyyearshewasS€niorL€cturerin Seamanship, CargoCarriageand Ship Maintenancea! PlymouthPolytechnic,sincerenamedPlymouth University.Though rctircd, he is now a newspap€rcolumnist and for BBC radio. tnoadcasts
THE THEORY AND PRACTICEOF
SEAMANSHIP I ITH EDITTON
GRAHAM DANTON
r,H:
F||srF|blisH 1952by Rord€d8c& rci.a Prul loh .dition l9rl I l!\ .dition FrUisH 196 b RodlcdSc I I Nc* Rt r l^.oc,I-ddqr EOP 4EB SiEdl|n oti.ly Fdidr.d ir th. USAr$ C&d. by Routl€d8. 29t]Us 35$ StECIlthw YortaNY lml Rcpridld 1998,1999(twice),2ffi , 2m1, 2ffiL 2fi.J3 Rortlds. Ltat n Vi,t 4lE Ta !, & Fr@titcrry O 196.2,l%, 9n, ln6 1978,lS0, 1985,l9gt, 1996Gnh6 Djlbl Prhi.d rrd boud in Or!.t Bnbin ht TJlcdidd
lrl hddoq Odr*dl
All rithB r!|.flql No Fn of thisboo*n.y bcllf.lcd a EFoduc.dor ulilizd in tny fd'| 6 by ey cLalonh, nrc.hri..l, a o6anrDa.r$,io? h|osr 6 h.r!.ft.r im'q|Ed,irEludiDftbaocopyinsnd tlcadin& or irt y infornnid rion!. or tltitrvrl ryre$ widnr F inidr ir writir! fiun E publidE . Btitith l;bdt Catatoeaing i^ Pbnaia &b A clarlogucrccdd fd tbi. booLi. .vrihblc ftG dE Edtirh Ub[! y pbr@, olcgnsntt CatdoaitAh Nlttdoi
&ta
TIE rtEd, id Frdcc of r.dnauIfg ,/Cnhnn Ib|ld|. - I llh cd hclud.. blbliogophbd |Efatt6 !|d hd.r ISBNG,lls-l42GE (hud. - IIIBN lXl5-I53717 (pbl) l S.rn.rtrip. L Tltb, vx54l.D3 1996 64i38-dc20 I$N G4l5-l42GE 0rbk) (pUO 0"415n5372-7
96-11271 OP
CONTENTS
I. II. III. IV Y. VI. VII. VIII. IX.
LIST OF FICURES LIST OF PLATES AUTHOR'SNOTE ACKNOWLEDCMENTS TABLE OF CONVERSIONS THE ANCHOR MOORINC THE PRINCIPLES OF SHIPHANDLINC PRACTICALSHIP HANDLING ICE LIFE,SAVINGAND DISTRESS DAMAGE CONTROL STRANDINCAND EEACHING EMERCENCIES
x. TowINc XI, XII, XITI. XIV XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX.
FIRE DRYDOCKINGAND LOADLINES THE OFFICEROF THE WATCH THE SAFETYOF NAVIGATION LIFTING GEAR ROPEAND CANVAS DECKAPPLIANCES THE SHIP'SBOAT (D.O.T) ORAL THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT EXAMINATION_FOREIGN-GOING INDEX
xiii
I 35 5l 75 t0E 8 141 159 t82 215 233 25E 282 293 373 407 446 169 495 499
FIGURES
t.l 1.2 1.3 1.4 1,5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 l.l0 l.ll l.l2
Hill's patadtstocllasraochor---contsooatrchor Adroir.lg c.!t anchor,TypcA.C.l,l Chaincrbla end its componcnts Luglca3joining rhrcklc Ms.kiDg! or at|cbot!rnd csblas Dcvil'scldwa-Bletc's stoppcr-pqtaotsliF Yee of r ihip rt singlcrtrcbor Anchoringon r sboal Pointing.hip Anchorint o! r stccpto bc|ch High holding-porveranchors Liftilg r bowcranchoron dcck
2l Strca!6 whcn!t opcnmoor 12 Erccutingm opcnmoor 13 Mooritg wit[ atr anchor.achway 24 Foulitrgr hlwsc 25 Aichoring Dcara shorl 2.6 ExacutinSr atandinSrboor 2,7 Erccutinga ruDningmoor 2.t Corrlcling lc6Y.y whetrEoorirg 19 Thc B.ltic door 210 OcarinSI bcrrhwh.n Bdtic-moorcd Zll-15 Ocarint. foul hewlc 3.1 Transvrr$ cfiactof a proFllcr 3.2 Forc6 axanrdby twin scrcw! 3.3 Thlustcrunits 3.4 Thc turdng circlc 3.5 Thc cff.ct of widd oo . v€slct 3.6 Eficc{of wind whcnstoppirgard rcvcrliig I vrascl 3.? Tumingin a curEnt, ahcrd.nd .st rtr 3.t Crnrl €fr.ct 3.9 Etrcclofircqu.litiB ofthc sca-hcd 3.10 Sh.aringcfrac$ofr riv.l strlaD vii
Pq. 3 5 7
t
ll
t5
26 3l 31 35 35 37 3E 39 0 4l 42 43 4 16-9 52 54 56 56 63 65 6 6t 70
FIGURES pag. 7| 3.ll Enteringa dock 3.12 Girdinga tu8 74 a moorcdship 3.13 Efrcctof passing 76.84 4.1-17Ma[auwingto andfrom buoys 85 4.lE Th€ship'shawscrs 4.19-27Mancuvringto thc bcrth in calms,and currcnts. 8G90 Clcaringlhc bcrth 4.28-51Maneuvringto thc bcrth in a wind. Clcaringthc 90-103 bcIlh 4.52 Tuming a vcssclshort round 104 104 4.53 Tuming in a rivcr strcam 4,54 Tumingin { rivcrslream 105 t05 4.55 Entcringa dockfroma cross-st.cam t06 4.56 kaving a dockinto a caoss-strcam l0G7 4.57-58Turning a vcssclin a wind buoy 130 6.1 Riggingthc brc€chcs l3l 6.2 Firinga rockei;n a cross-wind hookfor lifc-rafts 131 6.3 The R.F.D,Automaticrelcasc davil 139 6.4 Thc Wclin-Maclachlan Singlc-point suspcnsion 145 7.1 Patching a holcin ship'ssidcplating 146 7.2 Altcrnativcmcthodof patching 147 7.3 Planvicwofthc Datch 150 7.4 Makcshiftfish-bolt ls0 7.5 Petcnlrivet stoppcr t5l 7.6 Shoringd bulklcad 154-7 ?.7-ll Jllry rudders t57 7.12 St.cringby drags 163 in tandcE E.l LayiDgout anchors 165 E.2 Carryingout a boweranchorbctwcaotwo boat3 166 8.3 S€curinga purchaJalo Sround-tacklcbawsar 167 8.4 Anchorsin tandcm 175 *hcn on to 3.r broadsidc 8.5 Utrgrounding 115 whcnstcm-odto saa 8.6 UnFouDding 178 8.7 B€achilga vcsscl t79 lin€sasborc E.8 SccuriDg 9.I 9.2 l0.l 10.2 10.3 lo.a
Thc drift dircctionsof a wrcck Matr(ruwcsfor rccovcryof a ananovctboard PraclicaltowinS-ltyout bcfotr towinS PracticrltowinS-layout duringtowing Sccuri!8ttc oastctrglf to thc hre!.r FrirL.d ch.6ogdr.vo
l9l t97 ?27 2A 229 231
ll.l ll.2 I1.3 ll.,l
PIOURBS Kirl& Zoic da.cdq ry|!.o Kiddc rEokcartlclor Lyout KiddGvilud ,ooffior Kidd!.udibh .nok dctlclor
W. U9
r2.l St bility of. .hip h r fodirf doc& rL3 tL4
Lordlin6 for r !t .d.t Irdli4a foa a iiEb.r.crrryb! rl|t.l Irrdli!6 for r .dlidg rhip Cdqrlrtiotr fot tha docl dlor@
l,t l
CorvaotioDrlditrdioo of buoyag.in tL Urit d Ki!8doE
t1.2 llteral Earlis, Region'A''A'
Csdinal marb, Rcgon Ilolet d drdger ord lafc *rtaa !urk! 14.5 SFcial Darkr 14.5 Lidtchsrsc-trriltics 14.7 Spccimetrroutcs, Regioo'A' l4.t Ac{io! ofr.ililt rbip. wh.o collitiod it iomircdt lia.9 Ac'tio! of powqld shiF wbcncolirioo i! iEEilcot 14.10 D.tlfEirilg ttc dirrcliotr of r vr.acl'r bcadi!! l4.l0^ Thc coEFs crtd l4.ll Th. ID!.mdiond Co& Fb8' ld3 tL4
R.cviDgr th$Gfold purch!. l5.l 152 Putrhr6 15.3 Hslcd dcrrick 15,4 Vclc dcnick 15,5 Stuclctd dcrtidr 15.5 RiffiDg 3hrcr3 15.7 RigEitrg. SfD l5.t Deck cranc 15.9 Tbc unio! pucht!. 15.10 Doutlilt &rr l5.ll Yo-yo g..r 15.12 Thr ri!&L.d rLrrict 15.13 Thr b...twrtbt rig l5.l,l Thc Livcrpool rig 15.15 tb hc.w d.diot 15.16 Tb rwiltiot ddrick 16,l Th. colltructiotr offbr roF 16,2 Ovcibrld trcr--dh..tb.nd-irsrc-of-.irhtt!ot---.lovcbilch-tinbcr hitch ir
E3 254 28 272 274
n5
a7
298 M 300 T2 303
3m 329 350 314 376
3tt
389 391 392 394 396 397 39t 39t 39 ,$0 101 82 M 408 416
FIGURES 16.3 R..f knot-bowlirc-rollilg bitch-hdf hitch-marlinc spilc hitcb 16.4 C$ick bcDd--cow hitcb-Bhckwsl hitch-oatlilg hitch---{wDi!8hitch 16.5 Clovc hitch od thc bight-bowlid. on thc biSbt-shc.P shaok 16.6 PassingroF and cheinstopFrs 16.7 Stag!hilch6 and chtir hilcb6 16.8 whippings 16.9 Wormin& parcclling,rld scrving 16.10 Flat, routrd,and Ecking sciziogs 16.ll Chain,cut,aodaycspucca 16.12 Longsplicc 16.13 Coiling & 'Frcnchman'-Eyc aplicc-Bulldog 8rip6 16.14 Srwingc.nva! LogScnsorassembly l7.l Electromagnetic log Electronic 17.2 Chernik€cff It.l It.2 It.3 It.a
Hslf*.ction aid aidcclcvstionof woodcolifcboat BcLing frlls on a stlglorD bollard A lifcboat,fully riggld Tbc thcoryof s.iling
4lE 419
421 42J 424 425 427 429 430 43E 444 455 451 475 481 4EE 490
I I
PLATES
Betll'?eNges 460otld461 roclct. Dctailandfiringopcration l. scbcrDulylinc-throwiog 2. Schcroulybuoyanthcad.Lifcbuoylightsaodsmokcfloats 3. IDiatablcrubbcrlifcraft-scctional vi.* ,t. SiDglc-point susFDsionraft 5. Singlc*hcavccarSgblocla 6. Multiplc blocksand filtings 7. Conmodotl Log cquipmcnt 8. CommodotaLog Rotator 9. ChcmikccfrLo8-Impcllcr asscmbly t0, Chcmikccfrlrg-Indic-ator ll. Chcmikc.frL.g-Tubc asscmbly 12. Ddt-mouoid 'Synch.ostP' tclcgephs 13. Singlc-s@ quadtantaldavib quadtantdauts 14. Ovcrhcad.typc 15. wclin Srivity davils(Sarotrb) 16. Wclin Srevitydavitr (B.T.C.vcss.l) l?. UBdcrdcck&vits-top piclut! showsbo.t stowrd, lowcr pictur€showsboat s\r'ungout lif€boats It. Undcrdcctdwits hadling glass_frbrc 19. Clarlc Chepmanclcclric windlass-forc .idc m. Chrkc Chapmanstcamwi.dlass-aft sid! 21. CtarkcChapmansplashlubricetcdstcamwindlass-all sid. 22. ClarkcChapmanclcctricmooritS capatatr 23. C'lsrkcchapDansplashlubicatcd.lcctric cargowinch machinc 24, Kclvinclccttically{riwn,oundiog
AUTHOR'S NOTE
'Th. cxerci5iry of ss^M^NsrDis a slil !! anciqlt a! nanlh4 &6n d as tnowlcdgcne&,sssyto naviSlte,edltaid andoFlaL a vcss.l'. !o whichI add 'In a dc word 's€fcly'. As a boy, it wa! c4laincd to nc by a s€afatr as m'ritio€ situation,doing rbe rigbt lhin& al lh. rigbt tin€, wilb wha&vcr mrtcriab ord €quipmcntarc .vailablc.' Tbc goodscamat!ehctbcr a! offrcer or a lltirg, is onc who canbc irtlli€d by his scnicrsto talc imm.diatc atcPcto try io bring.very potcDlialydangdoussiorlioD u&rcrntol. Clcarl, wiih mcmb€rsof tbc profcssioolitdy to scrveon shipswhich mly hav. bccnbuilt a! aDydf,e duringtj. lastfifty ycus, ! lcrboot on thc subjcct must blcnd nmicrt aDdnodcm Lchnique,swith cquipocnt tlal Eay vtry b.iw.cn thc rsvolutioBry and the obcolesc€orEqualn thc bool eusr cop€ witb constendy-cb.dging rc8slations. My boot is aiecd prinarily al officsrs ad ced.ts Etudyingfof British Cciifica&s of ConFtcrcy, bur I hoF it will b€ of vnluc!o all scafarasasa Sime it was 6rst plblisbcd in 1962, it b!! becn continualy rcvistd, Dticat 4 andcrFniLd 0oinclu& conLmpor.rybclicfsrc8lrdrngst8nding, colision, nfloatir8, suwivrl itr €xtr.m. coditiols, oil polution, and the 'sailing' faciorof I'rgE disablcdhnk rs. Colourhasbccnomii.d ftom my diagrnosfor r..!o[s of cost,but caftfiil colouring,usingwax cnyons atrdtb. colourbys, $'i[ cdbanccth. us.fulncss ofrhoacrElatiDg!o flagsrnd booys.Tb. boot shor dtc sMicd in coojuclioo csFcialy tho6. coDccmingLifc-saving with rbc la&st mlndabry rcgul,ations, andFirEAppli.rccs, Mus&n, Oil Polution, Darydous CoodsandConstnrclion Rules. 'R.gulationsfor A! ahcboot cvolv.s into its lllh cditio4 $,ilh thc latalt PrEv.otiogColision at S€!', I aa indcb&dlo my rEa&n for |h€n suppottand .ocourlg.n n! ad to my Fblish.rs for th.ir co inucdh.lp addguidancc.
A C K N O W L E D GM E N T S
t wlin to cxtctrdmy gtalitudcio tbc followingfor thcL assbtanccin supplyinSphotolrapb and information: Mcssrs.Bror,n, Lcnoor and CompattyLtd. (Anchott Thc Sacr.taryof the tnstitutc of Naval Archit cts fo. pcrmission to quotc from a papcrby Mr. H. PoPc The Departrncntof Ttanspon Ltd. Schcrmuly PainsWesscx Thc R.F,D. ConpanyLtd. (Lifcratts) BaaufonAir-ScaRcacucLtd. wclin MtclachlanDevitsLtd. ShcllT.nkcrs Ltd. Thc wrltcr Kidd. CompanyLtd. ThaComptrollcr,Hcr Majcsg'i StationcryOfrca Thc GourockRopcworkCompanyLtd. Thomaswalkcr and SonsLtd, Ltd. Instrumcnts Chcmikcctr Mca$s.Chadburns(fcbg{Phs) Ltd. Mcasr!.Clarkc,ChapmrnLtd. Kclvin HughcsLtd.
TABLE OF CONVERSIONS (WITH BS ABBREVIATIONS) : 2.54cctrtimcfts (cm) : 0.39E mctrcs(m) : l't3 n : 3.28fcct (ft) : 39.37inchca(in) : 0.4536tilograrnmcs(kg) Wclgh, I pound : I tot l 0 1 6k 8 : 2.z)5tb lkg : 0.9t5 ton lq)0kg : I mcldc lon o. to ra (t) : 70.3tdnt2 I lbiir' : 14.7lbliaz (atm) I atmosphere : 76 cm of m.rctry (cm Hg) :4.5461itr60) fofui. I g,Jlon :0.228!Ion(grl) I litrr : 35.314 lml ft' : 7116 Powar I horsapo*cr w4ft (W) : lmw I kilowrrt (LW) : I.34 horscposq (hp) : F,Wtcy I hctE(Hz, I c),clcp.r accond(c/r) Yariout Dit'l,llrt oJa.ropch ltri[inctr6 (mm)cqualrcircumfcrcrcc h inchcs(ir) multiplicdby t I tonnc of acawsrcaoccupiGrougbly I m! IztAth
I I I I
itrch foot fathom mctra
Ar not dl &adlra srr frmilitr with thc matric ayltan, inFrial aquivelcntrhtrc bcanput whcrc rpproprist in thc l|argin. Th.*c iEFid quantiticsarr loi idrnticrl with thc mctdc quaotitici but rrr app.oximrtcly of tbc rsmc ordlr, |rd rdthnrctical calculationswiih imFi.l que[titid will bc sclfconsi6tent. xv
CIIAPTER I
THE ANCHOR
rHE AI'MIMATY PATTETN, STOCrII' ANCHOI
OR COMMON
lTlrtr! u.hor ir ilurtrrtcd itr Ft. l.l togrthctwith tbc nrlncaof thc I vadou! Ddrb. It b fttd with a stocl, which !bo!.ld bGof atr I epprovcid6ign aadwriShoDc{uartct of thc lpocificdwcigbtof thc Eorindcr of lhc strchor.It i! ftdowtrcdfor it! GxcdlcntholditrS quditics, rtrd cveo today somc d$igns of patent stocll€ssarchoN arc no morc efficicDt, so far as holding ProFnies atc concemed. tht! thc common anchor of onr hundrcd ycars a8o, a!$rmiDg anclDrsequal in wciSht. Il is no long€r rcquircd to bc carri€d on mcrchaDtshiDs. Whao thc rnahor ttitd tha a..-H thc atoclgbcilg loqpr drd brivir lhln tba atDq r3rud6 thc horizontalpo6itio! r! roon rr rhc |nchor i! rt!!lad, thus cdulitr8thc lovri atm strd lutc to bccoD€ .6baddcd Itra ltock !ivc! ttr alchor g!l{t atability,i.c. it praeaolsit f.6 rotrti!8 uad.r hcavylodd or a stslsrapplicdothd tht'tr i! linc vith thc shrlf. Tbc ucnor will tum id a [orizontal plrnc quiic cesily |! ! rhip ingt with tbc tidrl rt csm or wild. Thcrc lnc !o Dovitrg rqltr to b.coDcctol(.d gilh s-bcd rnatcrial,rc thtt 3houldltc snchor f,aiccidlotatly brokcnout ofit! holdiDgPoritionit rcEli!! aficicnt for rarla[odn& Tbo uDD.r!u|rc. whichprotrudcsfroE ttc aca-U, contsibuta !o holdiar iiwcr aad nev bccoEcfoulcdby thc ceblcs! thc thip twitgt. furOJ,-ia vtry rtattos watar,or whcrEthc &a-H ddcr out,.mdl caafinry bcconciDpalcdon rhit iukc. Thc coEmotralahor ia dificult to rtow *ith thc stockin positiod.I! mcrchaDtsbip! it is ulualy kcdgcaDchorwith thc atockstowcd foundr. r ligbt (nod-comPulsory) Dantlcl with-tbaahuh oia! e Mcboatuchor' As r tcdgr ucbor it is iikcly to wciSbup to 2 to!trcs,dimcDsiontfor this wciShtbci4 roughly 3.9n ortr.tl l.ogth: 3 7 nr lcrgth of ltock, rnd 2'5 m width of erms. lbc rtccl commol aachorof todly ht! r holditrgPoxTr of rouflrly Otlc to four tiD.r it! wci8lt, dcpcndilguPodtho s!a-M. It fu of rut-
2 ions 1 2 f t6 i n l2 fr 8ft
THE ANCHOR prili.trghirtorlsl ilt na6tto notc lbat AdEiral Irrd Ncbon'sadchol (ILM.S. yLt rr), *ith it! buoy.lt o.t ttock, bld a holdingDowlf of 2.t tioaa itt *cif[L
[email protected] hrvc tbaidorl baaotmrll aiica th.o, !!d rlr onlyjust dcvdopitr& Tha rpharq or colsrlaoadt! !t llo ,toct cxtrDitic! lcrvc t*o purpoacr:thcy lrlirt mtrtio! of Oa alahor whcobitiDS;strdprrvaot,to a cartlin cf,t at, riDling of thc ,toct irto ltc sci-h.d rtla it fuProvidiag 3tlhlity u!&c lod. tI|E PATENT STOCIIESS INCIION Thir .16[0r ir rlro ilu.tntld itr Fi& l.l. It ht! !o .tocL, .Dd c|[ tt .dorc bGho\,€iight homchto thc hswlc piF, quickly!.cuE4 lnd ir rady for i$trnt lcttitrg go. Tbc ctrtiF haad,includiDgttc rre! !trd iutc., ia rbL to pivot sbout thc cld ofthc abrtl. lt! a!8L of rotatio! i.linitld by.toF to 45 d.gr.r fro& !h. axir of thc thtd. I! !oD. dcrignrtbir ugh ir aslow sr 3) dc8tt6. Thc hcrd nult rci8tr.t h.d 60% of thc tot l wight of tbc.nc.hor. Ifit rtsiL. tL. r..-bad vilb thc iu&.. vlrtic.L thcit tiDDiiS Fh. chafot!. surfrccrld rtan lohtio! of tba ate& Thc .trc,ho!hlr Sood hoHilt powcr,itr tbc tclio! oftbttc to fou! tid.3 it6 x,!i8ht i!.ficilot bolditrSIroE4 but haa. Dovitrgpsn wtich crrr bccoEcchok d tvitb a..-b.d Ditltirl Thir Day ecll c.u!c thc fuk6 to fril to Ftrip ltoutd t!. uahor babrotctr out ofib holdi!8 podition For thi! rcalo!, whao $chodns fo( .om! tinc, it i! e Soodprecttucto rcgubrly xdith th. uchor.!d riir rr. Thi. rtpli.s p&ticuLrly oD!.trdy.nd ouddy r..bcdt, |trd .n opporrurity is rfordcd to ho!. thc ucrhot u!in8 r liSf,. t'rl..ur! lrtlr jct SoE! shippitrgcodpalic. itrsilt uDon thi! bdlt doE
H.vilg ro ttocl tbis tyF of.!.bor i! utrltitlc, .!d wico dnggilg u!d!r b6vy lord i! liit c to ioist lhrough lto dcgrct lf tho tut . f.il to tEtip, .!y holditrgpowr EDainingi! duccotLclyto wriStt |!4 i! tur!, flic{ioo.Th. riz. ofthc futr! i, a dittct Ecrturt oftl. holdilt FoFti.., ovctloolcd i! Dilrdy&h8pr nd aaalc !ot!d sbovr ltt Saoarany (tolaDpubory) .trc.o idc.l of ib ..!y rtowrg.. It i! .tr ihc lifbt .trchor for vlaaalrittrd eiih rtdr haslc pipa& Eothtbr *ockld rd rhc stoclhsr archor meyhl}t t ring !ccl|$d to t[r !h.!t (|l tlc irlc,hor'rccotrr of gr.vity. Thb ir thcgarilt MThcmo.t ooDion tt?6 fould itr tbc Mcrchalt Sqviccu! thc Byldl Hdl's, andTrylor's prtcot stocuaasanchoB.Two atEcrrricd ar bowcr a.!cho[t in thc haw& piF rtrd s tbfudia catticd .! s tpalo or rL.l 5 ton ll.3 ft drclor. lypics! dimc$ions ofa ltotrna anchorwouldbc 3 5 m ovcnll 7 f t 3 f t Llgth; 2'l m cxtrcnc lctrgthof hced; I m mra6urrdiD siabclcvatiotl 2
THE ANCHOR
5 fa8 in acrosslripping palmsof onc nukc snd 1.7m from fiukc tip to crown. T6ts at thc Admiralty ExFrimcntel Worls havcshownthat: (l) Holdirg pow€rir reiscdby incrrasi[gthc fukc e.Ea(2) It ir dlo ircftascd by hrving smooth,uribbcd iukc!. (3) A holditrEpowcrof tcn riEcsthc wcightcadbc obtsitrcd, (4) Stabilitycaa bGcfrcctcdby usiogstabilisidgitrs. (5) A dihdral surfaccod thc fukcs givca. gr€atcrboldiDgpowcr, (6) SuchI surfecci! rnorc.55ily oblaincdwith hollowirtca. Thc atoclJaa!alc.horwilh tumblingiutc3 var irtroduccd ia lt{o, ald sincctbat &E cfr.clivccbadgcain d.signhavcbccn&gligiblc. I! thc Lttlr balf of tha lidctcrntt ccoturythc Adnira.ltyconducld t6t! in ordli to 6clcctthc mostcffcicdt typc,but litdc va! doncto ibprova cftciaicy. T6t! e.rc rchtroducld iB 1943aft.r muchcompleintby parromcl durilg thc w|t ofrhc incftcicncyof archon. AIlq four or ivc modifrc.tiotrr to r proio9p., r rcw dcsigowsscfrcctcd.ad ir lDown esthc ADMITALTY CAST AI\TCHONTAPE T.C.T' Ttir eDchorir fully ilustr"atld in Fi& 1.2rd ir sow acc.pt d rr a Ecrchart shipanchor.It wast lt€d in p.actic{llycvcrytypc of sca-bcd, ildudiDg tluc chy (a poor holdirg 8rouadfor rtocll6! rochoB),sa!4 ahirdc, aotfdu4 and had.ock covrrrd with. rhin bycr of,ilt. Tha!. provld it to bc an aochorof g.rt strbili9, hlvilg ttsbilirilg in! at tba bcadcxtrcEitid. It w|! lblc to changcdiFction rapidlysld without 106.of pull. Is rlmodt rll typ6 of ....b.d it b.d e toldi!8 powc. of two rtrd a half to thcc tim6 that of r rtoclkaa 3tildard sDchorofcqual $riglt. 52-qrr Listcd bclow src somcof thc tcst rE ults using a 2.ttonnc Typc 5+ton A.C.t4 anchorwitb hollow iutcs, and a 5,2ttonDcdaDdrrdstocllcs archor itr th. aemcbcd.Tha fgurc! comparcdrr! narieud holding poe.rs h tcrD! of *€itht. Se,'d Rtrl clry, .!d, rhidrL, .!cb Ah: clrr tlio LFr of drd, fud. Aoftnrd Efl !, tmrb r!dr, thir bF of till
A.C,t1 l0{ 13.6 4.2 Va
3.9 ll t.6 t9
Ia tba ir,t thla car.., thc lightcr u.hor datdoDd ttG gr!.tcr pul h tonnca--otr!to tso tirD6 that of thc haavirra!c.hor.td thc fourlh ca&, howrcr, tbc h..vicr.Bbor *rr ruFdor itr thir ll.Fct |trd iodi. calc. ttrl e DinimuD r/ljtht DUlt bc Edntsitrcd for .oc,hot!ttbd ro .hip. lit ly to h.w b dt!@pt |D.lodry io F&lic.||y inFnctr.bL rd-badr hafotth-Jactro! havr dftlopad tha Stota! anclrcrwhich
aoxrtalrY l.-,
- ,
-,-6|lAlX.......-
c^sr A|ctiot .tYpEt4 I ot|lalr3totis FoF 2-t Yoaei
r----------''o-_.------:+DD
200
.... -- - --.1--'-_':..
SECTtONS
THE ANCHOR rcrdoblcs thc A.C.l4 anchor. Whcn thc prolotyF ancho. was lcatcd in holding grcund composcdof largc gravcl, ssndand clay, il wasfou nd to havcs holdrnSpowcr of 15 2 timcsrhc wtiSht cornparcdwith only 4 4 for a statrdard stocll.ss anchor of similsr wcigbt. This anchor has bc€n g.'antcd^ 25y. rcduclion in Rule wciSht by Lloyd's Classification socicty.Th€ ffukesare madeas thin as possibleto cnsuremaximum pcnctration of lhc sca-bcd.Thc normal Daofonh ancho. whicb h&sa straight stock passingthrough the lumbling fiukes giv€s a holding powerof 14.2timcsthewcightin the sameground.Thiscnchor,despitc its cfrcicncy, is srill largcly uscdonly in small crafl. Ils slowagc plop€t_ tics arr good.
CHAIN CAELE Thi! Eay bc mtdc of $tought iron, forgpdmild stctl, caststccl,or lpcciahuality forgpdste.l.Wroug[t iron is w.atrr thanthc othd thrcc iatcrlats aoa h morEdifficult lo obtaid trowadays.Fotgcd sta.l is somc40% .trongpr,aBdthcrcforca smallct,lightcr (by about l2l%) crblc is pcmisiblc. For cxamplc,s vcs€l may bc rcquirrd lo carry rtecl or e spctitrl'qu{lit} cableof 70nrmin si7.:, 2:: h eilh€ra wroughl-;ron shackles of cable, this 3lcngth of22 mm in size. Over of6l cablc 2r'din tons afrordse savingin wcightof 17tonncs. Thc sizr of chsincablcis maaiurti by th€ diamctcrof ihc bar from whicbthc link is madc(Fig. 1.3).Studsarcf!t!d to prcvcdtkinking&nd lotrgitudinrl strctchitrgof thc links. Thsy arc alro said to Providcatr incrcasaio startrgthofup to 15%,compar€dwith opcn_litrkchaiDoflhc aan|csizc.Thc studsarcsomctimdfttcd inro thc litrk undcrr vcrybigh pressure (46vcm'),butonemanufaclurer. at l€ast.mouldshislinl :lnd itud in oncpiccc.Itr wrouSht-itoncablcthcstudsart wcldcdh Plee. Anchorandjoidng abrckLs,rDd oth.r cabla6itin!!, arEordcrd for Oc aizcofihc cabt for whicbthcyarcintandcd.Tbc followingbrc.kidg strd proof stlcs formulac aaaa rough 8!idc, but rrc by no maatrs acc|rratrthrouShoutthc .angpof sizc.Thc symbol, rcprcscot!lhc sizcof thccablein mm,andthercsultsarcin tonnes. Pr@ftt4tt
. .
Drt35 Da24
Dre*ttt
t r.tt
A126 Drlll
st€elcablcin lilog.ammcs Thc minimumwcightof spccial_qualily p€rmetr.is roughlygivcdby lhe formula,t/50. Cabtcis madcio l.ngtbs of 27'5 m callcdtlac&Lr-thc Amcricans l5 fuhons call thcm dDu. Thcy rrc conn.cLd by luggador luSlcstjoinint rhacu6 (Fig. 1.3lnd 1.4).Whcousingr luggcdjoininS $ackb' lbc lug! a&tc too big to posslfuorgl 6 cottunonliak '.!.d tr. thcrcforcco!-
THE ANCHOR
rcdad to en oFn link whichis udltuddd and krorw es thc ard rfi*. Haviry no stud,it is wcatcathan thc commotrlidks, atrdis thdaforr cdrrgcd. Thb will noi 6t a conrmonlink cithcr,and thr two arc thcrcforc conn6tld by an c crgedstuddcdlirk callcdan intum.dialc littkFig, 1.3shorvsth6c libks, and thejoiniDgshacklc,togpth.rwith thcir l.lo
1 , 2D
4gCEE-E 'Ibc siz.s rtr approrimetcbut ncrr 6iz. ralativcto ttc commoalitrk. purpo!6. practical Tbc lcngthof a lint is 6D rd it! br.rdth cnoud for 3.6D. LUGGED JOIIIING SHACXIES Th6c .rE clos.dby Dcaosofa ,ort. Thisis lcqrrcditr placcby driving i bras or rimcd-stlcl pio, havisSa taFr of orc in sixtccn,throughthc bolt ard otrclu& Wtrtr ttc pin i5 frnly honc a lc{d Fllct fubammcrcd ilto thc sdall &vrrscdovrrailcdchrmbc. abovcthc larSp!trd of thc pir. Thc dcpthofthb chsmbcrb cqualto thc lsrSpdiamctcrofthc pin, !!d tbc totsl atrloutrtof dowtding is aqutl to thc hdf{cpth. Thapi! ii calld thc ryderirr, and i! sonc crs.s, particularlyitr tbc frrt orc or twojoiling shacllc!,i! madcof ashor Eslc (solid)bamboo. Thi! coabLatha bolt to ba rcrnorrd by haDEcriry its uDlipFd rnd, th! .h!tri!g th. wood.o pia If nctsl thc spilc pi! b rloovrd by
THE ANCHOR punchingit tEdLr ro4 thc L.d Fllct bdrf ttoct d out *itb tb. Pi!. lcfore ftthg e DGvFlk4 rhctlori!! of thr old oocDutt bc rcanodout oft!. dovct ililg. A!.hor rtrrtl6 h|r!. E t I rPib Pi!. Old6 oo.. Ery bafouDdhsvi!8 | fordoclc Th..c rhrctlc. t! frtt d to t[c ctt c rith tb. bos cod f.ci4 out' ar tbaceblc bo.rd. Thi! i! dodcro that thc lugt do trot foul Paojcc{ionr bccaula rcvlrtc dircoiion itr tha ru|r! out. Atrchor ahrc.ldr!att ittcd rhcy.rr urlilcly to foul r! rhcrtrchori! Lr 80,rld thalu!! till not foul I DroicctiooI thc alcbot i! hovchonc. tli tott rhouldbc wcl rEcrrld with whit! Ltd .!d tdlow or aimilst coEpoutrdwhcatrtcrnbliog, othrleiE it dly bcooDcrozat in !dn' tio!:b .uchI c.!c t[c .h!c.Hr dould bc bcatld!o tht thc lut.fipsdr notr ouicllv rh|! thrt pan of th. bolt wi6in ir Tbit c.! b. dotrGwith a blo*ibrnph thc ab*acc of doclryed cquipa.ol A vlry old Dct[od u|! to light r 6.r bdcrth ttc |brcklc u.i!8 trt sld oal.uD. LUGI,ESI JOINTNC SIIACf,I.ES Tbaacrt. r dc of !o[€nodv! lktkal ad ad rr! i! four Frta, oB of vhi:h i! ttr .hd or choct (Fis. 1.4)' Thc lbf it r.cutld by
N/ ' l r
t
J
t
l
L
J STID
IIAO tatttt
n l l
t l
tl ll
U
,rtt
ttcutt r.a n .'t of r E i.l .pih pi! rld Lrd P.!.t, rbc Pi! bdtS dtiwo dirgon' .tly lhr@Shl!. two .iLt of tb. lilt |nd thc .tud. TbG.cPi!| b.F . dov tiDcr of.bout ooa iD thitrteo. To prrt th..a ahrcuct' th! Pi! .!d Fcli.l |t! ddvtn out, th. ftd fJtoc&.dcL.t, |!d tlo tro ddor of 8
THE ANCHOR thc shacklcscpa.aledby mcansof a lop swageavailablcfrom the narufactur€r, Thc usc of thir Puach avoids dam.8c to thc accutttcly rnechincd surfaca. Thc mrnufactur.r also supplid s compound for c.rting th6c surfacasprior to astaEbly. Should thr sbactlc bc aubjcclcd to halsh trc3trn.trt with a hammcr, thc mechincdsurfacrsmay !o lotr8rr 6l togctbcr. Bciog similar to common links, rhougb of largcr mr.xihum diamctcr (1.5D), rhct€ i3 no qucatioDofftting thcm to lhc cabl., fecing thc wong way. Thcir miDimum disdctcr is ilc saDc rs tlut of thc chaitr c.blc lo which thcy arc fittld. whca witrg lhclc shacuc! with forgcd-ltcct ceblcs,no cdargpd lioks atr trcc.ssary,af,d thcy at! thcrcforr id.al for joiniig a brokrn cabL. Anchor or cdd ahrcklcsarc ltso msdc to thb dcaiS!, but atl ofr latgar rizc for a givcn c.ablcthan joinilg sbacklcs.Tlcy rrc sligldy pca!rhrpcd, with tbc tapcrcd cod heving a 3izcrqual lo I 25D, thc largc cnd bcing rouShly l 4D and thc rhid-scctioo!.{rly 2D. (D b thc aizcof thc chain cablc.) Luglessshacllcs mada of nickcl stccl arc not hcat ttatld, ottly tcstcd. Doth typcs ofjoioiDs shacklc, whcthcr luggcd or lugL$, dre hrScr thrtr lhc commoDlioks, and may thcrEforr jam in thc sprockct or en€r ofa cablc holdcr. Tbcy should thcrcforc bc passcdovcr lhc lattd in thc fat po.itioo. If uscd with a cablc cspltao, ttcy should agsin lic f,at ar&i$t thc holdct, but this timc th.y will bc vcrticd. ln othcr word!, thl spitc pin of a lugSld shackl. must bc Frpcodiculat to th. cablcholds ,urfacc, vhiL thc spilc pio ofa luglcasshscklc fu Parallcl to lhc surfacc. IESTS FOR TNCHOf,Ii L,ndd thc Anchon and ChainCablesAct of I967,all anchorswhich arc to be usrdaboardUnitcd Kingdoft rcgisleredshipsarc to be leslad bcfor. bcing pul into scrvic!.Anchorsof75 kilogtamm.sor lessare 168lb cxcmptcd.For ihc purpos€softhe Act, lh. wcightofan anchoraln/ays includcsthc shacklc,if any, and in lhe casc of a stocled anchor il cxchdcslhc stock. In thc 6rst instanc., application must bc madc to e Ccttifying Authoritr. which mav bc Oe Dcpartmctrt of Tra$Pon or rhc Authority appoioM by tbcm. s|rch as thc Ctarsificltion Sociciies. ancho;s a;; t6tcd to a oroof tensilcstresswhich laries from about twcnty timcsthc wdgh( for a l-tonnc anchor,to just rnd.r fivc times thc wcight for a SGtonne anchor. Aficr thc test is complctcd, thc and malcrial supcrvisormust examinetbc anchotfol flaws,w€akncss dcformstion. Within onc mooth ofthc lcst-if satisf.ctory-a ccnilicatemusl b€ irsucd which containsa serial numbcr, lhc namc and mark of lhc tcsting.stablishmcnt,the namc and matk of thc CcrtifyingAuthority
THE ANCHOR rDd thc tran|r of th€ tcat SuFrvisor, In rddition, it notca thc tyPc of rlcbor, wlilht itr liloSrrfi|nar, wrtht of stock, lcdgth of 6hank in dili6rtr6 ad Ln8rh of .rro. lt must slso show thc dirmct r of rhc [ttrd iD nd[irnctrd (!G. Figurc 1.1). Thc ptoof lord i! abo rcvcrlcd. TEI'TS FOR CAELES (}5 in
UDdcr tha slmr Act of 1967, chein cablcs atr a.lso Equircd to bc t6tad uDlcsstb.y arc lcssthen 12.5mm disrEtcr. Th. T.3tirg Estrblishmctrt cotrli&rs thc crblc io lcogths of 2?.5 .tr (i,c. shrcklcs of c{bla), ThFG lilli ar! takc! from c|ch lcsgth rtrd t6tcd to s tctrsilc bEsting 6trca6.If tbi! provca aalisfactory, thc lctgth of c.blc is thcn subj.clcd to r tcnsilc proof str.$, It fu thcn iDsp.ctcd for drws, wcatdcss and mst riel &fo.mation. Thc DanufactuEr of thc crblc *ill thus provid. c€ch lcngth to. tcat with thrlc cxtra links. Ccrtsb gradcs of st..l cabl. Ert thcn subi:ctcd lo ultimatc-stttss, cloqdion snd impact trsts. Shsctlcs rtrd othcr crblc scoassori.sslt subjcc! to tba asmc tcosilc proof lords as thc crblc with which th.y arc to bc uscd.Onc samplc in cylfy brrch of25 i. dso subi*Ld to thc brc.Lir8 ,&rsr (l is t) in lhc csc of luSlcssstacklcr). Thc c.hrin c.blc is also a*ard.d a ccrtificatc of tcst. This coot&n3 sirhiLr gro.rd itrformstiotr &! in thc aDcbor t s! ccrtificatc. It also showa tha typc and grsdc of chain, thc dismctlr in millim€trcs, thc total LnSth in matrcs, tha total wight in kilogranncs, thc dimcnsions of thc IiDk in mitlidcttr! and tbc lods ulcd in tha tcsts. Thc formulac SivcDo'l prg.6 h&vcbccn alrasscdfrom thc ofrcisl loed tablc foi cablc of rira 50 D.tL Somc manuf&tu&rs lilc to carry oul thcia o*n additional tcsts,such as lhosc of Mcss6. Brow!, I..nnox & Co., who rcctntly rchicvcd lhe followiDg rBrlIs:
A scmm studd.d link (br.rtiog str6s l4l tono6) was subjcctcd to ao cnd-coopncssiotrl!.t atrd brolc al thc high stra.s of 137 lonncs. t)62:t in Th. stud brokc atlcr thc link hd crtcndd 16 mm. A,ll-mm opcn-link ctblc (b$.king str*r roughly E0 tolnca) rcl.625in mtrnad unbrokd rftcr a tcffilc strcssof 120tonncs but w|r complctcly ri8rd. A lqlnrm studdcd 6blc (brcrting str*s 395 toD!6) l?mrincd +in unbrolan it 7m tonnc! tcn3ilc strtss. ,in
10
THE ANCHOR MA"RXJNGS ON THE ANCHOR AND CA.ELE Evcry a*ho. which hds bc.n omcially tcsted undcr thc Ancbor and Chain Csbl6 Rulcs, l97O (msdc undcr p.ovisions of rhr 1967 Act) must bc frsrkcd, A circlc is to bc rntrk€d in sny conspicuousposilion on thc tnchor. within this circlc, two itcms of informsiion appcar. In FiSurc 1.5, thc symbl x r.prcscnts thc Scrial Numbc. of thc T.'t Cc(ificatc. Thc symbol yvy rcpr..rcnts lhc lcttcrs of th. Certifying Authority. lt must not cxcccd lhraa itritials and one numbcr (or foua lcttcas). Thc chlD cablc is markcd in 6 similer mrnncr, as shown in Figurc 1.5. Thc mertinp arc to apFlr on cvcry shacllq al cach cnd of thc cablq rnd cvcry 30 m along its lco8lh. Thcrc markings ar. much simplifcd comFrcd with catlicr tequircrrctrts. much of which are now incorpont€d in thc Ccni6cat6.
ANCHOR
CAILE
F I G U R EI . 5 ANCHOR ANO CAILE MAA(S
Aport from offcisl mrrkings, thc c{bL i! d3o ma.kcd by crlw or doclyard staf lo show ahc numbd of thc shrcklc. Thc nunbcr is rccloncd from thc rocho. toward5 thc chain lockcr. To indicalc thc third joining shacklc, which *ill bc 82 5 m from thc anchor shacllq thc third link on cach sidc of thc joining shacklc is paintcd whilc aod 11
THE ANCHOR thc rtud is bound with sciting wirc. Whcn thr cablc is running out' cvcn quitc npidly, thc frshcs of whitc trlry bc !.cn providinS the mrikings rrc wcll mairtrincd. If D-iyF shackLt ar€ fittcd, tbc opcn link on clch sidc ofthc ahacklc is ignorcd *hcn arranging thc marks. Tbis is illustratcd iD Fi8lrc 1.3. ln tuglclsjoining shacklcslhis is not ncccsssry. It is a conrmon ptaclic. to includc an lxtrajoiniog shicklc sotnrwharc 30 rd within rhc first 2?'5 m. fiis is mo.l uscful if it is ntccssary to trail lhc cablc on lhc acabcd,or to hang ofr lhc rnchor. fiis cxtra shacllc mf,y bc ouilc closc to thc anchor so that whcn thc sncbot is stowcd in thc hrlvsc pipc, it is fonad just forrard of thc windlass. In othcl calcs it Insy bc it th. 1375 m mark, dividing thc first shtcllc into hrlvcs. Scamcnthcrrforc aomctimcsrcfcr to it rs thc half_shecllc lt is obviously igrorrd whcn thc cabl. is bciog rnarkcd for lcngths. If clblc is rcarr&Dgcd(scc lcxt saction) th. marks rcquirc altctinS.
CA.IE OT TNCHOnII AND CAIIISI Wb.ncv.f,po..iu., .Dcnon .hould b. urcd sltrtnrt ly. CrbL ehith lic. idb i!.loc&6 for 'try lctrfth of ridc b.coDcabritdc, aodfor lhi. taton, ifhcocvrt a luitabb oc..!iod !Iis6, thc csbb lhould bar.ntcd itr r drydock, or cv€n on s chsr wharf or j.tty, aDd two o. tht!. shadlc. trrnlpord, i.c. thc ittt two or lbrE lcogth!rhould bc phccd at fh. irboatd .,n4 or vicr vana,Thc csbh *'ill thctrtrccdrcms.kitrg. Whadru8F4 tlc cibLa abouldbc cxatin d for wtar tDd &oa$rd if tr c..$ry. Ap,proxih.rdy 11% tc.rdotm i! b6l di.mctcr (D) ii anorDdbdorc rcphccoadt ir rcquitrd. At r tutr,!y, ioitrilg thrcklaawilt bc oDatcdald dl Pdrt! cxrEiid do.cly. Tb6c coEponadbwil thctr ba cL.trGd add vall lubticalrd bcfolr a$c6t y. WrtE tallowit oftanuradfor thabol8 aadwhitclc.d for thc .pitc 9i!4. Ellry litrt Il ba.outrdcdidth r hlDtlrcr to tart for a dc.r riDg Loor. rtud! i! rrought-itot crblc Dutt bc rFaaulk d or ltphccd woodro pin! rt! ttrs.d. Whro lilt lr€ rtphcd or rt?rircd thc cabtcir !8ain ts !d to it8 d.tutory proof lord. C{trLa ban dt froE rrgubt h.et trlatmcnl but l|r!lca! rbrctL. of trickclttaalrtt cxcttrptcd. Alchor. ltc trot loredly rE-t6trd or gilt[ filtthcr baatlt .tm.ol aftar lhcir iDilid proc..tbf unl6s it ia cotrtidatld dainblc' Thc rlchol! ind cit 6 bctrdt frod e rcgularc.rting of Stockbololrr or pccirl cbein pcitrt, Thc pivoring mcchalilm of r ttoctlBt uchor thould bc rqshdy lubric.tld with s thicl grc.s. Whctr thc cibLa rrc raagcdtbc c.blc lockd crn bc ttorouShly clc{trcdout, lcald rvhcrcncccas.ry,.trd?all coatcdwith rsti-corr$ivc ptiDt Coblc-rccuring fittitr8t lhould bc tborouSblyovcrbruld. Itr u!c, t2
THE ANCHOR tbc hrd pclct .houH bc .ightrd whcocvrrpo.titlo-f$lty in!.ttior oftcoL.dr to tt.n droppingout ofth rlcc,s.bovc tlc tpilc pid. ArcLoft lld c.blc must bc rll wub.d dos! .ft.( u&, A thictly cocaulid Jrctor catrbc ttsihd awrth at alot ap..d (to rYdd dlDrt to hnl phti!t), a& wbilc trwigititg .lovly our ofu urbongc. SECI'XTNCCAS.E WTIIIIN THB II)dXN Io palt tincs, rhc iDbodd pon ofr sbip" c.blc wat bcLyrd o! bittr, and thc lfrm bllt t dtd'B still u.cd. Matho& by ehich thc bit!.t cadi3 ,acurEdvrry gEady froE thip to !hip. ln aomcc'!6 it hr! Dot bcctr scculcdrt dl pGunatly by rccidaot .rrd thc uchor srd clcvctr ablcLksofcablchavr dilapFrad out throughthc hawscpipc.Itr roDc v6s.b thc two bittcr cnd. rrr shrcklcdtogcthcr,ottro *itt tta idtcotiotr of bai{g rblc lo ulc pofi c{blc otr thc starbo.td aac.horrnd vicc vrt& It ir g!trc.allythoughtto bc r ddprrclicc, rincc it crtr lced to ooeplicrtioB whcaslippitrgttc bitta.od. Tbocod liDt i! rodctiDc. acculd by ,avlaal tultr! of wirEropq or rdall c.hrir, or r csblcclclah rtich triF th! cablcrd crtr bc rcrrwEd tigb! or r cbritr bridlc iocorpor.ting. p.tat dip. Th. followirg rrc thtlo cfti.ot !!cthod! troi itrcludinge Datlll dip i! tbcit coDpoa.Dt!: (l) Thc cd li,lt is plsccdbctwtr two ltacl lu8! sddcd to lhc c.trtrG linc bulh.ad of tha loctar and e ph i! &ivcn throughthc luSr rod [*, baingforcloctcd rt on cod.Thc forclockb ramovld, whctrtl& lint ir to b. dircomccr.d,rd thc pin hockad out. (2) Thc cddlint b t lca to thc upp.r Frt ofttc chaidlockct,r,h.r€ it catrbc rcschd by a mr! ltardirg itr rhc lowcr for€Taak ot6 roon, and ir rimilarly ocurtd to . stroDgbrack?L (3) thc cnd lint is pllccd tbrough a slot qrt itr a rdf.ncd |rc| of plstidg ro that it projcct t[iougb tha dact ofrhc lolvtr foNPcak lockcr,o. itrto oncof tlraltorcioorn! at thc bEaLof thcforrcastl€. A pio rcqrrt. it s! bcforE,Thisph rhouldcit[ar bsvce foElockr iat, ,mall picccof slr.l Fsscd tbmughr alot i! thc pin !d chrind to it to avoidlors----orcbc s portionofthc ctrdofthc pitr .houldbcrt c to biDgcrbout thcph rxis. EiO.r of thaacmclhodr Flrantr t[c pin froE slippidgout aacidcdtlly, Thc httai two Danhodrrvoid rhG!6tity for r E a tlvitr8 to aotct thc chair loctcr wh.o rlipping thc bitt . .od. It i! obviously8tr cxtr.ody food idla to bacobaquiclly @qurint d {ith thc ncttod ur.d i! r Fdicular rhip, siloc ltc rc.d ro dip ccblofrqE thc lootr( o.y b€ bortru6pc.r.d .!d tr8.dt A prolorSpdr..rch for ibc biscr .o4 ody b fnd rb. .d|rilg dcalr rcir.d up, it lot h L.Pi!8 rrith lb! ulud drc1|Dtnncaa.
THE ANCHOR
CLASSACATION
FQT'IPMENT
Aa an arlmplc, a car8o-p€.scn8crvcrscl of | 65 rn in l.ngth is rcquird to crlry t*o bo*cr uchors of thc siocllcss tyF, .5ch wcighiDg 5'4 tonnc* r 3lrtc bowcr stocllcss strcbor wci8bing 4'5 toDoct aDd 22 shrcllB of spcciahurlity stccl cablc of 6l"mm link diamct.r. Thc v6scl quotad also c&rirs a ootr+o&pulsory lcdgc anchor of thc slockcd typc, eciShing 15 tonG. Shc wrs origlslly rcqui.rd to cdfy vrought-iro! cablc of ru mm.
AITHOIING rEnll^l ltrc followiqgercr fcw of tbc 6pi6aios. u!.d itr &cDori!& ald ofiaarrwlo Dry bcin chrtSpof th! foftcaldccrblcP.ny eil dowcl
to arqulbt thcorclvlatith all of thao, fot a Ei,lundattoododcr froD thc bridgeDly girr rilc to othcr ipotrt!trcor|!tlami tb&.' A v!.rcl i! !o dcrcribcdwb.o ,tc it riding hc.d to wild. ?k.' A v....1 i. |o rLrcribd wt o tbc ir riditrs hcd to tide Ic tt&.' A tid.l |t!..o rfiic.h i! Esilg to Lcw.rd or dou*iad. Thc xrt r .urfrca hla a ailirud ofcto, od it, but tb. combincdforcaa ofwid rd tid. .r! tclilg upor thc .hip. Vatl0r ttde: A'j,drltuiAawhic,h i! lcttitrg to wiDdwrrdoi uprvild. llc *rcr rurfrcc i! Ey choppy,but thc forca! of wind aad ridc alc aalilt ia oppo6itio!od th! atlip. '/r/rt.'/j,8.y',r: Thc c.bb i! lhortaad-itr whc! lo6c of il i! hovc itrbo.rd, Grodttf Thc *ry lt crbb it lradilt from tic baw!. piF, c.& ! r.blc ir lFowiDgdt whcnit L.& .lL Slo.t rrdl.' A c.Uc it !t ahortataywhc it i! tiut and lcditrS dowD b rbovrb( do|c to tha vtttic.L Io,a t r.' A oatrbi! rt lotrgttry whaoit it ttut .trd lcadinSdotn to tL *rtar cloaato lha horizotrtd, whcna valal i! Co.'. to, Dr.,{]hl tq,Got lE dh: ft*ata!!4!d ridilg to bcr alahoaald ctblc' rd tha formct it holditr& Jl d 6rt..'To atoptbc cablcrurdog out by uling thc brrtc ou thc rildlrtr. liagr drrr.'To Ly o|tr thacattlcon abck,or . wh|tf, or i! i drydocl, rb" Fq d4 Wal* ba&: To pry out c.bL u!d.r 9owr, i.c. u!i!t ib. rildh|. Eolor. Wdbtg W iE @dor To loE tha uc.bot und.r PorEr' $r8r car&.'To dlow c.tlc lo ru! out fFaly, lot urhg thc btrlc or iha siodbla notor. 14
THE ANCHOR ,l'co.t r?r.'U,cd to drscdbcthc alchor wbctrit ha! ba.l lorrrcd d.at of lh. b.wscpipc .!d is h-ning vlrticatly. Fouladtt: U..dlo lj!'r'ibc a! roc.horwbi(t ir o.udt in a! udcrwrtaacablc,or whichhl! hought old hrwrct! to thc rurfapcwith it, ot wbi:h it fouhd by ib ownc.bla
\\#
n
.,.a..-./-' '----<./-\--=
SCtat
tlofDEt
AxD sLtP
l€lrHouSt
F-.!-eg!E-l-! VFo*&!r't: Tb C|b'l b up.nddow! whcait i! L.dilg Etic'lty lo thr rrtar. Cr@ rdter?.'Whaobotl atrchor araout rtrd thc cab|.altt clcarof onc anothcr. Fa{rLrrr.'WhcD both rlchor! atr out rtd thc cabk rrE Gltwitrcd or ciotlad. Opar dr,e.' Whcoboth snchoEarr out rtrd th. cru!3 lc.d brord out otrttcir oen bow!.A rlrlcl lyiry noord to r[c.hor! .hcadaDd !!tcm i! d oFo harlc whcorhclicaacio|! fhalina ofhrr rnchort. ClanA 6&ort: Anchorr itrd cibLr dt cL.rcd rwry ehcD thr accoring8c$ on dackir rEnovcd-Thir nay indu
lO f{thoms
THE ANCHOR of . riggitr! r.r.r chdlcd ttd th.d&d lo tbr d.cttilht by Elr rbch tuillolilc. rcllord froE tbc crbL whctr hrvc Bow ri.roocn ir ir oL.int" c.bld .rG cl..ttd wh.n th. .hiP ,tritrt .ourdillt (i.c. ihc cdtar! trtari *tct! &pths arc lc*s lhso 2m d), rvhatr thc vbibility ir Door h dahotitrg daPth$ .Dd wbad D..tiD8 bfbout Fir- f.6.hofl v.riou! aquipEadt uacdto t.qrtc c.t{aa. 6& h oippcd whra ra otrtnrcrion' .Ucb at tha Nbfo d.:'lfu iieo or hrwcpipc lip, orur.r it to ch^!8c dilldion sharply. nodrtld whco thc bt!&. ir rpplicd tbcuy, na&t dc: Tlrcal'ci !o ttat ar wilht com6 on lic crbL it i! $lc to ru! out dowly'
AllcHotlNc To a SINGrt ANCrlot I! .dm €tbar llc r!.horr8p ir rpprodchadrt dov tPG.drld tbc .D.tot i. lct !p flhjt! thr .hip hlr Gith.(h!.dwty or .t trwty. Thc calb i! trid ou! tld atttilaa .r! utadto tdicv! rtr.rsa! in th! crblcjuat bcfor' tt. 1*l b.i!pto. Tbc ofir.r who b uchorin8 hi! owtr lbip,ututlly Dnfur lo atoD-hiart.r l at thc rnchollS. by 8oi!t.!t rn. Wh'd tb! iloogp reri naclcr ttc.hip rb..6 of tlc britr hc ut . thrl8t ' htii" ttrt ttc .tip lar t-t srt. Thc .dsitr . .tr thr! kcfl fphg il4l Iow rrtco 8 thc-uchor i! L|l fo. EdgiE ltt ttoDp.dtlDoa! immcdi' rtdv ald rhc vlalcl drifu a!r.m hyilg out bcr cablc,whichltowr oon' tiliallv ahcrd. ,u.t baforctho tlquid acoF it out' th' colior3 'rE rrati anea ro tUt Oc vaaaal8pt! hcr cabb a! 8F!dy u Poltiblc' Tbit Ecthod.n!u!. thcch!i! b.itrgdE r ofrhc huUPlati4 d dl tibcr' M|!y Dilotr Drdcr tbc dnpLt mcthodof |tdvi!8 al rhc tlchorr8p wi$ r iitib bcaiwry on ttc vt ..l' lcttiDt so thc c.blc, lsi!! it out rt lb. wad mov.t alowly at!44 |trd touchitrStttcm jutt bcforc rbc rauircd acoDair oul. With thi! prrcticc, tba c.ttc 8ror|t contbudly ..dn wbih it i! bcirr rlodcrtd !!d c,i[ Fob.ttly hrrn thc p'br*ork o! tbr hdl Thi! iatatb.t Eorc lctidut tbrtr lr Eay toutrd'bccrutconlo tta Eilt ir tltlovcd to tia b|t! batd rd corroliotr lcra h lipl y' TLL_irrltFlaot wh.o a lt acldrydoclc' tincalhc(! b urudly r! ooc'' rion duriDgr rcy!8c whaothc cabL doc. Itow utatu. to rrrcf' up lo a) ro dccpthc rnchor and cablcaiould b' lct- 8p l0 f.thom! ol thc nra, alio*ing aboutdoublcthc dcPth(of 6bl') to tu! b'fq! cfaclint it oo tha btrla If thac.bL ir ,subH ra adotr|! tbc |Dchor ioucb-6c botton thc |!cho. ViU bc dr.Ead dolg thc aaa-bd'!d sin b. s trb to Itip. Futlh.., sith thc wight of tbc rtrchor ofr thc crtrlB it lodctidaa [rpPGrD!tbat wha! ti. brata ia ttlcdad tLc t'trb rill iot rorlcc itdf. lbn h.9@t ei.o tDrr! i! r hc.!' vEiSht of ..t'L .b.ft lh. sD.y, L.dilt tiow! ilto tbcloctE rld t'h.o tic lyPty ir itr !.od oflubnbrtion Bv ordog thccrt c iaitirlly, tb..!.hor b,t ! 16
THE ANCHOR chancato cmbcdibdf bcforEtb. cabh ti8btctr3.Th.tc it lidc rilk ofa rtockk$ iuchor bcitrgfoulcdi! thh wry. In wotcr of ovrr An m the .ttcho! shouldfirst bc wdt d bdck to l0 falhoma eirhh sry 4 or 5 m fiom thc s.a.H, lnd lct 80 froD thcrr' This 2 or 3 frthoma anlutls thll thc strchot wil not danagEi$clf fdling o oo idaoblc distr* o! to ! hrrd bottom. .!d dlo that thc csblc will not ra&. ciarlr |!d rutr out !o rrpidly thst il bacoocacxtrEDclydincu[ to hold it otr ttc braLa Thn practicclhcrdorc coDlidcnblykagthctr! thr lifc of thc bnlc linitrgr. Itr vcry dccp anchorirg dcpth, I0Oru and ovcr, thc c irc opcrt- 50 f.thom! rioDof alchoriD! ihould bc dooautdcr powrr. Thc FDry.hould trot bc t!&an oul of gc.r at r& baaaulcthc hcsvyeciShtof cebb bctwcco $a-badrd h!wr. piF rdl utrdoubtcdlytskc cblrgp. I! i rird it i! bcttlt to epproschttc atrcho.lgch.adi!8 upwha Thc ahipi! mol! aas:lycorlrollcd ald will m*c litdc Lc*ry. lf tbc wild c.rtrot bc browtt r.h..d, howrv.t, thc ahiDce! lcl go thc!trchoain th. uluaf ery sn4 u5i!g bct cogitr.rto lrlilva !lrt*!.. oa t[c catlg .witrg hc.d to wird ar ,bc bri!8!.to. Ib rt.tD.f &chor lhould bauradaoa! to evoidtrippinf tha catiL round tba ,t o, If llc vc.rcl i! baadioSdlad ilto tbc rvhd'! at€ abr douH brvc hct hcadcart ofi onc n'ay or lhc oth.f, bcforr kttiit 80 thc Ethct $aboa. Thc c.3t .hould trot bc crcctrivc,bccaurctha rhip ril npidly rcct to lic acr6t ttc wind and dcvElop! th|Ip |widg to Ldv|td. Co.rcctilg h.lE .!d bold lrlc ofcogitr.3doitd b. urd if ltc cart &vcloF info r teitr& In . tid.ny thc lt tcl thould ,&o rhc ddc .od .8!i! .!.hor lith Ladray or abrorry, rt in aalb c!.rbcr or itr r wind.IL( halDtill bc ofD, crto whib DrtinS !o *ry oEt t[c !t!u!d duato thariLl .ttLD nEdlgF t bll, U tbati&l rtr.m c.nnot bcrtaomcdthcc.ttb rhould barq*lb hll out.h.&ly omrr thaaxir oftt .ttr.D" A! rhc bdlflto i! th. !tc.m, tha U8!i of rh. c.tlc dfrt8ilt acroa.tt t .-bod wil bdlt hct !p to h.r .DAor vcfy laotly. wbaa l!.lofitr! i! a tlLtry notiog oUar orsd& |'r .oDolioaaulcd to drnrtdila sbath.. tba .[b dil h.. h..d*ry. It rbouldb. !o&d tb.t th.r. oti..l| itdi:.t lb. dip'r ry..d rdrrivc to ttc trfaa, atd a Kcl .tcoDilt a atrlan rilh ttattotot ta['ting Ws b.ti& b3r(ir. pkr6 of r,oo4 ctc")wil h.vc atarlrry ovartb lrourd aqu{ to tha ratc of tb. tta!.D. Ooly *haa ttaaaobjGctrdrift |ltlrtr wil th. ahipbo .loDp.d oltt tta gotrtd or hr! taad*ry ort( il Slto anAoftt! ta@ilS a at!.D |rd dro harioSa tild abaaD, |ic L. |!.td.bouu b. kt fp frrt Ar .h! Sebt t crtl, hlt.co wiU 6aa awilf lo ltc aio4 cautitrgtb. catrLto tlov d..t If .ha !s ibt r16.a .0A6 b.. ..!lc wi[ co inl|.ly b. fod of th. boe DLti!|!
THE ANCHOR
DUTIES OF THE CABLE OfIICER
l0 fathoms
Th. anchors aod cablcs *ill have alrcady b.cn clcarcd away. Tha t Lclcd anchor is Dowa'cockbillcd by puttinS thc appropriatc 8)?sy i! g.ar and walking lhc anchor back cl.ar of thc hawsc pipc. Wc rrc issuning shallow watcr-if th€ *ater is ovcl 20 m dccp, then the .nchor must bc walkcd back clos! to thc s.a-bcd or walked back undcr powcr a[ thc lray. This lattcr, of coursc,is donc oDly whcn drc ship hr3 tro hcadway, olhcrwisc thc trailing anchor rvill damagc thc folcfool Thc brakc is now scrcwcdtight and thc windlasslakco out of gcer rcady for lctli0g go. Thc anchor buoy will alrcady bc atlachcd to lhc anchor by its wita Fndaot. Thc lcngth of this pcndant should prefcrably bc cqual to oa. aad a half !o t o timcs thc maximum depth of watcr at thc ancho.aS! so that thc buoy is not Jedttp€d in a strong curr€nt and ccasasto n'atct. Thc aDchorbuoy is strcamcdjust bcforc thc anchor is let go. Thc Thc anchorshouldnol bc windlassopcratorshouldbc weari.Sgoggles. lct 80 until rhc Ofrctr has madc surc thal it is all clcar bclow. Crblc is liablc to b. stowed in thc lockct with small stotrcswcdgad bctslan thc links and studs,and thcscp€bblcsarc frcqucn{y piojcctcd at high sprcd as thc cablc runs owr th. windless.Furthcr, it is nol utrknowtr for thc cablc to patt as it runs out. Fol this rcasonit is inadviJrblc to strnd fon ard of thc SyFy as thc cablc surgcs. Al thc ordcr to lct go, thc brak is rclcascd,usually by a blow frorn tha carpcntcr's maul, and thc cabl. is surgcd. It should bc slubbcd whcn twicc thc dcplh has run out. Thc brakc is tbcn slackcnrd and lhc c.bL allo\r€d to rcndcr, Thc ttcll is sttuck a numbcr oftimc to indicrt (by ih. Dumbcrof strokcs) thc lcnglh of cablc surgld, i.c. thrcc strol6 as thc third shacklcruns out. Thc ofrca!-in-char8. must ildicatc to thc bridga F.rsoDncl how lh. csble is 8rowin8, particularly if it bcconcr nippcd. If this happco3,thc brakc is liShtctrcdand thc bows allowcd to 3wiDgtoward! thc cablc so fiat it gro*s clcar. Hc indicatd by poidtin& and dt night by 3winginga lightcd torch. Whco thc dcsircd amount of cablc b laid out thc otdcr wil bc givcn to r.rar,
[email protected] brakc is rhcn scrcwcdtight and thc haadlc ltruck witt thc carFntcr's maul for Sood mcasurc.Thc cablc is th.n sccurcd by plsciog thc bow*toppcr guillotinc across lh. links, and if tcc.$ary' parsing thc dcvil's ctaws. Thc ttow stoPPcr rclicvcs thc windla3i of much ltrtss wtrilc at enchot. Somctimcs, whcn thc ahiP is pitchiDg srd rhc cabl. is tcnding to jcrt, bc{!y coir springs (50% ttrctcb) &t sccurd to lhc csblc and lcd wcll aft. Whcn lhc springs havc bccn maclc fr.r th€ cablc is vccrcd gradually until thc spritrSssharc thc strcsscs. Heving sacur.d cablc, it must now bc c{rcfully watchcd ov.rsidc. lt will grow to long stay a! thr ship britrlr-to hcr anchor alrd thca ,lowly 18
T H E A N C H OR slackdowtr if thc .ochor is holdia& Sonc ofrccr3 Drrfcr to watch a littlc longpr bcfor! sigoalling tha! shc hrs got hcr cablc. It should t do&d, howcvct that a rc8ular cyclc ofcoming toiorg stay, thctr slackiD&thcD coming to long stay agiin, and so on, ott.n indicetG that a ship is draggirg hcr anchor. Crossb.aringJ or bcam tra|rsit-bclritrgs arc morc rcliablc. Srric y spclking, lhc anchor b6ll should not bc hofut d nor archor lights crchangrd for st aminS lights until thc vcssclis aochorcd, i.c. brought up. Bcforc lcaving thc forcc{sdc hcad, thc ofrccr should chcck thc bow stoppcr and windlassbrakc. AMOT'NT OF CAELE TO I'ISE A tcrm us.d hcrc is rcope. Thc lcngth of c€blc laid out, mcasulrd from thc hawsc pipe to the anchor, dividcd by thc distancc rhca.ucd vcrtically from thc hawsc piF to thc sca-bcd,is calcd thc scoF of cablc. Thc scop€uscd dcFnds upon scvcral faclors: (l) Thc nsturc of thc holdiDg grouod. Stifr clay, rock, lhcls, end stoncs alr co$idcrcd poor holding grousd. vcry toft mud can bc a poor mitcrial in this rrspcct. (2) Thc amoutrtof swinEng-room availablcfor thc ship es thc *ind or strcamchangcsin diraction. (3) Thc dcgrc. of cxposurc to bad wcslhcr at thc atrchor.gc. (4) Thc strcnglh of thc wind or str€am.As this slrclgth incrcas6 ao lhc ship movcs astcm, lifting hcr cabl. ofr tbc bottori !o thrt i! $sumcs lonS stay. (5) The duration of stay at anchor. (6) Thc typc of anchorand ciblc. Il thc cablc lcads from thc a&hor shacklc in a dircction 5 dclFca abo]r thc shankeri! the holding postr ofthc encho. is tlducd by oncqua.tcr. lf thc aaglc bGomcs l5 dc8r!6 thc losr of holdin8 powcr ir onc-half. (Ihi3 frct ir rcpcat d itr Cbaptrr VIII in vi.w of lhc tcxt contrincd thcrEitr.) For this rlr3otr, it i! sroat imlrortlrt th.t s lcoSlh of 6blc aball lcad froD thc adchor sbscllc alolg thc !..-bcd bcforc riling gctrdy to lhc hawscpiF. ODly a good 6coparrill cosutl thit" Vcry oltc!, l'bc! . ship d.agt hcr aochor, .tror! ceblc ir vttrcd aod th. anchor holdr. Thc ac'tiotr i! c.ri.ct, but thc oft-rgulti.g bclitr ia I fellecyth.l il ir thc rairtrrcc of rhc cxtn cablc wllich hlr hcld thc !hip. Thc aachor w.3 tro doutt drrSgrng baciurc thc strdc b.twlco thc cabL rnd shaok uis, at thc abrc*t, er! morc than i.no. Thc vladng of c.blc ildovls lNa ln8lc rtrd rhc drchor holdr otcQ inorc. A rcugh rulc ro lry out thrcc to cidt tiD.6 rhc dcpth of *rtcr in c.blc LoSlh ia hrphirsrd. Thc Admiralty rrc.mEcnd tha fouoeing lcn8hn 19
THE ANCHOR wtich ahouldba rlg.tdcd !r thc EidduD for cdD wcattcl lnd r tlrot ru6e: 4S\,/D fr st\,/D h TWDft f.fi
rons tons tons tons
For wroughtiron cablq lay out 25y'D of c{blc. For forgcdstcclceblc,lEy out 2ty'D ofcablc. For spccid.6tcclcsblc,hy out 39y', of ceblc. (WhcrcD ir thc depthof wrt r itr m.trcs.) It shouldbc ob6crvcdthlt mor. cablc i! Lid itr thc crlc of thc stlongcrchaio. Thir r.prcac ! r diladvatrbg. of rha lFcir.ktrcl ia that it i! rouguy l2l% lightct tbrr *rought-iroa ceble,lnd tbc.dorc litt! from thc s.a.bcdborr cuily. A b.avy bight of ceblcmult bc ulad io thst tbc cablcpardy li6 or thc ..e-bcd rtrd itt dataury, or cufla, provid6 r ipriDSebich f'&tirly ab6orb.rhocl(! duc to pitchilg o. yrwirg. Tbc hoHirS po$!r ofrs .!c.hor, i.c. tha t,'par skctchcdi! ttjr chaptcr can vrry flom bctween tltrEc atrd fourtcen tim$ its own weight. The rcsistaDce offercd by cableis or y aboutthrEc{uartcn of its veight, and therc is thusno point in laing out more cablcthan is necaasary.Further the cableimparts a drag to the a[chor, quita aprrt ftom th€ drat of the ship. Reccotrcsearchhas show! thrt r twin-acr€wship, archored in e 4lnot straaa and a 55-knot*'idd, witb loclcd p.oFllors, impart6thc folowiog drag to her sncbor: Scicv drrg . 2 toancr Tidc dr.g on hull . 4 totrtrc! WiDddrag on bull . l0 tontrcs Csblc drag . 2 lodtrc! DUTIEI AT INCIIOT Cros-b.aring! at! urualy trkcl l! rlc atchor i! kt go (to 8Gti roud po6irionfor thcanchorit$lf) ard rg!i! *hcd tharrr.rd i! baoushf up. Archor watchG rhotld bc lct atrd th* bc.rilgr frcqucody chcckd. A rcughcirclcof lwing ca! badrrwDon thc cblt B.aD tru!it-bc.rin8r, ulc of thc cchoroundat,|!d .rdsr will dl hclp to &tct drqgin!: Otrr wry rockybottoe thc loirc oft[c dnggitg rlc.hof cra oftlo bc hcrd quitr cL.rly on dcct. Thc vBsclwill trorDdly lic with thGandor.nd cdrlc f!! o! it! o*! bow, rey r poidt to a poilt .od r half. Thi! aogh ir lnowD .| tht vr*scl'rraira, rr".r, b.aaur !!G lic. sh..ftd diibdy icfoar tbc rttao or wind.I! a ltrodg wiDdthc vr.Gl will taodto Fw rboot |! rhowtril Fig. 1.7.At thc cxt&oity of hrr yrv rbo nrllaa atc.d |trd thlo dtoFr brck oD i.t srchor, irtilg tbc c.tt " If duri!8 thc yrw thc *i!d catc.h6hcr otrthc oppodE!i(h to thlt lolEaly dpoaadby barnrturd !hc.r (i.c.c.tc.h.ah.t on iL! port aidawh.n r|d!g hcrrGtoatd .ncf,orL
m
THE ANCHOR dc Day, Etthc axtraoityof hcr Fw, turEpnpidly &!ota hcr uohor to ttc othcr .xttoity of yN,, i.c. frotrrpotition 6 to t i! thc n&t!, liP pitrt blf c.blc rolld thcatcNn .d bl!ati!8 tbctrchor out ofib holdi!8 podtbd. Tbi, ir crld ,r.zb!g t/r.,t f th. |nclor f.ib to FtriP li. oti6 rlclor Dutt baht to rt oloa Wb.o itritidly brinSirg to, it jr . goodidra to |nr!8. fo8r joili!! lbacllc to bc situat d oD dcck wh.o thc cabl6 erc &.|rc.L Thir r,iU flcilitrtr ltip,pirg ltc c.blr, .,'d dcariry . foul h.!* .hould thit h.coDc nacaalary, v^t at alactl Arcrci
ItfloAL
F-19!!!-11 At anc.horit is d.sinbh from thc drck o6cc/! poitt of viitwto hrl! rrady for idmadirb ua I! s tidcttc nrh cagitrc!aid rtaaring-gcar ray tbc vslcl Day bc abcrEdby hcr nddar. It i., howEv.t,iD.frccfivc *hao thcrl i3 tro ttrlao. A witr4 blowi!8 fton orc di'. tiotr for tooc cdlid.ratrlc tiEG,til ,ct up r rurfrca drift curnrrt but thit i! uditaly ro bc rl$ciartly rtoog for s.ositiv! rt .dtr!; Thc.hoE rigld.ltitior ahouldbc wst hd at a[ tinaa.Applor.6itr8 in rho sd dc?rrtingbo{r !c.d vigiLncc,r! do othcf v6.cb DaviSating vici[ity. Thc offccl of lhc rrtch shouldrt 6ll tinca balt a roughidc. of howI$ cablci.rlyi!& !o lhst h. canmr! oft olh.t rl'*b wbichtrt to ala[or r6oat i|,
TIIE ANCHOR DIAGGINC INCIIOI Gloddly rFti!& oDoc|a ucboa dart fo dr.t; tbc vraadlathacr !bm*!y, rtrd tii! Dry t corDc.rc6ai1l hoDpt !.tioo ir nca...try. HowrlEr, rh.(l rrc Grc.plioB, rld r E*il riditrg out r 8.lc hlt bcctr tlowD to drtg fowly rld rta.dily for roEGdryr rt rougl y . Dilc Fr d.y. If fhGwhd ri!.n .xtrr c.tlc rhould bc bil out to .o$r. r 6igit lying on thc !..-bd u!d!t conditiod of !.rw .!d pitcb.Pibhilg c.! bc F.tiitypr?vrot d by tridnirS thc .hip by thc h..d. Y.wilg ir litcly to atrrt tb uchoa dr{dtr& |ad oncof lDrrcr.1io!r i! dvilrt c: (l) Irt go thc .lcood .lchor urdafoot.t thc c.ottc of y.s. Tbir it .n cic.llot plla if th. btrtc i! hdd jo.r d&Ndy,If th! trrt .mhor llrfb to drlg fbc r.Eod ril bitr tld ib c.trb wil r.odcr irr.lf. Ttc troilc of thir giE rrmiry of dl.!8i!& rtrd thc rccod crblc ir Errd wittout dcLy. Tbi! i, toncti@ dooaby ,ciacn a! l rrguh pnaricc,ithcthcr or lot thc wlatb.' fubad. (2) I,t gp tbc ,.oo!d .!c[or.t tbo.strGoity of y.e |!d vq toll ciu.. ,o t[.t tbc lbip .id.. cooFt|tittly qoi.0y to h6 two araton. (3) Stc.n up io thc ftn .!c[oi, dccr .sry, .rd Lt 8s thc r.oold .rAor. Th. 6!|t c.bb ir bor! io ttib qp.o.cbi!8 ir. .trcho(. Bothcablc!rlr thcn vt'rrd ro thst tbr srl .irL! quicdyvith so sochor6nc oDcachbow. If I hurric.lr it rpFoo.Lilg; th. vq..l rhould L.r6 hrborr if oth.|rvr*!.b rtr rnchorcdclo!. by, if thc boldilt trould ir oih.r th.! .*cc[.nt, cr if ttc trrboul b u8halt l!d. D.Faturr lhould bc Drdc tydl bdot! tbr ltore !rriv6, othcasit thc rt..cl Dry bc c.udl outrkb sith ioo litib rce-room.trd drivr .!horl, Ifrloritrilg itr hrbout, .ctioo (l) rbovc rhould bc trLo andcibLa vlacd rcll isay. Orca r wl b.Bi8 to dn& morccati. ihoold bc v..itd.It.hould not bc lurgrd out aLcuy, othcrri!. thc csbb rray Frt |t llc \eraal rtrly bc brouShtup lpntly. TbG bri!8r-to. By rt.titrg it, ttc wl ,Gcdd uchor $ould bc lct fp in gpodtiEc, othcrrilc it Dly bc fould tbat ro Duchclbh hr! b..o rl.[rd otr thc fllt llchor (try t out of ll ,hrctlc!), th4wry litth c!tr b. \Ecrcdotr th. r.cond (in thi! c.!c @lt 2 to 3 3h..Llca),hgiDcr rhould ba trcd to r.lilv! !rrt$6. If tb.rc i! 1006 it nry bc bc]t r to b..vc up rld rcct batlr( holdilf groutrd WEIGHINC ANCIIOT f, drring h..rirS; th. c.tk i tubjcc{.d lo . brd nip thc tindhtt thould bc br.ld .!d rb b@t dlorld ro rri!8 to thrt tbcc.bb tro*t 22
THE ANCHOR, clcar. Thc aablcahouldbc wlt wubad t'd dot rd" fha alcrhor,if foubd with rc.-bcd netcrial ca! bc towld aw!!h for a ahortdittanc. rt dov rpc.d.Tb bcll h rgdn rr[g io ildfoaf. fhc fiob6 oftbcjoiF iry ahrcuo rppcrritr! froE thc *!tdr aurfrcg rld viFroody nng phao thc |trchor i! rwcigh. It rhould hc rs?or@dfoul o! oLar aatha carc mry bc. Thc rDcborb.ll or lightr, ca! troe b. lorEGd. Thc andon .hould Dot bc frdly 3c.!rod u il dc.ocd ro lotrlcr naaaraag for in$diata u*. Er.ving lrp i! a lood opportuaityfor chcckitrg rpilcpin pa-[rt! and cat{. ,cizinf-yttic elrtintr A windhss having.D Glcclricmotor of tlt tilowattr c.D hcd/c io alrck ceblcrt /amioutcaFr rh.ctlc snd tight clbtc !t 5l rtrirluraapa( ibrcldc. DT,OPFINGIIOWN A r.st l i. raid to &op &rr rn d .b. &ito with ttc tidd !t!..e. A $a!cl rt rlchor eilhitrg to rlo thi! wil b..rl b.i uf,rhorjurt d..r ofthr ,c.-bcd.Ecr rpc.d though thc rrtcc wil bc d, blrt hcr lpccdoY!. thc Srourd wil bc a$r.l to thet of ttc ,tr.D. Ilcr ruddlr will hry€ rc cficct,bcc.u* tlc(l i! troFrtcr fowitrgFlt iL Shccrdot bc contnolkd cxcaptby lraur of tbc cogir.i or thc tlchorl. DNDIrcING IX)WN A vcradir !!id fo &.d9. wi.[ rbc morl' trldcr ttc hnu.oca ofth! tidd .trc.m but eith brr elc.horhdd rt ihofi rtry .o itrt it dEfa alooS thc bottoD. Hcr lpcado}!t ttc gor[d ia lhndo|! rtt tdad aodL lot aogrr.t N! tic rrt of tbc ttrc.m. Str ti.(dorc b|t naarhrrythroush itc ad.r. Hcr nd&r Dry bc urd fo da.r h.r. A lonStid.l d&ae ia rc!|ry for hrr hdE to bc radtitivc. If . v..!cl, rbcn d'!dd!& Ddr bct nddrr to Frt th. rllt l xitr ft@rh Frdld rith th. .t!..e dic.tio! bot vitl f.rdor[y noE di{ons[y.cro8 it towardrhcr port hstrd.Shcwil d$dgc ridihrly to atarborrd.In aa.l ca& thaltrort aficiadtnorldadt ir rahicvrdby udtrg tbc rnchor oa thc tllc oD,po6itto th.t in *hich .hc $d.r lo drdga i.c"it ir prcfctauaio lltc ttc rtarboordr'chor ifdEdgila to Donlnd.r Dort hdb. A rt.$l whit it dr{giD& tDcrdorr, cr', tt DrfdDS[.r ta.la ovrr, rroid oth.t r!aaa.l!,proyidcdttc ltrcao ir lilt ctrowh to n*c h.f, tbcci[S !.r!itivc. Abo, thc olatatiotr of dr!dti!8 oa! ba Eodifd ,oEEwhrtitr ttG c... of. ship!t |!c.hor x,biA € |rothlr dqgitr8 td|td! L... By lurgiry h.c c.trb npidly |!d !!iot bold hdo, rh.Dry bc.t c to 6.cr ayry from tic lirc of drlg rDd hrilC-fo otrlic ott6.nchor, Thc turt onc ir lirbtr to h. foql4 but ibir h of.orl Dodaot in tia ciEuatalc... Io both t[e htar c.i. t!.rl Dult ofcourE, bc r at!.D. 23
THE ANCHOR ANOiOIING AT AIGII SID Thc alatrof' ara tba larto**rtcr Dvilrtot'a ddd-by id d oas of cdarFocy. Thll. i! a! old ,.a-r.yi[g, 'Ncrq go r[or! rill a! .lceor i! l!. piF', .!d ltir .hould rply to Do.t c6riFd... A 6ip Day f.il to trrD, t tG r rudd.o rb.cr, arrt, too olab rry, a! aotiro Dry fril to !o rrt rD,r quall nry cetcbtbo 6b, tbo ofio lolcfrrpi !!ry jrD, a colljdoDDay ba iDmi!.oFi! dl crE it |rAott rt! rrititrS lo b. u!cd.,ori !!.hort .hodd bcLt !p ad dlolld fo tE ort lhirc.bL!trtilnrficibliroutto.o.tbtt .dor.to ho!d.fh.y.ro drd .outb.d .!d Fb.F dt o.!.ly r! tld od outt d .o ltd lhc rhip grrdudlt,lo.c. h.r rry. Bothc.bLr 'Ji[ bcsrowiD8sirm thro!8bout thc q,.rrtiod, ild both wil bo rubjcctto b.d siF, Tbit mc.n|, howEr, tb.t ri. hlw'c.piF liF rrr rdicving thc trildLt| (dthoq! .troqly b.ddod)of nuc! of ttc strcr( F|rrlh.r, bolh c.trb .rt t tilg |tr cqud rhra A rhip with quitcconli.larlrL h..dv.y E y b. t(outht up quitc rapidly eith two .lcbors us.d i! this f.rbion. Afte sr&, the anchor!, cablcs,haesepipes and windlsssshouldbc survayed. Largc trrtcls tr|ay wcll part their cableswh€n anchori4 at *eeds above1 knot. lf r .bip u.r only olc .rchor |hGi! lildy lo Fd ft o.Ur Ey quicHy .nd th.d forgpdr.d ioto d.!t r. Iln h.r hry!,.ood dl too flqu.ody witt tic !Gc.!d .!c,hor idL io tb piF f ttart ir ilrrGci.ol rcon itr rhb to pry out r food *!Fa d abovg thc cabLaD|l|t bc Eubb.d rft.(, try, two |hrc,tl6 hrvt run out ald tba alchorr dr{aad .lo!t fi. totton to Edu.. h.rd*ry. Tbi. it hit[y &!&roor, not avar,i! hrtoutr wtaa thrtc .tr llbordta crtL., A v6rcl $riding 27$0 toDr.r whcn dopD d in 30 rD,troElilg initidly st 4 ktrots,idcur' r 3t lss of 195tonlca itr r sirdc cabL. Th! 6grrc bccon s ,135tom.. if thc initisl .pccd is 6 lnot!. Tha at$!!sl slr ha.lvcdif two .qurly t iotrcdc.bl6 rrr u!.d. IN(IIOIINC NEA'I A DINGEA b Fi8. 1.7ti. vr...l i! tidiot to hcr d|rtoqd .!cld. Th..t i. ! d|!t r to rtr$o.rd. WLc! .bc trtr to tb..rtnoity ofh.r yrr rt poritio! 5 ald b6!.t! ha( ahrcrah.virtudly aailrrrioar hcr rnAot tld eay brt.t it out Shcir rho hc.d.d tovldt rhc drnSar.For tt|t raaron, whrn uc[orin8 laia r d$g.(, tbc o0ibot! alator rhoold bc urcd, If ah.ari! brokd thc Yt .cl ril tc h..diry rsry fton thc tl.!8!f ANCIIOIING ON A $IOA[ If rhir bccoa accarrry lhc rqld rhodd h..d i o rb.ti!4.!fl tb! !ho.L r'd tlkc roEdiDg. It i! thco drcidd in thi6 d.Drh 6. 24
THE ANCIIOR .!.[or i. ro b. Ll fo. Thc rt tor i. t ltd b..t to thi. da?6.od tl. rsl nov!! uErn a!l[ lbc ahdL A' ao@al tbaoatb gsrr.naad, shoril! tbrt ttc tocf,or ht louch.d bottoD' c.lrIc i. 'r!.ard .!d hid out r.106.ttc thoal .!d thc vracl wil rid! to br. |lchor i! dcc?f,rtar bcyord thc .ho.L Tlir i. . vlrt good hddilg Fdt'lo!' b...Ile it i!
AllCtlOtlNO Oll A allo^l
t!g!!!-L:! .lEoat inDoaritL to rtttat tbc crt{a !t tlc aldor thactib itr tny *!y oth6 thrn-p.nlcl witb lhc th.nt (&. Fi& I't). BOINIING SIIIP A rhip ritins to aililc .nAor Dry rcqlit! to clato a Lc od olr aida An cfidcrt n tbod ir !o L.d r Yir., sv 24 eo, frob rb. dtcr bitt!' 3-tl in rlorg th. rhip'r rid. cL.r ofcrE tbitr& rld rq|t! it to ibc c.tL cloE
I
I
25
TEB ANCEON, to tb hrrr fiF fb rirG ir th td.trd .ft .!d t[. ..U. i. !r.dy ElL A rbc ei.! bcco6 |&r.cq ib. .tip ir fofrd ofi tDoriod (F Fi& 1.9. AIrcHOITNG IGSII'E A
[email protected] DEACTI I! bofhfh. folorin8 crE r. rill a|.ooc th|t ttc s-bcd coEpriaaa . bd!..djrc.at ro lb. L!4 f.[i!8 rwry .b.rply ilto v!f,y dGGr .a. h lh. n n c.s (Fi8. l.l0 (a)) xr *i[ |rtu$ thlt tb. edfe ir rd. 'derdy atrialdadto 6wud to lrovlL r*ilfirE tooo for r vlard
I
I
?o t.att F I G I ' F EI . I O
|ldorint .t th. LdS! .sti!oitl,. Thc |!.hor i! rdtd h.ct to r &plh cqed to thrt jud to hDdr.rd of th. kdS. .!d tbc rhip erl.. . dow |Ipro|.t A! rooo ar thc crbL gorr a& rho*ilf that thc [ahor bar fooatc4 aablch tlcrrd to fb. rrsui.rd tcoF rDd 6. bdta aa(arld dfh. fh. c.U. b dlowld to tilht ! lld roub thc .hip ,rady roud |o th.t lbc brilSlto hcrdilg r.rrtrd" fhc .!do! *ill b. pulilS ror|td. drio! troun4 rld proyidcdtbc crtrb ir lyitrgoa thc bottoa" tic abipril baraorc i! dl bqt a rrrdtt olrhorc *ird or tn oGhorc witr4 I! tbc bnaaa'vaotlba vra-l rill drift o$ to aca.!d E!!t lligh ua[or. I! th. tcoold c.& (Fi& l.l0 (r)) rt ril .rsrDc rtr itLd hryilt . 26
TEB ANCEOR tlcfdc iirho8 wit! gpic.l d!tsn! .t .hom. fhc vt .d Dod clc.dy .Dctor hr.dhS td.tdt thc ltid. fha dchor lhodd tt idor! bc wdlcd b@kto-rourt y Z)-30 D rrd the v..sl rg.io h..d.d in dowly. 10-15 f.thom A !h!rD loolour mu$ bc tcDt for hc.dr of iroldcd cora!,cla wbcn thc crt c :rowc a!Er4 snd itfu riould occ{r ruy gtdurUy bacr!|lc th! ihip .bould bar,!a minimumof hcrdwry, th€ coginGal! &vtr!.d rld r bight ofcablc r.od.ird. If or y ooc slchor ir usd it i! r Eood olan to lo*tr thc *coad onr to rhst it bita* rDd !crG* up thc bt"ak itactly. If tle vcs.rcldrogr to s.awardthi. sccold lnchot will rtndct frrrhcr crblc rrd givr wlrning of thc cvcot. Thc oD.|rrtioncu bc c.rricd oul orlv in a! ofr3boEwind. lf thc witrd blowr o$horE tbc rt $l wfl drift-to thc rcGfttrd mult w!ig! |nc;horrtrd procc.d bcfoE thir @rt', A ainiht daift mry ooc{r il c.lDr, but ihir ney bc prcvrot d by los,a.iry a hc.lf Eight (aqchr. ttc atlG.D tochor) froD rft to a d.'othr{dl in.sc.s ofthat.t thc Ldgp.rtr.oity. Ar tho lhiP drito onrhorc,thir w:ight wiUfoul thc ldlp lod hold th. rhip' TUINTNG ON AN A}TCIIOB Wtao h..dinS with thc tttlat! altcm, thc vEr.l mry ba $dcJdy tuld hc.d to atnan *ith tha arailtttrccof a! t!.tor. Th. uchor' cilb.r oF til doj.hould b. Lt fp.Dd bdd.t |hort ttry. A!thc.nchor d.{t il wil roub thc botr! rould atd |rp.t!ad. Th hcrdrdy ahiuld ba -Dubtcoutly rlduoadby an .rtrrn oort6.ot Thi! i! . ridpL D.re[9l! Fovittd thc rrclot it Lc?t rt thort !try. By dnggitrg il dort tbabottod, haavy.trrBa. at! c@plctclyrvoidcd. tf lb.hrrD nip.t ttc hrs. pipci! cdtidald lEd..ir.blc it y b. F daly pEEottrl by c.tdtr8 tha ahiprlilhdy taroartbc drtaD hdorc i:ttu ro tto upcram .trdot AftGr dinfiry lb ador Dsy ba qdAly tdd.d. Ia ciln rqrbct od ao qlrtdt th..hiP Dly b. dnihdl, tortr4 bot riti r@a oodifEarkna Th. h..dwry ir nduoGdto ! DininuE ald rt aratoa it La to o! tbc 16, .tlosi4 tuficldt,oo,P. for tDcatc,horto bii., tf tlc c.bL it .oubbcdtoo quictly ihc ..dor wil b. dt|gFd .nd tb. D.MvrG q,o.L Wt o lhc btrk b Elt rbc Gi.d it brouglt @ rftl fha cat& !.owitr8 afr, atd th.o .taaDad routd tba uctror a t* tl[t cebb |t do* ltrlll[tn'ot, ri6 hdn trrd olta tdrrdt tba .!Aor, fba vt rd r!|l.l hc dly biolfht to har cal,L |od lta htt i ataold.ly tut bdorGudlt rb. cogiF i! tbi! frthiotr, oti. irc tb aLip|lt*aa t .dmy |!d .tr @daairrbL.uddco|'aa. it idpoaado! rbc.U. Sooaihaa a tld i t|'d oo ict rdor bcfolt lcrriry ro uchoc 13 tlit rbc.!.hd c.ltb i. hoE h rttil lb.ic h t!fi.ilot Loglh out to orDl lb rAor to tol4.!d tb.hiD Eovrd.bd.r dor Etlution
n
TEB ANCSOI' Entil tb. c.tL lroq .rE!. E foio it t rE, lb 6Si!. .r. .toD9.d .od rb .hip dlonld to briryto t o{y @ lt6 c.ti4 Wh.a it it t !t aauo, lta aofila. ara Dovld d..d .sd tto bclD put brd ot'tt tc tr!d! lba |'.foi tld th. |hip rt!.o.d toEld ro tbc rlquirld ditdioo. Irh-Glr rhiF lEdly tur! DonGr.fidly i! thb D.!!.t th|! if tb3y rdSh anatoaald rort aolilaa in oDpodladttcd@!. Tb. tlctor b lta!, .ftatiE for dl tuflias nracuvr.. wtatEtt t! it irt!fiaiadt tooo for lldd.r€ntlolbd tumr udcr hcrdway. CI,EAXINC A FOIJL AIiI(SOT If thern.[o. i! wdld in an u!d6r*r!c! obatsucton|!d cauot bo nish.d tb. rlt.rt .tould bo DoEd v.ry .loply dr.4 Eitr8 c.tL l|ltil it !to*! waI arlart Whlo itc vl.cl it broughtup atd tba cattb ir taut thc ctrgiDcr.Ir workcdrhcrd v.f,y !!trdy to rca if th. rtrchol ril br!.t out. Thc ]r.sl etr t[cd dowly baaEaaad!ou!d i! a cirrlc with tbc c.bIc trut (tur!i!g towrdr tha alator of coura), to ty to rot|tc ttc !trc,horlnd brrst it out by co!!t!!t Dovloaal If thi! frfu, follalar with |! rttaopt uDdli narnray wiahth! oabb Stowi!8 forr|r4 th.a thc cttb Eutt hc diDDd ftoo tb! d.cL, buori!! tt!.o4 aodthc ancLorht.f ilcolrfld bt,dir,lae If thr alchor brr fouLd a c.tlq wirc, d ot!.i .itiLr udaifliar obcudior th. erc.hd |Dd foditr! ir ho1! *r[ up to tb harr. DiF A rto!8 ibrr ropc,&|f,l er r maaih oootiat liac ia tlo crrc ofr hcevy |uhrritrc c.blc, ir pur.d roud tha obalrua{i@aDdboll aoda|'c bovc trut |'d Ddc rllt f|!t on dcck I! lb c.|a of |! ulioDorirlt ob.tucliotr r wirEropc cll bc ura4 but a ibrc ropoDr|rl bo lrod i! cas whcr! tha obatnrctionbay ta r tdrgrph crbb or or! cartyint hith-!.sioo curcnt wh.d thc litrc i! ho}! llut tlc .t td i. rdld barL cLr of tb. ob.rrq.dior .!d thc[ ho\,! h6r ilto tb. pipa Provirld ttc forrr ir .curd at thr foFcaatb&cl i! . rrlio[ ofDarinuo &r!, lb. fodinS will.ei!E cL.r eb.d lh. u.!or it *dtd b..&. Tb. h.!!.r i. tbcodippd fro6 tir d.ct lo rdcrn iL fouli!8i If tbc ob.ti&liod i! rtil D.ni.[y lyi!8 @ tb r.-bcd .!d otr dlf n|iatalca to rbr haqar, aotbrt it docrtrot twirE to tta !at! of,lbabo!t, tb. dip.borld borro0y.h!.|ld rw.y ro ttrt tb. poilt of r|.Ddtio! oftbc fouliogcoDcaditEcdyutrrla thr daol ldtr Tic rlcho( ca! lld ba hot! LoEr, Otr r.rc occ.riort it Dry hrpDadtbrt r!a! lba ar.!c h rdfbd it aoa(lra frco thax,|!ar uFitcdo*! with tlc c.tlc hdf.tr|t!!d arod tL aDada, ctoc to thr hard whra tbir ocorrt thr alabor Dun bahg ofi frorathcforccsltlcdcct by Ecansofr rhongwit! topc p|!rd routd tta catrtloDay bat,!a!.d util tbo aldor taad. Whaotba wifc ir E!
a
TEB ANCSOR tbc hrlf.tun dib. dd! .!d d!.r of tb .blot. ftt c.U. i. thca dowlyhorqi! ultil it t*ct tb. T.i8ht ofthc.!chor' vh.a t[c witt n y b. c!!t off. If iD .rchor is stuckia its ba*rc pipc, it mightbc lrrcd by !a.|rri!8 it to thc orhcr elchor whi:h is tbao lowcrcd. EANGING OTT AN AI{TOI ofc.blc.t iLbb fo. u.., tbr.tdor Ifit i. d..ftd to hnr.lrc..rd wiu har! to bc dcra.sd from tbc cablc.Uaualy, thGftat rbaal& of cablc iDdudaaa joinirg rhr..Llc 2-'l n from tha .Dcior ahrkL, .o tlrt rh.d th. .!Eho! i! .ldd tlc joinins rh.dla n bdlt.a tb. ryFy ud tbc h.fi. piF tf thc crtb ..tr b. F...d tbtousl r forntd iL'rDr cadl fairL.4 lh.n thc .rchor oa! riDply bc t cttcd i! th. piF --ng wLr hthiD8| .!d tL b@. .toFf.r. Th. c.bb c.! th.tr bc ..tcd ofr tt AE y |od Dra&.rrIt i! thrd Fld io tbo fiit d udng .h.i! boot!. Thc s.mc .pplict iI . third herr. piF is 6ttcd. If th. c.blc b to b. F..d ths@ghrbc hrw piF tbo.do. Eutt bGftoortd ft@ itr ho!.iD! .!d @t!d .t thc .hip'. .id.. 'Fit t, lh. .mhor i! lorcEd cLar of tbc piF ald r'coclbil.d. With r ltolta .!chor, .2+mm wirr rcF ia thro F!*d frod bitt! tituatcdiuar abft thc her Pipq ard Fdcilttly rt lluiEua fat!' thror$ lhc ttcbot Oacttc end beckoa dccl. Both tarta .rc hol! t ut ald baL)ld Arotlcr 2+mm rit! roF, ehi$ wGrril c.I No. 2 til., i! F ..d th.a Ld to tb fton bittt, throughtlr c.U. fdf| d oftL lbcll.td Er..t wiDA rarpilS bafi!!. 1L cr& ir a.tad to No 2 tira .od thtd blot o. No, 2 rit! |. ttraov!.rrd rloely ,o tbat tla alclor trito aban tt piDc.Eolhrirt c.r b. Lft t&rt (No.2 oirlrill bc*opptrcd ofrrd bdryld) ro tDd thG.!Ao( it .urEdd.d .qtdry by both, ot & it rholc of b sajlht cra borralrfdrcd to tDafnt tit!. A Dto c.[ th.d bc !.dt oltr|iL to crtt ofi No. 2 *it!, ?bfuhir bovcitrbo.rd. Tbia i! rdvi.d,lc, t c.u!o ifthir *ir. ir Ht h thc piF it t l bc $tttcly ctdd by tb. o.tla i. ShouHlh. tD.!Gjoilitrg .h..*L b. otd of t!..h th.! rb.!.tG lof,a.d cL.r of ttc pipc, No. 2 titio liU hlrl to bGFt d vrtib lh. rncho( i| atovrd fh. c.blc i,t thco Gaaa4brofc4 r'd tLc arc.hor r'ooclbiucd by y.arilg thc wirE.Thc ott6 2{-Dm b.*s wil tbao bc Ft d o€d.b ar bdora v.r*lt rhic[ ftrqHtly aotlp i! thir o?crrlid r- a rgadaly Dd. thialb..t to!.& boh@t .!oD inatoadof tb orrri& wirl,.ldiilh of i! rboul l0 Eitrut!.. OtD.(etbod. i.du& i.litrS th. ov.rdtL ti.t to . wtrpirf b.tid .td br.vios llc .t 6ot !P to rb. tL.t .d9.. fb. alchor i! ttao GittaarE[ dr.a of iha d.tbf dla to rbalata ot d& ca! hc G..ily aao|!.d aotharii doa lot .riD&
l-2 frthom
tton !in 'in
TEB ANCEOT IIEAVING I'P ANCHON,qtrIII NO WINDLASS PiOW Two solutionsc5n resolvethis unfortunetcsituation. Thc iist i5 tons onc whcrEbyr b.avy puchrsc (15 toln6 s.w.L.) i! rEurd to tlc cablcandlcd *Ell ell !o ss to gct {! muchdri4 aspossiblc.Thi! ivoids fnquant ovarbfirlio&Th. purch$c i! rilsch.d to thc c.tic by m..Dr of 3-4 in r lotrgFrdadt of24-32Em witr. This!voi& foulirg th. putEhrlciDthc mlny dackittiDF rdjaodt to lhc windL& ThaFn&nt i! doublcd!o thrt thc rtr6! ir cachpcrt i! hdvcd. A lightcr, ovlrhsuling trcu. ir ri88cdon thc main purchascto avoid delayand hcevyworl. As thc c.blc ir horc in, tbc gp.y rhould bc frrc to .wotvc, so thrt thc cabL i. alowrd.Thc Srpaiaarr! fxcd to rh. meirrhft!, whichtlvolvr cithrt *t n hni!&go or whaotbc nain wHr rlr rlid dotrg !!d -Fs.d lith ltc drivitrgpitrioDror th. i Grlrcdi.tcrbft, .trd dlo fbc ri&a of rtc s|p6i6, Thc intcrmdiatr rhrft drirr! lhc i,rrpidg banrl!, aorht i! thir Frticutlr calc tbc baitr vbc.l i. .o!r8!d siti th. !rp.y ild ablcto rotae thporilrbaR. A friciiotr &irE i! aow rct up by nran of r hr.vy 6bnaooorilg lilc ru! froE rhcp|rpi[g h.rrd to lhc drud of a wi[ch. Whrtr lhc wiDc.hdruD tlvolYl. it wifl driw ihc intardcdiata rbdt of tho rhdl|r!; rhis pil driE l[c Drb *hc.l,.trd thit tiu rwolE fiG SD6y. Thc btrlc rtrolt bc raNlFrdtight b.foc thc putchra ia ovtcbauhdof oouttc. ThoFood nathod is '.thcr mor. timpla Thc toppirg m fron No. I d.nrirt i! utrlhcH.d nom thc dcrrick hc.d and lcd forrratd. lt ia .61rcd by r F.odltrt to thc c.blc" OtrctoDpingm onryir nacaalary f6 tons otrccsblc,providcdit hs r S.W.L of rt Lrll l0 toDtc!. Tbc t aod$t must bc doublcd13 bcforc.Thc SD6y ia ph..d itr 8..t, tlc friotio! drivc is sct up, trd tbc toppioSlift rrighr tbc oblc .nd ancho!. SLIPPING A CAAIA Ifcrutiotr ir to b. cxailild, thb vork c.mot bc hurri.d. Uauallyth! fof ditpilg rri ar ebao ttc archor catNrotbc r.ilhad. !€ity
O)qrra ft.n |b l)cd VG.rc.blc, or h..r,!, r|!tl a ahsctlcir .iturtcd !G.r to tta hrt. piF 2!3 in upF lip. A 20-2+rlrE wirc roDcwith ltry .y.. frrpp.d .hut ir D.trd lhough lDccrtb fotrard of ttc .trr&lc ttrd bott.ndr Lor! rrft rrd ordc f.rt, p[tf,rfrbly otrrc?..|t bitlr, i.c . D.rftct.IiD-f,n!.lh. c.bb ir card fo thcrit! trs,E .!d lb.o h|Dt r. Tb. Fol&o lov .ri!c. rt to how to dip th. xi.r. Fi..g t}. .otb rhoull b. wortld .h..d .o thrt tic c.ltc i. !p ..!d dova rld b-tilS thc DiliDuE of drc.r, orly it ortr rdtit i! fic{. Th. wiro ora ttro 30
49!-l!9!9!f:!!&E8-r
3l
E!98!
THE ANCEOR aith6 bc surgcdofi oe rct of bitta!trtil it rult Acc,or onac[d ca! ba o! a r{arphg brn€l rd Binilrrly rurgd &oD tht, or lhc *ilr cin ba crt .t tbc hrw!+piF lip ulitrg r irc .xc of th. fdlilg tyF Thoitrbolrd cad!of tbr *it! wil lc.p rft x,trn if i! aut thtoutb, atrdto rvoid idury cllitr doppcr! could bc pu.d froD folTlrd to Fsvldt t[it, odc to cr.5 Frt of tbc *it!. A h.tt6 D€thodthll |ny of tb€c ir to incorporataa Ftc t dip clo6crp to rtc hr*E DiF. Tb. cod ofoaua ahoddbc buoyodto cfrod htcr rccovrry.
e) g[it
noDn L.f..
Ecrc tDc.otiF c$lo vill bc rutr out. It i! EGr.d ultil it L drdly up ald dowl itr th. loc,kr. WorL ttc adgitur at .d |t bdor. ro thrt thc cablcbcarsonly its owtr$r€i8ht.A 21-runwirctru|!.r i! plrrd tbrou$ thc c.tL forinrd of thc 5rp.t rtrd Ld to . wilch wrrpbg.b.trll th. oth.r cod bairg bdayrd. Tha wirr ir hov! faut ald th! calrL i! calt .drift iD th. .&!i! locl6. Tho FDa!, ir tbao ttvolvld urdcr Dowtt rtf,y dowly, ald tha wirE haw!.f ir rer4 Thccablcwil thctrcooc ofi fh! rypa]ratrdi! aoad out rhtougbtb! hrwlc piF otr thc wirc hrwrcr. Srbcothc .od of..blc i! wdl dow! tbr piF tbc wirr hw..t ir cul or .lipp.d .. Morr. If tb. cod of..ttb i!.llowcd to dcrr th. pip. b.foc.lippi!8 th! vilr it wiu fdl hc.vily ilto thc aaa,atrdthc r6ulti[f jc t Dlt pert th. yiro-r dc.irat b cfrcct,but ir oly hlpp.l at r &tr8.rou! tiEc atrdpboa ANGIOIING rf,OM ArT WrnI A l{rwn IlIICHOI Th.ro tr! oqdon! vhln tlir it a ulaful aaliotr,It i! astladcly aoi! ttc c'|c of r w{ll wLic[ i b.rcbilg.nd hr ro&irll tiE to uldrF t tc ttc l.o...|ry wo(t, for vh.o lhc ir b...[od h6 gouid t rllo it lh.o s&ady hid oul |!t c! ofh.r. A .tip ru.h .. thi. rill hrE to lrc hc( h.avy to*linc. For norEd uchoritr& a 24-32-EE wirr ha*laa i8 F.r.d frof!! thc afr.r L.d& rlo|!8 th. rhip'. .id. cL.. of .re.rythilt, .Eutld to lhc a'cod(bild .rc[or, !!d t lrrld |ft. Thc c.tic .Frr pi.o. dould bc ,.cuttd *it[ r Fi.ot dip .!d cb.in bridlc, .!d thc joililS .[&tlc b(ot6 opco.ThGEtrdor i! thao &t go whro lcoaaaaryby Lloctilg op.d thc dip. It wil bc dooceith r [trlc h..drry o! tbcv!$Gl but with rtoppcdproDdl.lr to Noid foulitrSttc wirc. Ttc .hip ahouldbc rhc.rbg .wry ftom thr ala&oaa! it ir llt 80. Thc alahor ia hroyld i! fta uautl gr!,. lf it b dr.iGd to tDchorfrom rft with ti. c.hla tbc witr ir p.t d |' b.for. rDd k pt Frdy for !!lc.tlin8 to tbr ctri!" Thc |nctor ir Lt tp ad lb. tqdrtd reount of cablct€arcdwith haadwryon t!! E..aL A joiDitrg tbrctb nurt b. poritiod.d nc.r thc upFr h.w.+piF lip. 32
TEB ANCEOR Tho rhip ir broudt !p grddy on h.t c.bb th. lslt t gowitrg .!i.m. Thc ?ir! ir thro rol! uprtrrd, tbrougbthc brwr piparld laclttld to thooatrloforwrrd ofttcjoining.h.cuc. A l,ong,cutrrc4ipccialy e!d. tb!.&lc i! lrd for thir o.[.d eJorarr.hrcur. A ch.i!.topFt rad Ft dt.lip i. tt o riggpdfotwrd oftbcjoiliDg thlrHr'..t t8bt, |trd & €l:'G h at d to th. ttopp.r. Thcjoiniru lblrllc ir btot n 3d tbc .lip ttrock d ofr. Thc aocior it buo:rcdh tbc uu.I e8y, Thc ahiPi! l& movcdrlosly ahcadwhilcthc wirc ha*lcr it hov+iDan Thc ahip i! atoBd crh.tr 6r vitc ir up strd dos! ovtt tba atlr4 Thc will i! rfria hovcin ad thc catrlcbrouShtftord tft ead t qrlld ltouod .cErl din of bitl3. Atrotiai @thod i! to caaaont thc crbL fton forwrrd od r aaoond wirr a, it ir hoE-itr !ft. Tbi! t cotrdwirt a'i[ thaohrrl to bc digpad. CIIANGNG A!'CIIOTS If! bofta atrchorir to bGulrhippcd frod itr cabb ltrd tlt apdra boF iartalhd iato ttc hrwro piF tbc ffi .ncior i! lowErcdto ih. vd.d. dgr rld lhc follc.|tb d.trL.t rstulg or4Gidc.Itr Fi& l.l2 I +to[nc sschoris bciDgcbantFd.Itr vicw of thc bightofc.bL wbichthc too d.rricl vil brvc to npponl, ric bttct thould bc et lc.!t of S.W.L 5 tonn6. It is riggrdwith r ttonnc S.W.L.lifti4 putEhrc. Thc purchaJa totri tod is lcd to th€ |!cho. add sccuftdto it by mcra3of t hcavyttop. Thc.Dcbor i ttctr lowrcd uDdcrnrd to t kc sdYltuga ofthc lola b xnitht d|E to itr ditpLc.m.nL Thc crblc ir vrard tld tlc ddticl f.tl hovritr utrtil thc .!c$or it ditlc{y b.low rhc drtricl( h..d' It n y bc k pt udl6f,rr.6 durinSthb Dlncuvr!. It i! thcoliftc4 toSt(lrt with thc birbt ofthr& c.blc, fron 0) lo (2) i! thc nglllc, rd d tbi. .rr8p tha c.blc Dutt bc raadttd tt th. thip'a ri&. Thc dlttick it awu!8 i!boud, tlc alato. h.trdc4 tlc ahauc brck€o opca, ad th. c.t c Eurld to thc tprrl uchor. If tbc rp.tr alchor i! lot tlitEtly bclot tb dErict hc.d it {il hrE to bc c.t!frrlly lBta.d.t it b letd ofr tb &c,t to .eoil . trrddln ttti!8. It ery th.a bEt*ung to lb. .hiP'r drb by !r!yi!s th. d.rbt. Tt punhr& ir hoE-otr util .. bGforqthc p.irbl h of lh. !bip'. ddc 6tb L!hi!& rtic.h it th.d crn ofi, Thc rtrchor ir lorrod otil luhfe& By h..yiDg @ th! c.bL |!d .lsctitr! on tb. dlrtict f.ll thc ucbor ia $ippcd lrd ornd itrto tb. hr*|c piF. h tb Cflrr tha putrtr& bloctr havcba drrm Duahhr8ra ibD rb sb roEld p.rEit, for Oc trf. of drrity. Sooctin r ttc tFt! bos,crtDchoritttottld forsard of th.fot6rda. t .d bratwrta., or rubplrte Itr thi! aaaajt tuat hrvc r witl E{tad to it rld lod to lta !ci!6t forwerd*arpiag bcrtl or bittt Thit vit! t}f'fu'a fulrqc. Thc purEhalci! ld to rhc rFtt bowrr stc[or,
TIIE ANCIIOT, tb. bntLoD.r.t tilbt, .!d tb. Prrcb$ f.[ horqio. Tbitjod nod. tb. .!cto! cf..r of thc ttoc&.!d now,by plri.s h..Yy, g!.rd elob of tiEbar frm thc.D.,horto tt! top cdgaoflba htc.ttrrar, tta purEh|s c.tr b. frrtbaahm-on, daa&itt thc bu[to9a, tld thr anahoawil tlida rlp fbc Dlrtlb d.|t of thc btt.t*rtar. Tbahrlropc c.n thlo bautadfo guyttc a!.hor tltil it it bclowtL drrrick h..d.
-
,1..1 t
caatE 5lcutED ox oact( H€iE
ercxor ul.oEi f^rEA
HIGH EOIIIING'EOWER
ANCEORIT
ThG3calr dcfncd es bcing at le&st t{rica (tomc atc rdurlly {our tin€s) .3 c6ciaDt .3 a Btandrd 3toclla€a atrchor of tbc lamc aaltDt. ADo6vrd tvDc6 may bc -no6t Dc.mitted r 25% wciSbt rcdudio! bt
tyF of .c.-bed ' fuk u.a b th. h cir;d66tid'sodctia. Dct iDDonanrfactot itr holditrg-powcrbut wcight do.. pley r vild mn in Door-W rrourd litc loft nud or shb rcct. Owrcrs m3y crcccd 7% (wirh Rulc{izc cbrin .ttacM) utrdcl Lloyd's hutc-wiirtt 6.1m thc A.C.f4 iD Fig. l'2 morc Ngh holditrg-powcr A-p.ri RuL.. eoctor ri'c strownt fi8. 1.11.Moet havaaitbcr sloclr or atrbilisiog fs. Bccaurc of thcir iffrcicocy, strchor dr.magcis dorc frEquclt trwadava.Thb occu6 rt bcrd pitr!, fute aipa,h.5d sroF ed ir tbe !h!d a; dhonion, whict m:y-caurcthe aacborro iaE i! the hawsc Fpc.
v
CHAPTBR II
MOORING
r|Er a vBlcl i! arc.hofrd eit[ both alahor! L.ditg .hcr4 .hc b rrid to bc on opsr roor. Suppodings rt.lcl i! lyiog to s
V V titrglc rlchor rL.d rh..d |ld with r rtraarin h.r crt cof? toDncs.If shcbrd two strchon lcadiry dcld rb.ad tha sttlsr in c.ch tda would ba *f tonn6. Whatr tha rtrglc bctsccd thc crbl6 bcconlrs 120
.- t - ,
Y I
T IONN€!
OPEN MOOi IIAEiIE3
FtGUiC 2.1
dattlca, i.G.wit! aac,huc.hor rbout 5l poiob on d€ bo% tha attr e ir ard c.blc bccoDaaT ton&& Thir vduc iFt !.i to 2U sld 3f 8 tb. .!Slc bcoo@ 150datrc6 |nd ld) dcgtrcrtr pcdiydy. S!.d th. ulL cscc.d. tt r.ft liEir of I20 de]! . .h. i. o6dint ro tilc to r {tfu qcr Fi& 2l ilu.tr.r.. th. D.t.ldotnn of forcaafot |! .tr91.of lZ) dct !aa, J!
MOORINC COMTNGTO OPDN M(X)I rtqra of thi! nllauyrc. Thc ftncl ir Fi& 22 tho*! tb. iuciE hc|d iDtotbauchorrgc with tbawild ot curr.d o! om bowitr ordct to !!.i!t coualdrcliotr of hc drift. Tho r..th.r rtchof (or uFttlrD .nrto.) ir LngootrtDclu! (t), |Dd h..dny conti cd for tougblyolo ilird of ttc Gld lcngfh of oblc, Thc ,ccord inchor ir l.t !p rtrd thc frd o* rll$bcd .t thc 5Dcy, Ar lh! w.acl bringr-rootr hct w..thct
I I
ottt.
Looi
!!g!!an c.tlc, it frrdur[y grorr trut to wind*and,aoubbilgthc bow rould (2).f th. clSitrca.rr th.o rvorlcd.h..4 u.i!8 warb.t hC|E,to.! to tccp thc c.bk trut (tbc,acordcaUair c,h.ctad,oooafbr tbcrlEtor i! kt fo) thc boer ril drltlop. rrpid rwbg Fro th! tir..n o. wi!d. By tc.ping . [td! rh!.d of b.i .r.ton (3), .o l[ t both cstlc. gro* dilhtly .fl' th. Dtrlcuvrr i! h..h.a wh. i..diog ilto tbc sind or rtlaao, both cabLr ar! r! r.d (ttc rocod oe ooly, for . lhort ntil) |!dtt r'6.dbrirsr-ro in poritio!(,1).Tbcr!.!@ forE rilgthr Fold @. by ibc|f ehilc drop,Di!!b.ct iDitidly i! to DfttdL fhr.bip b.tq,!.o harmcf,on. By bying ort ona-thirdof th. Icd8lhbctna thc alc.horrr ard GDdlyli6 r poirt o! r!. bow.
I{OOI'tNO Moorio! i. !.!.llt t &.a to qa @i!g @ d..d.!d @ lyilt!rtrtG-{ o.tL..rh ThGfryri[d .n q!!ar.rE .r.tor b how! .ruc, iL 06.r lrdu c.[.d rb M4 ot
2'3),
th. |tip ritt tro .don, uy, rt it wrr 0[6 c.[cd. r| rh! d.bA oteot rd b oder |!d c$b (Fig].
tqrLlNo Alc
I
.LEEDII6 6 LtE Glttl
I
- -t-' ttD0{o cArLE H
!!9.9!!-31 Ttc rdv.trtaSaaof rrtooril8 .tl: (l) Th! v! rl ocorpi.. litL tr{i!ti!8 tooE turd!8 dEot i! h.i or! Logth .bout har |iad. (2) Ttc rcopc.c.! bcptldjutt d for thcprct|f,ilt rrr.odh ofrhd ' lhc trDriy or rttro. Tlc ropoof ...h.ruai.cttiorcditr sr th.t for | .itr8L |!c.hor (Ch9cr t). fr. di.rdtutagra .ta: (1) ThGm4 or Lc, !!c.hor fs rtbf! ald ia of no v.luc lo tlc o! if lh. r.t d bcgis to dr|& ln lh. .hip if r hc.dwild iEas LtEr gl.d! ifpo..iu., it i bcfr.r to dr.! tbr .!dot downuaiil ihc L..o.hor b l...t d (h..viry in tbc Lc c.bb trn c tlt ggi4)' tha two cauaaca! tbaabc rE rd togdha(.If c.trb it lt rld ot thc liding .!Aor ioitLly .rd th. w.$l oootitrudto dr.& by.tt tidc thakc rlclor i. rl.clcd tbac Dry bc.o EUc[ cabbollt oa rhcrilirc .rAor that thr orlrt c.blc c.! bc rtalld ooly r theclb (2) th.lc i i ritt d lrfrirt . lod hsre. To .voil ttil th. wl nuat alsrya bc |rung rithh tla aa[a at! .t €.aL c@tisa fd.l .h.nr. Gi& 2j). (3) Dlrcto tb flrt thrt o*c.tb l..lL.ft, rh. v..rl do.t b. dtlptd dow! fo it whadkavin! tha ucSor{G, itith i! .nd th.o h..vc 37
MOOI'ING hcn lf b6ck to th. .iding aoc,ho..Al 4-5 midutlt F rhrckh' thi! vil lrtc . codsidcnblc tiDc. At oFtr moor, prcvibd rtG tlohort alc cloc togath6, both cabhs ca! hc how ainuhtr outly. (4) I! | boDr wind thc v6!cl will tum !!d lic et opco hrflla ecio.r tbc lioc of hcr lIlcllol!, crciting r tiSit ,Ftr. Eoth crbLa tnurt ha rt.(ld aMdy, lha vt$cl thco tiditg lo oFtr Door. FOI'IINC
IIAWS
Thi! occun whcd tbc cabl6 bccodr antwincd. In Flf! 2a it i! aP Btrot ibat ftom Dolition (l) thc rhip rbould bc twuag withil thc .rc iviar oa tlc liac oi ncr raclo.t trcar€t thc botrod of thc Pt8a. Thit wil iulr io clcar hawrc. tf, hoew.r, lhc lwin!, to (2) within thc fouli!8 ltc rhc dcElops a cto6sitr h.r c.bk!. Alothcl twi!8 rIrti'clockwi& ro
1!g!!-3.! 3E
MOOttNc tffi dEihrwio8 FodE.
(3)tC oIr i! |n dbor,.!d. c!o...!d r! dbor, (1). To.voirl ltir, thc y.el st 0) fiodd trrE bc.tr drto a taoadahraa b antboardjEt b.forc rl&t rrt.r aotDrt ttc Es attiaaDcat66 hac rt|ttdrd quartr(, rwiagingblc witiir tL c.Laaarc. Hdfcllr, durios cahr o( ri[dy cooditiola at dlA wlE ihia ahaarEty bc caladLd ald a! adrtlE @c dadop. EDginartiil tb.o brY! to bo rrd !r ftc E rEcaa cooDao€ to ruq itr ordaalo !€toE thc coNa{ atcar, M(rcIE)
@OS
TO A I'ANGN
I! Ftti, 2.5. v..rd i. roorGddo.c to t .LoL Thir ir han y rdvir.blc, hrt tlc occrlio! Dry.ri*. Itr F.iti@ (l) tbc vcl i. ioitidly 6oofd
llDllc To ot?lHoit altcflot
e-P\=--.'
c|.lri tE txD ctt iof o^t|6t
!lg!!!_3:! rfrli!! lo h.( od.a[6c ardor. Wt a lta arilt r h e ch8ta of .tt!.ro to Fridron (2) do eu.r do ro ro .tutorq .o .voidila n@i!8 iaa atao dc fo tbartod. D.oura ahair lidilt fo th. ofidora aldor, tar trr! tloailr ctrar.I! (2) rta at|i! ridaaro thc ofrdd! arahoaIt .tutatd @.
nffxtrtr{c fba! ilr tro baricDaoodatrtar6y r ylaadDaf @
O)Ir. bl,(kt,
ry.
c Shll
6! DoG.
M.c
L !, r@ rD. v!..d i. tlqtirld to Dodritib LidF dd! tb. li.. uLt io Fl& 26. fb d.t.a i. r@ing ft6 tt &ft jA, oatb FSo. Fltrr .h..S.. Lolih b rlqdrld o tb poit .do. .!|d fq 6 tb (ritf, r riod .dad dor. Itr rq.d i. hrdqt i!!o tb .tr! 9
MOOIINO ald rhao botl ttc irrilad ofr firaD, tha \ttaad it bcsled to titdtr|t{ F rr.ot ttc rt.|cl bard! lic orc which ir haviq thc drodflf GfiE-l), rirh r!ficilttt bc.dwry to t*c hcr to 0), wbich wil bc rorrg y fv. rh.ctk Dlu. . hdf rhip't-L glh bc,,o!d th. litc ,1, (thc lt.cl b to ri& to h.r port rr.hor i!iti.[y, h !r ..y). At Fditi@ 0) tbo pon al.hor ia h So ad thc ctaal drifo down!!!ao, !aad.dl8 hcr Pon c.blc to nilc lhaafk , tbo rod of tbc tto kngth!. Shc it brou$r up
>..' oa Lxcrxa
atGUiE2.C
g.noy o! thi! ceblcrd tL tt rboordrncho! i! Lt 8purdc oot .t (2). Tta r,6!al thcnmiddhahctralfbdrltco tha anchonbt'\Ecring or tt!' dcringfolrr rhrckLaon thaltlrbo.rd oca)tnchot c.blc rnd haaviDgitr four .hr.&L. on th! tiding crblc util.b. rc.chd po.itiotr (3). Dudng thcmiddliDg;ct8in6 mry bauradto rclicvcthceindhtt oflha ttt . on thc trut ridirCcebb. Tbc isutr h|. baaahid out i! lb&a Eti@t to abov tb D|ncuYlG with cJerity,thorg\ of counc,tb. Eoori!8 i. do6 dodg th. nm trTf of lh. rhip, NoticGth.t thc l€.d Ft .. tbc bddg!.Po.itiooli!. twkt duriagthc maacuvm.To dov! fron (2) to (3) sil trt .gProie.t ly 40
MOORINO IG23 mhut6 with r l&lilorrtt witrrlLcr, dcp.odioSlpoo whcthcf rt! titlilg crbb i! d&& or trut. (,) Tf. n-rE! d ntb& Iltoa (Fi& A7) AarurnirSthc..nc oonditio8 atd &quir.naol, r. hcforc'thc rl.'l ag|ir h..& itc tidd rt$tD or eind. Thc {rrbo.rd (hc) |ochor ir h fo witl hc.drrry 06 tbc rt.!.I rt r pditioa diltrnt ftoo tbc lilo ,{, foui rh!c&L. lG't . hdf.hip's-lctr8th (l). Th! c.blc it rlod.(!d 8 tbc round. vlaaalmovlsuppisd or uFt lam ,o tbat thcbowir lot c.hcc&rd Th. lc. c.blc it Lid out lo r lcngthof linc ahrckld, thc auo of tla t9o Logth3,iDd tbcbntc tulcrErcd up. Ttr c.blc ir not dlot|.d to titht o, rl
t - - - - . +- - - - - - - - - - - ; - - -
--+
--
4!3 oth.rwircrDcboe wil cto6st[c rtslae |nd hi8haosi!. rwolutioDrwill bc !.o.a!ary to cortlct thi! ahrar. At po.itio! (2) vhilc th. L. c.tlc is rril drck th. port rtrc.hori! h go lrld.rfoot ard thc ltaal Eor€d uicm. Thit ridiDccrb& catraittar hGyraild to iB Lnglh or ckc dt rDltcly lurlpd .nd toutbd. & tbG rt...l mffi d,ow!eind or dtrad, fv! ahaclkallot ba naillcd on tlc lcc c.bb (z) niautla) and fr}! rhrcuc. r,!.r!d otr tDcritirg a.bL. Thc t !ar.l ir if.o bronlhl W oo hc. ridirg c.tb rt (t). ThGngul! h ag.itr Lid olt in th!6 diotr! for ttc |.L of cJrdty. Tbr r!a&l Fas thr lir.,tt oDIyoE i! ith Elna|tvta Urdaaaqiai! !!ctori!! ft,@ th. c@ditiotrnlhi! Door Dry trfc bnfar to atracsta, riD! lb. frrt .trchorir h gp.I! t!! dt!F,pi!8 nooa,9 rbac,ltrBuo !!od.trd wftt rbc .t!.m. I! th! lmitrg ooor 9 ahctLa rr! rtddacd 4l
MOORING qFfut th. ttrr o, Atri4 i! t! dtopdn! noor, odl},/arh.dL hrv! to bc rlithcd, .g.iut 5 in tbe ruding 600(. N.tunUy, if th. Lottb brd b€ t!r!i|C4 lhir Lttlr colai&t.tiod rould a&obclcnrdtorl I! a crlaapild tbatlaath.' alahor ir thc fra b bc h !o aotbat thc rt.d do.. lot d.ift r.!o.. h.r c.tt* If tb! b. .!.tor ir Ll 8o thr ..bb ril Srow!trd.. ihc,bb, hr. bor! will bo roubb.d !p ilto th. ri!4 tL atr..D. I! li. drcpfiDgDoor rL&ohs rba ald |t! riu grt sa ridiDgc.l& rl.oD ttrgc bct*!.o 0).!d (2) .nd to*itr! thc.d@.. cottlcttNc
LlataY
j\',=.: iutfNtNGlrooi
tF SHEE^|IClEiots tteEA*
cfllcx af|lac olt toit c ttE 5t^||Drftc taooi
F+ )
!!9_C.!!--?! aaaa!!|Dd.t rl.fbcr hdo wil iclp to colltr.d hcny, thr rwi!8 of m ttc crbb. tb bowr rEoaath. *rcaD tciDg ch.ctcd l.o.a{ry Ia tL mtrtriry Door bc*!y ii ct .&d ty Lyitr8 out th. rbcph! crf,b uod.r cogiDcpowr trd ic.ritrg upwilrl Aly ahcaraa$dathr atlaaei! tbaooonrccd rith ka hda ard aLo Frtidly cornci.d by tha v{d'r r.odffy to !.y ofi thc eitrd u!d.r [c.dwry. Noth. tbt in ihc droPdtr! Doot rbaarr.tlas ttc ttam dua to artltn aova|laof it a!8rrvaLd by $i! trdd.ocy,Ilo*!v!f, th! catr&aprovi& a SpodaLa&irg lcti@. Too DDc! dcrlwry thodd not bc dld|ld (E Fi& 2.t). b ..h w..th.r tbc Don .Dchori! thc bcttarotrcto &!p fttt in fbc
a
MOOItN(} .tadiry Eoor, ritroc rtry artn DoErD.dta o! tha aodnc Gi8htnlldcd iirdcdcrtr thip) to Educc .!y tlDriliry hdery vil o.!t if,. .i6 rsry ftoo thr |[cfor uld.doot For riuihr rcrroo, ia thc rulliDg lDoorrbr port |nAor i! tbc battar oD droDpd .f (2). Furttlc, i! lb, cytdt of thc bo c.trb bMiog jaD!.d d|si!8 thr nm froE (l) ro (2), .tr ltt.f! oot'lo.ot trirtt lha vcrrd to rtrrborr,4 thc cabbg.orr d..t rld avoi& I bd EiP. fb &xlc l,!oa Thi. Dcttod of Dooritrgr .tip i. roploytd ehro . $r.d ir lo lic dollai& r quay,thacotrtttnctio[ of whici it trot rufiaildy robutt to FrEit rrtrfirg of th. rhip dudngb.d w.ethc(.Th!.. &y| tb. trDiry ;f thc noor ir i4lproprista, but thctc u! ao doubt au.h whst€ i! itt
ta|.r tc lfooA
MOORT G tti!
'Jg!.EE-3J v&iou! othcr Fttt of tb. wotld. It i ! ua.ftl mcltod of batthiry r t€ad itr |tr odtbot! taL of wiD4 Frtiq lrty wbadthc rlraal it cr' pcctadto hart hdot! tho ea.tbrt abaca.It it a Dopulll Daesvrl ir c6rri! redl d|tla of lrvd rl tcb. Il tbc D|laauvr! ir to hc crccrtcd ia u erurgo.dad oallhatt |hiP, r 2!30 nm wir! is Fltcd from thc .ftcr hadr otr thc poop,dotg thc !3|in ofthdr tllc, oubidc .trd dr.r of cltrythi!& Thc of.hoia t!.ho( i. r'coclblLd .trd ! D|! .aot ovrr.i& @ r c.haitto arc 6. iitr lo tta dahor, Fftrruy at lhc .h&&L, ThGafta( .od of tDatitio ir aart to r rarpirg barrGl&atty fd baavinSh {act ti.a Wi.d tb. .r.o i. $n .tt thc po.itio od th. qu.y {ti... t}. bt4! sitl crtoodly bc fbc uc&or it Lt tp, rlil tilh t .dr.y @ tlc vrrd. 43
MOORING hdf r .hip'! lcogth of ciu. i! !ur8.d rld th.d th. c.bb i. Ah |a6b.d. Tht vi.! it hovlitr .rL fhc odrho& eiDd wil drift th. vatcl down on to haat rth, |Dd ttc acoD.of thc cabb, rtrd thc wil!, it rdiult d ald 6toely ltcrEd urtil tha .hip lrlda atooftidc. Fi& 2.9 rhowt thc Dtn(luvrc. It i! moat iEPottut to lrt 89 ihc rlclor hrving tha bcrt PocsitL iudScdcnt of DoritioD' fq iffha uc.hor bc ld 8p roo ftr ofr ttc quay thc witE will bc ofintuficirot kog$ aad fha ttip vil fsil to rcrch hcr kh. Th€ .rlc,hor mult tltco bc tz) f.thoms wcighcd aDd thc matrcuvrc rcFatcd. If the availablc wirc is 2'10 m
LENC'I'
r-!-9-V$-::!9 I I0 frthoms in lcngth ald 220 m rtr to bc vre&d, thca louShly 7l shackle of J{Dft60N crblc will a.lsobc vccrcd. tf thc ship is lt) m long aDd lt m in b.rm tb. l'clor vil tb.o lh olc!trd-o-rbrd .biFk|trLSltsofi th! quay. If it ir di!ooE@4 bcfoE too Euch c.blc it YErr4 that th. atrAor baa bcan Lt 8D too f.r ftoE fi. jctty thc crttb !nu!t h. roubbad atd tb uchor dtrgrd b rtc d!.ird Dosition. If tharc ir !o wi[d at tba riDG of bcttLitrS thc cEtL .dd wi& ltc t Dt drat ald thc v6scl dan@uvrrd io tlc barth u!d.r .tr8inc powr !!d hab. E c! tiEG tbc pmpdlrf, b Eovrd tbc sitE Euit ba hoYc until it 8r!et futhar to loog ttry. 44
MOORINC Io lho cvat of tbc achor lying morEth!! . .bip'! kdgt! fioD th. bcatb,cLrrilg i! ooEFlrtiwly ca!y: thcwraclir hovr out to lcr alchor by hcr c.t lc, utin8 thc witt to E L turr that thc rtcm do6 not foDlthc badb.If draiEd,thc llrlts m.rybadoacandthc vlssclhovcout to hcr ardor rttra flrt ulitr8 tbcvirt alolc, picldngup tbc da.k c.blo a! aba tpa.. Thc aff.hor ir wcighcdard tha vaaadlwutr8to thc dlaird diEcrioo (3).In.n otrlhorl witr4 thc |lchor oi! balGfrat sbort.t y rtrd tho rcl tt.tn d lould it, if thc d.siE to bc.d lpwind (Fig:,210). ftbc !trc.hori.lyinS l4t tb.!. Oip'r kogth froD th. q!.y ttr vr..d c.! h..}l blirdf out to it, tcapilg FrdH with ttrci:tty. Tb.cc ir tro rood to ,*ing h..d-to rtr oElhorcvin4 ,o tbc ,lahor i! vcighrd .d thc iEsr.l boild up to wiodwrd rtcro-frrt und.t powcrfulrlvolutioD!. Shcwill cxdrlc ttir rwitrgr.pidly, Whcoruhciatrty far from thc quay, shcc.tr th.o rwilg to Oa frirwry. IfthcrE i! ro windit wilt baprcfdabb to alriD hc.vc out p6..llcl with t[c qury, e€igh tnchor, lnd proc.cd to awing(if ncc.rsrry,of corrlc) urd6 powr.ful [.adwsy (Fi& 2.10). lb lu.af.lltEr lroo. This moori! u!.d whadwtlrf rFcc is limir.d ard rhcl! ir dar?flrtrr slotrglilc thc ehrrvar" Thc vBsl ir Doortd atad o! to thajctty with bott hcr rtrchon lyinSaha.dof hct, ftc otr cacl bow.ThGtnrn@uv& vltiaa gll dy &cordilg ro tlc FweiliDg wiDd,rd will ticrrforr bc fu y dirculaadi! Ctapta W aftlf tharcadarba! rtudid Ctlpt r trI. CI,EAn!NG A TOIJL IIAXISE Thc 8r.r nccc.sltyfor thi! o,paartion rhould baEsdr rc.dy rt th4t wetcr.lt will iDcludcrt lc{it thr.c Z)-25mm *in3; e smdlct wirr, ssy 2l-}in I0 mm,or lorrc l€trgthsof IGltEm ffbr! roF; r boatswaitr'schrir; ll ia ll-2.in lrd cquipmcotn{c.rary for brErtilg op(o s 6blc joinitrg-rhlcttaTbc oFiatiotr may bc rrrrtld a! toor I tlc shipis svutrgto a lcv .tr..D, ttu! giyingabout6 houB frc.dor" Th. clcaringEsy ta|r up mo.l of ttb timc if thc t v.c i. bodlyfouLd, Mu.h wilt dlp.od up6 the Dco cEpLoyod Tbc hrwlc i! ct .r!d by .mhrckling t[..k pitrt c.bL ud p.r.i!S tbc cod.rouDdthc ridil8 catL" Il Fi& 2"ll thc tum! r! hov! abovcyrt r ud rt c{,lc Labcrlto 8erh.rbclos thc tutrt, ulriogtlc fb|! roF Thc uvrl DcthodDry t .mploycd,by usirg ttc lifht wirE|!.howtr itr th. fA!!!. TIG two codr of ltrc *irt arc tbcn bcleycdod rLa&.Th6! rhould bc tro di6orlty i! btrgitrg tb, caua. to8cth.r, sitrccthc rL.pitrg oabbeil barrdodrbly alaa&.O[c of rh. big8ar*inaair th.o pu..d rouod tho aLgrilt catrb bdo* thc n|m|, ho}Erighl andbalsrGd.Thi. wirE..ta !| a prcyrofa(i! ca& thc nn.r_4hd cod of thc catrL i.lo.g rld rho rdirrt. tta turrr 45
uooltNG ofr@ ofth. c.tb wilit A rouod tut! E y b. uld *b.[ F.d!t 6ia t tlEor.r .rourd ti. caur. Thi! aoauaalhc wir! to bG.li!,pcd htlr ftoo tL d..&. Thr tl .d i. .h@n rtlilt to h.r .tutord c.t'b" ..ddmthlottlhthchrwrc I!Fi&212oeitt@lrrL|tb..oF rb. mtr of rh. Dort dincd .routd tt! tidht c.ttc, folori!8 ti!., o.UB .!d ntud.d to th. forocrrtb dcc&.It L dippcdody o!.c' .!d db h.lf a tua! ri|l
[email protected] ary otrclim. O[ d..& (Fi& 2.13)tb po c.bb b.r b..o i!.itd |ntil . joitrilg rbr&L i! forr.rd of tb. AD.y. TLr lhird wirc L r.ct|'ld to lhc c.tb jd fot{.rd of tb.nrda both p.rr! |Ir lcd to rt bitt+ b.lr}cd, .trd allvE|ltEl
tittaraflot3 tlGuil:.ll
lh rt .. . i. !...d to ttir wir!. Th. .h.tlc ir trot o q'.o, Wb.o thGc.tlo i. F.t d tb. .hr..tlc nry bc rcflrocd rad ocoblcd Thc -dq ri.! .hodd bc c.Ftb of bcbf dilD.d AoD thc d.d., .!d for tlir t .|on it i. .dvi!.bL to brE it Fring lhoqlh tbo o!.o .od-lht Btrlatihao |la attraaofthr c.bb ir 6 ihc G.drf witc, 6. rhlaLL aiould .li[ bc Dovrli., If rh. .h.d.b i. irEfi.d i! F.itioo by ihir t st c.dn! ln! (thtioufh rb .odirf) it ril not n!firf,, b.c.urc it c.! .ti[ b. bi!&.o tld rt etrld in .pitc of thit. On6 iobotd .dd of, tlo n $.D!.. ir lor Eu!.d to tb joilio! .D..tlB th. orb.r it trt6o, riti .r tood r L.d .r p6ibb, to . x.tpiot b.trrl,.!d -trilht Ttc €.dtrt ri! b dor0y !oi!t ro b. .urtld o! rhc h'tlrjf dcdrr4 oc ctrdofit 6! rho b. lodto r *.rpi!g b.tr!l; it c.! 6
MOORTNO tb.d to tttrS.d withoutrirt offoulilg th. otL.r rod of tb. ritlt or it c.! bc t'!ai!d urdar porr(. h tbc c.r. ofr lugL$ joinirg .trcuc, wbrn tbrnc11! no rod-lilt! or cdh8rd coDDotr litrk, th. c.t . ir a.cuFd ty chd! rtoppd or amciaotbow rtopp.rr, thc catlc rhrcuc brot n |trd thla &asadtr&d (wb.o thc c.bIc br! !.rt d) frlt to bolh thc mcaa.lgarald thc aa!i!! will, Th! c..irg wirc ir th.o how, thcftigbt trkao ofr iha dopDaa|,thc lrtcr c.rt o&,rld tbr litultiod i! s3bcfoG Al ir lov rt dy for rcitoving thc irn h.f-fu.!. Th. D.!.c!g.t i! hovo-itr|!d tlc c.rdtrgwitr corod.Thc dircciio! of mor4rlaot of tha rDc*i.og.ri! sr thowl i! Fi& 212. WhGnthc codofc.blGi! .boul to bc
olFllt{c tE
rEsrEtGlA
FtGUh! 2.12
dippd tb c.litrg yirc ir diFFd (Fi& 210, tb. oel.t hov., .rd lho Gndof cabL diF aroold tha atarboardc,hri!" It thadcotrthr|aao! up to tbc h.x!. piF .!d o! to lh. forlc.db dcc&. O! drcL ttc ..!irt wi.! i! rttir ..t up, tbc ftiglt i. t tro o! it Oc EraaaoSEcax ofi ald tldippcd a! Uor! to ftdor! thc ttdrinilt tdf-turn WL.r thi. h!! b..o a.hictd lLc .iturtion ir .! rhd! i! Fi& 2,15, Thc c.bla i! rEjoilc4 thc prcr.cr.r ir c.rt ofr,ald tbaibrc lahiagr .lt burmd throwb" Tbia tr oftcn donc by lcddiEgr Dr! oviaridr otr . chn I& lPil8r hior.trdotg ltc c.t lc, aoat rhcibrc ropci! pcnfi!, rDd tchrar to thc drck, A buclct it thcol{lrl4 cootrililg buEitr8 porrffn ra8!, to ..t ttr ropc.li8bl M.ny bcthod. D.y bc d.rilcd for thir binor job. Ttc c.bl6 eil th.d p.n eith rl.ry litdc vhlr, bccaurc th. rbcpi!8 c.t{c i! rtil rlsclc 47
rtttatacEt
ttD
tttrt Iria |rl laarrc ti! to attt3
ttavatt!t
tattro tnl
trcur! a,tt
Dtt'|ts
tr* c ttl
ftcoia a.!1
c|.tat H^taa !.!9!!!-!:!!
ry
MOON'ING Uiitrg thc traval mclhod, tbc ligbt eitr ir c|!cd from {ra dcct ro pcrt th. crblca, onc cnd is dippc4 and thc wi.r bovci! Thia [g[t wirr will D|3! through a commoa IioI. Ttcrc ar! lavcrrl othcr mcrbod! u.cd to clcar a foul h!w!.: tbc shiP n|y bc tumcd, usinf hcr cDgina!or lug!, uDtil thc ltlwsa L clcar; somctitn6 rhc brolcn add of thc 6Lapi!8 ceblc is lct go cotopL&ly ovcnidc, rld tbctr a eirr froD cach bow is olcd to lift it ov€r thc riditrg crblc utrtil ttc tum! at. rltrrov€d. Itr r lDrll lhip a eir€ wbicb i! Ltgp in rcl& tioa to lhc cabL (so that it will Dot jem bctwc.tr lint6) cetr bc dippcd .toutrd tha a.blc twic. at a timc ldd e full tur! rcnov.d by haavi!8 oD lhi! mt.laogcr oDcc. Ooc mahod cmploycd is vonl trotitg; thi! c.n bc u.rd only l,h.n, upotr haavirg thc tumr rbovc wrtct, r joiDi!! .hecllc it vbiblc in lhc .lccpbf cablc. UiiDg a cr.n of 3ubstutial c.trstruction, thc d.cpilg cablc n|y bc ps&d hdc (dt t h!trgil8 it w[ ofr rt thc .bip's !idc)' ald rhc ctrd rusFndcd froE thc h!e,c pipc D.slad aroutd thr ridi!8 crbL urtil tbc tut!! ltr rcmowd. Th. ceblc i! tFjoilod aad thc haigcr tqnovcd.
50
CHAPTER III
THE PRINCIPLES OF SHIP HANDLINC
fa-(ttE suc..lsful hradling of lhiFr is .ntiftly d!F!d.dt upoo thc I hudlcr havirg a widc krowlcd& of thc bJry f.cltor! involvld. -1 somcof ttc fac'tor!alr c.trtrolhbL by hir& otba6 arc lol rtrd hc mu3tquickly$saasthci! cfrcclsso that hc mry mrlc duc.llorroc. for thcE. Sodc frclors, auche! wind etrdctrlrlnt, mry bc u!.d io grc.t rdvsntsggptovitirg thq, atc wcll utrddstood.Wc sh![ di*o!! dl thc aaDca8i8gol1t4 undd lap|'rtc hcrdirgr, but thcy |tr trot to bc rl d .r bcin! i! ordarof inporrlc.. (r) TEE ENGINISI Thc rtaan rcciprociring.ogiDci! glocrrly conliddrd to bc lh. baal frod tbc Aoht of vi.s of r6poa!c. lt ir rrpidly.toppcd rd rtv.tla4 tnd riry ba&licd uponto dcvclopful powci cithcrwry ia r rrry fcr aacondi Thc modcl! Di!..I.n8i!. i! ttrttld rld .topp.d rlnoct rt olcg .rd oftrtr dcvcloF poftr mor! quicldytba! tta ,tc!n .ntin . Hoscvlr, thc Dic.ct rdfinc i! di6cr{t to 6tin in r rtlrcrlc dirciiol whilc thc vrocl i! E*ing goodwry throud thc wlt r. Thb ir duc to thc Girtlaca of th. ertcr .t cdn on tlc FoFlcr bhd6. Bcforcord.rilt r cbug. of cagirc dirlclion, thcrrforr, thc *!y of l[c rEs.al ir baatdloqEd to rcduccThc turbinc it rlow to dcvcloppor.r-it nlr.t bc givctrfioc to i!af,alrcrlvolutioo!, rtrd shc! ltoppcdit mult ba rlowrd to ru! doir!, 1! r.l i! Equfud to rtop thc turThcrrfoE, wb.d r turbi[G-cquippcd bio6 murt bc rtomcd r littlc i! .dl|@. Thc todinSJowr of tha turbilc Dly trtc up to 6vr tdnulat. A ac?arda turtirc provirkr rsrcm poftr, rd h! u.udly only dout tro-ttfudr of thcpowr of lha rh.!d turbioa A grl t dc.l offorBight i! D€ccalrrythcn h!dli!8 tlcl r rhip. A[ vBscb, Frtic't|lrly Dic.cl.cqdpp.d .hip* lhoold b. h.dd!.d wit[ .r fce startr tnd rtoF r! po6$:tL" 5l
THE PRINCIPLES OF SIIIP HANDLING (2) PNOPEII,ENS By coovcntio!, cngrncsatt dcsilDd to bavc clockwfur-tuming lhslb ehcn going shc{d |nd whcDvicwcd froDr astcrD.For this rl$o!, riSbt hrndcd proFllcrs art ncarly utrivcrad in siDglcscatwships.Twin-sctaw ships iondably havc outwud-turDi[g scrrw!, i.c- lhc propcllcr on thc right sidc of llrc ship is right-hatrd.d, and thet otr rhc lcft ridc is lctt_ bindcd. Whcn goitrg astcm, both proFllcB nstually tur! itwar&. Triplc-sarcw shiF ar! ulutly ma[(ruvlld oD ttrc oulcr two !c1tw3, lhc ccatral ooa baidg uScdto ioqrarc ahcador astcm powcr. FIcHT.HANDaD!CAE{' GOINGANEAD
_-t@1ry ElgllS!-.!:l Qurdruptd..dcw!bip! htvc I pair ofproFllcrt otrcrch sidc,a rilht' h&d.d Dair oD thc rtarboardsidcrld a ldt_bradcdPoir o! thc Pon d&. Thcyatl usuallyoalcwrtd o! tbc oui.r t.rEw! ody. A turbiDc' cquippcdrhip with four ,crt{! S.ocralyhrt th! outc.pril ody crpablc of goinglrtcra Thc thrult of thc propal€r bhdc i! dividd into two coEDolcnt!, I forc-rtrd-sJtoacrld a rcly sDdl rthr|rtshiP3 odc.Thc lrttcr ir callcd tr@trartc thruta,tcrcvbtgaAact,ot taartw bl4t. Tbr r6dt of lhi! forccE y bc dducd by collidltisg thc proFllcr to bc a wbral,carryiDgtbc stamltrouS! thc r$cr at riSbtalgh to tbc v..!cl'! lina of motio!. Thc causc,bowrtlr, colridcring a! iDDcr6ad
52
TIIB PRINCIPLBS OT SSII ITANDLING protdLr, ir D.iDly rtocto th. ru.tiotr .{.ild llpd rh. hdl iED.di.ldy bc[ild tbc rotdilg bhdrr. Sip tbc hdl ir oorc frl i! ny of tL upF bhd.t rtr .uctionhrt it! grc.&r cficd rt thir Faid&raald a bha ir c.urcd. Thir bi.! i. vErytroticcibb it full-d..!.d w' l+ hn i d!6t llllifibL i! f!eli!.d dc.troy!6. D.dlity .td F.lion c.tlot b. bcld r.rpoBiblq ,iroc thc lp.cifc lrrvit, of .dt t !.i .t rt!. Dy only 0.0q)015ov.r { dcpth of 3 m, atrdlhc biasstill oocurset dcpth! toft rb.(c ..r.tio! i! ncfligibh. lt it lit ly' howrtr, tlrt rrcrtio[ Dry |ficat bhr whanthc propcUari! wortiry clo€ to thc todaoa.Whatrtia Dilp.ILr i. Frtidly cdlrfd bi.s i. utrrioubtcdlywry LIlrly du. to tlr Fddlirg of th. lort( blad.c. In Fit 3.1 r right-hsldcd proFl.r it rhortr wotti4 rh..d, rogahcc*ith ttc arctioabiasrld thc eh..liry ctrccl,swinSilt thc bor to Dort A rtarboGdswitrSoccuraa,hc! SpiDgrstcrD'|Dd tha rcllt|c ir trur rha! uring r lclt-hrdLd proFllcr. Rcrdl(r lhould lotc thrt co!to[rblFpitch !srw! rill rterys p.oduccthc |.tic Utaa'tilcc thay roltt6 itr r conltrlt dir.cliotr rhcthcl tbc rc$al uos rhlad o! a.dcm. Wh.d thc6!Gl nov6 !hc.d r bclt of ert.t ..lbd tbjt crton, t+utt to lho upD.( ir drtwn dolg by thc hu[. Thi! FoviiL! . tt'irt|F tiLdcn wbictrrcduca rtutirg bfu! a! tbaapcadi!r('qrat. I! r@a cas an oDporitabir! mry crca &vclop. Un&t !t t ry th.t! h v.ry liuL r|&c ,trauth .t thc p.opau6,lnd *.rtiog bh. ir Erintaind rr 4ccd i[cr..ra. ConlitlrabL rtlm*sy diy bc lac6aary Ho.c tba tudd6 rill codld tbc bht, ard rodatinaa .toppitt th. ctrgito Fovid.. ltc ody coarcation. $.ni!t bi., L Drtunly nodifcd in cooditiontof tind,.trrftdt, .td wh.o rh. rhip'! hcrd i! .tu6dy .eiDgiog. .bip vitf, . ddt-i.!d.d !(D $lrnrdrinS tbro, h r rirglcsrt Dclai: ttu bo', c. r ro po.t, tt rrilf ddt..h!.. V'16 gpbt M, rry is pthcrqt rad porritly "run8hg itr thc oDDo.it ..ot c|trt rtto!d), to.t rto.td.d tlll ooo. lyr6 totg ata\l'€trea tin@ to do aoultil cofilatilg Hn n uail I!. trio*r|w dip thc prof.[r. ... oft.a ft@ th. dir.!d a rDorncotir q!.t d rbout thr lattaaby tha fotq|ad{ft ltalat oatta st'x, tur!i!! tb. r*l to @ ddc If botn.ofiG.t! !*|t d-d 6 aat r!, .od at tb! aaD Erclution+ lb tto tarrvla! lbtuaa cad c..h otb. Itr .ly c.r, tt port ..cw i| kft.nud.4 |ld bolh lt lnD. thc bor to d.tbdtd rh ldt ar'tf ltu d i6 ofu
TIIB II,INCIPLBS OF SEIP SANDLING aad'wrCddttaa tb! oracuvnblc ttro o ntut tith iltttd-trrlilf Fort propdL. of.o.h . rhip; tt b tiSht-h$d.4 .!d th.tdor! wh.o rrriof rbid it trurrtr! t&r4 c|ltt tbc botYio Potl inib ita o&ct' .docl c. . rtc bo* ro |t.rbod. Th. Ft .titr! of tbc thip it rtc dif' rbc Wilh ortwrd'turnilt sffi fc@ baclra 6aaa tro cfrGata. rii!! ir cotrtolbd bt &a tttr of,lh! adGctr
ArtEit outrAAD ltarNc
IHIID
aHt{D
llllil{
!!!!glCi4E
i!g!!g-!.3 rcrcra bay b.cooa I! l.t!ot 9a!a.! a E .cl hrviot ioeatd-httDiDS 'nn.og-bL. A! f.r |t hutlliq it ir conene4 .dd!r Dovrmt ara lrdr aa for rly oth{ ttiD*rlw rhip, but th! bab|viour nr}' .ct tt till b. b. ED(tdi(Lbl.. Th. &h.|!t s. of ifi.rd-tomilt disrr.d Lt r. bot it b trdly ofttdln d by t[G ilf.nior DrDclariqa olahica" _ To ooild.rc rhir dbaot kto, iEagiE a! outtnt+turin8 tcac?alip .!d irt .t tio.td .oab. !ei{ h.rb! irt port Golio, !pi4 .b4 ad!r!" Thia !urh..tdAu[' turtt rfa 6iP ,oadly to d.tbo.td. Eotb Dioa[a.. ar! !o* tll|ti!! Lft{rtdatt
[email protected] lhao a! oD bit ld' tbrrat .a!ta tta bdt to at|ttard' iraa oroodltr. ltc mur!.* ti..rAg offu.hip. Thiof of6. i rtd-turli4 ste.t!'D .r.itif Ed.r dDihr odditiora Ar|in th. pu.h.!d-pu[ rctbtr n|'.. tb 54
TIIE PRTNCIPLBSOF EEIP SANDLING !bi9 to .t rbo.n4 but both FopdLrt d! oov Eeolvi!8 ti!bt'h.!d!d sld tl.ir tr![rvlrtc Orurt! ofDolc th. P!!b{!d'pul rftcl. Ofr.d tb. frt&d ir omoa.d iu6ci:!{y to a.!t th, ihb i! a rqrlrF dirtclios (Fi& 3r). Whca turdlg r twirrcrtw thip whfth i! ttopP.d or ndilt vlfy dowly thc lt'anwartcrhruaLof btr propcl.tt it glatrr ttrtr thGofirGb cfi.ci r.adthc tvo coDt ilcd slt mot! af(rliw l[r! hd!' Fo; frc.dod fm@vibntio! th. proDclc.oui ntm i! . toootl iot of ertar. Thi! iov ir t.aticLd rtao thr aodlaa a!! rrlrlf.ad ald aLo i! rhrlow qs&r, ro thst vibrrtio! ocom unda lhaaaoonditiolr Piop.Ud! MrGtri!! A dcvicc dcvcloFd in 1950 is known ss the Activc Ruddar. It consists of a subocrsiblc clcctric motor, gatcr-fllcd rnd watd'lubricatcd, imtailcd in thc trailinS adScof thc ruddcr. It cao ba supplicd with .arings varyitrg bctwccD 15 and t2m kw. Thc r.3r and of thc motor shaft carrics a propcllcr *hich is crPobL of bcing twcrscd i! thc dircatio! of rotadon. Powr. crn bc aupplid immcdiataly to tum th€ ship in aDy dir.cliotr. It is of Daniculsr ulc whcn thc vcsscl i! stopFd. A sidc ctrcct is lhsl, in thc cvctrt oar msi! ctrginc f.ilurc' lhc aativc rudd6 givcs sufrcicnt pow€r to propcl thc v6scl lo pon, Bow thrustar units atc inq€asiaSly in usa ODc of th€c, frttcd to a coastal tad(cr, savcdthc initial cxFolc of thc utrit tn onc yaar. Thcac uDits (about 36 kw for s 9m(lbntrc d.rdwriSht vdscl) rngblc a vcssclio tum vithh hcr own lcnglh. Tbrultcr unit! mly abo bc ittcd .t thc atcm. Hull r.sistaDcc ia not incrtsrad if propcrly faircd doors arc fttcd rt rach ctrd of tha thrusEa tutrtcl, thc doot! atrd tbc Eotol rhc uda Tc haviDg intcrlock switchinS. In bcfthi4 or utrhhin& idvat;bb. By stcrDiDg ahcsd otr r for*etd sp.i4 strd tbrulri4 toverds thc qury et thc ramc tiDc, e vc$cl crn rtovc aidcwtys ofi tha quay.
(' lEE WAIT CUIIEIT tfr b..sy, t!.[Dsul.r b.r!p i. ud.r h..dny . ..vitt rill b..rrtld .t ib atain wri.. will ios dom llt aiLa of tL hatte |'d atid i! io b€r. rt ddd.t 6tt thir o.vity. Sb.rilt yJinbc rut.itEdy.ftdd wil h. worlinf i! wbrt Dilbt loo.dt hc i.rDd . Frlid 1|.4u. Fudha, th. proD.fk wil bc aorti!8 h di*utt d t E, .D.d tin b. lost,.!d vib.rtidr *ill b. ..1 rrP.Thir *rt r, lri.filt into tb o.ritt, b iffh c.n d rb vata grl'lat. Botbaayiaado!ald wrta c!(rcot iE-! oaatl If, horltnr, r irdt da(natly|.f,r fit rrldar haadtr'' tba cavitrriod
l€ltvE RI'OOER
FOaa ilal
E!9I|EE-3:3 56
TTIE PRINCIILBS OI SEIP AANDLINO .!d r*. orrrdt wouH b. lt y du.L .o.lkr. Ship. .hodd lf,..dm hc courtuctcd wit! u fr I fotn |ft |r po..itIa wL! tL |hiDlolta .tl..tr lbc c.vibti@ .td ?rtc G{rrtot .f,irt at tL .t.D .td til bavt y rodl ln.!y c.!, it wil lot !ftc tb. Ft4|dLt o..bi!&
(o mt ruDrrEn Tboturtrilg FoFrti.. of . .hip d.p.rd tr4dy tpo! th. rir.' .h.p.' .!d po.itio! of tDcrudd6. B$i..Iy, tt ir uE tto tlF: th. old.G f.!bb!d rddli, i|bi.b h'' dl ib uE rb.ft tL rudd.( F.t .!d tb b.L!..d ruildcr, t vinf .boot. ttitd ofit .t!. fdt rd oftb. F.t whca tbi. tyDcof.u.tdar ir l|!rn d vrt . io9ilt . n9@ lL fcil|Ia araa.rd aaaiaLtbc rotatio!. Ia . ri!8b.crrw $..d tb. rutd.r i. dit!.dy.b.n lf. pilDdlc ud tt! diFtrarn atailc. dircdly upod ttt idd{ arfae. I! r twb.GEr rbip th. rddrr i. dtrstrd Eilt y b.tct!.a tlc tro diFtl lnr .!d ril h.v! cf..a otrlywbrd it i! dinct d i.ro dh.[ @, or wb.o tl. .bip b.! rfici:lt ray up@ har to caulaa 6ov oftdat Ftt tha rod&r. It ir for thfur..!o! tLt r dndc|ci!f, rhip i! thr Eol. Etitis of |l or ttb two typ.. yhco ttc rudd6 ir Eotld dudng vlfy dor aDaadr tb! rhip ir rtopp.d, Wc b.1! rb!.dy ttrtld thrt th. bdo ofr tti!t.tcw rhip, rtoppador oovitr8 r,!fy dorly, i! lot aaaftatiE aa tha ofrct+f.ct ofltc two PtoPcll.rr. It.honld bc lotcd tt t dlrFiE th. good,t .tiD8 qudid.. of. ri!|b ..i.? .hip, thr rudd.r i! .166t i!.ftc'tiv. wtco tb .bip h.r h.t b..& *ry Fducadby |rtaiD Gdlincllrowincotr, dua to ila tttrllln8 tltto' kdaa h |om. tri!..cr.o v!.!.b twia mddar tc itEd, oo ditdly .baft lh.t of. ..cl FopG[.(, tb. .t criot qD.lit'rd th.6 do.V.Dpro.!Li{ dDdc{crr!. ,hip. V.aldr woititrS npd tla CaladiasCr-t l.rt r hrn tb.n .o!i!.r |ft .rd tbrir b.idF.idt forwd. Tb losed di.hlbF tiotr of rrilht advardy rft(da rtrqfu& cvlo und.r foll bcadtay, ald twin nddrn al! ittld to comFlrt for tti!" UD&r .idry coEddrr.th *ry EUn ba8t6.(!d i! ord.. for th! ruddd to hc cfic(tiv!, .!d cy.o rh.n .t crilg b lit ly to t !tdi.tb. Thc tcd rt t c.n b. hoFd fo. ir . ftod itr tbc ri8ht dirccd@. bar! | r'r(y oo.b Vaaal! fttad with irwltd-turtrilg t*ia|.rt{t rioyrr tsrt'r dra[, rtrd h.ooa bate. at rio! quditi.t ttlr ata fouod {it! oltt'||dtlmhg FoFGlkr& ThGydro b.!t . .lilhtt iopnoflld!p..d. Tiar. fta*oraat!, hmrtr, Stt tly outrliShd bt rbr poor Drtr('wl.hditl. at alow4..dt Wc h.w drridt ttald hot tE trrtrtvrrr thnrdr opFrr rhc ofilct cfiac1.trd lhir *ill Ftin !!dl iL abiph.| roficint wry up@ h6 for hcr rudd6 cfraatto DrtdoDbala
TEB PRINCIPLBS OP SEIP EANDLING
(t stDE rP oR sID Whco r vlllcl tumr uldan hd& h6 .odr rtil rbout ha( pivoti4 poirt Thc(Gir .bo r bodilyrid.lip dur to c.otrifi{el forca Wbm . nlsralir light hcr rid6lip, rtrd !ti4 bccorlaEorr rppennt b.ciula h.t &ducd urdl({lrtcr volulrc brs s lc$ glip o! tta watcr.At highapa.d! th. 3tiddirg har & Dad.d cfrc.1iDrcdudrg tradwry. (O IIIE TUTNING ClrCXT WhGna vlsscldtcn hcr coo$autdar haln tbrough36(}dcglaa ahc eov6 o! . roughlyciftirlar p.th c.[d r ,ranargcircrr.ltroughout tba turd hcdbow*i[ bcrliSbuyinsidclhc circb !!d t ( .t rtr s litdc oubid. it TLc citdc wil bc tbc Dst! t sccdoot by h.i o.nts of8r.vi9. At lny i!d.[r dErilg tba turd & litrGdrrwtr ftom rhccantlcofcuwtturc of thc Flb, pcrp.odiclrhrto thc lhip'r forD-rrd{ft lim, eaatt thc Ltt r rt r poiot calcd thcp''onifgponrr.Thi! ir dboutotcthird of tba a---ti^||lllF--
f I I
--t
l-
I
I B Dr^r(rrr-- -- --- - -1
alCuA€ t.:l 5A
TI|E PT,TNCIPLESOP STIIP HANDLING Lotth froo forv.rrd. For pt!.iic.l Porpot6.rif rlry bat t o tt hcilg iud forrld of thc bridre. W[.o th. vcl Eovct u!d!r tElwry tb. -oiwtior poinr nos rfL rlttv clo.Elo tl'G ttsn. Fi8. 3.4 rhost tha ir"ttooiu- n ttog "ircf for r rirglcrcrcr thip. Tb dott d tr.ct .up.F inDoacdotr thc ftlt circlc i, $c turnilg dtElc of i rinil|t vratcl' btrt heiiq twir.ssrq or going tllcm |nd oo. goin! .Dad' .t .qud rsvolutioor. TbccircL doc' not litt up idth thoorigiirl cour$' dur to .o@. .ido' diD wh.d thc hclo it fnt u!.4 Eludlf tb. tur! thc rtcl,ufra(t ao@a daiabr ion; aftar turnins ttough q, dcgtL. ata btr lod rbout onr rpccdtld eltrr i futth.r 90drgt.a tlc blt loat curtur ofhct oriSiDNl about onc-third of bcr oriSiltl a..d' Tb.ftafhr thr tp..d rEmritr! roulbly cootraot. Wit[ . risht h!!&d proDc[.t thccircL to port wil bcdishdy 3Ddlc. in ridiu! tbln thc citdc to llarbosn4 duc to rhc aficct of tr|nn€|r ttrurt. Saamduruallyrdcr to t[c turdog circlcel bciagttc Pothtri4cd out by tlc pivotinsFhg thc dldlition 8iv!o Prwiou.ly bcingthlt of !.vd ri.:litcirr. fnc two circtcssill bc wry cloactoSatbar'ald colocntric. fhc d'@r.. i! ttr dirtracc trrElhd hy tla 6rtl of lFrity dotr8 tbaoririlal coura Ttc-t @t/.r i! tbc dittucc tlrtdLd by tbc cctrtE of gtrvily' q' aur.d ftoe thc orisitrt tr&t to lh. Poilt wh.rc tbc tc.t.l baadtatd Lct coutc ty 90 dcttt .. Tfu l,f,tlc'll diarQtcrb lb trallfcr for lto dclts ftu W qh h tb .& b.ts!.o thc .hip't fotF.nd{ft lilo |!d thc taDlrot to thc tul!i!8 citda Thc ivcrrrp edvaaccir rbout tbtla io fout ahiPLrgltq hot o{f ba colsidcnbty morEat higl rpccdr.Thoavcragcte.licd dirEct.f, fd atr crtity aumcd|hip i! tbout fout rhiFLo8$!. Tie tinc tak-n to complclc e tumint circle cln rangpfrom 6 ro ncady 30 minut6 in mcrchaotshiF. O) ETDCIS OT I,oII'ING wlco dacplyhdcd r w!$l wil catty h.r vJaylodsat' c.u!c ltltlca if thc st'! Iight,bc dw lo |!.ftr barbd!, &D||alDd.riDFctth w.y, bc rfrcccd by rhd to a nini|nuD, hrr! in ba alu83ilh 8!tki!8 r tumllg cirUcgcocreltyu!.fi.ctad by b !pGG4atrdwil brE r Lrlrd trminr cir€lGfor a giEtr tpcadthln if tbc *ar! lifht WLo [!!t !!c vtil b. livcly ro cngila norlocab, tadaitiva!o h.t tda, cedy turncdon hcr alchor, bc .frrcld by wind to i oaxiDut!' coily rtomc4 bc nol! carry bbught up by atrchottor nooriot li!..' bc nibid aobrrFr uounrt of tH r|rd lilc.lip, brtc r rodlt tuni4
TEE PRINCIPLES OF SEIP EANDLING circlcfor r girto 3pcodtlln ifab! rdr dlaply Ldctr,c.u!c Laadrrlaga l|d.r ibFct ttrtr if rh. rlr. d.Aly Ldrq and wil hrrE r turnitg cirdc, l}a '|diu! of whkh i!.ral.3 rr tha apaadiG!.!ar. Horcv.t, if tbc vraaclir ro liflt t' lo only Frtidly ieearac h.t prc. pdk, h.r &c.Lr io! tnd d.odcBtioo wil t rildl rati!! ha( dov fo atoprDd .t rt rhowb lot aoalow.r ifrh. wcrEdocplylrd.o. A ecirLlt rbip hadL. bc.t whcnrhci! r h.lfto two-thLdrlo&dc4 rDd t iEmcd . littlo by lba atrm. Crcncrr.[yrD.ali!& thc ooat awlsard gF of€scl to hrtrdlci! oDc *hioh i. lov lnrNrlr4 daalrlyhdc4 of targc!i.8, bsvitg r singb,crcw, !!d toor rt criry quditica. G) EFTDCTOT TnIM A Kd frinead by ttc rt m hrr hct pivotitrgpoitrt frnhca afr tbao if rhc wc(l otr .vcn laal, ha! a Lrgai tumhg circ-lc,wil dcvrlopnariEsE Irowr, will.L.r wdl ald vill tur! Dorr tridily downwitrd. A rllrcl triEncd by rhataad br! har pivotingpoitrt f&rthcrforwerd thrn if lhc wl(l otr cl&n taal hrr a tDallar tuming cirdc, do6 lot dcvrlophcr ful powar,f,,ill bc dificult to turD,lDd onc. rwitrgilt rhc wil bc dificuL to chcct, eill turD morEr.adily iDto thc wi!4 wil bc tlov to ct lhc flitrd eilh blr atr(! u!d!f rtmway, strd with lhc wild on th! quutcr mry 6"-66 '"-.."gcrbb.
(9)ETEDCT Or r.Fr A E .l lirtod rin tlttr Dor! rc.dily for.td! hlr high tidc, riu hrvc o ahalhr nrmiDgcirclcotrtill aid!,rid i! thccar ofr twitr{crrs rhip thalow.ddaadfiE wil bc Dor. cficctir,!tb.lr iha ottcr, Irr-ridc hclrtr eil bc lroaaaaryto co('laf ttir. GO CAXTY|NG WAY A r!|sl wil c.Iry hcr w.y f.tttat wL.o .h. i! largc,d€ply lord!4 .noott-hullcd ltrd
[email protected] .!d of i!. forD. Whco dccplyladco ahcDay c3rryhct waylrp to th&a tiDaaa! far ar if shci&rE lighl A rhip ulrdly rr{tE h!( hc.drry quitc quicuy doitr to . rDG.d whaaaLr *rrc-Drti!! ir 3t . DilinuD, ,ay 7 ldota, Tbrafta( tbc ld of?ay oc(tr$ at I rrducld r a A trtrtcr,2 tn lon& tl.vdling st 16ttrot!, vr! stoDpcdwith firl 7mft l.?5 Dib. rtarn pow.r itr 2 ttE (10 dinutc!). Witb tbr rud&r hard ovar, thc ftutt bo[! l.6tD (9 Eitrut .), Thi| t !l.. b.d . d..drcilbt of | 6l!. 56m totrn r. Thafollowitr! f8urcarrls& to r twiD-3crcerhip of23 5q) todft! drs|r0R plrc.orot, 260m kw' kogh 2m r& strd spccd23.5krots: @
TIIB PRINCTPLBSOF SITIP IIANDLING Uodcr tdi& firl !p.od sr' tt .hd {!.r 17, eirut.. codD.dd!! tt rolLr fron rcrt, duri[g which tidc thc v6rcl covttld 9'3tD. Uponrwt'dl! hcr cn!hc., rhc laEGto ft.t itr a Dilut.. d!a( cattyirg hcr ery for 6l ihip lcngths. whcn hedliag r rhip ia uaaow t|t.t! rha dould lsvar hr}t too mlFh wry upod hrl. Thi! docslot EG{tr ttrl lttl lpccd tcconct . ddSprour odrr; on tbc codtary, it i,t tha nolt cdci.nt whaoinltalt !!!poa!c from hdm fu d.si&d, or for corEcting ot conaaoolt . $in& It ody bccomc.dadSuou!rYhaotoo Duchvay ia dlowrd to bc Fthcrld.
or) IIIE BTDCTOl $|lrroqis Ar tbc hul Dorl throughrhdlo{ srt r, 6rl thft:[ it diapLacab aot !o c..ily npbccd by otlr.i sri.r, tnd tbc propdbr atd alddaa|ta vorting i! wbatnight agsi! bc loolcly tlfmd r F rid vr.|nn. thr rcalal L'kc! lotrgcrto rrrrsct hcr trlD, tnd t6pottc to cogiDcmorc mc ! bccoE r duggiih. Itr th..c cirEumrtoc.i vibration pil bG ,at up, |nd it wil ba Grftmcly dificult to corrrc-tr Fv or ah€ riti ary dcsrrcof qidity. At rcrDd rpccdit i! fould tbat a!.ari4 b.coD.. crl.tb *had tia d@t! of vrtar ir Gqudto, or l4t lh|tr, @ .Dd . htr lidaa tLadcFt ddght, i.c. e v6scl drrwitrg t E Drximud dnught will dcwlop Aft un3t.dy stccdrSin wrtrr of daptt 12 m or uadcr. wtaa r rhiP i. 36ft n€adlg a[ arttldly lbsllow d.pth of r$ar, r!.t ar a aboal,ahaia litdy ro r*c r tudd.tr !hc.l, frrt toerld! it .!d tb.o viohl$ rtry, Tbir ir c.[.d.t' rrht rLaroor4 ud 6c notttorot of. dnfi.h |f,b nry rdd.oly tccoDc .rtoDirhilgly livdy. DrE to ttc frca th.t tt s.E di.pl&.d bt . hul Dortug thtouS ibdlore arir lot cuily ndrco4 ih. bos wrr!.od at..! tavo of lb vBrcl itrcrralc i! baifhr Furtbar, th! tr@th wiii rorD.[y .8irta uodar rha quart r bccm.3 d..F |!d ttc db Frr of rba 6ip n dnwtr dowtrwrd! towrrd! tbc botto6. By rcdoai!3 apc4 tb tr! bcightr rld toufh de"tt wi[ b. dinini.bo4 |od tb v*l ril Dor thcrtfoll clcc thc bottoE, d q'r&r. Thc {,G.d of r vc*l bovirg i! rh.Ior xLr dorld .lx.tt b. Eodrr.tc; if tb. .Fd i! ircrrrtcd rf. t d ril dc x b rh. goJ.d .trd th..hip eil.h..i.bout lngldi't.tfy. lf 6. bor rd! |nd rEn f,|l! .tr ot|.Ilrd to bc hifh.fr tt ! i. Fo.t.dt aFad abaruld batldoaad --.but not luddcoly.If thc AGd ir t t a otr'rp tly tt .Etr erlt rill ollrt|lG thc v!..d .Dd c.o!c t ( io t.l. r rtaEa,tttid in a nattd clrlrcl couldbc digrtout Ftrr!.r cftctt of .hnon eil h. rliF!|!d hE
TIIE ?RINCIPLES OP SHTP IIANDLING
02) TI|E ImXCT Or STEINWAY ahip wil.Dgw( h6 hcls lmd.t ttcla coDditiotr! pio. A dulo-lctlt vid.d rhc ta! gpod !t m*ry, tha oolditioot rlr calh, tod hcr proF[Gr i! lot lwolvirf. It ! wind sLaring uldcl atallery it PGtittL oDty' rad rhco ratbcr crntically, shctr rtc ttc(n it !u! rilbt itrto tba *itrd'! Daapitcthc rbovg tt'pdtc to ttc r!d&r Didat $arnery i! Scocttly poor u!}.s it ir dcaitd to r*ilg thc vt .cl to atrrbo.rr4 whcn thc rudilcr arrite thc trtrwr'lc throlt. If thc v!$Gl ir to ba $ung to pon |Ddct rtrmeay *ry Durt bc galhcrld ald thc Gtr8itrctltopp.d bcfoF twiDgitrr- i! ord6 to rvoil thc sdYltta ttrlfvcf,rc tblual inc win-scrw Oip wlt tbat quitc wcll uldcr dcrnwry by verylaS tha rlvolutidr oo cr.h .oginc r! epproFiat . Sbc will not, hosEvct' at .t .r vcll a! ai. would uldcr bcadwry, rnd io a lvild rhc will lot dacr oodar dcmvry.
oo cENErr, DElcr or rwr.IscnDws Arn ftoo whst ha! dtt dy baaodi*u!.ad ibout thlra r'!aack'it d ald ! awingaa.bitEd ahoild bc rot d thst hcrdery c.! bo c.hcc.k t!. Drdnum ratr To rdiwc otrc atgitc' hy Evliritg rinulrucoojy of dinr h I ts,iGclw Oip, lbc lhouK b. kcpl uldar h..dwry. If ir-rratict 4 howcvar,th! o! $dr cogilr lhould bc worLadful aDaca rireC rtc ruaarr t put brd ort( to D*a tbr turo' thc inalb .ngirc i! tq.crtadftlt art.tn, ald th.o tla orrta cdgilc ir dowctl By gthc.ing tbc ouLt otrc' afaalsry,!!d tb.o rlo*hS thcinnlr aogitrc|!d apaaditrg aloth.r'run ahcadca! b. Drd! ald thc rwing ooltilu.d- Th! ahiP,in in thc ,atr wry !! a cat t[m! in a lrarow rcad; tbc otharsorda,awioSp but rrc..lcrsbd or dlodcrrtadaarlquitl.d. trcvrr atopp.4 codncr|rc io to- . .c*ttot Oin haviDstrin'|ctlra in h.t owtr Lafth by nr'ri4 tha a.rl'| rt .qul bot oDpotitatwohtriort i! a rtf,y dos DnooatG ' At hrr ba.o aaadalt ady,tho twi!-c!w ahiPcaaD*a r vrry a@dl tunisg cilEf. b rgvlrling ltc inlar .ogitG. ofcr th! frlr|hrf,rdv|lt|gc of bcitr8Eot! al,loto cotLct TiiF6ttr r .uddaolhccr tba! ltc !in8L $tcw. GO THE DFrlCT OT WIND wtrd a ltaral i! lifbt, r taoth btEza c.n hrva rhc ..nc cfralt ltloo hcr ar r $b wouH bavr o! r d.cply lsdcnthip. Wt d i v!.rcl i! rtopDadrh! edoptaa Doaitio!.u.n that tha witrdi! roud ', o! tbc b..D.
a
(
I
A V A
l. a4atlY 3raErtD atD ttotato. l^tt ofa !anl!v. olaalcullto io cto3t lFr'|e !Act. liEl
t. ^! aoi ! arrl oltllou|.l lo atot ou! lo lrtt v olilclloL.
tI
I
/
A
I . taEtDacdaatalfl ll llllt L|.r, rcauln|qi a o Aoot lo lltt Y. ruLL ataao NaEDIDlo arrxll utt||ac. ltla no ctolL ll|o.
\
l ' l
V
0 A V
21.ratttuL lfatct
Y. |.ltlll lltr ot ataattto.
Dollnlao. l!ol! t.cu^atri aot |.ulta ut allD vaalt|. licl to cioL tltao. laa Ita|.r taqorcc.
\
::luil|'! 63
THB PN.INCIPLBSOF SIIIP BANDLING Wt d lhc i! rmd!' rt mw.y t.t pivotilS poilt aov.. rilht r& .ll hai widagc irla i. fom|rd of thir pd4 .nd lhc rqidly ru!! hrt at6n up into lDc vitrd'r c',c. Thi! i! r 8.o.trl rulc, Etrdprovidings rt'acl t'r .pprccilblc rtcrlrry, rhc wiu do rhir cltd urdcr firll of,po.itrg h.IE. Utrdarhaadray,r vc*rcl'r lrorroadtt i! r wiod ltt vlry oua! rlF paodlot ulroDthc adouDt of whdagc forrrd or sball hcr pivotilg poiat, |ad rh. rchriv! dirErion of thc wind. Providitrg! rt|rct i! triDDcd by ttc rtcm, hcr gatcst wir&gp wil bc fotwrr]4 rnd tlldrr h..dfty r,ith o vind oD thc bo% lhc vi[ lr6d to pdy ofi to L.wlr4 ir, tun actodttha wird. Tha axccptior!lo thi! rl! rcrrclr trionod by lhr haa4 a &cpv Ldao talt.r *ho!a fqlrd andauF !'ucturc rft ecr a! a Dizran,aX,ad llrlab bavinf lon& highpooF A dccplyhdai! frrtar, dthough havirg rtr cficctiv! Diz.o '!ril' rft, will rtill fltr hcr .rtr up into thc wird urd.c .tcmery. A te[tcr i! bsllrlt, havbg thc urusl largctriD by thc d.rn, plyr ofr thc wild ad nmr r4idly acio.sit uodcf,hcrdeay,vigprourly&ckirA thc vild rrith hcr ttcro uodcrrtcm\vay. Fifi 3.5shov! r v6scl uDdcrhc.dwry with ttc aind in dl it! rchtilr ditE{ior6. It rhouldborturlid crrdutly andthc r.ddctrcyto run rcroa! thr eild !ot.d. Itr gca.t&llr tird i! of gEat allin!trcc plovi&d it ir Dottoo at ong fol lhc cotrditiotrof lordin& ard judgtDcot doaatrot lccd to bc ao cxrct .| wh.tr Ean(lwritrg io a calm. To rmrccht tha lrtd *ork oa Faatical rhip h|!dli!& l! nult tt&c caFful lotc of thc rvaarlp vt.!d'r thrEct [dldcict in r vind: (f) To lic r.no.r it wb.a.to9pcd. (2) To m! !.(c it u[dcr hcadvay. (3) To rt rrror. itrto it udda atarai,ry. Wc cr! roe anthipdtor tEaacl'anorqnaota i! a t[i!d. T.lc, for asiDplc, s rt3$l utrdrf h..dwry who6ccogia .rc .loptEd, rtrd lf o t!\,rtrd tYblo lhc hrt lost wry. In Fig, 3.6rhc it rhor! ruoDiaBrith tto wild on tha port quartar,A! rhc loacahaadvry ,hc n|lr acno6thc trild to (2). Ar rhc lrthcE hcr atrEwsy, h.f, bow dcvcloF r Gllitc rwilg to rtutdrd and ahcbo(rs h.t dlrtr irto thc wiDd'.cF !! itr (3). Slc doa!lot ofcoutE, rlaah h.r o.iSinrtpGitioD0) dur to ttc lccvry wbkd.h. ir clntinutlt .aparircin8; A twitr-icrcwrhip wbic.hi! rtt oprirg to !ei!g into th. eind rnut do .o u!d6 hc.dxtsya[d not Ely mcrdyoDthc ofirct rld purh-lrtl c0cc't of h6 !q!sr. If ahcrttaop! to lic atitiolrq, and turn uprird udlg hcr G Shla atrad and astat! bli borrt ilil Ddyofi tha ri!d. ShcEurt thc..fo6ctur! into tha wind urda hradvot full hdn, and a llaEf.ad ilaido aosi!.. 64
TIIE PRINCI?LES OF SIII? I|ANDLINO A iriosw rhip &rirour ofturdq doslrhd tdl .. i! tl! o... of rbip, rriDS DuchEotr npidly if d.tlnry i. FrL.0.4 .o ..ilfbsr thrt rh6't.c!...L! ttc wild'r *.
vt33tt xaa
\
I
n
\-,----.-+
/\
r^p,o,.v
/ \ l \ . r . r i . o F r x c
" l -/ . t \l ,/ l l\_i' !r99!!-!!
G' THE ETIECT OF A CT'IXENT Currrots wbich rrc ktrortr, .nd lot loo sttotr8;diy ba ulcd ro advaatag.,Th.y do Dot!ficc't . rbip'3htadlhg qualiti.. .d rfrcct dl shipa.qur[y, rqrtdl6t oft i6 or lordi4; Whcohrndlingo vBacli! t currclt dur allos$c. mult baEad! fot thc dcartcrn drift of ric $ip; tDcrdourt of wbid d.Pd. opo! thc rtrflgth of tbr ltr*tr !!d ibc Fiod of tiDGdttrilg *hic! tbc rhip i .ubjcc{cdto itl iniudca. Wt o rDcioEd or barthcdin a cl|flttt tbc ruddli i! cfi.c{ivcducto thc cotrtinurllos of wacr !q!t it SLal wd.r mry ba foutrdclolc i!!hot!, whi& r.vl'E q|tttdlt rt! oft.a aFdctrc.d ofrpic.t .d! andiirdh pmirtio!! into rh. .tr..D. A rrard ataooinS lbc rtriaa.n rlov rpccdDry ooDplctothc frn Fn of ha( turni4 drdc rlDoct witti! har ot! Lodt' l! tir ltrcarB rtn! alrild thc tlad broa&idc" A lt d nrDil! domfi!.n Dry vctl dcrdop doltrlc th. rpc.il ortr tba lroutrd DorDdly!dai!.d ia tLck tvricr by tb etidlg adfho
TEE PT,INCIPLBSOF SI|IP SANDLING t!|vobionr, dd if tbc h tlrnd tlr !.din of,lb. fta $ dcgt6 oftut! ia frr i! a6 of ha(rlra&d|taa arilfi, Thaaadinlr .l! rholm i! Fi& 3.7.Grat c.t! it !.c....ry i! L.ldlirt. .hip tlnilt rior!,tt r.D. Wn d b.ttli!! thr E .d |houH .t 6 th! rtr!.n lnd eill b. u!d.r G.rycontrol du. to thc t .ti!t.frGc1 of th. curr.ot wb.o L.ving ltc b.dh rt upti&.od b.| io rooriltr rlackcod rd tbo wrt r, ruDdrg barrt.o $. q!!t, aDdthc tbip".idc, forc.. thc otDcrcod of tbGYt||.l dc.r of ttr qusy,h tlc c... of oD.*piL w[.!rtl+ thb .ftct ir lo.t, ald if tL r,laadia
[email protected] upatc.D thc .ngiDrrwil ba}l lo bc
YI
lfto. ro3r. I ra r.&x t lt l
v
l--\
,,
a{D. x}t'l{
,,
\,i1-.''
\.._rf
i ( ' ) t \ I
^v ltcSl
llrxc
l|D! nt(t
ttcutl l.t
rlitad aiaad |r aootrat rb bd it oan ofa.ao rt tbd!, i! otdafr !o p(.'Eot ih. d.(tr fdlitg tb piL& H..diog dotn|e..d, thL dtu.tio[ iLaa lot |ri&
(ro Et
ETECT Or NATTOWClN rg IrVEg AND nEsrnlc.Ig, (gAMEa
h lL.. loc.litic. .ll tt rft.l| of .h.lhr rlL( .r! F.Ei, to!.ih.r ritt o(!G Tbc *|16 d4[.!.d by . v..d Dovbg r]..d i. r..ti.Ld itr E4tdcdt ty thr p.odnity of b.rfr. fh. flor.d .fc.t ir r Duiltlup in tlc r|t.f, Lf,d.hd of th..hb .Dd r |drtiilg h rb. L\d d.t! of E Thb lrodw r .ursiot .fr.d rhi6 qn F.t I Doo(d .hipl 6
THB PRINCIPLBS OF SIIIP HANDLTNO h.wr| up to 3 km .t d of thc Dovi!8 yEEl, prodd th ..m 2 DiL. rt.rid.d cotrditiou ptlv.il r[ th. *ry. In rtdirion, thc novinf v!rrcl'! bos rnvc, {.m ervc' rld lrough incdlc in aaplitrrd!, ard foa thi! rralon a vt!|Gl lhould poc..d ar rlov lDaadin 'rrch |t!aa. A! rhc Bal Dov6 throughthc E$riclrd chaficl it i! p6ribh tbat Oc mry olo6coac b.!k, Io this cwDt r .ttaslitring or vctrturicfr.C't .rbs duc to thc r!5ttictd lov of wrta. or onc Bi& of tha shiD.This
9ATER L€VE
rHr99rDE
cu3|{toN
l {
E
F^Sl
rT ll Ir
\
E
/l
g.EioN eFtccj FTGURE3. I.
cao!.3r.oiDcr!.ta in ttc vclocityof thcrrtac o! thst !i&, togcthcrwitb a lo.! of prl.surEbaad.Tbc hsac tD|'iflat! itlclf r' r drop itr wrtcr Icvclrt tta trralrr barl, and r thrutl ir *t rp tovrdr it Tbc 8r!43.r fuln6a orti th. dLr bodyof rhcrhip r@t|Itca tlc tbtuat,aid it lhta rrta.rr morc ltroDdy rt tba lLrn tban $ tha bor. Tbc 6Lrtr Doycr tonrda tha b.!t .nd thc bo? aray fro6 it Affii(u t (Et for ttc! 6a.ta at! d* nctid ard ,o* .arfro4 Erpccdvaly;thc t.(d! arr r|..ftI in dsibing tbc .fc.tr, tboushth.r,. i. no qdioring unh. th! e..d of th. Er.Gl ir ,o hif! .r to o.u* r buil&up ir vrtct lcwl .t th! ilabor! bor. Atl tharaGtrcctrc.tr hc &nodtrdrd caailyin a aiop&
a
TSE PT,INCIPLBSOF SHIP EANDLING ghtr r|!&, rrd r F.od holdingthc .hipEodcl c.r f6l ibc ru.tioD .t tbc .tcrr. lt .houldbc not d thrt .hiF F!.irg olo.. to orc .!oth.. eill aLo acp..ilooc rh6a Eoturi afaalr. Fi!i, 3.t iloltart.. c.trd cftd, rDd it wil bGrc.o tbrt thaEel hc.lr toJrrdt tlo trcrrr blDt !o a! to dilpLoc coDrtr voluEc. Th. drop iDeltar lcrtl rnd tlor ttc caaalafrrat,viricr r! tlc r$ralc ot thc aFod, Soa roa|l cbaltp i! aFd eill produca! hrSr chog. itr t ltE @netb8 h.bnwlst.AqLn hrgc6al fhc cD.orlGft.r. Jvarrsurorr tttrd b .rtE n tf ah to ,cdt . thit luhn whotslowine,b W. 6.ct A rhip wishiof to dstc r dght-b.nd turtr itr a rivcr bcnd, i... to
I
V=
-- -t
fi ll-t 9+
-
V ,-/
!
_t 0 $ ,--ttcutt !., rtrrbolr4 c.tr, by t cpiDgwcl irto thc port baDk,us. thc cfrcc1ofb€ok Crla[iotrforr"ard to araisth.r turtr. Thir ir frcqucndyrlcorbd to in n'tro,v cfi.nncl!, suchar oll prErcdtid thcFanrda C!ml. Thcc, ! lhip tlnring to darboardr.ouDd. bcddwil bc tc?t i,rll iDtottc port b6nt. Sh. *ill turn quit .rlily with tbc rudd6 tc?t adidlhiF. tfthc cuhionport hclo ory brtc to baulad i! spitaof i!3 afraatbacooaaadcalaivc tb frd 6rt tbc tura ir dir!.id to .trbord. Iffhc ahipb tcpt i! itc tloc c.attr ofthc cbaoDcldl th6a forc.r a& aqndirA h.qudid.a oflhc botlon ca! 6!ra thclaforE6 ro corrcilto plry d..pilr tbc f.ct thrt th. rhip ir .quidi.t rt ftoo both bsrb, If thc dr6d ir dcapcrotroE rid! lhano! thoothar,ifttr balt ir ltcapa on or aidA oi if rha raaadFas oirr a lhql rua*ior and clnbiontrill aDDCat tuddloly dnoto lta liv!( bcdtt trictitrgthc for of*itcl. Thir 6E
TIIE PRINCIPLBS OP SEII ITANDLINO ir .ioih to !@clitrgth. trou!4 rld d.!t6ou. .hsr n y.uddrdly bo l|l!o. Fo(thi!rcltoo,thcrbipthould .lltiGbckptitrth.lrucaaottio ofthc ctr !r.1, rihich, .r .hovD iD Fig; 3.9,b lot r.od.nly t[. vi.ud @trc, h 0) thc i! tltirg r th.6 to port bcc.ulc th! rt rbo.rd b.!t h Lla ataapth|! tbcport b.nk |od hcl rt rtr i! ruotadto*trd! tbr fornci, Sh. .hould thcrdott tlrt bct! Lpt cro.crto tbc port b.r!. h (2) abc ir trtilt o aidilil lhcar bccrulc thc atdboard ri& of thc c,hrEl ir lhdlovtr th'' tb. port ridc, A8.i4 hcr politiotrin8rhorld brv. b..o f.n!.f to port In (3) thc chr'lcl ir ofoo8t ut dlptb, th. b.trb lt! of cqud gadictrt, rtrd fbc yi|Ud ccottl !trd tn& @trc !r! tha raD.. I! .ll th. drrvhtr thc E .l i! .howtrb..di!t wry ftod thc ob!.trri .!d politioncdh th. vilorl c.ltl!. If thavaaadir tapl to thc tluc ccrtF thc diniDuttr amoudt!ofhclm er. u!ad.Thir i! rdvsrregru!, b.c.o!a ifthc ahiprtould auddcDly tal. I rhc.r thc ErxiDud.mount of codEring rudd.r ir rvdLbL" If tbt bcro Dcc*rsry to naviptc thc chmcl i! co8iltlotly of brlf or fu[ tDoutrt th6c rhccringforc6 shouldbc rulFctld ard thc ahip'rtrtcl craDiold oo thc chart Blnl cushiooard ,uctio! Day bGlid to idnntrgr un&i cotrditi@t whro r caoaarind ir FriltaDdy cau.i!8 t lr*Fl to tritrS har bot down*ild, By L..pin8 frtth.f, tofir& thc hc bcn&,thr cuhiooi!8 cficotwilt cor.cl thi! tcdlocy, SiDihrly, if $r n cortinu.ly rritrtirt upwhd, .u.h r! ntht bc ttc calcidth r do.plyldro tinfcr, by fccDint cloac!to tb. eleth.t bart thc rhading forrc. wil ttaadyb.r. Du! to 0!a naaaslrryalov rp.ad of a ylrlcl n|viFtilg b thdlor, raatictadrrtct!, rnd ftc cofirapotrdiq rlufgilblaa ofbdD trAolrq thoroddtr, whla u!.4 si[ hlvc to bcDoEd boldly.Fudn r, fo.. dvto lulbca oftwolutioa!, ha(rD.cdwill bc tlo{lr tbrtr tD|t i! daaPf,atc, doc to lhc iEra..d |mpftudc of tcr ttav!-m*iry: fhc lhip rtould bc trNig1rd aotb|t tb! baridor! aeoodt of coF llcting ruddcri! rla,ay! orEilabL,l,otatbcrpith ar DuahDaa..uvrilf rcon .r pctiblc. A rb..r.hould b. ilrt ltly oottlc{.d by oldldq tun nvolutio .at ful codlc{itrg hclD, tldodtg both inn di.t ly thc rwi!! b cM. In rD Go.rt ac, tba archor d tb! ailc towardr rti:h lbc wl tu rhc.rilg rholld bGkt !o .!d b.ld .t .hort rt y.
oD n|E lrrECT Or Dmrtxt Ti. u& oft rt clrbion |!d nrctiotrin !|vit ilt b.!& t ..ltr.dy
[email protected]. F@ lt.ront wtkD fr rr! $o{tr to diErraa,it ir be, wh.G D6itL, to arcid Faritg ott6 vEdr rittia I rrrt lartlt baad. Bothlrc rubirrcd fo dctriry. I! ntrot irt (9.ttc |ttlogth of .trtao varia.gr.tt ud 6a r.el 69
TIIB PRINCTPLBSOF SIIIP HANDLING mrv grll bccom ost of coDtol it brf .od! rr. tuqi6{ad lo oFporilt or didcfinr curFnt!. Thc wstcr utudly rult f.|g itr tha EiddL of r rmigbirstr ald in ttc coEw balk of r badd.Ofi tb! coors bett, lrcwn rr tbe point, rlar&wrtrr ot eEtr nllttta cuftoL Dry bc fouDd. I! Fi. 3.10r waaclit ahow! touDdi!8 r b.od to Port |8riltt t}! itrc.E.-fu |h! L.v.3 tlc tE|r8bt rct4[ ald cabr! thab.od tha aotFt ir fowitrg sto!8 bcr !i& s& but on to b.t Port bor' forward-Tbh, urt .. bolCcorrcctbg hdE i! uto4 wil cau$ htr to trk . thaar to 3trbo6rd. wtad bc.diry rgEiltt thc atrcln it i! advit.bL lo tcp wit[in thc baod ard ar irr evay from thc Poht rt Polriblc. BraL culhiotrwil thco|rriat itr corrrcti!8 rhc tharr, if rtry.
NOTE COiiaCtNG iELtl. liHlP I la€P3 TO !END, SfllPalo ?o {T.
IY rl ',
F t 6 U r E! . l o
A va.scli! a&orhownroulditrS! bcodto port with lba 'traaD sram of h6. A! lhc c.h.tr8ra[ar coutta, thc atrrab ai cltdaa h.r Dott qudcr, caulilg hcr to .h.cr to Po!t. Whrtr haadingdorldrc.E it.ir iavuuic to tccp clorco thc poitt, to ttra b.trL thaaringforcaarritl h prcrltrtbg r lhcrr, itc nort-drnrprour dtuatiol tiact rtao a vtrsd ia ha.di!8 dot!' rtllan rad .'.qltil8 r h.od to darbo.rd. Th. corrcotcddaa b.t atlF boordq|rltt r aalbc turnt, rhccri!8 hr( ro d|rboatd. IfDot tba.ogis rrr rricf! d (bcctulc thc ship is FrhaF out of codrol) thc ,titrg to ctatbosrdir rggrvrtcd atrdthc tbiP wi[ com tth?rn tbc ltr..n.
m
TIIB PIINCIPLBS
OF 3I|IP HANDLINO
oo Ft!(x or N xx)w E{Tr N(E A 1l&l .atldnt r doc&,bclq or pi.rt-& ofi b tivca*fl|, if thaaa ir r rfiorg c{nao! tra.d tlga to oontrolhar aotry.A aodl ahip,howortt, cu urudly nrto tb cotnre uordno4 uadtr bold hc.d'ry. A Lr!6 E !d !.orr.ly b.r not .ufi.ildt !oo!Ni! whb[ to 8rlh6 tlit bd?.y. Ar tta bogt ooer uldaa tba La of fta uFrr..m pi.d..d b.r forc bodyi. i! rl&& ?.i.i, whib th! d.r! it rtil u!d!r thc id|&Dcc of thc atrrao, Sh! wil ttccforr tand to aba6 tovatd! thia pi.rta.d, !trd a
t........!
>_ D----->
cqiEcttlc
Y--+
at&t
HlLl.
l^lEi
Frcrnal.tl ..rtfirl *.rc[ Dult bG&.t' f6 ih. ird .t! of . c. Eoll oor!!ct4 h ud . .uo!.hd o! lh. .oti!.. r|T bc E'y to oouir.&t thir. Si@ tb .pcio.d D.y t D.&.t riaht.ltL. to tb ra.!.D, dE .llon& Dtd b. o.&f6 rlor!.tt!.e &itL fd....tor|E t ritSld rr rb. up.rE D toi ud tt dowr|lED qErE (Fi& 3.1lI
(rt llrl lFtlct
oF Tt Gg
h @ lo..&i. tt ..d.t e of . |!g i. rr.d.l, FribLdy i! cddiliirn! of attloS omtot oa rid. E afina.., tb !- of r tlt c fulr l f]l ily dd to tha Aaad aod rfcty of a oaerr!!. I! vary icfd*d ?|!|t lt fr? L.vo.hd cood.t cotlol ortr ft s', 7l
THE PRINCTPLESOF SHIP HANDLING thc main ctrgin6 bcitrg uscd to a$ist thc vcssclin gathcdng *ay or to compLtc a swing. whcrc thcrl is pl.nty of maaauvridg room, thc thip is hadllcd in thc usual way, using thc tuSr to push or tow 3! rcquirrd. Whcn osiog a tug to push, thc forcc ahould bc applicd st rhc Positioo ofthc ccntrcofgraviiy,Ifthi kdoDcllc v.ssclwil movc bodily,but ifthc tug's stcmis a fcw nretrcsout of positiononccnd ofthc ship will swing rapidly whilc lhc olhcr ctrd rcmains practically siAtiooary, Whcn a $rong nind fu blowitrg on lo l[c othcr,idc of lhc ship thc tug's 6Lln should bc r little forward of thc c.Dt r of Snvity to corrcct for thc swing of thc ship's bow dowtrwiod. whrn a tug is bcing ulrd to s*ing r ship a puhing forcc is uually morc cfrcctivc than a towiog forcc. Thc tug should position hcrs.lfjust abrft thc ship's stcm atrd rt dght angLs to thc hul plating. Thc tug'a forc-and-aft lir|e will thctr makc aa aoglc of roughly 70 dcgtt s *ilh thc shits fore-and-aft line. Thc cfr€ct of thc tug's hcadway wiI thcn bc pardy !o turn the ship and pardy to push it astrm. This lettcr movc_ mcot is counleractcd by worbng lhc cd8rncsat slow ahad; with th. hclm ovc. torvsrds thc lum, tbc ship i! thco assistidgthc tum atrd it i3 often achi.v.d in thc vcsscl'sowD lcdSth. If instcad tha tug is 3imilarly positionad .ft it ca[trot gct tuficicndy closcto thc atcm; thb, combincd with thr fact that thc ceotlr ofgravity of rhc ship is lpDcraly rbaft thc midlcngth, plac6lhc tug too clos. to thfu point to givc any cfl€ct othd thtn a vcry sluSSishswing rnd consid.nblc sidc drift. Thc haio cagiocashould trot bc uscdwith thc tug 30 closc to thc propcll.rs. Evcn if it is clcar to usa thcm, lhc tug will bc unrblc to maintaio its posilion in thc slipstrcam. whcn s tug is uscd aft to hcavca ship clcar ofa bcrth it will f$t loe at riSht atrglesto the ship's forc-aod-aft linc so 3s to gpt thc stcm w.ll clcar of thc bcrlh. During this limc thc headlincsand forward spriogs must bc kcpt laut. Thb will tbco ensurcth3t thc stcm r.mains stcady without lating lhc quay. As sood s! thc stem is clcar, thc ahip wottg hcr cnginesastlm for s momcnt, thc tu8 s*ings round so that i! lcsd! out on thc quartcr, 8nd thc forward liocs ar€ lct gp. Whcn cmploying tugs, it should bc boma in niDd that r tug will havc co$idcr.blc difrculty in conE-titrg r vioLdt lhccr. For thit Ealon, thc smouat ofway gatharcdshould ocrcr ba arcaasiE Whcn csstrng ofr sa aftcr tug, if drc vcs.cl hlt stcEs,ry on hcr, wrrcthcr or Dot lhc cngioG arr stoppcd, thc liDc will bc vary lisblc lo run in uddcr th. st m rnd foul thc ruddcr o. scrcws.Thc litrc should thc.dorc bc lct go whilc thc ship is carrying hcrdway, aDd it will thcn strlNn .!tcm, cvco monc rapidly if tbc cngiocsarr r,orti4 ehcad duc to thc acrrw stram, Thc.! ir oo laad to stop cdginls wh?d lcrdng !p . tug wbilc tbc ship ha! hcadwry upoo hcr. Urfonuutcly it ir Dot piaalicrl to !.cuG a to*lila to a tl|8 clo.c by
THE PN,INCIPLESOF SHIP HANDLINC itt ltam-rail. Thc lil. is usudly 36urcd vcry lcrr thc caDtrcof iotatio[ and for this rcaso lt]c fig mayb gidzd ot gi ed. Fi& 3.12show . tug bciog8i.dcd.It occun wbcoa towlinc uddcr at!a$ i. slovld ro lcaddirldly abaamfrom tbc tu& Thc cl!ft it ulatb to tlr'r, !d mry caFiz., of|.d with h.avyloct oflifc. Thc Iirt trkd by tbc tu8 rory bc !o sctrt! add rapid ttst thc crcv,r0aynot bc rbb to dip thr book.Thr EGnltetrdingby thc towtinco! boo.d ahrtowcdEaaal rhouldthcrcfoEbainrtrotly rc.dy, all timca,lo lct to thalitc.
tlcuRa I
12
I! thc fgur! the ahipha! bccdtorrd brordlidc ofi ttc qury frce (l) ro (2).Withoul wemirg to tt€ lu& ahcthcnDoll3 ahaador 8latti ir rtc 6gurc!h. h8 |nowd astcrnto (3).Hcr rtotioo tatcarlc tugtDalia uoririr., md bcforchc can!*ing i o littc with rhc towroF thGLtLa ka& !bc.D ttrd bi! cr|lt k girdcd.Anplc *emiag duat b. irto to novE.hc.d or acain. Tbb is lot tufr if tha6hipi Equircdto suddaDly I irnDorlrat if tic lowlitrc it borylcdto thc st!|! of tt! tu8 i,itt a
sen*.
THE PR.INCIPLES OF SIIIP IIANDLTNG C2O)TIIE FIDCT
OF PASSING A M(X)NED SHIP
Suchr lt. cl wil surgpcorlidcnbly, to rnd flo i! lhc *!lh ofs p$.!ilg rhip. Thc apcd of tha laltai ml|!t thccforc bc rcduccd whctrcvcr a vBcal i! to bc pa$ad clo6aby rt, !ay, s rivcr bcnh. Tbc lurgiDS i8 duc to thr @lhioning ud suction ctrccts.xistiog at a Fdvalli!8 rbip't bow rtrd 3t rtr. Thcrc ir a&o thr foreand-tft ffow of wat r doe! hcr sidc to bc collidcrcd. Fi& 3.13 ihoes thc movcDcotr to wbich. Eoot€al ,hip wil bc iubirt. Duc to thc sp..d of thc trav.lling rhip, rh. moorcd Gsd caorot bc cotrsidcFd e fx.d objcct in thar it v.ill rcpcl or altnct thc
3TEiI{
AC9ELIED
llf€F*
\
forDrdr boi ald atar! O! rhccotrtrrry, thc moorld va*l il ttgEtdcd s! a lodtinS objlct shitr ir .ubjl'lt.d to thc.a thccrilg fotc6. Strictly rp..fi!& ihip 'A thould hrw hrl lilaa taodcddutinc thc F!.r8a of 'B!, !!d thr littlr rhouldprDc.od.. dowly .r p4ritrh ir odcr to tccP hrt wrvm!.Liog to r dilinuE. Ship'B' mutt s&o bc @ *[ char 'A'. of lhc other batrkso that shedo€sDottake a collidingsheerinto Thc forces acting here arc ktrowD6 ittur@,iaa and can bc vcry d&garous in closcauartcrs situationswh€n shiF rre ovcrtaking, passing,steamingabrcaslor picking up a tut at spccd. 1tl
CHAPTER TV
PRACTICAL SHIP HANDLING
X 7ruN lhia chrptar wc shell Dskc r conpllbcliivr atudyof l/ l./ ship marcuvrcs.Erch onc will bc illustrat d r|rd.rpllind Y V io tha !art. In aotnccasc!| mooritrgIiDcorrtr rlc.bor cabb brs bc.a omittld from ihc drawingfor lhc aatc of c.lstity.A *ind i3 irdicatld by m.atrsof an anow fcsthaEdotr olc aidcody; currcoti! sho*n by a! srrow fcathccdon bolh sidas. All thc araDplcafcatutr a sitrglc-scrrt/sNp havidga tiSht-hindcd propcUcr.T*in-.crw v.ssclshrvc thc advritag! of baiugDoI! adlily hardlcd in confrcd spac6, and thcir man(.uvrqtarc thcrcfoc trot iocludcd. A cendidaGwho prcr€ntshimrelf for a DcpanmentoI TJansport (D.o.T.) cxamination in oral seamanshipwil bc rcqui&d to dcmonstral€anability to batrdleship6.Unlcsrstetcdothcrwiscby thc exatrliocr,tha modcl ship is to bc takc! ac having a sinde rightbstrdcdpropcllcr. This modcl slrculd bc movcdby lhc c.trdidat€as rrdisticaly as F6siblc; E€neraly, it shouldbe ha[dl€d sloctly; lhc grtbcriry atrd reduction of vry must bc dcmonstratcdar bcitrg gradual, therc b€ing a slight dclay betwccn cndrc ordari rnd rcspo$c; thc rutrning-ashorcof moorhg lincs must bc indicitcd beforcthc shiph rc$drcd to be chcckedby th.m; the dchy betrveen must bc aho*!, logcthcr with a e bclm order aDdswinS-response graduallyiad€asingrate of swin8. Io studyingahcncxt fcw prfrs, thc r.adcr is ldvilcd to colccnlnlc oo thc drawings,tsling drcful notcof cachc€nsccutiEpositiotrof thc ship bcfo.r psssingon to thc ncxt.Thc hclm,cogiocmovcmcnt,hcid' way, st t[wey, moori.g liocs,and tbc lrofih of tochor cablc,if riy, .hould bc studi.d for cachDosiliotr. As thc rcadcrpro8rc$ca,ic wil .pprcciatcthat only a vcry fcw bo3ic prirciplca arc i olvcd io cach msltcuvrr, aod th6c hc will soon mLtar. 75 f
PRACTICAL SHIP HANDLING
ng,lJ. S.dt W to Two BWt br CaLnwcrth.r Thc approrch should bc madc with ttc Eiridum of ha.dery ir! ordaato rvoid r tPins drvclopiDs wtrn $c .ngim ir worlcd |it.fa. Ii c.10!, with no wind brstitrg: cfrectpr€cnt, ttc dlk of ovrrthootiig cxirtr, For ttir rcaloD,tta rce lcl i! hc{d€dfor tha hcadbuoyf!. o! ttc ltarboatd bow. Whcn tbc Gdginri! soatilg astcmto rcduca bradwrythc leitr! i! fwourrbb.
ng. n, Tbrhg th. v.sd Vo.
S.tuttg to TttoMf ItQbN Tt hc.dbuoy h BpprocchcdoD thc Frt bow rd a linc *ntd. Th! altir3 i thao worlcd aloe abaador tDc frut liDc. wifh thc tale hard ovlr toerrd! th! buoy. Th. rE.cl ir l[ur .sutr8 io (2), *bad r li!. to tbc st rDbuoyb ut d to ooDpL't tlc asin& Ey Lccpitrgthc h..dbuoy to port tlr tt|Davlt& thru.t cfr.cl i! frvourrblc.
76
PRACTICAL SIIIP EANDLINO
F19.1.3. WE to T*o Dbtt wt h OnatrllM Thc v!*ral rppro&bc. utrdcrllos hc.d{l.y ovla lhc g.ouod with ttc hcdbuoy 6rGon thc pon bow (l). Wtih thclilc i. sccurcdto tL. hcadbuoy, lbc cDgim Durt ba workcd Blowrh.{d. With lhc buoylitult d o! thc port bov, tbactrcctoftriDrvrrra lbrult fu flvourrblc. Tha rtr" ,al i! thlo allowrd to drop dordtttlid !o ti|t thc.tcinbuoy crn br prck d uD.
FA. 1-1. S.cltdtg to Tvo EuoN virt Cwratt ,ltErn This i! wry simils. to Fig, 4.2, riDocthc vlasalwill s.cutt to thc 6r* buoyoDh.f po.t bow (l). Shc will lhao, havilg b.cd giEa ! sliShtc|nf to port, dlos thacu.rrDt to crrry h.r louDd to (2) .!d (3). Otrccrhc i! baam-o!to thc str..Dr. hct Ctrgilcthould ba *o.kcd .low !h..d witt port bclmto tllicvc thc rfr3s od thc hcadlina In thi. irBtancctbc buoy Could rray wll h.vc bccopickcd up o! thc starboardbow.
n
Y
D/\ .
l
2
I
A
I
PRACTICAL SHIP ITANDLING
Fig. 15. ,lpprca.hinga &tof fion wfuward Thc Ecthod rhosa it to drift bodily dosD*ind, !5ing occ$ioul abcaddorcmcot o! thr cdgrncwith xEatharhclm in oidct to lc'P thc vr!.cl itr ttra corrccl rtttudc. A bc.dlira i! tutr twly to Lcwrd rEll bcfoE ttc v!..cI bar nacbcd tbc booy(2),ald rb€v6aatrwtrttghcld to wind otr this linc. qrhcnthc cdgilc i! *ort d lhaad rndar th6c conditioli it will b|}t to bc u!.d boEly, bc.auta with littL h..dvry o! bcr tbc .hip wil t od continurlly to ro! barm-otrto lbc eitrd.
n& 1.6. S.Nit g to Tvo Mlt w h Whd o, CurEnt ,|hed, dd Tutn E ,18 Sh19 Thc rhip ir ruo up wcll rhred of tbc !t rnbuoy (l), lnd . ltcrnlirc is .ccutrd. Iftb eiDd i! dlo{lld to bocoloc fna otr tllc boY 8 thown iEatbcr hGlE wil bc lcadcd to tccP tbc lhip i! rttitudc. Thc |hip i! thcn dloc€d to switrg tbtougi lg) d.!rc.r to (2) rod (3). Thc cogiDcts workrd rstrttr in poritioo (2), to ha*cn thc iwitrg of tha stcm hto thc ei!4 aDd a&o to rtlicvC thc lcrolin' of rrcsr,
7E
\
I
Y t (
L
$. \ /
PN.ACIICAL SIIIP II
ry. 47. Sccl/'ingto TNlo&pyt h d Yay Str,,8 mnd It will bc cf,kmcly dificuft to t cp thc wl hcrd to wind whilc tacutilg to tb. h.adbuoy, for !! tootr a! hcad\Ey i! Iost thc vcscl wil quickly Fy ofi to orc !idc. Trtiry.dv.lt t ofthc frc't tb.t tho r&aaalwill LorPhcl rtlfD up to wilde|.d nol! casilywhatrutrdcr rlrrnx.ry, thc b[oyr al! rDprorchad ltcmfrtt (l). At (2),whcnth. .t mwly hrs bcctrrutr otr, I hcedlincis !.c!rrd. It shouldbc lot d tb.t if thc vrrrcl k elorrcd to havc tha wild ol thc rtarboad qulttcr ag rhownlbr s,ill quicklydrift atbwart tb.lin ofbuoF witb thc*ind comi!8 on to ttc ata.borrdbcam,It is th.rcforc prcfarrblcir (2) to havc thcPind ridt rft or ftrc otrthcport qurtcr. Thia i! difrcult to schicrc wiii advarsclranwc.lc tbrut At (2),thco,ttc cnginci! worlcd .h.ad wilh port hclrtr utrtil thc ahip i! twingirg to (3),*h.o thc ir slow.d to drift funtcr, to (4). Noticc that rt (l) th. wild ir otrttc port qulrtar ---tn!!vcnc tbrugtttao sstirb thc v6s.l to rErchtha vitrd" cyc.Hsi lh. buoy! initillt b.cn m ro rtsrbolrd, thc hcadbuoywould prob. sbly hrE barnttisrcd altotathcr.
79
NDLING
)
f
PRACUCAL
SEIP IIANDLING
ng. 1l. S.Nhg lo a tuf vttlt a WndAM Agrin, aalooDr! hc.dwry b rutr o4 th. bow3will &dd to psy ofi to orc ridc, cwn if thc wiDdir riSbt rhc.4 I! (D rhc .hip b Lcpt to rirderd ofrhc hcdbuoy, cant d to por! aod tbc hc.dlirc racuFdat .bc &db b rhc buoy. In thc trgutc tba rtsaborrd snchor b!. bcad droppod|trd thc cablcw.rd inaY b .sin io t .pitg tbc thip hr.d to siod. If rcrorti[g to htlitrg rp tbc aratror(a! rhowE),it oult bc lct 8P llll cb.r of tta hroy Dooritrg!
ng, 1.9.Sccthg to T*o Bqt vtdt M noor lo tpprfuch ,odl wfrNrd A rr.ndoard ir .rccutrd iDtotha wiid from 0) to (2) cro,riog thc lin of buoyt I! rhi! c.tc it do6 trot Drttlt if thc witrdcod6 on llc port qurrt6, bccaulatlc ltcm i3 rocurcd ia (2) rtrd ttc bos eil npidly f.[ downrvioduntil (3) i3 rrrchcd. Tbi! sbouldbc coDparrd {itb Ftgi ,L7.
80
PI,ACTICAL IAIP
FlE.1J0. Clatta tdr Tw tu t frlh lYlrda St em.lM Th. d..di!a ir Ln8oald thc vaa. .d c.ntod to a.rbo.td by .h.trilg rb h..dli&. At th. ..D irtr. tb .osiro L *ort d .n .d with rt.th.f id!tr (2),|!d .! bc.dxny i! !.thcrd ri. hc.dlirE i! lct go rnd thc .hip cL.n .3 in (3), itiU u5itr8 urattarhdD to hold h.r i! dr udc.
EANDLINO
II t f
$..
ns. 4I I. Ctebg lrot t T*t tutt frltt VM or Su@'r /lttdn Th. rr.sl h c.!l!d |t itr (2) by aadot lha rIlmlilc. At ttc aaoc ilrtart, bdot! |lc it.|cl ovtf,rult thc ha.dhroy, thc .d!in ia rorfad darD" Ar ray i! trtar.4 ttc li!a. arGLt !o |nd rtrll.r hclE uad to .tnitht o tL rhip itrto tb. li* of rild oadrlaD.
A} (/
A b
U JI A
8l
PRACTICAL SSIP EANDLING
frg. 1.12,Cleng ltd, Twotuyt drt Wittd oe St.''rt tlttdn, ad TtorrhatlE Vct al Thc b..dli!. i! .hcl.d dow! rnd ttc canlila aalcd.Tha ahipcaDr. to (2), .trd tcforc tb h..dbuoy i. ov!fru!, thcaogi!. itrortad aram. Ar rh. cL..r thc lin oftb. hroyr, thr .dgirc ir rtoppcdrld tb. d.tn' lilr h 8p. Sb. ir lhcn dlotnd to d.ift to (a) .d (5), rwirritrg o! tb. hc.dbuoy.At (t thr !oSi!. c.tr bc wortad ab..d |nda( pon tdo to aalattc atErsotr tlG haadbooy.
btt dtt FE.1.tt. Clewrota vMAtul Thc tn..lis .t! h to |!d thr Ylarclir rruog haadto rind or tt L.dli!.. lf ttc cogiF it sort d .hd itr (2) tbc dtr!. odth.bc.d buoy L ..a.d
a
t
I
/ - t
PRACTTCAL SEIP HANDLING
ng. 4 . CleW t di Br&ft ntth mtd Ab@rr, ao E ad Dor*
vfu
If dcsircd,of courrc,tbc hcedlinc aatrba Lt gp and thc v*tcl i*ur8 dowrwitrdor thc dsDbuoy. h tbr i8urr, ttc dcrnlift ir kt !p .!d ttrG v!i!.I dritu to (2). Hcr! thc crgilc iaworkcdlricm urdcr rtrrbord or *rsthcr iclrn. .l'd th. hcedlincir lct go |! wry is grthcrrd.Thc .tcm i rrpitly borcdupwird I io (3)!!d (,1). Thi! i! r morl .dtufrctory ecthod ifthc fairvay lia. ast m of thr bcrrh.bcaaulawith thc l'ind on tbc port ql|'t.t in looc positio! (t lot |holn urdcr rhc.d cogiDc EoitdGot .Dd port hclD, ttc rhiP wil twirg vlry quk*ly to thr frir*ry.
ns. 415. LtbE a, Dwyt with a Ft t @tltl' Wnd Ab.@^ Thc li!6 Dust bc ihck d dowa, ho*rr€ litda rcom i! rihblc, to tb|t th. ctd lic. rt (2). In thi! &ttitudc tbr lc.d of rt lin6 ctrlblcr ticra to Do[c ..!ily oppocc thc forcr oft!. wi!d. lfttct trc hort ttlrl, .! in (l), thc two litrc. ut worliog Trinst .&h otbarlo ruch|tr qtaot |. mry pqlt th.o. ftcy |!. .fpcctrd to rlai t a forcaby a4tilt at rifit s!gl6 to IL
83
*.-\\
PRACTICAL SHtP HANDLING Fig.1.16. Lyhg br CabL to a Singl. Rwy i a-Fisha'ine wi^d As at figlc anchor, thc v.sscl is lilcly to pitch aod yaw. This wil caulc crcGsivc strassoo thc buoy moo.itrls. Thc cabl€ should thcrcforc bc sldclcd wcll doran so as to givc a bight (catln&ry) of cablc which will act as a spriDg ald partially rbsorb shocks. lt is most important that thc crbh should Icad horizontally from llr buoy, othcrwisc pitchiog will t€nd to lift thc buoy, $ithits moo ngs.
Fig.1.17. CLa tA EuoN Havinga Ship Be hed Eirhct Sid. With a currcnt runoidg down from ah€id, onc of thc outlr ships, say (38), slacks dow! bcr stcmlinc until it siDb wcll to thc bottom. A wirc udll do thr! casily, but ir th. cascof a fibr. linc it may be advisablc to lct it go. (3B) thrtr shccrs sway using port hclm. Thc buoy now movcs to a positioo mid$y bctwccn thc stcrnsof ( I B) aod (2B). Ship (2C) Dorv casts ofr thc sft r linc and aho shcars arvry utrdcr porr hclm. Ship (lC) shccn aw.y undcr starboard hctn. Finally, ship (2C) cas.s hcr hcadlific ad, still undcr port h€ln, droF asGm, Ictting go thc hcadlitrc whcn clca! at (2D). Thc stroogcr thc curlEdt, thc morc cfrcctivc will ba l}c ahccrs.
84
Y I i
PNACTTCALSHIP IIANDLING Bcforr closingihc *ork otr buoys,w .hdl dilc1|rrtbc clhodr by whicha shiprnays..urc to th.rn. whct hc.di[g ilto th. sind or r..!r, *ort ir conccatratcd o! lccuriu ttc b.adbuot th. rcrt{io.. hdry rlr! io a morcLisuralymannar.Initialy a wirEir Fsrad thtouShlta tiot of thc h.adbuoyatrdsccurcdbackon bocd; tbir biglt i! thm u!.d |' r sliprope.A bighr of fbrc is similatly run aothc buoy and thc vcsrcl dowD. caoridc to lhis alonc,with thc alipropcsllcr&Gd WlrcnusingbiShGof linc it is thc cad whichhaabGGo r,4rpd berr throughthc ng of thc buoywhichb cwntuslly Lt 80 fron thc ahip. lf thc othcr cnd is caslofi ir mayfoul thc buoyor itt owtrprtt .t it i! At thc aftcr md of ihc ship a bigbt of fbrr will sumccu.l6s it is cxpcctcdthat thc nnal lcttiDg-gowill occurfroE lbsr, in whichcatca slip*irc is slsousad.Som€tim.sfbr! ropcah.vc thcit cyct row throuSlr thc buoy-ringsandsccur.dto thcir ow|tpartr by daart ofhcrvy *oodao togglcs. Whcnclcaringthc buoysfibrc ropcsa.c slsctcd dowa and Lt gp. Whcnthc shipis rcadyto lcsv!, th! supwir6 ert c.!t ofi. with thcrnchor cablc,lba itrchor i! hulg ofi rtd lb. catL lf sccurinS brokcDopcn.Thc cnd link is tbcn rh.cl'Ld to th. rilg of lh. buoy.It cancith.r bc hovcout to lhc buoyusi68. vir! D.'slFr ro}t tbroulh Oc ritr& or alsait caobc slid dowua sidglcpsrt of wirc sct up tighoy bctwccnthcahipaodthcring endabo pa$ingthroug! ttraadhr'd lioL. If dcsi.cdthc anchorcanbc sccuEdin thc piF |rtd thc c.tL Frled out throughlhc fo.*ard PanamaCanallcads. Bcfo.. hcavin8on any lin6 or c-rblc,it chouldbGtlclfrid that tharcarc Doboaislying acro$ lhcm,roa my manon thc buot
Fig.1.16.Moorirv lia.s Thc followingtu thc t minolo6/ usd in ilc tlmaindcr of rhis ch.p tcr: 'A' Hcadlinc: 'B' Forc bilastlitr.; 'C' Fol! b6ckrp.ing:'D' For! hc.dspring; 'E Aftlr bactsp.iog; 'F Aftcr hcadspring;'G' Alt r brcastlinc:'H' Stcmlinc. Earm windsproduccnvc timcs s.smuch strcssas for. and eft winds.A 5G lnot wind on r 25O,qX) ionncr cen causcstrcsscsof 320tonncsabcrm rnd 50torn6 forcsndrft.
PTACTICAL SBIP EANDLING lU.1.l9,Wba&tat Tht E tiod rpDli.. rhi(icvrt nb-to tb.li9 i b.dti4. Tb. c|r.. trot&outd dnyt bc |m.4.!d tbarait lhan D d|!lF of otttaac liDg th. h.rlh. Tb. .hip it rouldc& ro u!d.r alog h..dray tlith Ffc.l oonlrol la. tt to till b. tcdiot tho rbip do'l durbs tb. rpFro.ch .d forthir rc.ro. lt .hipd rdl b. h..d!d for tb bot F.itiotr rt o t rtbql A b.o.d ttgb of .rFa.L n pcroi.du.' b|!t tb q!.y Aould foi! . t trlFdt b ti. tuoing d*. A h([.Lt .!d. d rypraA rb.r h (l) wiU lot tuEl tbi. cdditiod, .od tb .hb trfll fod tb qu.y. E dq.il!| Odld b. !.[!d.. fb. odd.c til h. .06.r pdlL .fuiv! a,E rrdaa coadtinr of no baadrry.
ns. a.20. CIsrE . bth vvh St6lttd fh. vt d L .i!d.d up to .! .fr b.dop.itrt |!d . foc bit tL Wi.o It! hlE i. .h&d. tb vnrtd qui*ly c.!rt o[ tlF qury |t lb dc.o catda. fh. isbor! bow. WiiL .olid quF, lt idbo.c fof, of r|tar *i[ ardkt! fta ']lir fto6 tD. ql.y, rt in C). Wilh oE o ?ban!a, l[b aftar ia loaa.td haattrry [!i bo r!a& t forr lhc |tat! fouh lb qo.y. I! (.1' U! i. u.d to .r.it tL itriii.l c.d. Tt til.t lio. [rrt bc d.ceql iDD.rlilldy if ft .t m i. noly to foul tb. rnd.
Y
Y t
Y I
PRACTICAL SHIP HANDLING
Fig. 121. CLarw a krth with Cunatt At/'am A8.in, thr Bscl ir siqlcd up !! i! (l), |nd ofthon b.lD ulcd to commcocc tlc cadt ia (2), Th. brl|lt liDGca! ba lct go quita aootr, bc..us cvro if thc whrrf ir opco .Dd thcrr isno qtlhionilg fo erd, thcra ir no likdihood of thc lrtr fouling.
n8. 122. B.rrtW Port SLC.to h CaIn v.a ut Tbc vr!.cl ir hcadcdin rt rt .trglc of rbout ll point with ttc quay,lrdcr rlow hced$y !!d vith at6dy hc.d. A.r tlc cogitrcit rG Er!c4 s swing lo rtarbo{d dcvdoF .Dd thc rltlcl ril urivc abrl !t of hcr b6i[ ritl tro *!y upotrtc' rnd Dot lcl to iL Sbcwill, hor€tatf,,bc rlorly rriltio8 to srarboud. .trd tHr mun bc cbrct d wirh tic hc.dliDc.
n
I I
PRACTICAL
IEII
Ft.12t. htw StoMStb b hr Cdrr Vatb Thp Ed i. hc.d.d i! rt r fr. .rgL io th. q!|y, .nd dE th.n ?ill bo . ttint to .t&tad *t a tb. .oSiro i r!tni..4 th! b.lo ir pd h.nl oE to port riti . blrrt !Dc.d od th. cofiD! h (l). Tli! tflfr i Dori rwi!& |!d whadtho cdliD, ir Fvcnc4 || h (4, th. rrinS b ctuc.bd .td ttc Ed 106 b.r h..de.y ryi!8 clc to, .!d FnIH rith h.. b.rt to (3), Th. .t mliE Diy bc Etd io d..& r Datd |li!8 b narboad.
I\.
121. krl,4 Pet Sb to tl C4Intddtttt Ot!tu . Ar.lro A,lral Th. u.6o. i. dtlptcd i:ll . .op. rhid ril .o'rt! th.t lt ril troadtrg *i.o tovo o. Tt .h'p i. hd.d itr rt riih 6d.. to tb bartLaod thr aldoi h !o aht at of ll..t o xt a b..tt d O). Tht o.trb ir .ur!d .od ih.thip to!!d.d to |rtrd.r atartoatd tah od alot .n!ic r!whd6. I! podd6 C4, b.for. tD. .ib Frllhh li. q[ry, fh. t|ttilc ir t] tl.atd ad fha dttad rrirf ao a.laad o@dafaa tha d!6vr!. Th. |hip ir th dorly ro{td r|t r! into h.r bc.th (3). At Dodaioo(, . bdlh. i. r!r, |'d st!d. Thi. i. lh.o !.d ro cH ar a@aativa aiartoatd arilf;
88
f,ANDLINO
PRACTICAL SIIIP HANDLTNO
nE. Q5. Sattw Stqbood Slh
to i^ calDLtvlti tll' oftlorc lrrdtor Awo! Agritr ll .dor ir lct go on ruficictrt soF, .htalt of ttc atam wb.o bcrthcd.Thc rhip ir 6trrn d rouDdthc .lchor undlf irtl port hGlD,rurSirg tbc aabl rr ahcdo.. ro. I! po.itio! (2), wh.o thc ship b.r |9un8 Frt rbcliac Fnlbl wit! tba quey,thr cngiocir r!rtt!.d ald thc t!a!r!rr!c thrurt rwiDSt h.r F'|lI.], A dtrli!. ir rotrrt (2).!d ur.d to chock an a*caaaiFal|tbo&d rwirt, Ffg.1.X. Cdita to St rrr-rn@rw ht Cabnt I! (l) thc otrlhor! .!.hor ir lct !p oo a tlov ruo abaad.wh.a rbout . t[ird ol t]c rt drcd 6!.1 lcrsth i! llcrcd thr w.!cl i! brouSbt up lo hcr c.blc, |nd aa it Srora t ut dL rhc b dc.b.d round it uodcr atrrbo[d bdm od dow adginGrrvolutionr, k{ri!8 80 tha Don alahor ar aho doaa ao, (D. WbiL Dovilt to (tI lh. F i crtrb mlrt Dcd..L, otDa ira h wil irnpdc tbr .wiot .!d D.y drlt rh. alaLor ducto itr, aatrt ilrufrciat ..op., In (3), ri.a thr .hip'. forF |!d{ft lio. E*.. |! .trtb of .bo!f 2 poifi ritt itc li!! of b.dh, |ic c.tb |'. &.d tb codE n rGsrd. Thc srw .fret o.itt i.. tL .ftS ro iubatd' h ar rhGFttcra d..!vry to (4), Ga cal,Lafalr oo tb Fd bor aDdrill r.drE ary a*caaaiEatattoail rriq. fU .o!b b aio!'t|od rld ltc coEbb.d cftct of tb. o[&. gorilf b Fr edrbfitord rrin8 brint tL v*f ilb Lr IiD of b.rth lial D iL Dd. If b.rrhi4 oi ltc d.rt6rd n|nd irrud of th. F.t t !d .. .b.m, lha t€a*: Euat batbDd tound h.r po.t aalL lolil ab ati! rdo?ta podtion (3), ro ttrt rb stw .frrd ri[ t o..d io &.th!.l h.. q'.
s)
Ft. 127. App.dthA o S.'rtr ,|@rA Dcrth.,lM Ar thc Oip rppoccbcr fhc bcnh .ad-od, (l), rb rhould Lt go otrly @c ardor. WhG abch.| lfcaE d touod it to a@c po.liotr hctffi (a ud (3) .b. iil bc ir . bculr Fdnttn for rhc p&.bg of th. ftst .!dor io b. jdtod. If it b8 h.cn h to too do.. i! io tbc bcrtl tbc b d..o!d out io (3) Ho!! tbo 6nd onc ir Lt !p. lf it b'r bc.n &oppadtoo far out abcca! batg r .rt m to (24) b.fo.r L[int tp thc otlc alchor. r:Ig. 1.8. tartnq $th whd o[ttwc, ot Ba@rr ot Dow Tha oa[ouvra ia liDiLr lo thrl for calo conditionsasaaptlhat a fta!.i .!tb of rDpro..n (.!d s..tb6 hd!) i. ..6ry to hoH fh. botr. lpxhL Tb. v!r*l it h..dad for tbc .t r! of thc t db, rd i! (D t[. ctrti!. ir t!v!6.d. Tt !ri!g rh.o.!..t!d wil! rcc.at!.L lL hc drift of tho bos, t@ llc Lrg. sdry uSlc" Tblr tiilg bu.t bo -l'c.rd rilh I! no circlllde.. a i-dlim. D[rt .tr ofiahoErriD8 ba dl6!d to dctrdop bafoF rwlentr! tbc rotb." Wtr b.rtliilt o! thr .t rbdrd b.!4 tb. !!rt.d[t of tb. -S|a f..?. th. bor lptrild to @ qH. witl tD. rird on tto bor C6 |t. bdtbod Fd6oo) fto .bb i h.rf.d iaro ir o tb rp F!..t, lc'ry i. 6i.ii-Gd, .!d th.r! i . lood br.tins Gfro.i.In boiL ..- liE Drt b. horqi! .. roon .. tto .hip Fr.Ud. tb. b..th. If e omdc .trdor i. r!q!i.!il (., .horD) it i. bctE to h ia gp rn ! tu ttip hr driftld bodily ofr thc qny rith lh.. E!rc, rd.f tba! d lba atFqrb rh ia ny caoa ar ofthd! arirE: 90
PT,ACTICAL SHIP HANDLTNG
FA. 129. MhW vtth lfltut On tlw. ad Ab.@tr Thc rhip Dult ba roundad-tq Frdlcl, rtoppc4 aid char of hci bdth iD (3), rld .llo*!d to drift doan to thc quayu!in! r! ofrshor! alcLor if Daccs!.ryto chcct thc boe. Thc mdor eill bc ncccasary if loo muc.hicdrry cxisb, for e prolonSrd .!tcm DovcocDt will tand to tbroe thc stcm upwird, prrticuh.ly for & strrboard Llnd bcrih vbco tbc trsrsvada tbrult will .ggrrvatc tt swing,
tt.1.30. hrtW Ecd to wid Thc |bip i! hc.dd for tbc ttld of itc bcrlt bcc.u!. of ttc bnlin8 cfrcct rvrilabb froE tha wi!d. Ia !o cit€{dttatrc6 mult atr oshor! rwiry bG rloe.d to doEloe h (l), bccau! rn artarn DoylD.ot will ircllar ttc fctdcocyof ltc tbip to tu! &io3r thc wiDdutrdcrftducirg hcid*ry. Tha rhip mud DaiDtri! a tlow otihor! twinS to ttrt whad thr cdgirc i, tlv.rsd ltc i. ridt i! th. wild'i cta A grr.tlr rwitrg ir euowrdfor a rtrbood-Land bart! duc to lhr a.taa! trllrvartc tbrurt Foduoitrt a! @rborcawir8.
91
PRACTICAL SITIP IIANDL ING
FU.1.31.bthh8 virt @,Ordtor. Dowltid ThG rbip lhould rppros.h Panlal to thc quay, bcitrgrct tc *rda it dl tta tioa dur to LcPry. At rb. b.rth i! !c.trd, (2), . sliSht ofi.hoE c.nt into thc wind i! giv6. Ar tb. .dginr i! &\&nd lnd bcadw.y i! lort, thi. rwitrgir cho.kcdby rhc vird caorilg rbc bow! to hrvc La drift. Tha oEholt catrtDult bc !rcara( for a ltrrboard-hrDdb6th, boula tba rnam tttalvrtlc thruat oanraaltl olrhorc rwitr&
ry. $z bttltq
wtrt @,Andbr
lftt b d Otd|or. hv vttd Tbc vc..d ir h.idd for lb. d.o of ll! b.(ll .t. w.y brfld &gb. Tta aldor ir Lt !o aoar to .lbry rufid.ot ao!., ald tha wtel bo€ .Idly .h..d. I! (2I .b. i! bilulh !p !..dy to h.r cruc |!d ft rid d.ifu h.r .ttitr .lotrSd&, Tb c.U. it trpr rrot tt .loe coliE rwolstioo! ud rratta( hc!o" Ar t!. ri.r! ariqr i4 tlc ct.i! i..L.bd out dorly !!til th. borr ia raarty od tlic qory, wt o it i! ffi.It ir fDrly rL.&.d dortr qok*ly rt o tb rbip Frdbb lhc t rlh" (C.l& I (3) .or !ho*!.)
92
/
PI'ACTICAL
SEIP IIANDLINO
Fa. 1.t3. Dc hing virt @tAn ror Awat h@t Ofthot Bow wlttd Thk tiDc thc rhip i. tt dDcd roud hcr erchor u!d.i full lcc hclmlo (2),whcr a h.adlitrci! run, Thc witrd low blow! tbc boe ofr.horr. !o lhc c.blc ir drcl(cd dowtr ald tbc v€..cI.IorEd to tlrr dc.d io (3). Whcn ihc ir Fttllcl th. colinc i! rcvc]t d .nd tha ofirhoE rwilt ao produccdit d.ckcd ty tbc h.sdliDc.Thavlrr.l th.o Dovra bodily ilto l}c quly |! rha trica to thros h.' rrcm upwiDdwbilauDdar rtc(!r.y ftoo (2) to (3),
ng, 431. D. hi'l' v h Vtu ,1ttctn,PorrM D?-rlh Tba lc?wryircrtara. hc.d*ay in ttis Eatrcuvr!, ard th! rhip'! bop8ohrviour und6 tha @ry lonFd lltarn moltocot ir unpG dict$lc. Tbc v*l ir ru! dc.d h.fo6. l!. rind (l), ud c|!r.d .ti!!Oy irto rtc bcdh C2I Tb ao8iD. ir rcwdd and th! acrlt .fr.d ltrolr lb. riard tact into lbc rird. Ar lbc Esr.l loaaabaadway, .S. I Frdld tlr bc.tt i! O). TDchcrdlin. h (D ir |!.cd ody lo chada|! cxccstiE ofrrhoa! twi[g thnt t |!d th. dua to lrrrirtr! rhip'. Lodcocy to .cc,t ttc titd with har .tcr!.
PT.ACTICAL SSIP IIANDLING
ng. 85. Bat.ht8 vith Vbd ,utqr\Statfu&Wht Tbc proaadur ir rimihr fo that of Fi& 4.34,cxccldth.t thc w.scl nott ba cutcd .li8htly arry fro6 th. hcrth itr (2) to rlto$, for ttc otrrhoF wilt 8.oc6t d by thc .!t m tl.nrwr|C ttlt|rt Thaoftto& caDt tlun dot bc.f,6ivc, for Folotrgcd aatg6 60vmt to cortqa ttir Dry c.u!a tbcrtrfo to foulthc quay.
I
)
ng. L t. brltw ln Oltdwc Wbt4 PorrM Quretlt Mr Thc bos, b.iq Frti.lt itr thc lca of thc q!sy' ta6d to rxiDE i!thorg tic coldition tci4 rtgrt vrtrd by rh. qurrEdy rird. A dight twiry rrry frotrr ttc qury i! tb.f,dotr gilrd i! (l), .!d .r thc co8itr i! tsr,lrrad i! (2) itc !t r! DoE bodilt iato ttc qo.t !trd uFird.
94
tz
PIACTICAL
SIIIP HANDLINO
Fa. 137, Ibtln a h Otdw. VN, Sttb@r& futqlt
tudturt
Ati!, tb. lppno|.tri. .intur to Fi& ,|J6, but . rt rbo.rd .wi!t Duti lot bc dlocEd to drltlop, bocautcthii wil ba.88r.v.t d by tlc rtr(n traorv6& ttr!!t. For tti! rtaro4 a rwi!8 ro port ia s.ocratrd |t (l), whichi. cor.ct d .t (2)*b.d tbr cogi[c ir rcvlr*d A at .nliD ir uad to corrrcl rtr crccaaiEatarbo.rd r?iD&
1JE. bth'A b 6 Otrdw. QryeltvM Thr wl i. t-d.d itrto h.( bc(tt rith |[. rild .ft, or (b tb odirto& qsarfar.Ut[.a tba casioa ir l!rta!4 tha traltrttF ttrut . tt rto.d .dn8 vhi:t, !Er!.. i! 6. c.. of. FrGt !d b..tb, i. .t!nv.ld by tbc ri.ttard qu.i6ly riid. Thi. Dud b. d.&d.r tb. rr...d lc t .dr.y i! (4 try . L.dlic, Tb. .trd. of.p0o.d foi r Do.t Lld b..tb rhould lt nfoG bc r. lrta aagoaaiblaFor . rxrbarclaod b.dh tL rlano[vrt ir Do6! dq|L, fof ttc atarioard ari4 d|E lo tL rdaan ttantr! itt||n n oo6r.o.!.d by th. L. drift of ttc ri.to, ThG |!SL of rp?ioaat ca! fb.(do|! bairaf. &,
Pn'ACTICAL SHIP HANDLINC
Fta.1 39.Cominglo Saan-mood^8, *ith th. lyind Onthorc Thc mancuvrr is siEiLr io Fig. ,L26,andthcwird gErtly facilit tca thc tuming on thc ofshorc anchor. h (2) thc Lc aDchorhasjust b.cn ld 8o. In (3) thc vcasclis alosrd to rutr !.hc.d ao that both a&hor cablcagrowto sindwerd,snubbiog thc bowrspidlyuDeind.Thccnginc ihould not bc rcvcrstd until thc wisd i! drad .hcsd, otbcrwisctb. staru PiI iwitr8 upwiad ad . dookad ru! |3tcm will bc nrda iDto thc b.dh.
Flg.1.10.Comingto st.m-Dt@ tE, VirrdPatzlkl ,o shor.,@dAlt Th. v€si.l i. 6nt!d slightlyofrrhorc itr (l), 60ttrl thc eitrd com6 o! thc ofrthor! qusnaa.Tbd frcilitrt6 thctum. I,l (2)ttc port rlcbor br! jult bc.o kt golod tDct l3gclir rudDg alaad of it vlry alowly,Itr (3), *ith both csbl6 frowilg to ei!de[d, .!d bcfoG rhc Frtlak tic bcrth, thc cagitrGit I!t! sad. Tbe trutwnc thrult lrnd! to itrlighi.o h.r, but th.a undcrlGrn wry hcr ltcm !cct! tbc wird, Thit rwir8 to wildr.d ir d.dpo4 horrwr, by rhc ailderrd-growing crtrl6, |!d tbc m*6 r rdrtivclt, .hright tua adlfs to (,4),Litrcacao bc rud fron !ft wbilc ttc rhip it d to ri!d{|.!d of h.r h.rlh. Shc ril th.o rlowly drift dorSiidc.
Pi
PRACTICAL SI|IP HANDLINO ng.41l. Conittg to St.'.'-'r@o ngt
drt vM P@oLltoQaY,@d
D.ril Ahd-P@tM Thc vc*rclcu bc rtcaocd roud h.r rftbolr, (t), uldq bold ich and Fvolutios, !trd thao ftn .!t!t! frotD(A b G), itr *hi.h calc 3hceill rrriv. to wiDd*rrd of har b.rtb, whichi! dc.frbb. Howcvcr, thc Dancuvrr of turdq it hboriout rnd scvcrrlYhemFrld bY th. ?-fact thst thc boer dritt to Lawrrd of hcr c.bLs, thc lsttcr thd anubbitrgtbc bo*l upwind.trd r6iltitrg thc dcaircdturn. lt i PtEfcrabla, thcIlfor!, ro rring tla ,hip otr thc eird h 0), sod th.o revcrscth. coSioc'ebich britr8' hct rrpidlY ro (2) |! hcr 6n ..ck! thc witd. Thc archorr arc lhcn droPp.d on lhc nm rltcm to (3). Tbc rwiog of rbc bowr to rtubord it dabpcd bY thc windwerd-growi[tc.blc!"
IU.1l2. Statu&W
Ball
Ttc nr!6rvt! ir pcdo.Dcda! in Frt 4.{1, with thc .f,ccption of podd,oo (2). llcr!, th. rt rtr b dlowrd to rrirs farth.i upwiodbe fdr thc ruo arian ia Dr&. (lf t[ir i! Dot dodc tto frrorwrrc tbrurg $ikt ;n thir c.!. D.rtirUy rt ic| r dcmboard,ory c.urc thc thip to fril to tlach llc widwrtd poaition (3).)In both figutlr tlc position(3) tu id.otb.l.
yl
PRACTICAL SHIP HANDLING I?9.1.13. Cotii,A to E crn+r@r,,gt vtth Wid Otshoe
Thctlr$cl bult cith.f bc rt emd rourd hlt alcbon in thc u!u!l *ay -{ lolg rDd laboriour proccdurr .tdntt ttc eind----or,if thrfc is room, ov6-rua tha bcrth sdl ofrthorr ud tlvrtra ttc dgim. Shc will grth.r rtcmwry md rutr hcr .tcm up into ttc wind'. Glr rt (l). Thir D.trouvlr !aad! vary crrdul judgcm.otto phc. hcr i! liDc with hcr bcrlh. Ewo ttcd, ttc ru! artdtr ir oot aa!y. Sharlurt not lrc run .!Gm ltl|til tbr wind i! f[c on thc Port qurtta. A. rha gi|[cr| !r.m*ry, hcr stlrD s6lr tha sitrd, (2), ald trmsr€$c thrust agtrav.t!' thit strrbosrd swiDgof thc boea It ir chcfld, howcvca, by thcclbha growitrt to port If tlr arcrl run ir .ttnnptld dcad into thc s,ind'i ayr ahcwill rutr to lccw|'d of hcr bcrth eith thc eind brord on thc ttarbotd ourtcl.
R.
,?
+ )
r-------t--------
WLa! taliDg up at.(n-Doorin8tit s[outd bc rrDaDba.ld thst two |rlon hoH thc rhip bcttcr th!tr oDcrloE Rovidcd thcv i|r lct to dotc togathcr,thcy ca! Irtct ba horc.in riDultan oullv. itc hlrtf,r !.c6.!ry ery vlry fto|n 2 to ? ibrcuca, Wh.o ttc barthi! Dc.rcddt thc sicmvry ir chcctcd*ith tbc crt .', |ad rt lhc ilrtllt tbr v6$l lorassry thc crlrl6 trE cuicHy ahctJ 2or3 farhomsdown5or6 m. lfrhis is nordoncthc shipwl surgcahcador|hcr rrut crura atd r.rioudy ifrcct rhc ruDdtS of thoatartrliEs. Croasmooringsarc normallyuscdaft, tha pon tircs lcadincto sterboordrnd viccw.sa. This ncthod docshotdthc shiprigidly iriposirion rnd pcvcnB eny transvcrsamovcmcni!.In a balrn wind howvar, it ir thc 1.. 3idclincs whichacndto takc thc rc3s. A! i! Fi!. 4.15,th. |nooringaand c.bt6 mu.t bc,laa&d do*! r! Euch rr po('iblc itr r 6oar witrd, 60 a! to giva thcdl r norl trrtutal L.d" h oald conditioarthr.tcmlins c.tr dwayt bc trutaocdby haavitrgi! . fca lirtr ofcrblc, Wbcn lc.vio& tbc rt mlilas rlt Lt to cornplctdyind lot slactcd out, s. trousafirlpuqroaaiarawcdby sodoi!& Thcrhb ir fhcnhovc-out 9E
PRACTICAL ST|IP HANDLINO to hcaaochors.Thc cngincis Dotulcd to chcckthc momcntulhofthc rhip, sitr@ttc bight! of cablcwill do Ihis quitc cfrcctivdy.Thc shipis ih€tr6te.rncd.rouodooeanchorto
[email protected]. h a lr/ind ihc rhip is .llo*.d to swinghcadto il th. wath.r rnchor bcingw.ighcd la5t.Whcnswulg, thc.hip cadconvaticntlybc hadcd in anydircction, for eith rhc fair*ay abaft thc bcam,,hc will r.adily pay off to cithcr sidc.
Fig. a.11.I2aing Stqn-noo ngsin a Yat SuongCrcts Wird Tha st mliacsa.Ebt go sad thc vcsLl stcamcdout to har anchor! udcr bold cogila novcmqri rod full wcethcrhclrD,whcl thc stcm thc lcc sbip in closalyapproachca (2) thc hc|rtr is put amidshipcio momdtrdly chacl tha 3wio8.Thc rhip ii sow uodc( good ha.rdwry, aadrvhcDclcarin (3),wathcr hclrn is agaio uscd.Thc ship may wcll ovarrunhar archon io (4), but thc \---'i bi8ht! of crblc wil chcct thir and sdubhcr ha{d to eind. lf thr lirm ir lot ssu!8 rowuds tbc Ic. obctructiotrrnd thc lhip hc.v6 tctslf out to har ucho.r, or st amt oul to thcm witL .midrhiF hcld, lhc *il |n*G npid bodily hdr|y. Ai shc drift! dowu otr to thc lcaoh6truclion,hcr cablca g.oe bro6don tha*l|thaa bowrd dng ttc bow upwild. Th. rrcm ir fulg itrto ttc othcaship and tbc rpptc.tiotr of lca hclfi incra.!. thc pull of thc cabl6. Th. objccl.t .U tiro6 i. to gct upeind |r quictlt, 8 po!.ittc.
I
\
PT,ACTICAL SSIP UANDLINO
n9.415. Latug a Statbol,r&lwtdScrthin Cohnt h dl ca!c.ofclc.riDgs bcrth thc rtcltr mult h. cstrt d clcar.Thit i! doDGby rtcsnitrg .lorly ahc.d oDr for. h..dlprirg whilc tbc hda i! put hard ovcr toe|tdr thc quay.TbGlpritrg Enrt bc rtaohtdy tight *bcn thc Fgi'6 st! *ortcd a!ra4 otb.trilc atryDoMtum of tbc .hip rill p.n r rh.& rpring Tbc rpring |ney b. ro!& ligbt by putiog a hc.dliDcotr lbc widdlalsbafld !!d hcdvirg oa it TbraatrYolin6 alc rhovo in tbc fgura TtG ship ir tt rEfor! cant d itr to thc quly forwui4 e), .rd th. .ogirc ir tt o rrwr! d. Th. hclE i! iDitialt iEidrhiF aDdthalilaa aa! h go.Aft.r thc fltt fcw rEvolutiod rti.r! tbc nrddcrir put h{d otq b ardboird to conEt tbc r*iog to rtrrlord gcncntcdty th. trurv.rE tbnrsl Ar thc aliFftrn io*t in bctF.o thGforG body and quay,tbc urd6irrbL .trrbord rwbg ir futtbF d|DDd, but a! roon .r rhc clce$ thc quy ihc .wiry mry taod to d.Elop lgli!, fbc tr.trivcrt ttrolt ov.rcoDitrgtb. fuu ruddcr lDglc. Itr tti! cala tho aotila Durt bc rtoppadi! odcr to hrvr i rtrdSlt aunadcrn
1m
PRACTICAL SIIIP IIANDLINO
IU, 1.16, L@rw a Porrlwd ta,t h Cah,t HcrE,botb lho trlnivcrs tbtrrtt a,hco t!v!r,i!g thc cnginc in @) .!d fh. culhioning 3liFtr..a b.trrad tlc fotrHy t|rd qusy.ausa thc rtan to reing rrpidly bact i0to tb. qury. Thc bclra till b. of no avjl. bc.!u!c lhir wil occurbdorc rtEnFay i! grthcrcd.Ho*Evcr,thc uDdcrinblcrwin8of thc bow otr to ttc qu.y i! Fi& 4.a5do6 not .xi!t hcr!, !!d providiogtlc Drn6uv.! it corGctlt dotrc, thc clc.rhg b, itr d'!y ril t morr simPlc.Tlrc Jtcm lurt bc crntad out to I vcrYlrtg. |!glc .r iD (2) bcforcthc ctrginci3 Evtr$d, By tlc iidc thc ltcm has !w!!r bock Darsllcl to tbc qu!y, tb. liD wil * uadcrltmwri ed wiu bc at (3). st rbo.rd bdE m|y tbo c;ncct th. rsinl of thc tt m i horc,but cvcoto, a bulat rb..d on thc cogiacwith pon hdm will toon rcbicvr thit.
F1g,117. Cl@ht ,t Bctth in an Olltle.. Viid Thb 6a!@rvr! ir ,inplc. Tha v€aalca! .ilh.r bc Galcddily ofi |ta qury otr hcr forc |!d aft li!.., or & a! ahowtr,hcr dlcr li!6 rtc kr !o ud rbc rwilg' to (2), B, rF rcrdoS th. .otirc rnd LttinS 80, iar rt.t! *ill rotr b|.t up itrlo tba eind to (3), wh.o rb rwint it c!..t d by r buttt dhcid on pon L.lD. Ifd.d$4 rt tbo.td hcla crn ba rtad iort.4 cotrtiDuin! th. arirs uldcr hcadray.Tbi! ir oaaful for r fair*ay ehich li.a rlt m ofrh. b6th.
10r
Eg,1.1E.Ldt A aS@MW
[email protected] Thc !taa! olllt bc cartadof tbr quly to a mu.h Lrt.' rtrglcth! i! cald!.Iti quilc arry to do tbi! cird i! r fr! h brlacauaingful brlE atrd bold cofitu rsvolutiotrr,W[ctr tlc .ogirc i! rlwlt.d itr (2) tbc lbip r.pidly ru'' h.r rtdn upwind md th! bow' wing rh!4Iy to tt rboord"Thc atcm wil dlDlgc thc qEly if th. c.llilt .!tlG h!! lot tc.o ioitidly mfictrddy hrg.. with I btgc ugb, tbc rt D wil r.pidly dr.v arqr from ttc qu!y. Ful pod halm b ulcd whcothc cl8itrc is rscrld. A 8erll rhip rith E rhrbhr rh rnd r f.ddct on h.r illhora bowwil bc abL fo catrth.r.clf of.t ritht .nghr to lb. qury. ng. 419, Ir$rng 6 Pstbtt tart h @tOdpr. Uld Thplbip *ill rct rt dily c&.r h.r *J b6th uda.. rhc Llr . trg ca! ton a lila lo |n ofrlholr mlc. 6 La r cL.t rs! arlad of bar. Tta t'raad nrtt bGc.!t d otrrEtil tt rild i! |! ft5 at troaaibb6 tla ,\f,r|'ot! qurt r. Wh tha coliD ia te vtrtd tt.|r u! tttE rdttt! fre torr: (d)fbc alip.trsD battraadbot .trd $|.y ca!6 r |rilg lo atrrbod of tL! bo$; (r) tl rind i. r.{ti!t tb. t€..d don o! b rb qury .ft; (c) rh! haEC! thtr{t arrata a atarto.d arilf. A[ tD.aa frctod rqlEaatbc .!da of c.trt .t oE Ar ao@a! 6a !.tt r. Gtray, horlvE, ata wil roo iar aiaa! trF i!4 Frdirlrrly r.d.. vt.tt r hdD. Th...qo@ ir d.{V rhor! in thc 6gur. Thc vcsat murt hrE goodaiarqo*r for thir Dua!uy.! aod ca.dofi l,o.r L..t 45 dclll.3 fron rha lirc of tba bant. 192
Flg. 150. LefiA ukh c, No?. Qtot tlt Wird Fo! both port- .!d ttltbo{dh{rd hcfth! tt. rhiDnrlr.t bc .prunS ofi to tucl .n .!d. tid tbc witrd dcnc. fh. illhort quri.r, (2). Thir mry b. cittldcly dific1dt,for ttc .t!m t odt to cli!8 .tolgly to tha quly id &!h a wind.A tug or ! atrtdiDc to an ofirhor€ Eolc Ely hrr,! to bc cmploycd. Tb vhd on tla inrhorc quarEr tttd rr.id thc c.oting-ofr of thc rr.m. Whcn rhc wbd ir in tbit rELtirc potitioa tDEadlirc catr bc voatad rlt m, tld tla rbip wi[ run ..tily dc.r of ttc qu.y into thc wiod'r .tc, (3). A iliShtlt l|tS.t .!tL ofcad dun bc nadc bafoGrcEriDg tbc aolitrc for a port-hard bartt, bacaulatbc alicn traDrErr t[rut ir rdrtrt . Flt, 1.51.LarbA a bth teli et Otide.. ,attdp. Ibvr, qtuEVid Tha tt rolitrcarrc Lt go .|rd lbc c.blc horl Tbc rfld win &nd to hrd dowrwiDdEoIr rrgidly tha! itc .t.t!. ud thcrdorl {F lrtiar .hoold bc .lowrd to c.!f ofr bafora h..ving c.bb (9. A t.dlilc .hould b. ut d to ct c* tlc n .4 ott rrirc ttc bqt rlry ddft reidly aErG! tL rDchor l'd bG rddrbd 6.rply upwiod.AltcortiEly, bott for! ud rlt lh.. c.! bc ..rd loril tlc rEhor ir x.i!hd; tL lic .rl kt go, .rd fhc cnfinc ia !cva(!d to producca! ofrrho|la .rios ofth. bor|. Id catDrth. .Lia ia.a!t d ofrt|y .hctil! lb. c.trb . lidc ud d..oir8 rt .d ldar lhtl oottorc hdn @. forc h..daFir!. ThaliE.r!kn!or h fhc crcaDtiodofa h..dtEr |!d rbc..tL ir hoE fhc icrdlim dcr*r rbc borr .od tGGp. tlF v!.r.I p|rdLl to tb. bc'th triib hc.vinli 1(B
PRACTICAL SHtP HANDLIN(]
FE. 152. nonhg a Yatd SIl,,[t RNtd, S,!'/.-to.e Thc \,! *l i! tunad rouadi! hc( owtr lcogtb-No hrad?ty or rlrrnwry ir gathorcd.Wtad tbc aogi[c ir rq&rtcd r poGful rwilg to rtrrboad ir s!{cr|t.4 ald ro ttcaa ahiF |tic !tn,,r rguDgtortarbom4 u!k*! tbcy b.E .D.ll hid.rD d propaltr!, wnad tl.6rv!r* t[rlrt i! rorll I! (l) tb. cogiDctu Yorr
&.15t. T,'.ntg It''t Ro4|t ba lM RlE| lt@rr Tha Yl d ir nra doc lo tL port-hatd b.trt itrto d|.&.t srfar, .Dd ttc bor girro a cart itrlo lh. f.n c., 0). Th. .f,i!! d.vdopr, lb. .trr! bdtrg b' || cloc ro tbc b.!L rr ir Fudrot ltr O tb .dtiE ir .!rr(!d nrly lo pGnrot bodilt drift dormtrn ud Fn i.le n .d to ooopld. tb. tritri I! o.titrgth. hm rt ttr lbrl bant, lr.tr!ltfr &t!n i.! fagounlrb llroufL out.
104
PRACIICAL
IEIP
IIANDLINO
Flg.151. Tbn,/B Sl,prt Rogltdh, 6
ktar n a.ttr@rr
b (l) t[. bow i! rwung into th!
.LA.' rri.r rt tha rt[bortd b.Dt .!d th. rdgie ir r!rcrrcd. Tbc iald ir ovar to atrfbo|td for thc aalt ir$oF aDd i. rbout to bc tL..d rEidlhip.. Tho rlltlrd aolinc prodtrc.r r lhflrt rnd f.vo||t|bL trrlwrr! alo Fatn a as6ir! Lc dritl In (2) tb W*rtrn rnchor ir h to |!d hdd .t rhori rLy. Thir npidly .oDb. thc bory tourd to O), by itktr tin rh..odn rhould b. rtaad lrdcr tb.board roltiq U! to codpLic thc r*ing to (,1). Tta |'Aor ir b.ld .t .hon rt y ,o rtat |! arc!||ill atraa oo ttc cabL c.ns it to d$dfF !di.r thr! bc rtdnd. ln (,4)lb c.lrb $trn to D.y! ba furti.r Eci.4 but thir n o6ly fo. rb. t.&. of cbtltf..adly thr lt r.l twitrg rlry &.rly h hci o(,! Lnslh .l OI
t t
FU.1J5. p|t!'rta . M lrai . Sraqrr Mt Aaott tb hltM
m. dr.rint dt fnb qd.!|" dd. Tb 6ip i. bc.t r..nr.d to l}. L. tirt .4 (lI rtik lb up.t!.d lia .t! rGt!* ldo! bbdLd (lI s.v!..l iirbodr fod.rt .r! dFd qv.!dd. .!d tL v*l ir toY! .t d Th. lia d! dor.cd ritfoct dd.y, .. .pproFi.t , to rt FdlioB LbdLd (2), .nd tt |LiD i. Eotld o! rr"ar' inlo thc 6taro rtl tittdiDs otr iL La bnc&L. BaiB d..Arwhdonr d iab6 tdo .!&r rt hr.. fb uy log .ni' b..lnFiq itr (2) t l|r . cotr.i&6.t lc drt.. r,tiL tDa.ta.! ir i! lita r.i... Had tta coirtD baao 6ada froo fh. r.rttar fir |!d a lioa Ftn04 .! iDFd Dight t r'! t .. D.dc d ll. L. ttruct!.. 106
PRACTICAL SI'IP HAXDLINC
ng. #6. I2flbA a Doctcbto a Ods suc,,rt Thc rbip i! rutr out with bold crti[c ahard-rrvolutiolr a[d uF rtr..o hrlo. At (2) uFtrcdD litr . at! ulad to chacl any dowD..tErn aei!8 oftlc boer .3 tlat cnt r fart wrt?a.Horcv.r, lhc hridlilc loon b!! r poor hd rft, ald too much .hcd.idgod tbr .r!brcrltli!.wil aggrrvrtaI d@ fi!.oreing. For thi! r!a!o!, ful polla !!d hclD meyblva to ba!|cd. Altarnativcly, tt vl.rl cr! bc ru! out on thc lc. tnucllc, &ing fcDdcn to pivot doi,!!trr.o" T[c rtam brEa* li!." (t) in thc &ur!, cin bc ulcd to cortrol tbr dowDltrras rwin& In dl calar of cntlrilg i d,oct dir*t ft& aUorrDcanurt bc Dd! for dorlttraad lat A rDdl rhiD c.a baau! in rr'd{ goodhc.drri, but lb.fo ir tot litcly to bc tun. cj.!t roon for r big thip to g.tbcr rhir Lladray, ltrd tu8t mry bG @rry.
157. Ild"t8 a Yel dth YhdllM Tb. rhip b .fi!8 undrr h..dw.y to (2). Ar thc h..drry ir l6t, thc mrbodd .wing cootilEa" lt it astucd rbco lhc adti[c i! !q vrrl4 .!d tt .hip npidly mnt b.i ,!.tn ufird to (3). Th. rwirs i. th Eliltaitrd o! aL.d-raolutioor .!d d.rtcd hclD, ro (4). &.
PR,ACTICAL SHIP HANDLING
,44
\J 'rA / /
Flg.1.5t. Tuning h a hv mrd TbG3hipit rilutt ofi thr wind to (2), sd thc teins tu .occoturbd with r |lvarrad cogioc ind full rathcr b.lm to (3).|f ttc stro*.y ir cortilucd auficirtrttt wta6 uic cdti!. ir sortcd .tc.d t|nd.t fuU port hc|D th! rhip wil h.v. Dd. groutd to wildwrd .t (4),
\i
'
/
,l
A(')
t'lv V
M(X)RING LINES AND TAIIS Mentionbasahe.dy becnmadcon page85 (Figure4.1E)aboutlhe strcss€sproduc€don a dip by winds, the ratio bctwcenforc-a[daft stressesand b€amstress€sbeitr8 about onc to 6ve fot a giwtr wind. For the shipquoted,a loaded250,m0bnncr with atrundcrk€el clceranceof2 mctrcs,a I knot clrrr€ntfiom aheadcatrpaoducafolcrs otr thc ship of 5 tonncscomperedwirh 230 tontrcswhcn thc same currcnt is abcam.Mooring lincs mustthcrclore be uscdlo marimum alfcicnct and this is achievedwhcn the lhc lcadsfroE thc ship at a lo* englcto the horizontal.Nev€r rnir tnca of dificrinS matedrlssoda will strctchmore thatr othe$ atrditrfoduce uaevctrlosdint. Mooritr8 tails incf,casethe clasticig of a wirc litrc by up to 60%. They should be at least 11 metres loDt, parccUcdwith lerther, caDvas,or pl8tic at the eyesand prcferablyjoincd to rhc witr usint Mandcl or Tonsbcrgshackles.Thasearc atraight-sidcdard both thc hcadand the pin (ehich b rcmovedusinga kcy) ara roUcrs,tccping chalcto a nininnrq. Itr Dorma!use,tsils shouldbc rcplaccdevcry lE mo hs, bc at least25% strooter thatr thc rvire and obviouslybc of thc samelay, othcrvisc ut aybt occutsurdar stcas.
r07
CIIAPTEN V
ICE
FIS mrrh .!d louth pohr icc crp rt! oontiNdly fowitrg out vudr udcr thc praraurEofrccumuLtad toorr!, Th6 Dovlinc[t I of ico ir a!o!t tbc aslklt routar, wldch srr vlllcy! ild iat, ! dopinS l|!d rurfacar. Th€c Dovitg D||.ar of icc trt tlowrr ar tacirrr ard cmhrdly prolrudaioto thc &a, ehcr! that ioquirc buoyalcy and loot Thc coEbirod Gfracbof buoyrtcy, win4 and currrtrtr c.uG lh. tmtula of icc to brr.t rway fror thaland,andcyrry ti6c a pi.cc ofhc rlo.. lhir r! ic.t rSi! ..aar.d.I! th. North Atbrtic rh. bdt ofth. ic.b..fr $c oriSilrt d rt.bout twloq oftbc hundrd! oftLcicn aitlai.d @ tha '!at coatt of GrEoh!d. ltcaa b6g! rr. i.rcgu&r n s ofioq .Dd . Lrlc nunb.r ofth.6 drift into ttc North A0rltio O€! uDd.. tho GfiGcta of wild atrdc1ttttnt Evqy apringlnd tuDDIt lba, pltaadta Dcorcc to rhippiogaafar r!, NDdocc.liordly routt oi, thc42trdp6relbl. It ir c.tiD A thst rbout 7500bcigi brcskrery from Oral.nd 8hdcr. cvlq lE r, of wbb rbout,l(x) drift rou6 of NcwfoundLnd,tonc forty fnditr! thci. ery soutl of tbc42ndp.r.[cl. Tbis jouro.y from Grc.dLnd lo NcrfoundLtr4 roughly 2tE0 bh, i. lA)dil. .@oDplirhld by tL. b6gr i! D.riod! vuyilt fror r fcw E@thr to thrGcyarr. Oncof tbc worll F.rt i! th. No.th Aulltic fto@rhb poht ofvicv wr! lt2, wh.tr rt rtrany.! l5E7 b.r83 found thctuwry rolth of th. a&t Frrll€!. Arott r bad y!ar, doraly ipprqctitrg th€a atatiitic!, eE! l9t2 stcn, oa April t,ftb, rho Ult rdc foutddrd iD 4f' il6' r, 50' 14' w wiih thc lor. of l5l? liv6. Dilirt.Elrtioo of 6c bcrlr coEDaoccri66adnrcb, ihay u! calv!4 .!d i! r productofttc aftat' of rflr4 h.avy ,aa!,*ind, aohr rrdiatio!, wltE rca-rrer, m4 to aoDccxtloi, rrh. Hcavyaroaiodit caurd d thc r nlirc, |Dd |! r r6ult of l[i! aDdgffid dct rioEfioq thr b('g cainr aodlct piaa.a*tirh frl into thcert.t *it! . lood ro.riry loirc. At thc b.r3 Ddu, crrctilg of thc icc @tr', rrd thi! i! d..tt, rdiblc ond.r idc.l colditior! ry to a Etra arry. h trrda roBtarfbc b.t!t &ry zD ft lt{l) fi hrvc hci8htsabovcthc watcr of up to m tn and bDgthsof 5m m. In tha Artdctir tDparrtutaa ara gadardlylora. Hcrc,ir dditio to thaforDrtiotr of gbciarhc rod irrcguLr b6!:, thc icacrp iow into 1$
tcE tba aGa.trdforDr r v|tt barfilr of footitrg fualroutrd iha oontinadl nuly hundEdsof n trls thick. A Soodcrrndc of this i! thc Ro.t B!r.icr. In thc iFing .nd iummcr thc incquditi.! of sir .od r.r tclrpcratun' ptduca lnavcn rrL! of cxprnsioD,rnd vestpico.r of thc b[ricr brcrk rdrift .nd ntovanoathward.Thclc barSrar! tnown 6s tu6rdrriccbcrgs,and rcsan$bfoating islen& with vcrticd tidcs rnd r lcvclaurfalc.Tklc icc ishnds arc usuallyabout 50m hi8h,maaaurcd l8o ft flod tta stlailioc, ud nry bc up to llotD in laogt!. SoEGare 70miL. rrportcd es bcirg up to gD m in haight,Thasab.r8s from thc South l7lllft Polarcrp drift up to thc 55thprmllcl, but somchavcbccnrcportcdas far north es 33's in tha LonSitudcof 50" w. Oihcrs havc bccn sccn slongrhc 3Jth Frallcl in thc vicinity of lhc Grcat Aust.alianBight end thc Capcof Good Hopc. All iccbcrgrhrvc t[c bulk of thcir voluDcrubmcrgrd,Urusly rbout onc-ni.th ody i! viliblq but thi! de?and,.liirdy upod thc !fiount of roclq ardt" or air ebici it ir8ppcdwithin tlc ica, etrddro upotr thc rmollnt of loolc ,nowliDg upon$a b.ig. Gcncrrly, tbr volumc{hich ir GnarSad liaabcter.o oic-t nth rtrd oncthird. A! iocb.rgrouth ofthc ctud B.nb of N.'wfouldl&d b.y !u irE !! . ddurtr to trlvig.tiotr for uD to a fortlight, but rftar Jurc thir dacrald to tbout lln d!y!, Thc b.r8r *bich iG grourdd uponthr Binls ,cco to turvivr for long pcriod!,po.siblyup to o[! nonth. Ofi l'f.pfoundL!4 rbc frEqr&ocyof !c.-fo& rbc dcolity of frhitrg v!.!dr, ltrd th. coatiNour [o* of trrfio sdd othar da4lfa lo thc .rinbf Frtu oficc" I! ltgt thc North Athotio Tr.cl A!F.o.ot w.! dcvirad,whichhid downroutcsto bc followrd by r.st- end wcst-bound taafrc,rech routc hsvitrgr lcpuarc saason,Thcrascalons\rE c varid from yclr to Jrc.r dcpcndingupoo thc conditions.Msny shipowncrs took prn io this rgr..Ecnt, aDdnaturrlly it lcft Mastc.saod Ofrcan nor! fira to concantrrt! upon thc hazrdr of ica Collitiont bcc.mc lcarfrcqu.at but icc trrgadicrcotrtiouo4culEistids i! lho l6t of thctlt@rtc,Tbr folowirs yaar( l9l3), a! IrtalnrtioDrl lcc Prtrol sr. at up to tac? a vigiLnt r.rtch on fhc Doatdqrro|rt ioc rrat" Todly thc Ftrol it n iitrilcd by !urf.!. .!d .ir c ft, |!d i. Er!|rFd by ahcUnitcd Strt . Co.rt$rrd, whilc tbc cort L tb.rd bctnc.o rhc nriooa orritino Govaiuanta. Duritrg ttc ica railoA thc Itrtrol brold65ts in bulLti!! rt dm lomc tiDGin Mdch. AIbr .ad l2m G.M.T. Gt€rydey, commcDcidg rlcaivhg thc fr.t bu[6in, Mstcn |'c skGd to tt|trlmit ful Etbcf rr?ort cllry rix hourswhih thcy all situatcdbatwca!th. /Oth .dd 5othp6r.[cb.!d thc 42rd aod60thbciidi.n. of w.!t loqirudc. This t.trla r dld Ftrpoaq for it arairtathr lca Patrolard cdabLrthc htilr to t @ . do.. trrck o! .hip! i! rh. vbinig. Th. lco Pdrol mry ftDorl vclsclswbichlrc obacrvldool to bard ica wrmingr. 109
ICE Bdor! ,ailitrg, M|!tai!.r! ldvir.d to obtriD rll polaibb bforEatioD &t8rrti!8 ica locitad ia tb! vicitrity of thair bt Ddcd couna Oo thc eoyalc rhay rbould d.nnac thc uE6t vigibnca iD d.rhrat or poot vi.ibility, .d nrlc rutE thrt cEry ir bull.ri! ir rlociYd.nd brooght !o tb.ir trodrcoiriE€dLtdy. Tbc followiry arlaaoDGof rbc nrny tcrnr l|lad ir coDlacio! with ica lavilitioa: &rar.'c v*l whicb i! h6hd iD .Dd lurroudd by ic.. Thc rhip ca!trot b cottolLd, but ir not mcc*rrrily udcr prirruE fron thc
rc* tortg. th. oFrrtion of forciq r g.y $rough hc uadcrtto rhip,r DOIL! pOWCr.
50 fi
loft
16'F
l* ft
Carrrtt' fbc bfcatint svry of icc ftoE r bcrg;glrci6, or b.rriai. CorBqt ationof i@ ov.x thc .cs fu matsurtd ia cightt of thc l.{ sudrcc.Whctrotrc
tcE Pacf ira. othcrgiscaaLd t d t?. or icld ioc.whan lbc Fok b8 !o LDcsor kadr vkiblc it i! rcfcnrd to r! cl* prc,k Wbaoopat, silh mrtry frrcs visitrlc,it n y b 6lld loos, sdbE, or &Yt tc.' rld ca! lomatimcabalaviSEtrdat ful tpccd. Pancakeicei n@tl!-fofiitodpiac.s,circularin shaF, ttd up to 2 m 6ft in dismctrr.Thaains al! oftadriirad. in cloccFc.k-iccahcd oE c.t of icc R{ted ic.: tn GM dM ovcrri&s alothcr, uodcrPrcssura ,Rotta,irr. icc whichi! hotrcycoEbddlE to tha9i!8, Sc.eww pa.k:ia paEki{' uddrr coolhot rotatio! ducro windafraclt. Thc moliotrof thc icc is &rScroB to a rhip'. phtitr& sloru irr.' icc whichha! bacnc8t uhol!" st rinS, thc rcl of forring s ahiptttough cloccFck by sortils tha cngincarhcad.nd thc rudd.r from aktcto rfttc'Tbc io6 rrc fotlcd aFlt Srrrr i! d.d!c dudgeicc, S/tda..'or 6rdri, ootrlitt! of ttn![, roft ica .ld alulb, rld it laualy rbc arcctafp ofp.ct ica. srr{r[: icc cr,ttat o[ lhc va&da rufrcc' It Poaaaastro Lantnaan ard ir thc f$t ttata of tutfrca fttatilg Tbc walcralpa.rt oily ald qpaqua fooE i6?.'na*tyfomcd ica rYitbno lr|c6 of huerdoc&iog.lt b uP 8in to an on thick. lyo*i,E: bding oa alcltitrgthroughtha io.NAVIGATIOi{ IN I@ (.) Itt,.t| r.tid d 6. V..td Whctrthc vclacli! crF{.d to p|!. thlouth Fcf ica,ttfuh i! lhc North Prcific may bc vcrt prolifr, thc cr,a* ahouldcquiPltaodv.a ?ith clothitrgluitrblc for !u.h r voy,4!. Thc dcd( nxLiffiy, ud if pocritJbtha rifgbg loo, rhodd b. colltld *ith c.trv8. Tha ha.ti!8 3yrtad3throudout thr rcaaalmust bc cbac@ PuDpilt &at orti' huhd, .!d r[ drrinrgc c.h.clcd.Qurntiti.. ofdtling ooEpould Dry ba put aborrd .d tbc dccb lad lup.rrtstlctur€ Goatadxitf, it ju.t ald h..It sthaa. Th. bcfor! crcountcdrf frEzidt tloFrtutla ptitrt-b.uth or,prty may bc rppliad by coopound 8un Pktara. |trd irc rtatt ctr lhoutd bc providld. A mattod rt .otb r pkbrc, brt h8 oDlyonc atkc, thc .nd of whichif ll.ttcrcd out ilto r l0-12'ao bhdr. itc insuunadt i. lrcd riDiLtly fo a crrFDtadt dE, eith tbc hgr rcl !Frt, rd cmployilg a stort choplitE noti(m. It ir advisebtcto natc surctb.t th. thip ir nd oquiP.d ritl d.D.l! cotrtrolSEarrld lc.l€toPinS aquilD.ot, itAdiag @aat, t.!4 aiaal A $rolity of d.tr* lhorirg, coltuiotrrut& .nd Ftcdt ti!.rt{ol|F[ lll
!cB aoftsood ts.dg6 dry provc lo b. of valua l.tr fi€jnt tcnpaartttrts fro Elio dlct .tc.m ctrgi[csrhould bGdrrircd ad thc vc.tHcck iloler.d rld dEitrad. wirtct-gr.dc oib thould bc ulad ebarc rr.om6aodd. Pctrolcngina, ifwrtcr-coolcd,tbould bc driilad oac$lippcd rith aiti-frcarc, sld brttcrica carcdfor rccoding to tbE&alc/a i!_ ruuc'tion!.SomcthoughtshouHbc 8ivctrto . ruitrblcjury ruddrafoa thc pi.ticuh vcr..l, .!d tb. traclaaary fr|r obtdlad. Thi! Bummlryof prrcrutiorF ir by !o mc.!, oospLti ltul i3 itrtcrdcd to cov6 ralirnt point! (b) TL hd.dhof lc. most rcliablc irdicrtiod of thc plErctracof icld icaaDdof Oncof tha ro crttlmely lirgE bcr& sucbs. s tabular tyPq i! ,cr ,l,h&' Tbia jr 3 wbitbh glfi! iD lha sky,oo thc ho.izo! in lha diractiot of tha ba, lDd may cxtcndto l5 d.grcd dtituda lt jr duc to thc intcalc Glaatioo of UghtfrorDthc icc su.facc,atrd accordinglo tnrtry dpctiaoccd Atctic lldgatori i. molt marlcd i! r clcar,fDc tnorphclcwblo thc lky i! rnifonnly covct€dwith cloud, Tha ,.. .ppca$ bhok baaid.tDc icc, |trd llfcciiolr faol! thc 3.. Droducca wrat !t/. Thi! cfiacti! Dort tn.*cd l'ithin |lr icc blirl, prni:uLdy wh.d thr thiP ir b.*t rld rP p..rs a3black3lc.t or prtchcs\tithi! thc blint' It b r|ldul itr thst it itrdirrs op.o *tt.r ltrd L.dr. If thc ic. t i i! Floflilh it Dry indi6tc ao ic+cowrcdlsnd m!ss.If tbc icc i! lot ldovovlatd tb a.Dc Fllov hazr r|ay tc .ocouotcFd dlapitolhc ibaatcc ofLld. TtG icr btiot i! do6t brilirnr dt r a frts[ frtl ofraow upoa thc icc idd. Icc btint is oft.r ,..r, fofiun t ly, .t ligbt rt s4rl t! by dry, p.t' ticr{.rly if thdr iJ eooditit. Thc horizoot l bgt\ .nd to .oDc .!tcnt thc Mght, of tbc blint givcr goodindic.rioDof thc idd |tt - By day,u{dcr doudtqa conditio , thcrEEay ba !o icc blint, bot tdrlctio! ory produccr mit.Sp ofrbc ica othcr d!tt! irdud! |o .brupt rDoothitrgof ttc i.a tnd awdl 'tich mly irldicatr kc to windwr.d. Birdi |!d t ab aitltad fer fto@ Lld nr|y b. in rhc vtuitri9 of . ptc*. A ruddld f,dt of fog D.y b. .f,' Fic|trcod on tha adgaof an ioa ic]d ald rlto latSaaNFltGaol aca !moh, vhcn tl|c laa rppc.n to bc rtlaDinfi Tbc loundt of dl.ill.f,n' tintr.Dd cdving of trowhfr b|! llt dy ba di*ot .d, thit.bo b.tog r wrrdn& Rrdrr shoulddctccts lrr8p bcrgin 5uffcictrttimc but icc-cchocfatl orc-lirticth a! cffcrcnt13thip cctocs.Sn|ll ic. .ad bcr8' maybc lost in tlla s.a clull.t. Thc usc of thc whistL to rcturn an .cho from icc fuuarclhblc,bacaurathc cootouttofthc iocDry pr!$ldt |rrcha! ccbo; furit r, . fog b.nt h litdy to r!t!.! . f.Lc .cho' Ary ruddaochlltaa iD a or dr taoF|tutt ahord lot bc rdiod upoa|t t! irdicatioo tbrt icc ir dt tl2
ICE If Srowlc6 er. siShtcd,s€vcralin a gronP, it mat indicata that. bcr8 i! to windward. from which thcy havc bccn calvcd' Sincca gtowld !|ay bo sumci.ndy bi8 to c.usc scriousdemagc,a bcrg sightcd at nighl or in Door visibility should bc passcdro Ditdvat4 All lhcscwaming signsarc ooly supplcmcnlaryto a Soodloolout, ald ihis should bc mainlsincd i! suspcctcdwatcG fron both forwsrd and eloft, thc mcn bcing providcd with binoculars' ln clcar wcathcr r b€r8 mry bc 3igh&d 20 milcs away, dcFading uPon thc obscrvct's bci8lt rbovc acalcvcl, whilc in liSht rnist ot dtizlc lhc dislancc is r€duad to l-3 milcs. ln r loc, hazc thc tops of lalgp trcrgs may bc dctaclcd at distrnccs up to l0 milcs. In fog thc bcrg will {ppcar a! a whilc, lueitrous dtar,. Oo a clcar night *ithour nooDlighl it b unlik.ly that a sharplookoul wilt dctc.t a bcrgat distanccsb.yond aboul 5m mcttcs. url6s th. b€aringis kDo*n, and thc scamay thcn bc ot6lrvcd brclkit8 rlsinrt it, vicwcd through binoculats, at a rangp of up to a milc. (c) e|!S lL P.cf rvill havc a dcccptiwly qlrict appcataft., but is lo bc highly ThG ic. rBgcctcd at rll rimcs. If thc far boundlrid of thc ficld 8rc viiblc h i3 bcticr to dctour lhc prck ud avoid ir altogcthcr. If thc far boundari6 |tc not visiblc thc bar.rds withitr ihc pack arc unknown and thc ship mry ba bcact rnd dppcd lo both cr!6, thco, wc arrivc at thc wisclt c.trclusio! ofrll, which it to avoid pack icc at ill colts. If cotry it inGvitablci! lhould bc madc at right anglcs ta tha lee alg., whcra thc ic. ia brokct and loo5c.Thc vcssclis cntcrcd vcry slowly, rld rFcd i! g'rduelly idctcelcd to a $fc lcvcl, mdcavouring ncvct to lorc wry, for thctr thc to.3 wiu closc in on thc propcllcr etrd ruddcr. lrokoul! rhould bc postcd high up to wrtch for lcrds, thc laltcr po$ibly clo3ing vcry soon aft.r bcing sightcd.Thc conning 3hould bc donc from tho b.ktlp so rhrt a bcttcr apprcciation of lhc icc sizc is possiblc. At all tirDca,thc stcrn must bc carcd for, bcaring in mind that a ruddcr Dowdcnt to avoid a ic will swing lhc stcm towardr it. Mcn should bc po.tcd aG cquipFd with torchcs, $/hfutlcs,or a tclcpbolc, !o thll lhc bjidgc catr bc itformcd ithmcdislcly rhc proFllcr is codrtr8arcd, p|rticuLrly in thc casc of twio_scrcws. tt i5 unwisc to Gbtcr hummocky or raftcd icr whcrc prtssutc cxistt rdd thc v6s.l is lik ly to bc nippcd. Th. hummocks glncrally lic iD r dirrction at riSht .tr8lcs to thc liic of motio! of thc ioct, .trd Palsll.l to cnckr ald lcadr. Thc ravigrtion of pact icc lEquitas PAdcncr,colstatrt vigihncc, prcfcnbly rxpcricrc., aDd cxttcdtcly good judgcmcot Thc ship wrll pmb_ ably hradlc alu88fuhlyar tba low lpccds, and e tum may rcquilc t buRt abaadotr tbc cn8ifts, usiogfuU hclm. Thc shorlar end bcamiq tha shiP, thc battcr .hc will lum. Etr8inc movcmcnts from rhcad to as&rt, tnd 113
tcE vioc vlrsr, rhould bc nlldc crrEfullyto ivoid .trcasingthc thsfii!8 io low tadp.f'brr., which|rl dcEimcntrlto atcclrnd iron. Whcnthc cunrot is itr lhc lrsc di.lcliod r! lhc wind thc icc tcn& to oF!, but in thcrcr€rscconditiotr!. cl6a ptck is formcd.ID suchr pact thc fo6 *ill hav! to bc forccdrpsrt by slcwi!& and s thick fcndcr lhould bc rigSpdotcr thc 3t d. whcn clc.vi!8 thc ic. lhc ruddcrwill bavclittb cficct andth. sbipwill follow tbc ctact. SharprltlraiioDs ofcounc rhould bc rvoidcd, el'd thc ap.td tbould bc kcpt to itlcrr8p rvEyir clo3cprct, whilc up to 8 Lno$ canbc ulad 35tcd in sc.ttcrd p6ct ica.lr i! frcqucr y lEc6saryto work thcGDginc in p&k icc and8lthcr stc.dsry. whcDthisis doncthc ruddcr3houldbc tcpt rroidrhiF to afford sooc protcctiod to r siDgh rcr€w. Trvi& scrlwsrrc varyvuLocrrblcrytcn boving sstcmid ica,aodthc actionof sta.nflayihould bc tccomprdd by bur3tr rhcrd on thc proFlc(!) ehcoclrr icc approrctG thc ,6ce(3). Thc tqulti!8 *r!h wil tcod to cLdr r chan&l ir whichto cortitrucbackitrg, At trightit i! prdcrrbL ro hcavc-to,sitrocthc ldtaa cunot bc !acn. Tla vassclrhouldbc rtoppcdalongsidcthc lccd8a of thaicc,whcl! lhc will drilt sith thc Fck. If rhc i! .toppcd slotr8thc v..thrr cdgcthc phtiog i! lit ly ro bc !.riourly dsn.Scd by griDdiDgbcttr.a thc hull !!d rhc ica.whar hoE-to at Di8btr watchmustbc kcpt for Lrfc [oc3 aad bcrgr rNct mry wort througbtbc icld loerrdt thc abip.Such3 wrtcb shouldbc ailcd by ttc ulc ofpowcrful li8bb. Duti4 rhc dght ..a-wai.r-lubricetld t il+nd shsnt |tE itr d.!8pr offrca"itrg up, andi! tha crlc of rindFscrrw '&$.ls thc rfur pc.t t nt ahouldbc flkd wilh vrtar, l(.pt warE by mca!, of r strrm-hoaailjcctio4 Ia sdditio! to thi!, tbc cart rtcrtr tubcb.comaacxc.t iwly bridc at lorl tlnFratutla. h twia.cclcwship6th. rrn tub.3 3houldbc aiEilrrly k Dt watd. Modcn prrcticc i! ioclincdto oil-lubric.tld tid-.nd rhd! |nd Fovidcd rhc cortlcl gndc of oil i! urc4 thc d88!r of ft!.zing up i! rodl. A twin-ccrcwship6houldpttfcrttty n vigte icld icc itr tbc trka of |tr kc-b&atct. Whcncmploitrg sucha va$l it fu d6ir.ttL th fhc followingahipsbouldlot hlE. bc.m glitaa thsn thc brl tar, bactula tlc lcrd! .r..t d wiu ba qdtc trlrow. Followingan icbrcatct tDay Gst il ihlrp tum. on lbc cdgEof iocs, ud fcfdcfr .houldbc libarally u!a4 Whctraavisatingin 3ludgcthc condo:cr inlcrr may bcconccholcd with icc prniclcq aod! c.!. i! o! rccotdwhqt a ship*8 rbk to coDtbc frc m.in to lhc ndtr tca inicctiotr Thc frt bdt thi! by cooDacting Drio w.! tcpr aupplicdwitt *arrn YJ|t.t by couPlingil b rhccondcDlaf di!.,h!r8p,lhc srtrf coolilt aufici.ddy fo! lhc cond.n!.r to fulction. Hot wrtar ahouldbc rEadro iuah srt r clo.cL in ordd to pra,!trt ,oil pipc3froe frEitrg up. Any wiocl6 or dcck nlchhcry likaly ro bG 114
ICE rcquircdfor useshoutdb. kcp! slowlyruDningif iupplid by stlin, ooccLrtrpcraturqs appro.chfllaziog poinl SomctiDca. a v6scl rnty nevigat bctwccnthc pccl focud tbc cor.t' Itr thisc.r. a! ofrsholrwitrdb ddirrblc, .!d . 8r.vr dt!&r .xi!t! if thc wiDdchalgFsto sn orlhorc blo\r, fot thashipwil bcb6ct aodstnndcd. (d) UA.r B..ct Thc v6scl will bc ou! of cotrtrol,.rld vcsscbwith rtrriS[t sidc! rrr crp.ci.lly vulncrablaA ship bcsctin .arly rvintc. fu in Srrvr d!n86 from I build-upof prEssuEwithin thc pack,and from tcrSaworkitrS throuSbtha 6cld. Fftqucnt damagpto thr iuddcr and proFla(s) it litdy ehcn bclcl. Initiallt actiod should bc ttkcn rr for t dpFd v!*!d.
(.) lvt . Nf Th.rEi! litcly to bc coDsidcrabb ddltregcto thchull, ruddcr,!trd pr(F wb.l nippcdforwan4 i! to otdai Thc actiod uluaUy tatcn, FIHO, futl spcadaad u56full, lwiDgidgruddcr. Thc actioDDry b. .ccompsiicd by bu.t! of full ..hcadad fufl ast rn in th. c.!. of i .hip strGngthcdcd'for icc nsvigetion.If lhi! f.ik, rttcDrpbrhouldbc dadc to t.im rd/or liit thc rlsscl, !o rhlt ihc frt.3 bcrsaf. A ship bclat and 3ufcriry incrcrsi,lgprtsturc from thc p6ck may tar! hcr altil! hult bonom nippcdofr, lcavinghcr lying oD tftc icc. whco thc i{:cpora i! thr 3prio&or b.forc ifpin& !!d currrntt ttr ruitrblq thc abipfou!dcB. lf at anylimc r oan dcscrtr&ro thcicc ard wdtr ovc.it hc ahould crrry a boathookhcld horizortally acio$ hir ch.rt ro thrt if hc fdb bctwcctr006 or throwh a crackin a foc, hc ha !om. mcarl!of tup port (f) N.rtdbg N..r B.'tr Thc.c s.r p6st d lcrvinSitcm to hav.rd to avoidporritilc gio*Lrt Dur to cro6ioorrd Ecltiog rt 3cr-lcrtcl,il mry rppc.r tbrt thcy rt! smdl, and cloaclrvi8rtion ir poraitlc To|rtura or lcdlr. of icc rtl likdy to Fojqrt outw!.rd6flodr tbao bclow rrtlr for dirt|lccr ,t .xc.ss of ta metres,attdthcy mustthdrforc t givcna widc bcnh. C) Podtldrg 6. $tD An arrifcial horizoo may bc us.d for 3ightswhctrsurroundcdby p.ct ic.. A buckct of oil i! roitrblc. If . b.ct-$!h ir po.riuc, tbir rhodd bc ur.4 i.c. thc p|n ofttc horizodoDa rrciprocalbaariu fr6 thc body ir utilircd if clcsr of icc. Tbc irtroduc-tionof ratcllitG atrd Irren ad Dcccr trrn!|ftsions hrr Brratly simplif€d thc Foblctrr of pcirion fndiDg in prcl icc. 115
35ft
ICE (h) To*ing in Icc It has b€en found that a vcry shon towlinc is desi.able, bul in drc cascof largc vess.lswith high forccastlcsthis cntails a dimcdt lcad. A bridlc is gcoclally prEfcrablcto a sioglc tonlinc. Towing is only possibl€ through pancakc icc or olEo pack, a concentration of up to fivc. or six-tcnths bcing the m.ximum pcrmissibl. for this mancuvrc. lf thc toq,ing vessclhas to stop, a strotrg wash astcra from ihe propellcr(s) (i.c. cnginc(s) workcd full ah.ad bricfly) will Prev.nt thc to* from ovcr.idinS. (D Anchorilg ad Mooring A vessalshould ncver be aDchorcd ncar a glacier coast due lo th€ risk fron calvinSbcrgs.If forc€d !o anchorin icc th. chain shouldbc kep! at shor! stay. Therc is a great dangFrof such a vess€ldragging, particul.rly iflbc p6.k bcarsoo h.r wcathcrsidc.lfanchoritg ncarfasticc thc v.sscl rhould bc rcady to lcavc immcdiat ly thc wind blows onshorc, for with icc alrcady castashote,it follows that mo.c may aPproachfrom wind*ard. The windlasa.trginc, ifs&am-drivcn, should b. kapt running slowly whilc at anchor. la beys *ith drifting ice thc shallow.st, 3afc depthsshould bc choscnfor at anchorig!, for thcn largEbcrgs or flocs will probablygroundbcforEstrikingthc shjp. Wlrcn hovc-to at night it is trot oormrlly ncccssaryto sccurc to tlrc icc. lt is bettcr to stop ftar small flocs rathcr than bi8 otrcs,baaauscthc formcr, undcr ptcssurc,will hummock aod raft and r.licvc thc ship of strass.lfit is csscotialto s.cuG, th. vassclshould lay alolgsidc a floc having a concavcbight itr ir with two projrctions, rathcr likr al srtificial dock. Thc hult is thcn clerr of icc, cxccpt et thc projcclioos (whcrc fctr' dcrs cao be uscd),*hich will pro!€ct lhc ship lo somccxt.Dt from drift' ing flo€s. Such a floc is somctimcscellcd tn ic. do.k. Thc vcss.l i8 sccurrd cither with a spccial ic. anchor droppcd otr to thc icc or clsc by cutring r shallow, fltt-bottomcd hob it thc ic. as far from thc 6hip ai possibieand scning a baulk oftimbcr in it calLd t d.aAnat' W^t t i3 thcn poured itrto thc holc to f.lczc thc dcadman into lhc ic!. A hc.vy strop is attach.d to lhc timbcr. Tha mooridg lioc mty rhco bc passcd ash6rcto thc dcadmaa,whcrr lhc ayaof thc lioc is laaurEdto thc strop by mcansofa wooda! to88lc.
2CfF 3dF
(t) Ic. Accrction Thc addition of toPwcight icc .dvcrsdy afccts thc slability of thc vcsscland caur€sdama8cto grar, ad injury to tbc crcw, padcularly in thc cascof ic. falling froD riggidg sad tbc masts,rcrirls, ctc. S.a_watci spray {/ill fr..za otr to a cold supc6tructut! *tctr thc rir tcmFraturc i3 b.low -6"C and tbc waler tcmperatureis bclow -l-C, the freczrng l16
tcE ooinl of s.o-wata.bcing -2"C. h r wind of twclvcknotslld rbovc' 2Al"F iudct suchcoldirioas, rhc ioc Eay build uP otr dacb ard ttn&-nfta id cxct3sof 5 cm Fr hour, portic rrly iD a hcad_ 2 i n at e rrlc aornctimcs *ind. G&zadfrod it likcly to occuro! thc vrlsd whc! rait f.lb o! to th! fr!.ziar .ru.trlt!+ .!d tb build-uPof Oit iccmly b. vqy r.pid. FG.helcr icc. auchar thjf ir vary brittb .!d G.tily brota! twty, udilc rrlt-wrtcr icc. Thc formrtion of thrcd frolt otr th! drck wil plwctrl from tccpi!8 ol thcir fcct,ud.rlt ahouldb. rprinltcd oDiL DaoDIc _ 'It drngcr oa. li3t arisd *han !Pr.y is ahipPcdod ody oncridc of thc vrtad.ll b Eoat iDportalt lo cl€artlc icc r! qui:kly .t pottitto, rld in thi! colncclio!, dl lnow thould ttc rwcpt up |ad jcttilonad tt ooccbcfol! it D{ctt tighl lf wrlhd rw.y rvithsslt wrlcr by Ectu! of I haa thc dr rod 6GrtcdFr.turcr lbould bc chccl(cdhcfoEhd4 olhar*i!a thc wtta mry ftlcn. Thc uaaof r d+icirlg comDouddsill Di!i' eiro thc occrctiol of ic. lsd facilitttc it! ltoovd thaitallcr. Thc ioa lhouH bc choppcdiwrt Yil! pict!, thovcb, .d mtSoclr u qubtlt rr tbc mco crl work, Thc uscofr rtcaD hola to Dclt tbc ioaDlt ba dtaeprcd, but it mry bc foutrdthlt th! rt aD it tuuimrtitrs itrto hoar frolt,iunhcr as8ravrtilg mrtt rs. Sublitutiotr rrfao to rhc htaritio! ofr gar itrto ..olid wilhout p.tsilg thro'r$ e Iiquid alrge TG b$ of somcwrtcb, prnicularly [rhi4 cI'$ hr.3bactrrttribut d to a r.Did build-upof iccrnd htrf qp6idng. Subftt zi!8 Gop.trturta ard icc rccrctiotr mulr bc rrponcd to dl lhiF rtrd locd Auootitic. iDocdi.tt ly. Icc rcc.ltion oD wh.clhouscwindowscrn bc ltdlimiz.d by thc uac of.lcctrkdly hastcdglassin conjuction vith ft!sh'*rtc. rprrys rnd charic wicn. soDc vcssclshrvc stlas pipcs6ttad tound crtcrior Ect t doo; so thrt ttlc dogrdo oot fr..zc uP, Prrl€niin! thcm from bcilg oFDcd. Tb irrcrutiond Icc Prtrol, ptwioutly mcntioncd,is Piid fo. by cotrdbutioDsfrom Bcllium, Crorda, tbc USA, thc USS& Spri.' J.Datr,Dcndtrl, Fraocc,ltaly, Holand, Norvry, Su,cdcn,el'd thc U;itcd Kinsdom.Evcryyrar on l{ April, th. Ptrrol &oF r wrrth rt tbc aircof rhc sinlil8 of thc TITAMC.
tl1
CHAPTER VI
LIFE-SAVINGAND DISTRESS
Fl-lsE importancc of inslantly .e.ogoising all distrc$ iignalt md I bcitrg fuuy convcrsantwith thck use,toS.thcr wilh lhc proccdurr for rcndcring assi3lencc,csnnot b too strongly €mph$b.d. For I ihir &ason e *holc chaptcr is dcvotcd to this s.ction. Thc ta&r rhould thoroughly familiarisc himsclf with thc tcxt, contcntsof curEtrt Noticca to Marincrspublishcdby thc Admiraky. and thc excellcntMcrchant Shipping Notice published by the D.partmcnt of Transpon in thc U.K. (D.o.T.). Th€sc public.tions rrc obtlineblc ftec by Mast€rs ftom Mcrcaotile Marinc offces and Custon Houla$ Most maritimc countriG providc a lifc-s|ing scrviccfo. FrsoD! iD distnss in thor coastel aFas. Onc of thc big86t fsctotr in pmviding assistanc.is thc radio walch rcquiFd ro bc maitrtaincd by vcssalsof 50O tonsgrossand upwards.The watchis k€pt on a frcquencyof 500kHz if radictclesrapfiy(wfD is fittcd, and on 2182 kHz with radio-tclcphony (RfD. Thc warch is to bc meintaia.d ai all timcs cxca?t ebcn thc opcrator is Frforming othcr nacaasarydutics, duting ehicb tim6 hc should cndcavour to kcap t loudapcakcr warch. Sil.ot pcrio& rrr laid down from 15to lt and 45 to tE mirut6 prst a.ch hout ofG.M.T., during which lh€ frcqucncy of 500 kHz must not bc uscd cxccpt for distrc$, urSFncy,or sefcty sigDals.ln thc csscof R/T ttc libnt Friod! for 2182kHz are from (I) to 03 and 30lo 33 minutcspastcachhour of G.M.T. During s[ rh6c silcot F iods cv.n vdscb whicb do not comc undcr thc Mcrchaot Shipping (Radio) Rulcs rcquircmcnt! a.! $k"cd to maitrtain r getch. Whco an oFrator hcars! distr.$ €all hc must atrlwai it it lhc ramc timc allosdng e sufrcicDt intcrval for shipsto ackoowl.dSpit sbich trt closcr to ihc dbtEss.d vcslcl. Hc murl th.n infotu bi! Meltcr of thc c.Il, whcth.r othrr ahips ecknowlcdgcd il and thc politionr of tholc 3hips,Thc Mastd may thcn iostruct him to rcFst thc call otr thc dis_ trrss frcqucncy,particularly ifhis ol/n ship is utablc to rctrdcr tssistrocc or if othcr ships havc not acknowlcdSadthc initial c5[. All .clcvant perticulaB must bc cntcrEditrto tha Redio Logbook. Meny British shipshavc portablc wff aquipmcnt for uscid lfcttor$. Thcscunitsare able1otransmiton 5m and E364kHz and to rcc.ivcon
11E
LTFE.SAVINC AND DISTRESS 500 kHz. Thcy ar. also ablc to automatic{lly transmit on 5m lHz, thc k/cs k/cs aulGalarm signal (12 dashcs hrving onc sccoid in&rva|& .ll mtdc within a minulc), foUowcd by SOS scnt thrcc tilncg togcthcr with a subscqucrt lonS dash, so thal listcncrs can lakc r tadio bcati!8 ofthc rransmirtcr.On 8364 kH/ lha samcsiSnalis automaticallyleycd with k/ca tbc crccption of thc eoto-alarm siSnal.A maDudltcy is also providcd. disat.tt tigah *nt to a sp.cific addrcssarc unwirc, sinc! in Pivi rhc rbscncc of a gcncral distcss call lhc public acrviccsarc unablc lo rcndcr alsistanccor to tclay lhc c.lt Publicly. Ifthc scodcr Pcuni! of Lloyd'r bcing informcd, thcn and only thcn, thc Coastgplrd wil bG notiicd, who will alcrt acscrlcscrviccswhcncncccssary. VEISEI.S MSSING OI OVERDTJE By contacting Lloyd's IntclliSlnc. DcPertmcnt thc lattcr wiU lcnd out a g.na'.I mcss:t8Eto shipPing on rhc owncr's bchalc via a Coast Radio Station. Lloyd's will also alcrt appropriatc Coastguardsiation!. For frshingvcsscls,howcvcr, thc Codstgusrdsmay be infotm.d dircct, or pr.fcrably through thc local Inspcctot of Fishctict (or sinilar oftccr), who commcnct a saarchand rcscucscrviccon thcir own initiativc. PUALIC DISTRESS SERVICBS IN THE UMTED KNGDOM In addition to vcssclsin thc vicinity ofthc distr6s call, a$istrncc m.y bc rcndcr€d by any of the followinE: Coas, Radio StatrbN (controlled by Bdtish Tel€com ht.), who keep warch oo 5m and 2lt2 tI'Iz. A cal is rclayed on all fitquercies l/cs b ;hip6 al s€a and also to shore Aulhotities by othcr suitsble conminication. Thcse stations ar€ mo6dy able to trb rrdio beirinSs of thc catl on 5(X)lHz---{ome can also do it on 2lt2 tHz. They tecp l/cs Ucs H.M. Coaseuad inform.d lhougioot. The Rotal Natioul Lifcboa, I^ttitulian b $ai'ittained by charity. Each of the 12Ooff-shore boats has R/T oFrating on 21E2kHz. All k/cs arc fitted with VHF/FM and MF radio together with VHF and MF radio dircction-findir8 equipment. Hd Maj.sty't Coartguad is a lifc-saving orS isation *hich kr€o6 a radio watch at 99 ccoEEs on VHF CbanD€l 16. Tbe ar€a covircd extends from the UK west to 3f west and betweq 45' at|d 61" North. Th. Ror?'lNaey pto\tfutF scarch vesr€ls,airtr"Nfl atd hrlicopicra. Thc Rotal lit Fotce providcs a sirnihr scrvicc !o thc Roy.l Nsvy, Thcy arc primarily rcsponsrbl€for s.rvicc and civil aiffiaft c8ullri6, although thcy extcnd thcir scrvicc to all pcrsonswhcn ablc to do 30. Ai. ,tafrc .ontrol c.ntr.r, which assist in gthcritg end rcLrint sarch dala.
119
LIFB.CAVINO AND DISTI,ESS |r! noti6.d of c.!udti.. by Co|!r Rdio St tiolr, .d |rc I&/r ttad tlapotr|iblc for ilforDilf ocaa!.loitrt tt[t. Ofrcqt oftt ntfaf Ir.prt rratt, whocodtactthaCoadfrdd tvb.o fthirt vqa.& .I! ovladuc, DUTTESOF MTSTEN A Maald, or pcrconi! c.har8.ofs t!aa4 mult.!.i!t cvcryFl8o! lt ras h dsnfFr of bcitrgloat,cv.o if thrt Frctr i! froE aDclctiy Stltr. Hc ItrUltdb thir aotrou a5thct€b no la.iout ihtr8cr to bit own .hiP, DarrcoEm or crlw, A.r aoo! er hc rcccitd thc dilttt$ call, hc m}tt irocccd a: quic.ny |! poa.ibh to t[c ditt!..t utr rld itrdio.t hit iotcatoor d ttc iirt irca lE.!o! or Fr.o!!. I{c nay bc ciccrptcd f.orn &ing if: (l) h. i! unablcto do ro; or (D hc cotrtidanit utrruonrua; or (3) hGoodidcn it u!trcc.3r{rY;or (4) h. i! td..!.d froD tDcrbow rtstutory obli! iolt Th. M.!&r of a \,6!cl itr diltlj.ss ttr.y t qtdtt irt ! tLip wbi:h h!! .!rwtl!d hi! c.ll. Thrt ,hip mu.t th.s procccdto hie *ith dl tpc.d. Mr.tcfir lrt rdc.*d fro|! ttcir ouif.tio!! to t!nd6 uaiat lcc aa,ooa a! tbayhc.r of oth.r lbiF bcingrcqui iliotad (Providcdlhc hltrr t!! coEplirt), or whctrthry erc ofrciauy iDforDcdlbt r|siat|acc ir no Iolgpr Dccaaaary. If tho Mot ( frik to .bidc by th.!. ltrtutory rcquiltoc.tt h. i. ruiltv ofs Disdlocstror|r.If hc docalot rctrdcr|taittllcg thc Madrr ;f airiibh .hip rcgi.rcrcdi! thc Utritld Ki!8doE bu.t clt r bi. t!.' sonsin thc Ofrcisl Logbook.Evcrydistrcssmca3a&rcccivcdmustba cDGrcdin lhii Logbook. VENfiXI' IN DS'TNESS Sigad! to b. uaad|rt: (l) A rpn o! othlf, .f,plo6ivr ti8!d f$d .t int n'd! of $out . Ditrula. (2) - A contruou! aoutrdingwith !try fof tiFrUing spPrrdur. CftG DOT sueceststhal this is unrvis€,and rccommendthal SOS rhoutdd;nr& cotrtiluou.lv on tbc ryFrrtu!.) (, Roctct or thdb ibtwilt rld rtrn' 0rrd o!. .t e tirnc rt rhori i lrvdr (,1)SOSirdc h thc Mona co& o! th. Wff lpFrrtut, ot by .rly othcr ridtlint mcthod'
lm
LIFE-SAVINC AND DISTR'ESS (5) Thc tDokd word 'M.yd.y' trrltmittld by Rff' (6i Thc t;ldoaliot t CodGflf tislal 'NC . "orrp,itioc " aqurrcf,egheviogrbovc it or bclowi! r iii ' ' isi-d bU.-or alvtlilag nscrnblingt bdl. (Thi' i! c'llcd thc ditt"t den,,l.l ttt frarneson ttre vesselsuchas a buming tar barrel (The DOT r€commend that rockcis or red flares arc mucb morc efficient.) f9) e iocia iroducing a rcd iat on a perachutc,or ' rcd h'nd
nrrc. in Wrr or Rrt. (10)Thcluto-thrmsignal
(l l) An orrD8!3mok._ri8!rl. ilzi e vcnicrl rnotionof r Fnon's axt Ddad!rm!' ii3') sicnatstransrnitteaby an EmergcncyPositionIndicating Rtdio Beacon.(SeePage370) Db.tr nochtt |!d fb!6 Shior of OasscsI and 7 ara rcquiaadto caaryt$€lvc roclctt, clci cicctiir r rcd fiart on a panchutc.vdsalr of cartaitrotbcr clas'6 mly ;;6,i ;t'] rcd hrnd:lstts, ..ch tbtowing 6vc rcd sr'rs to '5 m t$ ft -iini.irt.o*i"r dtitud.. and dislrcssrockcls,rcd fl.rcs and smokcsignd' thrct )cars aficr marufecturc' Thc condcmncd Uc rcn"-*ca snoutd oncs'rnai uc jcrrlsoncain iccp watcrwcll awayfrorn co'3ls to tutd of thcir b.ingwash.dtshorc' atginsithcpossibility U* of lrbf.3 Strb No dbtrcsssignrl b to bc u3cdfor any olhcr Puregs'-'TE ll* oI proruorlco' 3i.!ab whicharclik.lv to bcconfirscdwith distrcss3ignds13 ald lh'|| ortcR' thc Mastcr's upon only D'irtrtir sislals.rc to bc uscd (oJ anoItrcr-tnD or dro,Sct' immiocnt add (d) io scnous thiP i3 bit onlyif or aircraft is iD similardangcrand cannotitscll us' a slgnal or (', rI a!ri3tr!c. it rcquiradrddilionel to thl alr.:dy avrilablc' . - - .. Thc tiFd tr|u3tbc Fvotcd ifrlsistlnc:. is no lol8et rlqulnoo r'rlurc waic of timc lnd atlri'ly to othcr o oo rttiiro.v c|ut" unncc.tss!|ry F !O!t. Dtrf !! d UrFncy Sltnb Pro..dE fd Tr|roitd4 Frcou.ncicsuscdar. 5m kHz (wiT) and 2lt2 kHz (RfD Atry otncr f..""ircr tiiv u" "t"a, ttowcvcr,'providcdessistanccwill b' summoncd
i"ii o"ilirvl" tmt ritqucncy.ibc w6 rlarm sigml i! rutomttirlly in on. minutc Ttrit oPcoi" thc lulc ii"*aloa slna. t*.t"",i$h; to shiF snd colst radiostttio6 lh't indicatc! rtirats Jotncr sttipr.tt 121
LIFE.SAVINGAND DISTRESS r dilta6s call i! rbout ro bc traamittcd. It is imEcdirtcly folo*ld by SOS!.nt thftc lim6lo opdatr ccrtaidotlt6 ruto-alarms.Tlao fouors thc Wff distr.ssc.I .ft r a Friod of2 rdtrutG wNci illow! oparators to !t nd by. Thc cdl corristr of SOS3atrtthrla timas,follocrld by thc word 'DE , follo*cd by thc ship'scall sigDsaDttht c tim6. Thcn folwhichcolsistsofrhc sbip'smmc' positior, Drturcof lowsthamcasrga, distr6s, rtrd .srfutaaccrlquirtd. lncludd in this, for a y63cl drifting, wouldbc thc catimatd rrtc add diractionof drift. kstly, thc.Eshould bc .cdt two lc6ccond darhcsto cneblcradio bcarin$ to bc bkcn. Othcr siglalr, visualaod sound,sbouldbc uscdalso,in da.kNsr aDd poor visibility. Ttc Rft rlarm siFrl consistsof two ton s ttusmittad altcm.tcly aodautometicdlyoycr. Fiod of 30s.coDds.Aftlr 2 minuta6thc Rff distr*r catl 3houldbc acn!consistingof thr distrcsssi8!d 'Maydry' spolcn thrcr tim6, followcd by thc wor& 'This is', fo owcd by lhc ship'3lamc spokcnth&a tm6. Thc distrcssmclsagri3 thcDscDtasfo!
w/"t
Tb w|f Ua..ct S&El )OO( itr rhc Morsccodc,rrpadtd thtaathan aod lha rpot o word 'PAN-PAN' threc timeson R/T, .Ie us€dto itrdicatcrn urgptrtmca,rgp Fgrrdiry thc safctyof thc ship or a pcrloD on boad, or within ai8ht lr do6 not ncc*rrdly irdicatc immin st drogpror thc nc.d for in||t.didc lrcbtarca Thir .iglal hr! priority ovc. a[ siSDaliothc. tl|.l distr.asii8rdr. lt ia ooly u!.d !i a gcncr.l signal(to no spccificsddrcsr),vhctr a Martcr uscs fo wartrabiparnd lrdtion! tbat hc may shor{y hrvc to ura tha dirtrlit riFrl. In su€hce!6 thcsigld mustbc Evokcqif pEcautionaiy tction o! thcparl of othcrFson! bccomdumGc6srly. ATStr;TAIYCEAVAIL^BI.E FNOM ANCNAFT Air(irlt c.r |rrfut by dropdoSmrrkaft, rdok oaiamc ioat!, atrd survivrl cquipmcnt,consistirSof a ninc-pc.son.ubbcrdinlhy ard two b.tr of rup?1i6.Tbcy ca|l carry out &r rir !..rc,h, locatao carurlty, l..p it utrdcrob6.rvation,rtrd guidcsurfscccraft to iL Flinf-bot3 m.y bc rblc ro rlight aadpick up survivors,Hclicoplc6mry dso pick up ruavivorr. Us. of S..rd ad R6.r. H.li.ott rs Th€recar|rcsc||el0 to lE $[vircrs &Frding otrthetyF oI machitrc. Som. crry f,|ccc. Navig.to. cquiplncnr. Thcy do not normslly 2m miL3 opcrrtc mra thao 450 Lm from ba!c, .Dd b|vc VHF.trd/or IJIIF
lz2
LTFE.SAVINGAND DISTRBSS r.dio and FrhaF 2lA, }llz Rn. The ship approachcdby the belicoptcrshould: (a) Uscan orangcamokcsigrd to iodic.ic hcrs.lf, or dtcrt.tir&ly (D)use a signallinglamp to give a steadylight. (c) Hcad the ship accordingto tba pilot's recomn€ndrtions. froroleewad.Thechocen8r€aof dect Tbehelicopterwill approach shouldbemarkedwith a yellowcircularParch5m in d.lameter. (d) Tow a mrn to bc r.scucd,astcm,in a boat otr a long Fintcr, if the hclicoptcr cannotpick up direc{ from thc ship. (e) Ncvcr..curr tbc winchwirr or allolr it to bccomcfoulcd. (t) If on 6r., havctllc witrdabout2 pointson the port bow. (r) Indicetcaurfaccwind ditction with fagt, crc. (r) Do not touchthc winchwircuntilil is €anhcd. (i) Clca. all looscgFarfrom thc transfq arca. Thc hclicopt€rlvill rccovcra manin thc watcrby: (l) lr\lcring a .uop to him on thc witrchwirc(if h. is rbL to hclp himsclf),or (2) low.r a crcwmcmbcrfrorn lhc hclicoptcrto thc msn ifhc fuhclF tcss. In bad weathertbe lli-lirc techniquemay be usedv.herebythe winchwircis enendedusinga rope messcnger.Oncc this is lo*ercd to tbe deck and in hatrd, but not secued, the hclicoptcr will move to the side and desceod,paylngout tbe {,ire as it do€sso, until the hook and strop arc on deck. AIRCNAFT Radiois not canicd by all civil ai.crafi. An aitcrrft dislrcstcall *ill normrlly bc transmittcdby radio on thc ftcqucncyin uscal rhcllmc b.twccn thc &ircraftand th. tppropriatc Air Traffc CoDtrolCcnlrc. lf unablcto makcconbct, thc aircraft may uscany othct ftcqucncy thc callrvillbc madc ro dert anyD/F station.In addition,if possiblc, on 5(DkHz. Diit
!3 SilDLs
(l) By WfI on 500 &Hz 'SOS' s€nt (hrcerimcs,followcd by 'DE, thcn thc call siSnscnt thrcc (itrcs, lhc position. natuc of distrcss and lyp€ of assislanccraquir.d. (2) By RfI, rhc word 'MAYDAY' spokcnlhr€.lirncs, follo*td by thc call siSn scnt th.cr lirncs snd thcn thc information rs in (l)
IB
LIFB-SAVINO AND DISTR,BSS (3) Viiudly, r td pyrotachnicliSht or li8hts,r rd Frrchuic nsrq or thc group'SOS'on siStdliry appar.tu!. Mcrch| sbiF will rcrnrrlly bc irfo.Dcd of aircrdl caludtid 3t s.a by Cor.t Radio Statiotra,brordest on 500 lllz o.2182 lHz. SbiF6nry idc.d bcconrcrwltc of thc c$llrlty by (a) Pickin! up or i$tcrccptingcallsm.dc by thc airctaft on gI) or 2182kHz or on VHF Channcl16.or (r) by bcaringrad findin8tha dircclionof thc 500kHztftnlmission nrsdcfrom a survivalcloft oa (.) by pickingup mcs.lag.s f.om Saarcbend Rcscuc(SAR)8ircrtft. An aitcrrft wbich hes locrrcd r calualty, or sbip oa aircidl in distr6s, ney notify ihiF in thc srlr by prrsiDga rtrrsrrgpi! Phin Llg|egr on . signalliaghnp Ptdxcd by thc groupXXX. It mry rl5o to rttnct a shiy's&ttention, (o) Firc & succassion of whircpyrotcchnicli8hts,snd/or (t) rcFr&dly switchthc htrding lightson .nd ofr, rnd/or (.) &p.!t.dly rnd irrcgut dy flashit! trriviSstionligbt!. If lhc rircraft wishcsto guid. thc ship to thc c.luatty or dbtr.ss rrce- it mry 0y low aroundlhc ship, or closs shcadof h€r rt low dtitudc, oFning md closingtbc throttlc or chrnginSthc propclld pitc.h.(fo canc.l eny i$trudionE thc sircrsft mry cttry out this procadurrattcm of thc.hip.) Thcrir.raft wil thn f,y otr itr thcdirlc1ion in wbict th. ,hip is to bc lcd. Britirh pilott wil rocl tb.i. wingrrvhcn ffyirt ofr roMr& thc casu!.lty.Th. sltip shouldtclnowkdS. .I tb.s. rrcsraS.3by scodinga scricsof "fs i4 thc Morsccod.. Thc ship *ill cith6 folov lhc rirr.It or bdicatc bt visualmcrlt or rrdio lhd shc cannotcomply. s.arsh and R6cuc drrrrft, whcn sc.trhing for survivoF, will 6r! grrco pyrot cbti.s. Thc sil obvioutlybc urc/lrrd by distt6s llxls (or othcr visu.l siglsls) frol'i thc survivrl c.3fi. S.l.at Slgr.lr thc srfcty of nsvigtion conccrniDg Airsaft msy trurmit mcasaSas aJ follo*s: (a) By wff, thc c.[ k Fdrcd by thc group'TTf .cnt tht! nmcs i! tba Morsccod., folhrlld by'DE at oE ald oatt thc call sigtrtrrDlmittd tbrcctinEs. (r) Bt R/f, thc c.tl bcing pt!6|rd by thc word 'SAYCURITAY' eot o tbrccti6, follor.d bt tb. c.I dt!. (c) By si8 lling lrmp.
lu
LIFB.SAVINO AND DISTREEt CcdlrfdDd.roA|lt'.fr Nrvirltioo na*.n, or low f,yb& do lol in thaotclvaairdfuai! dit. trcsr rirorl* Aitcnll tulvivor! itr rubbcr
LIFE.SAVING
AND DISTRESS
sIrD t xlMl A su[t d subdarinawill try to irdicata bcr pliS[t snd pGitioo by: (l) Rdcalilg .! iodic.to! buoy. (2) By fi.ing ycllow,whilcor lld snokacarldlcsor pyrotcchniG. (3) By pumpingoil to thc lurfacc. (,{) By Uowingout air. Blot GtF lllto) Ir. Id.loi Maly rubn&i*a, particularlyBritilh onca,lrc ftr.d witl two buoy$ fiom within thc v6scl' Thcyarc orc at aachrnd, whichcatrbc rElcascd 2?in lt* in cylindrical, aluminium,68cm in diamalcr,4Tcm dccp,an(F+3s5 ir 3d! fi r fr.cboardof l5 cm.A stirrupatt.chcdto lhc sidcscarricsup to 915 or1-in m of+mm gdlvsniscdstccl*irr roF. A light on thc lop-ccnttcfashcs c,hite, orce a se@nd,for 60 hoursatrdis visiblein goodvisibility and ll niLg dr*D.sa up to 3 km wiih thc nrtcd cyr. A ng of cats-.yctdcctors is mountcdaroundthc light. A whip arrhl is filtcd. Both booysarc painrcdwith high-visibility orangepainl.On cachis paintcda sc.ial or Poli€..Do notsccurc numbcrend'FindcrinformNavy,Coastguard to or touch.' For idcntificatktl thc buoyfuma*ed 'Foread' or'Aft'. An automrtic radio, oFrating o! 4340tllz tra$mits: . !.ot 3 liD€. io 30 a.cotds ScriatNuntbcr(tbrrc fi8urB) . .ctrt 6 tiEcr itr 30a.con& sos . scnt3 tlncs fu 30r.cood! strBstNK . . hnitrg 303.cord! Irng drsh ,l Einut s, Thc mc.s!g. tr immcdistly r.pc.trd, thc t*o occupyiDg fol,olcd by a 6tr|ilutc ailcE Atr oF.rtor o! a .hip rbouldrcportthi. rigarl ra oDc",indicatirgrigpl rtrcogtt, ship'rporitiotr,.Dd ttc b.adng of the signalwhich hasto last at lcst 35 hours. . Whc! frdiDg th. buoyihc .bip shor d ftport it o@, rd if po6litlc giE thc tutduriic'a Danc. tf a sirylc buoy is sightcd, it is quitc po..ibl. tDrt it i! tdtilt, bul rtc 'lport muatatill bc msda Thr buoy mry brvc trokcn adrift fioE. rubdrri& whi:h ha! ror 5unt. It ahouldbc wcighd by hatrdto ric6t id vhatbarit is edrilt, but r boatDlL* not tc scqrtrdto lhc buoy oawrla A vr..cl fldiDg r moocd buoymutt ttaod by, s.[ clc.r atd prEfct_ .tly dorD tidc, with cagitr.. oppd s.nda boatloYtrEdtlady ro pick up asaapiDg aurvivoB.To wam Orcqrrfl of a sunkcn$tbmrinc thet hclpis rt h.nd, Nsv.l r&alckwill drop smdl cxplocivcc.b|r8.art Lalt I mib hslf a kiloncrrc rw.y. Mcrch.nt vcls.lt should nrn thair .chosou irg machind,or l|ammcroDthc ahip'tplatcrbclowthr w.Grli!., t26
LIFE.SAVINGAND DISTRESS Thcsubma.iocmaylhcn .clcasca pyrotcchnicooatto indicat harpoaition a to rcknorvlcdtgthctaaudiosignals. A dass-reinforcli plasticbuoy hasred and wbitc vcrtic.l stipcs. Typc-060 hasrbc saric wire asilpc ([50 Typc mro hrs 1830n of wirc 3 mmin diameter.Thes€buoystransmitladio signalsfor at least 72 hourson 8364kllz and 243MHz and havemore powerfulligbts. LIGHT-VESSEIS AND LTGHTHOUSES --' Thcscare cquipFd with R/T for the purposc oftlanslnittihS distr$s calls conccrning th.ir crcws or othct pc$on3 iD distlcss ncar by. Thcy also makc thc follouring visual dist.csssiSprls (l) rockct(s) throwing rcd start lccompsDiad by a dcto!.ting 3i8!d' e soutrd rockct, or thc iring ofa gun; or (2) lhe tntcmationelCodcSxoup'NC' by mcansof fiags:or (3) rhc distant signal, i.c. a squarcflag having .ithci rbovc or b.low it a bsll, or atrything rcscmblinga ball; oa (4) a dctonating siSnal, which by night, upon b.ing futd rll&ab t srn.ll, yclto{whitc ftsh accompanicdby . rcpoat Oa rcrchilg ils rhi;atc hcight cf about l0O m, a latgct similer nashoccurt 3m fl togpth€r with I loud, €racking rcport. By dry, thc cfrGctt arc similar cxccpt lhat pufrs of vhitc amotc trl visiblc both otr bcia! fiftd rnd at thc zanith of trajcctory, thc httct volwnc of smoLa bcing much lrrScr end lingprirg for !oi!c corEidcdblc timc. Thc ihorr Authoritid yril rrply to thcscsiStd!, 'Thudctlidt!' fttd By dsy, with str orsngc smotc sigad or tfurc rt minut intcwels ot, By night, \ritb thrcc whiL 3trt!, 6nrd rt mi[uta inaarvala. Thcsc tso siSnalswill also bc usd by liShthou!. tnd liShr_vBscl cra*! lo indicatc to prrron! in distr63 Dc.r by lhat thcir PliSht hr! bGCtr ob6crv!d. D.T.r Si.Eb Ught-w.scb, rnd romc liShthou!6, m.y dkDhy, oi fl*c, rtry oftha followin! 3iFals: 'NF thc sitlglcCodGirg 'U" or Thc lnlcmalionalCodc flaggroup , tha f,sshi4 ofthc lcttcr'U'in Mon codc o! thc tignrling htrP, oa tbc iourditr! of thc Lttc('U' in Mo.sc codc on thc fo8-hom' All thc.c |rr ulcd !o iodic.G to a Eascl'You rl! dt tding ioto dtnr./. Att otiot m.y bc drrwtr to tha frg dgrrlt bt r! .a ofa &odrti!8 dtlat or fb. frilg ofr gu!"
ln
LIPB-SAVINO AND DI'ITBsS Thc Intrrnrtiond Codcfag group'PSl', vhich m.5ns'Yoo should not passtoo clos€lo mc', C.d.!dd
rtb
r||
SIF ft n
(l.t
d lltcttd
d
C.tt
Codclrg group!,o. Thi. nsy bGcfi61cdby boistilg thc @..ty hDP, or by Morlc o! th. .itldlitrg by nrtios thc !hip'3 c.lt lig! h fashingthc lcttcr 'K' in thc Morsccodc.A light-v.ssclmayalsous. e $/hitcirrr, or mrkc 'K' in thc Morsccodcon thc foghomin fog. Thcsc ritDaL etl not d lasa!it!d!. LlNDrllIOwlNG AFFIITNOS AND I,ANDING SIGNAIS Undcr thc S.fcty Convention,lifc-s.vint stationswill rcply to r vc$€l's diltrara siglal rs follows: Bydry, with m 018!8. rDotc rigDdor tb.. "Thuld.ditht frld rt Eitruta intcrvlb or, By night, wit[ lhrlc whitr rtara, ftld rt Dinuta iltaavalr. Tt6c ,ifdr idirtc ttrt tbcEsad baaba ra.a rrd thrt aaair|!!c. ril bc girto .r tootr .! poaitrb. Io maoycoutrtricsrhc following sigDb ara urcd ehcD ldsll boats arc ltndiog ruwiyors of wrcckcdvasscls: IJSE OT IOSET
fo rdr lE! I! TI! Et tt (t tD r^D': hy dry, a Etdcal @lioo o{ | rbite t|8 or th. um|, rd hy lifhr tb vttlfo.l dion of r wldt! liSht' A ror 6d wNG ltit ny irdic.! . dindd. AlLruirdy, r lla ro& or 'K itr M6E. 'rlxfiiE rlEr !t Eor[y D^r(doot': ht &t lb horbLl 7o ,6 Ey'Sl$bl, lhc diiod 6f . rtit !|.; or lhc rrr .d.ad.d hdirodly. ni.y b. hdizont rnotio! oi. whitc lidt. ALcrn titdy tll! hit r ulcd h Monc or a rrd !t't roclct. lllcl u!,t ar
pa
LIFE.SAVINCAND DISTRESS 'Afrmstitc, i.c. 'Rockctline is hcld'; 'Tail block is fast'; To lltcr 'Hawscris fa!l'; 'Matr is ir buoy'; or 'Hcavcaway': A gr!r[ 6tarsiSnalor, thc vcrtical motion of a whita fiag or thc armsor r whi!. light (at night). 'Slacka*ay'; 'AvasthaulinS';or 'Rockct To mc n'N.gatira',i.c. liDcis not hcld'.ctc.: hotion ofa whitcflagor whitc A rcdstarsignalor, thchorizontal horizontally. light(st night)or thc armsextcndcd lhc shipwnh will firca rocketacross Whcnpossiblc, thcCoastguard a lincettr.hcd.suchasan8-mmhcmplin . lf thccrc\r/of lhc shipfir. l-ln a rockct ashorcflst, tbc Coastguardwill gcl hold of this rockct_linc .ad tbcn attsche strongd linc to it. Whcnthcy signalamrmativ.,thc crcwshouldh€avcon thcir rocketline in ordcr to 8ct lhis strongcrlinc rboard. As soooa3cithcr thc strongcrlinc or tha shorcrockct_lincis hcld, iigral sfirmrtivc and then wait for a similar siSDalfrom ashotc.Ai soonasit is s.tn. hcavcin on thcliDc.anda tailcdblockwith encndlcss frtl rovc trough it wil bc hovcon board.This is calcd thc l,rip and may bc 12mm Abr€ropc. A iackstay(abour2,1mm fbr€ ropc) wi[ bc arcurcdto thc bcckctof rhc biled bloct. The jackstry msy bc 22O m in ldgth, often with a[other 135m whicbcan ba sccucd usinga specialslicvc *bich the travellercr! paisovcr. MsLc thc tailcd block fast at a colvenicot position, to a srotrg pobr, as far away from brE kitrg scis ss possible.sith a cle{r worting ar€r amundil mtkitrt surethet the wbip docsnot chafcon anypefi of the ship.Crsf ofi thc roctct linc and sigrel afdrmativc,Ar sooDar this is sccl, thc ahorE partv eil s€tthc iackstaytiShl aod haul off tbc brcccbcsbuoyto thc iUp'ty mcensof i tratcllinfpulcy. Tbc outhaulof thc whip is crlcd thc prdttcr prrip, thc inhaul bcingtnotrD asthc ,.t tr,rtiP.WhiL lbi! il bcirg do*, tbc Ofiocr-b-cbsrF abooldiffiruc{ dl hrnd! in lb. proccdur! for ulirr rhc buoy. Thc wcightof thc bodyrbould bc tltcn pdly by tbc clborr! on rhc buoy itlcf, thc p.noo .hould tror ally trcc rstorc rad bc prcporcato bcarofi with hit faat if ct6itr8 rccfi or 6l.Uy sulnountitrg di6. ftrtai/tfuistur,'l out to tbc !bi9 iitb thc t il€d block or buoy, the Offca!-in-chrrScmurt malc a|Ic tbrt cechpctlo! LrvitrJ thc sbipi5coilctty tdlid ro thlt hc do6 Dotftr.lly lcrvc r shiPwith p.oplc stil rbo.rd. TbaFrlor in thc buoyshouldsit tcu downad 8r! p thc atcadiDg linc, Whaohc ia racur aiglsl afutr|atiw, ad tbc CoarBurrdwill hrul
t29
LIFE.SAVINGAND DISTRESS hi!| ashoreand then rctum tbe buoy for tha oan pcrlon. Normally all womco, children, passengcrsand hclplas6pcrso$ should be laldcd beforc the crcw but if communicationssre difficult between ship ard shore, it may bc s€nsibleif thc 6lst pcrson landed is a rcsponsiblememberof the crev. Most rcsc,uecompanieswill have traiDedsigDalmcnand bc equippedsith VHF radio. The breeches buoyis shownin Fig. 6.1.
Ltil€
U* of nodct for T.nLrt or V*b n6 FhDn bh Spiril It may bc crtrcmcly drngllous to fil! a rockct acrosssucha vcascl, duc to thc liability of flammablcvapourstring pn scnt. Thc rcscu. v6.cl shouldlic ro wbd*ard of thc trdkcr andfirc a rockctonly whcn it ha9baar$cartaincdthat it is safcto do 30.Whcnsuche risk of igditioa cxists,$c di3t,6s.d trnkcr shouldhoistcodcfag 'B' rt thc rnasihc.d, usc a rcd lidt in thc samcpo.ition by Diglt rnd supplcoc th6c sigoabin poor vilibilig by soundingthc lntmetiorrl Codc group'GU' on the fog-signalling whichmcans'lt is not apparatus, safcto ftl a rockcl'. The codc group 'GTl' may bc uscd by thc rcscocvassalsincait mcaas'watchout for my roclct', 130
LIFE-SAVINCAND DTSTRESS Whcofiring a rockct a6os3rhc wind il b advisablcro aim sliShdy do*nwind bcforcignitirg thc rockct. Thc wind will thcd act on thc bight of rockct liDcand dcn ct thc rockct uPitrto thc wind. lf a diftct aim is uscdthis dcficctioointo th. wind will probablycauscthc rockct to missthc largpt(Fig. 6.2).
\-)--,/ I
i .-.:
+,'
I
r-1-\ *aor{c f].g!.E!__!r-3 'SF.dli!.' lnt |tdbnal no.kt AlFlrlu. Th. Sd.!!dy Thc Mcrchrnt shippilg (Lifc-saving applianccs) Rulcs rcquirc that, amoDg othcrs, ships of Class€sI aDd 7 shall carry a lin._lhrowing apDlidncc.Thcsc arc ptscnsFr dnd non-pasacngcrrcssrls cngrgd in lorig intcmational voyag6, and src gcncr.lly thc typc of v.ss.l con_ sidercdin this book. Thc t quircd rangc oflhc applianccis 23Om :50 vds Thc SFcdlin. g.ar is a complctclysclf-cont ncd unit eith two imporover the oldcr pistoltyF of apps.atus: tanl advanla8€s ( | ) Thc aa!of four uoils normdly carricd by shipscan bc dispcrscd at stratcgic positions through thc wssel. (2) Each unit can bc fircd indcpandcntly as .cquirEd. incotporalinglhc handlel Th€ unit consistsot a plaslicbody/launchcr snd containinglhc rockct,igtrilcrand 275m of rcady' triglcr asscmbly, flakcd linc. Thc unit is wcalhcrproof,bcins s.alcd al both cnds by t.ansparcnt. polyth.nc caps. This cnabl.s thc datc of manufacturc of thr roclct rnd thc ignitcr to bc chcckcd $ithout.cmoval. Full pictorial instructions arc printcd on bolh sidcsof thc phstic dy and can bc rtad by cilhcr .ight or lcft-hrndcd us.rs. Pl.tc I shows thc SFcdlinc unit in rElation to thc sizc of en adult hsnd and also th€ unit bcing firtd iou/ards a lifc-raft. Noticc that thc 131
9m ft
LIFE-SAVINO AND DISTRESS
IOlb!
9oz l0in
9mfr la ft
optionalbuoyenthaedis baingus.d in thb axrmplc.Plstc2 show3thc buoyrot hcadaboutto ba fittcd. Thc unit hasbccndcsigtrcd for maximumcascof oFmti6n asfollows: (l) Rcmovcthc front cnd caplnd attachthc frcc cnd of Iinc to a strong-point. (2) Hold handl. horizonlrlly, allowingunit to natuElly assumc thc corrcctfiiing rnglc (sacPlatal). (3) Rcmo\|csafcly pin end squcczctrigScr lcvcr. Whcn rockci fiics,holdcoDtainquntil lincis Fid out. RockatJend ignitan shouldba rcplaccdcvcry thrca ycarsand it is rccommcndcd that thc Spccdlincunit bc rcplacrdaftcr ninc ycatsin scrviccon a ship. Thc lcnglhof thccontsincris 330mm,thcdiamctcris 190mmandthc rotal wcidt is 46 kg. Thc linc hasa diamctcrof 4 mm anda minimum br€akingstrcssof 2m0 Nc*toDs.(A Ncwtonis thc forccwhichgivcs I kB an acc.lcrationof I Ectrc F sccondpcr scoond.) othar cquipocnrfor usaiD timcsof cm.rgcncfcomprisa: Th. Pobt WcstexSchamuly'Marovefioatd:whichis a combinadday dDdDightmarkcr,safcto uscon oil or pctrol-covcrcdwatcr. Ilk dcsigncdto bc attachcdto lifcbuoysby mcatrsof a lanyard,aod vban rclcrscd it indicrtca its position by dcos. orsng. smokc ard tvo wlicr-activatcdlights at 3.5 candcla.lt can also bc corncclld to e bulthcrd-mountcdlifcbuoyandrllc3scdmanuelly.It produocsoraD& sraokcfor 15midutcstnd tha two light! bum for,l5 minutct(Platc2). ThcPaht w.tr., scbn n ly 'B'.oyndce' is sioila. to lb Ma@wt,odd siSnalbut withoutthe cLctric liCt3. It wouldbc u!.d whcrcit is &3ircd ro i$tall scps.st€light lnd 3dokc 3rg[rls. Thc moutrtnS brackcts6t both si8nsls(Platc2). Thc Pdinsly.ss.t Sctwmtly'Prinpoirt'is a hlnd.hcld nd distrcsrnsrc for uscin lifcboatsor lifc-rrftr. It burnalor 60saconds .t l5,m candch, w.ighr 260grem3rnd ir 2.5 nb loDg.TIlc frrE b crcalcdin r stccltubc and is fittad with an intcg.al twbt-and-strilc frritrgmcchrdsmin th. handl., $hich is simplyrotstcduntil two rnoer align.Thc .nd of thc handlci. thm 3trucl a ibarp blow with thc pdm or otr d h.d rudrc.. Thc fia.c is hcld up, outboardand pointingdownwind. Th. Pai$ W.tsct Schcmuly'Pod R.d' i..htid-hcld distclr rockct which conformsto ltc r.quircmcnt! for both ,hip lnd lifcboct/nft rockeb. It cj6ls a parachutc-suspcndad ltd fla.E rt r haightof m mctB5*hcn 6I!d vcrricdly .nd whichbu.n! for 40scond. tt /o,m crndch. It bums out !l 50 nctrcs ebovcscalcvcl. Boih and caDarrr 132
LTFB.SAVINC AND DISTRBSS rmovcd toScthcrwith thc safcty pin. Thc signrl is ihcn hcld firmly' thc triggpr lcv; is squcczld atd thr signal is Pointcd diShtly downwind. In loi cloud crrdilions, lhc roclct should bc lircd at 45 dcgr€csclcvation to Sivcmaximumvisibility. 'Lilesnoke' is s^fe lo usc on pctrol o. oil' The Painswestex Schemuly covcrcd watca.It hasa mctal cas. and rclcascsdcnscorangcsmokefot J minutcawith a silnplccoid-pullignition. THE INII.IITABI,E RT,BBEN' LIFDRAFT (PI.t6 3 lDd 4) Oo abandoningship into this typc of craft, thc following actions shouldbc takcn but not n ccssarilyin this ordc.: Rcscuc survivors in watcr aod takc abocrd if Posciblc' Idtl,rrc thc 600r in cold wcath.r and lop up buoyaocy chaDbcrs' Tatc chargcof alt strarpobiects'cap.cislly bclts wirh shrrp buckl't' Examrncfoolwearfor similar haretds. {4) Bail dry and carry oul repairsto chsmbcrs.Plug lcaks' isi Conncit up to "tttcr rafrswhich may othcrwiscdrift awav' (6) Scarchfo. missing Pcrsons. (?) Issucentiscisickn $ Pills. (8) DistributccrEwscvcnlyand buncblo8pthcrfor warmth' (9) Rrg cmc.g.trcy transmftcr if aboard. al0t cii€ first aid and makc casualtiG comfortiblc. il li Watch for frostbitc rnd hypothcrmia. (t2) C-ollcclus.ful nolsam. iiii tacntify uaics ana casl adnft' hsvhg rcmo$d uscful objccl!' at4) Tek chsrgc of rcapons. potcntirl or othcrwis'' (lt Po3tloolou6. (16) Rig litbB rnd clo6c wcathcr c.noPy. (17) Tak charg. of Pyrotcchoics al8) R.i! thc scs snchors.Stln colhging rranmtct. iiii iss-ucrooa ana *atcr on s.cond dty. sicl rnd iniutcd mry nccd watcr cadar. Rderve one apoqc for mop[iDg tP @odc6$in' (Z)) ln a clos.d .afl, Dcoplcatr.ing w.t clothinS wil soon fud thrt thc rir bccomcs saiura_tcdend tro fu.thcr cooliaS of thcir Mics occurs. A hcat balancc ii achicvcd. An cxFrimctrt with lcvcn mm in a lifc-rsll sho*€d hcat bclalcc curritr8 !ftct 156inutcs' In fact thc tctrtpcr.tui. thcn bcSBnto rilc aod el tro tim', althoud in vcry cold conditio$, did shivcrinS tit plrc.. (l) i2i ili
Tiaac rafu atr meoufacturtd frort rubbdilad, rbrario!'tLiltlot' rylon fubric, of higb-visibility 6a'|c or olaogc coloul Thcy 8rc of lhrFpty Datariet otr tla huU two-Ply bcitrg ulad for thc .c.u{'lali!8
133
LIFE-SAVING AND DTSTRESS crnopir, vhich st! attarhcd to thc eutomatic.lly-iofrtrd atthca or columtrs.Thc rsft fu b0atld by carboa dioxidc gr. contdtrcd in r cyliDdcr,or cylind.r!, attlchedto tha uldaBidc of thc hdl ltrf.tioo it commc'tccdby a pull oa lhc oFr.tiDg co.d, whichi5 thcltat!.f ulad ar a paiDtar. Thc ralt ha! two rnsinbuoyalcychambcn,indcFndcntofcschothcr, and cachcapableof supponingthc full loed of cquipmcotaad pcrloDt in cascof a puncturc,!o thst if nac6lary rhc rtft ctn bc lm% ovlr4 fir lordcd. An rrca of0'37 m' b proddcd for..sch pcnon that thc rslt is ccnificdto cerry. Thc tcnt fore.d ty lh. c.tropica,b.iDgof doublcthich6s, providlr idsulationrgdrst cxttlmc laarFraiurc3,ProtcclioDftom thc rFathar, but is capdblcof bcitrgopcaadal aachcntrAtrcsto admit fr6h rir. At tbc iditial iDfrtion thc catropyadlrarcas.Ic opcoto frcilitat! boatdin& Tt|c ioor b doutilskimr4 .!d iofatrblc by mcaD3of hrnd bcllor6. Tbb not ody p.ovidcacxtra brroyancybut abo iDruhtiotr flon cold sc€-ID thc tropics,by kccpitrgit dcdst 4 th. iat .ior ofthc rrlt Eay bc kcpt cool At cachcntr.!c. a hddq or rt p it provild fo! bo.dirg purpos.'. it i5 caacotialto makcrur! that thc opafatilt cordi! In an cmcr8cDcy to r strong.poitq snd thisshoulds&ob. rlguLtly cbkcd sG[ accurcd whilc at !... Thc ratl, complctai! ira corteimr, fu thcd tlto$rr ovF vr ahrtt boqn4thc cordpulld out b iri full lcagtb,whsrupon tlt 80fr pull actullas thc irnrdotr procss. Thc lcoSthof cord i3 25 m, but sbortcr o. longc. cordsarc Frmitcd, to suit thc sizcof ship.Undcl no circumstarceshouldcordsbc withdt.wn snd short DGdby ships' pc.sonftl. Thc l{ft, a.ftarsbout 30 s.cond!, i! suficicntly iDfutcd for survivorsto board it, cithcr from thc wstar or di$c{y from lhc !Np. ft is trot cotriidcrcd SoodFacticc to iurop otr to thc c&opy. In thc psrt it har 6used rcrious itriuty to thocc 8lr€.dy rbord. A rall which has infiatcd in thc invrnd potition, mly ba ridtcd by ltrnding on thc gas cylidcr and hcavi!8 on thc rigbtint-linc or 6triF. Tbc irft mry bc mrDcuvrcdtoctald!awiomcf!or oth.r r.tb bt ulitt tbc FddLr, o. .hc by rcp..tcdly h.aving thc dro$c i! rhc rEquird dircctiod.nd pullinSo! it. CsrtiDgthc dtogp! it 6!i.t ifit i. wight.d, aeywith i 8boa. Ar roon sr th. occuFtrt boerdtlc rrlt thc padro!itr a6[8. Oottld arrmirc cvEryMy'. footst.r to Elta rur! that tbc aol6 |!d Llab co rir nothitrgwhichwouldd!D!8c tb. lilb..ft n||d AlLr r6qr., thc rrll3hould bc rlcorclrd or abcd6troyd.If thir it not dona, lhc ampty lifG-rrlt will attrad tlsqrat! atrd c$a gr! t troublc and aoricty.
LIFE.SAVINOAND DTSTRESS Saoi|!. Tbr rrfts mulr bc stowcdso thrt not ody cln tbcy bc spccdil, buochcdbut will lbo fo.t cL.r if thc rhip fourdc.t b.forc lrunchinS ir posriblc.ThGyrnult bc fully prot ct d frorn Fint cort min.tioD, rrt!, haavya!as,,alt-wrtcr rccumuLlion, fuolckxheust smokcend rparta, atrdicirg cooditiot$.Pt$ctrlcrs .!d childtanahoutsbGwrmcd of th. dsng.. rhi:h Eay ariacif tha ralb !r. trmFrcd wilh. Lifc-r.fts Fckd i! caNsi viliras msy bc .torcd on F fo..tcd pbtforms,8rdirga, i! suiti.blydrainaddropsidc borcs,or in colbFitlc dacksa r. Thcs. bor6 shouldtia aoftcicDtlysmallto pcvcnt chafard Pcfcrably psddcdoD thcir iatamrl lurfacca.Thc r.ll is sto*ad wilh thc lifting hrndlB f.rdy acc6ribL. All ncw containersar€ markedwitb the last scrviccdale, lenglh of painter, maximum slowageheight. laun€hingirlltrucliorls. thc of the rafts is maker'snameand a s€rialnumbcr.Tl|e entic success dep€ndentupon their b€ing releasedaDdjcttisoned quickly. Sorne ves€ls incorporateramF inclinedat least20degreeslo th€ deck, at the bulwark or rails, so that tbe rafts, which are stoweduP to thrce itr numberon eachlamp, clD be rolled oversideduting condirionsof adverselist up to 15degrees.Th€ rampsare fitted with rollcrs, and the rafls are securedby webbiogbclts. I! aomecarcseachof the three tafts is capablcof being releas€dsapantelt. Agafu, th€ belts are releasedwith one hand-movemcnt. Thc cylinddc.l thg-ibrr contsircr fo. r ri!8lc r!ft i5 itr h.lv6 boltrd togetbar,aacbbolt ircorpor.tilg a rbr-pitr aas.orblyro that thc cortrild bur.b oFn on irfrtio!. Oth.r 9F u...pcdd joitrtt ofc.lcrt t d bu8titrg thngt!.. A trccl crrrid csn bc supplicd,bolt d to tbc docL,to rvhichtht coitlirar ir tccurEdby Dranr ofa wbbitrg bclt .!d S.ohous.tlip, with or withoutr hrdtoltrtic td..!.. With thi! tyF of conililcr no fMhar paotrctiotria lcccslary. Thc r.ft rhodd ncvcrbc stox,Edvtrtically, for thc 8r. cyliDdcrvil wort ita wry to thc botioE of thr conrri!.t |od cslfc ttc fakic. Thc oFf.tint cord nutt bc kcpt scq|rrd b fhc alip, for thco,if tlc ttald foudcn Morc tlc rrlt crl bc butrc.hr4tbr buoyucy of tb! contrinar will pull thc cod, acluetctbc iDnrdoonl.chdsn at4 whcoin&tad, tbc buoyrrcyof thr rrft will mlp tbccod. Tbccordiad..igDcdto aosp uDd.rr stcss of 9m l& |nd al/c,omc aiSht-Drarallt rvill havasufr- zm lb cia r.acnEbuoyaocyto achic$ettir. Thc reft cra ttcd foat fr.c of thc ,hip. lt i! impcr.tivc that thc lrhinS. ur cut or c.tt otr (if ao hrdrc strtic rdc.sc i. ittld) b.fot! rlc vcad fou[dar!. lf rhit i! trot doD€thc n l rvitl prob.bly .ink with thc .hip, .!d rlil .tt cicd to iL ldrtatta nft! muti bc r.wi.!d ty apPoiliad !8.ot3 about otr.r r ycu. The crte ahouldlcsl! thsn iLic{y alola atoat for cbtiry rhc hfiing,, lhc p.or.dion !fiofiLd, lld lhc rtdorrgt of tl|a oFr|titt 135
LIFE.SAVING AND DISTRBSS c.rd" At bodtdritb lhc mct[od ofopatlrio! thouldbc dcarly cxfhincd to cvtty Ecmbcfofthc c[tw. ta tbc plaEao raft it ilulhrtrd hvinS a ccotal column Thi! Lta tb sdvaategcrof artctinga c.tropy havi4 r l6a.f, witrd lutfrc. tht! tha atrh-tyF mft, providi!8 s b.ct tuFott for Frlott tittiDg in ita cctrtE of th! ioorr ! foot-briqr fot othdr, a vinual plaltfrrtic j.ct if tbr faft i. inwttr4 .nd a tnrll.f, rtovrg. volu@. ThiatyF of nlt bra a! infa&d c rrlcc rt4?. A tyF ddig[cd to acconmodltr twtoty'iva 399!b 365lb paGonswci8h3160kg itr r 8Lsa"fibrccontriler or 163lg i! ! cravas vdila. rl|E IJJ). TYPts M MC, $NGI,F'POINT SI'SPENSON, INII.ATAXX,E ITFETNAFTFOR N'LLY LADntr IAT'NCHING tbiF, .sFcidly Thn raft hrs b.c! btro&cad for u5cit Pettctrgaa thorchrvinSe hish frtcbo.rd. Criricilm hsd b..d lcv.Ucd.t in!.tlblc lifo-t'.fi! in thc F3t b.caulcsurvivotsettE rEquircdto d€aaodbddcE, or to lcapftoo M8[tq bcfoc bordinS. Thc z) Mc rrtl obvilt6 th6c cfrorl!, .nd it b thatdorc auitrt c for Fs'.rSlts of dl sgrt rnd in a[ trd6 ofhcalth. Ttc raft i! itrfstcd rt d.ct lc\El' rd by thc u!. of. .itrtlo..rn dryit, i! lowrld ftly Ld.tr, by 8r.vity, to lhc rdct. H!t!, it h rd.tt d Ntooaticrly. Boardiogir fuilitatcd by . o..iuo .F@ Y'&it rdv.r Oc drd purpo!. of bo*in8 th! '|ft frDly b rh..hiP'. .id! itrd FoviditrS a Srngray. Thc lulpcolion Fovidat thc Ecr!, of tlcoEilg thc ra& comphc with rorvivon, by hoittin! it .bo.rd tlc ft.dr- .hiP. Thc d..ig! of thc r|ft folos ttird.rd Fbdd.r, bd ft i@tPonb. . .Firl d!si8! f..twr ofr builbit, .itrlb-poitt tltp.orio! di!& Th. ir daifErd iDtbafoto oft b atttDa,r nr|ob.f dxtkt rfr ruapaodon accErtdto ltc orfri& ofrba titoyrey cDaob.t rtd tt ttodldcr to th. ulpct Aoorrorh.a lhc rbrla cr8 at th. rF dlbr ,inth oolqn!' rt ehi:h poirt . titrdc hoittin8.h..&L it itr.A Tbc lorD.l octlod of hllcning b lot pftclud.4 for ift c....ry ltc r.ft c.a b.jctd.o[.d i! ib v.tirc |'d itn r.d by !ttli!8 on ri. o?.tarrbgoord.Tb. F.k d r.ft thodd bc .torcd !c!r thc tLvit laat i! loclctt, stt' or on r|tDF Thi. twcnty-pcriotrr!fi h!! r dianat t of 3'? m, i hailht of 2m, t2 ft 5 ft m lb |nd s elifh! in . canr:$ vrlirc, of l'O tg. tHE IJJ'.
IIr!I.|FT
IE,EASE GEAI
Thi. i..hoe! i! Fi& 6.3,.!d it trdl bc.c.o tb.t it
[email protected]! b.tbly of tso !i& pLta* r hooL,ad r locldaglcvcr,Siocctb.8..t ir fol ur io ufavourau! cooditioD+thc opcratiol h.| bocofcat I .iEFb aa l36
LIPE.SAVINO AND DISTRBSS possible.The D.o.T. required a rclcasc whidl sas itrltantaneous c|hcn thc full weight of the raft w.s waterbomc,but not so al to jcop.rdis€ the 6afetyof lhc raft and its occtPaoBin lhe crrly slrg€s of boardirg, sboutda wavereachth€ boardingstation and t.lc th. e€ight of thc raft.
o
o O
o
i.F.o loTora^Trc TELEASE Hoor S FE WOillNG
LOAO 2170 16
E!-q!!EJL3 to bav! lhc rdcda abaolddy raf. u$l It 1l, tl.[lforo Ear', Thit @aitatad a bo.rdin! raa ooDd.t d ard loeatilt coDDd. Efcty-Diq o. ib .quiv.Lot, r,tioh would not b. ortdootd ir .! cd.C.ocy. Th. rd!.! i. !oti...tL h Eri.,( Itlddotrdto lt davit (l) Th. trL.r tr r i. ttoolrd ft6 ft! .totrgF .dlet Fd..nl tt FIb! 6. hlFrd rtich of.nt tb [ool. (2) Sith 6. libr.n .t th. d..t .dgc, tb. hoot it do..d 6 th. iD gcadoarDrotlo Fcudilt fto6 tt top of rb di.a Tb...iioo oa do.&l! rb. foof
[email protected] tp.itrSt ov.r tb locbf bc .!d ro. drl| lha rdaaa aab. 137
LIFE.SAVING AND DISTX,BSS (3) Thc drvit f.ll ir ni..4 iairt'rotr of lbc liflr.ft folorvr, rld thc lif}rrft b boetdcdriib arFndrd oE tic ridc" TDc |hct of th€ iDfrti!, l|ft arrot caulcthcrdcalc to oDao,tcifh.f, crtr a waE trtitr8 O. full wiisht ofthc rrfL (4) Whlo boadilg i oondctc tbc bowiirg li!6 aI! l!L.|ad lnd thc ralt ir rcadyfor loGitr& aDdtdra$ s! .oon aait ir c/aErbomc'Thc rsfcg lockioglcv€r Euit ttcrtfor! bc bov.d ro thr tut@rtio lrlcolc position,and this is eddevcdby I puUotr the laryard just b€forcthe raft r€achestbe water-lcval.In future devclopnrcotdr€ book eill be 'coat d' to thi! pGitior by tlrl ettac.hmcat .t ttc ttsvit h.ad. (t At th. DoDcDtttc lifcn l i! wlt ttomc tla hook oDad!und.r ttc action of r prir of spdngr.Thcsaro* i! trd.m, tcfliDg e dual fu!.tion of holdingtt locLinghvq ia it two politio!. of'srfc' .!d 'auto-rdcalc' rld opcoingtbr hoolc If ooc rpdlg faib thc oth.f i,iu csrry out s[ tlc fulcliotrt, but tht llLalo load will bc helvtd. Tbii rrlcrs g..r ir r loxFloid rckara; thlt i! to r|y, whcothc lold i! rca0 tb duc.d to rouShlylE lg thc hoot will opcD.This rlight loadii ncc.G.ry lo owrloac wind cfracton rhc fdl or drift, of thc r.ft. If tha tdcatc frib to opcrrt it catrbc o!.a.d blnudly by DG.!! ofthc hoy.rd. A ,m lb herd pull otr this can oFn thc bool cvc! with I lord of l&) kg on it. Shoutdi rrvG Nt tharaft durirf d6c.ot !d tatc i|! w!i8ht, lhc hook wil oF! andrhc nft win d6c.rd with tbc sit!. Thar!l.!c it conosion-rBirrut.trd bai ! srfcty flrtor offiva DAVIT WELIN-MACLACEL N IIrX-MrT lrrl,l,lclllNc (Fi& 5-4) fhir hr! bccodr.iglcd to leulch lifc,ralb froD Ft!.4ac rta,&, whcrr !p..4 tsfcty, ald thc 'trinimumof oFrtirn rtquiltoaott rrc of parrmou idpofilaa Thc n|ein fcatur fu thc .utoo.tic !r$m of tta fin from ttc rrtcr l.v.l, |ft.r tbc rafl h|! baanr!.lcaaad.Tba autoDrtio{daat hoot c!!Brl' ttrt thc oFatoa eil lot bc.rpcc'iadro ohaafiEth rd aftla 10-50 fr it lcav6 thc cmberlrtioD lavd for tic *!tcr, whicL l!!y bc 15lD b.low. Th rutoEdi fdl-trcoEtry arrura! ttat th.r! it to &!ca of tfc t .frb. hool thrlrbitrg !ftlr thc nft ir dcrro( or rlnrhilt.t liDG,or on r dowDyardcoutlc to dtn B! rhc lifcl|ft c.tropy,or oth.c r!ft!" Tbc rccoEry mrb od th. Drio&Uind FindeL, ttc @8f crtatcd 6G90 ft by thc lorcring rlft (at Z)-30 n Fr mioutc)it utcd to reovar lia fdl !I)-3II) ft rr. !p.rd of 6O-rOn F tritrtrtc uDtil it rc.c,hcar Doritio! wn.tc it ir tuf,pcd .ufooataaly. DutioSthcaotircloadin! |!d outbard, ud odt lbr tb. d.vir h..d @i!. l,.|mchiagoFrtid hoot ir Duld ilbodrd by r trici!8 lilc lo rttr.t t!. follo'iq nn 138
Eltv rror IIE|I'IG
HANOLE
.#'lIo i?,.--- -\
iaFt
loiaEo
"
art-.- . --, ,.ii'iti!-.ii
ll{
rott |lc \ outtE cH------j .\
rruHrffi!-ulllArI Flcuil a.a
LIFB.SAVING AND DISTR,BSS Mallal tloorrltt i! ilto dlowcd for, tiougb rt I dorlr !!.cd. Thc liDct br! r dEifir8rl brlkc .!d dlo . dcrd-m!tr mdr br.kc. supcrviri@ ir pGiblc by only onc O6ccr !t cacJrcobarlrtio! point ttu! rvoititrg cotrldidory i!!tn crionr.
M.i.a d Ot rdI fi
(l) Tum out thc drvit to givc 03 m clc.nrca bctelc! rhc curtd! Fhtc .d rhc lifcnft. Whilc thi! i! bcitr8don tb nft! aro uap|ckd .td p6itio'rd doogridc thc cmb$krtio! FoitrL (2) Cotrnc.rtbr fal to tbc lifcrsft rhrcuc ead irfrtc thc r!i- A! irirti@ occur, thc oFrrtor td... sp th.,hct i! tbc fdl by D..r! of r .Fi.sitd!.s h!!d .rut o! 0!c dnch. wh.! tb. nft ir ilt t d tbc .i[ ofthc. r.!cc drp wiUb.lcvd vith thc d.ot.!d th. r.ft i. bowrd itr to bolerdt. (3)OccuF!tr cmbart, bowritrglhc. etr rdca!.d, rd tbc rilcl b!*r lilbd. Th. nft i! loc,t[d to t[c w.tcr undc.tbcc.otdfi4rl ba.Lc co!tso|"Thc hoot rrlaraa autondically, rlturla to thc dcolqi! trbd i!, ald aacurldto thc aacondr.fL rl|E IIYDNG'TATIC R.EI,EASE Lifcrefts may Dotbc lashcdin poditiotrudcss a hydrostrticrclc$c b fttcd. Thc ooly cxc.ption to thi! is thc smdl lifcnft c$ricd forwatd or aft (oo an al-rft or dl-forwerd vclscl) which shouldbc lashcd down iccrrl.ly eirh a rlip incorporetcd in thc L![i!88. The lashingsare shackledto thc drawboltwhichis alsohookedon to a ring on the cnd of the operatingline. If the ship fouders, the releaseunit operat€swithin the fust 4 melresof immcrsiooatrd tbe &awbolt is released.Not or y doesthis castoff the l,.hings, allowio8 the laft to foat ftrc in its container,but the opcratbg line is now also ftec, epart from the wcak litrk. Thi! is a smtll pieoeof cord ot wire dcsignedto break at a stressof mKg t 45K9, wbich forms a sccondary.tlachm€nttretrvcenthc line atrdthe teleasaunit. Olce the str€6sScnented betweenihe idating reft and the siDting thip €rceedsthis 6gure, thc link parts atd the raft becomcsaddft. The uDit shouldoot be pcrmaaetrdyattach€dto thc deck and shouldbe surveycdatroually,unl$s it is of a typ€ which fu discerdcdaftcr ao expiry date. Eachlhould be markedwith thc datc of manufactur€, thc depth at shich it will releaseand en expiry date, if a[y.
140
CHAPTER VII
DAMAGE CONTROL
o) coI,[,EroN D MAGE (.) AJ Ar.io. a lto..4t Whcnr rcscl fuafthorcd or r.curd to buor! tharcit vcry littlc tbet c.tr bc doncitr thc drtrt of ao iDEinant colbsioacxocptto vccr lery otr ttc cablc,or Doo.itrgwirla, r! npidly r! pcitlc rod ulc thcruddcr (ifthcr. is s currldt) to lhcarthcv.s!d swry frornth. dan86or to m*c th. blos r glrncil8 oe. Thc qudtion of dippirg EooriDStor cabtrc brdly adlai rincathc t !k rcquiB r,tlurbL tinc, rdd furthrr, coginci rnurt b. lveitsblcfor illi.trt urc. Shouldit bc pcritlq how!t!t, to dip thc mooritrgwi!r. froE tbc bitt! rlly rrpidt or to tdaaratbc *i!dL$ br|l(c quictty, thb mayp.ovcb.n dcid i! thr it sil slow rbcvt .d ro mov! vith thc impsctrrthcr rnot! thl if shcscrt stll !ac'ut!.Wttartight doorr lhould bc clo6d imncdiltcly thc dtngpr i.r rc.lilcd aad EmcrSrncyStatiod ahouldbc ligtrtllcd, Tbc rapid ura of fcodc(ri! of plllmoutrt inporLncc. O) Al S.. Lokout! rhouHbaord.Gd to h|il thcO6ccr ofthc sata.ha$ty ha|fhour or & oonnulic.tc with him by tclcphola.Tbayahouldrcport to hiE Floadly wh.n rElicvld,h v!.tlt eb.fc balL |r. tDldcduriry thc oight rhc loolout i. oftld i|'rttuc't d ro rcpc.t tbcm citbd on iba tcLphoocor od thc cfow'a-lcatbcll Thc lookout Oould &port crlry nevigrtionn rt, Eht, ud uridcntifld objcctcithrt by !.I€phonaor by ildicrting oo r bdl onca,t*icc, ard thrcctiE6 for objaattaiSltado! tlc rt rboerdbo% pon bo*, rad dcedrhcadnrpccrndy. I! los vitiHforw.rd |Dd doft--tartkirhtty tha lity cxt r lootoutr lhould bc poGtod httcr iftD. fo8 i' low-lyin& acflDcboth t!.hort .tould ba h gp tti.d colritio it Ia a*.horiog 'It y Dry botb ba loal but t coliriotr D.y rl[ bc dldrd. innio.ot It ir bcccrto lola bo6 andarordr oollkiotrlhrtr to lo.c onctld rct a collirion. Oa tt othcr hrod. ttc 06..r of tha vrtch ahouldbaaai! DiDd lhc fact tlrt thr ur of or rac.holoey ncll cautaa baoadtial ahEarwry froD ttq d|'t!f,, rlaultilS i! r draitrg Uo*, l! rartow 141
DAMAGE CONTROL wrtcrsit mrt rlso bc prcfcl{blc to run thavcascla8roundaod60avoid demaS!to both ships.This shouldba dotrcby drivitrgashoc b.ad.on to avoiddatrEgcto thc bilgcarnd anarp{rt of tha ship,whcrcdamsgc is dificult to rcpair.lmpactshouldbc rlducadby ascm movcmcntof thc cngircaatrdthc us. of both rnchors. If collisionis unavoidablcthc blow shouldtE madca gldociogonr; bow lo bow, quartrr to quadcr,or bow to quartcr.If di.rct inpacl ir inavitabLthc othcr vasrclahouldif poiriblc bc struckforwardof bcr collisionbulkhcad.Thc lattcr cia thcnbc shorcdup, thc vcsscltdmmcd by thc stcm,endslowhcad*?yrcsum.d.IfE vcasclis struckamidships in thc rcgionof hcr laiSastcompaflmcnts, scriousaoddisashousf,oodrn8may occur. Il. I..t Undcrlhc Mc|rhtat ShippingAct thc Mes!?ror pcrsonin ch.rgc of r vassalirvolvcd in a collfuion6hrll,providd rharais no dangd to h, ship, crrw ind passcDg.rsrardcr to thc othcr vcssclrll po&riblc rssistatrccto savcthc ship rad hcr coDplcmcntfiom dangcrarising from tha €lllision. Hc shallstatrd-byuntil auchassislaacc is Dolotrgcr ncccssary. Thc MastcE,or Frsom in chergc,shallalso: (i) Exchangrnamcsof vcsscls. (ii) Notify cachothcrofports of rc8istry,dcparrurc,anddacti[tiotr. (iii) EnIc. a wit[csscdstatcmcntin lhc Ofrcial Logbook. (iv)Notify thc D.portncnt of TRnsport @.o.T.) within 24 hous of arrival at thc rcrt porl. f,fur IDF.f (1) Oo6a all watcrtight doorsaDdiDiorm thc engin€-roomof thc situetion. EmargcocyStatiotrswill cDablc 6re, boat .Dd daEage coDtrolpaniasto bc bdefcd. (2) lt is to bc hopcdthar id thc cvlnt of r collision,both shiF will bc going ful artcm bcioacinpdd. II a ship strit€s aaotbcr bow-on sbc lhould th.a stop .qima aad, it thc sea is iliA, rcmrin aobcddcdin thc grsh to allow the otlcr lhip timc to ,rsaa! daoaga, pirpalc for Eore f,oodiDgor to abcDdo!thc vcracl. It o!€ lbip ir a l oadcdtanlcr, wittdrawel (vhich otr occasiorsh oot poaciblcatysay vithout thc hclp of tugs or othcr sbiF) cen bc crtrancly brzardou! duc ro ftfutiod rnd sparkfut. DrcDchitrtwith fo6D Ery bc rdvbablc foloc/cd by a total cvaertion of pcrsoM€l froD thc impa.t erc.. Itr atrythingothcr fhr6 r dight sca,the EovdDcnt of thc two shiF may widctrtha g.3b atrdproducctrussivesparking.Bcar h miDdtbat tbc Mtsrcr of r sbip which holcsr taDkcrcatrrot be expoclcdto rcmsin cmbcddad.Hc hasa clcar duty to bis own ship,crcw and passcngcrr 142
DAMA(;E CONTI.OL whictr may bc lccn as aI| immediatefitbdirwal rrgardlaacof thc othcr ship'ssafcty. (3) Swingout lifcborts, enswe that tlo pramaturcebaodonn€t[ t kc,rplac., .nd prcp.rc lifcrafts. (4) Ctcck for c8sualtiesand missittgFtrons. Mustcr palscntcls. (5) Hoirt appropriateshap6 ard showcorrccl lights. (Rulc 27) (6) Asccrtoinwbcthcr anchorsand cablcawill still tundion. (7) Tr.nsndt MAYDAY or PAN-PAN siFab. Evcn it rot in distcsr, thc usa of a PAN-PAN docs alcrt shippint to a pcsible fufirrc disrrecacall. (8) Rcpon aoy oil polution to thc ncarestcosstradio station. (9) Asscrso*r ship'sdamagc,includingthe possibilityof sprung hatchcs,and lound round. Commcnccdama8econtrol, counictflooding or pumping. Litdc damagecontol is possibleon nod€m shiF and somcof what follows in this chaptcr is now of histo.ical itrtcrcst only. Even so, a I sq. m holc situatcd4 m bclos scalcvcl, will admit 21,600tonn6 of watcr pc. hout. The flov h proportiood to tbc ar€aand thc aquarcroot of thc dcpth of thc holc. Thusif thr hole can b€ raiscd, thc iow is rcdoccd. It catr bc helvcd by hstfpluging thc holc. Unfortunatclythc mcchalicsof flooding rrr such that thc dcpth of the holc is likely to indcasc asth. silu.tioo chaogcs advcrscly. It shouldbc dccidcdquickly: (a) whcthcrthc pump6caocopcwith thc initid inrolb ; (6) if thcy cannot,whclhcrplugSingtu rapidlypossiblc. If in thc lattcr cascthc dccisionis rcgativc,thcn th. v6scl mustbc ibandoncdif it is coGidcr€dthet bulkhcad arcliablc to collaplcutrdc. thc pressurcofwatcr in lhc fioodingcomprturcnts.No dogmaticatatc mcntcanb. madcwith .cgardto tbc abatrdoaingof shiF-rh. Elttcr is cnti.lly in O€ handsof thc Mastcror Frson itr chargc.Thc podtibility of bulkhcadsholding and thc ship rcmainingscrworthy should bc considcradhorrcvcr. CoftCoo iLr. (ghaL.l InLtr.ra) Thescmay be madcof thick ropc: thcy vary bclwccn3 and 4 m E.nd 12ft squarc,andhavca cridglcsplicrdi o cact corncrto whichbottomaod top lio6 arc sacur€d.Somcarc rradr ofsc{c6l laycrsofcrnvas, phrn on thc outbo.rd sidcandhavingt n rdr otr thc inborrd sidc.Thrumbc arEpicc6 ofyarn pulcd rhroughthccarvs ro that thcir bigbtsprotrudc to givca sotl c't8hioningcfrcct.Thcrca'l petcntcolisiod matsavailabb ofcanyasconstructionwith thruEbs,but haviDgscvtrelgelvrnii.d-iron bat! sccur.dac.ocithcit lcdgth,prr.lal to oo. alothcr. Thascbrr3 trot oDlyassistin lhc riggingrnd storingofthc meli but alsobceragltrrt plating,thusstiffcning thcdamagsd thcmat. 113
tf2-io
DAMAOE CONTROL A collirioDmrt couldbc madcfrom lcvcrd thiclac|r.3 of c.trv.tnrch .r trprulinr---cdgcd vith ropq tad hwiDg wir! ropc aaiz.d $ound rhc Gdgclo givcrtitrcni!& Thc mslirS of rucbr Drt o! bolrd r d.mlgod lhip vould bc autlc$rcrt to at L.!t p.nid plu88irt of thr holc.Thc Eats srl prima.ily idt odcdfor bclow-wstrrS.tbGr,fbc id.a h.i!8 to rig rhc Dat at npidly a! po*!it{c ro rt to bri!! tha infov of wrt r utr&r ttc cotrtol of thc puDp.. It ir not tug86trd thst thait urc will atoprh. i!.Eow---{hcrc wil bc cdso-Ic.L!rld alto !..page to co!iadd rvitb Gvaoalt r rhc Dat h& bccarilgld ar cficicotly sr p6!it{a. Thcy at! ulcd o! tha aisuDptio! lhat |ha d'mgad pLtirt blt bc.o tumcd i!*uds, thc d|at bcitrgurrolld o\ar thc outr pLti!8: lrot lcnglhsof l2-l6tirm wirc ropc (rortor! ,it r) at€ passcdortr thc bow, uidar thc forcfoot,rDd drsg8oddt to thcga3h-lct u. r!.uEc thcLtcr to bGon thc pori sida Tbc ltrrbortd ca& oflhc IiDA ar! Dd&d o! dock&d thcpon ctrd!sccurcdto thccri!816 o! thabottoo of lba rrlal. Tvo sidilar tqpri'r.r r! aac1|rldto rhc cri!8Lr on th. top of tha o|l md lcd wcll foreltd rDd .& !trd bd.y!d. Ttc Drt, wbbh ha! ha.n tcpt rolhd up, ir sos loxE|td o}ta lh. dd! lo tlc top of thc F![ (..!iDt o! tbt toDlic),.trd ir offolLd ovri thr rrlh by h.rving on tL. bottoE lis fro6 thc .t rbo.td rido. Al lioca .tl thc! .ct up vcry tight It ir .h.olutdy c..otid to l(cp tb. littb iE ii!.tion botroD litr6 b|r tight throughoutthc oF.tioF-. wil |'sht tbc r€adcrto vi6udit !tr uDdcaralaa nrt $,ilb rarac poudng throughua&r grrat prtsaut+-fhc rlightattc.riry of th. lilca sil catr.c thcD.t to barwaptilto thcS$h aodripFd Po$ibly ltc coDD.rtDcot hr! ccaladro !ood, ao&rr pttaauaawithin |!d withouttrl Gqud,Tba riggiq of t[. drt i. t!c! riopliicd" Horts, rr rooa I thc pubDr bcgir to Fducr thc lcvcl *ithin tbc coEFrrncnt, I prc3srt! otr lbc outlidc of rhr mrt wil bcgi! to foflr, itrcftr.irg a. tbc lclll ir louE ad i! rtc comprnmcdt.Thc r|'t mult bc .blc to rithrtand ttia nuirt|u'! pEraurr. T.o!..tt f.t irr whao 6timrtinS thc cxtcot of drer!! it shouldba bofnc in Eild that it ir litaly ro occNfit pLccaquitr rlmotc from thc rtr. of ioFct; plalar Eay bc ra, ,rp,rivctr mry bc ahcarc4piF m|y bafr&iut!4 ald tha puDpios .yat @ d|trls8cd. Bilgr. |trd hnf! thould ba aoudrd throufhout rtc rrs|cl rftlr coli.io! and &pcarcdoodtilr&udy u il d.aod no !ong6 lcca*rary. A Sarhdot/G thc wrr.di[c wil t^vc to bc cload Gitbd ritL a oolli .ion mat or with rratdr. SrlvasrFtotrtrd ulc thta pilclra oo uldaa*491 a-ne!., but thir ir lot positrlc i! ti. c.!. of. vr.d d.D{td .t .ca aid eith ao dirt't avrilrt la It |.F D|d for th. clry of oe ahip, hortcr, *ho rctudlynrd& r divin8-.uit frod c..!vrt, rfid.dtly i[14
DAMACB CONTROL itting to coot is aL for t*o or thrlc Di[utr3 diviq at . tiDc, trot to . vcry grrrt d.pth ofcours.. A i,rlt had! pstch ir witbin thc rcopc of mo6t thipajt trL. tiDc to codrtnrct, but thi! will trot Eattcr, sincc thc gaah i! rboy€ lha wrt rlcwl. So&c of thaacpotch.a hrE bc.o |o cfr.clivcly mrda rld inad
PUoD|l|lia
!oLt
!Ig!!E-l-! tr! bcanisircd by Lloyd's3urftyof!. tbrt r C.rlitcata of ScawonhitrBs Thc D.t!.ir& @.ary alc Dor lbtld. (It it 8.uDd that tbr EdgiEr c€.otupply rtr cl6t ic drill atrdr fcw nuts,bolt!, and a brcbr* aith yhkt to noo\,! o fav pi)c6 of .trlh.ilon froe wh.fc rh.y wiUtrot bc trdg.dfor thctin bcin&) A hfc picccof rtong canva!: rcwrd lcaSthrof ulitoru tinbcr; . qu&tity of oakum,cottonv8tr, or jut ; galv.lild ntik; aodc d..l 3ht3; Nt3 rtrd boli!: acFral pi.c6 of &glc. Tha crlY|r b rprcadon tha dack---lh.ara of tha oalvra muatbc cotrilrrt{y la4.f thr! thc atla of th. gr.h. Tba tiobart ar! out to rb .!d lrid od t!. c.ny$. Tb. dser of th. tiDb.. (.ll rood !h. 145
DAMAGE CONTT,OL ycry tbi*ly cowftd with thc o.k|rn o. coir, atc., arc{arlh) ar! now iha cinvt' th.o bcint broutht ov.r thir pddi[g aadneilcdto ttc rinbar!. Bctt i rrilt lotr8 6!r!. tobt n or rrrddryr rtould bc mdc, Thaacrcmblc citrva! tub6 siutr d with ookum. Tbc puddiqs arl tbctrLid rlog thc cdg6 of ttc tiDbcr.trd thc cstrvdradhd dowtr!! bcfoE(!.c Fig: 7.3).Tbr ridc covrrrd with catrv8will bc thc outcrside. Thc timbcrr atr now tid by lbrougi-boltirg iroDrht on thc itrbocrd dlc to adglcstitrGdcr!otr ttc outboed sidc. A holc i! now drilbd ttrough .tch rtrtL, th. hoL .rt oding rifit tbrouth thc rinbcr, end thc at d 3lator thc othcasidc.A looSbolt ii
-
llool
xl.t3
4.9!.$-Z-3, thcDF!ct|l!d, or nada to fit c.ch of lhraa hoL!. Thc patctri! now nadt, fot tttitrg. Iti!phc.d ole thc outridcof thc la!b' with thc DuddinlrtEtiDSon iound phint (... Fi& 7.1),Thc lalt pic6 ofindc i! row drilld to ict $ . troqddct lnd lhroug!-bolt d with thc loDgbolg,.!.hom. Th. potd shouldb. lhorld up Aoo withitr. If thc hoL ir oli.r tb.tr loog l'd Drtrov, or if tb. pLting ir thit, thc u6a of a atronghck ir oot pBibla Id thcr. ctq|olt.naar tDc Frcb, orrad I it i! lomctimctcrld, i! nad! itr af|ctly tL,aEc vay but ir hool-boltd to thr tuficd-i! phtiry I thoetr in Fi& 72----rgri! bcinglhocd froD eithi! thc coDpsrlo.dt Th. nttiDgof ttG3cFtdcr bdofl tha e|tlrli[c it ! Drtt t aithd fo. diEn or &ta.$rnt to ba.atri!!. lhd. ittcd bclot tha t .rLvd wil bc rubjlarad lo acwrc cf,t.tnd pr.'oft. *tad rhc cotEFttDaot ia plrTr.d out, rld for rtL rrato! tb tieb.t u!.d mltt ba c'lritEdy 146
DAMAGE CONTROL stmog ind thc petch wcll shorrd up from withir. From thc point of viclv of Iha scafar€r.who will only bc deliDg with rbolcwatctlinc patchcs, the us. of sborei i! still advisablc.Should hc, howcvcr, fnd himsclf in Oc poiition of rcpajriog his b.ichcd vcascl,vcry catcful rcgard should bc p6id to thc str.!8th ofthc nat!.ials u!.d.
\
t{
' l i l
t i
=
= -
=
-i
7,3J
= t'
,"?t
r
:=l"l=4t
-4.F:L
tf'
J
F F'|'
(
tr,
r '/// l
:+-tsH.
-l
l-r
1"t..-ll l.---1.
I i.i/ i :
)
ttxaER3 t l c u R E7 - !
F.d.alnitt A compa.tm.trt *hich is 901fllcd with cargo b said to bc l0% pcncabh.T1j6 a ot @utlc' sssuminSth.t thc cargo itsclf i! not pcrDaeblc by vaia.. A 3m mt compenmcnt which is l0% Frmcrblc will thrEfotc l0(m ftt admil a mrximum of 30 mr cubic fcct of \^'atcr'i.c. spp.oxrmardy r m f t , 30 tonn€swcighl. Fu hcr, lh. Prcs.DccofcrrSo will netcrialy assistio prcvcatbg lhc rctti!8-up of drcb rtrd ta[k toF duc to watct Prcssunc [.iow. ll b udifcly-thst a gcncral cargo, bowcvcr ucll 3towtd' or for rh|t oatLr |av othcr cttao whicb lormally ftquirs vcrti:al dutrDaga oa thc bulkhcadr' will prcvcDtthc collFc ofa buthcad. Oo tbc othct h|!4 if tbc caB; wu-tightly stoucd rtBiost thc bulltlid sod u!.blc to Eorc rvithitr itsclf, thco r bulllcad m.y hol4 Thi! asan impottant
to
DAMAGE CONTf,OL f.ctor wh!! dlcidi[t upotrcocf,f!! y plug8ilf ofSrlhcr prior to DuDp tD& CdF .d Ah A foodrd comFrtmcnt ehi:h for uy rc.loa culot bc pumpadout Dry hrv! soDcof ib buoyalcyrqtorcd by rdrtittitrg conp&slcd lir .bov. thc aurfacaof thc wrtci io lhc campertmc , thu3axpclir! thc v.t.I lhroughtta F!h. ObvioudythcrccomprfiDant!oult bc c.rprblc of bcirg nadc sittight, lnd is dry crrSov!.s.b th.tdor! tbir praaicc i! normrlly rtstric-td to tart!. Ta.ta'r lcnd thcrftalvta!!or! frtaly lo thi! Dcthod of rcgrining buoyucy, duc to thc largcnuttrbcrof conprillctrt! ir thc .hip whici |r! ciprblc of bcingmadcrinight. Thc air dry bc admittld throud tuk,ol|lditr! or rir pip6, .trd cvcnlhrough lhc stcem-irj.ctionvslvca,Ir somccrsasprrssuft3ofas Iow as 0't of an rtmosphcr€havcaufrccd(that is, a totsl of 1.8atmosph.rcs).Th€ building-up of cxc€ssivcp..ssurr6 should bc evoidcd in casc thc companmcntis ruptorEd,e.g.thc dcclhcadoi t&nktop maybc a.t up. Thcscshouldbc shorcdin anycasc,from abov..
!in
Croadt Gcocfdly, t[c ula ofccmcntby raanranfor &pair *ork ir linitrd to lc-*-rtoppidg. A lcak shouldbc stopFd .! rfici.ldt r! porliblc rntil thc inforv fu rmsll A dlri! systcdi! ttcn lcl up fron thc lG*, to ttc tilgcs o. othar aalily-pumFd lpaca. Cordmscr tub6 rtr oflcD ulad for this putDosa.A c.rrrl ,or--{ timbcr frtmcrvork-i! thcn built aroutrdtha arla of thc hak to aupportthc cotrcrrtcwhil€3cttin& Crmctrtus.d by iticlf ir vcat, andfor thiarcrlor it i! elw.y! mixcd with ad 4ggr€at (sa.ndo. grivd) to forn r concrctc.Portllad canctrt is slowcrsattingthrn 'C'DcMrFoNDU'.Sed fuknowtras6rc rgg!gr&, and l2-mm gavcl is chsscd!s coorsctggtlgrtc. Thc Fopottions uscd u!: I Frt ofccmcDt,plus2 prtl. of6oc aggtlSatc,to 4 Frt! ofcottc $gcgrtc, tll pstu by volur,rc,A quict r-sctriu DirtorE k I pttt of @.ot to ll parta.sci of [s.trd co.Ila Thc.boE Dixtltrra rt! ody a gqidc,E try pcopl! brving tbcir ow! nrn ifua! on thi! DltEr, but tba FoponioB rubEitbd harcara vlry cfilctivc. Eolh warn fiiah iatct ald wuhidg rodr rr! aaidto arpcdia lbc rcffi4 of lhc Dixtur!, What! th r|tcr ir ddcd to bring thc Dirtu$ to r wottitrg ooriataocy tha yoluDawill rcdoccby rbour os-ttitd. Aa rooB |! tbc dnin i! furclioiing artidacrorily, tb. .oocillG ir pour.d ioto thc bor. Onoaral rhccodoflhc drdD tubccrDbapluffd, or cbc witMnwn rltoFrhci, lnd tbc holc itr tbc coDciirtcplutlC wilh . ruititL phcaofaoft-wood. Thc uraof cadanti! lot trooDmctrdd fof balt io lutfacc! whici atc lirtL to dor,! id a r.avay, lor for oily, piirtad, oa Sttaty ruf|!aa. 148
DAMAOB CONTROL P.iltrort thould bc tou8h.oo4 or cLcttorouShlyclc.ncd t[ rtroq lods &lutiotr!. A rulty turfaacis idlal
I..t For amalllcrk! $hich do lot wlrrsnt thc ula ofr patd a! dlsaribcd pnvioudn thc folloviog cquipEcDti3 ulcful: O) CrEctrt box6 (2) Softwoodplugr, l|F!4 .nd &ivEA into torll holcs.Ir v!f,y cfrcclivc riDccthcy quickly 3w€llwhcowct. (3) Picc6 of stlcl Dlrtirg msy bc pLccd ovtr roall j!88.d fnctut!. on thc outar plarin& cu.hioncdwith oatu$, ald rightancd-ry inbord ulirg an |trglc .troogbrct boftadrhrougl thc phrc. A rtout piccaof timbcr wouldru6ca i! daca of thc atccl Fovidcd it ir of au6ciint rhicknds to idth6tald cxlamd srtc. prlrsultt. (4)A canv.r mst ery bc erda, pliin otr thc iobodrd.idc rtrd th$mbcd oDthc outcr si&. It i! rhc|trplacadovaatha holc,fron hbosr]4 strd aborld up, uring a picccof rtccl platirg or tiobcr bctrr.o ttc mrt and rhc ctrd of s lhorc to act ar r rupport oa ,ar'pndr.lhir rllo dbrribulr. tLGihtust of thc .hott $.Itd ntnn A rivct hole may b€ cssily pluggedu3inga trFr€d softetoodplug whichyill sooosw€llandbe giipFd by the turroundint mctal. Othar methodshavc beanus€d: (1) Yearsa8g,ralvageworlcrs and lcamcn ulad an cnraorditrry mcthod cmployitrgwhat they cr[.d . Jitt-Dotr, shorn it Fi8. 7.4. A litrc wasposscdout throuth lha holeettaclrcdto a picca of rod ctrabliogthc line to hary down. A boat'scrcw woold thctrfuh for lhc rod, hoistit to thc turfaca,ettachthc fsh_boll and tbc latter soold rhcn bc pullrd i o lhc ahiPat|df.stcnrd. Wharc thcrc {crc no bilgc kccls to foul thc cxcrcisc,r pcg ol *ood wasuscdin placaof thc rod, obviatinglhc nccassityto
tuh!
(2) Ycsts agotoo, I passcda &vicc aroutrda goup of rtudaDt!but it di.rpFared in hansii. Po.siblythc qrlFit hopcdto brandtuh it at an Exrminer statingthat hc ncver travclladreithoutotr€. Thc dcvicc k similar to a modcm wall-fastaningrld is rhowD i! Fig. 7.5. 'A h a Ectal fub. brviq four ctta i! ita adboard .od 'B', Fn of tbc tuhc hcitrgthtr.dld .!d c.nyiry r Dut'C. Thro!8l fic tutc ror r r!d, Orlada4 rld crryiDg i n|tt at itt ilboaad lad 'D', hrviDSita outboardard codrl |nd of ilatatlad atoarac.tion"lb croaHaatio!'E' b gtt 1.r tb|n tL! iloca ato.}etio |rra ofthr outaan$a,
DAMAGE CONTROL Thc bolt ir p.i!d tbroughthc phri!8'F, rtrd thc nndl trut rt 'D' tightcocd.Thc inn€r rod movcaitrborrd, it3 conir.l cnd crpstrditrglhc oulcr tubc dSainstthc plstitrg udlil thc ft fu wat rtight. Nut 'C' is th.n scrcwrdtiSbl
!E!!!_.L.!
S..ng Sub.qu.ot to collbiotrdana8p,o6..rs rhould tlaon to ahoritt |! aootrr! posiblc, ifcoDsidcrcdnac6..ry. Sho|ls str urcdfor rupponiD! ,l-n-g.d or wlskcod itnrcturl , watartiSbtdoora,trt h!!, phtirg, bultL.dt rnd tanttoF uadcr pr!*rurq parc.hdrnd prdr covcrinS ft.rturl., otha(Lat-atoppiDtdcvic.s,snd for rliDfo[citr8drcl!. Racl.ogulrr Enic.l allar utrdctprlrsurc, auaha! door' .trd bul}. t .dr, Oould bc 3horldup at e lcrcl of rou8luyo!.-third oftlc dcpth of ttc wrtfi ciuailg lh. pn .urr, Dc.tutld fnon th. hr of tbc alrucup I m 6 f t 2 f t turc, i.c. a dooaundcr3 m of *Etcr pr.3sulcshouldbc shoaEd fto6 ttc b..c. oo thc othar !id., Tbit i! tDccadtrt of P(l..uta tbc ahors doutd ltlt o! Fdpi.s, fst piaaa of wood which diatribulc th. ttrutt of ahastorcr avrolyqvcrthait a!.4ShoFsrhouldlot lo.Ddly bc long.r tbr! thirq tin.' th.it di.o.tc.. Wcdg.3rhould not bc ulcd ftl ly to tilht@ ahoEa-tbc utc ofttoltt whici |rG t o.rd(ic. lol8.r th.tr str cxaatit) i! conlilctld a batt t pr&{hq Wbaorr.ortcd to, rEdgpr arc ulod itr !.iu lDd h|[m.tcd Bcforr riggidS3horcr,oily tudrcct towrds aachothccaimultrtrcoudy. 'ItGy ur ltaDpadatrinlt ! tiSid ilrue aLouldbc tprintld with asrd. trrc |trd lot o! urrulport d plsti!8; a dra&rhould b. ahoFd uP by rtopilg thc bcsdrrad hccbofthc |hort rgd!5t thr barm!' I! tb. .hGcc of rilid parb plctrty of Dodpi.c.. .houU b. u!.d' sho.ilt $ould bchrpcc{.d firqurody for .i88 oflodcoitrS.fpo.tiblc r ora rlould bc ia coutaot itt!ld|!c. Shori!8iailustntad in FiS.7.6. 150
DAMAOE CONTROL
E!g!!r-zJ (A BEAVYWEATHEADAMAGE WoodanlLach6 Ifbltchc' st! !ioE-i! duridg hasvyweth.r trrpaulits will6c rip?d ard woodra btcb6 lDr.ho(L Thc bcfirg b.n, if tud, tdlt prob.bly rldah irtr.t |Dd TiSSEAItr oda( to prcrlot furthci iltllh of wlt r inb rhc coEFrto.ot, coDtiruld lo.3 of buo]4ircy, strd dtDlgc to c.rf,o, rbc }lsld ahodd bc asurt of couts ao tbel rbc lia in s. ooDfortlbk . pocitioo I poariblc airh tro rrE conitr8 rbord it tha dan|gld dra. (For artDdc, if No. I hatdar brd bcad ttotf+i! tDc 151
DAMAGE CONTNOL $aa.l world prob.tty havcbc.o rtru4 nam lo ritrd rld ,ar whilc cpair eork ua! crnicd out.) Siaccrttotrg roodcn batchd hal! b..n rd$had itr, it wouldbc foolhlrdy to lttcopt to clc.r thc dcbri! bcfoE l[c rtrrcl k 3nun8; Thc dsmagrd.quipbcnt .hould bc clc.Gd .v., !.lving r'y yhol. hrtch6, Bib6 rhould bc toutrdcdrnd pueFd out if n.c..!.ry; th. c.r8o bclo%lhoughFobrtly w.U iorkd alr!.dy, 3bouldb. cowrrd eith tarpoulilr i! oslcthc trcwcovcritrgod thr hatchwryrtr not vatdtiChL A[ sp|tEh!tcha!, includilg .ly rblt catrbc lpNrd froD oth.r 'twtao d.ck throudout thc rhip, rhouldb. brouSlrrb tiG &org.d ule rad c1ltto it thc opctrhrtch*ay. Oncathc brrchsry ia coErrd, th. hetchct rhouldbc ahorcdup froh balowuainSplcotyofpcdp 5.s. Thr6 trrpculin wil thcobaftta4 atratchcd, |trd iccurclybcttcncddow!. Noxr lhrt th. cov.G sr! ahorr4 thc warcl mry bc cotrtioud oo coursaOn thc ot[Gr brnd, it Inayba fdt dvilablc to rcorid hov+to rnd ria] !o rtrcotiodcdfor covrri4 rha futhcr daErge.Tharrrprulirr, prGviously o|rgo, shouldbarcdovd a! sootra! pocsitt itr ordcrto dlow thccatSp to dry out---aomcrhltchcando€d id ilc rrl.that will a$id lhia. hdgDr!|g. If crc6.ivc pourdiag h8 tc.n dloit!4 Fttiq .tlf, i! b.lh1 trin, No. I bilg6 .houldbc rouDdldfrc$rn0y. Thccalaooclrr.d of r lt'tcl i! ruch . coDdition,*ith hat forr Fak trlt fu[, rDd tufictitr8 hlaYy po|mditr&ANr Esult oftir, h6 colliriotr bu[6.d bc.r& fnct!rcd i! lcvlrsl placn, c.u5irt thc t ot to lcrt b.dly. No. I t ilg.. wrr fuU, thc linbcfNbrd bccoforccdup, rd thc tarttop i! lho loslf hold w|t a*t!h. Thc ta|tl ad ttc b slt rq! iro&adiatalypunpGddry .Dd tbc d&r8c Eprftd rt tbc pon of dlatiratioc ID liglt cotrditiotr!firqucot inrpcatiolr a[otdd bc Ddc tfl whatc .r.6!ivc dbr.tiotr m.y ioducclcal..
nds If platinSi! L.liry 11lapi)iitt tb. crcviccEry bc r.@tdy c.ultcd with orkum or similarmrtcrial Thauraofwood.o plug i! ioadviaatta, ainccit Day aggrvrtc thc.inration In aom..€ thc lspjoint baabc.o drillcd tbrolgh-just uf.far astb fafiry tufac.s, i'.- tbr d.!. tufrc. which .ft togcthc, .nd r .tiff tunhrE of putty inj.c{.d thtoufh ric dri[iag to sl thacr|i:a. V.dh6dr If thcsc arc shcaEd ofi or datnrgcd in hcrvy s'alihcr, rrmcdirl aciioo Dust be ss,ift, cmployint voodctr v.nt'plutt aodor csnvlr. If uonoticcd,a bslk carSpcould bccornct rtrtt atrdshift.
r52
DAMAOB CONTROL
(3)rl)ss oF tt DDEI' M.!y at&mptr h.v! bao Erdo rt s to rig !p daLc$ift rtrcdry dqviccswith v|ttilt dcttlq of ru@. Ecfor! dirqnrilt thaaa,a ptq liEilrry wordon ruddcrrccid.oti it U[roprirta. Shouldthcrudd.( fril to rlapord to ehcal molt|Darti, it rlay bc du! to frulty ltarain&8aaa, or to e fracturld ruddar atock.I! both caa6 lha ruddcr lhddd bc broutht uadctcotrtrolbcforcrcpairt 5tr attanpt d. Itr rbc crlc of rod rd chri! 3t .ritr&g..r, if fdlur occur in, ray, rbc porl .t .ritrg litrL.gc, thcdthc wb..l shouldbc pla.rd h.rd oEr to drrborrd, cauringI dEihr aalioDon thc ruddcr,aft.r rvhi:h thc qurdntrt catrbc rccurd. b tha c.!c of a fracnmd .udd6 ttocL, thc rudd6 clnnot ba controlld ftoo itrbosrd,atrdvrdousDcthodsar! uscdto catdl thcruddcr, includingthc lowrridg ovaridc of kdottld chrfu. Th6c ir! uscdto catcbthc ruddq tr.ilitrg
DAMAGE CONTROL olc waaatvaryw€lliDdc.4 tr|&yprovcquit vsluclc$on anothcr.Matry of thc n€ll-Liown and succ.ssfuljury ruddcn havc bccncopicd oo othcr rlslcb |ad havcprovrd usclass.RiSt d6caibcdfor shiF wilh ships.Aitr, court r atrfls oey bc totrlly uDluitcdfor ciursar-siamcd quitc madc for small shi!6, but wh.o ruddcrs cao bc lrlidaclorily iomc copid on lrrfrr vssalr hey provcto bc of ioadcquatcstEngthdaapita thc LrSrr eprr .vrihbla b twio-scrrwshipcthc ltsscl may ba sbarcdby runnin! om ctrgilla at coDltatrtrcvolulionsead varyitrgthosc os tha othar ctSlnc. Od ailglo-.crEwihiF lhc lcrmaa mult try cvcryocthod rt his dirpocal. So[E rtry loog voyagrab|vc bctd mldc utrdcrjury ruddat,bul thc Scatmustbc coDstindy!u$cd, lnd thc tcmpLtioDto i*rrala a@
itr f.ir wE thct stroogly Eiiltcd. Givcn thc u!u.I matlfia& carrid sborrd a ship,rnd a lumbcr ofcorcrprisiDgDcn, a ruddad6. $ip pill toon ba broughturdcr coolrol, providd thc manarc tirclds .trd p.> prEd to nalc two, or cvcnthtlc ditrcrrnt aiS!id ordcr to fDd ..utirfactoryonc. Thc followitrgmahods arc outlincd bticfiy; lhay hllc rll Prov.d iucc.ssfulin lhcir tiDa on . Fnic|rlrr !hip, or Fhtpa oa r rolll trumbcrofship.. Th. mcthodofriggitrgEust baLft to thcFtron doitr8 thc *ork--+tr!t'gth of g!.r avrihblq Lyout of thc vc.scl,fttinSr, aod n€wid.as arcti! p.lroSrtivc, For thisrcason,only thc v.ty basicidcrs a.! includcdhalc Whce.ctually usdcrtakiagthc trsk thc qucsliotrof ri!8ing vil bc repidlysolvcd. (l) Itr lhc htc l9Zh a jury ruddcrrs! mdufactut d fmm . &rdck rDd tvo rtlcl dooB, in lhc form of at oa. hlving . box bLda Tba 154
DAMAGE CONTT,OL doot! *lrc boltld to tbc ddrick ,omc dirhmc fro|D thc drrict haad, !!d ftc tpa.. b.tE! tlc doon nr! pact d with tinbcr, througt' boltcdto thc door&Tbc'ost' ra! hunt ovtttidc wilh thadooBvcrri6l. tlas it!.d to tho top gudgco!utdrt tho cou cr st rtr, Tha gooaotrGct atrd lhc spidcrbad rt thc dcnick h.ad wa! uscdfor attachingport rnd .t rbortd &crirg tiir6, ad thc toppiDglift- (A loPpir8 lift it to wlt r dacqBrrynot ody to cootroltia d@thtt whichtha rtsistarocc occu3 brt rko to hcavcthcjury ruddcrclcatof hravyraai rvhcnbovcto.) Thc mcthodir illustntad in Fi& 7.7.Io th. ca6cofr ctuiscrrt ln .omc thoughtDight bc dcvobd to usitrg8 aimiht ri& but with thc
;lcutc
t.l
seorcEt Fliig rhtou8i r holcmadciD rhc ar! phtin& thc 8006olccf baitrgruitruy rc.{rr!d irboard with a colb andpin. (2) A !rn!$y h.. b..n ulcd by .iggitrgtbc.tc!6 in thr vEric.l phDG rDd lr6tiq oe and..currly st tbc poopdact+dtp. Tbb l$hitr8 tr cdr c.Fftt rlooth! .iocc tDGgatrgwrymult bc trty ac.ttlErgaiastmovcncnt both itr thc forGotrd-oftlina ard thc Eirhl plem' but it EUrt ba fr.c to pivot froD port to rtaibdrd rbout lhc poopdact{d8a,Thc foot of thaIrngwry will D..d to bc wciShtldwitb, aay,dcrrict 3petrc.hrirr or tb. do.& of r ft!.o uchor. Stactriigeir.a |!d r toppbg lift r!! t|rd (G Fi& 7.t). Tbc Lod.dct, ofrh...jury nrddcrrto lift out oftb. w.rri tril bc D.rtly ooud...crd by sritititrg thc lorEr .dd |!d F dy by .ordr! . loot lr.d for th. .lditrg wir!!. Tb t f,pioSlift .hould bc riBad citb.r froo tha |ftcr d6riclr, tbc doctinS brid8r, or FrtrF
r55
DAMAGE CONTT,OL ft@ . bo@ ($cn .t r &(ricl--dthouttr tbr di.gt nr .how. woodca {, r) Foix,tilS oEr tn rtcm |! rhowtri! Fi& 7,11.Th. iolpiol lift @t h. e&d to lla trolrlry bclowit! o.otr. of grvity. A t|!t*rt Dry, ilrLa4 h !ts!.Ecd .!t tu !! .jwy ruddrr.
roliP#6
ttoct
[lglll-z.l! (3) A 1..!, l|.F ooil of h..vt @oti!8 rcr., !€|'dy rou!&Lr[aq torFd o! itr o*tr Ftt It b@n6 alotly t a& b baaorsfuly loffcd rnd nrtidlv rinf+ tot.l .i rge b.io! Prrvrot d tv th. tFd of ib. dnp (diloug! .!oe) .!d r roFpiDSlitl stsils liocr |tt {|i! !!d lo ha.v! it to polt or atarboar{ Tbaaanaacilt virc. .t! onanbd 156
to
19
coutaa
DAMA(;E CONTROL to two conffitcd warpitrSdrubr dtd woutrdin oppo6itcdir.clioo3!o ttrt by mc|trsof otrccontrol,onc wirc ir slacld at tha rrmc sFd .! thc olhct i! hovc-ia. This ruddcris lhowa h Fi& 7.9. (4) It is possiblcto lashtogath€rscvcrdllargcoil drums.Thc drums |'c aubmcrgpd by prrtiely ilittg ttcm *ith watcr. Thc bascof rhc cotrtdvaDcc Day bc rltighlcd ir rddition---{eywith atr ancholstock.o that thc rig i suitrbly subdcrgpd.St .titrg wirrs rnd. toppinglift et€ nccGsary(Fig. 7.10). Wilh thc abow mcthods.duccart shouldbc trkcn to makcturc lhat thc glar do6 trot foul thc propcllcrwhcnth€rc$rali! atoPpcd. (, Bt dru8t Grg,7.l2). tn b a mclhodwhjchis vcry wcll kDown itrdccdaod is suitrblc for all shiF. It b cxtrrrnalycfrcctivc.Two f,at dragrart madcfrom timbaror sEcl plst6. Thcyarc ricightcdoDthtir bclowwrtcr frorDdcrricksswungovcnidc. lowrr adg6 |trd suspctrdcd In thc rbrmcc of dcniclq boomr or spdtacauld bc rigSadprojcctidg horizotrLly ovcr thc sidc,ro carry thc hoilting tacklcs.Forc_end-ell motiodi! ptqctrtcd by rop6 tuuing ftoD thc dragbridlcsto th. for._ cerdc-hcadLa&, Whcn it is dcsitadto f,hcl coutlc to port thc port drar fuimmcrs.dand thc.tarboatd oncliftcd-aDd Yiccvcrsa.lf spacd rcddetioa i3 ofDo itrrporl&rccotrccouldbc lcpt immc$.d at r 6rad lcral rd thc othcrroiscdor lowrFd a! dcsircd. By rnaling thc bddlcs of uncquallcn8h, e3 showD,tha dragswill vccr aw&yfrom thc ship'ssidcs.Onc man shouldbc abl. to opcrat. thc dra8t, cvcn \rithout rcmotc-controlon thc winchcs.It must bc apprcciatcdthat nojury 8Ea.canbc cxpcctcdto stccra sbipothc. thitl on r vlly alow ig-rlg cou.sc,Ofi-cou.la yrws of up to two point! (22* dcgFcs)shouldthcrcforcbc considcradquitc pcrmisiiblcbcforc rhcdracsercrFadiustcd. (6) I; the late 1y,0s, r small ship rigSeda tury steeritrSdevie co;istinr of a boomfitted $ith all inflatcd air begar eachend(of the typc usedto chock off cargoes).It wastowed astem' lying alhwatl and aft linc, atld wilh a steenogwire ettlch€d neat tii shio's fore'ffie devic€ptov€d most successfulfor that partiqtlar bag. eachai; shiD.
158
CHAPTER VIII
STRANDTNC AND BEACHING
f TIGN a vcasclis groundcditrtcotionrly lhc ir |eid to bc br-hrd.If rhc i! groutrdcdrccidctrtrly .h. ir rrror&d. A l^llrl V Y vcssclir uluslly bcachd wbco shc it d.msg.d to tuch st cxtlnt thrt thcpumF .rE urblc to copcwith thcrataof noodi[t Thctr b thc&foF alery! rn i cryrl oftirna, horvaErrhorl, durhg whichtlc adion of bcachingcm bc conlidcitd. EvGlif s! cmcrgloctaf,i,!$,lbc hc.hitr8 crn still oftanbc controllc4 s[d b.trccthc pmblcmofr€loaring lhc shipmayrqolvc itrclf morGcalily tt'tr in thacatoofa atraldad v6s.l. Thi! i! paovidcdthc Frlotr cxccutingthc ntrcuvt! lcLat hia hch, sad mcthodof rpprorch, wilh a vi.w to tuttaquant tldotlilg Thc wi3c!.smaD,howcvca,eill sa6tc littL tiBc in coDidcringtuch paoblcn3ifdsngcr offoundcrit8 it intmim . A v63clwtrichhr! srrrndcdm.y bc itr cootrctwith thc Srould at baa bow,hci atam,hcr mid-lcnfth,hcr cotircLnglb, or cvcnrll rlotrg olc 3idg with tbc othcr sidcio dac?eltrt. Othcr rholrr or rclr bay atilt cloaaby, hrtrlFidg tha rdortilt; currcot! rtrd wtrthcr dry bc advarscard thc.r mry bc unfevourrblesiltingiupa! a rc3ultof thca.clcmrDB; advlrscrvcithcr msy csulc h.' to ddva frrlhcr rground,lld rbc ney dlo bc dsdrg.d, All tlccc prolicnr meyc.utc tbc rafottilrt to bc ar cx|'lmcly compli6tcd opcrdiotrc.lliDgfor tta tlc of ttourdtrcuc, or tug!, or d.cdgitrgcrdl or ctln lightct! into whic,hto di} chlrlE c..go, or FrbeF rhc h.uling powrr of lugp vt ad!, Any conbiartio!, or Frhep. dl, ofthdc forE of.ttiatarca 6ay ba rcquiEd. IndadLra aadoo||Io rf.rditr8 (1) The enSine(s)shouldbe stopp€dand put astcm if the lide is faltng. Somestudentsworry that this aclion could tear the bottomout of rn alreadydamagcdshipand shewill sink asshe movesastem.It is mo6tunlikely that goingastemwill movea shiD off rock o. coral but in the imDrobableevent of it oo;rring. end founderingseemingimminenl, tbe vesselcan be rc-grounded,or beach€d.If the tidc is fallitr8, possiblyon a sp.int ,ide, this maybe the very lasropponunityto re-floatthe ship. Spring tides are not as welcomcas they may appear.It f
159
AND BEACHING STR,ANDING wasthoughrthat the Toncy Coryon on the *vcn StotrcsRee{ would re-floal on a rising sprinS tidc lnstced she inpaled hcrsalf still morc on each dccrcasint low_waterlevcl. Therc havc tEcn someunusualinstadccswhcrc ship6haverelloated bv &ivinr full ah€ad, a.r6s a shoal afld inrc decFr rvater shouldthe ctr8ine(s)bc run bivond. 0ndcr no circumstancca stL upsilt andsandwhidrcan perio& a3 this mey asritmfor lonS blocl oordcnsci. Not ot y canthc mainpropr sionbc putout of actktoin this way but rcftigeraringmachiicry may ba similady aftarad. (2) ' Th€ Martei n|tsl bc calcd to dra bridgc and the engine_toon itrfodncd.If tlE cngi!€ b rufldn8 a!*cm, injccrionlcwls rlrculd bc chanrad!o r€ducethc .isL of silaingcondcnscB. si8lrl for ErncrFocy (3) ' ' ClGc varcniglr doors and tn tc th€ Statior!. Thk-will cnablcfre, boatand'l'tugc conEolpanicsto ba bricfcd. It sho affotdr 9n opPottunityto drcck for casualtias snd missingpcEotrs. (4) ' ' Swinc out boets. This it ahrays a wise prcaau[on l! any ericrgpry in cascthe dip lisrsand ptevcntssomcboalsbcing swungoui at a later stagp.In somcvaascls,Ul|happily,this has bcan; siEal for someodthe crewto rbondonshipprematutcly and with6ut any authority. Preparcall lifesavingappliances, makincsurethat ponableradioequipDentis readyandcomwhoshouldbesuilablydre's's€d. mence-manhalin!passcngcrs, (5) ObecrvcRulc $ ofthc Rulesfor PrcrrcnthgCouisionatrdshow tb. apPrDpri.t lightsad shrF. (61 Alcartein tbc Fotiorl of tba lhip 50lbtl iZi el :OO
STRANDINGAND BEACHTNG This (9) ' tf tlE ves6clb
rdd
whar sllouH be dass€dI irrvrvdie Nd subs.qucnlaclitn is very mucba mattet of pcrsonalopiniol and cltoicc.For that r€asonthes€ and guidance' t*" .""ti*s O* tt'cta"a arcbffeIcd for consideration (101The OelerCcharteren dEold be informed.Theymay wish!o @nt!41l@l SalvageArsociatiorFior adviccand perhaF lo anancc for the dip to bc seh/edon the bes(possiblebasis' Ttc; may a fulfll;€nt of r chatter or a mail conEactto be coGiderrd. Of ' ') In the United Kingdom,a R€ceiverof Wrec*will ptGrd to a anArak chargeof r€scuc@crationsBut hecan srraodedveaset intcrfcrc bctweena Mastcrand his cf,ewonly if thc former so The MastermayrcpelanypersonattcmPtitgto board r€quests. his stripwithout audnrity (12) ' Thc slip sbouldnow bc iramin d for danage.ncverforgetting thtt thifortc of impocrmayhavecaurcdhatch€sto spnngaway tDm tlEir scatin8sard alory watcrto ent€rlater.All bilgesand renk3shouldbesoundcdandl€vebcarcfi y checl€dagittst the hst r€cordcdficutls Remembcrihat damagcmay occur ln alrss quite re;ota fiom lhc point of irnpad A ship hat enonnoosrnomentumard whenthis is d€$royed.FrhaF ln a Le src@ds,damagci5 alrnct boundto be inf,idcd uponthe shio.No.mallv,tbc-ChicfOffccr *i[ berclponsiblefor damsgp control.m doubtin co_ mixsrncnt an'danyattcrnpsar demage 'nrcy mustdccide*hcther oDarationwith tl€ ChicfEnginccr. dic damaqato tlle vasselprcdud6 sl|y imrnadialeattcmPtsat rc0oalhr (in whidl cascslrcmus ba *rll'6cq|r!d to thc ahorE to E!r.c accidenta!rcooeting).or wbcthcrsh€will be ablcto g"it aoau"at r.*oooly wc[' or rcthcrdanrgc contol is fcasibbwith tlrc crew&d 8et. rYailable. al3) Soulditrr! C}d d bc cetri.d our ovcrskl and a Scncralsuvey ' of lhc ai.r (westtErpcmining) wiI coabletbc Mastcrto srscss tbc bcs dir€dbn in whicl to tty hauliDs'ofrSonrcarc{s are of $bicar io unDcdicratlc r@uttts of thc scrH' tbc @ntours 'Ite panklrl.dy wcrth€l in bqd *ttiilt canatitlrc a-oe dailv, nalur of tlrc aeibadshouHbe notad!o tlut MinB powcl of adlors canbc judged. 161
STRANDINGAND BEACHTNC o4)It b m6t usefulto readthe draughtsof th€ slranded$ip and compatethe m€rtr with the flotatiod draughts.The ditference, multiplid by the tonncsFi d! inmelsion, Eve,sa r€ry rough ila of lhe arnountof h6t buoyancy.For inslat|ce,if a vessel f,oatingat 11 rn drawht gmundsand her drauShtmarls now strow l0 m of water, then cleady she has lo6t l0 cm of buoyrncy. With a Trc of say 20, we now lnow that approximatelyZm tonn€sof ship ard c€rgois restingon thc scabcd.It is mod u| ikely that aDyvessel,or ev€ncombination of shiF, canhavc Zm tonrlesalonSa s€abed.On firm sand,a Frll of 6m tonn€swill be neededatd over coral or rock the cocffcientof ftictim may be as high as 1.5, givinSa r€quired puUof3m tonnes.Thefirsrtaskis to reducethelo6tbuoyarcy. o5)Thc localtidcashodd nowbe examfuedveryclcely for range, tim6 of low and highwaters,strcngthof cuents andrvhether rhesituationis sprinSing or neaping.A risingtida,€spccialyone whici is spriryingoverth€ rrcxtfcw dals, aouldreslorea grcat &rl of the l6t buoyancy,unless tbc drip is badly ard erteBively holed. ln an at€awheretlrcre is little tidal range, lighteningof the shipis the only altemativc. (16)Ijghrcningwil benefitany strand€dshipof ooursebut is easier saidlhan donc.Thesimpl€stwayis to dischrrgeeI balastwater aDdalty Aeshwat€r for which therEis no immediaterequircEadt. Makc slr€ that distillatbn plalts are furdioning before l6ing ft€3trwaicr. In somelatte passenger ddF, buoyancywas gai&d by laurdtng m6t of the lifcbortsladenwith pesrcnSprs (wcethcror r€3c1|cservicesFrmitdnd. lf the ship'sground t!.&lc is to be laid out, that rcductbn h weight *iI be to dilcharSingwil be a advantSe.As far 6 cargois concerDcd, sloiw prD6. It rvil oormdly be donc with li8hters---an €4cnsive oparation.It wil be neccssarythen to arfttrge for stoiageof the cargo,or FrhaF a trarshiFEnt. In thc caseot Frishable carBo€s,cob storagc,rra$bipncnt or l@l selling arc the usoalpriorities,itr tbat order. In the cvcnt of a ta[ker havingto bc ligbtdcd, thb rnaybepocsiblcusitrgoil barges,or srn I shalot imught cossaltatrke$,and0criblc h6€s. These craftmusthavesufrcicntdepthof *ater to dcar thc arcawhen badcd. It drould bc pNible to off-loadtud oil usingthcse nclho&. (14 Sfrouldbod *c.lher, or a sadl d€l,el@ whilc lhc ship b agmotrd,shemay stan to novc a$oad and sfiitc the gound hcavily, nith the tbr€at of sedoosdanrgc !o lhe hull. She fuM V quiMrcd downby Aoodingsone tanls sith balast. 162
STRANDINCAND BEACHING Thb calt ba dMur8pd af any latq tilr|e with no advdseefrecl on thc rcf,ostingDrocess. tank to (l8l ' ' CoGsidcrnF dg'Aui& withi" ole shiPftom tank to produces snion whi:h a seabed oo tlE trim.-In clunce lcneral, on tf,e hul. suchas-softsand,mudatrdevet smallsbingle.it ls bctterto lichtenthe sarsad endso asto t€ducclhe suclim on tbc fat D6; of ole hu[. If sheis liftcd on to thc sttetrdedcnd, broken.Movin8wat r or oil carlacbicre siaion is progressively she is sittinSoD a led89,it msy be bettq to lf ifiec. a similar lghten thc stand€d end or evendift wcight to lhe scawarg oen.
F I G U R E' ' I
(19) ' ' Crtoutrdtackle nray be laid out in the dir€clion in which r€fostinl seemsn;l bencficial.By this iBdrcantdr€ laing out of anclnis, cartfully placcdrt consitcrabledistanccsfrwl fte shipaad omacctedto'her by hcsvyrvirehawsers'FrhaF also rdir sme hncthsof her dain cable.HeavyFltllas€s 8rEolen *taJrca o di ccar, oftan scoritrg the s€cond3othe haulinS oI tbc tusr:Thb gt'resa fnrl vclodty .atio cqlal !o tF Dart 'Drodut d. lfu tro sepantev€bdty ratic and obvlouslythe ebo nultiplicd logcthcr'Tbe 89€ris ;€dsnaal advaotsccs'8rc sel uD tirh and eirhcr hovc otr or left tiSht to aweit Orc erlor;otE-fott.3 whkl win bc geaeraiaditl tbc Seatby a risiog tidc or otr6horcs*ell. Grould tacua is Probauytbc gr€rlesl 3irdc h.tor it eiditr8lbc refloati4 of r ,hip. G|outd tr'Ue also bcf o prsrcot fi[ther grounaing.For hirrorlzl i crcst,I am nori,inchidill aa muaof howe bowctancbotwascanicdout 163
STRANDING AND BEACHINO udn! ship'slifebosts.Furth€ron I sbal erptainwhythc p:aciicc is obeolescent. C.tithg oC r Bor.i Ardo. For thir it i! advhablcto ulc two bo r. Thc aDc.hor ral ba slung batrc.thoncboat but thi! will rEquircI gr€tct dcptl ofwrlcr thln may bc ivrilsble Thc apar!bowcranchotcatrbobrokcnout ofira badrtrd hoiltad ovc.sida ft will bc slutrgrt ib c.nlrc ot grrvity aDdlovcrcd u ilju3t ru|lsh-in thc horizoot l politior" Tha two boatr shouldthen bc cL{rld of all u[nec€rcarygearand somc 2-3 fi aport manc.uvrcd sidcby sidc,abouta mctrcapart,and hcsdingin thc ssmc ditrction. Thc ccntrr of dotationof thr boatsshouldbc cstimrtrd, i.c. thc ccnttr of gravityof thc wstcaplsnc,anda hcavysp4rlashcda6oss sll four gunprlcr et lhis po6itio!. Thc lpar b laihcd to thc thwerts,atrd thcguuwsLBarcpsddd sdthwidcpicccaof timt cr itr ordcrto dktributc thc wcightrod prEv.otc;rushingof t[c bost. Thc spqrfot our bo!t! ton 3 fr carryinga ttonn€ enchor,and I m apart, will havcto havea cross9 i n scctionof roughly23 cm diamctcr.If thc cacs-scctionis rquarc,thcn the squarcshouldbc of sidcroughly 18cm. lfthis sparis not rvrileblc wcshallhflrc to builds sFr, usingelry3uitablcpicc.sofiinb.r throughbolt d and round-larhrd.A lighr.t .psr i! aimilsrlylashcdecrorsthc quartrr gunw"aLs in odci to supportthc elchot at its shacldqsnd ro kccp thc bostr p6r.llcl. Thr bolts dowrpprolch thc alchor, hc|ditrgtow'r& its lhacklq ad atr carafullyma[cuvrcd orcr !d alongitr lcngthutil thc dcnick fall sbub thc ocDt'rl spar.Atr cficianl ropah5hitrgis Dowpr$d $ound thc cantEof gravityof thc anchoron thc rbadk,aadrhc hcarrysDar.lf a wirc 6tropis uscda lr.tcnt rlip mustb. iDcludcd.Thc aDchorshrcklc b lighdyh6hadto dtc aftcr spar.If thcrEi. lufrciant d@thof wd.r wE mayDowctooscto Galathc ccat'&llalhitrgI thc dcrri:k fsUfurlsckcd doen iD o.dc. to lubmct8ctbc Mchor. Thi! will caus ! dilpleccEcnt of wd.r end e adrll but hclpfirl upthn;t on tha uchor. If Oc aDc.hor ir corrccdy3lu!g st it! cotrr of gravitythcrcOould, in ttcory, bc no t2ft wciShtoo thc aftcr sp6r.If our lifcboalsarc l0 m long thcy will cach havca tooocapcr-cmimmersionof .oughly 02, i... a wight of 0.2 tonnc will submcrgconc boat I cm, Sinccthc 5 tonn.s is distributcd bctwccntwo boots,thcy will cachsink about 12cm. Tbcbo6&rhouldbc .quippd eith r ctah cbccrk rtoppcr,r lhrrp uc, lod halE r clls of rbout tful. manir cech.Itrio tftc boa&Eu3t Dos, 5- or 6in bc l()adcd,andc5ldully fskcd down,thc big40.or 5cmm wi|r s,hichis ro bcilrlly hovo-otr.Hslfcal bc phcadi! aachboat,'-tin8 surcthat it i! c,Latfo tutr. fhc cDdfurly toitrg itto thc bortt Oould bc passcd clar of ccrytbbg srd rh|cfid ro thc alchor ri[g. Ltrordrr to rvoid hrviq to do lhi! pith tic sachorjult.ubmargaqit couldwrll bc doDc tg
STRANDTNOAND EEACTIINO beforcc6hr awavthc dctrict fatl' fia othcr c[d of the wirc is dradc frlt to a ioi;mg fbrc ropc mcsscngcrwhichi!-cithcr Poidort sl&kly from thc !hiD. or ftom tbe boat on it3 rctum. wc arc aasudutgat tnrs itrrc trhrto;. boweratrchorhasalrc.dy bectrl.id'with a backitt|'uP nii attacbcd(cqualto abouttwicc the deptbof rva&.)' and buoycd' aslbostr ir Figdrc 8.1. Anchon will thus be laid in r,,r&n '
LIGN'
rrdura a.l Thc boals c-en now hcrd out to the 6$t anchor site. Fi8. t.2. ahowr thc twg borl! vith thc ancbor slutt in positio[ Thc bod! rlt thowtr wktar !p.n tbaD in prlctic!' for thc lclc ofclrrity. Ttc buoy irpi:kcd up end tha buoy-wiE hovc i[borrd. Evanrurly thc cnd ofihc 25-mm bickinS-up wirr will bc broughl to lhc surfacc. 3'in Tha r..d6 abould low idagitrc himlcf to bc in thc boat! .nd try to ti.|ldita thc tr fit rtap. hss thr end of th; 2tmm wirc (heving ctst ofr thc buoy'wir.) undcr 3-in lba aDrrt mrtc a routd turn o! tha inchol ahstrk clolc lo llc hcr4 ard aircfb tbc wirE b.ck on to itt ow! pstt. Th. wirc ia trow bdck'd-uP lo thc boi/ta |trclror ltd wil alidcdown clo.c to thc haid wbcd ltr.ttad Soc1t'Ettc buoy-wiF to thc boslr anchol and psy out dt th. wirc' 165
STRANDINC AND BEACHING rcfoating thc buoy.Msting tut! thc hcsvy*iI! i3 c.tcrtof cr,!.ythin& payout sufrciartto at lcestrlach thc bottom,andpassthccbiF,hcck atopFr ,oor.l',. Wc may ind it dimcuftto c6tid.r& how muchbcaw i'irr re arr paing out, atrd if wc ur&r-6tiEatc it, .dd hrvr r tight chain-chcck s!opF., tbafalling afthor mayarcisti! rcmovingpsn olr boet.Crit off thc L06hing oDtbc sltra aparrtrd elcd thc bodb, cftfla. Makc r ftral chcckto sccthat all ir clcar,rd cut th. ccntralhd nf tbrough.Thc anchoreill dcsccndro thc bottom with tba brckitrg-up wirEsacurcd,ard thc buoywi noatabovcthc anchorsgqDrldng rc-
F r c r r i El . l
covcrypcsiblc latcr if thc gromd.trcklc has to ba slippcdrrld hft b.hind. Moyc cl€rr, vecr the whole of tha virc strd rctum to thc ship payhg out the m€{sengrr.Thc aod of wirc i! now haulcdto tha shi; atrdrigScdrEadyfor hesvitrg.lrl us assumctbat tbc ship i! sgloutrit lorlward tDd our ground-tacklcbas bccDhid lcaditrt dght estcm. tleavy purcbs!€swil bc ulcd for stcssiDt thc groutrdtscHc, rd u€sc_may be riggcd in many waF. Gcrcrally thcy rra .! havy .s poisiblc ad ere oftcn riggcd with onc purch.lc a€.Nfrd to rhc heuling prn of drc otbct. This 8iv€r e tbcor€tic5l mcc;hrdical adr.lugr cqual to tbe padud of tha racpccrivc mcchrnic5l edva rgca. Abo tllc rtrcas oaccss&yor ftc dDd heuling part i! lowcr€d16
STRANDINGAND EEACHING Thi! hrulitrgpart i3lcd to lhc rtlcr witch6 o. caFtatr!. To disttibutc thc sta6smorccvcnly,thc haulitrgpdrt is oftcoturncdrculd oncwlrP inr drun asd tbcntimihrly tumcd uP oo lhc ncrt sct of winch6 for' wrrd. Bot[ wioch6 rrr lhcu run togrrhcr.Thc L{d of thc hsulingpart ihould bakcpt aslaarly esposriblcio oncstrsiShtI!a. Thc purch$cs will ba ulcd to advaotagrri.c. puling in thc ditlctioD of thc movio8 blockr.If thc cnd of thc hcavywirEhasan cycin it thi! is mott con' But if thc shipbGSiBlo mow, wnicnt for.ttachmcntto th. purchasc's. .nd thc hcavywirc is slowlyhovc-in,ho* it thc block now sccutcd? no! by ooc alo&. A !uc' Possiblyby scw.al cheinstoppcrs---.c.rlainly
L!!!-98:!!-!A!!E! FTGUiE i.4
cc|lful bctbod is lo us. r woodaotoSglc.Tbir b e thon ctlidric'l _wircis pi€ceof hardwood,bavinga large etddiametcr. The haatl pocsible The iumed backoo its own pan. makingassmallaa eyeas B stroP sclvatc' toccleis DLcedthrourh this evealld a chaialacingor The tbc blocl to and shaclled tf,c togglc oa;ca airuao ttc cyJ, over i:hain tightcosun&r teDlion (Fi8. E.3). whc!-ovcrhautingrhc purcliase, !.r, ral ctain stopFrs thould bc oerrcdon to thc wi-rc,glil FrbF light t ctl.s u!€d 3imilatlyto tbc ;r0od sho*! in Chrpt r I for hcavingup ceuc *hcn tha windlas!ia out of action, Thc at!trditr8btocksof lhapunhrlaa lhould b. mlda frst rouodvcry .troig point , such!r hatc.hcosEitrgtlnj bitts.WiDchHs rt! aoEc' dEJr;r.d. ihc $nc .pplica to chsin ltopFrt-ltc ordiorry dccl 1A
STNANDINC AND BBACEING fttil8. at! oftGnof itrdcquata!t!dgth" Dittr rhould batrtchcd vcry do..ly for rignr oflifting. Wahsvr low ril8cd thcSaarllrdy for u$ lnd eil chrngcthalubjccl for tb. tiDc bcitr&FiS,E.4show how our tscllc is lin8. Cn pr$hg, thc ncthod of c.Iryilg r bo*!r rnchoabalowoac bort itrvolvB th. uscofa cadttil sparhlhad to thc thwaru lnd rcstiDgon p.ddd gmwdcai! yry of lhc ocotEof dotation,as bcforr. Thir tihc l 0 i n thc sinkrS! of thc boat will bc 25cm. Thc snchoris susFndcdvcrtic.Iy, o. horizodaly, ftom th. bight of . witr strop p.!.i!8 rifht rourd tha bort rnd rpir, Ot tlc lprl ltc rtop c],.a ar! joind by a patdt slip,for lcttinggothc anchor.Noticcthat rhcltrop vill 8odol! vith thc archor. TI|c sFr must projcct bcyondOc gunwrle sumcicndyto prvcDt thc boatsidcafrom baingcrushd whcdthc wcightof tbe a[chor fomer oDto thc strop. Backingup thir adchorto a s€cond anclDr will iDvolvclhc uaaof a 2tEtrl wirr pcddsntdrrady sacurtd routrdthc shrak, rtd witt tha aodhcld itrb@n4rcedyfor codnccting up. Itr lowcritrgthc aDchorto thc boat, r shon sirr Fodlnt s,itl bc phccd bctw.cnthc aNbor atrdthc cnd of thc ailrrick fall Thc &dchor dtrg is shrckLd to rhc wirr rttop atrdllc haavywirc ir s.curd to thc &chor dtr& ThGtrrha dadbk f.[ i! slsckcddowtr!o tbrt thc rachor sld6 dow[ tha itrop to its pGitioD of sulFarion. Thc p.od&t Dowcorblcathc aochorto bc dctr.hd froD rhc d€rrick fal aDoy. waar., If availsblc,| 6rp.d&dr rtopDd i! a vEryulcful picc. ofcquipocnt fo. sccuriogthc hc{vypurchslcato thc5(lmm wir!, This tyF ofstoppcr i, canid rs stlDdqd cquipbcotin Nrvd wb. It i! b.!i:.lly r hollow Ectrl boiqhidg.d at t[c ccotrEof oDcridc aoar to oDasout into lulvs" Thc oppoditalidar ofthc box!E rot FrdLl but dirqga ,r6oad, In orc hrlf i. I groov! to takc tbc wira I! tbc othcrir a alidhg matal wldgr whichhr! thc $Ec taDars| thc tid.. of thc bor. Thi! w.dgcir groovld aod iB aroutrdtha wir! shrd thc box ir closcdsod &6pcd rhut V/hc! drcwi& i! .ttr rod thandg? taodrfo bcputhd in thcditrctiotr ofsuBr, iB Sroovcgrippitrgrhcwirc brrd6 ar t[c atrss inrrt.!.r. Thcbto.rdadd of thcp .atlfoppcrlu!aabrhffiIc otritfortEl[irg to rtroogDoirtr oo thodacL-io osr calctlc ffilc Ely bc rhlcklcd to ttc purciasc bloct A rFr! vldgc i! urudly rupptcd rith cac.h ltop'pcr,havbg r ilificrmt t.oort. By ci.ngng wldgcq i difcrlnt dzc ofvirc Dry b. flr-rld h ftc atoppcr. IIIE UIT OF II,'GS Io cord tidd wrtcr| it i! grocfrly rilc to rrdio fioatuSa$iataloa, .iroc ttcy lrl quictly d,rilil,b. Th6c fug wil bc rblc to !t'i3t ttc 168
STRANDINO AND BEACHINO ltraldad v.!'Gf in rcwtrl way* but in rll 6!ca tbc Mr.trr thouldavoid .!y foncid bdrSridlg anditlirt upo! sitlint Lloydf $&.8! Att!.' Dr[t on r '!ac1|!c, ro-pel,' b6siahcforcg6siltlncci! rcDdcrrd Ccncrrlly spcrkin&mosltugr cancxcrta pull offrom 5 to l5 ton&s, i,a. .oughly I toonapull for cvcry75 kW powcroftha cngin.s,thou8h soE rtr, porcrful ,.tYttc tugt cal cxcrt uP to 80 tonn6. Tlra rafc workingloid of r 5Gmmf,criblc at6l *irc ropawill bc roughly15-18 6in tonnca,so thet in many casasground-tacllcis morc cffcctivcthan a tug'spull. Furthcr,s tug will ril. end fall in & sa.way,andthc att ii in hc. towliDesill b. continurlly charging.Itr thc c{sc of lxound-tacklc, s swcllo. !.s c5n bc vcry bcnaicial,sinccprovidingthc !Ea. is kcpt Isut, thc risiDgof thc watcrbomcP|rt of thc shipin thc awcllproducas surgiog,itrcrlalad strBscsin thc tecklq which tioc end timc agdn hevcrcaultcdin movin! a ship.lt is for thit rcasonthat gtound'tacklc mustcompriscthc hcrvicstgr3r rveilablc,sinccif kcpt tiSh! thcrcwill bc no spring in tha lincs to abso.b suddcnjc'tks, and str6lcs niy A ftr cdnot-ntlc us of lharabcndcid forca+&rd fol thi! tlatotr, aatvali oF ort dry lugt6t tha ura of ground.tacllcitr rdditio! to tbch aw! pull lo thir aaaa,thc tu8| ca! bc utcd lo hy out thc dip't |!c.hon vcry tp..dily, ald thut arE coonilcnbL tillc atd ttoubla Ooo. tb .hip i! rrnod.4 tbc 8..r drt, hrE to bc dipp.d ud lclt for Ltai rccovlry-haoccthaulc of buoytto rutk thc rmhott' A tugaay at|o bccEployd i! t rterg, i'c. ulirg tbctttlad ofwrtar fron b propcllcror propcllctr,diEclcd at frl dow! rt po$iblc, to rolr .rry ti. .c.-b.d vbi:h ir rilting up tbc lrudcd bull lt i! oft.a tlit siltilt tbkt ptoduc.t .ao!8 rrlioo, holdia! thc .hip irnly i! pl&a. Scouib! wil ba acployld wbao t attudcd tbip c.ntr!3 bc iror,td by hrr ou po*cr, by grould-trcu., or by dllct towirli It Eay bc u*d to oat I v!..1 tafllc da.F itr th! *rtrr |trd b.coDc r|irtorra, c to dEdscr da.p cbrtrod lo.cawir4 or to dFdgcc.vi' t'F b.o..lh rhcto.I Aly t4dl crrtt hsviig . ruitrttlc ciE by thc .t t! nay bc utc4 a,gia tsrwlcr. Tbc arc. rhould bc rougblyrurvlyd bcforccoEDaocitrgand tbr dcpthaaub.cqu.otlycbactadfrq|mdy i! c..& utrdlainblc b.trtilt i. bciagc.urd by rhc acourilg.lt i! quic pocsiblcfor a|!d to baacouttd fim rtc fiD'r riL .trd c.u* r atoal to form ro EP|r4 If thir i! lot catrfrly c.h;:to4 ahatnry ttnDd agrir do.tly aft.r ndodinfi For drcdgilg cavitici bcnceth. kccl,thc tug should h.v. no morc ahrn 2 m bclowhcr proFtlc.. For frccingthc &r!e .long bc. til8!3, 8tlatcr &prbe-up to t ; tod dcpth--fir F nilsibb. Tbc rug i. ..curcd 4 falhorn to_rlrcabit by a hrwrcr f.om lhc towinShook,r msnih haw.crlc.diog from cachqurracrfor hcavi4 thc tug uP rnd dorvnthc shiP'6lcngii' .nd a hc.droF from cschbowfor slrcriDsthc tug'r inclinrtion to th. 169
STRANDING AND BEACHING ship'sforc-and.aftlitrc. Thc tug shouldalsohavcboth hcr anchorsout AsuEing tl|. u!. of two tus!, if tumclitrg bcocrth thc fod, both crrll vill bc acqrlld on otrclidc of tbc shiprd rt .bout 70 dcgrr.r lo thc!hip'3ridc,ThisLr8p inglc prcvaotadcfactio! ofrhc !rr..m ofwstcr by thc bilgc.r!a. Thc crafi arr !.curd .brc$t of thc or'b, sitrc.cavitic3plduccd hct! rril lot unduly*trkcn rh. hu[. OtrcclhGcrviticr rtr bloptr through,thcy ltt grdully rvitlco.d.-iur rrot d!.pcocduaduly --by movidgthc tulr If, o! rtG oth.r hra4 thc hilg...rc lo bc dcaEd of.ilt, thcothc tug' wil b. !.cutd rt i rDilct Entb io tb! rhip's lidc --rbout 30 d.8rcs----ud wil bc continutuy worlcd fton enllrhipc to*.rds both ctrd! of thc hull Blttrturly tbc rhip nay bc lcft rtrriag on i ridgaof a..-tcd wirt dccpcrrstcr oo both ridc!. By hcrvinSon bor or quarLr |trd by ulirg ihip'r cngiaarand ful dtrcltlug rudd.t, tha thip rtrry bc alowlyrocfrdotud bacon wlt!|rbofla. Cortnry to irrt thoufit, thc ctrgidrtar! uladat c4 oihcrwilcthc thip wiu bccoDt ftb&tcd.
If.couritrS . chrmd to !.d9rr4 tla tu8 ia sltrtd to th. thip u.itr8 r hlws nrd. fllt do.Gup to thc tug', pivotirt poht TbG$g i. .&o .Dc,ho|!dto a singLlnchor L.diry rhad. Ar har aogi6 d! rorkcd rh.!d thc i! aloely how foytldr th6 randada[ip riib vrcriit bar owtr aabh, dcwin8hcr st m froD aib to ,ida to f,idao rtG chllttrcl, and buoyingetrdloEditrg tt channclab. t! n.king Scouringia rtst icicd to cartai! tlF of F-h.d--.rtrA thind., ind Dud. Stitrchy i! udluititrL. A rooty bottommry xdl b. corald with e ihin hycr of loolc .ilt, givilt r f.kc iEpnr.ioo tbd rc.uriq ir po.tibla Ar r mrtirr ofbtlllat, thc ptiri& ofrcouriry wrr ftrt uad h tt9l io Port Sri4 whatrr ahip'aanlin6r &scd$bd a boiery of pip.1 lorrrcd ftcn ovrcridcuadl rb.t 9t|rc iDbcrtd i! lta batfiog.rouod It hE4 |'d puDp.d rd6 .t bift pr!.an! thtoufh tbro, th. piF bcitrgFfodt d. Th. dtins e|| loqctrcd ud tb. rbip h.d.d h.rdf dcar. TJSEOF BOATSWEEI{ STMNDEI' Atthowh mrk has bc€tr includcd in tbis ctraptcro! thc ulc of ship'sboat! for caryiDg out anchorsit is Daidy of hirtorical iftarcat rod FrhaF for th€ occrsionrl craminatioDqucstion. I am of the opinion lhat lilcboats c{tr *cll bc urcd for suracyworl arcund tltc stiendcdshipor for fcrrying Frrotrncl in thc dra but that dtould be thc limit ol their u!c. FulthcrmorE, I hava alwaysrdvocatcdthet ship's lifcboatc (cxcept when there is a dir€ dncrgcI(y ruch as ftandodtrt ship) shouldnot bc rcnt awayin thc opanrca rrban the vind ir abovea ccrtsin lcvcl on thc B€aufortScalc.I cvco dcviscda 170
STRANDINGAND BEACHING sliditrt scile to imprcssthc point upon studcDts.Winds of betwe€n ForcesI and 5 are for prudent saasco, Forces6-8 ale for budding h€roe6snd 9-12 ere for th€ foolherdyonly. ThiBis Pllrelyfor $hips' boab and crewsand doesnot apply to sbor€rercre servic€rwho are bcttcr equipFd and fa. more erFricnccd h that kind of worl. Sometimca a boatwill leavca shipin a Forcc4 atrdhaveto retum in a fteshenhgForce6 aod it canbe a very haardous opcrationhookingon in sucha s€a.The useof nyloo pendantson the boatfal blocks(a requircmentfor passengership emcrgencyboats) has rrduced the hazardslightly. The frct thrt ca8ervoluntaersrle availabl€should not dctcr a Master froh hi6 reluctadceto dispatcha boat in poor wcather.Obviouslyin casesof distress,scamcntlke more risk, but io a stratrdinSth€rc is the addeddangprof the shallowwatcl effccton waves,dakiog them shortcr, stccpcrand morc readyto brcak. A numbcrof very good reasonscan bc put forward to sho* why tha pracliceof carryingout anchorsin lifeboaB b obsolcrcent: (l) Undcr somcClassificationSocictyRulcs,no heavywirc (towwirc) is rrquired to becarriedon vescelsof morc thsn 90m in lcrgth. (2) The lifeboats available may bc made of glass-rcinforced Dlasticor similar malerialandmo6ts€amenarc of the ooiDion ihat thesc boats are unsuitablefor slinging anchors;ithet acro6sor beneath. Stecl, aluminium or wooden boats are bettcr for Ois rork. (3) Th. lifcboars may b€ totally-€nclo6€din which thc boat's compLmantenter throuth I door[Etch n'hicbis thenscal€d. The boat is p.obablyfittcd with an extcmal water spray,for nayi8ationthroughbumint oil or gasalld a limitcd air supply is avaihbl€ to the clcw during this time. Thcc€ toab have oDlya smsll lcdgaaroundthe gun*rle adiacantto thc domed covcr and they arc quite unsuitcd to the carrying out of anqtoIs. (4) Evcn if tbc boatsare suitcd to thc work, the snclrcr may be too hcavy.Not only mustthc Trc of the boat bc cooridcrcd, but the sbceriob of handlitrt the archor may bc too much. Tbis chaptq hascotrfioedits€lf to the carryingout of anchors which wcigh about 5 ton|lcs---or 414 totrtr.3 whcD slung b.Iclth a bort. EveDthe6carl too heavyfor somcmodcm situatiom. (5) ff trone of lhe forcgoing .pplicr to a particulrr instence, mattcrs c5ll itill comc to a halt if tro propc. lifting gcar is availablefor handlingthc enchor. (6) Therc may bc no largc purahasas aveilabhior scttio8 up thc 171
AND BEACHING STRANDING ground tackla in shich caseoutsidc help is needed.Thcee salvors*ill plec! the ancho.s,usin8thcir own craft. (7) Even if the lif.boats .rc suitrblc, thcrc may bc only two, of which onr ir a motor boat. Tbere is atr enormousdregon a boat *bich rttcmpts to c$ry an ancbortbroughthe watcr, It is as though clustersof buclcts hevc bccn rttrchcd to thc k€cl. For this rcaron, thc motor boat is csscntial.But if i! Figurc8.2 only onc wasa motor boat, both ruddcrswill have to bc well ovcr to coultcract a stecringbirs due to thr onc cngoe. Eithcr both boarsshouldbe nechanicaly-propcllcd or, if posrible, onc motor boat can tory a pair of nondechanicalboats. (8) Thcrc is considcrablcri^rkto life and limb when undcrSoing tlis work. D€rricls or crrncs arc bcing ritged to ha[dlc and swing hc.vy anchorsovcrsid€, borh ate bcing ha[dled in clGc proximity to the ship's side, rhcy rra bcing loadedin unu$ualways,the work itself is totally alier, instructioo!may not bc clcarly utdcrstood and folloeed, atrd Lom what thc rcader hasaheadyseen,furthct harardserist rt the anchor sitca. Atrcho.s have bectr carricd out itr shiF lifcboats on occesiotrsduring thc last t*o dccadesaad onc of thc worst calcs ocqrn€d in thc llXG whcn a Ftrol-cngined boat was b€iry ur€d for thc task. An cngbccr, who rva! $noking aboaidthe d'aft. causadan €rDk6bo and thc boat@Enurncd. Thc anchorwe! loct. latcr, inothar bort waslo6t r€Fatint thc crcrcirc. Fortuortcly tha lo6t afthor wasa lilht lcdgc, stil carricd .bo&d an rgcing ship. (9) Therc b risl to th. lifc-ssviogappli.lcrs, It could bc aqucd that indir€dlydlc boetsarc bcin8urcdto aavalifa hrt it b a v€ry ttin ar$EEnt. Thc boatsarc beitrgurcd aBlorl-.reft ad that is not tbe lrason why thcy rrE plac.d aboard.On thc otbcr haDd,if it is obvi s that if andwhcnthc Essel is rdoatcd $e wil inmcdiatcly movc into a nearty porr fo. cxtcddvcwork, thcn FrhaF the boatsara cxpcndeblc.A Mastcrmult ar all times cxcrcisc thc grcatcat carc in thc ulc of lifc-seving appliencd. (f0) Thc fnal poilt wlrich com6 to mind is thc rtethcr. Having alre.dy mc ionad lhc drag oa thc boats csuscd by thc subrncryedanchor,it is not difncdt to visualiratba problcrni involvcd if, aftcr dfucountiotcvcrythingebovc,thc mchor is saafor tansit to thc sitc atrdr Forc. 4 brcczcsFitr8sup. With sltort seas, a 13 knot wind, a hcavy anchor bclow, and FrhaF hervy ruddcr io u!., tbc boa$ coulde.[ bc rtoppcd deaditr thc natcr. Onc Officcr told me that he and his crcw
rn
STRANDINGAND BEACHING spent ncarly a ehole *eek clrrying out onc bowe. anchor bctwe€ntwo rteel lif€boats,fightingcufients,win& aodseas. Whenrhcy fitrdly beganto set the geartight, the anchor-to their horror-was simply haulcd straight back to the ship. This demonstrstedboth paintully and admirablythe valueof onc anchorbackedup by anothcr. It is most important that thh is clea y understood. GROI]ND TACXJ,E RIGS By riggiog anchorsin tandcm,it b€comcslcsslikcly that the gcar will be hauledbackto thc strandedship.when an anchoris hoveon, the pull shouldalwaysbe parallcl to the axb of the shark. lf thc pull mov€sup only 5 dcgre€saway from this aris, one quarter of the anchor's holding poecr fu lost. Wben the algle incrcas€sto 15 &gcca, the holding powcr is clt to half. In tandcm, the irrthar anchorcannotexperiencethis a[gular pull unlesslhe ncrrcr atchor is actuallylifted off the seabedby the strcsson the gear. Additionally, any tctrdencyof the nearcr archor to dr|g towards drc shipis rgisted by the holdingpowerof tha othcr anchor.Ideally, thc backing-upwire, or chain,or combination,shouldbc of ihc same strengthas the rcst of the g€ar. Unncceislry rcducliom of strcngth must bc avoidcdif thc oDcrationis to succccd. Whcaa vassalir strandcdelongoncddc hcr cngiocsrE oflitdc vtluc itr EfoatinS hcr. Ground-lrcklcwill havcto bc cmploJ€dwith o. wilhout towitrg.sristaiir Hc. rcawird aidc mud bc surrElrd to dccidc whichcnd of hc. b to barlcwd clcia. Gcncrally,abcwil bc dccF.ft, r|ld thc bow i! chosctrfrom wbichto Lad lic ga.r. Th. rtcm mry rEquirEra adchorand hawscrLadinS6carv.rd,i! ordd lo prrv.dt thc rrlrt Gd froE drivingfarthcrashorca. shcir .vcoturly rlcrrld. Br*in8-upmry bc occurritrgrll slolg thc r.awardsidc.c.lliog for lcourinS cfltl Fig. E.5shorvta mctbodwbc.rbyground-tictlc rl|aybc riggpdfor $rcha ship.Shcwill n ada considaaablc lctrglhofhrela! on hcrgoutrdt.ctlc, sitrccif shc wcrc, for cxamplc,150m in lcngth, by.thc timc shc hr5 pivotedon hcr stcrn a 20GmwirE will lc.vc littla sc.oF for furthci b..til8. If thc !trlouat of wirl .vrihblc L lot lu6cicDt, thao somcchein-csblcwill hell to bc urcd,a! lhowtr i! tDcigur!. Thfutvill i! uy crscbc bcodci4 bccslF it! rcifbt wil a$irr thr .ppliad .ll.s! to rl nah prr.ll9] lo ttc uchor ab|at. whcn c.rrying out a borcr anchor*ith, sry, . shrcllc of chdn' cabL in sdditiotrto thc hcrvy wirq grr.t clrc wiu trvr to bc ulad *hao D.yin! out thc crblc from thc bost!. A goodmfhod i! to ttop it atound thc ouLi& of rhc bot! rd cr.t ofi rh6c rtoF wh.o r.o..rrry. Cat{a hooh couldbc csrricdin th. bosB ifdcaiEd. A sbrckL of 6?mm stud
5(Dft lqlf.thom
t5 frthom!
2+in
2!io
s*-in tons }in tonr ions tons 4l-in rons 2+in tons bns lorE
STRANDINGAND 'EACHING c.bh will lligh .ougbly2l todca, caulingi riDhgr of 5 cm i! ..ch bort (t/50 Lg F n.) Thc wirr ha*lcr i! Fig. 8.5 ir lort throulh r hlror Cand fairlcad aod rhc purchrsaii fa3rto r hcavywirt atropp6alcdaroutrdr betch carmin8.Thc purEhllc Oould ba aDcbord as frr el}ay from thc f&itlced rs pocsiblci! odcr to avoid frlquant ov€ihaulin&ard th.rcforc of No. 2 coamiagwill ba Plltcrablc to No. I coaming--{cpcDding, cours.,upotrthc lcngthof thc purchalcfall, Thc coamiogcomaEarc plddcd ryithtimbarto prEvcntcuttingaadcba6r8of thcrtrop. Stoppcrt ar! anchoftdlo lhc windlassor virch bcds.Thc hcavyvirr htwscr ii lomrtimcs buolcd r.longit! lcngth at frlqucnt idG aL, !o lhll if it shouldpdrt thc rnds mayb. quic[y rEcovcrEd. A v6scl str.trrlcddd-fsst docslot lcccssarilyrcquiE suchr grcat lcogthof hrw!c., thoughin grndal it shouldrlmyB bc ss long as po58rc rig for suchr ship.Thc purchasas siblc.Fi& 8.6 showsa firggcarcd rnchorcd to a sioglcatrop,joinilg thcir staodingblocks.trd p$sing 'romd tllc paddcdNo. 4 hatchco6miD8.Stoppc6arc aSrinltchorcd io winchb(ds. Thc trbovctwo cxaDplcartr iocludcda! r tuidc only. Thc vryi itr srhicha ship may atreadrrE numcroussnd caoootba d6ll with individuallyh tbis cbrprar.Thc rcrdcr, [owcvc., shouldlow hrtt 3uftcianttDowbdlc to dcvi3c! goodhauli.og-rig fo. sll ca!6. As far as the gcar uscdis corccm€d, the s€amanba8aI too litde cknr. Hc eil Fobably have@ly on€ r€{[y h€{vy wire (say50mn), and this may bc in two pais. It6 tota.lletrgthmay bc roughly250m Tbc waryint por,.r of bi! wirchesis abo fircd, atrdhe th€rcforc ba! to salccla puchasc suitabL foa thc wirE atrdthe vinch. If he hasno h€vy porchas€she wil haveto constnrclonc by strappingloSpthcr saveral3itrglcblocls of appropriaic.izc. A3 en crample, suppocehc har a wimi with r wrrping powcr of 3 toDn6 atld a 45-mm h€vy sire. The wira h8s a calod.tcd safc workiDgload of 15toD!6. For bis fall, bc !cc& a yi'r havi4 a safc worting load itr cx€,46of thc winch powcr, saya 25-mmwirc witb a safc*orting load of 414iondcs. lf ha rc€v€sthis wir! vil fal h a threiold nrdusc uscdto advadagehh Frrdasc will belvc sith a str6 of ror|gbly13lono6, whi:h i5suitatrLfor thc heavywiE. Hir Frrchse bloclisshor d bavcsafc worling loadsof 15-m bnnca. ff his big sirc is 3tDm itr citqtmGrcrcc it will havca safcworkint load of l0 tonn€s.Uscd vith tha sam€vinci, r sdallcr Purch!€ is ncccrsary,e.g. a two-fold or doublcluff trcle rovc sirh Zlmm wire a3e fall. Thc wire hasr rafc eortitr8 lord of 3&totrncaaDdis suitablc for thc witrch. Us€d to advrtrtegcon thG winch, thc PurchascwiU craatca strcssof routhly 10lorn6, whichsuitsthc *irc hawscr.This purcharc should hav€ l5-tonnc safe workiq load blocks. Such a 174
sr*nE
. !""''il'-.._
\
\ \
30 MEYiES
\ l
l
\
tons
ron!
ton ll.ioe tons rons
STRANDTNGAND EBACIIING purchascwould tr the guy of a 6Gtonnchcavydcrrick. Thc iaarri! chrtrglr his pucbascout oft6p.cl for tlrc rlfc wotkioS lold of hi! Dain biwlcr. If hc choolc! to crcccdthc lrfc worlirg lord of lir 8..r it !|ay Frt .nd k$ad N, a[anc.. of brsvilg thav!.aclc&ar. Horcvcr, faidy Lrfc arfcg f.aion qi!! thc cdc| rtrd brliting !t!.4. ofr wir! topc bcitrglix tiDA ils ,afo wortiry losd' Tbr aboE cxrrsph, tbao,illuttlt6 b€sicrllybor' tha,aam!trlhould arrufp hi! g!.r. lLtouSiout it! l68lh thc w!a!6t Frt mult hd! r! adrqult! r.fc worti!8 lod. b rhc udortunala amt of Do powErbclu avrihblc otr bodd tha r,.aad,rhcurc otda!-ttow.r shouldnot bGi8Eorcdor dilEis.cd lithtly. onthchawscrwithno w. wishto rhaintain ourpullof13tooncs Suppos. po*cr avaihbb, i.a wincbaq*i!dh$, or c.pstrn Ifs! act mcc.broicel up rDot[ci tbftofold putcillc uld to ldvutrgr otr tbc hattlingFrt of thc othcr. then this secondpurchascmust produccthc sttcssof 3 tontrcsoriginslly providcd by thc warping drunl of tbc winch. To providc this srrcss,thc hruling parl of thc sccondpurchascmust bc rutrtcd to 0 7 tolnca. Tctr mcn of svaralac€ighr?0 kg could tupply thiaStrcss;iffivc mcnarc uscd,thcnthe h&*scris sfcsscdto 6l tonncs instcadof 13 tonnca.Thc usc of four-fold block throughoutwould r€duccthc numbcrof mcn rcquitcd,Man-powcihesbcanus4din the pastitr this wayand provcdsucccssful-ifa liltla axhaustinS Ir hlr b..! .3tiditcd tbet r shipwNch i, atntrdcdDrad3a pdl of 30% of hcr lort buoy.ncyto hcavcLar ofi r trnd r.a'bd , 9% i^ lb cercof henl gnrcl, 6G{)% itr thc ca!. ofcorsl tdd t0-150% itr thc caraof rcck. Of intlrt6i ara two csr6 of unurud Edortitr& A lhip we! rgtould rDi&[iF oDtand.Shcioodcd hcrtormrd tsD]& PullFd out hcrrftd trnl* rug ful 6pc.d,ard movad.Doothly ofr. Arlothcr v6!cl_-_a! Aocricu-littrally iEFld hcnclf otr str irohrld pimaclc of rook. Th. tidd ru8. w.! t gligiblc. Co$id.r th. dificulti.!! Nothirg dlurt 4 tha rock e|r ccE otcd i4to thc ihip, blastcdtbroughbalos ria Lcl and thc thip Eovcd ofr--Lavicr, but wit[out s hrk.
rxiE or oTHn sHlPs Whatrothcr r€'rcta btE r thatrtuSq erEulcd to haavcI shiPofi a b.!t, bcach,or lcdgg& rurvry lhould bc cuticd out !! bdorc, io otdc( to Sivclbc a$iltiog thip | ,efc liDcof approrch.nd d.io tbc bcstdircclioa io whi:i to rrdoct thctFradadahip.Thcrca-bcdtlrt rid lhould ba alcartainrd;if !o& tta ula of thc r6cuc vrcrcl'i aotitrB may bcnt !p thr .trud.d hull rld pordbly hrt owD., rtdl A rsfc Dcttod it for lhc tcaolevtaaalto trtttr atomon to tbc atrudcd ahip,h go both h6 uc,horr, rnd Eor,! oely lltrfq \/!ati!8 a good bF of c.blc on both rnchort, ebich .hould lic 6Dao! arch bow. 116
STRANDINC AND BEACHING Wfut. rtraythanbc Fsscd acro$ to thc b.achcdship,citbcr by Dating oortrcl btwrctr thc two !rs!.I! eith bo6tsor by fuirg I rockd lioc. Thc wfurt sG horrcteut, D&dcftl saa1ttl,rnd thc r*uc vassalthcn ba!i8 bcaviogioto rhort 3try, Thc bcachcdvassalmay havcto ha.E otr hcr oetr lround-tacklcaswcll. Shouldshcnot havartry rigSpdrnd which tblrc i! lhc poslibility of hcr rcfioetingwith a rush---aomcthing i! tbc cxc.ptiotrrathcr than lhc ruL-thcd thc towing lvirc! mutt bo crpqblcof bcioginslandyslippcd.Whcnmakingtbc towingwirc! fatt .roord bitt! a tum shouldbc talcn aroutrdthc bolLrd nc.r6t thc frirksd bcforr balayingth. wirr. ThfuavoidsaDu[duc strc$ on thc frnhct bollrrd whichrniShtcaulr thc bitr. to lift from th. dcck. A vcssclof D.W. lom tonncsfitlcd with TGmmspccialstc€lcable toff 2|.in and an clcctric wiodl&ssof 48 kW powcr can,whcn hcaving,c&rt a maximumstressof29 tonnesoncachcablc,andthcrcforcit is prcfcriblc 10passihc to*ing hawscrsaroundhatchcoaminStor dcckhouscs(wcll p.aldcdwitt tinbcr) rarhcr than bitli. ID thc c5!c of a 3hip stratdcd brordridc-oo,thc towiDgwirc waspasscdup ooc trrn'scpiF, dowothc otb.f, mund r9in, ad finally shacklcdto itl owtrprfi. Thi! provcds ,acorarrr|nsadrot. Afgin, tha wiaacould bc shackld to r ltaDdad rhip'. c.trlc if.hc wrrt dDilsdy b..chcdIftbc r.3inhs shipdridcr to u.a hcrcddnc pow.t.lotc hcr Mr!!.r Dult dccidcwhcttrr to tow froD forward or from afl. If tlc bcsctr shoa&rapidlyatrdit rocky it will ba utrvilc to movci! !t m f$t for fcar of d{mrginSprofEUcrsaod ruddcr.Thc shiDshouldtbcrcfoE rP Drorchthc ,trandcdship bow-oo,parathc towiDgwiE ot eirc3, end thca w hcr astcrnpowcr.Thrrc aI! two mri! rdvantaga!ia thrt thc ship, if sh€ strikes. wi b€ damaSedforward rathct than aft, and ttc rhb i! Eorl aalily tcpt in poritior whib 'l otrlhotr wiDdi! ttlo*futg. Th! dk!dv.trt!8. is that stcd powt u!.d ovcr. toft bottomwill Fob. ably lc.d to ba ing up and chokiDgof mschincfy.Thc rdvadagc of toeing froE aft, on thc othcrhatr4 futhlr lhc ahiPwil gcd.rallybrvl I gtcatcrahcsdtbrust faomhcr propcllcrthan whcnrcvcrlcd, EEACIIING Thi. docstrot forE a! adtiraly!c* r61ion of thi! c.bapt6,,inca .vaythitrt whicnhs3a&radyb.ctr discurscdwill bc eppliebb wh.a it oon6 to rrfiootingthc ship. If r ship b ia ioainc dogar of foundcringlDy tyF of bcaahi! r€koma. Asiumingrhaidcal,i.c. a ccrtainamountofprpantory tirnc ud r choiccof bcach,thc b.3t tyF is oDCwtich bat a frm su.facc,ir frcc from rock, hr3 a gpDdcdoF, i5 fil! from 8trotr8currcntt |nd !couri!& is not subicclto hcaw 8u4 atrdi! not too cxpocd to brd vlatira. Fonuat irdc.d fu tha ac.Da! sho cadfud aucha baachal tba rifht tirnc. Tidrl trng! i! adolh.r fsctor; thr& thould idcally bc rona !o thet ovcBidcor bottod,damagpcad ba rcprircd at lorv-yrtc.
r77
STRANDING AND BEACHING tin . vithout rb. .id of disr, Whcnbcachiogit i agaiDid..l to do sort hi8hwatcror oDa fallinS tidc !o thal the shipsct{csslowly,rath.r ihatl to drivchc. hardashoE rd atrainthc bottom platiDg,Furt[.r, it is postiblcto somccrtcrt lo controllha dcgr!. to whichshcis bcrchcd,by discrcctuscoflhc.ogincs baforctcr kc.l closaswith thc s.a-H. Thcrr is, ofcoursc,thc datr8rr of bdnkidgup aod alsodrawiDgsandinto thc machincry,so muchwill dcpcndupoothc Daturcofthc botlom. A d.n.gd ship lositrgbuoyarcyrapidly, if bcachcd,may w€Ub. ebL to rdoat at a laGr high wrtcr aftlr rcpairshavcb..n dotrq com. psrttr|cntspubDcddry, aDdhcrbuoyErcyrtstoEd. lf baachiDsbow-oDwith a trim by thc stcm, a bcachwith r slopc ltacpc. thatrthst of h.r lccl will cnablchcr stcm to bc kcpt buoyatrt vaSllL t
xlrEo !t STEA|{
!!gC!!-!:Z whilchar fot! cnd is goundcd. Fi& 8.7 (a) Bhowsrhisconditioa.If hcr kccl hr! thc st cpcr slopc thcn bcr st m will touch6rst, a,rahowain Fi& 8.7(r). Trimmcdby thc hcad,shcwill, whatcvcrthc .loF of thc beach,takethe groundforward. Oneof the dangersin beachingendon is that cross-windsor clrrents may swingthe ship rapidly inlo a broadsi& positionon the shore,makingrefoating very ditficult. Fig. 8.7(b) might preventthis ocqtrring. A vBscl msy bc b.aclFd bow-onor stcm-oo.Wfuchcvcrmcthodis cho6co,grouDd-tact&shouldb. riggadlo kccphcr !.sward cnd3t ady, snd to stop hcr from drivitrg f.rrhcr a3horc.E4ually,shc shouldbc If b.achcd !.coftd to thc rhotl to prwcDthcr comidgofr uocxpccrcdly. stcro-onshchasthc rdvrdaS! of prcsortingbcr atrongcr,fncr cnd to thc forcd of oDlhort $a ald w€thcr. Futthat, hcr anchors8JErcady for casylaing and latcr harvinS;tlrcy cad b. cerricdout dittct from 178
STRANDTNG AND BEACHINO
thc hrwscpipcs.!d .tc!s.d by tbc windlst In f.ct h.8 |nc.ho..!!d cabkacouldncl bc laid out *hilc mrliDg hcr appto6a[to thc baroh. Providcdthcbcachb 6rn andfrrc fromrock!, thcpropdLrsatd ruddd will ba unhrrncd, but hcr i6prat, of courlc, must bc as gcntlc as possiblc,Stem suctionsmay be cholcd itr this position,howcver. f bcschcdbow.onhcr vuh.ribb, morr buolEtrt,aodis cxporadto s.{ rad *cathcr. To trap tha !tct[ quic! Srourd-trclL aurt bc hid but thc vaslal our from afl This is laborio$ whc6dola aftarbcsc.hitr& couldwcll bc dnchorcdfrom aft asshemakcsh.r tpprorch (sc. ChsP tcr I).
r ront{: I
FtGUiE !.4
Thc ,lenrn hr! r llturel inrtinc-tby whichtc stongly avoidralowitrg hfuproFllc. add ruddq to comcinto clos. prorimity eith objEts suchr. wharvla,picrs,atrdothcr rc3lcls.Thc luggastio!tlat hc lhould b..c.h st r!.oD nry wcll disgult hirl' but on clo(c co8idcrrtion thc advaatagdat! Daoy. Fig. 8.8 showstwo meihodswhcrcbya vessclmaysecureher headlinaato thc ahorEro prcrEntuocrp.cLd rE oding oa bctngdrivcd ofr shorEby a Irlc. Tbc atrlc! Eay bc of mcttl If wood.n, . timbc. having. nltul3l cLrticig ia prcfcdblc, c.g. lifcboatortr trladcof |3h. Tbry 3houldb. drivcn lo a dcpth of at lcast I m and at an atr8lcof m dcgrecsto the 3 f t venical.Fig. 8.8 (a) $onf, a combinationof staLessuitablcfor a stress of up to 2 toDnes.Fig. 8.8 (r) showsa herry Wor(a light derrick*ould t79
STRANDING AND BEACHTNG bc id.al) sccurcdbct ccs pafu! of atalaaalong it! lcn!t!. Tha atrtar o! thc !.awa.d sidc must bc cxactly in linc so that aachbcaB r proponion ofthc strcsi.*hich can bc uo to l0 tonncs. Itr clo6ingrbis ch|ptcr I .m ircluditrg cxtrsct! from a dilo$siotr hcld st thc In titutc ofNrval Archilcts iD 1950,Thi! took placca! rhc rcrult of a t chnical paFr rubmitt d by Mr. Il L. Dovc, M.I.N..{., otr modcl adchor t!st!, I bclicv. thst thc poi.ai! mrdc bclow wiU bc of particular p.rclic.l iepoflaacc to tic s.witrS O6cc..
hundt dvligbts
'Rcferctrccha3 bccDmadc by a prwious spcakcr, Captrio Thomaon, to thc strca$ atrd kcdgc enchors, aDd hi! rcmrrks, I think, arr worthy of thc closclt attctrtio!. IIc ststrd that for all thcir precrical wonh, thcy might as wrl bc thro*! ov.r tha aidr ad dispcnscdwith. Thc prcs.trt t'?€s ofthcs€ snchorsfttcd in modcm shipg buiL ro thc hi8hcst classifcation of Lloyd's, arc rEally Dothing but omamcnl$ How crn aDyoacbc crpccLd to lay out aDadchor *Eighidg possibly | , tonncs from a ro*ing boat $/itb s3y,four or fivc mcn to handlc tbe boat and thc anchor? Aftct ell, whcn a ship rutrs ashorcsnd a sttram afthor has to trc lArd out in an cncrgcocy, tlc oFr.tiotr ha! to bc canicd out by oDc of thc ship's lifcboat& I iircarcly hopc that iooc day. . . vcslclr wil bc Droidcd with thc typc of anchor that llr! a r!ry trigh cmcictrcyand at tha ,{Dc tima can bc a$ily handlcd and laid out quicuy. 'Thcar must bc drny ca!6 ofv6acls hevirg bcanloat baaauscthcy haw b..n uDabtcro ley out dochon *itb good holding powcr, quickly id an cncrgpocy, Quoting onc calc e! etr cxemplc-thc "Hclcra Modi'ska", a vcssclwhich togcthcr witt hcr cargol'a! valucd at mo& than a quartlr ofr rnillion pounds, which rvldt agrourd on thc Goodl'in!. Srvcn tuSsfa cd to movc hcr mo& tban e fc* dcgcca, wirh thc rcsult rhat io lying ecr63 thc tidc, thc .atrd scoutrd away from uddcr thc bow elrd Btcm, aftcr which shc brokc hcr back. I arD $ru.rd by fric ,3rr thc Admiralt that balfr doza rmrll but cftcicrt |ncton of s wcight mcasurcdnot in lonncs, but in kilogrammeswould havc had frr oolr cffoc'ttbln tlc 6avc! tugr, and thir vc6!cl, bcilg.blc ro msiDtri! stcro to rll hc. cargo einchaq could probsbly hry! hrulcd hcndf otrvithiD a fcw hou8. 'Thctr fu aLo aDothrr SDod aitmplc of lhc fout-rrstcd bdtquc "Archibdld Rua!a[". Thi! v6scl lidco wili grri4 vrs comphitrg a trip from Aultsli! to lFwich, snd whcn cnt ring Hsrsich hrrbou. i! tow' with a touth-cast hlczc and light ground i*!4 ruddcrly took a vlry broad shc.. atrd erDt r3horc on l:ndgreld Spit. Tug8 failcd to movc hcr, rtrd it wa! avidatrt thet lhc wi5 prctty wdl banl .nd fast. Fortua&ly howcvlr, orc of tbc Trinity Hourc rl.scl& tbc "Alcrt", uodc. tla corDmaddof Cepteh Guy Jrfttt, hrppcod to bc 1gl
STRANDING AND BEACHING i! thc vicinity,snd Crpt id Janctt,quic*ly eriShingup thc pocitioo, hid out bis two bowcrancborsto thc cxlrlm.lcosih of tha cabLa' coDn€ctcdup hb hcevytowing hetv!.r, ed lit nlly Lulchd t!. "Arshibold Russc[" prich corneof to qui*l! that th. r@tpost ,lp "AIrr,n",whichhadlo cltahartonropct. 'So long asv6rcls rutr lhc riak of groundi[gduc to fo& or othar csuscs,.o will it bc rcc.ssatyto provi& thcmwith e.nchonwiti thc highat polsibL holding powar,but of thc lostst wEiSit fot crt)' hrndliq, and incap.ctivcofvhcthcr or trot thcybury too dlcDlyfor ruhErqucntlittiog. It would bc far bcttlr to losctwo or th&a lithtwcighl rachors. . . if lhcncwcrr luly possiblcchanocof 8avil8 r v!*scl ald bcr cargo,lhr| to havcoo bo|rd h.avy tcdSr or thaa.6 with vcry low cftcicnci6 , . . but wbich,duc to thcit sriiht a.nchora corld trot, io aaycarc,bGlaid oul quicklyi! atrcEargl'rcy. '. . , it would lcctn r !|attfi of lhc utEort impotlrlco ead tha Gponriulity of tbc ClsrrincadonSocictia.to lac thrt ship.itr thara Eodam timc' src tadt to lae eith ltrcaD rld kodgcrDchon vhich atr tlaly .6cicdt aod d.!i8ncd primarily foa urc i! rtr ctrLrSadqy' (Mr, S.T. CoF, .x-PrincipalMooriDgOfrc.r to thc Air Midrtry). 'td codoarcisl v.ss.b, particulrrty oil tr cra,thet! ia UttL tuit' $lc cquipm.ntfor hrldlitr8 th.!. .lchof! (Pr!!.Dt typ. ,t&eE trd kcdgp)quicklyrnd cfrcctivdyi! Oc cascof eDrEar&ocy. 'Utrlikc bowrr aochor$thcactypcr would ody bGFquirc4 w! tfl8! oDvary ra& occesiotr!,{rd ary artalaionof thc cxpatiDadtrl worl oo loodijicd strd poslibly Ughta!typ.r of kcdgprtrd rtlaan uchon s'irh ruitsblcholdingDovarwould bc warDly vdooDd by oficci' i.rvirg in th..c v6s.b'(Mr. A, F. walkct, ttco A.I'N.4.). It fu ironidl that 3ooneftcr thb i cr.sting discu,lion took placq ftw Brithh Bhipswttc no lotrgrr rcquitld to carryrnything eorc thrn thr.c bc&vybowcr enchors,An edditiorsl rcquilcmctrtof two light anchoBwitb grlrt holdilg powEr,sucha! thc A.C.l4 or thc StolcaDanforth,would,I rm sutc,bc rrlcomcd by mort Ma3t.rs.
lEl
CHAPTER IX
EMERGENCIES
AEAI{IX}I{ING SIIP tha fr rll cfrort! to !av! a daDlf.d Bscl provr to ba unsucccssful ! maDict mutt bc cirricd out in r! ord6ly eill bc .baDdoncd Thi! I l|t posriUc Daintrhhg complctrditciplilc, titrcncqstdcl adhaflncc to ordc.s,ard inmcdirtcly cootsollidgary cvidcnccof psDicor in_ subordilatioo,uing/or.. if tr€c4rary.AI Dcmbc(t of th. crcw rDd pa$.d8pft wil bc rcquitd to cxancircaalf-cottrol cou6!a, !trd utr!o16!htr.$.Frilurc ro oh.crrl dl thcrcfac'to$mry r6ult i! utnccarary lo.s of lifc. Publicaddr6. .yttcEr ihould bc fully utili..d, wiu bc ttorc Io rll probrttlig, tbc Lat Frlolt to sb.odoothc vaaaal c6grg.ditr lrt-Ditruta daEaSaooltrol. Wh.n ttry Lav. rhairPGtr al mlctincry lhouh bc doppad.!d wrtlrtifbt doo6 and hltchcatighdy closcd.Otr pass.oScr shiF, officarsshouldbc idcttifisblc. B06|5rhouldbalocr.Gdwith r' rtr|ly FpL abolrd r! Po6sibh,and rhouldthcdqui,ldy clc.t rhc!hip'. rllc 6!d lic ofrrady to .dbork $c rodoitrS codDlatladt from ih. wrtat Tbi! rill lvoid r d.'8!tous rvlitirg Fiod .lod8'id! th. !hip, during*bic! th. boet ir li.blc to bG drnagrd .!d foul h.r fa&. Erccptir mug[ slathcr, rhc boct3rhouldsaqt$ rbcmlclvc.togcth.r itr group* cachSroupbcitrgtowrd w![ daar of thc wt!c* atla by r poi,lr{rirtn bo6l Ar .ooD s! thia ir echicvrd,onc or r!or! of thc.c postf cnft .hould cruilc thr alta to pick up ts,indng Nrvivon. If usblc to c&ry sny Dorc Flotr! thc cr.ft caDprovila thc twidden sith iorrhg wllclaga ro lblt th.y c.n cupDottlhamlclB until tuch tim. e3th. othcrboat!cancmblrt thcn. SwiDDct!shouldSmupthahtclrE togcthc.rtrd ruFDortaacholtcr. Tbc groupi! lhctr Eorc Galily dctcctd rbn hdividlr.l& Wtcd Lavirg o rhip dirEcdyinto thc i'tl.c il i! prdcrrbL tojuop itr fcrt-itt i h.r thln to diva Whrn eEsriDgr lifc-j.ctct, t[c MSht from ehic.hrhc lc.p i! nadc thodd bc tcpt to a erximum of sbout 6 m, olhcnviscthc impsctof thcjaakct on tbc watcr is likcly to cau$ rtuDnirg or r brotctr !act. If a lc.p it uavoidrblc from a 8rcrrcr ovrr thachc'r wfth thcbsid! chopcd hcightthc arE! ttould bc caocscd tightly dowtron tb. shouldcrtto t cp thcjrckct itr phc.. At.ll ti46 82
EMERGENCIES thc bcstncthod of ao&rin8thc watcrfu to lowtr otrasalfon a lilc or hddrr, b e rtrory viod it i! prdcrablcto Lop froE tic wlathcr rida !'atbar thenthcLc.idc rirc. h thclsttd casct[. rat ofd.ift mly wcll prcv.lt thc swimmctfroD Scttirg clcaratrdhc msy bc ovcrcoEcby thc thip, On lhc wcallar 3idclhcic ar. two DossibLhrrardr: lhc mi! mly bc hldcd brct a8tiort thcshipby tbc acr,or hc mly find fitcl oil .rtlading ftll upwirrl tr ruch! crrc hc hat two rltarrativc mclhod!fot ncgotirtitrg tbc oil: IIc c.a swimundcrxalar,tudrciDgtrow strd thctrfot sir, but eh.l hc do6 so,hc mult sprbgfrod thc watcrwith hb ryc, tiShdy lhtt ud uscr rrpid bFart*trokc motioato tbrut thc oil anEyfrom hb frcc, Tha accondlocthodctrtsik rflioming quicldyttrough rhc oil otr rhc curflcc itth a r.pid brrart{trokc motion,tha hcadbcinghcld tigh with ttc moothclo6cd.h thccsscof bumirg oil thcformcrEcthod ruchatrutrdclvatcr ir thaotrlyprtclical o|rc.Whro aboutto @mtncacc rvim hc.vy clothinglhorld bc di!.ardc4 sitrccit will rrorin buoy{trt for at lc.!t a qurftd of!n hour. A lifcjrctct 6houldba liEilatly dircardcd, A swiEnar must movoaweyfrom lhc 6hipas quictly a! pG8iblq sitrc. wh.n it fourdr8 thcrc is violcnt local suctioD,togpthd t!'ilh tia iutfrciog, idth grrat forcg of air ed wrlctsg.. Whcda rhip is listcd it i! prcfdrblc to lcap ftoD lhc and!. ff it i! Dddcfrom rhc bigh sidcthc Esn i! litcly to strikc utrdcrwrtc.projcctiotr! o. thr hull pLtitrg; shilc o! thc low sidcthc Daa Eay bc rtsuck by E sts,fuleb, vcntileto$, or samsotrpo6t!,ctc,, if lic ilslal ciP siz6 bcforchc ir cl..r. kocdlr rlthb tb Boalrt h.a.drtLo of crcr .d P.sad$tr Thc iEportsncaof prcviou! trsiring camot bc too stronSlyaDphasi!.4 6incathiai! r dirl.'t frctor ia rcduciDgf.ar ad lhock. Evtn in tha c.!c of FssqrSrrs,thair rrgular rnlndrncc st prwiow boatdrilb will barc giwo thcn a c.rtain dnourt of corfdcacc snd frbilildty gbioh eil ma&rially s.sist in r.ducingpaDic.Thc paslrdSprrshouldtrot tta muJ&rld io ruchs sey rr to rcgrrd boatd.ill.3 rtr amu!i!8 s€auy ot forttrighdyrhow. Thcir activcFniciFtioD will bc of vrloc to both rnd thc crcw. thamsalvt3 o@siondly itr port, thc crlw lhould loc&r bost! sDdpull clcar of thc ahip,Thc lameoFretion pcrformcdrt atramho.agcdnddgr slight awdl or modcf,atcaaawill do muchto tdprcs! uponell concartrcdthc dimcdiics ofclcrrbg a vcsscliD [adry re.slhcr-At bost &ils a bricf word oDftrt aid, uaaatrdmaintaanccof lifcbott stoEs,rnd cotrduct i! a! o@ boal i! eolt odvbablc,but r.grcttsbly rarcly pnctii€d. Idcally,r nr! shouldabqndotrlhip d$.s.d in warE clottirg covcrcd with oibki8 sndpEedtrgbootsor sho.s,Thaclothingeill not only kc.p 183
BMERGBNCIES hiE rsrD lad dry but rlso provi& prorcctiont8silst thc rutr'. rryr. rtrd t@a His hncr pockclsshouldcotrtainr chstrg!of undcrclothinS tp|rr pcin of socks.OothitrShs! thcrdditioml rdv.ttrgc ofproviditrg rt lc.it s qulrt.t of|tr hour'sbuoyuc, i! Oc ryitcr. whco rFlo ald tin i! rv.ilrbL plcoty of lParl bl&lctt rhould bc.torrd eithi! tbc boar 'uoatmulr baayrrpath.ticalyrtix, opt! Thc oficcr in chsrgcof tbc oilrig chc.rful.nd coDfdcnt.Hc shouldbc providd, if po66itc, with i ,axtatrt,d wdch lct to G.M.T., r trauticalal|Danac,dctaib of th. m!ck'! posilion,proxirdty of lhippiry lam. andlaod,aDdehrthrr or Eachbort thould Dota distrBscrll wastrm$nittld rnd actnorvlcdSpd. p&fcnbly bavcr lccotrdomc.r to alsist,!!d Last tworblc !.aoco. lfe aall*rs !c out bcforEthc vccrdwa! rbadond it it qritc potlitlc thrt il w!! rcccivcd.trd Dot rcttro*lcdgcd bcforc thc w'lcl't opcarrorcloscddowtr bfu cquiprtrcot For thi! rllsotr, tb. turvivotr dould.t dl timcshopcfor tlacua"It rh. call w!! s.ktrowlcdlrdit wiU ba unvis. for th€ boct! to Dovr far fiom lhc !ft." bur if no actnorlcdglmcntwr3rcccircdthcncarprorimity ofa corlt rnry Datc t voyltt i! rhc boati a morcrttraclivc propo,itiotrth!tr tt@tininSltitioolry i! thc wrlck 3ta, Tha onccr in chsrgcsbouldtlrrngc I daily muti[c eithid thc bodt, rerrding cachFrloD r spoci[cduty, ho*Effi tms|l h']i'g tut. Oat thc work fu carriadout Hc sill trkc cbrrgcof dirtlat ligDabto Da&. lutr that thcy rr! not ulad indiscrioimEly, all tha rrtiolr, rld all ruDon! potcotid or othcrefu.,includingbot srcaatd aFra arutahca. Thc daily ratioDof food and udrcr mult bc i$ucd putrctualt,to rvoid 8runblhg aadirritrbilit, aDd.rch portiotr,houldbc prltcat d oFdy h ful vicw of s[ brudr !o r! lo rvoid bict.fitr& Id.aly, a.ch Frto! rhould hsvcldr osn drinlilg rr.!al, howcvlt crudc,Tht artw thould hc dividld ifio tbftc Sroup!,ooc rt c.ch Gddwith an ofrcai, atrdtbr otbcr|'ddrhips toglth.r with thc i[ |nd tou!d.4 Ar roo |t p6tittg thabort" liorls rtrd cquipdaotrhouldbc ahcctGdrld r logboot codnaocad. If awiodarr 'tr fouodthcy lhould ba hauld aboltd (or,!i ttc bo*r or qurrG6) only if it wil trot codDglr thc.rfcty of th. boet ud |t. FrsoB! or bo.rd. Bodicsshouldbc sllipFd of dothiDg;puttits Floral afcc$ !s'rdc"rDd d& garncDb dirtributcd rsotrg lhc bod'! a@plcrnctrt,particdrly rh. ill ard wo|md.d.All uldul fobam ahould barlco{rr.d froft thc .rl!, Fnicdsrly piccaaofcanvu !!d trtFulita, providcdthfli i! room ryailabk. TtG bort lhould b. kcpt dry .nd brtdl Ufc-jrclc.t! mry b. rcdotld if tbcr! i! Do drlgrr of caFiziog ald u!.d !r cu!hio$, or pillowr fot thc hclplc$, to prwcDtlorcsard c.brfaItr hot wrthc. it i! moataalaotia! to l..p cool. This is bcstachicvEdby rigginSthc prot..-tivccovct 184
EMBTOENCIBS aciorsthaglrwdaa with o currctrtof air bclowit rnd kcapin!clothint &nD dl d!y. Blthi[g shouldnot bc rllowrd, b.crulc it con.u6 bodiiy cncrgy.ltr thc l c rlt moonclothingsbouldbc drid out rc.dy fo. thc cool niSbt Duri.r .hould b. tcpt to s miliDub, .!d i! tii! rry' ot!.iving dl tictc poitrt+FBpirint wil bc kcpt low. Ttr h..4 .tl1 Dout\ to..' rld traa&Durt bc t.pt rbrdcdfron thctutr'3rays--{hbrpplid Fnicu' hdy to tloac wto |rc utrsblcto shdtrr badaaththc lcrEd by vinu! of thcit lootout or a!.criry dutiaa. In coldweathera prolectivecovershouldbesitrilarly riggedto keeP olt rri!, eind, rnd i.a. All Frtotrs shouldhuttdlctotatb6 for w.tEih rrd Noid tldovitr8 wlt clotbitr&s! thit.ctioo will indE froalbit ud .*po.urt. Thc rlm* Lf'' fcct, ad h|trdt .hould bc .r.trj..d ttgfitly to kraDthc cftdrtion ttroD& Thc hedt .bould bo tcpt withi! thc qst h, or tbrult uldcr thc .rDa. To lvoid frdtbit to fcct, tbc Pc.aoD rhouldbc errrolpd in nrh a wly thrt aachola c.! Placchi! facto! thc tar. rbdoEcnofr lcilbbour withiDtbahltc/. c.lottin& Tha sdult body normallycontainsabout 45 litrca of watcl. A ntn will losc5 litrcs cvary24 hourswhcnrcatingin r tcmFrturc of 35"C. Ttc maximumpcrmilsiblc loss bcforc scvcrcdchydrrlion occursis rbout ll litrcs. S.e*etcr mustnot bc d.unk. DuringWorld Wrt Two,tha morrality Irtc in lifrboetswhcrcsdt wstcrl,as drunk nngcd bctwcanru% and 8m% highcrlhan in boatswhcrr only frcshwatcre.r u!cd. Rritr burt bc caugbtwhcocvc.poaaiblcitr dl avaihbb contlia.t|' suchascans,trottlesand footwear.They shouldbe washedoverside fint to removecncrustedsalt, Clothing can be spreadout and later wrungmto a @nlalner, stoty-telling,and reminis' Il is a goodplan to organis€singrsongs. thirstand cenccs in orderto keepup morale.Smokingmayaggravate fTostbile. canb€ danlerousin coldweather.assisting Ttc food-witbh e boat, bilcuit!, Dil*, rld butcy 3ug& or boilcd It ha5r hilh coltadt rsratt i! artrrmcly trutritio8 atrdcrsily diSpa&d. offr! rtrrch, .!d ,u8lr, protciobciry avoidd, einccitt ditcttio! ctrtdlr thc stotli rbouldlcttr bc coBuEption of bodywrtcr. For tbrarcasoD, rugDcatadudth mc.t, fuh, cgg3,buttcr, or chccsqlor lhould irh or birdr bc aatrost ..!, u.lcat thc& i! smplcwrtar aldhbla Wrt ( i. firltr prioriayoftost spscc,bccaulcr Den cancxitt without food for r Eonth rtrd lonSrr, providcdhc is givco tuffci?dt wlt r' Foo4 ho*!wa, do6 p.ovidecncr8y,wsrmth,rtrd hclF to mlhtriD $odcirq .tionof lhcblood.Gcn.tdly,itir bcttrrfoav.rdafulltLily l|tiod h?r rh|s to r.duccit ,o thrt rhc suppliaaLrt lorSrt A E!tr should idcrlly havc sbout E50millilitrcs of watlr par day, with a midioum of rbout 425 millilitrB. About I 12gramtrr! of ..ch food 185
l0 trl
r.ld 2.5C
l.J pint! O75 piat 3.J oi
EMERGENCIES with a minimumof 50 grammcsof clch pcr 1.75oz aft dcsi.ablccachday, dry, Thc rDidmuo qulstiticr quotcd!t! rhodclcc.as.ry to rultai! lifa Wri.r thouldlot bc isrucdon ttc 6fit dry cxccptto thc i[ or idultd. Scarichc$ wrrtca body c,rt r, .rd stould bc rvoidd if Doasibla Whcrl r ncdicalrrDcdyi! swihblg all Fsorr mustrakciL It b c.3cntful to coDbct,casicln63eithir rhc frst rso or th&c daF. A Gco.d rhould ba tcPt of daily ratiodsrtrd cxistitrgiuppli.r. All food rhould bc cafao6loi,ly ild wa&r kcpt itr thc mouthfor a! lol8 r. poriiblc, 6!rly grrglirg with it prior ro rwslowirg, A! tood 3! pGsiblc.ftlr t*ing to thc boat , thc lifcboatrldio ttrl!nind rhould bc us.d, if svrihttc. This shouldquic.UyFrid. rricr. .biF rld.ir.rft !o thc!c.o. ofth. wrcck If &oririrg withitrthcul. thc a.auchor abouldbaatrtidad in ordcrto lcap lha boqthaadto !c. .trd 16!.tl hcr lcc drill. lf thc .C3setl too hc.vy foi this to bapotriblc lhe boer should be run very slowly before the wind, streaminSthe seaanchor.If oil is availableit shouldbe used.In ihe absenceof an oil bagthe oil canbe pouredinto pun€luredtim slungover the bows or quarters. The four basicconc€ptsof survivalare cotrtrol of fear, the will to survive, poss€ssion of someequipDeDtand knowledge.Survivalis morelikely if rhecraft staytogether,sharitrgtheir equipm€Dtandthe erFriis€ of personnel.Theyshouldbe contrectedby paintersandthe occupantsever y distributed amongrt them which will assist in attaininga uniform rate of drift. The exccptionto this may b€ itr very cold wellher when crowding together producesthe advantsgeof buddy x,amiq. If the boat is to proccedto land shc should be heededon as comfortablea cours€as possiblc,which lright itrvolvc somezig-zaSgingif the mo6t direcl couse might r€sult io shippirB warer.Oin shouldbc u!€d onlt to cleara ship itr the €veotof ctrgine failure, to mad(ruvrehto the path of a rai[ showcratrd.FrhaF for lsndingon bcaches.While in very cold westhertheir us€may help to ercrcise limbs, it must be balarccd agahst the loss of hcat ftom Mies. Everyoneshouldtry to Flt his fe€t up for aboutfv€ mhutes eachhour. A regularwatchshouldbc rct, cachhavinStwo lookouts or hclmsmento supponeachoths dudngw€adnesr.Any suspocrcd sightingsof othcr shiF or aircraft shouldbe rcportcd to thc Ol6ccrin-charge{,bo sbouldthenusepyrotechDics oDlywhcnlavcrel pcoplc havc agrced and confirmed th€ sightitrga.Sherkr and l'Igc fBh can damageinflatable craft. They should not bc annoyed and nor should food be dumpcd neer them. Elderly ocqrpantsof the craft may not be as aware of thi$t as olhers and crr dehydratc very_quiclly.Their consumptionof rationsshouldbe carcfirllysuperA lbod indicrtion of thc proxirrity of hnd is !trordcd by low-lirg, 186
BMER,CENCIBS ia r clcrr aky, this beinS cotrrlatioirl or oaoStrphic lradodry cloud birdr io thc .arly .raoiog is .bo I good of Thc f,jghtiircctioo cloud. itrdic.tiotr of thr bcarinS of thc l!nd. Tba n corat ofS0rrlvct Tha ftr61lc ship rhould britS thc survivoB ebosd by rtry ol gavdll of tha followitrg d€tho&: O) By hoi!ti!8 thc aurvivors' boat! aboad to8cthd wilt lhair cr!lr/!, uling dcrtich. Thir fu o.ly poaliblc if thc bodr arc trot too harvy atrd $itablc liftitrg grar i! svrilsblc. (2) AltcmativEly to (l), by lowrriDg iha v6scl't owtr borb, tratr!' fcrdnS thc aurvivot! into thasc,ald hoiltiDg thcD ilboard. (3) Scranbliig (cargo) lcrr and laddlis mry bc ri88d ov.rsidc, lod thc $rwivort c.tr climb thasa' (4) In (3) thc Ercolnty trot havc toficicat cd.rgf, snd thct mu$ thc! bc hoistld rborrd in caovarding, boiu!'s c,haiE,carSpbalkctt' or by mcans of whips rove through blocls on davit hcads. It should bc notcd that in s€a watcr of attout 5"C a man can su.vive for about f2 hours depending upon his fitness and build. To Drcscwcheat. he should not swim or takc ofi clothcs, cxccpt to fill thcm with air. In frccziog watcr, thc fin8.ri b.comc frozan in about 4 minutes, consciousncssis lost aftcr about 7 minutcsand deathgcncrallyoccun within 20 minutcs.Thcs€ tim€ intcrvalsarc all takcnf.om thc initial iostantof immcrsion. (t A foatiDg stfttc.hctcspabL ofbcitrg hoistld it ulcful for bringi!8 iniurcd Dcn dboard. (6) ic.rfp lct can bc alurg oveFidc bctwt o davit!, with itr lo{!t G|rdpady submcrgcd.Thc drrvitsarr swuDgout aad whipq F!} iDg throuSl block! attachcdlo thc davit h.ad!, lrG t qrttd to t[a lowar cribgld ofthc oct. Swimmiogsuavivon cra thad matr(lwrt lhcrnsclvcsacror6thc aubmsgad nct tnd thc whiF art thca urcd to hcavclhc nat, togcthcr with thc mcn, up tha ahip't sidc' Thi! bqllcd prbtrckM(7) Survivon b thc witcr ca[sot Dcccararilybc Iltqrd togpthcr, and to make the waiting period more comfonable. a side boom or a derrick should be swung ovcr$dc in lhe horizontal Dosition having a net attached to il. The net must b€ Partly i,ubmergcd. Tde survivoB can thcn cling !o this net and awail their tum. (8) An isolated swimmer might be recovercd by csreful us€ of line-throwing rockeis, fired well overhead. (D fndeteblc rubbcr liferatls mcy bc dtopprd by eircraft or by rbipr which, for any rcason, stc unablc lo tfiord immcdiata 187
EMERGENCTES (10)To pick up suwivorritr thc wal+rwho arc g.oupcdtogcihci,! 2-!io lm farhons vcry loog lengthof. say.25-mmroF-up to 200m-may be streamed vcsscl. Thelastfcw mctrcsshouldhavc by lhc rescue scvcrallife-jackcts attachedro il, and thc end shouldidcally trcsccurcd ro a rubberlife-rafi.howcve.small. Itr lhc abccnccof sucha reft, two'or thr.c lifc-buoyrwiU bc sufrciqnt,in additionto tbc lifc-jackcts.Thc sbipis thcdhc.dcd eclossthc wlnd, i.c. with rhc wind on rba bow, makiage iidc tum wbilc str.aminglhc linc. As tha tum downwindis complctcd,thc hcadwayis chactd andavcotuallythc ship*ill cona abrcastof thc arrvivo$, mskiDgaboutI knot otrly,andldth thc lina fully str.amcdabcam,acrossthc witrdandwitt thc buoyant atrdclo6.to thc mcnitr thc wetcr.Thc shipwill now bc hcading do*nwind. Onccthc mcn art safclyclingingto ttc jackcb, thc linc maybc hovc-i., tati.ogcatt trot to uscthcpropclb Ilc racovcryof survivoErnustbc cffricd out wcll clcarof plopallars add ovcBidcdischrr!6. At ligit ..archlight!, siglaliog larnps,ind carto clustels, if availablc, may be ur€d lo augmctrttbc availablc lightiog. A.ssooDaslhc Frlo|rs arc safclyaboardthcymurt bc givro frst aid, a chaogpofclodriD& rtrd wrrmtb. Fucl oil is not poniculirty brrnful ro thr stio, atrdis g.oerallyttc lcastof a survivor'sworrica.It ced bc cL.nd ofrwith r d.tcrg.nr,but thir tGatmctrtshouldaot bc uscdovcr buma,lorc$ or othff wouDds.A 8ooddtitrk wil bc thc initial.cquirc mcnt ofe aurvivor,and shouldbc tro&alcoholic,Both food and drink shouldbc takenas slowlyas possiblc,rhc food bcinglight end rtadily dig6tcd. Erpodurcvic'timi ihould bc plscadin vaan rcomr, with tha emphasbotr walmiry thc torso bclorc thc limbc. Rald hcatingmay caurcpein aad injury. Fr$tbitc shouldbc thewri out in cold wrtcr, avoidiry any typc of m8saSr. Futuc warEitrg of thc affcctcdpan mustbc vcry gadusl, aid rc-coolint may bc trcccasary for a whilc to rcducaDaid. Thc ofrccr or pcrsonin chargcof thc rurvivoF must,a6roon !|5p6siblc, itrform thc o*Dcrs of thc vr€ctad vassalso that arrarucrDcots oay bc madcfor rcpatdatingth. crcwrnd forwqrdi.gpaslrog.rsto thc oridnel destinatioD.On a British ship, tbc DcpertmcntofTmr$port musibe givena rcponof thc accident. ln all casesof w.cckit is of grcatimportancc ro salvag€ lhe Ofrcialand Deck LoSboolsbeforc fnal abandonmcnr. n..cd!g iL CI! |[d h.s.[t.tr. of r DbaDld Stb at S.. Tlds opcrationdcFlds upor lcvcralfacto$, Damdythc coDditiotrof vind ad sca,thc rbilty of thc s.3manto hsDdlcamall borb, thc uf.ncy ofFquircd rssislstrcc,aDdwhcthcrany hclp is rvrilablc from 188
EMERGENCIES tta oarsofi on board thc distt6rcd rcslcl. Frotn thc commaoccmcatof thc r6cuc it is impoatant for thc Mastcr of thc wrcct to aUowhiDaclf to b. dircctcd by thc rrscuing Maltcr, rincc this will dvoid ulnc€elrry hc.itatio! aDd confusion. Communication should bc etablirhcd by rrdio, codc fiags, or by lignalliEg lamp, rtd bolb Mas!.rs fully acqudot d with thc conditions ard syslcn of rcscuc. If boet! src to bc uscd thc rascuc vcsscl should caukc thc 3t!r to .sc.rlain whcthc! thcrc is h.s\ry wcckag. add ffotsu about which will hsmFr end cndangcr boatwotk. Thc r6cu. vcsscl should, idcaly, m.ocuvrc into thc wakc ofthc driftilg c,rcck rnd stoPhcr cogioar' It it thcn an casy mattd to dctcrmioc lhc rclativc drift of lhc two va$al . If thc rcscu. v6scl srrivcs during thc hours of drrknca! thr Mattrr of thc w.cck should cndcavour to hold od until daylifht. lf, hoervar, thc wcathcr is stcadily d.tcriorating, such sn ac.tionmay bc crthar irn. possiblc or unwisc. Both vcssclsshould sprcad low-viaclaity oil frccly' If thc wrcck is urablc to do this thc rcscucv.ssal ihould s&am around lhc arca and sp.cad copiou! oil in thc fotm ofd circular rric* into l'bid thc wreck will drift. Thc lifcboar sclcc{cd for thc rclcuc opctetioD rhould h!'/r aU grtr rcmovcd vhich is indcvant to thc rcacuc procldu|q snd hava it Ddtialy rcplrccd with life-jacl.6 ard lifcbuoys, bllntca, a lhc thrdwer,'digocablc balait. vHF rrdio, and FrhaF crtra first aid gear and a loud hailer. Bcforc lowcriog thc boat (fully manDcdwith thc c'rc* rvclrilg lifd jackcts), thc wsscl ahouldcacat a3Soode lcc for it asp63iblc, b.itrgitr8 thc wind on thc opposilc bo*. This action will rbo srrc to rcducarolling, r.hich is aDadv?rs. frctor in thc lauochinSofa boat. Oil ,hould bc sprcad frccly from both sidcs.Thc tcscuc vcasclshould at this aL8. bc lying to wind*ard of thc wEck. Mattrt$ci should bc slunS ov.nidc bclw.ctr ihc davits and 3ccurcdaL eod ebovc thc wa&r&vcl ia ordcr to prcvctrt thc boat bing stovc-in during atr advcrscloll. A c.tgo Dcl, .lro slung bctucrn thc davit! ard trailitrg itr thc wstct, $'iU bc ofgrcat t!,i$. encc to thc c.rw if tha boat should caFiz. rlongiidc. Thc Pdinlar i! riggcd and kcpt tight throuShout ro as to lcap thc bort i! po.itioo bc low th. f.llr. It is . vcry good idce to conncct lighl lilci to thc two bottoE frl bloclB and m.l thcm otr dock. As soon rs thc blocts rrc rclc$cd th€y c.r bc haulcd clcar of thc boatb clre. Just bcfor! thc boet rschcs thc wrw crasls, th. crgitc rhould ba strrt d rnd th€ plug chcck.d. Thc fall-blocks .r€ mloocd, aDd th.t io onc rapid lcqucncc thc boat i! Iaunchcd, fllls alE rdc*cd, th. c[gioc put into fonvard grar at full throttlc, lnd thc pointar lct go, uii[g tha tillcr hard ovcr towards thc ship's 3idc. Both lowtr fall-bloctt mu3l ba rclcascdsimultancously,tha mcn on board kcrpitrg lhc frllt rtsolutal!, rl.ck. If onc block jams or cannot b. rclascd baforr thc boet d6clndr 189
EMER,GENCIES into a lrough thc c[gioc mustitrstsotlytrc r.vcrsadro briDgttc bost uodcl tta drvit hcad!rgsin. I8tced of thc fa3tblockhcaviogth{t cad of tha bost Mily out of thc vatcr, rhcw€ightof thc bort will ovrrbaul ttc frll baaausc it ir a[ sLck o! toard. Thc dcxr mustkccp$€ll do*tr in odct to avoidthc suspctrdcd block! a6tha boetclcarsthc sidc.Thc opcratiodis crtrsEcly lricky, aod shouldprcfcrablybc canicd out in ahsolutcsilcncc,wirh tlrc o6ccr irr c}erfp givbg hfuotdcB clca y rnd coocilcly.If thc vcssclhr! vcryrlidt hcadwayoD8t thc tiDc of launchiDgthc tightpeitrtcrwil cDsblcthc bootlo talc I vcryrspid sh6r awry from thc !idc. By trorr, a colsidc.ablcrlick will probctty cxist towrrdt lhc altck, addttc boatEsy Focc.d dowtrwin4sFlading rdditio&l oil artcm to prrvcat shippidgs.a3h tic damlhca&.Thc trim of thc boatshouldbc rdjustad!o 6uitthc cauEcrclrtivc to thc s.a. ID a shortsc{ thc itccting mu6tbc vcrycompctatri,aiDccthc bostwill t od to brodch-touadc.thc slightcatprovocation.If s big s.. furpproaabingthc t Dpt4tionto Lkc il os thc boo shouldbc rEistrd ad thc boat haodc4at gaody3r pos. 6jbtq dircctly at iL GcDcr.[y,codtactby bost with a vttct is to bc rvoidcd, but ifit is ircvitrblc rhc boat shouldoD Do rccoud rpproachfrom thc vlath.t lidc ofthc attcl, whct. wavc-bsttrirg idll occuf.Ncithct.hould ihc approachthe lce side, wberc hcavy n'ftrlagc may be accumulating andpqhap6falling. Furtber, the drift of the wlcck, whicbmaybe uP to s€vcrallnots, will usurlly prove to b€ a trap for tha boat, atrdit will bc cxtemely diffrclrlt to gct clcd. In additionto th€saproblcrns, shce the vreck, if ccotlecrstle tyF, will be ling witb thc wind .beae or slightly abaft it, shc will bc roli!8, pdhapBheavily. Fi& 9.1.bow! r wrct lyitr8io four dificrldt politiont Glrtir€ lo thc wiod, with hci litcly dir€clio! of ddlt i! .ach ca!c.Thc bost lhould approschat lrcr La crd !B showtrfor cachpo.ition, for thcnt sppi!8 of thc bo8ti3 urlikdy, Thc boatDay r..1ltr to thc *t!ck, .od-otr,by Ec.Dt ofa lidc, rcddy to 80 astcmat a EoEcot" noticcshouldrigt! of brorchitrg-torppcar. A men ahouldstsndby thc linc with itr ara, redy lo cut it a&ift in ruch dn cncrgrocy. Oacc fast, thc suwivon Diy lostf, thcdlalvlt doun rhc lim to thc boatss repidlyar polaiblc. To rvoid actuslcoDtacteith thc wrlck, rhc bost Eay lic ofrIl.ed to wiod atrd!aa, btft{rritrg oil, rd wil th.n pick up thc lurvivon from thc astcr. Thc r!.c1rcdcrrw add p8lrdgar3 mustutrhBitstinglycrtlf tbc wat r wcarhg lifcjackats.Und6 th6c conditiotrqs lifo-buoyhrvitr8two, stloD&buoFtrt lrrving lilca .ttrcb.d c.n bc ulcfrrlfor hcavitrg FrsoDsf.oo v&ck to boer,onclitrc bcingabosrdcr(i cralt, thc buoy bciDgp.ascdbdckvadr and fortrl&. Occ.sioualy,it rnry bc prEfcrablcto drcp r boat downwiDdto thc 1q)
EMERGENCIES wrcckon a 25-3Gmmnbr€ hawscrhavingonly two or lhrrc mcn in 3-or +ir thc boat.Pt dty of spar! liic ltould bc l.ft in lh. boet 3o0rrr ft! crcw cadcontrol thc bost to 6omccxGotahouldit suddcnlybccomcnccca.ary to drop furth.r downwind,A goodmcthodof signili!8 mult b. nainlaimd bctwc.nth. bort .d it! parcdt3hip,Thc bo.t i! kcl h.ad to eind aad s.a by thc hewrcrsnd staatldwith r st cring oar. If tbc r.scucshipfumrtiDg a SEatcrdrift thanthc wrack3hceill havcio ula cogiod in o(dcr to mainteinhcr dbtancc,This callr for vcry cffcicat shiphandliogif thc bo.t is not to bc hamFtld. Onccthc boathr! bccnscatrway to lccwerd,unlcBsit b rttachcdto
)
t
Dttfl oa l ltcca. to^l LltEl colllact at to3titotlC al6utE t. I
ibpdrcntlhipthclsttlrwillst .mtolccwsrdofthavrccttladytopick for thc boathavinglo dlkc up thc boatrgain.Thi5avoids!try ncccasity prolotrgcdhcadvayinto thc witrdatd t ." Whctrcodmudcalionc.trlot bc dtabli.had by bo|t a raft mry bc tox,Eda6ossthc linc of drift of thc wEck utrtil th. tovlioc foulr that cnd of thc vrcck whichwouldDormallybc approschcdby a boat Tb3 su.vivorsmtrstthctrcfllcevourto 8ptholdofthc towlitr.' tld boardttc r.tL Fo. thfu purposc,.tr ioittlblc rubbar lifc-rrft i! bctt r t[!tr o drctd, roaLsbift !ypc' whicheill brvc i wr! sndl r|trgc ofttrbility, !trd from aboardwhichruwivor! rrc csily mahd ofr' A r! t Dry ba simit.rly disparchcd.ftcr 6tablfuhitr8cotlmuticatior by roclct'litc. 191
EMER.GENCTES ADotbarDcthodi! for thcrlla|c t!3!d to &m broddrid!or lo tbaeftck (ttcir forF.nd{ft litr6 bcinSFf.lld), but h ruc,h!tr lttiludc t!.r th.y eill pdlr daar ald ctrd-otr.In thi! ery, rh. ahiF mry sfdy rpproech vcry clodelyfor the purpoceof estabfshitrgcontact by liDe. In all ca5€8,thc rcs. e ship cat| try stesmingaroundthe other vcssclin a circularpeth, streaminSoil on €achvindward pa!s. Mmy bthci octhodr-rrc Focaitlc, crcn dclcodi4 upoa tbc prcvailing oonditioB.Thc aboE tart .ppli5 cqudly rdl to vE{cb whi:h tta rtrandd. Tbcrl b thc sdvrnt!8prhrt orc vcrsalit atarioury, ald th6+ foll oDlythc ral! ofdrilt ofthc r!sq& v65cl tra.dbc conaidccd.Eortwolk i!, howsvcr,hampdtd by thc lack of i,atlt ldjrcctrt to thc wttok ad thc proxinity of rocksaod rcefr. with ra outorc *i{d thc bort rhouldaDchorlo winde|Id td rr.t do*n toeerd! thcrrcclq maitrtrjo' ing s contiouou!loundbg of ttc boltoD *ith a boot lcsd-litrc.Aflio, ttc lcc sidcshodd bc svoidcda! an epForch.
45|rl ,|8mftt 5(nft $ft
TIIE I'SE OF OIL TOR QT'EITING SEAS Oil iorts aod rprtrd! rudily ovaathc tudacs ofthc $a. It raducc! thc crqt-formhg tand!trcie of wrvls, but har !o cffcctupona lwcll. It doar,hostwr, lcsrcaOc lilclihood ofe ltip or boat lhippiog !aar. Lw-visc.rity adinal, rc8rrrblc, or tlh oib arclhc bc3ttyparfor this purpolc. Itr thcir ablctrca,lubricatiDgoil ory bo u!Gd,but fucl oil ahouldlot bc cmployrdud63 it fu ablolu&ly unrvoidablc'Parrolcum i! of r,!ry lirdc vrlua itr plwcnting lhc forlnltio! of wrw cGst!, but il nsy bc usd to thitr ! hig!-visco.ityoil, Althoughthc fittt-mEcd oilt ar! 16! h&mful to rwi[mcr! thad t[a o$ar tyF, g.ocrallyrPcakin& all oilr urcd for qrrlliag rc!. rhould bc dilEhrgcd witb ctrc sod in modcration.As a rough guidc, it has bccn found thar 2m t!r6 of tubricrtias oil dilahargd dowly jutt rbov! tbc lcvcl oftha rc! ru rcc ivbilc rt.EiDg at slow rc{olutiotr! bta .ftc-tivrly rcduc.d hra}itrt lrcin ovcr ao atlr ia cxccssof 45q) nr. lo tcfms of lhip wli.rpltn.3, howcvcr,this is not rs largcan arceNsi! would st first spFlr' for it amountsspproximetclyto thc rrra occupicdby two vcssclrcrch of 150m in Lngthand 15m abarm. (tn vic* of thc dctcrioratiagctrcctof oilr upo! thobuoyury oflifo j!ckct!, trpok i! low rcquitld to bc cDdoad withiDacaLdPolyvitryl' chtoridc(P.V.C) covclopaa,|trd tro ottat b!ot!tr'' Ddrtitlr ar! d' loFld to tc u!.d ud!!! tbay.rr iEhunc froD thb ttoubL.) In coldwr.thcr oil! ahouldbc wrload it ordd lhlt tbcir dirtributiotr dly ta mldc Eorc ca!y, but it lhould ba borDoh Eind thlt carrri! oib, includingooc@utoil rnd .odc fth oib, will co4ral o! tb. t . lorf.cc id l@-tadFetutl conditioB, strdtbayrtt tha of no 9alur. Thc oil 6ay bc dirtibnt d i! lcrlrd wiy..! follo*!: 192
EMERGENCIES (l) Ey flliDg rtr old, sp.cislly punctut d hoscwith oil, s.alitg both Gn&,|ad t rili4 it ovcrsidoil a positiol closcto thc hotiz.ntdl i! ordcrto obtlin at wid. a covcrag!aspo$iblc. (2) By fllitr8 Lrtc, punctur.d,snd r&i8ht d cadva.tbagsloos.ly l,itl o6kuD,tlpot, or c.tto! wastc,6lli!8 tbc b6$ n'ith oil, s.alio& .nd toilitrg lhce ovlBidc' (3) By placiry s s-lGlitrl tio fllrd with oil, aod punctutd ot iu l-2-d ba!c. i o r wsrh-bario,bot!, showcr,or watcr-clolclptn. Thc oil is ihc! 3tcrdily iulhcd ovdsidc by mcansof wttcr rulning throughthc !oil-pip6. This mctftodis mostcfrcctivc.In all cas!! thc amouatof puncturiogof thc oil containcrwill rcgulatcthc oow. Thb will haveto be modifiedon shiF fittei with sePtic llSal tatrksor similar devices In (3) thc tiD Dey bc !.alcd and trailcd ovcriidc. WhcDstrcamin! oil from th. bow utrdcrcoDditio!. of a hcsdscaan oil bagis liablc to b. to$cd i,cll out of thc *rtcr, .nd it shouldbc hcavily*!i8htcd. lf forwlrd .oil-piDc! atr availabLthcy will providc . htcr maan!for dirtributioa. WtcD runningwith thc eitrd old scarstcm ot on lic quancr,lhr oil ahouldbc altla;rd from rillt aft, thc wcalheror 6otl bowsand thc c,lethcr or Dor, quartcrs.This paovidcsplot ction from qualtarly!ca! in lha cvctrtofyowi!!. Whcnrunring eith ttc wiDdrnd 3crab.od,thc oil is sttlarrladfrom both bow!, and shcd it is abcto, or whc! lhc vcssclis hovc_toor drifting, ii i! dilbibur.d from alotr8mostof lhc wathcr sidc,prcfcrably at intervalsof not morcthan 15m. Thc vcssclwill makcSrcatcrlatwty 50ft than rhe oil, and thc lattcr thcrcforeappcarslo spEad uF/ind, so Drovidinr DroLclioofrom thc risht diEction. ' Whco-aiuchor a blockand;dhs whip is s.currd to thc crblc, thc httc. i! vccrcdrtrd sn oil bag hovcout to thc block atrdthc watcis .dcp, givilg oil dilttibutioo froD wcll thcad of thc .hip. Oil mry dso ba ulcd to rdvadtagcwhm crocsidga t ar, man@uvring bo.b rhroqh surf (rlthouth thc idncmo.t surf will lot bc affcctcdby oil), aad whcl *orting boalr alo4ridc in hcavyw.athcr. It5 ulc hs3 alft.dy bccnec ioncd itr c.odcctionwith wtlck. Amcricadship6atc comFllcd to crrry en rEoun! of stom oil, dspcndinSupotrthc Stoss ro agaof thc ,hip. Britishshjpi rrc only &quircd to carry6uchoil as psn of lifcboetcqoipmcot STNVIVAL IN COLI' WEATBER In haoy respec{s,this Fai€nts a Sreatcrchellcngethan survivinS exremc heat. In thc lattel case,the modernsurvivalcraft provides amplc protection from th€ sun. Cooling of the My is easy by 193
EMERCENCIES dowsingvith scawater, albcit vith somcdiscomfortfrom salt sores. Tha Eri! problemrviu be thirst. In cold waathcr,hoscver, thc only solutionis for tbe bodyto be warmed,and if everyoneis in a similar conditiotr,tbc outlook is poor. In a propcdy managedliferaft, or totally-€ncloscdlifeboat, it shouldbc posribleto crcludc manyof the outsidcinnueDces, huddle toSetharand maintaina reasonably*arm atmosphcre,allowingfor pariodic vctrtilatio!. It ir whenthe rituation is lcs6ideal that scrious troublc adscs.Do ,ot ffiolt€ , It rcducesthcbloodsupplt to hanh ond fet. HtDoab.nrh This can occlrr at temperatuncsabove freezing, Thc My's mctabolictemDeraturccontrol bccomesunstableat around34'C al|d may be compfitely lost bclo{ that level.The victim, or hypoiurmb , iBpale,very cold to thc touch,hasa w€.k pulse,is confus€din sFech aod movcmcnt!, no longcr shiversatrd a3he driffs iDto a comatos€ state, his pupils dil.tc. Death can ocolrr ev.n bcfore the body tempemturc droF to 31'C. Hypothermia, and indeed any consequctrc€of cold scathcr, is litely initially to affect hcavydrirlels, p€oplc with poor citculalion and anyotrein poor hcalth. Thosein chargeitr survival craft must be alcn to the abovesFptoms aod commencerapid treatmentwhcre possibl€.The hypothcrmicis so lontcr abl€to hclp hirns€lfad wiu die if hc doesnot obtar! warmth. Oth€rs must huddlc ataiDsthim rnd try to impart thair own body heat to him. If a hypothermicis brought abo.d . ship, it ir no6t imponatrtto warmhis torsobeforehis limb6.Warmitrt the lattcr will bring a rush of icy blood to thc hcen causiryar.rdrop atrdparhap8 death.Remcmbcrthat hypothermicsare mostsuscelible to fro6tbite and that l0% of My heat can bc lo3t th.outh the hesd. Crver lhe cat: atrd nos€if thet are expod€dto exttemecold. Fm.f t Thc ftaazingof stitr atrdsurfacclssucsi! sometimcscdledformit or supcrfci.l frostbite. Deep ftostbit. ocors v/hd the ftcczing cxtetrdsto trcrves,muscles,cartilate and tr,one.The affcct€darcacan bccomeftozen (as hard as wood) quite suddcr y after atr irtctrsc stitrtitr8pain or a prickling se$atiotr. Sometimesthc onsatis not felt at a[. Oert.ir y it is unlitely tbat the sprcadof fro6tbilc will bc felt. The rppearadceis opaquc, of a wary-white colour and may be of vrryiog s€vcrity.This is Dot alwaysktrowDuntil thawingoccus and blistcrs appear.If thes€are Fcscnt, th€y may bulst up lo tcn days latcr. If day gansreDesetsin, the affecled parr turDsftom gr€y to blact and may bccodc detachcd.To avoid ftostbitc, keep expos€d prr$ covared,esFcially handr,fcct, checLs,earsandnosc.Keepthe 194
EMERGENCTES facemobil€ to preventfreczing. Placecold handsin the armpit! or cn ch. Wam icy feet inside other people'sclothit8. Do not rpply ointmcntsor massagc,nor direcl heatftom stovcaor fires.Iro6cning clothingnay help cirolation. Rapid warmingbringson intens€pain snd may rced to be aided with morphine. Most mcdicd opinions regardthe outlook asbeingmo6tfavounble whenthe aff€.led areais lhaw€d out as fast as podsible. Again, survival leaders must encouraSepeopleto look for symptomsin eachother. IDnttrdoD f@t or hrDd This is broughton by prolongedexposureto water,wet clothingor wet footwear. DamageoccuNto th€ skin, n€rvesand blood vess€ls and the appearanceis white with numbness.Toes and fingeN are hard to move.The situationworsensand swellinSbegins.Therc may be blisters.dark Datchesand broken skin. The vidim mustrestwith no walkiDgor staidinSand the affecledareadried and*armed. On a ship, a warmstreamof air from a fan heateris ideal. Apply cleandry drcssingsatrdperhapogive penicillin. MAN OVERBOARDPROCEDURE Assumingihc ac.idc[t to bc obscrvcd,it is moti importantfor thc ob.crvcrto cry, 'Man ov€rboardto port (or starboard).'Thc omccrof lctioff: hc should thc watcbshouldthcncarry out thrrc simultencous riry stan&by,put thc wheelhardovcr towsds thc sidenom wtidr thc farc rtranfcll, rnd rclc{scs lifc-buoyto whichis ettachcda sclf-iSDiting or a wat.r-aciivatcdclcctriclight. By day,thc uscof oacrl5o cquippcd with an omngc-smoke ffoat,burningfor 15minutcs,will bc.to Fcat advsnbg.. Lookouts should bc postcdas high as possiblc,prcfcrstadoossoundcdaod . bort ably supptcdwith binoculars,cmcrspDc? prcparcdfor lowcrin& lnd a g.ncral urg.ncy si8lal trarsmittcd to atl shipsin thc vicinity. I! busywatcrsIntcmrlionsl codc f.g'o' it hoistrd.Th. Mastcrshouldbc noti6.d a3quickly !s po.siblc,ttouSh doub(lc$sthc abovcproccdurcwill alr.ady havcalc.tcdhim. Tbc rllcasingofa s€condlifc-buoyfu ofqu6tiobablc veluc,sinccthc manmay ooly sightthc morc dislant onc and bccomchclplcssbcforc rcachiogit. Funh.r, wh.n thc shiprctumsto thc erct n wiUbc dificult to datcctwhichbuoywesiDitiauyl!Iaa!!d unl6s th.y r'l providcdvith dificrcnttypcsof light. Th. maD,who initially sinks,los6 thc bcncfcialectionof thc bowway€washerd comcsuDdcrthc imElcdirtccfrcctof proFllcr suction. If hc h rblc to dctcrmincthc diEction of ftc ship'ssidcupodbccoming submcrgcdhc will instinctiwlystrita out tovards it, whichwil rggrawtc his denglr. Whcoqrcrpossiblc,hc should,wim rrpidly awayfrom theship.A vessel oflcnglh l2l nr tra\ellingrl I2 knotswill lravelats il00fi t95
BMBT.OENCIES sndif thcmadfallsowr fo$trd ofamidships ownlcnglhin m scconds, for him to rc&h thc proFllcts, it will takc bctwrcnl0 and 20 3cconds DuringthisFriod, atralcrt anginccrmaybclblc to stopthceppropriatc proFllcr from rcvolvin&but this will bc our of th. quastiotrin e ahip cquipFd *ith turbinc{rivcn shafting,whch will tekc up to 5 dinut.s to tun down,or in e Diclct cquippcdvcsral. A8rin, th. rtoppilt ofctrgilc! and lba ulc ofimm.dietc hclm i! of quaatioDablc valur i! protlctirg ttc roat i! tbc Frt a,for ro litdc timc b Nrilablc. Howlvra,if hori!.. to tbc rurflca bcfor! &acbinglha Fc pclla, [c will ilveriably loat cL.r, cm thoug[ hc may Fsr dirtctly ovlr it If thc thip it roling or pitchinS;cauli4 tbc proFllcr to brcak ruxfacsor lpprogchit v!ry clodcly,thrtr ha i! ir SraE dd8pr. It thc etrgiics arc maintained,asfar aspossible,8t full rcvolutions aod thc ehccl i! kcpt hard-over,drc vcss€lwill then folos a ruming circle,taling asmll6 as30minutcsto r€tumto the arra shcre thc man i! ritustld. If thc lhip i..high-Fwcrrd ald quick-tumirylhc will prob rbly aniv. withh . rhip" lcoglt of thc m!tr, ltc circuht psth wi[ 'tturdly bc govcmd by rhacxiltidg wathat cooditio$, partio arly in a baavya.r, whcDit wil bclacc$rty to Educcspaadasthcr6!al h6d! up ilto lba w!8. If Fcovaryh to bc Dadcu.itrga boatthi! mry nfaly bc dotrcitr hort rc. corditio!3 whilc thc sbip har bcadwryoo hcr of up to about 3 trot!. A kc ttould bc madr for th! boat, ard if rhc lcss rtl b&Qkitr8 oil shouHbodiltributld it letll qu&titi6. cDSiDca at rooD|r Ifibc vqscl ir stoppcdurdct thaactiotrof rcYErrcd thc man ir clcar, it modcrat! slathca a boet Bsy idDcdhtrly ba towatd hinr, guidcdby radio or morle stnals bo€r€d ad matr@vrEd from r lootout aloft. If thc E!! it lost froo dght rhc boatshouldFo. c.cd bacLdolg thc rbip'r track on a comFlt coutla Io rrvailio8 b.t .dgin . lh! rhip wil h.v! d.dc lido lrtcnl vdy ovtr th. 8rous4 but .ly hc d.ift Dult bGrloerd for eh.n uliag aucha oonFra coulF Ttrrc d!, iEoog othcG,thEc ulcful ncthod! i! wbichttc ahipnay bc hradlcdro tbat rbarcturu lo thc Er! id thasstca.M.thodr (r) rnd (c) brvr rutoDstic+turn f.afit!, ud s[ ett iUustrd.d it Fi8. 9.2. (, ft. wI[.Dd lt! Thi! rr! d.vircd anddnnoutrrLd by Codmandart. A. williamlo! of ttc Uoitcd Stil6 Naval Rdcn'c io 1942.A n!tr in thc w!tc. fac.. th&c trzadr: drowlitr& D!trglitrSby thc proFlrfl, rld rbindofircnt du! to no o.rtior" Tbi! hnn vat orighatrd b ord.' to rcduccth6c dllgclt to s miDiDud, In d!d(nc!., poo. viribility, or bsd wc.th.r, ald whaotbctisc of tbcracjdadtit DntnowD,thaaxaartio!of tlis tun nry bc rclicdupotrto brinSrhc v6scl a! clo&ly ar po6iiblcbrct to hai origird track. 196
stEtDY ON RICtPIOCAI
arrlL8Eu
couR3a
lfi-t'iir^M-soN-Ju-ffil AFTEFT MIIE D€LAV
E!E!!.9SIE!A!!-9-!!8U
aTaArcHTrur| ol{ R€clPlocALcoullE
EMERGENCIES Thc hcle is ioitirly phccd hrnl oEr towud! thc lidc from wbich thc man fcll, spe€dis not reduccd,ard the v€ss€lis tumed unril dt€ hr! dtcrcd couFc60dagtt.5from thc origidrl coutla.Thc arylc vrrias for difrcrc shipe,rnd ahouldprrfdably bc dctqminadst .ca trial!. Ar !oo! I t[i! dcviationis 6itai4cdthc hclm is plscrd hard.ovcrtlc olh.! woy .!d tho vlss.l broulhl rrpidly .ou!d to th. rcciP.oo.l of hcr origrnalcourse.Shcis sleadicdaad lhc cagincrcvolutiomarccrFfully controllad,for thc mancuvrawill bring thc victim vcry ncatly dcadahcad. Thc Williamsontum takcsthc vcssalfarthcrfrom thc manthaomost mancuvras,atd may takc up to 5 minutcslonSpfto cxccutcthan a norrml lurningcilclc. It will b. s.cn that at somcstagcin tha tum thc stcmpass6acrcssthc linc of sightto thc man,this, howcvar,bciogDo gr€atdisadvanlagc in vicwofthe ultimaleobjcctof tbc turn. If thc matr can definitclybc kept siShtcdan ordinary tuming circlc may bc p!c. fenrd. In four cascswherathc Williamsontum hasbero ustd, thc avcragp timc duringwhichthc victim wasin thc watd wassixtccnmidutas. (b) Th. Silgle Dcl.y.d Tun Here the vesselis continuedon coursefor one mile and then put into a tuming circle. She is allowed to swing past her reciProcal courseby aI| anglethe tangentof shich is the tactical diameterin miles.E.g. if the latter is 0.54 miles,thenthe total changeof cou$e is 200 degre€s.Studcntsof trigonomctrywill otserve x,by a run of one mile is made.The manavre, in theory, is an autcrecoverytum of the simplestkind. (c) Ttc Do le Tulo Thc manin thc watcrremainson th. samcsidcofthc shipthroughout thir mancuvrc.Initially, a turn is madcundct full hclm towar& thc victim aDdthc shipstcadicdon thc raciprocalof hcr origioalcoursc'A straiShtrun is then madeuntil thc man is approximatclythrc! poiolr abaftthc trcam,wheoanotharfull tum is madcusinghclmovcrtowards thc msn.Thc ship is agah broughtround,but this timc i3 stcadicdor thc original courseaod placcdsliShtlyto windwardof lhc ma!. This tum basaulomatic-rfiumfcaturrsonly if thc man'spositionis know!. Thc victimshouldalweysbc rccovcrcdo! thc 6tst epproacb,particu40'F larly in sca-watcrbrlow 5'C whcna manb.codcs numH and hclp' lc$ within a quartcrofan hour.To achicvclhis, thc ahipshouldalways bebroughtto windwardof thc manaod allowcdto drift downto hin. to lccwatdhc wil bc mi!s.d, and no timc musi If thc vcssalspproachcs bc lost in hcavilghim anorhcrlifc-buoy.The Sch.rmuly'Spcldlinc' 198
EMERGENCIES Unit, fittedwith the buoyanrheadto thc rock.t, msy trc us€fulin sucht c3se. Laddcn and ncb should bc riggcd on thc lcc siale,altatrdcd by volunteers *crring lifc-jackets and safaty lincs s€cur€dto tbc ship, who arc prcparad to enter the water in ofdcr to hclp thc na! asccndor to slcurc a whip or safcty bclt to hill. Ast m movcmcntscloscto tha matr ahould bc avoided, sincc thc propcllcr washwill t.dd lo throw bio away from thc ship's sidc. When Iowering a boat, or approechioga victim, thc ship will invariably have lost headway whcn lhe ProPellcr wash from thc rcverucdp.opellers abrcaststhe amidshiF po6ition. ln log Oe lvilliamson tu.n is lhe most prcfcrable man(ruwc. If this is not uscdthc vessclshouldbe stoppcdquicklyand a boat lowercd.It shouldstccr back along thc ship'strack usinga compasscoursc,and a foghorn.a radio and a radar shoutdbe equippedwith a megaphone. rcfleclor.The parentship shouldmakeher fog signalfrcquently,and follow tle boafs movementby radar.Thc negaphone,hcld lo lhe ear inslcad of the mouth. provid€sa uscful meansof asc€rtaininSthc direcrionof sounds.pamicularlya man'scries. Fo. lhc viclim, the b.st advicc is to float rathct tharl swim, in oldcr to cooscrvccn.rgy; rcalise that the ship will rapidly disappcar from vie\r d e to his negligibleheightof cyci neverlosc hope of rescue:r€nrain as c:llm as humanly possible.and when reschinga lifF_buoy'slrike it otr onc sidc only wirh both haods clenchcd. l! will thcn tip ov.r his hcad and hc cao support himsclfon it by his elbows. ProfcssioDallifc_ savc$ sdvisc swimme$ to strikc a pcnistcnl shark on *hat may bc considc&d to tre its nose,the r€sullant rapjd actrcatbcing his rcward for such cool couragc. 'O' Ifthc ship frcqucndy sounds in Morsc codc on thc sircn it will do much to raisathc victim's moralc, cvcn though thc vcssclis out ofsiSht. Its us. in foggy, uamc watcrs should prclcrably bc avoidcd unlcssus.d in conjunction with a lrdio urgcncymcssagc.Whcn usinga bost in poor visibility, thc ug.Dcy 3ignf,l should bc folto*cd by a w&rniag of thr boat', movcmcdlsand approrimaic Position. Mhrirg Pcrc Whcn a pcrsonis .eponcd missingat sca,lhc Mastcrmay dccidcto s€.rchthc ship bcforeturningback.lfih€ Frson i! found to b€ aboard thcn ofcours. no lime hasb.cn lost on ihc voyagc.On thc otherhand, if lhc Frson is not found. thcn ih€ ship'till havcto b€ lurncd back Bccaus.of this d.lay. the p€rsonwill bc in lhc water for a period of timc cqualto iwict thc duratioflofthc searchcomparcdwith a similar cascwhcrcthc ship is turncd atound al on€.. clcarly lhc lattcr ection is to bc Drcfcr.€d,
tv)
EMERCENCIES Thc shipshouldbc searchcd by asmanypcoplcaspossiblc,lookingin thc most unlikcly placcs.lonccfound e missingmanin a cattlcpcn on thc poop. anothcr biding in thc chaiDlock.r, aod a third crouchcd undcrgatings in thc shafttunnclovcr *hich thc scarchparty waswalkin8! Thcrecanbc no hardand fastrulcson ihe subjeci.On e pssscng.r shipthc omcrr on watchuscdthc publicaddrcsssystcmat full powcra! 3 a.m.and locateda missingboy aslccpin a toilct. Thc shccivolumcof soundawakcncdthc boy. Whcn thc pc.sonis missingin hcary w€ather,thick fog, darkncssot frcazingconditionsor whcrc many sharksarc sbout, oi *harc it is known that thc pcrsoncannotswim,thc Mastcris fac€dwith a scrious dilcmma.Howev€..Foplc havcsurvivcdfor graatlcn8hs oftimc in thc watcr rclardlessof thcir agc, lt is an occasionwhcrc thc pcrsonality of thc p€rsonvirtually govcrnshis survival.Thcrc is t rcport of an Australiannaval s€amansurvivingfor 17 days in thc PacificOccrn, havingfallcnoyerboardwcaringa lifcjackct.lt must.|ot bc assumcdof coursa,that bccausaa pcrson was last sccn say 4 hours ago, that hc or shc fcll overboard 4 hours ago.
ITEAVY WEATHEN thsn onc whichfu !ot, A wavcwhichis b&akingis morc dengGrous olthoughthc lrlt€r can bccomccquslly haz.rdour if it fu uDnrtllraty brokra upon irDpecteilh rhc ahip. A brraking wrvc is high6 dtd stepcr lbatrotrcwhrchrcmain!utrbrokcn,andwhiL tbc motio! \rithjt lhc bttcr i! gcdcrallyiD ttc varticalplancody, tha formarvrvc projccB a largcvolomcof watcr dowtrwardrand ahcadot iac4 c-ruliDg suddcdhorizodlalmotiotrofs buoyantobitt, ,uch6! a troal In dmost all r.a conditio$ ttdr t o& to bc a cyclcof srvr dcvclopdc rtrd dctrriorrtiol wbid i! uluilly ru6cie0dyrcgularto cnattas r.lDsa to pcdict r shortpaiiod ofmodaatirg r... In opan,daapwat6r ehcr! tia witrd h|t a lotrS/.rcr, i.c. r !tr8p, $looth arca ovcr vhich il may blow without mactiaSob.tructioDr, wav.sarc highcrand thcir 3uoc.ssivc crcst! ar! farth.r epert,thc distanccbetwEnlwo suchrdjaccdtcatstsb.irg knownit thaeawlaqth. WhcDtbc wavclcdglhitrcrcsr.s,so docathc limc irtct93l bd\r,Ecnrhc p€lsagpof two suoc.slrwcFst! pasl r ir.d point, i.c. tb tw perbd of lhc sav6. If ttc p.riod rcmain! co,3rrn! thcn thc vclocityof th. wav6 muEa mcreiSc. Ilrgc v.sscbbchrvcbcstio s rhort sca,whilc aoallcrclafr at! morE coDfortablcin a lonSrc5, i.a onc hsvinga hrg. wavdcoglh.A lotrg v6scl, supportcdorly st hcr cD& or rDidshiF by wavccrlstt, ia ruts jcctcd to scvcr€bcDdir8strcsscs, rtrd a shortcrwavclcDslh b lbcrcforc pcfcrablc.Thc acamstr cancsiimatclhc wavcchaBclcristica oncchchar
m
EMEROENCIES found tbc truc Friod bccausc:Thc vclocityiD knotsir roudly cqurl in scconds. Thc wavclcntthin mc(rcs f.ct lo thrcatimcsthcFriod mcasurcd is roughly.qualto thc squarcofthc pcriod(in s.conds) multiplicdby 1.5,c.8.a tsccondwavcsystem hasa velocityof 15knotsanda wavc- t l2Jft lcngthof37m.Thcscveryclos€ly approach thaobscfted charactaristics. Thc pcriodof roll of a ship tu thc liEc Lkcn lo roll from, ray, port ovcr to starboatdatrdbackto port. It maysimilarlybadcs€ribad a! lhc tiDc iatcrvalbctwc.dthrcc suoccasivc traDsit3of thc 'rrst tholgh ttra vrrtic.l planc. This pcriod b largdy govemcdby thc nclrcaotric *ith motionb.ing associated bcight,a ahortroll andad uncomfortablc t ccrtr of lreviry positiotrcdlow down in th. vcsscl.Sucha vcssclir dclc.ibd a! bcirg rtifi bcr countcrpartwith a long pcriodof roll sDd hilb st& of gravily bcing known as t.nder ot crar*. Thc lattar'r rnotioois morccasy,but both cxtremcsarc undcsirablc.Thc pcriodof roll is incrca.cdby distributingwcighlsfarthcrawayf(om thc fot?rtrdafl lirc of thc ship,thc procc$ bcingknownas lt,irgirg-olt w.ights, ID s limilar way thc Friod of pitch of a ship is thc timc takan to alcctrdfrom rhc lowlst positionand rcturn to il oi tha timc bctwccn traDsrts lhrccsucccssivc ofa fircd pointon thcstcmthrougha horizonld Dlra(-Thc apparatlpedodof thawavcsis thc timc intcrvalbctwccnth. posslg! of two succassivc crcststclativc to a shipbomcobscrvcr.It is 3omclimca cafledthr p.rrbdof .ncofiteL Wh. a ahipis runningbcforc thc truc pcriod,and viccvcrsawhcn r scalhc apparcnlpariodcxccads thashiphcsdsth. !ce.ThcpcriodofmcouDtcris thc intcrvalwith which tha 8almanis mo3tconccmcd. Snchrol&m Whcnthc roll pcriodis equalto th. apparcntwav. pcriodcachroll it lollillg is sct up. boostcdby thc wavcsand a conditionof syochtonous Within a minutcor ,o thc v.ssclrolk lo lar& ingl.s, whichprog&s3ivclyincrtesc.Shiftingof thc cargomay occur,but in cascswhcrcthc rlsgc of strbility h smallthc v6scl maycapsizc.Thc conditionmustbc rrcognfucdimmcdiatclyand couNcaltcrcdrapidly in ordcr to chsnlr $c rppdrcntwavcFriod. Thc vcssclis mostvulnc.ablcwhcnthc a.ais lbaam, and in thb situatiotrthc truc and appercnlwavcpcriodsarc cqurl. A! iDcrr3scin mctac.trtrich.ight (or lowcringof thc cmt . of grevity)c,ill idcr.a3cthc Nmplitudcof6yochronous rolliog. pitchingoccirs *hcn thc pcriodof pitchis cqualto thc Synchronous pcaiodof cncountcrand causc!cxcrssivcmcing of thc cngincsa! thc proFucr cmcagcs faomthc watcroaapproachcs thc surf{cc,longitudi tralstraininSof thr hull, and hcavydamagFduc to thc shrppingof 3c$. A.ltciationof sp.adwill dcstroythc condition.Thc wa!.r rcabtrnccto pilchirg is gEatcr than to rolling, and thc pilchinganglcdocsnot bccomcabDormallylargr-
ml
EMERCENCIES A v6scl brokcn down and lying helplessin thc wavc trough is cxtEmcly vulncrablc to synchronousrolling, and m.ans should bc adoPtcd to bring thc vcssclh.ad to wind and sca as soon as thc cnginc frilurc Gar.rd B.Srviorl of tte Ship A vcssclhcading inlo a bow s€ahcals owr lowards advancingwavc crcsts, ind this part of hcr roll is damFd. whcn runoing bcforc a aurrtcrly sca thC rcvcrsc is troc and shc hccb avNy from oncoming scar. tn rhb cotditioo thc rcsislarc.s to rolling ar. lcNst .trd ler8cr drglcs of roll arc atteincd, itr rdditioD to *hich rhc wav6 travcrs. thc ship'! lcngl.hmorc slowly thaD if tbcy apProachfrom ah.ad. Thc combitration 6f th6c two factors rcndcrs tbc ship liablc to ship hcavy scar rrl r pilc(:3s koom sPooptg. Frorn ttc Drlviou! tcxt. wc now !..lhrt th. abifry of s lbip to ridc coofortlbly dcp.ods upol hcr courlc and spatd r.lativc lo thc wavas, bar rtrcogth, hcr raDgcof stability, hcr wcight dblributioo rclaivc lo rbc fort-;d-aft liac, Lcr pcriod of ro[, tnd the pcriod snd wevclcngth ofthc ra{s. Whcn st aDiry h.sd to s.a thc ship k subjcctrd to Pitchin& tacing of cneiD6. lotrrituinrl srrcasas,slsmmiog atrd pouoding st thc forc cnd dri to wrvc iopact, aod tbc ihippiog of watcr. ldasuy, thc ship should bc trimmcd a littlc by thc 6tcf! so thtt tbc scrlvs and thc rudder arc idm.n d to thc maximum a|ld thc bow rcsistsa tcnddcy to bury itscf. All thc hrzrrds of pitching arr rcduccd by loecrinS thc spccd of thc vtsscl. Occasionally, such s rEductiod in spcad may advcrscly afr.ct Dirchhr. for it mat causcthc p€riod of cncoutrtcr to apProachclolcly itc pcrioa of pircl, scnUg up synchrod.m. Fron this' it follows thal "" irrc occasionr an incrtrsc id !p.cd wil lEducc Pitchin& but this action wil incailably producc delgcrous 6lcmmiDgof thc fotcfoot. Thc ttndocy of e vc$cl ro pouDd hcr foFfoot is most lrarkcd itr Iistf fut-bot6ncd ship6, particularly whcn t[. forcfoot bccom6 ancrgc+ ft is accrcas.d by rcdlrcio8 lpccd, but iD vcry ,hort wav6 cttr"icly lo* spccdr may provc a rcvcrsc cficcl Ccrtah shmming o".otr cvrn wicn thc fortfoor is butiad dccply or asc.trding and is duc to thc ''Did variation! of thc prlssul! rFtcm which rlweys surround a bu[. Tir6c vtriatioN arr csuscd by thc lhiy'3 spc.d, rnd ha'/r bccn ur.d itr Dalt hdtiliti.3 to dctoDatccc aiD typd ofminc. tVhca ruaior bcforc thc s.a a v6scl ulually .rpcricDcd dificl|lty in rteriar. mniciarlv onc hsvbg a high couaLr s&m which i! '$ily liftcd bv ihc rca" producing ao alalmhg yaw. UDdar tbcrc conditions wi& th; s.s rd.r;, if tbc v6scl is situatad in thc trough ofr lar which b ovcnakitrg bcr atrd brc3kitrgsbci! litcly !o bc PooPGd.If thc 6hip ad wr6 haycaual vclociticaaod thc v6!al is lyiag o! sn advarcing wavc
m2
BMERGBNCIBS .lop., ic. rrrrrg, rhc ir litcly to bc rlcwld violcndy,hccld oec.,!trd swrDFd, Thc procasrof dcs'iDgis tnoe! astroa?rirE-to.Thc audd.o edditioa of toFwrb[t wat r wbcnhcclcdov.f to a lrrgc iuclilatiotr oay tlduF tha srglc at which positivc stability di..pFa8 to th. .rt.'ti'qg.rgL of h.cl, .trd capcizi[gir rbc! lilcly. If thc ,aa ha! a wsvclctrSthootrsidcmblygllrtc. or l€ssthetr thc rhip'! Logth, i.c. a long or lhort !cr, hct motio! will bc rsfcat,rld ir follorNrthat thc Srrat rt daogprfrom a quartcrtyot sttrn lra srir.. whao thc s hr': (c) r irrl,rlcnglh clo6clyrpprorthiDg thc thip'r lcogth,ad (6) a vclocitycqualto or 8l!a&. thao thc lhip's rpaad, I! thasacirqrmatrnccait i! wis. to rcducarFd 80 thal thc !a.a oErtak th. v*rcl rethcrthsn ruo thc risk of surfnSard btoochinS-to. Id.ally, thc spcrdshouldbc found at whichthc d8!8pr of poophg ir rlso 16.t, With a 3c{ abcsm,allowarcaEusl bc rn.dc for lc. dtitl, whichDey h.vc. rrlc in crc6s of2lfiot!. If thc w*c is sightcds[d it! dillctiotr codpard sith thc couracit crcdthcrlgulrr ditrcMrcasriUgivar clo,a approximltioo to thc nccdsaryupwitrdrltct'ation of lha thip', hrad. Altadtion! of {pccdsil hevclittlc cficct otr bchaviourin r ttar& r.r, but cousc altaratiod will rcduccthc amplitudcof rollitr& Whcttcr thc rltd.tioD fuDadcinto or rwry froe lhc lca will drFtrd upor thc wlE chsrsclrdstiBrrldiw to tbasbipbLntth.ad spc.d,atrdon hct ltrown prlfcrlncr for a bow or qurttarly !ar. Thc uscofwrrthcr-lidc rtorE oil will FoduocI vrluablctlick sp.ladio8to wiidr4ad, h rvbi:hrhchttalitrg ofr..! i! midimilcd. ftrh8 | Y.rd h HG.vt waabai Thi! rEquirEtbc utDoctrcorac, ofjudSpmant..od e krowlcdgcof th. ship'3ch.r.ctcristicafu ansGirt hclm 3.trdcogira Dovcmb. Thc cofie i'd cir.rirg dcpanmcrt! of tbc thip rhould bc infodcd |td thc dccb clc.rcd of mcn.Bdorc tu.ni!8, a 6tudythould bo Dud! of rhc mvGdcvElopdcntcycl6 and tbc arrivd of a Dodcrrtilt raa pcdict d. Whcaturdtrg downwitrdswayfron r hcadtaa it i! dlaiaabLto aNFhcG rhcrclativccalE wbcnthav6aclb lying i! tbatrouttr ard crbmcocisSthc l|st hrlf of th?tu.!, for thi. i. th. Fiod et o.hc j! litcly io bc svsmpad.Thc btt r hrlf of tbc turtr murt bc c*eutcd rr npidly a! lo.siblc. Whcnruldlg bcfor! r aai ard wishingto tnt! upwitrdit ir daaint{a to crFiaocc thc rclativccalo durhg thchttcr hrfofthc tura whaotha ir awingingup itrto lhc wild |Dd t .. f lhb rwitrgir cf,cqrtrditr vaaaal vlty haavya.asthc lhip mry rufrcrcxt olill drm|!c. For thi! rlaton lbc htc. hdf of thc tum shouldrgri! bc curicd out rt qui:lly t !o.-
BMBRGBNCIES aiblq so that thc ahipis fully prlp6&d to oaat onc.oeingicaa ehilc 3!ardy. I! both cald rpccdshouldbc rcduccdbcforctumiq |trd bold hclD u!cd. thc tudt rnustbc c.nild out vitt rhc midouD of h..dmy, ard tha ruddcr is rcrddrd oFr&tioml by uritrg lhort bunt of fulllhaad rrvolutioN, Thc ordcriogof fuUahaad!d full hclm bar cvcrythirg to rccommcndit providing: (a) thc miliEuE of h..dt y i! grthc&d, drd (r) tbc retc of rwing kcpt low if DisjudglEcatcillra! tla arrinl of hcavysc3!rt r criticrl stagp.In thfuavcntit t!!y bc p(.flnblc to llaudc counc rad dlakce aacordatLtrpt. Thc uacof stoamoil ia of glat Ydur io thaacm3t(.uvrc'. lI .fiC{o A rrslcl hcav6-tovhcn, duc lo thc sttrssofwlathct thc voylgc i! tcmporarilydis{ontinucdstrd lhc shipfu DaDcuvrld so r! to ridc out tha atorE in ttrc rnost codforlablc po6ition.Gcncrally,a ship wiU bcbrr|r b6t h onc of thtla poaitionr:(a) wilh thc scson thc bov and aEaningrt r rEduccds@ suficicntonly for stccritrg;(t) vith thc laa ab.ft thcbcrmsad at a ,ihilady tduccd spccd,or (c)ttopFcd.nd drift" itrg to lccward. arr pEaantbut thcvl.$l Itr (d) thcd!trgr'! of pitchirg.ad shtr|tDiDg wil probablyerkc littlc wayovct thc groudd,ald thc rnirudc is thtrq forl r wis. orc ehco thcrr is litdc !.a rooE to lccelfd. It i! s difiqrlt politior !o holdwhctrin lighl conditionif thc bow showss ttdd.ncl lo pay ofi. Itr (r) corridcrablcwey is mtdc to lccwardatd tha danlpr of poopingcxiits,Thc attitu& is thcrEforcrccommcndcd ooly whcDa rhip h', pLnty of lccwrrd scaroom ard good stl'Ifug qualiticsin suchr cordition ofquartcrly saaand low .pccd.ID (c) r lc$cr oboult ofdrilt i! mrdc to lccward,buf dBpitc rhi! r rcccatcarashoeld r Ftticulsr w*el, itr ligLt catrditioAto cxFricdccs tato of5 ttrot! L. drift in ttit afiitudc, ro ttd rglid rmple tcc acaroom ir dcairablc,Tha rt.a.l eill Fotebly rol tcavily i! lhi! porition, md synchroni$ tlly occut,ro thst rt all tin6 tte Elacl .hould bc caprtta of baitg rwEg rapidly' The risk of I shitlitrBcargois prrscot,rld rollirg mty bc vcry yiolcnt if ltc v6scl i! atitr Thc mcthodir oltctr cEployd in low-poEd vr& lcL whhh rr! uDms ga.blcio positiotr(r) ald whichr.c itrc.Poblcof tumisg tead ialo thc cxistitrgwitrd,Thi! may bc duc cithc. to r Lrgc wild aurf.ccforva.d or thc itr4bilityto gthct 3u6ciatrthcedeayio tha cirrrD3taDccr, In all ca!6 ehcohor!-to thr ula of.torm oil will do duch io rcducc b|zatd!. h.lrht ll. V...d ld H..w W.d.r Thc vBscl Eust bardedc8 scaworthyar possiblcbcfott t[c onlct of
BMERGENCIBS badr/lathcr, poyiDgparticldarattlotioB to thc followiagpoinb: (l) Thc ch.cki!& anddoubling-upif rc.rsrary, ofau d.ck lashirg3. (2) Tha tiShEDtugof boatgriFs. (3) Th. b.t!.ning down of hatchca,Lockitrg b6.s, whclr ittcd, rhould bc tight y sct up and co!3idcretioobc Sivc! to thc rfttchiog of qtr. tarpouli@. (,1)whcrc thc rdmi$io! of contitrurl fr6h air to cargolrcld! i! urtrcoc&llryor Dry bc tcmpomrilydispcqrcdwitb, vdtilatort shouldbc covlrld to prcvcn!tbc ed&issio! of aar.watcr.This pedcderly in thc cascofa c.rgo of woodpulp, wh.rc aDpuaa axpaisioaducto ectting crtr bc up !o 50%andrupturingof rha ahip'sridc or dcckcanocclrr.Wct grainprovidcss aimilerd!!. gcr, thoughtrol havingsucha Ircat cxpa$iotr. (t Lifclin.s of 2!3Gmm fibr! roF shouldbc riggcd8!d 3ct up 3.+in tlu.oila tigh{y tboughout thc cxpos.ddcck. Whcrce longuorupportcd spdni incvitablcthc linc ahou.ldbc stoDpcdto thc rdjecantdistatrt stlong points by rhort lcngthsof litrc of prcfcreblyaqual 6t!.oglhlo thc lifclinc. (O lftiEc pcnnitr,utrprotcctldaccodmodrtiotrstormdoo$ sbould bc hosc-tls&dadd aDydcficiaDcyot rvrtartightoacrDadc good with lhc uscof wdxcdcaulkitrgfclt. (7) Thc sccuringof s[ d.r.icks mustbc rbdoluta. (8) Thc axistadcc of wet r or oil fu.l whichia loosc,i.c. it is ablcto washfrom aidcto sidcof thc !hip, Foduccsr/r.. sttfac. cf.cl rcducingthaltability of thc ahip.It sbouldbc rcduccdto r minirnu&, prdcrably by 6[ing ta s, for thi! addsbottom w€ight dDdlowr.r tha ccntrc of grevity of thc ship. Any ioodiry or pumpingmustbc do[c wcll bcforchmdwhilc thc rhip is 3r.ady, for thc flling of aDcmptytr* h itlclfproducrs a frl rurfrcc cfcct in additior to aoy list whichrlay bc causd by ofr+otr! loading.Thc dctibcrsrci roduction of fr.. rurfaccrwhilc O. rhip is i! r rc$vayis s practic.to bc avoidc4unlcssthc vr..cl it lidl itr whichc.sc hcr Darginof *ability is ulually high. (9) If th. stabilityof thcshiptu&ngcrourlylmrll ducrcgrrd ihould bc p8id to thc jcttilonirg of dcck crrgoG if thc foodiig of doublc-bottomtlllk3 prov6 irruficictrt. Thc filling of e d6.p tatrkwill bavclitdc cfr.ct itr lowcriogthc ccrtrc of gravityof tbc ship.Othcrwisc,ttc dcct caigo6houldbc sccutdyIashad,rnd i! th. cssaof livcltock, smplcprotccliol bc 8ivctrto thc &imdr. A largr .upply offood |trd rvst r sbouldbc providcdio cslc Dco ert ur[blc lo rcachthc ldmals st tbc hcightofthc ,tor6. O0) Thc w$cnighllcas of thc spurlingpiF, lcrding to lh. chriD locler, should be cnsued. SomeotficersDrefer to remove
EMERGENCIES haws€-piperrorn phEs in bad weather. They have been known to come adrift with great force and fly aboul like scyanes, ( I l) A[ looscgcar,iDcludingropcs,shouldbcclcarcdfrom thcd.cl!. (12)Si8D.lhallisrdsrnaybc sLckcncdh aoticipationof thrir tautroing whcowct. (13)All doorson cxposcdd.cts .hould bc tiShdycl6cd crccpt fot ac$3!ca. aacommodatioo (14)Dcadlidb (rnctalscr!.ds) .hould bc fixd i! placcOvorPorl. hol6 ald lcutda& (lt A lwinmi.g-both shouldb. drain.d, sincclhis, whcn full, adds roFw€igbtatrdfr€csurfaccafrccts. (1O A h.avy w€athcrroutiocshouldbc adoptcdby thc C-hicfOfic.! to ctrsurrthcmididum of mcn(ifaoy &tall) bcingo! dcckdudng thc storm. (l?) All lifdrafts rtrd othcrbuoyatrtalDsralusshouldbc chcckcdfor frccdomof jcttisoning. (18)Should the cargo be tommed or shored in any way' this shouldb€ checkedbeforethe stormto makesureit is in Place and tisht. (19)tn an;der shipwith woodeohatches. all sParehatchboards of a shouldbe madereadyfor immediateus€in anticipation harchwav beinqstovein. (20)AwninSE_oult b. takcDdowD,olhcrwisclbcywiu bc ripp.d aPart and rhc sprrs drmagcd. IM.. of lhc OOc.r of 6. w.tch Ilc Du.t eroid atcamingtoo rrpidly into a hcad 6cr, tad rEducc hrzatdstrt incrcasbgdcapitcthc fcar tDaadcarlyiD a.ltettitudc!whEnc of uim coodacrcdow..cautiou!. Hc Durt bc satisi.d that thc 6bipir rhorouFly rcawonbyEadst all timc. kc.P r clo.c watchfor syncbmni!trr. Only thc b.st bdmlmctrshotddbc adploy€ddutitr8thc storm'aDd if coodiliotrsarirashcrr il iaicc..ltary lo mccacachwavc*'ith thc hde hGEUstco8idcr lhc trcc.*tity of rcliavingthc hclmsmancvcryI hour to avoidrEariacss.Thc clcst-vicwlcrctos shouldb. t6tcd bcfoEb&d' tog.th.r with thc fog.siglaltingrpparatuai! anricipstionof poorvfuibility. Dilircss rockcBshouldbc to had. IITNDIING DISASLED VESSEUI A v6scl whichbr! shipp.d coBidcrdblcvstcr will bc morc dccply lsd.d, |trd shclley bc bolh liltd rnd trinncd by thc hcad.Chept r III
EMERGENCIES shouldbc rcfcn€dto et rhis stag.,*hcrc thc handliogabiliticsof 6bip. i! thalGoondition!all fuly discursod. A twi!-scrcw rhip wiU h.ldle quit! wcll with hcr ruddcr and oua proF[ar. If bothlcacwrarc availablcfor uscshccatrbastacrcd,in thc ct/rat of ruddcr lo!8 or damagE,by varying thc pon aod starboard dginc rcvolutions.A sirglc-scrcwshjp without thc uscof hcr ruddcr wi[ bc tcmporarilyhclplcssunlcssa jury ruddc. is riggcd(Chaptcr
vID.
Atry shiphavi!8 troootrw powcris compLlclyhclplc$utrlcssa towiog v6scl is aveilablc.Thc vcssclshouldbc broughthcadto *ind and s.r sr rrpidly e! possiblcin ordcr that shcmay ridc comfortablyend with thc mioimumof lcc drift. This ncccssitatcs thc uscof: S.. An norg In aDchorinsdcpthslhc casicstandquickcstwayof bdnginSa vcalcl hcadto wiod is to trail a lcngthof chaincablcalotrgthc sca-bcd.Thc anchoris dctachcdfrom tbc cabl. io minimisathc risk of it fouli!& If onc cableprovcainsuffcientthc othcr shouldalso bc u!ad, but ii i3 prcfcablc to kccponc anchorrcadyfor uscitr lhc haw& pjpc id c.!c ofan cmcrgcacy. Thc cablcahouldbc rcrdy for rlippi!8 add buoyiog shouldit foul sn undcrwetc.ohBtruction,a{d this b b6t achicrcdby locatiog. joinjng shacklcjust abalt thc upFr ctrdof th. ha*!c piDa SincElhc waithcrcnlailingthisproccduEwill bcvcrybd, !o attahpt shouldbc madcto hengotr thc atrchor,sioccthis idvolv6 r.ndirg r matrovcrsidcin a bosun'scltair. Thc aochoris thcrcfoE h,!hd itr itr stowrdpositionwithin thcpipcaddthccablcfucsscd.Thc lprrljoining shacklcjust rbrft tha aDchorshacklcis brokcn,and thc 6blc is EaF handlcdout tbrougha forwardfairlcad,thc PaoamsC&al ryF baing idcal.In lhc absatccof sucho lcad,a rDooriDgchockwill hevcro bc us€d,but rtry damagcto it will bc of smallmoncDtif thc shipi! !av.d from majordamagcor stranding.Thrcc,or cvcnmorc,shacklcsshould bc raDgldalongthc sca-bcd.Thc uscof thc slstbcr cablc,if only otrc is to bc us.d, will prcvctrta coDtitrurlbad lip at thc cmpo.t. This mcthodof scaaDchoringis ulcd frcqucndyby somcMastcl! of lhortscatradcrswhcDcncountcringbad *.athrr in thc North Sca" In wat.rs of all dcptbsothcr mcrho&.rc fcrsiblc,providcdtillc rl'd suitrblc gcaris availablc.tD prst daysa Ery cfretiv. aaa.lchor wsr madcby lacingr trysailto r boom,wciSbtingit at itt low.r rpar--thc tack of thc sail-a[d srrcamitgit ih6d on a roF bridlc. Nowr&y!, suchao &ppliaDcc would havcto bc mrdc froD apdaircaDva!,or terpuliq atrda woodcnspar.Thc httcr b not al*ays avsihblc.Thccasva! will tat. colsidcrablctimc to prcpa.c,snd ft. atrangfhof thc fnirhcd eppliaaccwill bc doubtful.Thc followirg src ricd mattods,but thcy
2m
BMBROBNCIES mayprovcu$uitrblc fot Lala $ar.ls: (l) Thc attramitr&onr wirchawscr,ofucraralcargotu*9s or cDpty oil drumstiggcdin i clustcr,or ciln an cmptycontarncr, (2) Th. ltrcamhg of a wood.o ratt, wtiSbtld 8t i$ lorv.r cd& sitb !pd! chai . (3) Tlr strcsoi!8 of a tritngulrr_Fiin hatch t dt hlving it! apcx tlmovld and its brsc lttrtchd op.d with two cro6cd awdnS rpsrs. Thc atrcngtbof tbc 6p6.swill gowrD thc lifc of thc taa rnchof. (4) Thc rtlaming lhcad ofr c,ltcrloSSrdboat;thc fdlr ei ptobabl,' Thc havato bc cut adrift aod thc bo.t mly ba non_rccovctlblc. us. oflifc-ssvhg appli!trca!itr thk wry mayrdl bc rcgatcd rt a htcr stagc. (t' Thcrtrra;i!8 ofr voodaocergodab hrtch,i.a.6v. or rix *oodto hrtch.a dt .ay ftappcd logpthcrwitt !tr.l shtr hto r &cralglc about2 5 m squarr.lt mustbaw€iShtcda! its low€rcd8! so that 8 i rqurc it lila rt|'lic.ly itr thc wetlr' (O Ttc tittilt ofi brt .bift miz.d !.il to itrcrrrscth. wild !u a.r rtl ctiE .td tsoublclori8'.!dtbcii Atlrhc..d.tiodttrtccoltidcnt jattiroding irvolE &nSEr to thc qtd ia hravy st ttcr. Tbana!rG' iro'lvlr, cas rEporad*hcrc r vBlal ha! ba.o$ccqsfuuy tumcdh.ad to tild by loltrilt @c or both a!c.ho|tto a consid.td c drPth,lh. rt..al m.taa haFry whilc har alahorr Lnd to itnlin vcrticilly abor'! a frad poirt Thc bowt ltc thaddowly rwurg bto lbc witrd.Tbr lowll tbc d@thto rvnichthc.lcborr rll v..t!d, tho bdtlr $'ill bc thc rt tlt' duato tbailat .!.d *at.r t'r€rlrra It ir ptrfcr.blc thcrcfot! to rficEpt thfunathodprior to cobaaocitrgE nuftcturcofrr rPplialcaofdoutl-ful strcnSth;life, andemciency Until thc a[chor rcachcsthc levelof dangcrof it damagingthc hull platingas tbc kccl ihcrc is coDsiderablc tha versel rolls. It would bc $wise to veer more than ebout four slFcllca of chainon eachanchor.In cxcessol this, the windlassmight havedilfcl ty h liftiog the anchorand chain. tdt n to a L. Sta. A r.. rf,or?i! otrctowrtd! vhich r rEotr8wind ir blowin&Oocationr ! shoE andi! uarblc to rrila eh.o s }l3scl i! attonfly rct to*!td! auc.h wry out to lcrwald. otdcr to E*c frvour.blc tum hcsdto wild in Thi! riturti@ ia moctlitcly to oact|ritr r Low-Porrrcdv.*!Gl,Prtticu' hdy whco in lbht coddition ID rdditiotr to hc. lcc*ry, thc v.8i.l comcrundd tbc iniu.occ of a tutfaa! drift currot cratld by thcidnd' FoviLd tbat tbc whd ha! bloen ulrrctilgly fot trotc thrtr 24 hou6.
m8
EMERGENCIES h hith btitlrdc. thi! rlrift ourtlot ir lLly to b.vr.! rvcisgcr.t cqud to 2% of tb. wild rp..d, rrtd 4 %i! thc celcof lov Iltitudci. lt ir th.F forc po6s:tlc ro Fldicr, in low Ltitudc.! r drift i! Dil6 Fi d.y roug y aqud to lhc wind rpacditr knott, ag. r 3Gltrot wind mry pll'ducaan rpploriD.t drifi of30 niLr i! olc dry i! lorv Ltitud.3.!d 15bilcr pcr dry id highlatitudat.Erccpriorr to th6c frqucody ocqlr, p6rtbuLdy rithi! rhc hdirn Ocaarat ttc tiEc of tha !outh-q,r.t EoDtoo!, wb.ir &ily driltr of 160mil6 c'! occ{r. Tbc a/6tcm coartaof tha U[it d KirfdoE |t! rltrowrrd lcc lhorls efLr s Friod of louthrlttcrty gatcr,ald aautiorsry notla sr! prhtld oo thc rpFopri.tc Addtnlty ctrrt b rhi! cfi€ct D6pic thi!, a v*r.l lrouod.d in rccantF.rt Jtcr bcing aftpt to Lavard, $dU thc lo.a of dl hard! roSdb.r sith thc c{!r of th.loc.l Royd N.lioo.l Lifcboatl$titution craft. Total lec drilt in excessof 4 knots is not unusual. Tharcar! four balic vayr jn wh.id r r,€slalm.y stiro|Pt to cLsr r L. rhorc: (l) By.rpid uscofa acr anchorto swilg tbc v6!cl hctd to wind. (2) By lcttirg go both rrchors, whcn itr suitlblc dcptb, loubbiat tbc bow3hcad to wind, ud stcamingout to laswrld, *!i8hin8 hat archor! |! rhc doc3ro,Ifthc ec'tofwciglinS elrc.hora ir liLly to r*ing thc borv' ofr thc witrd,thcn prcfcr.bly oncr'chor ody shouldbautad on a lolg lcoF rtrd slipFd from tbc d.ck whilc procditrg out (3) By turing drough 2m' doeowind uod.r full rp.d .ad h.lm until lhc rt.rcl hadr tic wind.I! .siling !hip6thfuia l(novn r! r ir.ring turtr. Thc mcthodir hz.rdou., bccrula if it flila tbc vBtcl lir. muahclo..r lo thc codsdircand,fuithcr, thc momcotumof hcr twitr8 mun bc Ddnt itrcd in ordcr for it to ba ruccGrful,!trd thit itvolv.s bti!ti!8 ala bow! vcry rapidlyinto e hcevyaae.Thiafu liLaly to c.u!a arfaotiE dam!8a, (,1)AFn froe (2), thc ncthod do6t litcly to ruocccditr dGGp e .r ia a! follor!: Tbc adti!. i! llrtnd ald tbc vclrcl, stich i! auorrd to gttcr oDly tbc EinirBurtrof it mway, rur! hc. stcm into tbc viod'. cyc. Thir pocitio! ir rhc[ hcldwhilc doodingoftha aftai cornpartmdb ir c.nicd ouL Tbc fooding of tbc rttcr hold alooc will, thouShi&d.rsiog thc nddr( |!d propcUcrfurrhcr, c!a.t a! relerld trin ptoducilg |! iDcrrilad sind surfrccforward.!d ary bcocotm.y bc lost.Ifonly oac hold can be flooded, the one abaft the v€ssel'stipping centrc *ill livr ric bcarrr.ul$, h i! dcdr.blq howcvcr,to iood a! rD.nyall comFrt[cot a! posiblc. Thc holdr rhould bc foodcd to jun balowthc Lvcl of enyBheft-tutrneltop. Thc tuMcl thanrct$ asa vashplate,and frerrfacc rfccB rtr Educcdto e ouertcrvrluc,
EMERGENCTES Thi! aa'tion,than,aink tbc v*rcl bodily,rtrd thc grlrtlr thruatofthc srfl tolpthrr rvifh ttc incrl|lcd ruddcr!.alitivig ofrlctr ary rdvc.lc ctrct of uiE. Thc ioodilg i! carrii out by mcrn! of hos6, ramovidg lorFrdum vrlv6 aad pumping tb.ou8[ tbc bilgc linc with linbd bodd! (bilgpcovcrr)rsnov€d,md/or fooditrg up throughthc doubla bottob tarb *itt ooldc doora utrshippcd-Any othcr sveilabl. Dc!tr! lhould ba us.d itr rddition. If lh. dolblc-botton trils contain fircl oil only thc irrt two mctbodsarcu!d. IfDossiblc,r[ loosctinbca .!d gc.l thould bc takcd itrto thc 'twrcd dock,but in sl adarsrDcy trothilg rbould bc sllowrd to iotrrfcrr with thc rrpid foodiDg.A carc on rccordshowsthc two aftcr hol& of a vcssdof
[email protected]., in lilht conditiotr,to hrvc bc.n suficicntlyioodcd io fony mioutls. ODo.thk i5 achicvcd,r tum i o thc wiod i3 sgrin attamptld,prcfaF .bly to pon io r 3hglcrcrcwshipto makcuscof taanrvrnclhrust It i! mort uodcsirablcto gthcr too muchalamvayinro Urc.q fo[: (a) thccngitrdwiu raccducto pitchiq; ard (r) thc ruddcraDdproFllcr whcaundcrhaadwayatc paotcctcdto somccxtcntfrom wavcimpoct bul undct stcmwaylhcy atr cxttEmclyyul&rablc aad ar. litcly to bc fr&turcd. A caschis occurrcd,howrvcr, of a vasscllying s&rFto 4 hcovy6.r whilc mainrsiringhcr pditioD ofra I.. shorc,atd with hct scalwturting ovcr at vcry slow tEvtrscdrrvolutiotrsfor 36 houB. Oil wra usadio p4vant brcakitr8s.a. strititrg lha bladc!,end DodrmaSa wrt sufricd. Ifthc vcasclhaslow altcm-poptr, shcmry hevclittlc ch!trcaofevoid_ ing strandingdespiteher following the abovemancuvre. A vessel of 7000tonnesdeadweightwas headingin a northerly direction ofl the Califomiancoastat light drauSht.At noon her po6itio[ wasfited a.trdcolditiors wrc calm.By 2000hourathc wind wls Cc forcc aDd frBhcnin& wilh ! hcavylwcll on thc pon bcrrD.HcI 6ta.ringbccaDc dimcuh atrd at 2100hoursioodiog of No. 5 hold er5 comrDcoccd, usiig four ho66.By 22m houB thc wiod spccdwesatlout 55knotselrd firll hctD h.d trocfccl. A wcarhgtum ee3rttcrnptcdtowdrdslhc laBd, to no rvril. At 23(X)hoursthaan8'ncwa! rEvcB.dat ful rpccdandtha vlaralraa hcr ttcm up into ttc widd.In thi! situsiiotr,duclo low altrm' poecr, lhc wasuoablcto bold hcr p6itiotr aDdvinudly sailcdbcfoE thcwird. Visibilitywrs rpFoachingnil- At Oy) hoursa rccfwassttuct, r.arinSscvcralbottomplet.sr*ry adjaccntto thaforwardcDgitrr-toom bulthcad.At 0120houn thc lrowsstruckrnd thc vcssclb..amc fasl on l5o yds a rock 150m otrshorc.Both anchoN*€re let go. Ttc ari[ng clmpoocll of dfu.blcd !bip6 Considembleresearchhas now been carried out on the sailing qualitiesof largelankers,asshownin Figure9 1. Whendisablcd' it is
2t0
EMERGENCIES not unusualfor suchshiF to make a lee drift in exc€ssof 4 lnots. Tbey are largeenoughto achievea significantsailingcornponentand the two innuencesproducea resultantmovemcntto leewardslanted towaadsthe downwindend of the ship. This resultantcan be further iniuenced by changesto draught,trim andlist, beiring in mind tbat a movinSship tums naturallytowardsher hiShside.The walkingback of an anchor to say four shacklesof chain might swing the bows towardsthe wind and alter her sailingdirectionyet again.Seafare$ fa@d with the prospectof a certainstranding,or a drift towardsan island or reef, should seriously consider whether infueDces as describedabovecould be usedto lessenthe damagein a strandingor enablethem to b)?assthe isolateddanger. A 1g),m0 tonne tanker with rudder amidshipsand a trim by the stem of 5 m, calt dlift in a lsf direction when headingeast and stationaryin a north wind. By headingwest,the drift becomes21f. By swingingthe ship through 180 before motive power is lost, her drift directionc{n be changedby as much as 6(f.
DANCERSTO NAVIGATION but which A drrcr!, fua vcascl*hich hasb.€dcorbplctclyabaodon€d rsneins .foat. Sinccthcir lighE will usuallybc wilhout powcrsupply, c.llilioD is possible*ith thcm at night aod {ri[ iNeriably bc cnd.ol rt full sp.!d. Extcnsivcdsmagrfu likcly. A darclictcanbc trtc! i! toe sward. andr claimmadcfor r salveSp dcrctic! thc Mastaris boundlo cornmudiOn sightingr daoScrou3 cltc thc informetionto all sbiF in thc vicinity rnd alro to thc Dtatltl coastalAuthority. It muslbc rlportcd to thc local R.cciycrofwrcct. Thc traoslhilsionwill cotrsistof. safcty sigdrl atrd mey bc in plain luguagc (p.€frnbly English)or in Int€matioDtlCodc.Thc m.ssrgpis frc. of cbargc1olhc ahipconccmcd. Tbc sr.!a obligationsapplyto &nSarou!ic., etryothc. dit!61drn8pr to Davigation,r tropidl storm, s.wl! ioc acct€tionlsrocistrd witb gal6 aodsub-fr€czirglcmpcratuEs,atrda wind offorcc l0 or abovcon tha B.eufort !c.Ic for whichtro wsmidgha! bccntEccir€d. Thc informetiontraBmitt d shouldincltrdc.io thc cascof ica,d.rtlicts aad similar&Dgar3i (l) Thc kind of dar8probscrv€d. (2) ThcLrt ob6arvcd pGition ofthc daDgdandlhc Gt€cnwichMcan Timc .nd &tc, I! thc c.sc of. tropicrl stormthc trrnlmi liod shoulditrcludc:
2tl
EMERGENCIES (l) A 6t tcmcnt that thc itorm ha! baancncountcrcd,or that thr Martcr bclicvcsoncto crist ot badcvclopingin thc rrcs. (2) Th. datcrnd tinc (c.M.T,). (3) Thc ship'r po3ition. (4) Thc bdonctric prlsrutEand whcthcrit h&! bcancorEctcd. (5) Thc b6romatcrtrDdcncy,i.c. thc changain thc last 3 bourr. (6) Thc wiad dircc{ionand B.aufort forcc. (7) Thc statcof sc5&ndswcll. (t) Thc truc counc .nd 60..d of thc ship. Thc Maatcr shouldthcn transmitfurthar rcports prcfcrablycvaty hour,a[d in aDycalc rt intcrvelsof lcasthrn 3 hoursfor ss long rs ha rrrnaioi utrdarthc infiucnccof thc atorm. In lhc ca3cof windsof forcc l0 and abovcfor which.lo wamingha! bccd rcccivcdthc m.ssagcshould includcall thc abovcpoints with thc cxccptionof (7). Mcssagrsconc.mcdwith icc eccrctionshould includc: (l) Thc.position. (2)Thc G.M.T. (3) Thc ai. tcmFrature and thc acatcmFraturc (if FacticabD. (4) Thc wind forccand dircctioo. Thc followingarc sp6imcnmcssagcs: TTT lce,Extcnsivcbcrgsightcd46m N 5lm W 1200GMT April 30. TTT Derelict.Der.lict sightld low in watlr h.clcd about30 degrccs. Narncuokoowrr.3J00S I l0l4 E 0300GMT Dcc20. TTT Naviption. MiDGsighlcdS3 N I02l W 0930GMT Junc15. TTT Storm.Hunicancbclicvcdnarby dur south.1500GMT July 22.2002N 4O0lW. Corrected baromctcr 74cn. Tendency down 5 mm.wind E force8 squally,Heavysoulherly swellveryrough sca.Course252spccd15ktrots. TTT Storm.Witrdforcc I0 no warningrc.civcd.1,100 GMT Fcb 12. 5006N 1005W. Corfectedbarometer 74 cm. Tcndency down5 mm.WindSWforcel0 veefing. Coursc24Ospced9 knots. TTT Sevcrcicing occurling, llm GMT Fcb 22. 70 N 12 W Air lcmp - l0 S€irtemp l. WindNNEforce9. WRECX AND SIVAGE
I.EGII,
ASPDCTS
In rhc Unitcd KingdomOmcersof lhe DepartmentofTradc sup.rvisc matlcrspcrtainingto wrcck,and may appoinl Receivers of Wrcck.one
2r2
EMERGENCIES tobGsituatediocachwrcckarcr oflhecountry.Thcy areollcn Cultonls Offic.rs. wcck as ! tcrm also includcsrtotrat, i.c. goodswhich havr bc€! lost ovc.board or jcttisoDcd and which arr rcc.vcrcd bacauscth.y rcrntin ^float; jettam, i.e. similar Soods which arc washcd ashorc; /t?an or ,rg@r,i.c. goodswhich ercjctlisoncd aDdbtroycdfor latcr rccovcry; and dcrelict. All wrcck must, if found by a Frson othcr than the owncr, bc dclivccd to th. Rrc.ivcr of Wrrck. This rpplica to w'€ck found outsidc lhe Unitcd Kitrgdom watcrs and btouSht into thc country. If found by an owncr a full nrport mus! bc madc by him. Wrcck b usudly kcpl for a Friod up to onc ycar, but smellcr 8ood3which &r. noi of sufrcient yaluc to b storcd may bc sold. Unclaimcd wrcck will b.comc thc pro'Dcny of thc Crown. Tirc Rcc.ivcr of wrc.k must procc€d to any vcssclwhich i3 stranded or io distrcss,on or ncar th. Unitcd Kingdom coasts,and takc chargeof rrscuc oparalions. Ec cin ittcrferc bctwedt a Maslcr and his craw only if thc formcr so rcquasts.Thc Mastct can prcvcnt by fotcc aoy pcrson boarding his ship wilhour his permisrioo unlc$ it is thc Rcccivcr of Wrcak, oa hii rcprcsctrtativc. S.lv.g! If a ship, livcs, or cargo on board arc savcd from a daDgcr,vo&.'t. rdrill and succcasfully,thc pcrson so doin8 carrics out a salvagpscrvicc and is cnlitlcd to a rcward. In sDiteofthe fact that a Mastcrmust,by law, assistaly vcss.ltlut coUid; wilh him or whichis indistress,hc is still rc8ardedasa voluntccr for thc purposa of salvagc.A passcng.rcqnnot claim salvaScunlcs! hc chooscsto rcmai! aboard and assist,iu sPitc of the offcr of rcscuc.A mambcrof thc crcw is hund by his ag.!€ment to ptcscrvc his ship, and crtr clsim s.lvagc only if hc b ordcrcd to abandotr hfu ship (thc ordcr bcing givcn with no intcntion ofrctuming), but latd r.tums to it. Thc Royal Neiy may claim salvaS!; Coastgurrds may do so if thcy providc a SEatcr scrvicc than that to which th.y ar€ bouod; mcmban ofa R.N.L.I. lifcboet may claim salvegr if lhcy find tlut thcir lifc{rving ,arviccs srl no! &quircd 8nd they choosc to grvc propc(y' Evtf,y salvor who contlibutrs to thc ultimatc auccaasm|y claim a ihrrc in thc rl\vard, but initially lhc M$tcr ofthc aalvcdlhip may 3cl6't his.slvo.! if sdcral arrivc upon thc sc€na O!h6! mey $3ist latcr if bc dccidcs th.t thci. srrvic.. rrc ncccasary,but o ly with his Pcthiasion. In thc cisc ofdcralict, thc first salvor to srrivc hrs conrplctccontol rnd 3olc righti; othcF mry itrtcrfc& otly if hc Prow, to bc thoroughly ircompctctrL Thc ulc oflloyd's St ndard Form ofselvagc Aglamaoi bctwc€nthc
213
EMERGENCIES Mast r .nd hG salvorssavcstima, ber9inin& end rcfcrsrll dilputr3 dirEc{yto erbitratioD.No filaDcidlsumtr.cdbc mcntioncdi! thcrgrtc nco! it bcinSdccidcdlatrr by thc Adr ralty Court!. I! lhc crlc ofr relvlgc claie bclowfano thc Rcccivcrof Wrcckvill probablyd..l with il hiElclf. Aesr& r.rr ulusly paid for thc salvagpof liv6 ooly if proFny ha! bc.n sevcdrs wcll, bccruscthis thcn providG r lourcc of firlarcc. b Unitld Kingdomwetcrslifc salvagcin thc atscocaof proFrty rdvrgc may bc rewardedby the Departmentof Transport (D.o.T ) out of Trcasuryrcsources.
214
CIIAPTER X
TOWINC
re typc of towi[g discu$adin rhis ctrphr fu rhat cmploycdin oFn wttcrt by a w.scl whichb lol a tug. Itr thc tcxt tbc E$cl which is bcidgtowd will bc rcfdr.d to ss thc tow. I.EGAI ASPECTS In ccrt in cittumstancc!a ship which rcquls to bc towd lDry Dottrcc.ssarilybc in diatr6s,&ld for thir rrsroq d Mrltcr Fopoairtgto low hcr .hould arc..tii! th.t btuChrtt r-Frty &d/or Bi[! of Ldilt rllow him to do so it sucha ca!c.If thc vdrcl is itr di!ft&!, thctr 8ha couldbeto\red to a placeof safcty,but the towingMastertheDhasno dght to coDtitructowinSfor tha purpoacof compLtings snccclsful lrlvagc opcratior unLa! tho .bov. docuEcDttFrrlil hio to do ao. coasidcr: Alsuntiagrhrt thc towingM.rtar is ulr6tri:tad, bc ahouLd (d) Thc durationof thc towingvoyagc, (D)Ary D.i cortract to wbichhc nay bc a D$ty, (c) Whctbcrh. eil bc rblc ro $rivc rt hir oriSinald6tilrtion bcforc tla cancclingdetcof thc Chartq-party. (y')whcthd hc hascnoughbudtcr3atrda safc'trcrvc. (") ThGcfccl of dclayoo bi. owtrcargo. (, Th. porcr of hi! cngindt, Itr lddition, hGshould: 0) Notiry hi! Owtrcr!,whos,ill hfore Lloyd'r !!d thc Und.rwribrs, thc httcr po$ibly rcquirint a ltt8.t prloiuD. (2) IdorD hi! ch'ttrrcr, if rtry. (3) Eot6 ilto r Lloyd'3Stlod.rd Form of S.lv.8. Att!.6cal (,1)Prcfdsbly Dekc for a pott whancthc Britili lrt of lrlv|gp rPDlic!. It hr! rlraadybcaananrion d ir CtrrptarIX tbrt aalvat chiDr .tc oDlyadDilaiblcyhctr a d8rrr Gxiltad.Tha flci lbat a lraacl mry bc dirrltd i! catr 't.lhrt dc trot dctractfton thi& dloa |t tct atoft. at! co!!us.4 or ttc wr.tDrr drtdiorrt a, r Fil .riF. 215
TOWING On arrivalal lhc dcstioationthc ofrc. of a$istincc from tugsrhould not b. r.jcctcdund.r thcimpE sionthatcxtrasrilvoBarcihcninvotvcd. !f rcqui&d, thcy shoulddcfioitcly bc cEploycd,bccauscthc rowing Mastd mustconcludethc opcratio! succassfully ir ordcr to submiti claidr.Thc tug! mey bc cdgagcdundcr ao orditary towrgr contract, and this docsnot !trtidc Ocm to makcsay lelvagcclaimunla$ a dcw pcril ariscaandthc tugspc.forD uscfulwork ovcrendabovcthet which it dcmatrdcdby thc lovagc co racl. THE TOWLTNE Litdc ca! b. Iaid dowtrrcprdiog th. Dcthod of towio& lincc thi! dapco&upotrthc typ6 of ,hiF, thc duratioDof thc toeing voyalp,thc ecathcr,thc routc to bc follow.4 rld vcry largcly upoo thc urgcdcy with whichthc tow mustb. coemrrccd. In !om. casca,whcrclhc toving shipis ofa suitsblctypc,o[c of hcr snchorcablc!b mtrlcd right eloogttc dcckto thc stcmrril, eharcit ir 3hacklcdto thc adc.horcablcof thc to*. Thaercboris lcft itr thc towilg rhip's hswrc pip., prd.rrbly with h.avy woodd p6d! bctwlcd ihc futca ald lhc bo$' phtiD& to ec! a! a togglc.Thc cablcmolt bc wdl ractd to bittr .Dd othcr stron8poiotsthroughoutthc v6sal'r lcngth, TimtH rnd catrva!shouldbc usadcopiouslyto minimiscchrfc. Probrblythc id.al towliocfu onc erda of mrnila fbrE, for thir po,s65.a8ftlt dasticity,whichb vcry rcc6srry itr towin& whcoiuddcn stn s.s rrc likcly to bc applicdto thc linc. Sucha litrq ;tow€vcr,would bc vcry bulty, cumbctsomc,strd tubjc.i to rottiag aDdcxccDtioDal chda If ltorm oil wr3 ulcd fhc Danih eould dctlriorat ir *rcngth onc. ir had bacah co ad wirh thc oil. Wirc ropcof cqud ltrcqth i! lcarbully, asily stowrdrtrd hrldld, and is lcssrusccpriblcto rottirt eDdw.{r. It posrcss.s Dcgligiblccl.lticity, howcwr,md wil p6rt uodcl s suddcdapplicd strcss.Itr ordcr to providc cl.3ticity, a cotnposit! rorvuncofwirc rd mrnila msy bc uscd,thc maailqbcidgofcablc hy (tbtc. lcft.brndd ropcalaid up rog.thc. right-bandcd),whic.hii DorE icriblc sod w.tcrtitht th.! a haw.cr,A.implc hawscr-laidroporhould lot ba uscd,sitrccit tcnd! to utrLy whcDutrdcr rt$!r atrd derclot srdou! kiDkswhcn thr str6s fu rclisrEd.Tbis c5n, ho*rvrr, ba pra vantld by usiDglwivcls et aachaodof thc hawscr. A lo*linc c.tr bamadcby sccuringtwo hasvywitE pcodeot!to ..ch 9-in cnd of e spccialstrop. This slrop is madccndlcss,of TGmmmsnila, rad thc two pansar. w.ll scizcdtogcrhcr,lcavitrStwo thimblcdcy.. at tco f&hofi! thr co&, Swivck.rc aSsirtlcomlrcndcd.Thcrtrop, forDingthabiddlc 20 m of thc towliDc,providcsvaluablcclesticity. A vcryquic.tlytiSgd .nd fEqucr ly ur.d towlitrci! fonrcd by !.curiDgthc iowing rhip's towingwirr to ooc arrchorcsblcof tha toe, thr
TOWING Iettcr vasscl$ill rctaining onc anchor in thc hswsc PiF rsdy for rn crnc,Smcy. This nccessitatcslhosc o0 board thc tow disconncctingthc anchor from thc cablc and prcfcrably bringing thc rnchor on dcck. Altc.natiyaly, thc anchor may ba hung ofr bclo* the hawsr pipa and s.curcd by tackt$ Lading from thc dcc&.In r! cmctglncy considcration may bc givcntoj€ltisoningthc anchotiD ordcr to lavc timc. Thc Gablc may now bc lcd throughthc hawlc piF and shacklcdto thc tow_wirt. Naiurally, thc anchor could bc l.shcd in lhc hawscpipc' and lhc cablc tcd tbrough a fairlcad or moorin8 chock, but tbis may c3us. thc c5blc to bc badly nipFd, quitc spart from probablc dtm.8r to thc chock, which is not intcnded for c{ble usc. In such a composit. towlinc thc csblc ahould bc vcctld bctwen thr€a and, say, scvcnshacklcs.Tbc wci8ht of thc chdin causrst[c to*linc to lic in a shalto* curyc callcd a catcnary, alld thb providqr sprin& fol s suddcn strcsswill be absorH as thc catcnery bccomB motc ahallow, end normally bcforc the catcnary dissppcsrsallogcthcr thc tow will bc surgcd ahcrd, tbur r€licving thc strcss. In this wey, two matcrial!' ncithcr of wbich post€srcaus.ful clasticity, may bc combiocd to ab6orb shock. Tha tongcr tha langth of chain, thc gEatcr will bc thc rhock' rbcorbiDs DroDcnv of thc to*linc. Using matcriali of cqual 3!rcngtb' wirc is e6o* irnififth of thc w€ight of chain, thc airc of tha wirc (irs diamctcrin mm) bcingrorrghlyiqual lo the sizeof th€ chain(thc diamclcr of lhe link bar in nm). To mrinlain a suitabl€catenary, thc lolr/liDc should mver bc allowed to closc or brEak surfacc; on ihc olhcr hatrd, it ahould D.vcr bc 5o gr.at es to foul thc boltom, si[ca thc linc mav thetr Dort. Thc iowlnib bound to bc nipp.d at fairlc{ds, and qrcn if th. I..ds rrc id facl fair, chafng will occur. Thc chafing Pan should bc rcnDvld from thc fairlcad rcgularty cithcr by valring or short.nitrS thc towlinc. Thi6 is cAl.,d,fr.theni'a th. t7, and in lhis compositc mcliod ia c.asily Echicv.d by rr|cjns of thc tofs windlass,providing thc tow fu rnaodcd. A ei.ority arc of th. opinion rhal thc usc of thc cb&inc.blc Promotct liot rEar, but tbc srighi of opioion is ihs! ttr warr ii coosiddably lcar than thrt c.ulad by . ship yawiq at a singlc a&hor, lnd i! roy c|!c tha tow fu morc vahablc thatr hcr crblc. UDdcr Llovd'a Clarsification Rular, ody vessch of lcss thatr 90 m in lenSth ard required to carry towinS lines. Certainly larSer shiF Bicbt-wcll bc abic to tow usitrI sylthctic 6btc mooriog ropca wbich arJimmcnscly strong and elasaic.Tvo Roysl Navy frigetes clgagcd b r towitr oDcration in tbe Meditellancrn S€ausidg 1,8m mcirca of 88 Em brefdid tryloDrop. wilh a brcakinS load of 165toucs. A total dist&ca of 3.om'milas ia! covcrcd atd a wo d rccord lovitrg 8Fd of 23 LDotswas claimcd. The spccd was attained in tests to dctcrmirc thc noi!€ produccd by towinS a dead shiP. 217
TOWING Otbci Fovd mcthods of towinS includc siuckling thc towing wirc to both .lrchor cablcsof thc tow' usinSthc chains ss a bridlc. Somclimca. thc towitrg ship provid6 a wirc from cach quancr, thc cnds bcing 30 ft shackledro rhe lowing wire abour I0 m beyondrhe srern.This is i bridlc and avoids lhc to*libc excrting a strcsson oDly onc 6idc ofthc ship, or cxacdy amidships, both of which have bccn found to hamDcr stering. Thc samcrcsulrmay bc achievcdby shacHin8thc low-wiralo scvaralparts ofwirc looscly sacuredacrosslhe poop dcck or around tll stcm ofthc towiogvesscl.Itis virtuallya bridle,butis koowo ase ryarr. Suchi spao may also bc achicvcd by lcadiog a hcavy witc out from onc quancr of thc towing vesscl, whilc thc main towlinc is lcd aboard through tha othcr quarter lcads.The wirc is shackledto the to*linc aod hovc-itr so that thc lattcr is bowscdin rowards th. oppositc quancr to its lcad. This agaid appcarsas a bridlc, but is tcmcd t span, by leiting 8o thc wirE, the span is insrantly rcmovcd. Whcn thc tow ha3full morivc powcr but is .uddcrlcssa mcthod somctimc6 usad is for hcr to tow thc assistiDgship, the latter shcc ng from sidc to sidc, as rcqui.cd, to stccr thc disablcd vcss€I. Nylon roF ofcqual sizc to toF.8rad. manila is about twicc a3 srong n! lhc lattcr. For lhis acason,a manila rope can be rcplaccd by a vcry 6 i n much smallernylon line to provide equal slrengrh,a 5Gmm manila 4+.in beingreplaceable by a l5-mm nylonline.Sinccnylonposscssesetaslicity. il is idealfor towingpurpos€s. brt asyct is usedfor sucha prrpos€only by tugs, aod as a pendaot sccurcdto a wire towlin. in largcr ships.It is light, esily bcndlcd, docs no! fraczr whcn wct, and is, to a vcry largc cxtctrl rotproof.
mdrgr Thc strcngth of lhcsc must bc in dircct proportion to thc to*ing pull, which in lum is diroctly rclated to rhc motivc powcr ofthe towiog vcis.l, thc spccdof toying, thc row's displacemcnt,and rhe inclcnency of thc wrath.r. Ifthc sccurity of birts is doubful thc liDcs should bc bclaycd to acrcral pairs of bitts, all as ncarly as possiblc in on. straigb! linc. By beckiog up thc tust pair of bitts in rbis way, providcd rhc b.laying js do[c evcoly, the strcsson the lincs h evcnly distributcd. Olhcr strong points includc wiochbcds, thc bascs of cargo-hatch cotrDiDgs,dcckhouscs,supcrstructurcs,masts,and samsonposts.Thes€ arc mo& casily madc uscof if thc v6scl is flush-dcckcdafr. Whcn using |!y rtrobg point, particularly in thc cas€of bitts, thcy should ba w€ll lhorEd up and staycd, to providc addcd rcshraDcein thc dirEction of 3tEss. lf thc dcck is considcrcd too wcak to withstand thc applicd 3h6scs of towing, thc hull of th. tow is sometimescomplctcly girdl.d with wircs frappcd to tbc dcck cdgesand shackledto thc towing wirc. If thc tow's cablc is bcing uscdas a componcnt of thc towlinc hcr wirdlass 218
TOWINO utrduc tttaa!6 providd u adaqultecetcD3ry ril trot ba rubjcdrd to bc hcldfroly on OGbraf.' udngdlaill thould i! Drintrilcd, ThGc.blc cLr4 BLkc ltopFrt, guilotiacs,sd al olhcr svaihblcE€ar! to aci I Drlr&otqr!io Dro&€lthawindhrs. ivith r.I! d t6 uc to*tioc, ib lizc lhould bc luficiclt to Provid.rn aoDlc facior of lafcty utrdct ttc towilg cotrditioa!.Itr practicc,thc rv;rp Ecrtb|trt shipulutlly c.ni6 olly onctowingwir! ard thcf!' forc his no choicc.uolcrsscvlrd Dartsofa soiLt wirr srr t!ad. Thclc towtiD6. aarricdu[dcr ClastiicltioD Rulcl ar! oftco tnoet' a! ,8r,roe vri.at,tb ori9;nof thc tcrm bciagobrcurg for Lloyd'sClstiicetiotr Socictyis dot rtr itrcurdcc coopsdy.A clsscd v6scl will, hower&f, !o doubt cam Educ€d iDrurancrprcdiuE! taom hcf, uldcr' writlrrtt i! dthratld rhst a tug cquiPpcdi,ith st aD rcciProc{ing Dotiva Dowtr csn, in cnlmncathct, cxcrt a pull of rooghly I tonnc for cvcry ?5 kw ol cngincpowr. Thc forcc rcquircdto low a ship is natur{lly incr€rscdif ihc tow is damagpd,yawing hcavily, bedly foulcd on hcr utrdcrsatd plati!& or h b€dwlrl&ar. Itr ttc calc ofr c.rgo \'!$al of IOO0O totncs displac.mcnt,in cslm w€athcrand with a fairly clcan hull,a pullofvcryroughlyI tonncF. knotoftowingspccdis rcquircd uDto !p..dr of 6 lnob, Abovcthi!, rhc proportioodilrpF5s, and I I t;nnesare reauiredto attaina speedof 8 knots.A shipof 2000m a towlin€slressof lm tonneson pickionneswh€nl;wed Droduces 184toDn8 whennol steerinS. auirage, but o'| uD.60 'whcotonnes coulc'ting wiFr, lugl.a! or lugfEdjoioinf 6hacklc!ahouldbc ulcd i! Drdcrcncato thactlcs fittad with *I!w!d Pina.Csblathadlc. at! idcri for this purpolc. If sctt*cd 3hac.ld6must bc u!.d tbo Pils lhould bc lcwtltwircd to tha sbacklcjawsto Plsvcntthdn looaaoing. Thi! tyF of.h.c{c i5liablcto foul ia fairL.dr ducto itr projcctingpiD, ttc ceblcrhacklcgol rhc olhc. had, arr daaiSlcdlo plw.ot suchrn ooc|rtrtocc,A s*ivcl mly bc usd *hcrr c.haitri3colncctadto wit!, and Iti!, lita a|l othcr6ttinSr,durt bc ofcquivalcntstEoglhro thc toslinq for thc towingpull DUlt alwly! bc coDfncdto thc lsfc worE!8 lord of lhc rlr&art compoDatrL th IA|i of |ic Totlh. Ttir bsrkdly dcpcodsupotrthc dcpthof tha wlt r, rtc it ta of thc &a rld rrcU rad thc r.a rooE availrblc.Th. grcatlr tbc lciglh, thc Dorr ablc ir thc lirc to ahEorb!hock!, aod for tldr rcalotr thc lcr8th wtcn thc faclor of safctyia low, whcothc lorv b|! a Durt bc itrc-rtasad LrSc di!pL..dcd! or wh€dthc towlie i5 lthr ia w€ighL ric d!.p U8!r, i.c. thc Thc lc!8th riould trot bc cxc.ssive,otharwiBc ttc vcrt Last it will foul thc bottoE ad or rt may o.itolly, Frt, r shoat,hccw towsn rddcd rrsist Dc. fo towinS. Gllctsly, Fovfttc 219
TOWING liDGit bcttd tb|! r lo!& light orc ia rhr it Gllbl6 thc OiF to hrvc grt t.t Daoaluvrdbility. A. a goidc, thc ccntra of tta crilory i! bcrt 20-30ft 10ft kcpt about G9 m bclow scalcvcl, incrrlsrng this figurc to 12 m in rowh q€athcr,
Waar TbroughoutthatowiDgvoyagr,chafcmusrbc k pt to a trliriDurn b, ptrEc[irt bawlat3rrith crtrva3,liaiDg fairlcs& eith loft vood .rd cr!r,.!, and uling libcrrl amouat!ofaoft loap ot grcalc.Crblc F$i!g ttougb r fairlcadmcd only bc lubricatd. Nips of hsw&B rhould b. fr! hcrcd sbout four tie6 a day id calDrw.athcr, etd tholc ofcablc rbout otrc.. d.y, To .void b6ddpr, thcfrirlc.d! lhould bcpdddd with mctalor piccasof hardsroodin ordcr to lcasanth. rnglc oflaad. Bol. lrtd. rhould ba of adaqust!diaDctcr fo. thc br$lat bcing baLyrd, idcallyat lesst12 limcs thc sizcof thc linc, Csblashouldnor b. bclaycdto bitts, sincc to prcvcnt a nip a I m diamctarbollard is ncccs.aDr for a 50mmcablq andlhis siz! of bollardis not uauallyfittad to mcrchantships.Inslard, tha csblcis rackcdto scvcralpairsof bitta or aroundslrong points, uriog ha.dwoodpsddingto round ofr any
[email protected] chsin cetr bc uscdin fairlards in plac. of wir€, thc amountof w€3rwill bc diminish.d. Plof.o.ir Thc rrrirtamc to towing oficrcdby loctcd 3crcw,bsy, panauhdt in twitr or multipb8cEw shipqcxc.cdrhcladcrwatarrcsilt lca of th. bull. Shallingshouldbc dirco!trcctcdin ordcr that thc propclc(r) mry t ril rtrd r.volvc frlcly. ST'PPLYINGPOWEN,TO TIIE TOW If thiav6rcl i! aquippadwith al6-tricpumF and b!! no pow avail$lc thc towitrgv.glcl c.n tomctiEcaaupplyclcclricity,providiosthc currl atrdvoltegcofthc two ahiF is idaotical.Thir may provc inhlurblc, bccsuscthc cngirc-room3trff of ihc tow arEthm in ! porilioa to cofltct rny list or advca$trim which Esy othcrsirc caulc acvaia yewi!8, Tha pow€rsupplyshouldbc rhroug! oac lclfth of cabL, bo causcjointsatc udlikclyto bc wafcrtight.A lcom wirEroF rhouldba riSgcdbctwc.nlhc teo ship! r! a j.ckstay, cootitruallyadjwtlblc for cooditionsof roll and rdativc drill. Tlc clcclricceblcrust baltopDad i! looaabiShb to Oa jac*stry, parccllioSboth litrc! ehcrc .ciziD9 occur. MIS|SENGENS Th6c rtl u.uallyfibrc rop6 usa.d to sctd e hcaviarandnot! c1|ebar!om. litrc to a disl,.ntpoint. Thcy .r! of ruficicrt ltrsngth ro tupporl
zm
TOWINC thc htsat lhc, but |r! luficicntty rrltl i! lira to bc G.lily utd o! 3 wrtPiogdnr!, MAXING CONTACT Tho mctbod.tlploy€d h.rc Du3t dcpcld ls4ply upoDlhc tyF of rhipr iavolvcdald thc wcathcrcooditiont lf thc YJ.a.hoi. ""ry 4d rni thcct ir no inmcdiatcurgcncyto cotttmctcctowingit i! PEfartblc to rrit for r Dodantior, std h darlncasit it eilc to pottponccor acl rttcdDtr utrtil &yli$L Mr;h h.! .l&rdy b.cn dbelArcdh CheptcrD( rcgetdingthi! ..p.ct of &aoalrhip. fhc cogind!) of t[c lowiDgvlslal thould ba rtoppc4 bcr way rutr off, aod har &ift rrlativc to rhc othct rlstcl ca! ftcn bc ..rid.ird. Thi! is probsblybcstdoncwhiL litrg otr ttc lroc hcadins a! thc othcr lbip end with aU n|!t! i.o litrc. lt EU.t bc nocobcr.d, howrvcr,thrt *Lco E euwing ia rhc laoofa dilabld thip otrc'! owtr Icc dritt rir. i! di8ltfy tcrardcdduc to thc protactiotrf.od wisd dfordcd by thc otbcr vencl siEittrly, if Ertrctrwilg lo wind$rd of r driftiag rtrip,hcr ratcof lc. &iR is likcly to bc rcduo.d.ltr r[€. circuo' !t Ga two shiF havingcquallcGdrifl rstcswha! eEll t psr.tld mry bc csulcdto clor€cachotbcr.Thc blncuYrilg Maatarmult thcadorcbG to ulc full rcvolutio and hctr to corractatrytuch trndcocy. DFeatrd ' tiictoar uscafor natiag conlactmay iFJudc: (l) - Mrncuvrirg closc Gdoughto thc ctlm or bows of rhc tow io ord.r to cestr hc{vi!8 linc. Thc rod of lh€ toi' to bGspploachad eill bathc samcrs tbrt lhowEfot 6lifcbort in Fi& 9.1' stnccthi! wiu binimirc rirk of calilion' If thc Brcb rr! t nding to dtifr rpan rcvrral lincsmcnlhould ba statdi[g by in casct[c fnt c.st fails to crtablilh conltcL (2) A buoyrd lisc attech.dto r lifcbuoy mry bc st&ancd lo LG wttd ofthc tow. Thc crrw oflhc httct v.ssclcanihco SrrPPlcfor tha linc s! lhc ship drifu rcr6s iL Itr thc rbsctrccof a SrrpPliDg iro!, ! lifcbort rnctor eould D.ovat good .ut6titutc. Thc tow could rimilarly sulam luch a lilc to witrdwltd, a! aic drilb' strd it c.tr bc pictrd uP by thc aiav of thc to*ilg w.Gl' ebich wil prooaadpelt clo.c to wiad*afiL (3) lf th. prdthcr i! ruitablc,cootrcl rnty bc..tiblirh.d utbg r lifc boot (4) Thc $ricLGrtEcthodDtrdcr.ll colditio8 will Paobdty bc to ult thc rock t litrcthrowilg applietccfroE rithcr Bscl' Tbc crlw of rhc [rfFt vr.scl vill 8rcetlyfacilibta thi! oFrstion if thc]'loslr thc mri! ndio raaitlt Thc foulitr! of r mcl(ct on lucl obctruo tioDr it d! a too fiEquc occ1l'&ooc,and valusblctiDc ia wrrtad"Thc rockctrhouldbaird domeind'
nl
TOWING ID css.s(l) rDd (4),if thcrock t h 6rcd,or thc hcavi!8lio. c.!t fron thc fo..casdchqd, rhc Mastd rvill hvc bctrcr mdtr(ruvrirSooataol, siocchc viU havca cl.ir vic\r of thc att Napt!.Throughoutthc lilo wo.k bctwlaotha two vclsals.carcmult bc cxcrriscdtrot to rcvolw thc proFll.(s) until th. lin.s ale cl.ar of thc watar,Thc ura of storm oil will Srcatlyassistthc malrauwin&particuladyifa Ufcboeti! q!cd, but lia.s wNch bccomcoily will bc dimcuhto hrodlc. Wlcn passinglincsit is ruostd6ir.blc rhd ncithcrihip shouldbavr aoywayor othcr thanlecdrift. Naturaly, rly ddrgcrousclosingofthq teo v.ssclsmustbc instaodycor&ctcd,but ncvarlhalc$,thc g8thcring of scmway or hcadwaywill cotrsidctablyhampd lidGs'orh Fu har, thc dcvclopmcntof stcm*ay itr conditionsof wind will rcaultin tbc rtslcl commcncinS a swin& If, in casc(l), thc t*o vcsscls havcdifierinSr.tcs oflcc &i& lhcy rrry bc b.oughtclosccnoughfo. linc-casting by usitrgthcplitrciplc!how[ o! psgc 192.Thc towing vcsscllic, to wiodwardor lccwad of tba torv accordingto whcthcrthe laltcr shiphasa slowcror fastrr 1.. drift '.t.. A v6rcl drifting is likely to hav€somchcadwayor stcmwayducto h.f rbility to sailrhrougl tbcwatcr.Thisha! aLady b.cDshorb id Fig.9.1, to whichthctrldcr shouldrcfcr,$hcrcthcrclultert motio! i composcd oflc.waya sailiDg-way. wlrcn castinga lioc, or fring a rockctfron ttc to*ing rhip, Oc linc whichin tum fu lcd slongthc ship's lhould bc sccu.adto o rr|cssangpr, pqsscdin throud thc towingfrirlcrd ald !idc, clcarof all obstruc1iotrs, aEcuftdlo thc to*lina This cnsblGlhc towlitrcto bc pass€db.twran thc two v..sclscrtrchcly quickly. ClmEunicationshouldbc arlanSrdbc$r!c[ thc two ibiF citbcr by loud-heiler,signallitrglamp,or by the w/T, R/T or VHF, megaphone, Irtcmationel Codc of si8trals.lf thc vcs.sclis a dcrclict, it will bc advisoblcto scndthc Cbicf Ofrccr aod Chicf Engincaracroasby boat (vcrthcr pdnitting) itr ord€r to aurvcythc possibiliticsof towing. litcr a bosiccrrv cqtr bc put eborrd for stc?ritrgand wrlchtccping rtrd tcndingmvigation lights. A mcmbcrof thc Crlcring DcFnmcnt shouldbc includcd. SDCI'IruNCTHE TOWLINE Thc heving- or rock.t-lidc wil b. t cu&d to r crFfuUy laLd a..scngcrwhichwill bc Fssrd to th. tow as npidly a! po$iblc. Ttir ir rhcn lcd to E w'rping drum &rd thc tow-wirg or I lsagcrmclscdgaa, hovc a6oss. Id.ally, whca passingthc masscrSlr*hich ir dirccdy shouldbc !.dt rttachadto the torvlinq atradditionrl sirdlar mcasaogrr rcros atrdkcpt s€curldto both vc$cb throulhour thc towitrt voyagc" A dtuatioDrDayarisa,sucha! lhc parri!8 ofr lidq lvhcl thi! r.cond$y liuc wiUsavaveluablctioc whichwodd trormrlly bc lo3tin dtrblitbiDg 222
TOWING frlah coDtact.Thc linc must bc kcpt vrry sleck sDdaitctrd.d througbout th! voyag! 3o that it oatrba iortandy wtd ar soon as tt€ towlinc Frts. If riis i! not d6nc thc mcss€dgcfitsclf wil brc.k. lf towilg otr s chri! bridtc froD thc tow thc LdSth of cach bridlc lcg should bc at lorg !5 poasiblcro as to rcduo. utrcvcDsttrssd, which arc bormd to arisc cxccpt whcn thc tow is situatld i! thc towing ship'a wakc. Uloally t[c tos ridd rt a st ady str8lc of shcd asay f.om ihc wrta Sucha shccrshould trot bc corrc.td by shorrcDingonc btidl+I.& for a b6d trip is t ouDd to occur. If lhc rofs widdla.ls ir dama8pdthc ceblc should bc scll frtppcd to acvcralpairs of bitts, making us€in addition of othcr forccasdchcad strotrg points. Otr thc othcr had, tbc chain cablc dccd lot bc u!cd, io which c{sc thc lov may ulc a wirr bridlc; tbe ab6aaccof alry chain in thc towlitrc will trccGsitatca grralrr lcngth of hawsrr rn ordcr lo atbio . suitablcciLnsry, A wi! bridlc b oftcd uscdwhcn thc wsscl ha5to bc toc/€d slcmflst. lf thc tow b not cquippcd wilh maoy itong poinb od hcr forccastL hc{d, or if thc cxisting poiots atl coDsidcrcdtoo wak, lhc towiag hrrvscr may b. pas.rcdthrough h.r bawlc pipcs scvcraltimls and iarlly shacklcdto iIs owtr part. Both a[cho.! will havcto bc shiPpcd otr dcck or s.clrrlly hung ofr. ln sn cmcrgpncy,such as towbS r buming vdscl clcar of othcft, a m.thod soEctim6 cmploycd is to pa$ thc cyc in thc towing hawsct (makisg such rn ryc as rapidly e3 possiblc if thc cxistiDg oDc is too srDdl) ovcr r lutc ofthc low's bowrr aochol. whco s.c{ritrg I hcavy s,irc hawscrit msy bc bclay€dto trro or morr actsof bitts oDthc samcai& of lhc ship, An cficiclt dcttod ir to takc a tound tum on cach of tlrc flst pair of bitts ald bclay tta barvlc. to thc ruccccding pairs. Erch tom on a bollsrd must bc r.cu&ly bovc teut and lightly lash.d to rhc uldcdyitr8 turn bcforc pa&tiDglh. lcxt. Ifthis i! lot donc thc wirc will quictly 3priry ofr thc bitl3 rtrd p.ovc utr' mrnrgpobla Chaio stoppcti (or carpcotd' stopFr!) 3houldbc a.curcd to.ach p6ir ofbitt!, rd a cbab chack-6toppcris ri88d just inboard of thc fafuLad, for usc itr conEouiog thc wirr whcd it ii bcing surged arould lhc bit$. Whcncv.r a bavlcr i! a.cu$d to thc bitb o tum should bc pass.d eround tbc bollard trcarcstthc frirlc€d baforc bclayiag commcnccs.FrilurE to do thb will r6ult itr thc 6rst tutr occofiing at thc fa. bolhrd, sld thr sct of bitb may rhca bc liftad frolrl thc drck. TAXING T'P TTIE TOW Thir ir probrbly tbc mo6t critical phrlc yct disculscd,for lhc towlinc has lo bc strlssad al e vrry slow, itrqlaling rtic, aod a daod loed of somc l00m-m0m bnncs startcdinto motion by this slrlss. Thc towing Gccl should ho\€ slowly ahasd s.ad vcar lhc towing hrvscr to thc
D3
TOWING rcql|irld lcngrh,eod rt thc samctimc thc calw of thc tow catrvtcr thc cabL to thc prc{ctcrmimd tcoF. Thc v6!cl mult bc atoppcddcadi! thaertcr whilc thc towlinciNsccurrd,and whcorll ir rc.dy thc ctrfie fuworkadahcadi! shortbur,t! of dow rcvolutiorr, aayflvoto bo, An oficcr ir strtiorcd otr thc poopto cantinuallyrporl lha laadild ltata of thc towlinc.for on Dorccouatmult it bc allorrcdto brak 6udaca,If it do6, Or ulc ofalt m rcvolutioormaycaulr thc lirc to foul thcpro, Fllcr, Grcat poticocceu6t bacxcrdrcdurtil thc tow baSir! to movc, Evcnat thi! atlgcofincrcariag whcospcaddsy bc grrdur.ly daeclopcd. GvolutioDr,car! i! Lcarsaryto avoidloain! rhccat oery|trd hrviagto stsrt all ovcr agdiD" Ifthc two vlssalsal! on thc sa&Gbaadin&a! thc tow ir tatcn up, rhc ltrcss od thc liDc is uacdto eovc tha toe bodily llrough thc wat r. awsyfrom thc SomaMastaB,ho*cvcr, prcfcrto hard$out 90dcSrc€s tow'sfor+and.aftlinc in ordd thrt thc initid loe strcs!ir us.d to tum the toe, rl'd ft I bodily motiotri! not lciiclrd utrtil thc !tt!a! i,r tu6ci.ody d.vdopcd. THE I1OWINGVOYAGE The toe mlllt bc cquippcdwith proFr ligbt .! lsid dot! it t[c Rcgulitioni for Prcvcntionofcolisio! !t Sca,but ifshc it rct rnrDcd rnd Iro poscr is availablcoil lN8rp!will otly burt for about 15houtr. Tbc uscofa icarcblight,trrincd by tha tositS t!.sal to illuDilrtc thc ro$ wi[ bc D.c.ssrly io thc vicinity of oth.r rhippin& Thc towiDg v.$sclmustalro bc .quipp.d with th. proF light, !! hid dowtr During thc voyaS!thc bight of thc towlilr Dult b. kcpt b.low tf,c audrc., .nd it3 lctrgthshouldbc rdju$d iD r hlayy aslll ,o tblt thc two stip6|tE ,,r'' r, i.c. th.t rila itrd fll iinultalaoudy. Thocetcofy mustDotbcallorrd to foul thcsca-H, lanicululy rvh€otofli!8 lriort thc widd atrdcutrrol, for ifthc shipa.rc tovitrg ilowly !!d .r! brouSlt up by Orctowlinatbcyeill bc .ct dowtrwitrdor ttrrrE and tiU oouib, unLss ttG linc cro b. qui:kly rlippcd. Tbc niF lhould bc ftlrh.n d rcgularly,sod grerc agplid to frirlc.d! rt lc|tt twioc! wrtch. An,, paddidgo. csavasmu3tbarcarrcrlda! rtquiftd. If thc towliic trD& to brcrk turflca apaad.houldbc rrduocdor tbc litrclcogthaod.Itr haavysEarharthcrow(ifuling chrin crblc)Dry v!.t llr .xtra ahacklcor ro, in ordcr to sdd wight to lhc towlilc. I! taavy wathcr thc foaEas dacccsrryto tca\roto, or ,Lae hard to witrd,will ha too grlat, rod thc lhiF ahouldcithar tcmpoiarilyru! downrvindoi alsathc towlinccould bc rlippcdrd thc vlssd! sUowrdto rltift uttil thc wrrh.r modqst ! tufici.ntly for rhc voy.gr to bc co!ti!u.d. la rb|lloe sstcrs with Namoothsce-bcd,if thc todisc ir rlippcdfron tho tosing 3hipthc othcrBtcl will hrvr .! adEitrbL ,ci alchor. 2U
TOWINO Grlat cdc mu3tba ararcisadiB allrring coutrc,a awingbailg cot' t!oLd at onca.At tlr. slow6pccdroftotiog thocficct6ofvind ald curEnr will bc vrry dotic.ablc,ard for thia rcalotrthc lhortaatroutoEry not provGto b. th. qul*cst. sterirg i! litcly to bc difiq t bcc.ut tbo towlilc ir trot !.curd at thc .hip't pivotilt poitrt, .!d llc t!.m i! tbcrlfof! lrluct trt to movaswsy ftoD thc dLrciio! of th. towlina. If thc tow ir u|rablcto st .r rnd hcf ysw it 8rca! chafc, uocftn rlrr3!.r, endbadoiF wil a.i!c. ntc cftcts of wi!4 !c., fr€cbo.t4 triD' lbt, udcrflatlr projcc'tiod!caulcd by daetSc" dtaufb! atrd suFr' atnrcrurg a[ Lod to causcyawiD&Utrdoubtcdlythc gtt tcat singl. factoris oordwrsc ttiD, A dc.Pdrauslt shipwil yawLts thttr orc whi:h i! lifhdy lad4. Thc cficct! oi witrd srd rcr upoa yawingcan bc Frtilly diDidahcd by dtrdng coutlc or tpc.d. A itascl triEmcd by tho b.ad itiU nw vary badlyutrlclt ahcfu towcdltrrtrffit. A lirtcd vc.rcl laddt to thc.r oon_ tirdly roesflL bcr biShsidc,thc tcnd.dcybcingoofllct d by a losiidc wind.If thcshiphe! utrdcrsrtlf projcctio$ forwrd of lhc pivoting is that of a triE by thc hcad;if tboyGrfutofr Oa cGtrtF DoiDtllc c.ficc't iinc of thc rhip shcwill shccrtox/ttdr that .ida Ylwin8 mat bc contctcd by trimbins rhc vlalcl by tbc !tcn' !trd thi! dould bc doDaby trud.rtiog wEigh6 rrrbaa tb!.o by lordhg rrt!f, b.Ur.t piich wil itcllalc th! aEE. on th! towlitrc"An ilctEa* of rD..d tcodr io corrccta yawdil.c{y cautadby lid, thiL i dr.rroo in .;.cd oftaorcduccaa yaw groduradby rdvlrrc tri!. lf thc tow brr r coo..tantltrllc of shccrro oncd& of th. towi!8 lhipt wrlc ir Dly bc corrccLdby &ftiry thc tov'r tuddd st a irad !.oda Tbit h.a thc diridra sgB towcr, of cEatidgt! rdditiold dng otr ttc towlinc. Id r tsiD-..!cv 6hip s yrw to ono ai& cr! bc odrElrd bt' tnilid! ody oDcFtopcllcr,!d itr atl thiF tuch a ab cr! ba tlduo.d by rissins ! brgc rvdng ra I t!il, cittd d thc bowor al.f!. la rough wtatbct thc u:c of lroar! oil by both .hiF will alaiati! n.ting oonditiotrtDot! co@forhblc" $,lPPtNG TllE rOW Alranrpo.ott mult bcnada for dippi!8 tbc iorlila i! a! .@crgmct' Su.h .! cmcrlEdcyEiSbt bc th! fould{itrg of tb! tow. Ilr drtllorv wrta6, if tiDc FrDib, tn litrc Dty bo huoycdfrttt,lltiog r buoyrirc roftiltly hr.vy to rrcovlt fhc Gadof thc trw&(. L.llha fp li. H.f,F rt lt. Dt&lb Tti! i! ddon r! dific|rlt .! LLilg np thctoc. Sp..d nltt b. tlduccd vlry gredusly aorbrt tha tos doc. trol oEa-tidr ttc othar dip. Thir Oeig.r ir Fnly rvoidcdby dlowitrg lhc towli!. to dr.8 oo tb. ...+cd
TOwlNC (if tDooth) fo. it wif chcckthc tow'shradwey,perticularlyif thc linc irludr. r Logth ofchein. Thc crsw of thc tov shouldbc irrparcd to kt 80 rn slchor idmcdirtcly this daogcrrdrca ard uscit to chcckthc h!.d*!y.! dd.n:bcdi! ChaptcrI (Archori[g rt High Sp.cd). Ooocthc wry h!! bccntskco ofi both 6hip3,thc towliocmry bc calt oq talirg c.rc loa to EvolvcproFllcE whilc hcavingthc linaabo6rd. If tbc low b'r bc.o usitrgcablca! pdn of thc towlincthis is hovc-inon tbc wbdh!. atrdtbc wir!.art of. PNACTICAI TOWNG 525tr A typic{l cxamplcoccurrcdin May 1959,*hcn lrocrr:rcu, 160m iD lcngthovcrall,165(ntonncsdcsdwright,ladcn,snd displdciDg somc 2l fr toon€s,otr paisagcfrom Singeporcto Rottcrdam,cxDcricDccd a codplctc br.aldown of thc main propulsionunit whenin thc Indisn 556ft too3 O@n. Halia, 170m in lcngth ovcrall, l80m to[ncs deadwcight,in bNllst, rtrd bouadfor thc PcBirtrGdf, procccdcdto hcr Garat&ccatrd succcssfully towcdhar,at on awragcspccdof 6.5koots,a total disLence 9J falhoms6in of 1222rnil6 to Trinconalcc,using 190m of hc. own 5&mm wirc 105farhoms lowlinc conncctcdto 210m of anchorcsblcfrom lrr.rr:r.r.lJ, Whilc divcnidg to Trochirdn, Halia took on additionalballist to attri! a full wirtcr-brll$t @trdition, so ar to hsvc a dirplacce.nt .iDib to ttc vqlcl to bctoc/€4ald rhcfollowioSdct.ilcd gqrratior! ffir put i! haodto uDdcrtakcthc toe. Thc Ylmm towingwirc waslaid ou! or dcckon thc stalboardside, 6in wilt thc.od! at t!. sftcr cld of thc pooprtrd th€ bightalongthc mri! l&in dccl. ODccnd of this *irc wassccurrdwith sir turns rourd thc 40cm l+in towing bitts, with bacling lurns to thc capstansand 35-cmmooring bittt, !trd it ir of itrtatlst to Dotcthrt i! took ovcr 2 hourr to corDDlct! -hovc th. fltt pon of thi. oFrrtioq cachof thc aix turn! bavingto bc taut a,ith thc cap6tr$, edd lalhcd, bcforr coEmcacingthc trcxt tum, Thr caFtalr wcrl thcabaclcd ot to thc forwardmooriDgbitts otrcach aidaof fhr poop sdd lhc towitt bitt! racuEly shoEd from thc rollcr f.irlcrdt, .GcFi& l0r. Thc Panamalc{d, tbroughwhichtho cycof thc totvlila rrr! h4 w|! dio ahord frod cachsidc. At lhc aamctimc,a 3Gmmwirr mooriogropcwasflskcddownon thc !!in Dortaiic of lba poopd.cldousc,oncca8ainwith both ctrdsat thc rficr aod of thc poop,rld a chrin stoppcrriggcdto conrrolthc wir! wbiL Fyi!8 out, accFig. 10.1.Oncandvas thctrlcd throughttc porr quarrar friric.d to thc PslaDr lcrd o|r rhacrltt! Iirg $hcrr it *,r! 3hscflcdto lbc towirg haw!.(, jult clc.r of thc rdditioaal scrvio&Thi! mcthodof aerriDg rh. tovilg haw6.rcosblodit ro bc shackld oDto tlc aochor r+in cablcwirhoutfrst havingto dilconr.ct thc 3Gmm*irc, s€cFig. 10.3.
MESSENGER FOFEOECK
25
i ; r w r F EM o o R l c !INE
FLAl(ED IN
50
F I G U R €I O , I
IAYOUT IEFOAE TOf,ING
TOWING
SHORING
LAYOUI DUAINCIO*IXC FIGUNE IO,2
3+in +in Thc othcr cnd of thc 3Gmm witt wls mrdc fast to r 3tmm roE paTgg.' which!.d b..o Ded! rc.dy by budr8 ir atongthopott ddc itr bigbB, clcarof a[ ot6tnrcliotr, to tha fotrdcct, wbclEit y|! bcnt on to rhc andofthc roctct-lilr.
TOWING I! lhr D.altinc, Lo.iirda ird litlcd h.r rt rbo.td rtr hor o! d.cl !!d disc.ucctld thc c.blg whichE! th!! hovlup throughthc h!e!. pipc, wh6. . joirirg rh.cklc wrt prtpuld for rnachilg tb. cahL to tlaria'r towirg xrirr. A roF er! Dldc It dy for hcavingthc Ec*lcogcr fron th. towitr8vlclcl up thmughthc hrwsc piF usitrgthr fow.rd witrchoo thc Daid dacL. Trodrlrc{rwassigltrd otrttc momirl! of23 May,eDdCsptaiaR. R. Pottcr of Adrna66blilhcd cortlct with Gptain J. Davbonby radic tclcphodgcfhcrrupo!thaprocadurcto bc follo*ld va! fuly diacu.*!ad, I/aria ca6o i! for aa approschfrom somc3 milc! dcrd altcm of thc diratilcdrlllal whicher! roliDg rld yawiogbca!-on to r long;low rwc[, ald cucd in clo6cundq hcr La (rtarboard)!idc. DuriDgthis ruDin Fiod, whic.hwrr accoEplirhadot a varydow spccd,ttsr wastida toes!..s lhchr llidg quslitic! of d4rt4 ondcrthc FrvailiDgcodditioa!' lnd alro to obacrvcth. drift rod dovcmcDtof ?ocrir.z3. Itr thi. ia-
at m, it trrtr3pircdthat comidgup froD &tart srssthc bcstspproach coursc,but this cadot ba tdk n rt s hard-odd-fsstrulq r! r difrcrcot Gt of conditioDsmey cotrsidcrablyiDfuoca tha etglc of approach. taria, in fect, passcdsbout20 m ofr th. stsrboardsidcof thc tow and 70ft cvcrtuslly cemcto r.st abu! 25 rn ahcrd of hrr. Wbila prssiD&a 80fi *&r n!!dc lircttlowi4 r6tcr wa! 6r!d froD ,lsrl4 snd coDncctiotr bctwc.otha tso r€larb. H.rg rhc forcthowht that bad ba.tr epplicd
229
TOWTNG to thc wholcopcratio!,rld thc carcwith whichpGparatiotrahadbaao dadc, bccaEcboat qrditabty svidcot,ald thi! eill ba &adily rpprcciatadfu that I I Dilutaa aftacthc rcclct hrd bc.o ftd aaf,oaa rhcfotq drck of ?rocr&dr thc tow xl|ir thrcl'lcd up. A! slrcadymcnlio[cd, thc towlhc wrr laid out dolg Oc strrboad iidc of tdlid's nrio dcct, .Dd a! hgcoiou! mathodc/a! dlvitcd of payingit out und.r complctcco rol. Thc bight wss rovc througha lGin 25.cn snatchblockat thccndofa mooriDgropalcd to thc winchor tbc alba dcck,.!d it wa! thu3po.siblcto.-r"!cit out to thc towingLngth of 95 frthoms !90 m withoutfcar of kinkingor of tekingcha.gc,scc Fig. lo.t. (Atdlbr't Notc:I hrvc dnwn Fig. l0.l lrith clarityin mind, but it must bc rpprlchtad that rwo difaclDt dacksrrE involvd. Wlc'l thc towliDc croa!6 thc brcal of thcpoop,travy wood.opsdsvcrr ul.d to prcvcnt ch!filg of t[c wirc on rh. phE rdgrs.) Althoughfroclbcr.r yr. loodadwitt high-fulh cargo,suitablaprt cautio.! wcrc ncvstbclGs tilcr agaiostfirc, frc-hos6 bcingriggrd, porteblccxtiaguishcBplacd i! strat gic positio8, and all pcrsonrcl not rcquirrd on dccklccpilg uadcrcovcr,thcrcbaingan .vcr-prascnt tist ol thc two vaascls natitrg phylh{l conlact.In I far esetrydalgar maycxistfrom thcactualfiring ofthc rockctlinc, it is dBireblcto point out that thir may t cotrsidcrcdncgligiblc,providcdttc hull. ot both v6&ls atr iDtactandall tmk opcnitrgipropcrlyclolcd, A3 &on a Trcchitcs had shsctld on. h€r starboerdcablc wa! 105 falhoms wallcd oul to 7 shacklcs (I93 m) at|d s.cur.d,and,in 3t minulcs fmm tbc tillc tba rockct-Iitr.w!! irrd acrorsfrom tcrA, tbc towing actuallycomhcnccd.Thc Eathodof r.curhg tba cablcwa3by lcavitrg ir oa tha wi[dla!3, sc.!wi.g up both brrlaa, putting oo thc dcvil'! clewa,aad tigh&airy up lhc botdc-66cw!.Thc commcao.mcnt of thc tow w|l I rNat c.itical pcdod,whcoa rashcngiucmovcmcDtor hclm ordcr would hsvc coDplctclyundonchoursof patiaotwort atrd pr!. Pa!"atioqrod migbti! facthavcclua.d incFrablc dam|8. or 1o3!.Thii riik c,|! avoidcdin thb c5.Ica , from bciagstoppcd,thctlst ordcrwas 5 rcrcludo!3 F minutc(0.75knot) gradurly buildiag up by ltcPs of 5 rcvolutioB st tmituta iotdvsb, to 50rwolutioN pcl miDutr,wbich Itr& an cDgincaFd of 7.5 knot$ Similrrly, couBc wr! slrcrcdnot morc thar l0 dclrce at a timc sad tbc tow rllow€d to lcttlc dowtr bcforcrny additionslaltlrrtiod iD coutlc *as hadc. Slidt troubL i'r! crFricncrd idtilly with thc to*lilc vcarin8 throughthc chdng pd in thc Pallna kad, but thir problcmwr! ovcrcaECby thc d6igo rDd prcductiotrofr potco!mulli-alccvcd clsmp,!a. Fig. 10.4.Thisconsistcd of thrcccuFFshep.d r.ationsof l.tmm hard copFt. ahcct,onc of 1.5-mmsoft copFr sh.at, and an inncr shcctof lrin l.t nm lcad, with sll friction surfsccslhoroughlygrcascd.Thc clamp l-in *a3 irlt ligbtly s.curd roundthc torvli[c on thc inboard!idc, eDdthc
2T
TOWING towlinc 8i!cd clcar of thc lowcr sidaofthc frirlcad by mcansof a iltonna c,b!i! trckl. lcculd to thc ho.c.hrdliog dcnick pcd.ltal. Thc tl.rvc wr! thetr rlid i[to Po6itio[ sod thc packilt pi@s pbccd utrdcmcath. Cltapad on ttc wir€ ovcr a foundltioo of thilc coia doolmEt8 rtrd cight thictlaalar ofcrnvas, thi! arrutcrnatrt waafound to bc cmiocody cficctivc iD rlducilg chafa, Th. initid t odcncy of froclircrrr to yaw, putiing ao add.d strriD oa thc towliog wr! nullifrcd by strcd.g iD thc wrtc of tarir, atrd thir provcd satisfactoryat a towirg spccdof6.5 knors, utrtil a frcsh quartrrly braazr was cxpcrimced towards tha cDd of thc voyag!, whcn it wa! found that thc tow automatically scttlcd dowtr a couplc ofpobtr od lhc quartcr. Thjs samc &trdctrcy to yaw was obrcrvld whad spaad 9!! tcducd epproachiogTritrcomalc. Ilarbour, wh.tr c.blc was storlaoad, and cxpcricoccshowcd tbat all pbas6 of allcridg coulc rd rrducing spccdhad to bc ceutiously achicvcd,stlp by rtcp, Ofr port' thc scrviccsofa harbour tu8 w€rc obteincd to prcvctrt thc diseblcd v6s€l ov.nunoing thc tow whil. thc cablc was hovc-up and thc towing wilr discomcctcd. Slowidg down a tov of thb sizc rcquircs cotrsidcrablc time and itvolv.s alDosl as much carE ss whcD gcttitrg
30 CM
C O P P E AC L A M P
-'- '.i-.-i -::: r'5 SHEET
3 C O F V E D' H E € T S O F r.5 MX Gtr€AsY,HAiD COPPEAOVER EIGHT l-AYEFI oF c^xv^s.
231
TOWTNO uddc.way,A,t!f slippin&Ldrrd'r tow virt et! rccor&Gdby adopdts r .imilar proccdutr,but itr rrvcrlc, to that ulod whlo oo!!ccti!8 up, atrdit workcdsdootblyerd cfickotly. It Eusl itrdccd,b.vc b.ctr r rclicf to bolh Mart r! to i6 thcir .hiF safclyi.nport, ad it is Dosnal tributcto thc rcaDlDship.!d .bility of sll c.nccmcdthat rhcvoyaScwa6complctadwith ro lifdc uoubL. CIh. abov. cranplc ii from tbc Sl,,'tlMqozln , rd ir bos.d by NauticalDivisioD,Shc[ Ta*c(s Ltd,, oDrqroru froo rhc vlaacLca& crrn.d andfu r€produccdhcrEby thc courtciyof thc CornFly)
CHAPTER XI
FIRE
A N outt|rlek of fll occuF whctr sumcicrt bad is rppliad to r A aaftnebla mstcriel withitr sa etmosphsr frccly chrrg.d aDd I IsuDpliad vit! oxylpo.Thc frr. will cortinuc providcdthcacthrt clcmcDtraI! Dillaot ind logrth.. thcy form whrt i! known a3 thc Itrc tdagh. Whcn onc,idc or clcmcntb r€moyEdthc trirtrglc or ft! catrno longrr cxist.Thcproo€. of ftofghtiDg iovolvcsclimiDatitrgo!. or borc of th6c clcmctrt!.E€at msy bc di$ipetld by cooliDt tha arca with wr&r, lsDmsblc natcrial may bc phyaicallytrboved aod oxygan cad ba prrvcntadtrotrt rcachilg thc f& by plecioga blsdkct of auiteblcmatcrirl or las bctuacnthc burnilg 6ub6tanc!lnd thc atmosphcrc. OXIDATION All substsdc6,whctrsuboittadto vrryilg dagrc.sofhcet, cmii grlcg from thcir sufaccsasparl of thr dov chctrricalconburtion |.ovr r! oridatior. At r c.ttsio tcmFrltut!, knowtrar thcJ?ntrpolnt, gt it cvol'&din iuficicnt quartiticarvhich,whcDmixcdwith lir in ttc coftct codburtiblc proportion,will irlh whca s Dakcdlight ir ioduc.d. Wcll rborG thir lcmFntull cxiltr thc
[email protected]/rlgtritionT.mpcr* rrrr (SIT.) at wbich,providd lufrcicot rir ia ailrblc, th! tutstlacc will burat idlo iama *ithout tla introduciio! of . Dakcdfrmc. Thc 6aahpoint of Ftrols ia bclow -18"C. Bccauscof this, pctrolcumis a highly datrgp.oussubdtancccvcn in Arctic conditions.Thc S.I.T. for mostFtrolcum oils is bct*aan260'Ctnd 370'C.In thc UDitcdKiDS- JUr rnd m'f dorn,substa&.swith fash poin$ bclowz|'c etc dccmcdatd mustbc 73"F lebcllcd,,tgrr, dsmntsblc.If lic iash point is bcfivtco 23" rnd 50'C 7!' aodl4l"F i! considcr€dirmEablc. thc aubEtstroc All subElrncas shouldba stor*d in ship! !o tht uadct oormalcotrditiod thay calnol balontch.at d ro thc f$h point. In thc calc of highly tunEablc goodr thir ir dimcdt to achicvcothcr lhrtr by cold ltoragc, rnd thcy shouldtharcforcbc in airritbt conteiDcr|ftlc from .c.EagaProvidcdri. canbccrdudd ftoo thcacsutrstrner,thc vapour rt thcir surfac.!will batoo richfor fllhng to occur.If too muchoxygca 233
FIN.E fucombircd.suchasat a co$idcrablcdist .cc abovcthc fuid lcvcl,lhc mirtu$ will bc too wcakto flash.lt ir oDlyat som.srDalldistanccabovc thc ludaccthst f,ashingconditiotrsaI! possibl.. DESITRUCTIONOF TIIE FlnE TRIINGIT L n lorl'g lh. H..t by it .a of W.b For 6cvrrall!aso!!, wotcrir thcidcalnstcrial to schicvcthi! purporc. Ithat s-hi9htpecifich.ot, i.c.it rcquiftsr grcslsmoutrtofbcrt to chatrF ib tcmpcrofirrcoDcdcgr€csod nccdsa funhcr idput of t() tiEca as muchhaatto cbangait from boiling fuid into sh.rm. Undcr trormal pr.ssurcait cannotbc hcatcdabovclm'C snd canin fact 212'F &tmosphcric thclattcrrcquiEsto bc hcat d to dc{tly b. boiLd in r prpcr bagbccausc doublcrhistcrDp.raturcbcforcit will bum. hovidad thc bsgit porous srd rcrrain3wat, combustioncantrotoocuaWtrcnu3ing*etar to cxtidguhh r 6rEit i! thrFforc impdrtivc to kcc! thc burniry Eatcrisls latualcd. If thcy anapoo. eb3orbcrsof wstcr, suchr! hardwoodor rubbcr,or non-atEotbcr!,6uch'3 mctak, thc saturatioDwill occurat thc aurfacco.ly, atrda coatitruou!6prayb nacaslsryh ordcr to dilsipdtcthc hc{t Ccrtaitrmctrls will bum if thcy comcioto coolrc{ eith watcr,suchrs sodiumatrdpotassium,and thascmurt bc irlecllcd in p'ra6rr (kcroc.nc)in ordcr to cxcludcvotcr vapour. In rddition to its coolitrgFoFrtras, rvat.r uscdfor fuc cxtinguisbing ir cotrtitruoulyyaporisinginto staam.Thc volumcof staad cr€atcdir rbout l?00tima! a! gFrt sr thc originalvoluEcof wat r, ard tiDccit is rn bcrt gar,thc fr' i! ltaflcd of oxygcD. Thc urc of r.a-wrtir shouldbc avoidcdwhcrcposiblc' rircc it will quictly rpoil goodsrurroundingrhc fti zoDc penicuhrly foodstufis. Not ody wiUit corrodcstlcb, coppcr,atrdclcctric.l DrchiDcrybut it i.t abo slow drying rdd ftrally lcav6 r coro6ivr t6idl|c oflalr& Tbc c.hcmic.lactioo of 3cr-srataron o ftohlsc. frc siu rrpidly producc toric fuoa3. AcidsaI! dilutrd Tbcula ofwaEr i! thcvicitri9 ofacidsb daDgcrour, by addingt an slos'ly to walaauntil thc dcrirtd mixturc is obt itrcd, If, howrvcr,t[c wotar,and prrticuhrly sca-estr, is adeittcd into a largcquadtityofcoucaotretcdacid,repid hcating;spluttcriD&aDdthc cvolutionof todc nrmcaoccu8. CarbidcsiD clDtsct with wdtcr will grncrr& cxploaiv. 8nd 64mEablc accglcdcgr! in additionto hcat. If wlrcr is spplicdto buning coalor cokcthc grncrr&ditaam,ud6s rdc..cd quictly, wil caurathc Gmi$ionof drnSproo!and higblycoobustiblcgss.s. Atr oil fI. msybaqtin8uishcdby applyinga wercrspray,but tbc usr of a s'atla/, wiU ,.attcr thc buming oil, which will foat aDdcrulc 234
FIRB itoLtld outbrsti offrc rvidclydispct!.dtround thc origittd fra zonc. Thc usaof watcroDan oil flr prlscor ccrtsinptoblcmswhichart di!_ culscditr tftc sutx.qucottEstmcnt ofliquid fucl fiirs. mctr vator i3 ur.d to iood a cofipattrncot thc followiog points thould bc borncis 6itrd: (l) Flooditrghifb io thc vcascltlduccshcr ttability. (2) Floodidgat thc sidcsprducci e list. (3) Floodinglow itr thc sltip tcn& lo ilctlasc hcr stability. (4) All loodiog; uDhs! \vsr.r is b.iDg riensfcntd withid thc ship, thc fEcboardetrdthc rGaivcbuoysncy,r,hjlc it elsrys rEducaa c&atcrr frcc rutfrcc cfrcclrvhich&duc.36trbility. (t lf thc ltability b.comcazcm or lcgativcthc ahigwill loll ovc.lo onc sidc.tf thc frc zoncb thcn titustcd on thp high ,i& of thc ship it mty bccomcquitc clcdl of thc watcl l.vcl, cnablingit to rpE{d upwlrdr througboutthc ahiPo! thc high sidc.Thc hi8[' lida platilg will rhcirtevc to bc cut oFo to admitfurthrr ettcr atrd thir, fovilg to rh. low sida,will funhcr iDdrala the li t uutil crFizitrg BoY occur. (O If cuttilg holcaid thc ship'r sidcto admitdockwrt r, it should bcrrDcDbcrrdthat thc v6scl canbc f,oodrdonly up to thc lcvcl atryfurthcrwrt r rpplird by ofthosahol6. Onccthb b echicvEd, hos.*ill lcrcl out vith thc doct watar.Th. vca$lis nowitr suoh . prcdicadantlbst shcmay hivc to bc foodld in othci lould coDpdrloantaia ordcfto iocraalcbcrdbPLcanaotatrdiDmcrra rhc holct. (?) Atry liquid fucb ehich arc buming will f,ort oD lhc rurf.cc of thc wrtlr atrdwill grrdually6l! thc uPF coDPo.tEantta! thc wrtar lcGl ria6. (8) tf r ,.., foodiog Eay lcrioudy impairtha3af.tyrld erlcuvt' rbility ofthe,hip. (t) Th. iDctioD!srl likcly to b. chokcdwith dabtri, .nd otcc tlc tbc Foblcm |tir.s of bos,to puoP ttc codirc is cxtinguishcd, panm.ot dry. Io thit codcction, r pumpcanotrlyqtqrtce coDpLt! yrcuum,endsincaair prtssurccat|bc maasurcd by a va&r brrorrarar10.3m in hcight,il followsihet r pumpcanlift wstcr ro itsclf only if it is within 10.3m of thc wrtcr lcvcl.In preclicc, a hid
3{ fi 34ft 25ft a) ft 25ft
I b/inr 2 ft 30ft l5 lb/in2
tof!
FIRE in thisconn€ction it is inErrstingto notethata prcssurc of lm glammcsFr cml is ncccsssD, io raisc the walr I m in rhc discharSrhosc.If, for cxamplc,it is dcsir.d to dclivcrlhc watcr l0 m abovclhc pumpthc pressur.at thc hoscootlctwill b€ I lg pcr cmrl.ssthanat thepumpdischargc. (10)Watcr uscdto cool thc bulkhc{d. rld boundaryplatiDgof a conp'Ihcot, itrlidc whichr irE b bciaganoth.rrd by stlaol wiUinq!€rc thc ratc at whic,hthc latt r clttaora! o! thc inaidc of Oa pLti!& Thc atran, iD cotrdcali!8,s,ill cofiisct to oncscvctrtrn-huldtldth of ib volnma,aod thi! origilrl volusc of occuFatiotrwill t trd to tiacoDca putisl vacuuD.Thc cficct of this mly bc to ilduca air dtsughtsthroughcrcviccawhich prcviouly admittd no rpprcciablcquadtityofrir. Thc irc mry thu3obtaint ncwoxygcdfcrd,
Fitr puEpr, whcthd ruxili[ics of thc meitrpropulliod uDit or of in&Fd.ot Di6cl typctercUsudlycapdblcof.upplyidg froE $ to m Jo lb/in' tonncspcr hour.A hosc,dclivcdngwatcrat a pr6surcof 3.5kg pcr cmr,nay passabout15roloesof watcrpcr hourlhroughajct nozzlc lDd !!ady doublcthir adoult throwh s rpreylozlc ducto tholowcr rqiatalcc in rhaLttar ca!a. h a drydockful n$-fShtiDgpGpsrrtiotr! sbouldbc mr& rs sooo rt tbc vr'rcl docki 11066a'r diftcult to rus from thc docbidc to thc rhip strd ihc opcrationtltcs collidcrablc tiDq ro thcy rlDuld bc tclt FDatrGody riggcd.lf pump3d. uldct rcp.it..upply of *ot r lhould barrr.ngrd fromlshorr cithcrthrough!c!rar6td88!dhoa6 ot by ncalt of oDcho.c coupLdto thc rbip'r fre nail or rra:hdcck lim. WhcoioodinS s fr! in a &ydockodv!.rcl thc cfcct of thc add.d rEight ar€ rcry icrious.Thc rrcssclis DanrrauyunrtabL whib on thc bloctr, a[d rtry iooditrg will sggovatcthir corditio[ In sdditiotrto lhiX bigh tcat stslsscsaI! sct up. Thc fact that thc huu Do Lorgarhsi thc coolinS.fccr of ,urroundilt aaa.*rbr o6n! that a 6r! ia likdy to rprlld npi y to adj&ant comparlocot. thc irc DAi! ru!. throuSlhouttbo v.sr.l, o! botb .idc!, .rd h!3 hydrut outlct&Thair! hoaaa, ehadrcquit!4 rra racutld to tbooudaa 2l in by mcansof instrntrn.ous couplingsof 6.3 cm diirlctcr, T*o jcts of wdcr src capcblcofbailg dircctcdto atryo[o conFrlm.ot by ttc frr Erin, Thc litrc i! lupplid by Evrrrl puDF widdy dirDdrcdto thst a fr. wil nor rc6d.r tbcE dl out ofaaiiol. Ifthc fr! Erin b dorgcd thc atopvdrls otr cith.r ii& of tbc fnrturc shouldbc clodcd.Thr w !c i3 lbaoby-F6d by corDcctitrg r h6c bctwr.otwo hydtutr, cict bc!,odd thc dop valrc!. Thc hoscsarc tttad withjct or jct^pray nozzlcsof l2-mmoutlct dir!'o D.d.f,. Th* ahouldncEr ba uld for Lrttilt or haeEa.iot i! !!
FIR.E corigpocy,ald rhould bc trc{bd xdtb !€lpccaat all tin6. Thc hoacr |rl Dormsllynadc ofca!v$, thc us. of rubbcrbcinSFobibitld, Thcy |tc rot to ta ulad for eay otbcr purpocc,murt bo dniord atd &id bcforcstosrSpiubs.quctrtto flldthti4 or drill, .!d mult trot b. lcft ro[.d up for loot Fio&, Thcy ar! doinrd by rsiritt thcD to rbout shouldcrhcilbt atrd thcn *alti.!g ilowly forwsd, uadcr-runni!8thc cdtirc lcngtl wrtlling oDtlc'l wil both drait and funac rtun v.f,y cficicdtly. Thcy .hould not bc peitrtcd,w$hcd in slrong clcsrdng with oil or grc€sc. fiui&, or coaraminatcd 2, Stloah..lS b ErclqL Ott8.r Thr followingerGthc suhftrtrc.snorEallyu!.d for thi! pu.poia: (r) St .E. This ga5is li8h.r th.n air, dd will lhcllforr lcck lo ocIfthc 6rc zorc ir 3itust d rt cupythcupF. voluDcofthc cotrrp&rmctrt. low lcvcl thc st rm will bavcto bc idjactcdfor soraacodidcrabL tida bcforEit will Factratc all thc crrvicd within thc fur. Its Gficirlcy rvil bc lowrtld if aa air fc.d cxist! at low lcvcl, sucbar a danagld !hdttunneldoor. ^tt€arnsmotierint is not ollohledon shipsbuih after 19&. I! a f!! arcaeharcpack!96 .r! loosclysiowrdthc starE Dsy cfcctivalycoDtroliatoa, but duc to thc highi.rnFrenur, wbichwill loi h. bclowlm'C, oxidationand slowcombustio!ory coutinuc,rcDdcring 212'F thc cohFrrmcnt liablc to irlhing whco oFncd to ttc ahorphcrc. Somccargocs, ruchasgrainatrdwoodpulp,mayswrll cxtldlivdy uldca thc hot, moilt cotrditioDs ofstaaE sDotbcri.n& Id thc carly stag6 of stram injlclio! c.ltiouou! coldao!|lior sill 061rr,rtrd rtry rbvaporiratiotrofthir Doiltu& will dsirt i! coolinStho firr zoDc.With rrgatd io thc c.Ddr$ation, goo& whichrrc lurcaptiblo to *itcr &Dsga wiu baba.ncd by thc rpplicationofrrcao. It ha altrady bcaanantiolad tbat ,t6|n iljcc'tioo providcrlitdc or DocoolitrgGfrcct,rod hcatconductivitywill cotrlitrucfrcalyto adjaaadt coEpirttnsotr, shrf,c funh6 oxidrtioo and lilhing nly oocur.For this rcalon, firhnrble matcriclsir adja.cnt comps.tmctrt!lhould bc rlnov€d or kcpt .pr.yd eith wat r whilc .xtirtuilhiq r ft! eith rtaad inj61iotr. Tbr injactior of staadidto a burni!8 itack of coalor coto produoca dr cxploaivcrnd highlycobbultiblc *ttar 8r! ,ucha! i! Foducadin ilc rclortr of! gra worb. O) Cinc Dbda.. Thb fe! i! hcovtorlDrn ri! .!d i! r no&up?ot tr of combultion,aoit eil ctrGctilrlybhnlct s if. atrd.xcludc thc oxygrnfroE thc bumingmatcrid.It h8 thc rdve tgc ofcau.ilg do &m!gc to goo&, but it wil Epidly b.coDchc.ird .d t[dtfot! co!duc-thcatto ldjrccst coEp|ttDctrt . Thc g.r will tcltlc rt thr botton of a compsttDcot iDcr.ssiDgid dcpthas thc supplycootilula. Ar ib 237
FINB lcvcl rilca, air in thc vicinity is drivcn to thc top of thc compartmcnL If thc zorc has bo.n cldcd to lhc atmospher. it is possiblc that thc prcssutr of thc crrbon dioxidc in thc bottom will b.comc cqual to that of thc air laycr, rnd should thc firc cxist at high lcvcl it wiu bum until lhc .ir fuaxhiustcd of oxygcn,during which time thc smothcringgasis of no value, ncithcr can morc bc injcctcd, Id thr cas. ofa vcry hot firc, howcv!r, thcrc will bc suficictrt turbulc[cc to mix thc gss Pith thc air, and rs soon s3 thc mixturc has a 3(HO% conccntration of carbon dioxidc thc irc will bc unablc to contiDuc. It is lot advisablcto iDjcct cirbon dioxidc and stcam togpthcr sircc thc cool gas (-79'C) will condcnscstcam, producingvacuumand ca.bonic acid.Thc two gascsarc not compatiblcin firc-fighting.Th. normal lcvcl of carbondioxidcin air is 0'031% by volum€.
2-r'l l$ or 30tal
Starwtion of Ait. Gciqally, thc usc of cirbon dioxidc or stcam as s smothcring gascalls for a scaladcompa(mcnt to complctc tha coDtrol of oxygco, but utrLss lhc comperhcnt b a tant thc bcst tbat ctn bc hopcd for is a panial stiflidg afrcct snd s rctardation of oxygla inflow. Whcn frEfighte.s arr wolkiDg ia a compartmentthe stiflcd air flow may at limcs havc to bc incrEasedin ordcr to dissipatchcat atrd smokc. Id compartmcdb adjaccnt to a 6rc vcDtilstion should bc maitltaincd normnlly or cvcn incrcascd in ordcr to dissipatc hcat and Prcvcnt oidation end fiashiog. This docs not apply 1o tanks containing liquid fucl, which should prcfrrably bc prcsscdfull in ordcr to cxcludc rll air. (c) High-Ex!.6io6 rnd Dctaigr Foms" Thcsc aft manufactu.d froh wastc proteio matt .. Shorc firc-fighring briged.s ar€ cquippcd with nachincs which can injccl this tyF of foam througb po*crful fars, filling a largEspaccwithin minutcs.Thc edvrntegc of this matc.ial is !h&t ;t is unlikcly to caus. damagc to carSocs.Complctc blaDkcting of thc firc is achicvcd. On t&nkcrs, dctcrgcnt foam can b€ rnadc by d8wing contaolled amounts of the basic dctcrgpnt concantr-alcinto branch pipcs fed wilh high prcssurewalcr. (d) Ct€nicrl Foan This is gcncraicdby solutioDsof sodium bicarbon_ atc etrd aluminium sulphate io combincd activity, and will rffrctiwly blankct a firc. h rnay bc supplied ditcct from s g-litrc potLblc cxtinSuishcr, by hos€ nozzlc from 45- or l3tlitrr cxtidguishcrs, or in vcry larSpquantities f.om a p€rDencntly installcd appantus, vie pcrforatld pip6. Whcd uscd on a buroing liqurd fucl it should bc vcry lightly sp.aycd to avoid scattcritrgthc firc, o. clsc dilEctcd at t ncarby surfacc 30 that thc str€rm dbirtcSrales and iowa gpndy ovc. thc fucl. (a) So&b. Fireproof blsnLalr or quantities of sand may be throwtr ovrr smell ircs, such as buming oils or fats, io ordcr to cxcludc lhc itmospbcnc.
238
FIRE Thc uscofrll smothcrinSmatcriah, q,hcthcr solid, liquid, or gascous. providcslittlc cooliogctrcct,and il is th..cforc impcrativcto maintaio thc smothcring utrtil thc firc zonc has coolcd sumcicntly to prcvcnt rcignitiod *hcn starvationccascs.Brcathingapparatusshouldbc worn whcn cntcring a blanlctcd comparlmcnt,cven whcn hightxpaosion foam has trccn irjcclcd. lf a facc mask should brcak, thc fircfightcr shouldinstantlyswitch to continuousair fccd and ciqrpc as soorlas possiblc.Thc body is uscdto brcathing0 033% carbondioxidc and a conccntratronofonly l0% will induccrapid unconsciousncss. Oncca firc has bccncontrolledwith lhc uscof smotheringgas,th. inflow should bc maintain€d, at a rcduc.d lalc if nccc$ary, unlil tll dangcrs of rc-ignition a.c past. If lhc frrc is prcmaturcly considercdto bc cxtinguishcd,o. thc zonc sumcicnllycool, and injecdonof gas is ccascd,a reocwedfrrc may bc an cxtrcmcly diffcult onc to bring undcr control,particularlywhetrsupplicsof carbondioxideare runninglow. 3. R.ooriry Fh|rn$h Mtterid This .ntails clcaring the cdgc of thc fire zonc of all combustiblc matcrial. lt is rot, ofcoursc, sugS€stcdthal blazing mat rial should bc movcd,sincctbis is ssfcrlcft to burn out, cvcnifofan cxplosivcoalurc, Fircfighting is conccntrat.d at the firc zonc, and any scattcring by cxplosionh far morc easilydcalt with in that arca rathcr than clscwhc.c, whcrc a bravc man, attcmpting lo jcttison blazing cxplosirc mat.rial, rnaycausclossof life, ncw outbrcaksof frc, and divisionof the fiI!fi ghting strcngth. Providingthc outskirtsof thc 6rc can b€ starv.d of naicrial food, controliill b. c.nain, but by outskirtsis mcantnot only thc immadiatc viciniay but all adjaccnt compartmcots. Cas cylindcrs a.c likcly to crplodc duc lo thc cxpansionof th.ir cotrlcnls undcr hcat, end should bc rcmov€d from thc arca or continuslly spraycd with watcr.
sorrRcEsoF nnE Thcsc aac too numcroul and oftco complctcly {ncrpcctcd, to list €rta$ivcly, but a fcw of thc motc common soutcesarc includcd: (.) L.rt.g! of Oil5 on ro Hot Surfrces, Prrticdrtly ntti! thc &|gitrF .rd BoiLr{oo Tbii somctimcs occurs whcn scttling tanks ovcrflo% oil hot-filtcrs or oil supply lin6lcak on to .xhaus! uptakcsor boilc. surfaccs.Suilablc ovcrfow alarm dcviccs,ovcrflow guttars,scrlcns, aDdadcquslc lighting will P|lvctrr meny of th.sc frrcs, which hav. causcdthc loss ot scvaral shiF and meny livcs. Any boil.r-room supplicd *itb ao oil fccd should 239
F!IB hart tr muc.h.cccraa! po*riblcfroD thc cogitc-rooo to corbb 6r!irftitrl to bc ctrcctiw. No woodworl shouldbc Fanitt d i! bofl.trimr-or corino-roonr rufplicd *ith oit, t trt topa rd ioor Phtcr cLa!, !try oil ahouldbc $rtd up rt oncaald ahouldbc acruDulourly tbc oily *r!b d!.troyrd, ti!8.. .houtd bc kcpt !t fitc .! po.siblcfron oil, .!d dl coDbu.tiblcE Eritl tcpt wcll .soy from oil-fccdli!c!. Firc rpDliucc. thould bc rcgutariycrlEilad, t[ FrlooDcl aldc frmiliar wiih rhcir usasnd loc.liotr, and fodo spplianccskaprawayftom high tcmpcistur€s,whicbmaydcstroylh. proFnias of thc ilgrcdicnb. O) WdahS rd ()6.. n D.hr Tb..c producc.p.rlio& rtrd portobL.ni,ttui.hcf3 shouldb. kcpr!t hrnd, bolh ir thc rEpairataartrd o! thaopporrt iidc ofthc ttpoir work (whrn porsiblc)wbltt a frc i! likcly to brcat out duc to locattraring. Thc coEpdrthcDtrhould bc iDlpactadrc$larly bcfPratrwort shifts for rigls of rdouldaritr& (c) S..t t! of n !tdf. V.Ddt c ft& ho AdFc.lt CorFrrrad rkt WdhS b h Pto!r.. d tttatc lta! arc fuou!8 (O Ib fh. of f.db or k&r EldF.na Thir ca! inducacufl€ r at vlry bighalcc{ric.lP.l!sut!!, andshould thctdot! lot lr. workcd vbao lordidg or dirchtrSi4 inf,'nn'|lc ruttta!(t!. (.)SddC.rhdd MrDy frr!3&od to bc rttibutld to lhi6 ph.oomcao!,titr€ tro padon ir iDctrilvolvrd h bl!.Da Probablyi! trirc crlcr out of tad tha frt oridlatad from rodc othlc casle oft.o c.rdcrt tdoki!& lhc &4pt! of whichc.rnot b. !tt!a!cd too fEqucrdy. Cartah ibrour aub6tatcc!, rtc! imprlllltcd *ith.uihblc oil& ru.h !! jutc wilh colzr oil cotton rrstc with fird oil, o! caltt! wit[ pdilrt, do bccoEchcatcdsnd Day ..tch ftt, Frttuuhtly if tho h!.ti!g ii aoc.ldabd by locrl ulrggcd rtaao piF or oti6 tot turlboaa. Thir tyF of comburtionnay 061rr*'tad orygpni! ataortGdst t[c rurfacg ofoocl prtictlarly shao bituDiDou3andf.lclt brolao, a[d io $rch cssesthe tisk increas€sat tcmperatu€s rttovc EfC. The coal .hould b. tcpt !r coolI poetitL sad dl lir .uppli6 bloctd ofi crc.pt for aurfaoavtorilrtoF, whi:h |tG !t d to rloov! thc a4tlolivc Ecthrnc fa!. Tbir g!! ir drlSrcour pt o coldtrdcd 5% in !ir. A[ nr.riab *bid art lLblc to rpodtalaor|!caDbultiotrthould bo rltotldy t atadfor tadFrrtulc' c.Fciiuy vbco Qrricd !t cstlp. Ri!L! |t! dwrF Eiaidild by locrl cooliDg. 2&
FIRE (f) ELdlc.l It . A itort+irsrit, rt f.ilurc of.d ullclt drd fu!r, ot ov.doadi!8 of eid!8 mly n$lt in . f.!. outbrcat.Whctrcvctr flt ai!t! i! | .hip it it pocliblcfor illulrtioo to bccon charrcd6t thc fur ro!4. Thc t6ultitrgihort{itcuit, i,e r pathof vcaylotvr6ilialcc for thaqnrcdt, raaoltr ir a surS!ofcrclasivacurrcrt whichrDayovrtloodthcwiritr8rd brat it tuficictrtly for it to bum. Suc[ .n outbrcik mty o6ltt rt lbc lwitcF boerdor cvaoat pha6 cbcwbcr!ard quit! rlnoro frcE thc m!i! ftt zo!4. Whilc a 6rEGrirt!, aod for aonc couidcrablctiEC !ftli it hra bcco cxlinguishc4thc switchboard6houldbc clo$ly rvstchd fot 8i8t! of ovaaloading. C) St dc E dldtt M!try ful3 havcatartcd.! ! r.sult of sparkacaBcd by tbc dischrr& of ltstic clccrricityrt high yoliagc.Ar arrbplc occ1rr!whcofriction silhin I flling ho6rFoduc.r st tic clac{ticity,!trd tha p.t$l or othar ftrcI polsiot tbrcughit i! ignitrd. Both thc bodccod .ld Oc flLd t!!t thould b. lccurclycrnh.d, a! shoulddl othct Gquipmc N,hichi! !ubj.c't to ltatic chlrgin& lb S.a d I Xhti G) F|othg O[ a P.col o tb Scl.c. ot. IE Thir Day bc ignitld by . canl63ly thrownci8[ttt ctrd.Thc bhzing by mcatr!ofs foae lpnyi or it crtr bc driw,tt fucl Dry bc cxtinguishad ckar ofthc rhip cith.r by powcdulrv.t rjct! or by thcpropdlcrwerhof t .mdl leuach. by anrrla ofboraitg fucl on A vBsclitr collirionrnsybc aurroutrdcd thc wltcr sudraa.I! s curEtrt thc vtscl nly ba broufht qukkly to atrchor,and thc ltrcam will thcDcarry lla fual cl..i of thc !hip. lf tro cuncd cxistr,tlc vassalrhould, if poarittc"bc Dovld rrpk t cfu.t of tbc flc zorc, 0lSt rr PlE. Th6c ihould ba llguLrly chcclcd to mrlc arc thcy at proFly Ie!!ad. Suchrurf.cls, if unprotacLd,nry qui:trly atatt a fr! rDong Nnoutrdbg eltarit&. (r)HoaBoLH Thc.Grtl cqudlydsdla.ouaiflclt Etrilluht d, A calcoccu.tld tvb.rl e hot ctrgircrooE bulkhaadignitGdtbc cort i6uhtioo of an ldjrccot holdcontahiaga fuu car8poffroz.tr buttcr.Tbaorly poa.ribLDcthod of cxtingDilhingw&t looditg of tha cotirr conFiEanf FonuDtdy iha pcrDaattlig of thc hold w!! vcrt lofl, duc to thc codFc{ ttlocl'
ul
FIB'E |toa of th. butEr, '!d thc rplra adltilt for wEtarw!! djlraot to thc ilrdrrio!. Ody r rdtU aoou[t of*!t!a *rt lcadodto food thc bo|A aodtL ir! *t! qui:tly put out ftc saaiwalcrdaDrgcto thc buttd ?ar l€a rh! I7- hf th. ut of .it.t .thing on th..!8i!FrooD tih of lhc httt .4 or nh(}drs iarnrdo! wilti! tt hold, vodd h.r! g!.Uy oilioi..d rb. ftC ri.t
0tr-dfi.tba
laL c.! b..voi.L4 or .t lc.tt nduc.4 by tqulrt oL.trilg ofth. arhrult upt*aa. Eumiry of awritrt', lifcboatt ald othcr dcc.kcquiF @i it thlo L.! lildy to ooq|t.
(d rhD.. Thi! i! v€rycoDbudblo,old ,hould bc ttowd sdl ctrer ofhot turfr.6 !trd fucb.
O G&r rft.. TbcraarErot |rncoDmoo,srd alr ftlquaddy csutcdby tha boflilgoE o! to hottht * or rl! iitiotr, of l,!.tt od.d c.oLingfrt!. Gr&t toodr rbould ba c.Le[d rcgu&rly lrd trot allo*ld to baoomaca]cd rith grrur, vhich nsy bc frd by h..t uptakc' (c)hfi Thir is vrry combutiblc, clDtainingsDd cvolvi[g iaEdablc .ubdG. Ia rhould n ,vcr bc tlowld othcr thrn in thc o6chl paint loc&.r,wbic&.houldb. rrU e{sy ftoo hcit .r... IloLtld PobofDdint H ltitrg.bout ttc .hip c.Dstifirir | ftc ri!t. tdaaly, prirtrd aurfrcd rhould banrittlitrd with thc mhimuE of coatriDorda(to &drE ttc smoudtofpcrErnadt combratilrlcbatatial. hint dl bor! }try repidlyi!d.44 snd ct! quictly t|rrtr alcobnod.' tioo ilto rtr i crDo.Th! u!. ofhcat tlsiltant Pltrtic hsinitad Dltcrid! dccoratio!. ilpdcrsblctopai (t) l.lEl.. ltaaa cvolvcan crplo6ivcsDdfsdnaltc gi! ard rhould bG or,!d i! wdtltoriLt d cooloodparrmcntscodtailin8a portablc.iti!8ui!bcr. (q) L..fy, H..rfr. P.e.8F. Codbbt n nntDL ltt ltrlrlt Thaac|rc cxttEDclydrqcrou., Fttiq rlly ehco rtocEdin th! hold. on roodcd dutorSp.All $r,h cootailcrt thould bc Gjac{ad.
C)srfrr
Tti! h|t cauladttc totd lolr of rbipa'|Dd .!y trSulrrioo od bodtd r rr cl F!.tdi!g lhi. hrbit.hould bc.dhcrcd to.trittly' Cifrtltt! 242
FIRE aodt Dult ba propcrlycxtinguirhadtnd not throrh on to thc dact or ovarthcaidc,Itr bothca!6 thcytDrybc blov! throwb dooB,po hol6'. d lrdtiLto.s, cludng r fra Snotirg id bunh irr crulcd loat of lifc thouri ihc 'Inot.f prc68tutdy frlilg adcc?.In no citluDrt!.traaa rhoutduoliaf bc pcrmitt d i! hold!, for i buttritg citrtrttc cod n y rooutdaabaocathsawdustald siDilrr tntcrirl for Elny dlya bcforr tic rmolc i! dct ctad.It i! for thir rraiotr thet mrtry fitlr' diacoEtrd whctraaw6l d46 out of port, lrr thoufhr to bc dua to spotrLtrcou! conburtiotr,ainccfcw pcoplorcelilathc Lof$ oftinc wbichc.D cLFo bcforGi caclc$ly thrcwncigstctt! atrdwill sLrt r d.r..r4rrt ttic. NNE PATNOIS Tbrsr rrc rcquircdro bGcstri(i out rcSularlyin Cl4r I ahiF. (htrt c.r! ahouldbc crcrcilcd io rclcctitrSPttrolmcd, for thcy shouldbc Dhwirllv rnd D. allv luitrd to ttc t|lk rod wEUtraiDcdi! modcm hrJfuhdig tlchDiquc!.'Erchmansbouldbc providcdwitt a wbistlcor dcvica.ElrcryFrt of lhc thip lhould bo othcr-portrblaahrm-sigoallitrg viricd ar lcdt oocair cwry hour, .nd Ftrolrrc! lhould rcport at I Dhcawhichir mr$cd at dt timc!, whcE sll dc&ciio! ahrm bclb rin& |!d whichi! Drovidcdwith rdrqultc ftr appliracg. DXSPENSALOT GEAX Tbc irc epplianccsrhould bc widclyditpc.lcd througbouttha ship atrdiu sucb; wsythat thaymry bacrlily fouDditr conditiontofadokc oa drrtl.ss. GDNENALACTTONtN TIIE EYENT OT FNE OUTENEAI Thc Dcrto! f'tt ditcovcrita tb. 6rc thould illtltrdy r.i a thc tLrrr andcoEEcocafshti!8 thc i!dc.. lfit iartpidly ard oorft.dy sttoclad il Dly r€ll bc rcstrictd to r ,mtll outbt6k, r.ndcri!8 majorE€surtl bGtunt lhroughouttba unE .rt Alrrn hcllt shoul4 if trccaasary, rbip. r continuourriagitg b.ilf thc ulutl ai8td, baadq i! Ditrd 0!t too mrw ooroor rt thc rccla of thc ft! mty cautacoEftrdoo.At t.. cDcrr.ocaatatio!! rhouldbc.ouldd andthcboat!ltyr|tg out Erdy for bs;ng ;f it ir ltouSht thtt thctut 4 or rviUb., ofbejor PtoportioDr' tt ir iDFrrtiva to 8ri! raPidsc...s to a irc' but i! daiy cac thi! Dry ba D;ldtrlc odt froD iborc, lhcr! molloclL .rr hDFql bt rililr aookc ard baat.Ev.ry cDdcrvoutthould bc Dsdc to ditoov.t rhalcr rhcfrc har rn eir fcld rt low lcvcl.If thiait |o, rsd i Dcatlt of rcaaararilB, thcirc ,houldbc foutht from thfuLl!l, whcccr cool'frtrh dr aupplyril ban ir thc f!6!ht ia. If Doaca,'r of.ccaat adru, tlc 243
PIRB air fccdrhouldbc bloctod.A boaccatrbc lowErd faon rbovr, od linal ald dittaLd st tb. !.et oftha it!. ClrttitrghoLr h phtitrg to gritr aoccaa c.u!.. r! ait fcadald daatroy, tbc.hip'r wrtcditht htagity. I! an a&Dmo&tio! irr aaaaaa oay ba obt i!!d by losarirS r ho6ahrndLr ovcr tho rkL on i bodta.wai!'r ct|t !o tbrt baca! ditlc-tr wstcri,t tbrowh a portbolc, Cclcr.lt& th! Ono.' in ch|rgc of fftffhti!8 oFrstiotrr rhouldlot t fc Frt in ttc ..ru.l fShtitr& but dould r0Erd thc cotir! pclioot r of tbr frr zotr. rd t .p hio.lf fully hforEcd .o th.t tc i. tlc id..l Fno! to dirrc-tFlonlal Hc rhould: (l) Matc rur thst t!. ftr i! stif.d.. c6ci.ady !! po63ibLald th.t \EdtilstiDgfrni arc rwitchcdof. (2) Alt6 thc coutlc oftlc vlracl !o tbt thc 3pp.rrnt wi[d fora.coD boardir dl, unlcardcn a ,oolo i! hrDFitrg oFstiolr, (3) DiloorE wb|t ir bulai!& .od.ko thc !c.t of ttc ft!. (,1)Mut r .pplirE .r !cc.$.ry. (t Fild dl F.dti. o!.a of act. (q Arcarlrin that r aoficiart rrtar $Dply rxiltr, ulirs coarg.ocy FmF.! llquircd. (7) DilcoE ehcttcr d.4.'ou! gu.. srt pEr.ot aod aquip frc fShtrB with hlrthitrg rppdatus. (t) Eolutr thc safdy of th. frtfi8h&r& (9) Alwly. bsw . .Frc brr.tbirg rpFrrtu! rvdlrblc out idc tlc ftr,o[c, fot rtaaorvort (10)Spny rtl rdj&.ot bultl..b .!d 8eod!. (ll) Spr&yor iood aly .dj...nt nasEzina co[t idng dllg.rour loodr, (12)Mlrtli crtrr nftfghtln.nd .ppli.!o.... !!o....rt, (13)wrtc.h for.try coDplic.tiort thrt Dry [i!c. (f,0 Cotrtiourly E tcl for riFr of th. frr rprqditr& Ot Rloorc .ny .unouldin8 E tldrd, ntict ate i! d.!F of ignd!& (lq Mrb ur. of tb. .hip'. colrtr$otiod to F.mt it! .p.!.d (lO Conrirk thc.hipl.t Ulity.!d Fnpilg6rrurg.d.ntr, ifeit r b bci!8 !! d. (lO co!.id!' oltbiaf! ofdccrri..l ffr.. L por! llc loc.l Firc B'igs& rhotrldbc c.[Gd if thc Gtl ir b.toDd th, cootrolof tbc rhiy'! rtof, Fnicd.rty in drydocf. Liii o! baslcn thcChi.fFir!Ofic...!d thc.hip'rOfiditrc.h!r8ai!mortinporir, rnd tbr forn.t nurt borcqulirtcd {ith lhc folowitrg frclt: (a) When the fire rvasdiscover€dand its locatiotr. (D) Aclion taken so far aDdwbetheranyooeis missint. 244
FIR,E (.) WLt crfo i. bumi[g .!d whetDat rirb .r! !..r by. (d) Wtctl.i aly fr€?roof bultlc.d! cri.t (r) whcth.r wotilstor! rr! clorcdrDd whctr thcy at! locara4 (, Thc puEpirs c.prcity both on ttc 6ro,uail ud otr thc t ilt di& chr4aa, 6) Th. wcis[t of *.!.. vhich i! .blc to bc pumpcdioto th. thip, b.riog i! Dind hct rrability. (r) &!ib of tbc lbip's coqtrudion whichn y.frcct ftdShtitr& (, Aay lighting.tru8rtlcntt (t) whcd thr coDpartn ot w|t lrlt oFod(0 Wh.th6 rdj.o.ot phti4 b b.cotriry hcrt d. l.t|E ND(ISSITY FOT. A,IIIDTHE USE OE BNSi|MNG APPAIATUS It ir Eo.t iEportalt to rppEciatathat a garotlt it dcaiEladto ftt i oxySlofroE . foulcdrtmo.phcrE,If !o oxySani! prl'cnt rtc utc ofa !!r m|.k will id !o wsy prsvcdtI Fro!'r arphyxirtioD"A btratbi!8 .pp..|tu| rhould thcrrfoE bc utc4 .!d *ill uludly bc .itb.t oE i! *hich the wearercarrieshis own air supplyor elseone in whichair is rupplicd through. !o!8 n rit c hotc, citt r b', dit c't rwtiol oo tho Fn of tha wlarcr or by foot opacrtcdbcllow. ID dl ca!c! lha wrall.r ur.. . lifdiDc, rnd Eay .i8Dd to thoccat iB oth.r .dd by givi!& ..y, I pult to Ec.n 'Morc rir rcquitrd', or 2 Flr to m.rtr 'shck thc lifclin ', or 3 pulb to m..tr 'Gct Ec out quiclly'. If th. ot[.t! giv. thft. pulb on thc liac lhb could bo ur.d to itrdic.tr. to tbc Ertt, 'Cooc out rt ooca' Thc lifclin ia usudly lGmm hcdrplioc with &wir hcsrtrdd r brlol- l}.itr inA slr6s of I tornc. It i! rt lcast3 m lotrgrr thrtr thc air llolc, If tha to! l0 ft hosEis morcthan 27.5o loogit mustsupplydit by mcrtrsof bcllowt. 90ft CtassI ship6carry two brcathing sppetatu!€sPlustwo for every spaccsof wNch two mull tre of lhe 80 m lcocth of Dass€Dcer/scrvice air-hosafupe. class T ahiF carry otrerir-bo!€ tyPearnonga total of: 2
[email protected] if lhc ship is betee€o500and 2499grocsrons, 3 aiiaratuses if between2500atrd 3999Srosstons, atrd if of 4(m grosstonsor more. 4 apparatuse,r Tho rclf-coltaiad rpplr.tur has thc dilrdvrntaSa of supplyinf . limitad quaatity of air aDdwhcn the warcr is climbi4 out of a comFrtdcot hir cxcrtioB will dcm|trd r lar8.r amoutrtof oxyFn tha! thc apDliucc Day barblc ro Fovidc, It i! DostiEportdt for lhaer.tff to lvoid a citltrLr prlh ehaogop ilt itr e rDoky or dr* ttmo.phcrc,for hc rDay$dndhit lif.lim .rourd
a5
FIX.B pillar!, ctc.lf hcc.awlsod rll fou$ biavilitilig witl baimprovd, liacc thc rmokcisconlitrurlly rising.Furth€r,hc will rvoid thc rilk ofrtudblitrgald injuriDghimlclf. Hc mult alwryt movcv.ry ca$firlly anddaka surc that thc surfrcaahaadia quitc frm. If brcarhingapFretus is uscdby a pcrsonsportinSadylhinglargrr t[rn a ,mrll bar.d, watcr or gr.$c sbouldbc applicdto rhc baardto rnelc 8ur! tbat thc fa.c mask6ts tiShtly. A fittdSbtq lbould b.sr in biod ttat wicd ditrcting hir wd.f jct througbcrcvicd it oay luddcolyttrika rt ttc r.at of tbc frc rDd thctr i6 likaly lo bc d vioLot blow.backof hot gr!a! rnd rt .m. Carbonfucl!, ehcn buning i! a pLotifrd 3upplyof oryg.d, .volvc carboDdioxidc8ru,wbich,whilc Doitoric, b unrblc to lulrsitr lifc !trd whcnconc.ntratcd9 % ir air b likcly to provc fat l. If thc iaoc fu.ls bum iu atratrho6pha& stawrdof orygad,aottat corrbu(ioD ir iocomplcta, odourlca3,tastclcss,and h&hly toxic c..bod moDoxidcgrr i3 cvolyd; t% of ttir grs in air ir frbl N.ady .[ cohburtiblcE crisls ooDtaincatbo!. Ifthc 6lr i! burnins{/![ eitb lida smokcttr ibundtnt rupplyoforygro i! pGaaot,whilctbc rsvrrlc i! truc wbro thaftr buto! bodly, coihiDg muct rEokc" Itr thir htt.f c!!c frtd proporfionr of both carboagraaart! pnobHy prcrcnt Fatrolqta funaacaobafaralvhcn in a Gl % concaotrdid *ith air. OxyfE wiU bc iD lhort ruDply both ficr a! cxdo6iotrrd whco cntrritrga coEpqrtDcntwbi:h tlt b..o cl6ad for loDGtiDc, prni. hrly if frlsh paht.ri b, rine thir.ipidly rt o.b! oxylptr.Thr lrtc of prop6 bnathing !pp6ntu! i! inpafrtiv!, both whadf'r crb rnd whatat qitA o ,Evlt o|a8d to* at po, ol rotttul ittp Ddrra I! both crs EDrccaalary aarurltiasalr ivoidcd rrhirh, in tbc indrnca of ft!, will rcrioully h.mpc. rhc cfortr of thc fgilars. A fltfShicr wil 6rd r .prsy noulc urful for drivirg lDokc !.had of hiD.
rHE CONITOII,E)
TIIE
wh.d thi! i! bdicnld io bo trE, th. follwilt conri&Fd:
poiob rhould bc
(l) Whcthcrit i! ,afc ro opcathc oomFttmc itr ord6 io rlot]lto |trd iolDc.t. (2) Thc bF.tiD8 !p .!d dta.tinS eitt r.t ( of i[ .douldiing d.brii (3) Stcprto bc t lo to prrwtrt r.-iflitim witti! tic f.G roDG, (4) Dmrgc to cer8o,lhc.hip'. stntc{m, ud cl6ldc.l citr{itr. (t Thc llmoysl of wltcr frorr tbc coDFnmcot, 26
FIRE (6) Th. imt!.dhb ,crvicingrld rcchlrgin8of.I ftt |ppli.!c6 i! calc thd! ir s fr6h outbr.ak (7) ThGtr..trDcrt of rll butnr b),frst si& PainthouH bc rclirvrd by ldriniltlring norphir. Thc but! .hould bc Protrcird froo tbo rir (whichprornotBpain)by fta!! ofclcaddrt'dtlsri4s, natilt tro stlcrnptto clc€.oor touahthc burn, or to tamovcaly clothidS rdhcrins to iL Viclimsof thock .hould bc laid flq tcpt w.rn, aadgillr hot, ,vc.t d.iot!. IITE TTPDS cdl 0) A fr! withitr buntcr or c..go coalmry bc vciy dow.buttritr8;!trd it msy Ltc rcvcr.l dryt to c.trhol by ulitrg c$bon dioxidafEr, .LeD bcirg uBuitsblc. Oft !, il i! of auchDriot Proporrioo!thrt thc trr ca.nnotbc cxtirsuilhcd,.trd it ia thcrEforrLPt uldcr coltrol utrtil tbe vl*3clrlach.. por! whcnthc rcrvic.t oftlc loc.l Ffti Brifida ar! am' ploycd.H.rE, thc dang6 of flshing Gri!tr ehco rtc cobpartdaot ir oFdad. Thc edjrccntDlrtug mun ba lcpt cool rDd t coBtstlt etbh lcpr oDbousdarytcoFl.turt'. The D.o.T. advisethat the companmentshouldbe totally clos€d acainstthe entl of air, if firc is discoveredat ser, and that clrbon ioam shouldbc iojccredinto the diori&, inen ga;. or high-expansiod hold. Watcr or itcam shouldnev€rbe applieddiraatlyto burningcoal but may te u-!edfor boundarycoolinS.The sPaccshould rcmain s€alcd until lhc ship reachesport, when spcrialist advicc may b€ obtaincd. (D llqdd ft.& Ecfoc th6c c€.ab. ignitcd,vrpoutt Dust ba .mitbd in tuficiant DroDortioD!to form ao erploiivc rad codb8tiblc Eirturc wilh rir. Tbii oocun.t thc 0a!h point, aDditr th. c.r. ofFEol will bG tutF u.lo EmpcratutL. Pctrol vaDouii! hcavicrthat rir, rtrd .t tla lurfsc of tha iuid thc mixturr ir too dch to bur!, Justrbovcthr tufa.a ! coEbultiblceixturc of2-7% of p.Eol v.poui iD .it Dry b. folmA stilc rbo1t lhir lcwl tbc Diitlrr! ia too wcakto bum. It ir for thi! ala|otrtbst it ir uludly Frfcc{y lalc to irc s rockctfrom th€ bridSpofr t DLGi,cv@ otrcin whicha lcat cxiltt Onc. tbc combutiblc l.ya ir ignitcd,tha fr! wil co[dnlr du! to cod&ctiotratrdturbulcnca. WhctrlodinS or di.cirrgiDg Ftsok iDoking i not Foitt 4 SiLt ir.. ur.rtinguith.d, rld cootitg mry hc contiluld by Dc.trt of ratr| coiL Thc radio and rrdrf inrtalLtioot dtttt lot bc utcd, portboLa rhouldbc clotd djrccot to tbc hoc, .Dd da!8.i.aig[d fa8t rlutt bc 247
FtRB forva. If workh8 tsvrral fidt lhroqb oo! boaathayatt propcd i! ot out in d6cdd.i"g ordrt of flslb Point !o rhat thc mod bighly irmnsbh fucb oovc tbrolfh thc litr htt of rll. ID thi! wry rhc 163 d&8!tou! fucb arc lot coluDinrtrd. Airt within a tocl lut m|y bc ttiicd by clori!8 thc trnl lit, i! wtich crrc it eill lootr bccomacxtinsuilbadduato lha liDitad oryFn s6itabh. olhcr tncthodsincludathc inirtio! of c{rbotr dioridc 8a!, dctcrgpntor chcmicalfoao, incrt 8ss,or 3taam.Firc brigrdc! nly ulc [ouid oitrosen.Steamrnd carbondioFde areobsolesccolotr tarken. withio a; oil-fucl firc, hcalingmay spEaddownwatdsat thc ratc t5 in of 3?cm pcr hout, atrdifa brsc-layctofestcr cxistsit mry boil ovcr' ca$singthc btazi-ngoil !o ov€rflo*. Again, if s watcr sprayis uscd to .itinSuirh buniug oit ir wil bc itlt dly tumcdto st .e jult Uorv thc aurficcof thr oil ar it ai!k. Thi! Foduc.r stroil froth at th. .urfaco hwilg r highfrlh ri.f, 5d whid it wry coEhrltibL" P.*roL.djaaatrtto s ftG, Flraot! | Prottlcditr tblt rlthoulh it wiUlot lcc..srily igrito withh iu tant du. to thc t,!ry ti:h Dirtulc rboE itt aurfrcc,it sill eborb hcatfion tic hot rutioudi[g buLlcadi q9ar4 '!d piobotty .lop ovcr ot r.cp bro thc f,t! to!.. S|&br rnt riouts prcfhbly bcpr6:pd dry.Thcgr..r.!t drlglf .[itb withi!. r'aleDi:h i! cfoaadatrdp6rttyfXad,for hcrcthabot,coEPtlrsd Sttaaarclitcly to .rplod.. Tbrrc lbould .8rh bc prlstd ftl or PuDP.ddry' F9.4 q I lhctru!.d to dcsrttc t lt ofnpourt" Tbr ptlidtrg-up ofbuning liqui& in tantdr Dly 3praadthctt! to oth.t ltDt& ttroqh tb gr. linrr. (O !t tri.. Tb6c shouldGithcrb. ioodr4 if itr ilonitrot daq.t, or.b. cod' titrudly aprsyldro kc.P rhait coot ot cooL Erploaivd 8.o.tata lbcia owd orySro,rnd hctrcctbcir bumiry c.D baPros !d ooly by aatuF tioD or &ttroltl. (O E c!|cd h.. Tbcs€maybc foughtusingcarbondioxid€€nioguithcrs.Tbc gasii non-conduclor and leavesno rcsiduc, not till it damagcdclicate a elcctricalmachin€ry.Halon l2ll (BCF) is alro idcsl .trd agai.oclules ro danrage.The usc of dry chemicalsis safc in that thay arc non_ cooducors, but they leavc considerablcrcaidues.Form atrd *8tcr shouldnot bc u!€d on elcctricalfre3, as thcy are conduc-lors.
(5)rl|[ Thi. h&ra hithly f,rlrlmlblc dtro€Uuloaa b.!c,lbich on burninS cEitr cdDbutiblc toric fuDca.VcotiLri@ .horld bc ptovid.d to c&ar thr.. foD6-it wil .rdn thc ftc t'!ft lidc, tiico lt! burthg nh Foc(rt . oxyg.d.Tbc ft it bcrt hft lo blm out, ehi:h it wil do t't(y quid.ly, but FEc.utioo! mut bc takcoto prEvldtsplaad24
FIRB MANINE FNEFICI{IING EQUIPMDI{T Thc trblcs o! Dag6 248-9rclati4 to fr! cxtiltgui.hasit rcproduccd by lind pcrEi$iod ofthc Waltc.KiddcCompsDyLtd. FNE DEIECM{G APPAXATI,IS (r) Tf. f,,l& zo.. TyF Syd.d Thi! giv6 wading of fft in prsiaogcrc.bhr, public rprca., crcs, qu'ltc|r, orcroorD!and lockcrt, ctc,, by lounditrg rtr d|lD h rhc or firc ltatioDrnd rbo h rbccdgiacroomandcttdt qutwhcalbouac l.t!, rrtich nak 6 possibl.iostantlocatiotroflhc zoic io whichthc flc hlr *artad. Thc rrEasrrc dividcdi4to zonca,cschhavidga numbarof
!INCLE
trDDEzoNGoEt€crrNc rvrr:n frworon:r :xorx]l !!.g!!!lJ:r bimctatlicthcrmostat6wirld iD rarica,and whichal! nornrlly clotad. A currcnrofsbout 4 lilitmF. i3 p$sadfor cootinuoutruFavi ion of thaciEuit Urudly a k.y-opcntadl!.t lwitch anda brcat-gh!! Dalual stetior |rE itrcludcditr .Nchzouc. Whcn c{n nt cc.!.3 to prss through ily circuit owitr8 to r ft! wbichoFr 6 s thaftroitst, or to brcatingof !h3t st r malod atatio!, ihc lbrd bGr rrc rurg; Tha oficc. of thc valch c.n lhco i$utrdy loc.t! thc zom etrdtrkc stcF for cxtiotuilhiog thc ftl. Thc rnalual darn boiaa att plac.d i! ful vicw of p6aladtaE,crlw, .Dd thc lra prtrol o6car.Atry F 30! oblcrvingthcftlt litn ofirE i! tblc to,ou!d 249
FIRE
cts'A'. Prtq, 164 d.rn, a.oa.l nbblrh Or.
'B'. FbDbrU.
Cra'q. UE.h.rriol n anL: mtod,
YEs--<.dLor C..!.. .lioljd. rtDIE drrr.. L.€ m nid'r. do. YE9..@[6L Crrtn iliotirL ir . oon.€c dur4r. IAd .o tr+
J-loft 1G25fl z5-t5fr S lb l0lb l5lb 25 lb lbl0ballb ,Olb2id
1.5,5,7.t, lr.al.of t.
2.r, J, to, lJ tt
NO
NO
YEI
Os .toG.l @.lq Fe
R6oed.d
ni.i6.
thc rbD by thc rittrpL rcl of bc.Lint tb. gb. by D..!r of. to.ll chsi&rttadd bromcr. Fili I l.l ihosr r typic.l layoutof two zotrasiD thc (il& ,yttao. A brlal iD thacirErit of cilh.r m firt adit& e|tniEg rt thadctldiog aabirct,rd op.6tio[ ofthc oonEolrwitch.. ttaa ildi|lar tha,o!o i! quc.tiotr Thcrr tu ro lioit to tbc lonb.8 of oirqria ncd itr lb .hip |Dd up to ffty apdraaca! bc Fotrdad o! aactr,oDa T9o cbcf.ic.t .ourcas!t! rr|d:-.-norDd rhip'r Drirt .rd r h..vydut!r, li:ldjrro 250
FIRB l.lord.C
Soitr r.i4 re/@,
Fidt&..|
..tn.. YEg--3dlb.t. wrr ud !..6n FiaEirion NO. W.rt r
No.v
Mrtq
bd.
nlr
drdLl
tDdd tt
airrddlcor
30-$ ft at30 n
lGlSm
a)fl
I liir
I Gs.--sld.ddftni
h lrd
NO
NO
ator|la b.tt ry utd.r tdclh d.tfc" Shouldth. Ddlr arPly frn, tlc b.fraw wfll .utom|ti.llly pfuk uP th! load rnd aarry tDalyttao for morctDal r *tc.l. Viriblc .trd audittLw.rning it inrn dltcly 8ir!o ot: (l) DoE ftnuF; (2) c.trbilg oftDcdtqdt; (3) |oy i.frts to c-lc ttc iitim aoor rvtcotlc syrtco it lol i! notntl oP.r.tiod; .nd (4) f.Irlr oftbc nr+.hrE bdlt Thc lyrtd rrb|irt i! op6diod I a 6i! dciac{orcvid thcd at'thrt offhc ftn two frultt ciin 251
2 irl I quti I tJ I qurn
FIRB e)1l lld& ldrb. Slof.n bcta Thir har plovadto bc oDcof thc Eort sdidactoryEce!! for dvirg s.r!i!8 of i!,.. ir holdr,ad hr bccoi! ..wkG for |onc rhiny F.it. Fi& I1.2 rhowt, dbgEmnrtic.ly, th. pipilg lsyoutfor o!! told wh.d catbotr dioxirtcaf,tiquirhing i! urd in conjuctior with tha rEotc d4actor.SrDplcroftbc hold atnoapha(ratr dtlwtr coltituoudy from ..ch prot6lcd hold itr thc 3iip .!d Frt d tbrough. d.tt ch.ntcr wbichi! trsvEn d by liShtfrom iiddrn ioutlcs. Thi. light i! trot yiriblc, fHltLxouSE 0alEctoi
cot toota flTH vttual ca|n|tal a v^Lvrr ttDoa trotc
Dattctot
taY otrt
ftoutE [, a
but ..nrt to lbonlly illuEber. eay rnoko ariri4 ftou tlc holt" Siloc cr.:h piFcld i. hbclc4 th! ootiry hold i! quic,Uy.!d .urdy lLotifld. ThFc i! Do po.sibility of fd|. r||rE; rhc ot c.v.r lnoet Tilb car|litrty thrt ,Eotc il iouiag fron a pdtiruhr hoH and hrt ! rouli DC.!u!oof tbr rdolc d.o.ig. O!c. it b dcbcb4 tb it! i. Eort cft.tit4ly d..lt f,it! by th. crtotr diod& loodilg tyrt o" Thi. ooe, ainaof a baitcry of.&d cylbrtcfi ootriniag th! gar, who6 cotri.o! c.! b. dirct&td .t EquirEddon! th! trhplitr! p.l.cr to.!y bol4 or hol&. Tbr fr| h pilvrorld hoo r!.Ai!S th. dcr.cdrs c.bilrt bt Ec.!| of . rhrF*ly rdv! wbichi. oFr!.d ioDdhtdy rh. hr.li!| boldb|. b.cn id.oti0.d rnd bcforDth. !.r L |!lG.l(L lb Vhl VLti!
FIRB it !rc.tly iocrEas6thc vilibility of 6ndl t .c!t of lmoftc, Thc bbct id.rior of tha ch.Ebci i3 rcnrslly quii! dath but ht! L6p. to rtrrDgpdtbrt seotc i!6uitrgfrom sly oftbc lasPlirtt PiF i! D!d. clcrly viritt . Thc hot-grlyaniscd,rolid{rarn, rtccl pipcafroE lhc hol& .dr. thc csbiftt at th. bonoE, wh.t! th.y at. coN.ctld to P.V.C. piFs kading up to thc vicwing ch.sb.r. Tbc.. piPci tcrninatc il l2-nsr diamctc.glasstub.s whichpdlsthtouShr brighdylit |tmp box. +in Thcir ardr protru& iito tha viawiDgchrmbct,wh€r! thcy art abialdad ty ncld cniEtr.tr, Thi! i! thor.,Din Fig. I 1.3. Ligit tr.vrls by inultiplc rcfcclion atrdrcfrecliotrslotrgthclc tubc., inadirtilg th. lcgion rcar thcir cndr eith e ditrusclight. Thi! is itr-
ttDo! vtat t aroxE oatEctoi ttcuit ||. t vi.iblc, but iluminatca lmokc i$ruirg from a$r tub.. Th. Y;.wi!8c,hrob.f wildow b atrgLd frosr Oc vcrticil to prcv.tt utwetrtcd Efactiod ftom ht rfcriry with thc vicw of thc chinncp. By liftirg. f.p o! rbc fro oftic vicwiig-cbaEbai,lba gLas tub6 ca! bc cxaeincd I fce irdaa bclow thc hmp bor. In tti, pan ofaach tubc i! e rmdl, mouldod !ylo!, proF:lcr-tyF d.aughl-indicaior vholc roratiotr itrdicatct lhd rh. li[c ir trot blocld. Thi! i! fttcd itr rhc whrclhousc fo. additioDd Tb Audtb lh.to.. proiaciio!" lD soEc v6scb thc dctlcling cabirct vith vi€witrg-chr$bcr rnay bc instrlcd in thc whcclho$c, eitbout ctrploing thc audiblc datlator. Tbc lattcr achicvls biSh sa6itivity by uriry both obocuntior and &fcctiotr oflight by smoka,ro uprat th. bds[cc ofa photcclcctric call cirfuit No thcrnioDic vslvc! d! ur.4 .trd I tp.cid rrrttrgcrnctrt
253
PIRE wihin ric cirEdt rvoid! fa&calrlot rlsultirlg froE coEpoocotfriluF. ThGhyout of thainrtnrmcotir ihowniD Fi& I 1.4. A corocrt at d ilamcnt lsEp rDd lcns ford| & parillcl bGaD,Allor tbc bcaDh!! b..o Fducadto aqurE cro$-lcctiotrby a DNlk it F|!ai thouSh ! .lighdy lar8.. lquat! of bw!rd-frd!& b.t'iGr-LFr-tyF photo.c.I!. Th6c rI! vcryataug rcquiringnohigh.rdaiotrrupply,rtrd ar,onormdly illuDinatld by oDlyr lndl tmo|mt of rt ay lighl ro tbt Thir otlrEdt thc output of thc four in pdralcl i! ibout 15micro-ampa. is b.lancd by thc outputof thc crd ocu,whicbli.. it. |Ddl rlglc to
ENO
,Al.FLES
ttoDE AUOtalc ltaola o!?EcTol FlcuFl ll. a
thc dircctiotrof thc b.am rnd Ocnforc rlcirl' lidt obliqurly, Thc orinotatioDof thi! ccll fu sdjustrtic itr ord.t to bh[c thc ciMrit itritilly. Thc prcscnccof rmokcio t[. dctrdor qrtt of light ftom thc codccll erd ltfcct roDc otr to tt cclb oftta lqurrr" Tbadificr@ i! outputcurrlotr thu. cNrcd pc|r.3 tbrongh. rdry lhi.h, otroFrfioq c.u!6 thc rudiblc rDd vi.usl sl|tDr to fimctid. fwo fo|E rc.blc caulc' of fallc rl|rD itr aucho ryailD 6rc Sradurlilctarirtrfiod ofa photo-.cll .trd .low di{ortio! of th. proj.cfor&Ep ihD.nt Th. circrit i5 tbcrdor€ amnfpd !o thrt citbE of tLa.acvtntr cau€ r fiult indicarionindaadofa falsadarn. MouDicdabovarhc wh..lhoura|ro f*o ildataodaot c.lrrtti! tlotoaa driyitrBtbc ndr aamptitrgfar. ThGitu, $ould ba altaalafo,ald a chrl8r-oYlr rwitch i! providcd3olhat ca(i motor fiuati@a ody oo 254
FIRB qhault v.lrc ory bc tct to dirchrrgc tha lanplld dt rnrta d!y!. Thc air !o t[c amo6phcr!, or, a! a! additioorl dcbatoa' it crn ba aanto crhlult into th6 th6hou.c. ttr thi! wsy thr pt.$oc. of,ook ir aho aaallcd. Thc viaual{ctlc{or crbinct i! coDlcctcd to tia rudibLaetaclor by s connoa pipc, 8!d itr tbi! Pty thc pr6co!. of ftt si&in thr |hip ii dctcctld. whilc d.ct locstio! ir sford.d by itrtPccrio! of ttc virl|d' ch$bcr. Th. Lyout itr Fi& ll.2 .void! p$ring rhc lrmplilt piF dl tbc ary to tbr whcclhoulc: thi! i! s Drjor.dvantrgc' Prrti@irdy vllo thc systltD i! to bc i!6ttlcd iD r lhip altsdy coDttrudad. Thc rhm bclb rn|y bc iDltlllcd iD th! whc.lhoura !d cogin}room' with edditioDal b.I! fttcd in thc Offccrt' accoEEodatio for uaoth.o i! pon. Tbc ssDc rpplid to thc flult rtrtmt, whbh amit I tlrro! !otc. i;aettv, rlc srtGm giv.s acvdrl typ6 of rlrrrn wbich at! h.rc surbmffirad: ( l) Thc rilriDr of alrtm bclt.
izi rm iurfoiietion ofa colourcdlight within tbc *hldhout ' (3) Tbc odourof smokcin thc whcclhoula. il') thc uc* ofsookc in thc rudiblci.ilclor cabi!.| (t Thc ameat t o! tta front of thc cabi&t iodicataaa! ouhul cut' rcnt. Orcc a ft! i. ddlcrcd, thc ramplingpipc fton t[it hold rhould bo plu88E4thacndccll rcsct,addtbctyttcd continuaato dctlc'toth'r ftt| whilc ighting thc initid ooc.
(9 Th. rciin Lo..! Ist Gt GcrldrS PLtt Bsic Prb4La Thit cquipmcotproducdrn uolimit d rupdyofi!.d |s! bv burDhi Diaacloil bair, thc oxy8.n bci!8 conY!flrd to crrbo! Iioxiic aoa .atcr. Aftlr thc produccdg!!at hevc baaocoolcd ald w'!h.d th.v arc dirlclrd to thc tI! zonc.Tb. gcocrdor catr dclil,t( ]lm-l ,m;tof lrs pc. hourrt ro outlctpE turt of 1Dgr 9crcmr. xuI)-SO0Of Thi! E cG thc ftlishting Equircmcnlsof r 3!ip, lhc |trgclt hold of 7-8lb Fr inr 2m(m ftr *tri"n U" " grtio ""p".itt of aru tn]. ga3 i! 13follo*r: Thcs lFi! of th.
t5% Nitro8etr . t4% Carbor dioridr . r % Orygcn Ncsligiblo Sulphurdioridc atrdcarbonmonoxidc Bv adootbr ! tcchorqucof wrtlr coolilg by dirrct con.lcl with tho es.-thc cooli-orDrocesi! combincdwith I clcotrtitr8trtd tatubbilt iaion. wtrichrcrnovcsthc bull of thc ,olublc scidic glcr whic! cra rc:ult irom thc pGcacc ofsulphut or limiLr iDpuritiaawithidthafiral" ft. Phd conp.i!.. (l) a blor€r drivcd by (2) .n..lctrto notol o! 255
FIN.T
21 gl
Di6cl atrgioc. Thc lattcr dso drivas an altamator to providc clcctrical pow€t for (6) add (7). (3) A comFct, combiDcd,codbostion and .cmbbiog unil (4) Fucl pump, c.otlols, instruDcntation, safcty intcrlocks, ctc. (5) Piping rystcnf co rol valv.s, ruitablc dischrrgc ittiogs, c!c. (O A watcr purnp drivlo by (7), atr cl€ctric motor. Thc burncr consumcsrouShly120litrcsof Dics€loil pcr hour. Th€ burncr L ignitd by rn.atrs ofmain snd stend-by lpark plu83 powc|d from thc sbip's mai$, via tr!trsforocrs or @ils, or froD thc Dicscldrivcn altarnator. Thc idcrt ga! fu prcvcn&d fron b.itrg cont ninatcd with watcr droplct!, sttcr wa5hitr& by mcaosofa b6flc systcmwithi! thc dclivcry pipc, It is dclivcrcd to lhc 6re zonc at both dcck and dcckhcad lcvcls.
(4) Tbc U3. of Fh. G.r for lmnbS tons AI t&tcrs ovcr 20,m bnn€3 (and if lcss th.tr that 6gu&, only if bns cquipp.d sith cnrde oil washingsystrm) arc rcquir€d to be fttcd wilh incn-8assystcms.Thc most favourcdand practicaltyp€ is that which cmploysthc flue gasfrom tbe fun[cl. Thc analysisofthis easis in the ordcr of: oxygpd4 2%, carbondioxidc 13 5%, nilrogcn?7%, sulphur dioxidc0.3% and watcr vapou. 5%. fic fu. gasis passcdto a scrubbingtowcr whcrcthc gasis clcen.d and coolcd, A typical toncr cmploys trays of sca-rratar,onc abovc thc othcr, with thc waGr falling from top to bottom. Th. ovcrflow from thc bottom tray is pipcd ovcrsidcthrough an cfllr.nt lin. and will contain sulphuricand sulphurousacid formcd by r combinalionof sulphurdioxidc and watcr. In cascsof bad combustion,oily vapour may find its way into thc towcr and tr condcnscd.As this passcs ovcrsidc thc vcssel may tr committing a pollution ofcnca. Thc gas bubblcs up from thc lolrrr tray to thc top, posscsthrough a dcmistcr !o i€dovc moistu.eand is thcn piFd to thc tanksthrougha dcck scal, which ects ss s onc-wayvalvc and is dcaigncdio prcvcnt csrgo gnsfrcm passingback to thc cnginc room. By this timc thc gas is about 2'c abovc thc scaicmpcralurc. Thc oxygcncontentofthc gasmust bc kcpt bclow 5 Zo-which .lso inhibits corrosion in thc tanks. An alirm is usually 6ttcd to givc warningif thc oxygcnriscsto t%. Thc lowcstoxygEnconocnt.ationis found whcn boilcrs arc vrorking at full load. Tank ullagrs arc 6llcd with incrt gas for thc loadcd passagrand will vcnt otr in hot climatcs as thc cargo cxpsnds. As thc ambicnt tcmpcraturc lowcrs, morc 8as will havc to bc injcctcd. Whcn thc cargo is dischargpd, thc incrt 8rs is drivcn in and this prcssurcaids pumping of thc cargo ovcrsidc. Thc cmpty tsnk cln thcn cithcr bc lcft full of incrt gas,or gasfrccd, o. clcancd-Clcaning crn bc 256
FIRE gas w,th inart in thc compartmcnl.On lhc olhcr hand, as carricdout jt may b€ ballaslcd,in which cascthc incn is thc iank ampty, soonas will vcnted on bc css lt shouldbc notedthat inmcdiatclyaftcr dischatgrof thc cargo,th. incrt gaswillbcmixedwith tomc hydroaarbongasarldlhccompartment wallnccdto bc purgcdwalh|norcincrt gasbcforcclcallrngcommcncs. This purgingmay lakc up to 2E hoursand shouldcvcntuallySivc an crplosimetcrreadingof | % or lcss. (5) g.lor
Gs (1301) CFr Br This is the tradenamcfot a compoundchcmicallyknown as bromo_ elso known as BTM. Halon is colourlcss'odourlcss' trifluoromcthana, non-conduclrve altd five times heavict than eir. It iohibita thc chemical rcactionof fucls with orygcn. lts SrcatadvantaSais lhat it has low toxicityto humansand is safcforuP to 4-5 minutcs.It boils a! -57"C -?l'F and fr!€z.s at -l6E'C. It is up to thirty timcs morc cxpcnsivcthan -271'F carbon dioxidc bul is an idctl substanccfor rapid i.jcction into *orking spaccssuch as cnginc toons. Only 5% of thc spacanc.ds to bc fillcd with halon iD ordcr io Gxtinguisha frc. (6) BCF or Hdon l2l1 CF, Cl Br h is Thc chcmicalnamc for this is bromochlorodinuoromcthanc normallyfouod in cxtinguish.rsand is a very cfrcclivcsmothcringgEs' which for shon periods of exposure may b€ regarded as non-toxic ll tends to vaporise more slowly than Halon l30l and is therefore better suied to.extinguisher use, as a Pirtial liquid iet. Halon 1301 however is slightly saler for breathing and can be used in inhabited spaces, assuming nomal evacuation.
257
CHAPTEX. XII
DRYDOCKING AND LOADLINES
IIIE STAAIITY ASPDCT (EQU I.LY APPIICISLE TO VESSEuI AGTOUND) r tu d6irdblc ttat . Ercl cotcriaga drydoct .hdl bc upridt !trd bavcr rDall amout of rim by thc ltlfir' for tlctr rhc will itritisly rcatoo thc block! at thc ettffDoct poitrt of b.. tcl Shcwil thctr pivot rbout thfupoidt b a vcrticalpbdc !i thcsatar Lval fsllsa may dlo bc pivotcdLtcrauy by DC{!! of hcr fotc bEa.t-lincaao ttlt hat kcclmly bc rlis!.d eilh ttc bloctr. U il thc eat.r Lrll fa& bclowthc taat thc iEs!cl'! wcith! ia 6uF poltld p.rfly by tlc block! sld Frdy bt lhc xrlflf. Th. upsEtdr!.c. tion of thc tccl blocls Esy bc cotrlidcrd a! a lagatirc t{aight i! r morDcotcalcul.tioo,prodrcing! daciralain tbc rhip'r stability,rrd it i! Dolt imlort|trt th.rtthcBrcl rcoiirr rtlblc until 3hctrlca tbcbloctl alotrgtbc foll lcn$h of hcr kccl, i.a wh.o .h. i! err4 for urtil tti! rooircnt Orclitc shor!. c.!trot bc .rrduly ritSod.Onoothc !E$al i! lr|!r..[y suppofld by rtor!* hcr rtlhili9 coDditioni! of !o prtctic.l ootlLrluarca. A f.rv a|oEcnts'thougbtwill rtrrkc it tpFrlrt io th. F.d.. tLt th! upwrtd thrurt of thc kc.l block! rft ir llrt rcquird to d6ttoi tto Yt.aal',trin until rhc i! scwEd,!!d murt th.rcforc b. itr dir.ct paoponion to thc trio valuc Tha rcadcrmaypidcr to collidcr thc litrc of bloct! moviagupv|td! towrr& thc k al: that nakc contrcl rft aod €xcrt 6 IErtaiDforccrvhichis r lo3rin dilplaccrrctrt(if thcbloclr u! aupponilg 9an of thc 6tdp'twcigbt,l[cn thc watlr cutrot sbo bc doingtbia).!d ar/lrtuauymlkc contactthroughouttba thip'r lcl8th .r ahatilb $out rn rrh*artahiF ari!. Cotrsid.lr vc*scltrinmd 25 ce by ttc 6trm aDdbiviDg a nolrsot to cbrng. trio I cm (M.C.T.I cm) of 25m tooncr"cE Thc aftar kc.l knucllc fu 50m flodl thc rippingccntft or o?dtrcof fotation. Th. momcntcausingthc initial trim is 25 x 25m totrD6-cE. Tha6odDt d6troy6g thir trim b r forc. P x 500()toaDc&aD. Th.y a& aqud &rd tlardorc, 25x250m-Px50 FroE whic,hP : 125rotrDc3.t tha iistaot of lcwitr& 258
DRYDOCXING AND LOADLINBS If hcr itritial dbplacanantrws lom lontrca4nd hcr lotr!6 Fr cm was25,thc! her displacc$€nt iDnersion C[,P.C.)at that displacemcnt whiL bcingicwld bccoEca9875tonnd snd shc1o3.!5 cnr of da.tr draudt. At tha sanc tillc thc 125tonncsupwardthrust llduc brr stlbility, and il is for rhis rr.lon th.t th. ioitial trin by thc .t rtr shouldbc kcpt as lov as possiblc. Oncatha ship is f,at otr thc blocls shaloscsroughly 25 tonnq of ditphccrDcntfor cvcrycrn lossof maandrauSht.i,c. an amouDtrquol to herT.P.C. for tlc €xbtingdmugbr.This increalilg thrustat the ke.l blocts atc.adilyr.duc.s thc shiy'sstsbility by an amountrqurl to P -#x K G cm,i.c' a dscio thapoaitionof thcccntrcof gavity. wh.ra P is thc lossofdisplaclmantin tonn€s,fis thc iritial displacamrni in lonncaand trC thr distsnccof thc ccnir. of gravityabovcthc Lal mcr3urEditr cm. GENEnII. PROCIDI,NE Bcforc clteriag a drydock, tba folowing it!D! should ba Sivcn ritltrtion:
nt fr A ful strd dctriLd lirt of rrpqin to bc carricdout s'hiL iu dock rhould bc prcporld,duplicirhg at lcrrt.ix copica!o that !I hlc&atcd Ftti6, rucb a! tbr O*l.aq thc ,bip'r Oficctr, ihc ,hiptrpair Mrtr. rga6, thc fonocd, ald th! Dockms5tcr,cro cachba providd with r lirr. h doclqaaanitld ttry bc 6oar.d ofr thc lirt ar aoodaath! rcF r i! rccoDpliahcdto th! raridrctiotr oflbc Oficar or Sufftor i! ohrr8c. DrqI d lit I! o|!y c 6 tD6c trE rtipulatld by thc D@k Auttoritia* wbotatr ilto accoudthc dcptbofwatlr rt thc dockr l whadl[a $!acl ir !ch+ ddodtoc rr, rDd rbo tt d.cliitf, L.,6c slqr. oi tbc bl6t! rt t[. dock aotreDc, Thc Dockmaltarrhould bc ilformcd of lla draqlt ald Eim .r roon r! pocsibLro that ia Day bc atrlc to Sivr dnFb loticc if hc tlquitl. thc6 to b. dt ttd St-ts lFafra Tbc Docr!o..!.r .hould t lotiird of ttc poritiod of b re fcc!, if any, tbc nlo ofrbc at o, lhc typc rrd truDbcf,ofpropdfit rnd tha poaitionofacho-rouldq tn mitt6 ud rccaivau!it!. Any proEudint bfr (rli t E rEcordcft)rhouHbcpithdrrwn into tb hull 259
DX,YDOCKING AND LOADLINES Cafo Thc Authoritie rhould ba;nformd ofthc criltcDccllrd dilpolition of sDycr.go withiDihc r'!*rcl. Thir rubjcct*iU bc da.lt with iD 'lorr dctlil tl I Ltr. 3tr8a. Itlotrl'L W4ilt Th6c lhould ba ,aqrrcd,sinccit i! d6ir$lc that thc vlst€l should bc ia thc samccolditio! of frim, pEfcnbly hrgc *ability, ald zaroli!t, both wh.n cDtcrins!!d fnlly l.&vidgthc doc.kTatt! lhould bc citlcf full or crnptyao tbat !o f&a rurfrc6 aiirt which rr! datdmcntalto rtsbility. Thc fotr rld rtlcr pcrt ta*r shouldptd6.bly h. .opty, aiica th6c r& dific'rrltatra! to lupport with ahor6,ard thc lt lcl may bccomchogSad,Ai aootrs! tho v6scl i! !awd, thc talls !!d bil86 ahouldba loundcdtbroughortthc rhip, rld thaaarsdingr rtE duplicatcdbcforcrcfoaling thc vrsscl.A lirt of loudingr nay bc givctrto t[c Doctmatcr. If tett! ar! full thcE is thc advr sgcof bai[g rbL to rapidlyotlcrvc lc.t!. DrirlA* G.{r.t+ .i Ar&fr Th..c rhouldprlfcrrt y bo i! tic sto$rd po6itio8 boti wh.o .ot6. iDged lc.vilg thc do.k. Irt .fL! fb Iroct I! porb ofdoubtful a6ci.ocythc Mrttcr ihould, if po.litrlc, vicwthc docl *!ad drt rnd &cariainthrt: (a) mitrbL .nd .frci. .horirg rr..!t dcnb .!c Fovirtd; (0 tho fal bloclc.hv! lcrd rop .uftc.r, rt! ortoly djlpGrrd, .!. .ub.tlsthlly coBtnr{.d, r,!d |t! udrDlgd. Tbcy tbould n turrlly cxtrtrdtumcicadyto acoDDodrtc thcrl. l'.lccl: rrd (c) wh.rhcr bil8. bloct! or bd! rrr provid.d, Thc atori!8 ofa ilaral in i drydoct ia vrry naaa$rry,rire t[c up e.rd ptt..ur. of th! tod tlocL f.!d, to pnth thc ft*rcl out of O.F, rh. Ul86 .'r i!cli!.d to .ag; .!d thc ridc plsting t dd! to inclirc outsrrd!" Wood6 dd! (br.ot) .ho&r .!. pLo.d b.tw..d thc hut-iidc pLtiry and thc doct rid6, wbic'h.r! .t ppd into .rt4rr to t t thc rhorr hccl&DrLiDgoartaiotht thoh.ed of thalhol! rcatao[ a fraDa, lhu! avoidiogplstr iadc .tiotr!. ThcaaahoG. lrc itrclird diSbdy rbov! rhc horizontrl.A.ccord l^F of lho.l3 (bilg! ahorca)lr,c oftao rig8rditr r dmihr Du[cr butjult rbovr tbctoundof ttc tilg!" ltr romc dockrth..c lborB str hydnulicallyoFrrtad ald .t! hourd, *hcd trot itr u!c, iDtha doct *ft., A litrc of bilgptrloclo,ic. b!.vt b.u[r of tidb.r built up ilto mF 2&
DRYDOCXING AND LOADLTNES porb siDiLdy to kcclblocl,, r& ofic! r Fm!trGnt f.sturc of thcdoc.t, |!d thougl mor! vid.ly rpcocdthan tccl blockr,thq, .!c v.luabL i! $pporting thr t ilgrs,but thcynult bc plao.dnldcr s loogitudirsl ridc !itd6 i! ordrr to tvoid stridtr8 thc pbtitrg.Onocthcdocki! dry, th6. bloc.t! rt! built up to thc plsting by dcin! ofcrt. woodr! p6ckioS pirccarnd wdgps.Thcyr& ofparricuhr iDportrnccwhcnthc vc*rclir partly or frrlly laden. Bilge blocks sometimesrcmove the n€cd for shorcs. Orcc thc Kcl ba! cntcrcdlhc dock,thc crfusonSttc will bc iost d iDtopLcaard loclcd. Thc vr.scl wil bc rliSBd ovtt thc fcd block by foffrtd ad r& aod thcnthc ttc DocbDscr, usirg hb dockinS-bohd docL eil bGpumpcddry. Thc followingpointr shouldnow b. Sivc! itLntioo: c|lEff Ar tlc *rcr lcvclfalb, thc ship'! ridc vill bc scrubbcdclca! by Ec! woatingfrom foatiDgpotrtootu.If tha*stcr lcvd fslJ too quicklt thc .lr.nin8 vill bc hssty strd incomplct. Cloaclirilod with thc Doctm8t!r aiy nEult in s slovitrSoftha punPingntc dutitrgthit rcLtivdy iDportantFriod. C!rc rhouldta tdlcn to rccthrt troPotrtoonrllound otr tbc proFllan or dtetB. &ra Tbr.c cdnot bc.ccurld in plicc uotil ihc v...!clis sc*ad,but !! toon rt rhc hr! doacthi! thcy wil bc rw|mgilto plaocby ahotEcrmct aad mustbeheadcdagainstframesro avoidhull distortion.If the vcsrclis in r Endci cotrditiotroocl rtabiily propcrticr),tbc ahor.. msy b. rougblyril8ad a! iood a! thc va$cl cortrct3 fba blockt a$ ctrd tbc cultd' puopitrgmrybccodpLt lyltopp.dwhilctt yrcb.iagtudlyt OF thadocLir dry, thc folowirS itao! 6u!t bc cortidacd, tbaliat lot bain8in rtry chFrologi€l ord6: For. @rd.11 shorct.hould bc ri88d itr Plscc,pinictlrrly bcicrth ttc forc Ft lrll wbcrr thc kaalblocL do rot givcanydupport. Iok riould trw bccl roudcd a! loon !! thc vt*lcl iat itt on thG bloc.b,or cbc doncnow eithout dday. Dtrcicrgarett oFdcd ol,rtlidc for i8p.cliotr. Bsnc pbtaanry bc radrovrdfor clc.dng and cootingotr thcir intrcr aurfacct,d!.r thich tbcy.tr wcldd bdckinto phcc. yat r Crorrarlhoold bclock d !trd arr'ngFmcdt!Dadcfor P.f'orln.l to osctoilcts within !h. dock ar.a. ln 6hipsfittcd with scplic tanks, errrnglmcatsrnay bc nadc to drain this tank itrto thc ahorcscwcn. to drrin lhc tank dirccdyiDto lhc Altcmrtivcly it rnaybc pc.mi&sibla docl outld drain chrnncls.
xl
DRYDOCKING AND LOADLINES FhG Art'ntlnctrtr rhouldbc D!d. to provirlctLc rltlcl with tn dcqult! supplyofirlatiting vlrcr, lrd i! .dditiotr, dl ft! rpdiuc.r ihould b. rcadyfor inltmt u!c. Flqu.ddy tbc Doct Authoritid povidc r ftt4ehol lcrvicc ehcrrby o* or nol! ritc.btDc! vilit cr,.ry Fn of thc rhip a.ci hour, thcir Eowmao&bcingEcordadby ruitsblyphcod tiEa docb, Adtta Thir .hodd b. phccdsboordt[c shipifpocsittc, FirErily for npid ruD&ori!8 of ft! or aDbulrtrcclcnicca. E.tldt' gcctakity lrppliaa, auitablcfor thc vraacl'3cquipEcot shouldbc providcdif tha Di6cl gcnrrdo8 ltl to bGovrrblulcd BoilcB vrill ba allorDd to bu! do*!. ,tn.@rt Msn mty bc nlgd by wldiDg r .uitrttlc cablcto . bdFd u!. of hul pLti!& ThGody oth.r.artbiry routcr .nihtic in r .hip rBting od *oodca blocLrrr! alo!8 lhc sir! hsvlan, vifth Ery lot providcgpodcootactrat thcir Gxrrcditi6. IIot WG Thi! mult bc rupplird for cooliq rtrd wrlhiry frdlitic., .Dd if thc tlaaal'a ddcrtic bratidg cquipE ot i! to bc ortrtluLd thc Dock AutboritiaaEsy Inovilc clccrricwet r boilcl!" W.ldraa WrtclEad 3houldbccmployldto ptlrtdt umurhodlcdp.rrola froD bodditr& rnd to 8ao.ta[y rtt dd tbc 8aDgr.y. Ih{h }tut! ul Inrr.E T!60 Dry b. rlp.iat 4 tncforD.r tdng cL.c&.dty th. .hipriSht!. AtonSthc .idc plat'rngth.r. .r. oftcn rE U rpot of wld.t o c6t i! bol! cl!!.ili!G. Th€c .r! join d by r chr& litrc .trd th. dr.uSbt m!r*r rt! cltaild foaaaq|trr], u3ingthir ar o dEtuDli!a, It it !om+ tim6 coDroicnt to efi|trgo for Oa loadlila lurl/ty to coincidc{ith a dtydoctirg tbarcDsrls hntrt lmniD.d rt lha aaootiEa, Dr{e Thc $.!cl w l bc cdrfirlly rurvcycdby thc OEc..r, . Lloldl Hul Sgwryor,ttc CoDFtry! ElSin GfSuFitt orltot rDd dro th. Do.t262
DRYDOCIrINO AND LOADLINBS }r.td ft|trrflr, Tha Mrrina Sup.dntaodantir rbo Farant. DGo&d d|&r viu b. .tni!it!o.d (f!ircd), b.d!g io !Di!d thrt tho.otroo!,!d for tlir puipoia eil hlr! ro ba horo-tc.td or rlplload.nt. W.apirS dwt6 .nd ..aD! eil bc c.u&cd, thc tril .!d |hrf(.) Day b. vithdraw! foaaxrmirrtion oflirq rcrl{own, rd thcruddararrDi!€d fo( eurpcorioawtar. Ttc propcllcrbhd.. *ill b. .s.rni!.d for tip d&r.8. |!d thco polilhcd oD thcir rufaor.. l\,t d lirtiq aEar of d|nlgp, or pbt6 whichEquitc sc.ling;thc !hc[ pLttlg pL! viU b. u!.d, b..ri!8 i! mind ttrt pldai lr! lunb.rld fioo d lnd lcttlrld from thc !trboatddrata ('A) upwrd! tovird! tbc rhccr ltrrtc. Td Atry t!trtr whichnccddrridng wil ha\& thcir plug! r!6ov!d frca thc rbcl phti!& ioto irldc,hthcy arr u!u.[y rlc€led if thry hls ! Fotnditrg hcxrsen l b.ad to prlvr it .h.rri!& Th... plu!' Eud to Dhc.d in ..fb cultody .nd rcpLc.d b.for! thc dockit noodcd. Cdoachcdd Atr.n8ro.!t for thb .hould bc Gldnin d ty thr irrtrling ftu rld uodaa rwx/ld shrrc trquitrd. Thc ,i!c phtaa itr wry of tba rtat! frrEc Dr', lrd rtocwitrgif brdly conodd. Tharcrcprc..ot ttt catti6t dlod of carhodicprotlctiod, ald it i! of itrtcttst to lotc thlt r,bao Sir HuDpbry D.W daaitlcd that, thcir putpGc var uodatltoodao litd. tt t thc),wr oft.o 6tt d to woodcnrbip.. A|tu! ol C.tLt Tbcrc Dry bc r.trSd i! thc doct bottoE for glairi!8, taatingfot slrrdowD, chanSingtha ciblc Loglhr, ll-Er*i!8, rcnced of lcd FllcE, and at thc ,.Dc timGthc c.hlitr lockar ca! ba cLatcd |trd *rld/coatcd if mcc*ruy. (thc rrrd6 ia bdc rcf.rttd to Chapar I.) PrbS Tbt rifl lroaaaly bc coDDldcad0r aoo! $ tb. rttscl it drt !!d baE bottod ha! bcaoclcatrcdof dl Smttha" Thdc llc Frtiofidy caidlot .t phrc LFjoirb, rld .r! litdy to b. ilEond doc to lbr t .t phcrl hc.droon ir liEitd for eo*itrg: Tbc lowcr .idr. of tib. tclt rr! frr$atly tbicuy co.t d with Erri* trovthr. Thc d.?o.itt Ely !!ad .liilg of if rlry h|nt, ird i! roDc.|!6 th.y ur burncdoE a Foccrr (',,fd&'a,da. Wb.rGtb. hutl Filts.t ir ir goodconditioor fttri oo.t of.!ti. fouliogi! atl tbat ir lcc.srary, .pplicd owi i qubt dryiry cot of.!tifouliDf ordrrafit, ehich scrb aDdbindr tboturf&c ofttc old p.int rnd 263
5m fi2 D.r C
3mftuFrC 5(Dft' pcrltl
DRYDOCKINC AND LOADLINES msk6 it compstiblowith lhc entifoulirg coEporitiotr.WtcD thc pdarworkir lrrzcd or pittcd,esoflcnoocuFi! wry of thccollisionbulticrd duc to a$.bor-.rblc chefc,thc aurfaooshouldba clcdrd, rEoothcd, rd co.trd eiti. m.tallic pritrc whichi! .nticorrociyc,Tbit ir frdly covsld lrith rntifouliq prinl Ifthc v6scl ha3rt3tld otr thc t cl bloct! in . diftr.ot Do6itio!fron l.r5ttimc, prtchcaof har kc.l wilt ba bat! or abortof r ifouling, snd pafiiculd rttantio! shouldbagivld to thi! rt!d. For lcs or b6r! pLtiog (ard oftcn s fsw plst6 rtr rcrlcd rf c.ch drydockiDgh ordcrlo LGaprhc aufaca!dooth), ttrcr to four cost! of mctsllicprim6 ihould bc epplid, foUo*rd by o[c coat of aotifoulitrS, To mrkc surcth.rt thc primhg cost! alc proFrly applicd,it is ofLn codvcdicDt to uscNaprratccolourNfor cachco!! aaypint, bro\N!,ald ydlow. ID thb yry, my patchcashortof Fint wil bc.voidd, in .ddi. tio! to wbichttc O6car rDd poirt forrm.n c.! i!fillrly ararr thG progr!6! of ttc pailtaf& A! long!! pGlible abouldbaa[owld batx,!c[ thcsccost!,whi:h dry in about four hours.Thc covcringcapacityis about l0 m! pcr liac. This irimcr hr3 a vcry high rcsbt$cc to watcr,and r iurfaccwhichis compatiblcwith .ntifoulin& whichis now spplicddLEt. Atrtifouliry compoditio!i! applicdh odrr that thc dow tnd constrtrt aolutio! of thc roxio sub6tanca! *hi:h it cootaitrtwill kcaDtbc rbip'r .udaccio m elti!.ptic condition,o that rc meritrcgrowti cea obtah s foothold;thc prirt i! thu5r .torc for poironou mltarid& but ttc antiraltic conditior ir obtiDrd ody st thc crpcolo ofr daplcliotr ofihir ,torr' i! olhcr wod! it i! r erltirg proc6s.ThGcompolitiotrof thc pabt mustbc auchttrt it base bigblycoDtrollcdrab of toxi, d.plctioo. Th6a mrtcrirb str dcriv€dfrom coppcrrtrd mctrury. Arrcnic i! occ.6iomllywad, but is fsr morr cfrcclivclypoilodour on higbcrbioloSicalordcra. Bccaus€of their constituents,atrtifouli!8 paints are cxFnsive bul shouldrcwr bc tbitrtrcd,s! thi! h a fdac ccotromy.It is dlritBod to bc eppiid ot r carlsidcoBistcncy,!d atrythi!trilg wil rcduccib protactit/cproFrtic!. Thc pric. is uruauydircctly proponioDd to thc ,trllgth .trd du.rtio! ofthir prot!c{io!" If, h etrE dio.tln lhc Firt i. fourd to b. rhir, two coau .hould bc .pdicd. thc rtrodtlrt |Dd mostcxFisivc atrtifouliogcowrt at thc rda of about6.5 mr F litrc. Antifouling undcrcoatscovcr at thc ratc of sbout l0 m, pcr lit r and dry in abou! two hou.s. Anlifouling p6int should .lwsys bc epplicdovcr thc undcrcoator 6nsl primc. not latc. than tw€nty-four hourr slLr thc forEcr h8 &icd. It murt lctrci ttctr bc dlorcd !o dry hard unl6s of poltuEthrnc basc.Thc dock mustthcraforrbc floodcd bcfr6 dr ad trcoty-fou hourrsftlr ipplicltio! of tbc cotrlp6itiod. Thc boot-toppitrgthould bc cdrcd aithcreith ctraEclp.itrt or ab 4
DRYDOCIONO AND LOADLINES with dtifoulilt ooepositior, thc lati.r b.i!t Fcfcnblc, ,irc. tu!.d lrowtb b nod cridlot at, lrd trcir, thc v|!ci tufrcc. EuDcl pi!t, hotcrlr, i. fa! norr c.lily clc.trd of oil rtritrr. A difctlnt colourcd |ltifoEliry n|y bc ur.d if r!..ir!d, no.O.St ccrttio dock',ldr u! uliDgtti. Dcthodof paitt tloovd h prdcrcoccto thc trlditiord Gling Thc illtruDctrt i! virtudly. Su-.upplid (ory{c.tylrn ) blorllmp, but th! IhDc ir coitt d froo r widc-o3lo flhtdl rFJtur! lnd quictly tloovr. p.iDt, horlE tii.k or old. lL. th.d bc wirt-btutb.d by r D|n folo ilt rhc frD+ d.tirt.hodd opcr or. Thc naatod h|! thadvaltagc tLlt th. Ddal it low dty ald r|rD !!d rhut itr.l for priltil8. I! d{ep cotrditior! it i. rdvitrblc to u-t .D!offourEar; oFm|trburla of thcpdtrt,I Htde.nfollow clorc bc.bitrdflirqbrolbitr8 thc pl|tilS oL.!, tnd ttG
[email protected]!i!8 teo folov dotrg wih rhc f'tt prioilg cort Tbdt i! o!! point to bGe.tch.d, iorcvlr, shich it Eo|t inpotllnt. Dorbg runcyr it ory oocurtl.t th.r! eil b. r SuEfor .nd O6err cs|ninint oil trDl undcr"tr;.5 n166 clarirg ir ia Fo!ft'|. ThGolty r! iduGo! the irlidc botton platilg quic&lyvaporircailto rufrocatint fumcs.Shot bl$ting, saDdbhsting md ultrr*onic clcaningarc rsf.r ncthods in thk rcspcct.
c|.d.E$ry-addravourahouldbc&!dc to t ? thGabip.| cL.tr ar poadur, |!d whilcdccl-walhingEly lot baoo rloioo! tbrtc ir rc rcr.toorby .- ltlqry d.ily lqlcpiDg rhould not bc c.nld ou.. Arrrtr$o.db rhouHta ba& to bavctL !hip', alfutc rtoovld at ftaquaotitrt wab, panicuhrly i! hot rc.tiar. ll.t {.frdlt G.0 If tbc lhip ir lighl rtr dDir.th oDporturitt,it .fordd to c.r!y out ia.tiDg!!d clcaling of thit tyrtaorty lncrrr ofcoDfr!$ad air. id
Wh ttv w&l h rdy a att4/t:
lo lew th. t tttto& th.lotbwhg lta'lt dn
Dbit . Tb rhould brvr dl non-rctt|lr vdw. npL..4 .!d b.fr.. ittql (rh! .uDpli.d). 5
DRYDOCKING AND LOADLINES E A[ t !t! rhorld hv! fhcir u!d! rr.r drd! dugr i! phcc, rld ln o6t drtdoc,lr thc do.&ir lotlood.d Efil tbcDoctE !t ri! Fr.cor.d with . risrod c6t'$c.t .t tilt thrt .! O6s h.r illFctad tb hul |!d i! &ria6adon Oi! comt tb Thr .hip'r lot thould bc.DM
to ..c ibrt it oo!td!r:
O) Th. tiDc rt *tich thc vr...l .di.r!d th. doc.k (2) Tbo tie. rt tvtnh tbc lrc '|! clo.od (3) It tiD! rfi.o pnoDi!8 cobo.oc.d. (4) TDorinca wbro tbarraal *|t rt|.d ard alto xAairrtc dod '.r drt WLd Lovi!8; ib. lot .hould c@trin: (l) Tb dD! rn.[ foodn8
[email protected] (a Th. tino rlro lh. r'q.d fo.ad. (3) Th. dD6 {h!d thc trtc irr op.o.d |'d rft.|r th. r! rd Lft th! doa&. A rcpon .hould bGnrDi.hd ro thc orDtt r.t i!i!t . ooP!|.bo.t'4 dving .ll th. .bolt tiD.r, &tr r of tbc wort doo. i! docL,tto q!|ltiti...!d tlF of Fitrt tr!.4 thr Mrh. SoFitrt odcot'. ophim of thc idlirl cotrditionof tbc udlrf,.t r Firtworlq |!d dl oth.r ltlrv.lt f..6, INCIING
MEIIIOE I! F.t d!y! tilro xt(! ti,o octhodr of qo.ilt r rhip'r lrndlft lrf nrftca, atrdtb.y rrc roriby of Eadti@ pordy ft@ tbr l,oinb of riaw ofiDt [r!t rld iraltadlt ltr &.d.dr E voaaboldy. Or..-f h thi! carath! Ercl T|' nm d* inrhorcolt' a auitablob...[, rt hiih 'rt r, .o tL.t .b. SrioEd.drt Loerd.. .od h..Ld orl! . Th! tiEc rily r!fry liDibd. rvdhbb for r?.ir.!d D.int o!!cc *ott e.t Et Tbc octbod ir dl *iddy urcdfo( dtll cr.ft. lt i!' of courc, c.6tid tbat lbc rc.-bcd &i.. out oo6Plctalyd lov tri.t iD fha loaalig of lh! Ylaac|.
Hranh Itorr IIarG'a r,lrad'|r t dcdovarhyrt|Gtlrof taa&baan W bctffi bar Darb ald alothlr !hip, htll, or ahor!atLfuaotr l&a daatats! 26
DRYDOCKTNO AND LOADLINBS rilfld witb qtr| prs,lot r.hrod! to diridbut! th..tt!.rc. i!voh,!d, |! carrcni4i but ri@ tbc tdl rs Tha Drtlod *rt lot aonsful rit rbomc' tt r! wa! littL hull !t!s!, unl€!, ofcout!, it toochld fhc r.s.bcd. Nowrdryt, t!.nr |tr th$c brdc ncthodr fot proprriag r rhip for uldcrwaE hul r,!tt: O) A Gdna Iro.L Tiir i.roncwhid ir croavatcdftoo thc laadud clorcdto tho,.a or rivcr by Dcan of a lo|rtitg c.it!o! Stta Thi! i! Yittus[y r lrtfp, robultly.bui4 .t cl ted. Tbt.dtp ofthc dockbottoE b.n st[ thc g't it tlfrfrcd to ar th. .ill. Thc dd6 ofthc dockrrt tcrrrocdinto cotctlL tcDa or dtrrt into wbichtha ahorcrer. hcclcd,AlongthacatrtGlilc of thc doct, hug! boultr ofrieb.r..c built up into tccl trloctt I! !oD. c.tcartrorhcrprtrllcl li!. of bilg! bloctNor bd! i! built oo crch !id. of th. ccDtt! lira. Thc bloc.l6err ticd tolptlcl to pr.wnt ltco from toppli4 or bcingui@ asthcrsscl ir *wcd or ndoetrd. Thc lirc ofth. bloct!'upF rulfaccair ulurly o! ! diShtfndicot rdrfiE to thchori,ontil, lnown e! thc dcclivig. Thodockis filcd from thc rivcr or &r, rnd thc 8tla ir opaoadwhcothc lcvcb of thc w!t!r o! both ridor art coircidcnl Tbc .bip ir lhco tootrd id rld po.itiold orlf th! tc.l U6b, thc 8rt i! clo6o4tld thc docki! pudp.d dty. Thc top adgpof th. gitc, slotrgwhich pcrsontmry edk, is oftctr l5 m rbovc thc dock bottom u|d thc giatahas to withslrtrd, in lhis 50fi clrc, a mrximum p|lslurr of 12 totnas/m' if thc watcr oulsidc thc 2 5U)lb/ftr a |b/ft! l0 ft dockis of dcmity I totrDc/mrrnd 3 m balowthcatc-cdgp. (,)Ano@Dod Thfuir virnuly ! nugo,irt, $bdividld .b.l trlt tlihcr lit . tbip'. dout{abottom,on thcuppcrccnEElitrcofwbic! i! a lila oftaal blocb, {ith or without lrtocilbd billa bad!, Thi! fotm! t[. bottom of thc dock, whichbar no c6d! brlt high Dltroe tid.r which arc rbo trnl . 1!6a rt! co8tnrctld dong tbc lorgrr ridd oflhc rcc{rnguhadock. Thc t nk, both i! thc doublcbottoD snd th. rid6, !rc iood.d .o tbrt th. dock bottom i! .t r d.cFr draughtthrn thc .hip'! t.cl. Tho lhip ir tbrtr no rd ov.t fhc docl('rc.ohalirc ard tha l:ttlr it punpad dry uril thc ihip it clcer of thc est r. Tbc docli!8 M.t !.c wil rtquirr dctrilcd drts rcg.rdidg thc .hip'r .t bility, trin, rad lordirg coodition,and ery rcqdrr aay of tiaacto bc c.h|lgcd,E c.h!.ctioD of tbodockDult bc ca!.blc ofliftiag that portioDofth. lhipt lcdglh,.trd wddt, rhich lirt nithi! it and thc .hip mut rhcrlfotc bc cvtoly lodcd. If thb ir not arru8.d, rhc doct i!.ubixtcd to rcvcrcbcodiag .ln.ttAt
To L.cp th. do.k prop.dy rriencd, thorhip't ccotEofgrrvity Durt N;I
DRYDOCKINC AND LOADLINES bc wnic.lly rbor,athc docl'r ccntrcof broyetrcy,.nd th6c poinb rtc d|rrtcd, by maan3ofpairt oo thc lidcaof both thc .bip rnd dock.Thc two cvcatuallyfo]m onc!o!tin8 cf,allor.yat@, thc atebilityof which, likc anycrrn, is dircc{y proponiolsl to thc bcamof thc wstcrphtrc,i.c. lha lrra ofthc c|'alt'! 6ors-!.c1ionat, aod Frallcl to, thc erGr lcvcl. This, aod thcrcforathc stebilityof thc cystcm,ir lcastthcn thc wrtar lcvclii bctwlaothaahip'sk cl rld thc dockbottom,for thctrthc watcrplancrrc. is only thrt of thc narrow,idc tanks.Thfumly bc rlfcrrcd to
-tar€iFtarf! aiEA -----t^lEl l€vll t: r^llraug, 2: xrxrralrL, | ; ll.lanatDl^t! ItaltLltv
otaloatlro
ooc: a 'l f
t l c u l E 1 2 .I
dt lk ctlicsl noDutt of doctitr& (Itr thc ct a of r 8rrvilt do*, tbit oacrrr!jun bcfor! lha vlsd i! lcwrd, for ttcd thc uPtftruattt lhc kccl i| it a naxirNrn for tbc utrrhorrdcotrditio!,) In th. doting docl lhr rtrbility i! gr..t .t rbfi thc dockbotton it d.rr of thc *rt r tutf!€. Th.r! i! u htlrEdirtc vrlug vlryilg vith thc dduSbt of thc .hip, lrtcd thc ttip i5 rtiU tuto.rtad, for thcnthc vitltpLna !a ir rhtt of tlc tbip tof.tt6 eith thc .ftlc ruir' a&., Thc6.conditio!, rrc illu!tr|td iD Fig, l2l. Frc..urfsc6 in thc dock's and.hip'! t tk win trdE tt lrbility of tbc ry!|.d. 28
DI,YDOCKINC AND LOADLINES
(3) rr. no.@ Chdb T[is i! trrcdfor srdallv6scb, and conristsofa rci orccdtlipwry o! whichis built a railwaycrrying a hcavycrrdlc. Thc htt.t i! rur down lha.alipwryi o th. wrtlr undcrtha ahip'stcal, aodwhrd thc ahiprt ta oDthc crrdlc thc two rrt hoycup thc !lipw!y. IX)CAING WTIII CANGO AIOIID Io .uch cas6 thc ahipis likcly to bc 3ubjcctadto .avci! rtrcsrcrrnd bGttrrircd. Ccneinprcclutioa! mult thcrcfor€bc tatcn. Thaprlsriogup ofta Bb@€athholdr will addx/righ !o tbc sbb bot shdrldbcb to dirtribulc thc wcidt of c.rrgocvcnlyovcr thc inn.r bottod, tnd avoid 10callddinS. As soonasthavcasclh 3cwcd,divcramry bc adployld to build up lh. bilgcbloctr bcforcfurthcrpumpingis .lloe!d. Thi! rirtcr aurcrh|t thc vcasclb w€ll rupponcdbcforEtoo muchof har *litbt i! tr|nrfcllrd to thc kccl bloch. In 3ucha crrc, bilgc bloct! rhould ba utrdcrncsthr lotrSirudimliidc Sirdcr io avoid pbtc-bucuilt. &tla rhorc. sill hrvc io bc cmployEdtbroughoutthc riip'! lcrtth .ld rt hat c!d!. If thc drD.t. or rcpsir work i! i! r .uiaiblc po3itio! it bry bc poaaiblcto punD out only somcof thc dockwatcr,i.c. ruffcirrt to arpoacthc arcaio qur'tion, aod l.aw thc va$cl p&'dy wrtarbomc,Thir Edtrcc!not oilithc @ction of thc blocksbut rlso any tatrdcncics for thc ctrd.to d.oop (AoSgirB), andNlrotcI|dcnci6for thc bottomDlrtisg to ||g bctwccnttc liocr of blocl.. Thc Dockm$tcrmlat initidly bc fuanilhcd with a dctrilcd loadingplan. LOADLINf,S fic Inlcmaliolal Load Linc Rulcs(196E)apply to all vcss.lswholc snc partiesto thc l,oadlincConvcntionof 1966.All CovcrDmcnts Britiih ship6,whh thc cxclplionof: (l) warships. (2) vcssclscnpgcd solclyir tuhidg, .od (3) plc$urc y{chts, ar€ requiredto u3. statutoryloadliDcs to cnsrircthat thcy do not b.romcsubmcrgcd morcrhenis prudet|t, havingrcgardto thclatitudcs ands€asons in whichihcyarcsailing.Thcymustnot put to s.aunlcss thc shifr has bccnsurvcy.d,merkcdwith loadlitrcs, c.omplics with assignmcnt condilions andcariespropc.stabilityinformation. Thalc lo8dlircaerc .wardcd by Assi8dnSAutboritics,suchas thc Dcparfmcrr of Trenspon brrt morc oft!tr on bchdt of thc GovcrD6cnt, Lloyd's Rcgiitcr of Shippiry eld th. Britirh C-orndittccot thc 2@
DRYDOCKING AND LOADLINES FrErdl BureauVeritas.Thc vessclsnrustba coffiucled arrdcquippcd aslaid downin thc lradlinc Rulas(obtainablcftom H.M. Starionery aftershich a summciloadOfncc)to allain conditionsof assiSruncnt, li[c (in salt{Etcr) is codputed,othcr frEcboEr&.tc ascigrcd,ad lhe mrrk ar! cut in or pahtcd on tha 3hip'a,idcs. A loadliocccnifdtc is pllscntd ro thc Owlcrs' atrd mult ba poatcdin a coDrDicuous poNitiotrwithin tbc ship,whilc in forc., Th. c.niic4t is valid fo. fvc yc$sr but an mnud 3urv.y i! hcld to claulc thrt thc coDditioNof rssilrmcd ar! fuElcd strd thc loadlitc nt*! arr utraltcrcd.Ecforc r Mrstcr c.tr sign on e crcw hc dust ctrtar dctailsof this ccrtifcrtc Evcryvoyrgr, similu portio rrs rnd his loadlincsitrto tha agrccmcDt. muatbc r.cordcdin thc Ofrcial Logbook. Itrtcddionsl loadlincshipsalr tho.c of 24 m aad ovct. Tbcy will havaalt Intcmstional Irsdlinc Cartiicatc (1966),Othcr vc$talsvill hevcs Unitcd KingdomL.adlinc C€rtiicat!. If a vcslcl is loadadao thlt in r conditionof zaro list, hcr lordlina is subm.rycd,hcr o*ncr or Master shall be liabl€ to a fiae ot l2m0 atrd in addition aaother l2om for cvcryccntimetrcthat hcr apprpriat! loadlinc i! r brrcrged, A furthcr frnc of 12000is likely if sheis s€trtto scaitr ao ovcrloaded @nditiod.Th€scat€ ltrarimumftr6 in a courtof summaryjuridbiofl. It b a deferceto provethat the ovcrloadinglvascaus€dby dcviariotr or delaybeyoodthc Master'scontrol. A vrscelmry bc dctsidcdutrtil shc casscsto bc overloadcd. lrd.Uu @N |t d& c.ott! of tbo kqth of th. .urnD6t load raiar-lbc. Idfi.lt&tt Thare,ball hc Fintld in whitc ot ydlos on r dtrk grourd oa in ttac& 06 a liShtgro!tr4 lnd ahrl becafiftly aori! or c.ott!-puicrhd od ttc .ito ofirrd d rEd.hip.. O! *ood.o fiip. thcy Otll b. clt itr l i o for at lc$t 3 mm. Thc Dcck Linc is. horizontrl lift ma$uring m mm x 25 nm I2ir x I in Errtod rsid.bip., with it uppcrGdgrFr.in8 tbroutn thc point *hcrc tha oortinurtiod of tha uppcr rttft a of tha frc.bdrd drck (or itt .hr.thing) i!t!$G.a. th. out r .urfrr. oftbc !tc[ pLtitrg.Ttuft..had & ir thau9parD6t coqlcr. d.ct havinSFD|!.ot D...!! of clociDg dl opcoilst io lt.tb.r.cdiotrr, c,& halrhr.yr. 7h. Iaadlin Dfucis tq mm in crtan.l dirtrctcr rnd 25 mm lhick. 12ialit lb c.dtrc i! r.DirlthiF ud bdow itc dlctliio. Th. dirc ir ht G.ct d by r horizontallinc rncaiuring450mm x 25 mmvhora upFr cdgcpt$.s l8ioxlir fborff, rt c.ot . of rh! di.c, Thir IiD.r rt ib lppct .dt ' Dttt tb. gEr!|o.trrdt watartilaald ia oft.o rEfcdld to .| tbc Plinr,oltbra alut &Dud Ptio.o|l . pioer iD rbc Flrqltiod of.hipdldo.din&
zm
DRYDOCTING AND LOADLINBS TIE ltadlln t. Al a dislrnccof 540m,rl for*erd of th. ccnt|r of thc 2l in di q thcrc is r vcnic5l liE 25 mm widc, from *hich horizo d liD.s I iu mraruring230mm x 25Inmcxlcodforwad andrft, thc upFr surfa..r 9 in x I in of which itrdic.t thc nrridub dlplb! to whid thc thip 6.y bc rubD..gd i! difcrilg circltEtrlrc.r rld !.ooo!. TtF ofladh.. O) Sa..!.tr L.bdha T.!Lr. (Fi!: 122).Thc loddlin ..r! rhow! fot thct arioad,idc ot a .bip. Th. followilt .!. n|rLd: Sr,nnrr (s), Thir ir lcwl s,ith th! ninrou linc .nd ir thc b.!ic computcdfrccboerdlinc. A scp.ntc tablci! ulad for conputingthc trnlcr summarloedlilc. Othcrloadlidcsrtl b{rd o! tbr ru!|mcr n .k, winter (,n is onc forrydghth of thc suiurar drsught bclo* thc sumdarlinc. nopical (T) is onc fo.ty
w
-r Jnm
whcrc ,t/ is thc displaccmcntin tonncs,io salt latcr at thc summc. loadliD€,atrdthe syrnbolI represctrtslhe TPC (tri,anesper crnfunmeriioo) in rdt watcr at rhc samclcvel. In the cvcntof lhe displaccmcnt (W) being iDdetcrminable,thc FreshWater Allowalce is talcn as onc fony-€ighthof the summerdraught. Frcah Va@ (n h thc suEE.r fr!.[.s.t r lo.dlirc. Thc dirtrDcc bdwccn(S)rd (D b tbdrfot! .qud to thc F1vA. Ttupbal Frcshwoto (Tn is"by t dni''.t .rtuo.o! ritultcd rboE Cf) by ao uouDt cquslto thc FW.{, All thc abovcdirtaff.s a$ mcdurcdbalnEanttc uppcrcdg6 of ttc rcsp.ctivrloadlilaa. (2) tht ft{.irttug V.*b (Fi& lZ3). Thclc losdliDc.uc rssldcd to v6scls crgagadiD thc tinbar dcctango frado, cxcludirg wood pulp, aDdstE orly to bc ucd whoothc aarto it crnicd h rcc.rd|le with thc l%8 Dcck Cargo RcSplatioa3.Such a vcssclnult havar
nl
1 :
z o 1 : :
o
I
z o
.,!
-L_
4,
1 t
ti
I
j : t
8 i l
n I
z
n E
.t t
o
DRYDOCI(ING AND LOADLINBS forl .!dc Grcldi!! .t lc.,t 7% of tb. .hiC. l.!tth, rDd ! Foop or th. nid,hiP. t |fr.iicd qllrilrdcct. Hcr doublc-bottoEtlnls,irlit kdgth mulr b. ,ubdividd, rnd th. .hip nllr bc 6ltcd with cficitdt rsik or bulwsrkr at lcrst I m in hcight.Eycplala!for sccutitglrrhiltt nust bc affrcd to thc shcd strakc not more than 3 m apatt. Her muatbc ad.qustclyprotlctcd ftom c&go drEr8.. stcaring-8F5R Tha v!.rcl mustfll hcaedL tolidly wilh tinbct up to thc ttrDd[d hcigbtof hcr suFrstructutta.I! rti! wry, .ba obuiB 8tLi.t rr..rit buolancarld hcr aun'mcrfrccboordoay bc rcduccd.Thit Drtutdly duc6 csdrio olha. losdliDcfrEborrd!. shc will havca s€condsct of loadlincssuitalcd540 mm abdft thc catrtE of thc loadlincdi!c, similstly @rkcd lor othcr losdliDct,but rvith rach lctt r pt fircd by 'L' (Lumbc.). bonb.r S|o'xn.' (IS) b r!.omc computadlcvcl abovclha Plinaoll lina,lnd its upFr adgclrlerksthc 3ummcrsrlt-wetcrtimbq loedliDc. Lnt ber Wintu (ary) is * of thc lumbc. summcrdnuSht balow (LS). b.nbet T.opical(L7) is .i of thc lumbcr sutdncr ddught 6bov. (LS). Lunbcr Vhlcr Not ,ltldf''tic (LryNA) h on ltu smc kvcl I thc (wNA) lordlinc, uhcrc mattcd. It thcrrforc epplic only to vaslclsof lm m or undcriD lcnSlh. Thc lradlin€ Cenificategivcsa scpar.te FrcshWater Allowance for both odiorty tnd lumbcr ftecboards. Lrarrb.r ft.lh Wate. (Ln b th..rfolr .iturlcd sbovc (tS) by u aDouDtcqualto thc FWA, Llr',ttbcrTropicolFrc$ Valq (fO i! rbov! (LT) by rn tnroul oqud to thc F1VA. (3) SdliS SUF Gi8, lza). Th6c ahiF hsw r dccllirq ! dilc with anintcn ctinglinc,andtwo 23Gmmloadlincssituetcd5rlGmmforw|rd of tha di.c ccntrr.Thc int ncclitrSlina lurb thc eltr lilc foa wintaa, Ntbn r, ud tropic.l cotrditioB, It i! thrrrfoc t! (S), (T), !!d (W) lift. fhc Mt wata Itdn E (I) i! rbovc thc idt tr.c{i!8 lin by rn rDount aqrul to thc FIVA, computd !! fot st arncB. The Winte,North Atlanr'cZi,n€is bclow thc intcrscctinglinc by sn Authority. amountdircctcdby rheAssiSDing SSdlrtdo L.dlh.t Ttc6a dry ba ,srignadro r pastcnSarr,6cal rboard wtich rprccr axirt vhich 6rt ulad foatba cdrirgp of cith6 F$c!srl! or clrgo. Sha D.y havcllta ulud loidlioa tDarlinp r! Oo*n i! Fi& lZ2, ald i! .dditio! s .ubdivirioD loadlidc (or lo.dli!.* up to !!o.lly tbr.. io 273
39 id
r0 ft
Jin/ft I in/ft
328ft
Fh 2l in
DRYDOCRINC AND LOADLINBS lurt r), ndcd (C) ro ildi|r Corwotio! (Safcty),Wh.'r thcr! i! nor! th!tr orc of thclc loldlitrca rbry |I! iurkd Cl, C2, ald C3, nuDb.ringthcmdowowrrdstowardstba kocl ro lhrf C3 indicil6 tha Euidro frrcb@rd. Thst .rc all ritu.bd bclowttc Tropial (d!rp6t arlt eatac)loddliic rDd oftcn oD thc forrrtd tid. of lhc rtnical liic. Tvo ofth6c lo.dli&s arl lbowtr pcckcdiD Fig. 12.2 D.tailr ofthrac lo.dlin6 etl foundin thc Prlrcqpr rnd S.fcty Crrtii. * poatd in a codlpi:uou! poritioorbo.rd thc.hip, atrdeko itr thc Hrr.tiotr of Surv.y (Sur'Ey I A), yhich ir ia thc cuttody of thc Mastr. Thc variou! spac6 rdrti!8 ro crch lordlioc a.r rccordcdin -
s r r r L l l l c v ES s E L : $A8lgAplllE
F - - IOO r/tl
-'i
ttasc form.. W[cncvcr all thc sp.casorc uscdfor c.rgo carrirSr only thc ll3rcl loa& to h€r usurl loedlin s- If, ho*€var,t sp{c. is uscdfo. th. cerriafc of pa$an8ar,,thcn thc vc.sclmustnot submcrgcbcyond thc rppropriaE subdivisiooloedlinc. Th6c loadlinas&E not cotuoctcdwith thc Intcrnatiotrd Loddlioc RuLs, but rrc providrd utrdcrrhc trms of thc SafctyConvcdliotrrtrd computedfor British shiF by the D€paim.ot of Trenspon(D.o.T.) in thc United Kitrcdom. asldia, Ccylon,Hong Kong, ard Sillaporc, b thc Far East,-such vc*lcb Ery bc s.cn with addirio!.! rubdivi3ioDlo.dlitrcs oarkd Dl, D2, ctc., iitlet d bclowlhc (C) litrcs.Thcscprovidcrn cwn Faatcr frrcboard,rd rrc u!.d iD siEilar circuEstanc.3lo thc (C) linci but itr bad ftathcr sao!oD!,sucha! thr south-waatmonroonitr thc Indirtr Ocaan.
n4
DRYDOCKINC
AND LOADLINES
lb
C.lcqLtio. for ab. IMr ,qlor.&. Coosidcain&for thc satc ofconvanicncc, thc aummcricdson, ! v!$cl ca! Ioad until ahc i! submcrlcd to thc uppcr cdga of thc suDmar lordlinc providcd shc is in watcr of sp.cific gdvity 1.025. In watcr of spccific grovity I .m0 shc can submcrg! to thc upFr cdg! of thc frcshwatcr loadlinc(F). lf thc diffcrcncc bctwccn thcsc two lcvcls is 125mm (h€r frcsh-w{t r 5 in allo*ancc),lhcn it mcanslhat shccan submcrgchcr (S)linc by I25 mm t io ifshc is loadingin fr6h watcr in summ€r. lf thc watcr in thc dock is of somc intcrmcdiatc S.G., lhcn shc may submcrSphcr summcr loedlinc by rn amouat (thc dock dlowercc) calculatcd as a dircct proportion.
,l
FIGUNE I2.5
Supposclh. vcsscl;n the abovc cssc is loeding in dock watcr of spccificgraviry 1.010.Fig. 12.5showsthe frcsh and salt summcrloadlin.s and thc corrcspondingS.Gs.The doct allowanccis shown by rhc disranc.D.A., cxrcndingupwardsfrom thc summcrloadlinc,and l.vel wilh 1.010on thc scalcofS.Cs. By simplc di.cct proportioD, D.A.:F.W.A.::15:25 mcaniEgthat thc dock allowsncc is thc samcfraction of tha ftlsh-wat r
lllowanc. as I 5 is of 25. So,
D,A. : 15 F-.WE t3 o.e.:f; x rzsmm
5in
:75mm 3in So th. sumEarloadlinc,or aoy othcr srlt wata. loadlinawbc! in scason,can bc subm.rgcdby 75mm whcnthc v.ssalis loadingin dock watcrof thisS.C.
n5
DRYDOCKING AND LOADLINES Thc S.G.is m.asurcdby meansof a hydiomctcr.A buckctof thc doct watcr ir obtaiocdfrom ovdsidc,cLdt ofdl dfuch.rgB,!trd trot from thc washicct linc hydrrrb. Thc hydromctcrir idrcrtadinto thc wrtcr atrdsputrbctwn tbcfn8pis to brcakdowrrsurflcctcslion,wbich mayaffccllhe rcading.Thc S.C. is rcadlrom lhc scalcadje4.ntto thc showdcnsity,takcnas roulhly onc warerlevcl.Som€hydromctrrs rhousandtines thc S.C., i.e. watcrof spccincgravitylO25 hes a dcmiry of | 025gramsFr litrc. Thc hydrcnctcr mry bc mrdc of bnssi it ba! r loa8, lhin ltcm o! wh;cbart graduatd lha darJitid or ecciic grrvitiasspsccdi! hrttlonic progcssion.Thc loq,crcrd of thc atcmjoiru r buoyancychlnbcr, bclowwhichthc.! is a ecightcdsphcrc.ThGi$trutncDt i! ofcolttalt volumcandwcight,end thcrcforEvaricails dcpthofimmcrsio! accordirg to thc dcnsity(andthusthc upthrust).ofthc 0uid. ld frashwetcrit is mrrly complctly submcrgldso that thc buclct abouldiaitirlly bc \*cll-fillcdand ncvcrtoppcdup from a coovcnicdthydrant,whichmay bc aupplyingwatcrof.Dtildy alicodatrsi9to thst i! rhcdoct. CtccldtrSth. fttclonl This may bc dotrcby mcatrsof plumblincslorv.tld from lhc dcck, parlrcula y in thc cascofe list, whcnthc vcssdcan lotd to hcr mcan frccborrd-thc evc.egcof thc port atrd stsrboardfrcrboard!. Whcn di&€1lyob6crvingthc loadlinca,thc lop aod wrvclctson thc l]atcr su.faccc5nbc vcrycoofuriaSto accuratar.adings.In sucha crrc aDopcacndcdglasrrubc mry bc bcld vcrticellysgainstthc losdlidd with onc cDdsubmcrgld,Thc wotarlcvcl*i[ thm rcmsidfaitly staticwittin thq tubc.Sucha mcthodis cquallyulcful whcnrtading drauglts, CLEAI{SING OF ITESH-WATER TANTS Ahhoughthis maytrNlurdlybc doncat sDytiEc, it is qui& likcly to bc carricdout whil. io drydock,atd for tbat ra.sonis iDcludcdid ttit chrptcr. In additioo to clcenritrg,lhc talt hay rccd to bc ocEcttwashcdwith a solutionof ccmcrtid frcshwrtcr rt a thiD,caEmycon6iit ncy. AttcDtionshouldrLo bc psid to thc thicl ccmcotcolting i! thc bottomof thc watrr tanls, *hich jwt covcrsthc rivct hcr&. Whcrr cr&ckcd,rbis shouldbc suitsblykcycdlod t€6llcd. Thc following advicais from a Depanmaotof Tra$port Merchant ShippingNotic€: Th! ali.ntion ofshipowrrrs.d MrstcJ! it dra*n aothc n .d ao.alul! thrt thc hcalthofcrllr,s i5 noiitpardi!.d bt tlE u5. offc.h wrt r ftom t|*t ehit rrc Dot .dcquatdy |lld rElDh.ly cL.n!c4 by lh. us of flt tt wbi:b sr not p.ri'db[t 3..vird r[d EdrtiDld, or by lh. u.. of s wd.r i! thc p.rp.f.tion of food.
n6
DRYDOCKTNG AND LOADLINES Thc Bo.rd'3 invBtilalioos sug8rit that in$frci.nt rtt ntion i! bciD8 laid to lhascrnattcrs,and Mrstas aI!, Otcrdorq ftqu6tad to c'|lurr thrt thc foloeinr pEcaulions6F tat n: l. Fni w.Lr Ttrlt DdDting wrt r isnls shotld bc opcocdup, clcin d o , c.trd{ wllrcd (or, if coetcd*ith a bitumino$, pbnic, or othcr propriclory compo6ition, rccdt d wh.r! ncccar.ry)and sircd !t int rvalr noacrc..ding 12 oloath!. ln.ddition, it is rccondcndcd lhat i.n}! shouldbc lholouthly Pumpcdout an4 wtrcr! n cssary, h6.d prior to rc-fillidt .t lpproridbtcly six-monthlt, iDilfvrls. Durin8 rhEcl.snini proc6s scaupulou.att ntion shooldb. prid to rhc bygicnceod Frlonal cLanlincssof lho3. cn8a8!don thc work. 2. IlL.. Whco filt r! rl! fttcd arrln&|r|cntr shouldbc tru& for th. mlint natcc lnd c.r. of thc apper-.tus,i.c. clcaningand wh.rc n csrry ch.ntint tlE b.corn contatnil|rtdbyb.ar.rii tlrdirto.r|!ur!ah.!thcrpparatusdo6not that thc tFdil i... ah! c.Ibon .nd othcr follbr! mrticr. It h rcconuncnd€d .!Ddl6.3hould.t iot iv.ls bc rcmowd and wa3hcdout in chlorinrt d wrl.r .rd liSbtlylcrubb.d with a brushto rtmov! 3ll tla csofd.pocit on thc su.frcc of th. fil&r. Thc fr!4ucocy wirh which lhis should bc canicd out wi[, of cour., dcpcndon thc amountof 3olid nattcr in th. cat€r, a! w.ltr which 8iv.3. merk d d.posit on 3tandingwill sooncloSup ihc porcsof thc fltlr, lrh.rlas por! wrt r ibould allow thc filtc! to $ork satid.ctorily for I qui& coosid.r.bb tittE. Io any calq flt rs should bc cl€a&d out at lcalt odca r rnonth,.nd mor€ frcqu€odyif waLr coot itring in .pptlci{bb .cdirEnt L bci!8 pels€dlhrou& tlEm. Iacunot bc too.longly 3trclsd thlt fiitcls will Doaiurrr !c tl|. b.cLriolosirl podty of lhc filicrrd watc.. Thsdor!, wh.ncvc! tbcl! it .ny douh,t a! to thc quali(yof thc watcr,chloriortion slEuld h. cari.d out i! rrcotdsc! with th. iGtructions laid down h th. Ship C.pirin! Mcdid Guidc. 3. U- oaS.. w.l6 Th. u.c of 3ca$.t€. in thc prcFr-.tion of food, vdrhin! uD of dittc., ch.triD8of sll€y cquipmcnror in in talhtion! sucha! poartop€cl€r!,.hould wk! po..ibL bc.void.d. Wh.rc irs u.|Gis umvoidrbb lk! lhould dw.ys bc r ftr|l rin . dmuSh with fr6h watcr.Un&! no circum.lanc6 lhould .c. w.t r bc u!.d for lh.se p|llpc6 wh.n ttE vBr.l i! irr or in (tc vkinity of, Itoft Oaq)ast l rrlas. It L rccomm.txtd that . \r/imint on thc abow liocs .hold b. bsocdto C.t dns Dcpartncot stafis. PEST CONTROL IN SHIPS Tbctr rrr two iypcs ofrat: thc brown onc, *hich is a shorc dwEllct rnd tcnds to burrow, and th. black on., which climbs, add frcqucrtt ship6.Thc lattcr spcci6 is a pleguc carricr, tlanioittitrg thc di!.!rc by mcans of its ffcis.
2n
DR.YDOCKINO AND LOADLINES Rrb coom.@ brlcdin! at tha r8r of teo to tbrtc mortbr, ald up to tc|trEay bc bom io i litt.c, Tb. Fiod of tp6btion i! ody rhr! wEkr, rnd it i! thcrcfor po,iiblc foa! mab ard r fcmrL to caularha cvolutio! of naarlyZ)m mts in twclvcmonths. It is rcquircd that rats should bc prrvcntcd from lcaving a ship whcn in pon. It is aqualy dr3irrblc of coufsc,that lrts from ashorc shoulddot join thc ship. This prcvcotionis drricd out by mcrns of circular alloy rat-gurrd! which clip ovc. thc moo.ing lincs, or by mcansof canvasparccllcdaaoundthc mooringsboth rt thc 5horceod thc ship(i.c.two garc.ltingroncrch linc),w€lltsn d, xndcachcxtcnding 2 f i 0.6 m in lcn8th. Thc 8a!tw8y .hould ba hoiltrd c.L.r of thc qu.y ptcd not in ll!.' c.& niSht o. Gbordl iluEilrtrd rd/or whitcwuh.d. R.t $,il rvoil rcU-lilhtcd pLaal Stoca rhould bc movid rrgulrrly to ditcovrr wbcti.r rrB rt! hrrtouri!& ard rtnt- donld lot bc dlovrd to .cc,uEulst od fbc ahip. Aay reb clught rliE rhorid bc d.or!.d .!d tb.o bE!.d. lt y rhould not bc trkco rlhort. Thc In&m.rio!.I Suii.ry Cotrytotior (P.rit) 1926rlqui.lt rblt . Port Sedttry Authority rhall bo rl.p@liblc for fic irdinS of ccitifcora of Dcf ilrtiod .!d c.fiincd.. ofBr optio! from Dcrstilrtion A .bip c.[i.g rt r port wb.rc th! Colrlotio! rDplicc lnd hsviDStrcitb.. of ttcao ccrdncrb., wi[ do.t Fobat{y bava to tG fuDigrt d. Both ccnifcat a arc ydil for rir odttt, ald whi:hcvcrcartifaata L h.ld shouldb. F!a&d otr rrrivd .t ...tr pott, to th. lac|l Port Ec.lth O6c.f,. Thc Crniicstc of D.rrtilrtiod i. i!$r.d to thc Mrrld .R.! funiFtion hr. t Lctr plaoa,ThG Caatifc.t of Dcrrti!.tiod Etldptio! ia isr.d to r Mr.t6, if tbc lDlpcclo! it di!6cd thrt tb.f,ci! no cvidaocc of .rl! oDthc rtip. To thir aod,il ia boih politb .Dd ccotroDicto coluta that ihc vErrcli! codinuourly kaptrat-frlq Utrit d KingdoEv! .dr h.vr.. crcclhot rcput tioo fot bcitrt hytictric. I! 1899ge! fumigtiod r.! ftlt !.rioudy .tt opbd in rL! folm of rulphur dioxidc. In l92l hydtoc!€lb tcid tr! Gydlolld cr.nid. ot pruric lcid fr.) rfr usadtuccalafuIy, a[d conritucd in DopuLaity utrtil iboul I9t. Thc ui. of bydrccroic t|r (HCl9 itrvolvlt glrr ilcoNroi.occ rod c6t, for .ll *oik bla lo cc.!. otr boardtbr abip,and it brt lo bc coEDlctdycvicuilrd axccptfor rhc fini8lting rufi. Sclt'd d.sthr d! rq cord.d whctr parroud bsrc bc.[ hft rboan4 alccpirgitr tlcir caut . HorEit|r, io todc portr, thc u$ of HCN ery atill baD6aty i! odrt to obtdtr r Dcrtitatio! C.rtii.rtc"
n8
DRYDOCKING AND LOADLINES popular mcttod .mploycdio thc UDirrd Kidldom .t thc Thc most prcsat tirnc b funigatio! by n..r! of rodiuD iuolacct t! (lco), rDd 6h wil daacwctbc isrui[g ofr lsw Ccrtiicat . Thc ulc of 'Biotrol' briB mlirt itrr a thip rat-frt.' for Eiotrol ir d aiti-corSulad bair wtich ir combiacdwith s prlatdbh funSicidcid whoL calal 8r.itr!. A! a r6ult, thc boit .rayt fr!!L .nd .ttn tiv. to ratt for up to twdvc ooalb. Otrly oDcfo.tiath of d gram of b6it Fr thousrod g.rds of body wright, tak6 rlguLdy, will lil e r.t withitr r v6t. Tbc rat focd!eituout suspicion,andi ir ro wry brit-.hy. Thc bait i! ptaclicallyharmLi! to dornatdcrnrmalr aad humr . Thc folloeirg ii ro M Noticc, No, ll5, c.Dc.lLd but still rclcvrtrti NOTICtsTO SHIPMASIERIT Ft ldoatrclr or lnnPawml rflDlooE{ ctal@l trUlrfu rtll Hrrtogr. ctrda. b . &C.is Ftc.3 tlln lh5 b. h fu|l bonL.8r of it. !.Et of t olt tt n{dtL d.d.f.. f..c lbE F.c.daj ll.dof The Ns'rtr. of th. Got Hydrogcn cyanidc-which is abo known es hydrocyenic acid gas o. prussic arid 8as-is sn invisiblc and highly poisonousg.3. It hasa faint elmondlike odour. Many p€oplc howcvcr €nnot sm.ll it, rnd in somc cascs thc lansc of smcll bccomas dcadcn.d. lt is Ihcrcforc highly dangcrour to rcly on lhc scnscof smcll for dctccting thc prtsanceof thc 8as. It is a fall&cyto imaginclhat b€causcthc gasis a litdc lightcr than rir it can bc induc.d to €scjF up$ards mcrcly by opcning port holcs or hatchcsofships. Whcn onct mixcdwith air it cannotthus casilybc got rid of. Thc wholc atmosphcrc of a compartmcnt or ship must bc chang.d, and this can bc donc only by applying thc wcll-known principlcs of v.ntilation. The ci.culation of ai. may b. assistcd by mcchanical m.ans, and spccial a(cntion must bc peid to plac.s whcrc vcntilation is obviouslydimcuh or slow, c.g., forcpcaks,dccp holds with small halchcs,ctc. wrming notic.s should bc displaycd on cvcry gangway and o(hct rrcansof acc.ssro rhc ship bcforcthc fumigElionis starl.d, and thcy shouldbc lc in positioountil (hc oF Ationis ovcr and vcntilalionis Pnlininoty Seor.hlo, UnouthoritedPe^ons Bcforcany parl ofa shipis put undcrgasstcpsshouldbc lakcn to scc that no unauthoriscdpcrsonis on board. 27.)
DRYDOCIONO AND LOADLINBS CLororce afte, Fwigation Thc ship must bc proFrly vcntihtcd rnd thc fumigrnt opcrators mult llccrtein by tcst thrt in no pan offic risl rtlr is tha futnit'nt coDccntratcd by morc than onc prri by volumc in onc hundrtdlhousand mns of air. Bcdding, bhnkcts, pillo*s, culhions, thick crrFts, ctc,, mu.t ba thorouShly b.ltcn in tha open eir. Speciolattention dould be paid .o cabinsand tlccpirg .omportmtit!. h k olt n adtitable, alt.r th.y arc opparcnrltIre.ftomgos, to clo!. Em lor ow har ord qoin tctt th. atu. In cold wEtbcr vcntilrtion is slow and rtFrtcd t6ts rnry ba lacas. srry, A3 thc t mpcr.turr rir6 8rr mly bc lib.rLd from Datliirls which hayc rctsiocd ii. In such cLcumstlnccs it mry bc nccdsary to hcrt compsrtmcnts and thcn rc-acstthcm bdorc thcy trr daclarcd frcc of gai. spccial attcntion should bc paid to cold storegc charnbcrs. Thc crlw's quarlcr€ or c.bias mtl3t trot bc occupicd during thc night folloring a fumiFtion. lf, hoscvrr, thit i. unryoi&bh, .ll doon, port holcs rnd olhs opcningr ofspscas nust bc kapt opcn rd lpccial attctrtion must bc poid to thc p.cvious br,'tinA-in the opdt alr--d bcddin8; bletrkct!, pilows, ctc. lf thc vc.6cl hr! bccn fumigltcd with thc crrgo otr boad, rFial carc is nac.irery, rtrd thc stmGphair should bc kcpt urdd ottaanEtiot whco urlosding b in progr6s. Sfnpton r oI Poitonlry Hydrogln cyg id! i crllncly poiromu! .nd poiaonitrg Dry &ault from brathiDg thc grs or ab6orbiDgit through th. skin. Thc ramitl signs arc irrilrtion of thc thaoat, dizzisGr, trausca,lcncrd ltalncss and hcadachc,palpitatior, r fccliDgof sufrocrtion, pdlor, dccp brcathing, suddrn urconscioustrGsfollowcd by a ccssrtion of brcalhin& in tbat order. A Frson shositrg lh6c symptomsmult ta idncdirlcly r€6owd to a purc atmo6phcrc,hid down with hi5 hcad itrto thc wind md frst lid must bc givc|r without dclay, SFd fu .srcotirl. A doctor mult bc tu.ooooad rt orcc. Thc frtt a[ procadutt, if thc Fticdt ia coleiou!, b rs follows: O) B.ak a caiub oflnyl Ditritc otr to . d.e thc psticnt to inbdc thc vrpour. (2) Rcmovc o. qrt rway sphrhcd clothing.
ofcloth.!d
.llow
Ifthc patic.t is unconaciou!, thcn in sddition to O) rbovc rrtiicirl rEpiration should ba stan d rimultrn.ously with (2) Ebovc.Thc prticnt should bc kcpt *!rm snd not wrlkcd sbout. 2N
DRYDOCKINC AND LOADLINBS Thcrcsdcr'sattcntionis dra\rnto thc HydrogcnCyanidc(Fumigation of Ships) Rcgrldtions, 1951,in which prccautioosrr! lrid down rcSrrdingthc trcstmcntof shipsby this grs. Noticc of th. forlhcomint funigotion mustbc givcn to thc Mcdicll Officcrof Haolth; opcratoB arc rcquircdto bc adcqultcly traincd and rquippad with rcsDirators. Tha Rulcscxplainhow unauthoriscd Frsonsarc pcrmhtcdto anlcr thc risk arla in thc cvcntof cmcaFrcy suchrs fifl. In rhc Porl of Londonin 199, ll2 v6scl3wrr! d!r.tt.d by thc u3. of rodium luorrcctric (lGo) con|pard with otrly thi.tlctr by tha urc of HcN. Thc uscof 1080h{s prorcd popular with shipowncns3 it prcaants no fiaarisk or dsngarto humsn3.[t do6 not 8ivcofr poisonous fumcaand it caonot bc absorbadthrough thc unb.okcn skin. It is odourlcssand tastclcssin usc and prcscntsno rcpcllcnt cfrcct. Rats lhc solulionconndcnlly. drinka lot of watcrandwill approech Wh;lc dcratting with 1080,thc crcw m.y rcmaio on bo.rd atrd worl €n proccd in thosapartsof thc ship not undcrtraatmcnt. rcquircsthal a Articlc52of thc InrcrnrtionalSrniory Rcgulations vcssclsball b. tcpt in t conditionsuchlhat lhc numttr of rodcnlson borrd is ncgligiblc.Suchs shipcanarist on DcrattiDgExcmplion. This is achicvcdusingthc anti
al
CEAPTEN XIII
TIIE OFFICER OF THE WATCH
IIME IEFING !E d.y .t a ir dividrd hto rix +hour Fiod! Tb6c a*tand-rnd rr! mcdI follo*': FroD t p.E. lo DidDight F.o6 Eitrilhr to 4 ..E. . Froo 4 i.d. to t a.E. Ft@ t a-o" lo noon FroE Doo! to il p.lrr. FtoE 4 p.m. to Ep.D.
c.lLd r|td.1
. tb. fnt f.toh . ih! niddL w.i.! . th! Dorai[8 wafd . tlc fo|loooo w[rtci . tba |ftaaloo|! *rtd , rhacrtoing Drtch
In Flt drF thc cEitrg *dch wu brotco at 6 p.!. ilto tro 2{our Fiod! oaltcdtLc 6ta ald @d .lot ',€tdrat. Thb corb&d two rata ofwrt 6&c.?crr(thawald-|!&eatah ayalca)to dts(lata tbaiaroutila diy by dry, NoryldrF thrfr rtE iNrrLttly thtrc actaof*ddfca4.ca, ald tbc pnatiaa Dry ody ba ulcd o[ ao![ vtrdr o|lrad by two iratcltcaDingo6a.r|. ThGtin it lourd.d by D..!r oftbc rhip'. bdf-{!!.lly ih. or iit d to tla ffigcftoot bu[Dcid, thcdrppc. of wbkt ir motld bt Dc.rr of a Llyatd artlodilg to fbc hdDrortr't po.iliotr Thc bCgiDDi4of tha rr&h i! dcoo!.d by Dltilg t bd&, tb..od of ttc fr.t hu{our b| I b.[, thc .od of tht ftn trc hdf-holE by 2 bdb, rld |o o!, to thrt 3.30rm. .rd p.r., fo..d.aplc, i!.ouod.d by 7 bdb. Tb. rtuob.. of bdlr Drd! thrrdor! !crr( .ic..dr t, qc.pt .t nittltht @ rh. 3l DGCrab.r,ryh.d !5 bGIl,.fr n dc, ir, t for c.A ',..r, oli.o runt hy th. yonrt rt e.nb.( of tb. .bip'r o6Fnl,. ThGbdb .tc n dc iD p.itt, folo$cd by. dldc oE if.!y, L.vilt. dittiet F!& b. !.o cac[ !.it rld bctwa r Fir .Dd.r odd atrol." Eg. 330 ia Dd. aa 1 , 1 . . . 3 ,1 , . . . 5 ,6 , . . . 7 At r qu.tl6 of.tr horr b.foE th..od ofcrch wrrch,i.G.3.,a17.,15, .!d ll.,l5, olr b.U i. n dr to r.ll tb. lrft e.6lc.p.ir, rho tdl .F.ro io th. dof wrt t . Gf L?t) ir ||!!r||.L ork . it i.
2n
TEA OFFICEI' OF TEE WATCE ttlalad aar full 4hour c.!td. ErEdtodry in thEr-watchlystcmt thc dog-rv.tc[ bclh rtraybc madc,.! follovr: 1630hr!. I bcll lEo brr. 4 bclb 1930hn. 3 bclb
l?00 hr!, 2 bcl! 1830br& I bcll lxi hn. I bcll
1730hrs. 3 b.I! lgq) hr$ 2 bclb m hrs"t b.llr
Thc bdb rr! drihr lo tto.c for oth.r *at b.r up to md includilt Itm b6. .nd alro ih. *d.r.c.Ilin8 b.[ !t 1945h$. MrDy Mstcrs rodry dilmirs tbc ulc of thc bclb otr tl|c SrouDdrthlt cloch trr itt d throulbout thc sbiF. Otlatt prcf.l fo ula thcd durin! thc houF of dlyliStt only, partiolrrly ehcr p$c4cr! tr! c'trii. It i! parh4a r pity thst rucha vrll-l(nos! cultod ofthc,.. i! iqdilt to dia out. flrE DUTTDSOr THE OrrICB
OF TrrE WATCH (O.O.W.)
A Al S.. Tb6a al! suemarirada! follo*s: (l) Mri dring |a cfrcicnt lookout both rhcrd rDd r.tffq supplc. Dcocd rt dght, .trd posibly by day ar vdl, by otrc or morc crEw lookoutnco,postcdwhcrcthc O.O.W.thitrkr tt. (2) Chcctitrf fhc v*rcl" positioowhcodlerpo6liblcrnd ncc€aary, Thi! doc.not implya continuou!scquaocc ofraf,trrt sork. whco cocrtitr& matryM$tcn rEquircthc ahip'rot!.rvrd politiod to bc plottcdo! thcchrrt cr,6y l5-z) ninut!.. Thca.fr6 maybaruppLdcntadby Oc usaof ndar, iccorditr8 to thc Mrd.dr Strndingdcrr Whaocvci poceittg rrd{ rdng.r aDdba.riDg!ibould bc choclrcdat lcrst onccr e|tlh by mca[r ofyirud baaring!to cnlutr th|l thi! uvigrriond aid it fulctiodaS propcrly.Radiodirccrion-bceringatrdCodol couat! eay alsobc usedby thc O.O.W. in additionto Decrr, satcllitesor lrran. (3) E$urirg tbat thc hclmlmsni meitrtainingr propcrcou$G,and rtccritrSto thc b6t of his ability udcr thc prwriliDg slrthcl.!d !.r coddition, A ghDc. st lha rskc, by dry, wil provi& r quickchccl(on bis acqracy. Cours€recordersand auto-pilotsmustalsobe chelked. (4) To lccp r 3harplookout wh.o mc[ rtE worliog n .r thc lhip'a lidc or *hao nbving sbout thc d.ckt in bcavyv!.ttc.. (t To u!6 tbc Gdo-rourdingltldiDc vha! idtruclad to do ao. (O lD fog; to rilg lhc clgilc-roon tclcgnpb! to 'sord-By', to cotnn@ aolndin8lha Raguhtio! fo!.ri8!al to corrdcrcc |{d o.!.!i!a r .td!r rv.!ch,to cdl thc Mast rr to poctqtrr looloub forwrtd ud/or doft, and to &duc. to r hoddrt .p.cd, (7) To rccorddl dct ilr of Fgirf ritt & io tbc Dcck Logbook. (8) To rtply by vitu.l !i8n lin8 to.!y v!.!d or.itr.r& p.niq{.rty 43
TEB OFFICBR OF TEE WATCII Nrvd or Air Fore 6atl *bro it ir corvcoi.nt to do ao; othatsita io viludly sigml thc lcttrf 'N (Nc8.tiE). (9) To rcadthc bdrornaiarrcgulrrly,prrtio arly whctrio a hurriouc zoocitr &a:on. (10)To 6akc su&tbrt lookoutDcotrc lsfc atrdthrt all wtrcbtce?crs .rc r.lid€d on tihc. (t l) To m*G lutl tbat suitablcdccllighB !t! .wit Jhcdoo .!d ofi rt sulsc!and!ulri!c. Thr! rpplic6rbo to tha uvilation li8bb. (12)To clrura thrt rEatbri.cl dooBaDdoDaoing!rr! clolcdwbao not itr u!a. (13)To ctr3urE thst legt srr fying ftt ly .!d tbit titD.l hdlisrd! ar. slrrlclad h drnp w.th.r. (14)To chcckthc conpas3crtoaEluLrly. (lt To rcc.rd h thc Dcck lrgbook: aodncmorlm.atr rnd arvolufio8: log distsncca;wind di&dion! 6!d AGGd!;air rDd s tarnpaaatuE3; b|romctcr Eadfugr;i/rathcr colditiod; couG.atbadld; alow!!c.3 Badc for currctrtsct or La$4iy;rr3ult! of lcxtaot obaadatiotr; timcsof parsiagnajor lrvi8atioul D!rb; nrE.s of Dilo8; d.t iL of actiotrin fog or bsd vilibility; tio6 shG! hol& !I. v.ntilst d; t trt ,ourdi!8!; timc. ehco !.vigption li8tr. u! .wit h.d on rod ofr; cotli6 of hcavyw6rhc., md my souodiltr nado totatbrt with tho nstuE oftba bottom,if bowD" (lO To tG@r mct orologirl logbooLwh.!o .rnryod. (17)To makcsur. thct anchorsa.r clca. for uscnhctr rpproaching poat. (lt) To frcqu.dtly ohacrvruotoictcalirg rFantu! cilitrt& 09) To bceria Ehd thrt aenint' nly bc rip.d by frc.t oint wiodt atrdtat .ciiotr to Frvrot t[i!. (20)To ctrlurc tbrt Dad alr clcaaof tbc fog-dgD.fing aplaratur bcforctt O.O.W.uld it (21)To crrur. thrr rdi6acd hdnr@ t4ort tbr ooin! to tba
o.o.w.
Duticawhici Eust trlo p.i{b of p|.ca ollt othclr ilcludo nuobcrt (l), (2), (3), (6), (lD, and O4). Ir rhould bc notld, hotrv.r, tb.t thc cxccotiotrof (l) wiU rutoe.tigrlly ilclu& dud!. (4), (7), O0), O2), O3),09), (20),!trd (21). wh.d tatilg ovrr a war.h" lhc O.O.W.wil flqsila to how: thc cour$ rt .r!d; dloerncc. for lccsay aid ,at; rb rodda crnitd, i.a. contiflrou! port or uboard hclm; thc rcrclutiotr!; rbiF or !.vi8rtioDrl E|tL! in dfbt: ftc lhip'r pouition;vbathat touDdiDgSaaaor rrdar i! i! u!a; whcthcrcxF. lootoub rfa podad.trd wh.f,ctbry sr liturtld; dctrib of rly |ound dgDd! haard;tb! ooEF$ aaror.Ho wil rad rd iaitid rbc Mlrt dr ldShr Otd.r Boot It i. olnoorty to writ
a4
TIIB OFFICBR OF THE WATCII tb logboot lotsi.. for thc rarlcb .tbr bcirg .cli.vcd, rDd whcdtt rllicvilg ofrccr b.! v.rb.lly .tr!.d to t tc ovcr oc *$.h. B.Lh,E.|ld (l) To.dlurc that . proFr t.trtrry ratch i! kcPt;tb.t fhc t.ltwry i| djultrd fo! tidd r.a8c; that !o urauthori!.d Frlont rtt .llocEd rbo.rd lttd th.t thc O6c.n' trly boordtu propcrlyu!cd. Thir htt r hdicrtaa whhh Ofioort arc rbocrd strd grhichonc i! on duty. (2) To adlut! thrt r[ noorilgr a.tcproparlyin d with.st guatd!. (3) To cnlutc thst dccldiSba.tc switchcdotr snd otr .t dltt .trd &w!. (4) To .tt nd car8poFrltiollr, itoriDgof th. !hip, erd tbc ruppli!8 of fr6h wataato ta!t!. (t To aosuGtht wrtchmcorrE proFly rcliarcdrDd thst whctrECn at! worlilg ovc.lidcor aloft thcit aquiptcot it h a safcconditioDtld rhrt r D!! ir cmDlorcdto ertch for thcir rafcty.Th. v6!al ahouHiy tbc two-frg aignal'RY',which ma&rs'Rducc apacdwhcnFssing ma'. (O To frlqucrtly ob6crvc6rc or rEokodcEctint app|rrtur rad to carrt out firt patrob. (7) To inv.stit tc dilcipliliry oficrc.3. (t) To prw.dt leokioS i! lpFopfirto p!rt! of th. !hip. (9) To b. rcspoisiblcfor thc curtodyof kcyt, O0) To cntcr inro thc logbool: rc.thca coiditio$; datailt of rcpcir work; lursbcr ofD.o cEploycdon &Eai6; tidcs whcoc..go i! lordcd or dirctrrled rld crhichhob! rrc in u!c; thc rusbcr of ,irr,adot! frogt coploycd; rlaaoa! for ltopprg.a ofcergo work; tha r<itritio! of hol&; hDt ,o!rdi!gr; th. d.ruSht cac.hdry; d.t ib of bciv), lift work; nrE6 oflEgray *atahmrtr. (l l) To rcguhrly cbrck ooorilgr .d fcodcr!. (12)To crrry out !.. dutic! (9),O2), O3), rnd O9). c.LDra,dA|da (l) To .!!u.! tb.r thcllcltor lidl! arr burdiogprop6ly .!d !t cqud brilliracy. (2) To lo.urr thlt thc strc.horb.[ n dilplayld by d.y. (3) To m*c rhc Tproprirtc louDdsignrk in fo8 or poor vLibiuty. (,1)To rlt dl po.riblc rtlpr to dcbct r dr8gtilg lachor. (t To rr.kc rurr r !.codd alcto! ir rcadyfor lcniDggo. (O To lift lla Srngsry ehan lcrr src h,rrrtiaSovcr iL (7) To ot crw aUbor8 |rdvirg &t srd L.vi!! thc .hip. (t) To c.[ tb! M.!t . irstintly lhould thc v6*l bc ia daofcr. (9) To rcoordh tb. Iogbook:thc dcpth of watlr rt thc strchor.8p; tlc aboutrt ofc.bL v!cr!d; thc uturc ofthc botloE; thc dchor baariltt or trudt bc.ritr8a,i.c. thoaculrd to c.bcctthc vlstcl'r potitio!; 245
TTIB OFFICBR OF IEB WATCS |try djlate.ota to thr aoouot ofcablct'rar!d; dltrib of boataarrivir! .t .Dd lceyingthc sbip;rhcarrivaldaaltbl; anyoftha cnfiaa i,ti:h aaa mrdc rt !.a or whcdbcdhcdia port |nd whichr!! apFoFiafc. (10)To c'rry oul lcr duti.. O), (4),(t), (9),O0),Ol), OD, O3),O1), OO, Ot), Oe), !!d (20). (ll) To poat af,tra lootoub iL Doo( vidbrlity, cotlttaooc a rtdst walcff rnd cdl thc M$tGr. 02) To .orut! rhatthc t!..Gl i! prop.dy .b..d (Chpt . l). I! dl ca!.t rhc O.O.W.rhould c.&fu[y rtt rd to Sbding (d.n. IL ahouldrrport to th! Maltar wiad: (a) th.rc i! r d.trriontioD of vi.ibility, or (t) lhc v!8rcl aiSht!ccrtrin uvigttiotrd D|rb, of (c) th.r! ir .!y unu.url lighting of, o. f.iluF to .igbt, nvigrtio[ mlttr, or (d) lry v..!d frilr i! it dqg to lir! w4r, o! (.) erlcl(!, uDidctrtii.d objca$,o! auwivod raa obq{a4 ol (, th. b.roDctrr fltlr rh.rply. DUTIEII OF OITI(SS
Pf,IOT TO I,EAVTI{C POIir
@Enxr@) Tbc folowids duti.. wil bc rhrrod .moDgtL! Oficr: (l) To corutl thrt.ll h.tchwrF.l! Gudy b.tiadd do*rl ald fbaa booby Oold .ottucc) h.t h.! d! locL.d, All w..tl6{.ot doon .hould b. do.d eb6c Frcth.l, (2) Atl rhip'r sidr trib Dnlt b. prop.rly .bippod.rd ..wql OvlF 6idatrct! ,hould ba hsubd .bosrd. (3) D.rricf! *iU b. .torcd rod r.olidy h.h.d i! thch.rutoh.& TtG dcck erEro bc cL.rrd of dl rulrilg ri83i!& (4) StadiDg riggitrglhould bc lct tight---{hir Ipli.r rn o it bi, b.co castofr ro facilitac thr rwingiq out of dadi:k!. (t To aolorarhat a Fopar a(c5alta of doaonaobb|. ba@Dldc b.tw! th. rhip .!d th. doct ofi.Gr. (O A[ c.rgo .hould b. eutdy todD.d (6o|td) lo F{wrot it .tifring in o aaac6y. (A A rhorougi ch.ct nrlt b. n|d! ro @|r! thrt no a.ttp for thst port ir bcitrgortrqlri{ to rDcrrxt dc.cilrtioo. (t) Thc Mrrtrf ri[ prob.tly rquitc . lirt to bo o.& .ou.iriirg thc rp6c.3&nridng vitth c.rgo comFftmot!, Fttlnldy whra tbc v!.rcl h loding: Idc.[y, a cog ofthi! thouldbcat to thc st lo.dilt pon' (9) Thc droushtL to tc i6{..!.ly tr.d @ botb .il.| (ia c.r tL !E .l i. lirt d).!d tbr d.o.ity of th. doc&r .( dd.(DiEd. I!.o@. 2M
THE OFFICER OF THE WATCII localitiB whcr€high t mFr.turcs prwail, luch asthc Pc.iiaDGuIf, thit maybc as low a596 Srammcspc. Iitrc, and a hydromctcrsuitablcfo. oils will hsvc to b. us.d. Thc forn FRE 13 (Noticc of Drrught rnd FEcboad) mustbc complctd, signcdby thc Mstcr !!d Chid Offccr, ard posbd io a coBpicuou! phcc. Thc M.ltcr wil cotlr thc dctrib tistcdin thi! form i o thc omcisl lribook. (10)To carurcthat stronSroom! ard mril room! erc lockcd. (l l) To carryout s thoroughacafthfor itovewrF h dl p|rt of thc ship,with panicularrcfcrlncc to: lifcboatr; fun&l calin8'; LrF wD. tilttorsi crcwaccommodation; emplyoil-cargo-tanks; enginc-rooms; trunk*rys and shafttunncls(ondcmcath thc limbc.s); tunncl+scepc coilsof ropccovcrcdwith canvrsiholds,andthc stccring storcroomsi mayusclhechsinlockcr. fsl. ctc.Stowaways (12)To cnsut! that Must.r Usti aI! po6tldlhrougboutih. rhip lirting thc cmcrgpncy duticsofallclrw Drcmbat!. (13) Totosl a copy of the Crew Agecment (ALC 6) in rhc crew accommooauon. (14)To cnsur th.t a cabin,if rcquircd,i3 pr!p.r!d for tho Pilol (15)lrtc documcdts3houldbc prcpsrcdrc6dyfor lrnding by n.at!! ofthc pilot cutt .. (16)To nakc pFpsrstiotrsfo. thc oomp.3r.dju!i.r, if .ly. (17)To obtainthc latcstesthar-forccastcbir! if raqulld, rnd dlo thc ht6t icc ]lporB, i! scssoD. (18)Thc whisdclanyardsend mein radio ecrirlr ihould bc qtctcd. (19)All Dcc.ss.ryflsgsihould bc mdc r€rdy. Tbc Bluc PcGr(cod. fl.g 'I') shouldp.rfcdbly bc dispLyld fo. th. f,rrl 12bouB. (20)Tclcphondshouldbct6tcd througboutlhr sbip.Thos.p.ovidcd by thc.horEAuthoritid shouldbc discouE{rd andLtcn arhorc.Thi! rpplicato 3horcsuppliGof r&am, 8as,clcctricity,and vatcr, alc. (21)A chcckshouldbc madcto carurcthat dl pa$aoSara arld c.rw mcmbc'3arr aboard.Thir will normrlly bc doDcby tha Haadaof thc dcpartmcnts,who will rlport to thc Cbicfo6car, (22)Thc pstcDtlog, if of thc towingtypc, shouldbc ma& rcadyfor ikl.mitrg. (23)Thc gyro compe3!shouldbc rutroitrgfor .bout thc ild 5-l2 hou6. Tlc gyro cno. ihould bc chcckcdetrd rlp.acr| tynchrorircd vit[ thc mrltcr compGr.SomcM|st (! prcfcr to rdjult thc tlpcrt '! so lhat thcy showtro crror. All clsmprmu3tbc rclcascdon thc rtt|lLr colnprls, (24)Thc nrvigatior b.id8c ahouldbc dtdc t€edy eith prtticul|r tlfcrcocc to: biroculars; tclcacop6; m.8.phorl6; chdk for couFc bos.d; charts;chsrtworkinstruncdts;lhrfp p.ocib; bddgctrotcbool; sign lliog lampr; comparsbinnsclc covcrs; azimuth nirroE (th6c .hould bc t6tcd for crror by obrcrvidgttc bcarin8!of an objactvith 297
TITB OFFICBR OF TIIB WATCE thc srrow both up anddowtr);thc V,H.F, radio; torchca;thc clronoDct rr lhould bc chGcld fd.d!r; ttc rr&r, ccho-lotmdiDg Dlrhinc, Gtrli!}rood tdclt pb!, rt .dng+.r, siirtlr+ rnd loud hlilcn rhould b. totld; c!r@t Noliq to M.ri4r| Eolt bo obt i!!d (29 R.tSurrd. .hoou bc brought.borrd. (2O Fc lctt lnd gltr8wlF Oonld bc rtodcd rtrdy for rhifp'"g. (2O All boqt! .!d [8nr.cr lhould bc c.it ofi. Propcl.c gu.rd! (fo!ting D.rq trngsiirl !o poopd!ck) .hould b. rhip,p.d, (2t) To .tbd th. noorinSrifthc EdgitrGr!wishto t .t thc .ogi!6. Whatrlc.viDgt! rtrchoragqpsrti:ubdy whcoc&go ha! bccnlordd or di!c.hrtg!4 duti.. (23)ad (24)Ery bc dilEcNr!.dwitb, r$uoing r proF .r.hor prtA ha! bccdk@L Duty (2t wiU Dot.pply, DUTIES OT OTfI(ET!I PnIOI TO AXIIVAL IN BONT (l) AmnS. for.[ tr!c....ry !r9 to b. Drdc rc.d],, !o.h !! qu.tutinc signalsa.odthc ship'ssigral lctters goup. The corrcc3courtGy iag ihould bc to hand. (2) To prtD.lt . lirt of c.r!o, toSctb.r with ib wludr, c.fiid i! utrtEgirtftd rF..a, for d.drrdio[ to rhc C]r|toD| O6c.rr, (3) To prtFrc (kriab ud crrE rlrdy fo! immcdi.tc cornlcttF mcrt oforgo ro[t. (4) To wlm th. Eo8ir..rt !t h.|t I hour bdorl thc.o8hc. .r! to bc do'peod. (t To p.rD.tr . grnfny rad fcodar Erdy fo ri5gils orlrlirla (q l}c Ft.dt tryilf log nutt Dch.rd.d (broqht rbo.rd). (7) A p ot hdd.r durt tc Erdc rc.dy. (t) Moorir! lb D!!t bc prqrrd for rmbg Ilcrviog fu rhould bo di.titot d for! .nd .& .rd c. rprhlt rlruld ptofcrruy hw haayilt lilaa altlady laaoaodto thad. CONNIIIG lEE SlPi
EE}l
OIDnS
Thcrcia !o ainsloafn@ ofErtal halD o[&rr, ald tla nlr !..frra n .todsly dvi.d to .bdy th. l|rirL D.rhod. .!d dooco oo for hir own u.c cod..vos.iq ro n L. s! tt t it rill d .ll rincr b. tuitrbL for thr Drcvaliot ooaditiooa,c.& c@i!t anoog haar.ytr|fic.rd rlto i! rarror r|taq aic,,ud that it ia
[email protected] tr. of grd r' rtutoard (or Doat)'ir gpoar|ly a! ao.rgtry ord.. eh.n. rrpll .riot n t.qoir!4 ud lD. ord.r rhould bGgiltd i! r calo w*! to aorEFlhat a frrnaod h&ro|tr doa.trot D||ttb ttaol ort i! rho rrs!8 di.loiioo. fhir hlt.t .c{iotr it litdy to bo . Did.b D.d! by !!y oD of !r, lrd Dry 6|r Fribbdy ni.o tb. tdlro.o i. rddioS lt crab rbroqb rh. rli.dbo!- rildoo, iod-d of Li. 26E
TI{E OFFICER OF TI|E WATCIT i!!tsuEo!t!. Thc uscof thi! ordar,hoerv.f' Diy bc quitar!8ub rnd frcoucntitr !8trow chsnnclswhcnthc shipi! ptocatdilt rt dov tPGGdt rnd_c.rryiq l.rgr ruddcrco.&cliotrrngha. eU orilcrs-roltrc mormln mult b. !tp.!t!d by bi6; thlo hGrrportt 'Wt..l'. .midlhiF, Sit' thi! mustbG.cknovlcdS.d r cotrditiotrluch ar bv 'Ifthco.o.w thc O.O,W.rrilhc! to altlt thcv!!lcl'r counofrcn' ,!y' 2ru !o 330 'Altar coulr 60dcgt!6 to strrboatd',ol &g116 hc Ery girc rhcordct, "s;cr 330dc;;'. or aLc hc Ely choo6cto cotrtrol thc a*ilg of thc 'T*aoty rhio himrclf.in whichcrrc hc wil watctrthc coEFs! .!d asy' thip coEEcnc.. hG.leitr8 thc O'O'w dcirc6 s|rboard thc.l'. Ar Oc 'Ea!c 'Erc to tctr', i! rtbich c.tc thc whc'l b whccl' or thc me-vrav. -rit"a-ri"tit ttc iaOotor tho*r r LaaYduGthttr Z) dcgt .' ot cltr l0 "DidtbiF'. WhGotbr vcaal rc&hcr r &1116. Thc Dtxt ordcr will bc (d.p.odiDg upotr th. rr& of rwbg) tho h;diq of aboul 32) d.grc.r 'stcady' whccl bcilg rot tld to Plovilc thc or'lrlcct h.rl', ortcr J t bc ir6rt hdm in ordcr to chcct thc Ning' Thir ouat bc dorc ao lbrt lh' ihip "ropr .*iogiog oo " hcdiog of 330dcgtL+ whcothaordaci! giwd 'Sta-rdya! abcso6' or'St ady ot 330&grcc! ' fhii ncrha of oomiag Ery bGut tul wt d th. O.O.W.wirhr' to rttcr courrc ro rvoid alothct'vqacl. If bo rhinl, ltr dccrriotr of t5 dcqlaa to Dort ir rumciant,hc n|y tsy dnply SLas fittrcl dcft!" lo prtftn to rwiog thc.hiP utrtil s auit blc dLtrtion llt ro-rt'. bu ii'ha -oca 'Twtdty dcstt" port tc nay urc tlc roqucocc ioco'ecnic"od, 'St!.dt "EidthiF . . . St.rdy 'r ... ro nvE ' . . wlo"t'...'f"L b..di!& ahaaoa.'.Tbc halnltn!tr low |t?orta thcthip'a'Poft t*!d91" .tc" but $nc O6ocn and Pilotr ulo ihc Gtltr.tiod 'You colr'c ttloty lo dlr a!! to Eca! Drnv hclnamcoitrtlfprct tbb 'You |t! !o curt d!r;.. to Dort' ebilGotter| uld.flnal it !o Dc.n rfit" 'ud.fittandiris a"rricr oep-t ttcd'. For th'. ttaa@ llaao olt t altryr bo ' bcts@ th! cominS O6.aa ald tha hdotda!. clc.r tha rbovorlbtitr! ta$Erc canbo Arlrnilt thc httcr ili.tpGfrtio!, 'Portnv!' . . . "nidthiF .. ' St'rbo'il . . . r*otv' io.'pott claara "DiiLhiF . . . scrdy...b. !F. ttui' tto itcadvoc nilad .' . 'E$ to fv!" 'Pon nvr ir !..d h.rc itrtt .d of Ttc ;rDr..d; 'wt"o irrunaior tU nA-loatr lo alaaf,| oafiri! oootaaauchaa33'' 'Tht!c' tht.a Oh'. Tbc h.l@& dcffcc+ it b elven cxprt{oa |t nuat rttort couttaain r lidilrr oa!tt.l. If th; O.O.w. wlh.. to bGrb.olutdy F:d!. in hit dutlt h! a.y r ch th. etaal ildic.to. at h. gir€ rtr otdcr. Tbb adrbb. hi'n to hclu rpplicetioc Ib ruddccidicetor d.tlct i!.tuttv rtrv Eittat unnlly *orr r idryd !.tio! coDFttd with tbrt of th. wh"L "d I Ditt|lc it oot innaldY obaaatld. Wiaocwt ro ord!. it tu!8 oo thc angitlroon tdcanlb| it rin b' N
THE OFFICEROF TIIE WATCH rtrls,€rcdby rhc Engilcar, idd thc smallcrpoittar oo tha bridgctclc f'!ph will rlig! itsclf wiih tta maioclDtrol. It i. mo6timportsot ttat thc Offc.r in chargcolthc tdcgrsphs3houldob6crvcthit sEsll poiolrr i! ordcr to dctcctciron. TIIE BOW TINUSTEN This device rvill emble the vescl to be tumed within her own lentth a|ld is an ercellentaid to shi[Fmanoeuvring. Whethcror not it is fitGd to a shipdepcndsvery muchuponhow muchuscit is likcly ro s€e. Orderssuchas PORT THRUST, o. THRUST TO PORT erc sometimesgrosslymisiDterpr€tedto nean TITRUST WATER TO PORT, in srhichc{se the ship movesto starboard,lndoubtcdly the opposirerequired! To avoid ary possibilityof misundentanding,I prcfer the order BOW TO PORT. Opiniondiffersasto the thnster's efficiencl at forwardsFed. Above about4 tnots it is urlikely to have any effect. TIIE IOGXX)XS Rcfcildccha! bcctrmadcid pGviousrcctio!! to a logbool. By tti! is m..nt tlc Chicfomccr'rlogbool, whichi! vinualy a diaryof thc ahip'r rctivitics.Thc idormrtioa cootaincdthccio i! dcrivrd froD ihc rough logbook,*hich is tcpt by tbc itrdividulf O6cats-of.ttc-vatch.Thc Chid Ofrcci's log is writt D up &ily, rDd ..ch prg. is sigld by thc Chicfoficcr endwito.sLd by th. Mstcr. Boththi! boot .!d thc.ougb logbookmay bc producd ir Courb of ltw |trd .bo doailS O&ial Elquiri.s, suchasare h€ld by th. Dcprrtmcni ofTraNpon (D.o.T.) in th€ U.K. subequcnt to a collision, etc. For t[i! tlaloq Fg!. lhould lrvcr bc tom out of thc boot, rDd rtry rltrratiotr! shouldbc n!d. by ruli4 r lintb linc thlough tbc oriSird a ry, tC ritidg it a. d6irld, .nd initirlio8 thaaotry.It ir prtfcfrtlc to havc r sitDcssiDgligraturc. In tu cirilrntoracs dpuu or satsa ba At tt rdd ofthc voyrgptbc Chifoficcr't log ir oft.d 8iv!d into ttc qrstodyof ttc tbipow[cr! ehilc rha rcughcopyi! &t iD.d sboardfor tlfcrtdoc purpo36.Thc Owncrrrr! tb6 i! a podti@ to corduatdofaoalacvEtrthoughthc v.lscl ir rbroad. Id thit comE{ioo it ir of thc uho6t iDpo.trDacto o.tc a full cotry i! thc loSboot rEbtilg !o dl .ccilcot! *hic[ occuroo thcahip,aomttt r eho thaviciiE, a"&vilitor, atlwdorc, oth.' 3hor! anployao,ot ctrw rncobcf. I! Drtry ca!6 thc antrt ha! bc.o ovrrlookcd,!!d ar Daay ar iw )E rr bt r . c.biD for daDagr' ha! bc.o Dadc,lhc cLin Flsting to iltDcrsor iffrpcaitrtrcct ctc,,allcgcdto bGa dirccl r6ult offbc oriSilal rccilcot ProviLd r full rcoount,duly witr.laod, rrd rt r! poacibL.ifDcd by thc victiD, hr. 2q
THE OFPTCEI OF TEE WATCH bc.n cat ftd into tL logbool, thc Owncrrwi[ bc .blo to proYidrth6 ![rimum dcfctrccuodsrcooditiontof litit tion. Th. Ofrcial Logboo,(O.L.a.)is supplicdby thc Dcparlmcntof TransDorl 'bccnin th€ United Kingdomwhen the Crew Agreement of thc Mercrntile Madne havc comptctedto thc aatiafac1ion Officc SuDerint;ndent,and b€forc he issuasthe ship'scertificrte of ouward ilcarance.lt mustbe dclivcrcd to thc Superintcodantwirhin ,18hours of anival in the United Kingdom, or when the crcw is whichcveris the sooner. discharsed. Tbjs iosbookii lcpt by thc Mastcr,andall €nlrid arr si8ncdby him andwitnc-scdby a crcwmcmbcr,u3uallylhc Chicfoffcar. Thc logbook containsadtric.rdating to: (l) Birth, dcaths,tnd mat iaScswhichoccu.otr board. (2) W.gp! duc to a dcld sramtt, tolpthrr with Nlht ofhb cFcct!. (3) Eacbclsc of sickncss and th. rcmcdyus.d. (4) A li3t ofcaEw,with e rcpon on ttcir conductatrdchrrectcr.Abo dcrdk of rhairqualific.tiod!. (t Written wamings, reprimandsand statutory deductions by a Court of Law. Convictions (6) Dctlib of crcwcbanfGand anypromotion!or disratin$ whhh ocaur. (O B..chirg!, str.ndinSi,rnd colliliont. (E)Ordcn ofa Nrvrl Coun. (9) Datailsof wrrcnight doors,r.dio inst ll.tios, dcck linc, atrd lotdlitrcs. (1o) ' ' DbtrB3 calb wbichrdultcd in no dcpartuFof tbalhip frorDhcl cou.3c.Full ralons for not 8oin8lo thc alsistanccof thc dL' trt3icd Fr3on! fiust bc giwn, ( I I ) A list ofdocubcrts withiothc M$tcr's chrtgc,c.g.Ccnifc.t! of Rcgiltry,Ccnifcrtc of FrEcborrd,coPyof thcctlw'a A8tlanadl cbncr-plni6, Mdnifcst,Bill ofHcdtll r.dio logbook,clc. (12)Rcfu$l by.ay crcw Ddnbcr to ttkc rtti'tcorbutict (liDc oa citru!-fruitjuicq wbic.harc i$urd frcato prcvcnttcurvy). (13)Wr86 ard cfrcct of rlly s€rmsneho ha3bc.tr Lfl bchiod'fot aoy rcasoD,st . prcviou! port of cdl. (14)Cornpbbts rrgading food and *.tcr. (15)Toma8caof dackcarSoct. (15)Thc dnuSht, dock allowucc, end f.acbotrd otr lcaviBgalch Dort: th€s€srt coDicdfrom form FRE 13. (17)bc;io$ o! vhich thr ship's lifc-saviogspplirtrc.3 rrc i!' sFtcd, ioctudiogboatdtill. andfrc drills. (lt) Testsof pilot hoistsand sieeringgear. (19)lolFclions of thc accommodttion. 291
TIIB OFFICBR OF TNB WATCH A oopyof tho .!try .hodd b. ftr.lirtd to . so.n *no hlt b6 wamed or repdmandcd,or who bas bc€n disrated. WLo tb. r,r.d b|t dr!!d hool wrrhor, .t !d.4 or bc.n brd.4 crc., i.c' |n), oqrr@ rtid nifht k d to du.!. to th! r.raador h.f carlo, tha M[tar 'loiaa Fobn' haf,oraa Notuy Plblio ritLin t+ horrt ofuriv.l i! port An .otrt, ro tf,ir .f!.r .houk bc Er& ir ttc CbitrOfio.d.loSbook rnd.lro ir tb6Ofi. Lgbook
292
CIIAPTER XIY
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
NOTICES TO MAXINERS fa_f[s rI! publishcdfor lhc clrEation ofAdsiralty charq sailitrg I Dllctioo!, Ught U!tr, strdothcrhydrogtaphicpubliEtiont, !trd &! iarucdby thc AdEir.lty for thc ulc of both Roytl aDdMcr' I chsotNrvi6. For fordg&goiagvt*rcb, lhc followiDgNotiod rrc i'sud: (a) Drily lotica! to dir,arniEtr irfornrrtio! of |tr utgrDtlstur! or of Dajor idportalaq (r) Stc.tly conplct .ditio$ of Dothq whic.hcoatain all thc inforErtio! whichhr! bcc.mcr\|rilablc dutiag lba ptlviou! wk rtrd inclrdc rny D.ily Notica bud durirg thlt $tct. (c) A qurrtlrly cditiotr co[taiDirg i! 3 collt.d foan, lhc hydrogrrphic i orErtion publishodi! tbc wccHy oomplctrcditioDt duti!8 thc ptlviou! qo!rtc(. Thc ftrt ilauc of tho F.r co linr rouShlyltc frtt tw6ty loriccs, which are annual Reculationseod otr wbich candidatesfor D.o.T. GflEination rr! cbdly $rc.tiotrd. Thc book abo contailr loticca of . tadpor|ry ctlrr tcr, prEliEi4ry troliclr itr folca o! I Jrtrulry, dctaik of mineleyingexcrcis€s,territoriel and fishing limits, radio schcmca,thc navi8ationalwernings,positionsof ttafllc rcpantion _of carri-egcof nautical-pu6licetionsand detaits offshorc rigs. This book b knowl as thc Annual Suramary. The Wcekly Editionscontainsix parts: Pan 1 Thc ind.x Part 2 Noticcato Mariners Prn 3 Navigationalwamidgs Part 4 Correctionsto SaifingDir€ctions Pafl 5 Corleclioff io Admiralty Lists of LiShtsed Fog SiSnals. Pan 6 Correctionsto Adminlty Lis$ of Ladio Siglds. For homc-tradaondf3bitrgvcsscb,al4ilytrotic.srrr blucd rtrd dlo . pcckly co.rplataadition,but both rdcr oDlyto lhc a.t ! lrrvcBld by thcscv6scls. 293
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION Thc Noticcsarc issu.dgratis to Mastcr'sof shiF, sdd sll Ofrccrs .hould scarchthcm thoroughly,makingsll eppropriatccorcctions to tbcir hydrographicmat rial. Navigationalwrmings3houldbc initiallcd by cachOfic.r. Thc Noticcsarcobtainablcat McrcantilcMarinaOftcca lhrouShour&c UnitcdKingdom.Thcyrnry bc iaspcctad,atrdin meny cas6 obtaincd,at important Comdonwcalthshippingoficcs atd at irnporunt BritishConsulatcs. Thcyarcslsoobtainablcfrorn Admiralty Chln Agrnts.
THE A"II{VERSYSTEM Thc Automa&d Mutual Aslistancc Rdcuc Systm, oaigimtad by rh. Unitcd StetcsCoastgurrd,is a mefitinc mutuel $sistsncc organisationwhich providcsimportant rid to thc dcvalopmcntand co-ordinationof sclrah and |l{cuc (SAR) cfrorts in many ofi3horc arlas of thc vorld. Mcrchant vcssclsof ell nstions msking ofrshorcvoyagd rI€ cncourrSldto scndmovcmenlrcportsandpcriodicpocitionEportsto tha AMVER ccntrcat Corst Guard NcwYork vir lalcc,tcdndio st tions. Information from thclc rcports is fad into an cLcttotric computar which supplicsdcad-&ckoDing politiotrsfor thc vassabwhilc thcy lrr withinthc plottingalla. Charactarilticsof v6!.ls which arc valurblc fo. dctlrmiting SAR capabiliryrrl also cnrcrcdinto lhc computcrfrom avaiLblc sourc.s oI rnlormluon. Thc p&dictcdlocarionatd SAR charactcrirtic.of caabvc&iclloown to bc within thc arca of iDterastarEmrda rvailablc uDonrrqucst to rccogDiscd SAR ag€ncicsof eny nstioD,or lrr3oo in distrss, for uac io an cmcrSrdcy.Thc prrdict d loc{aiotrs!I. dilcloscdonly for rcasons conncclad$,ith maritimcsafcty. Similai systcmsa& now in opaEtion in Madrgascar,Australia, N.w ZalaDd cnd Dcnnark (G&cnladdrEr). All shiF arr urgcdto co-oFratc. AMVER mcssaScs sI. frcc to thc afiip. Four typcsof Epon arc in usc.Thc ninc-pcrtrcpon us.d lo initiltc a plot is scnt bcforc o. soonrftcr dcplrtu.; it ii virr|rrly a sailinS plao.Thcrc is alsoa dcviationor dclay&port whichis rc iftha lriling plm is chargcd.A losition trpor! cltr bc lcnt rt randomintarvsk to assisltha computcr(on looS voyat6). Thc fou.th typa of rcport is madcotr ardval at thc vcascl'sdcstiDrtion!t4
THB SAFETY OF NAVIOATION TIIE MAIIIIME BUOYAGESYSTEM Thc Intcmrtional Associationof LighthoulcAutho.itid (I.A.L.A.) hr3 dividcd its combioedCardinaland kterrl buoyagcsystemrDto 'B'. Rcgioo'A'uses the followio8buoyraod two redoo! 'A' .nd zcal.nd, AIrica, the Gulf and marks'ir Europc, Austr.[a; New 'B'is discusscdon pagc3Ol. someAsian coi rias. Region bt lal dttr (Fig. 14.2)src uscdfor w€lldcfncd channclsand show thc Dort and stlrlroard sidcsof thc routc to bc followcd.For cxrmplc-
17
),.
coNvENTroNArDrnEciox oF iIJoYAGElN u.r( F r G U t €r 4 . I
295
TIIB SAFETY OF NAYICATION ,o.t hand mark arc to bc Icft on thc mrrinar's parr hand whpn appaoaching a harboua,a rivcr cstuaryor rny othcr*atcrvay from sc!ward, or whcnproc.cdint ta tha conwntidvl di..ctlan of bbBc. Th. lrttcr should, in g.ncral, follow r clockwic dircction arcuDd lrld mess.3.Thc convcndonaldircctionofbuoyrgcfot th. Unitcd Kingdon is sho*n io Fig. 14.1.Tbc Eadcr rhould Dotcthrt latanl pillar buoys havccolourcdpillars. C.drl n rt! (Fig, 14.3) uscd in oonjunctionwith tbc cardinNl pointsof thc compass,indic{tc (a) whcr. a marincrcan6nd navigablcwatcr, (6) thc ssfcsidcon whichto passa dal|gcr, (c) thet thc dccFit watcr is on thc nrdrad sidc of thc r|a k, aDd (d) a bcnd,ejunction, a bifurcation(i.c. a forl) or thc cDdofa shoal. Cardinalmark arc passcdoa thc rund sidc of thc mark, in othcr wordsthc marind pass€s to thc n?Jtofa n?'l quadrantmarkandso on. Tha rcadcrshouldnotc lhat crrditel pillrr buoyshrvc colourrd pillar for additionalcl.rification. Ilohtad lhg.tr |nlrfr Gig. 14.4)!rc crccrtadoD, oa moo.Edon or abovc an isolatcd dangarwhich has naviglblc watcr all round it. Thcy mayhavconc or moE rcd borizontslbands. S.lc W.t6 n rtr (Fig. 14.4)showthat thcrc is nrvigrblc w6tcr all aaoundthc maak.lt docsnot mark s hezaad.Safcwltcr rurks csn bc uscdas mid-channclmarksin which c8scthcy shouldalwrys bc Iaft on ihc marincr'sport hand so that hc kcap6to thc atarboardsidqof thc fairmy. Sfdal Dfut! (F,g. 14.5)alc us.d to showspccisletras ot fcaturcs suchas trafrc scparation,spoil groundsor dumpinggroundswhcrc anchoringis unssfc, military arcrcisa aflas, utr&awatcr csbl6 or pipclincs,rccreationzoncsctc.Thc shapcofthc spccirlmerkis optional. Ncw Drngcrsarc markcdassoonaspo6siblc.If thcdanga.is asFcially gravc,suchas a trrck acrossa chlnncl, at lc5st ooa of thc marksis to b. duplicatcdas soonas possiblc.This duplicatcmark may carry a .acon showioga signalonc milc loDgon r radrr disphy. Tha I.A.L.A. considcrthat doublc-concand doubleaph.G toF marksarc fcaturcsof major daytirrc imporrrn€ snd shouldthcrcfoE with thc maximumscpsrstion. bc as larg!is possiblc 296
POF'
LATERAL I{AND MARIS
A
!!!-aE: cAN, P|LL^R OA SPAA g9t9!l!, FEo T O P M A R K : REO CAN --@' "to, ^*t "*"t""
I
L AIERAL SIAFBOAAD HANO MAA(9
A
il
It c o N € , P T L L A R O F s P AA G F € EN IOPM^FK r C A E E N C O N E !.!9!.! , G R E E N ,A N Y R H Y T I { M
s9!9.U8'
F I G U A E I T I, 2
+
N
+
A
. L!g!J,w8l
A
Y --[ LIGHT:
v
V
!!9u:
oa
A
.
T
voF(6)+LO N G QF(6) + L ONG
s
fllg]""'r.
lc^RorN^L M^Fxsl
F t c u F Et a . 3
co.or"ffitr.,..,-ot
l-rsir-r-rEoDAncER RKsl
o o
O
o LI GII T: G P . F L { 2 , l W H IT E
lsliE wri ER MARKs'l TSOPHASE. llgtLl, LONG OCCULTING,OR T F L A SH , I V X I E
$ COLOUR RED
FIGURE I/t.4
lspecrel uretsl
YELLO'
CONE
SPHERE
LIGHT: Y€LLOU
T 9PAN
F r c u R El a . 5
TOPTaART:Vtltott
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVICATION Thc liShts ur€d oo Rcgion 'A' buoF arE ilurtntcd in Fit. 14.6 A light gradcdas very Quick togflhcrwith rhc usualabbrcviations. fl.shes ar $c ratc of lm or 120 f,..hcsFr ninutc.A liSht Flashing gredcdasQuickFlashiogwill ffashat hrlfth.t rrtc, i.c. 50o.60 irshcs pcr mrnurc. Rcadcrsarc adviscdto colour Fi8 14.2to 14.7irclusiva,prrfcrably with crayons. through Spi.itinksor f.lt tip pcnsmayprcduccaccpagc to thc othc. sidc of the papcr. Whcrc ncccssary,I havc includcdr colour kcy and shadingin thc disgr&ms.This is obviouslyunnccassary in thc cascof larcraland so.cial marks. Rcgion 'B' compris€sNorth, Crotral and South Americ3, Japan, Korca add the Philippines.Tbc only chrngcir to htcral matkswhctc gccn is !*4 for pott hatrdbuoysard rcd for stsrbo.rd ha[d buoys. Shapasarc commonto toth rcgio$ so cansarc alwaysport hand hark!. Conesr€main starboardhand marks but rvill be tcd. Both regions usc Pr4dr.d ChannalLatttul Marl6 whcta lha channel divides.A singe horizontalbandof colourdenot€sthat thr buoymay bc left on cither sid., thc bulk of thc colour indicatingthe p.cferrcd chatrnel.For examplc,in Rcgion'B', a 8tlctr c{n buoy with a broad rcd band otr it would mea[, to a ship herding in tbe conventiooal dircclion of buoyage,that the prefcred chaonellias to starboard.
TEE N.EGI'LATIOITISF1ORPREVENNNG COLLI!|IONII AT SEA. rt2 (ADcrdcd 19&t' 19dt' 19t0' r99l U9:l). Crndidrt6 for D.o.T. Exabinationsfor Ccrtifrcatcsof Compctcncy will bc cxpcctcdto provc thcmsclvcslhoroughly familiar with thc Rules,and whil. an inabilhyto rccitc!h.m vcrbatihwill not .tcccssarily crusc thc cardidatc ro fail, e poor lnowlcdgc of thcir contlxt and applicationwill surclydo so.Candidatcswill not bc placcdin thc positionof handlinga fully-riggcd sailingship(unlcssthcyara bcing er.amined for ssilcndorscmcnt), but rh.y will bccrpccrcdlo rccognisc thc liShtsof lhcscshipsand to cstim&tc of suchvcsscls. lh. haadings wordingvithin thc Rul.s |nd It i! poirdalc ro dwcll uponambiguous to dadorrtrstc ccrtrin minor instaocdoffaulty eordio& for ttis vill 301
V E R Y Q U I C XF L S I I I N G
QUIC( FLASHING
ourcx FL^sH(3) FLASHING
GROUP FL^SH (2)
LONG FLASH
rs o P H A s E V E R Y Q U I C K F L A S H (6) ANO LOIIG FLASN
ourc( FL^SH(21 ANO LONG fLASH occuLttNG
GFOUP OCCULTING
LIGH'
CHAFACTEAIS'IC5
FIGUFEI4.6
nso
$
@o^r^
o.Jrr
A $.2
/
//
'
I a
a
L 3^ --A
&
.---,
/ 4 t8 A .,/
/ ,r't
i
/
/
S E 6
Z \
ffi r...o"
TI|E SAFBTY OF NAVICATION ooly c@fur tba r!ad!f. A to& wil tt tafotr baitcludld rr ttc c[d of Gaaf,RuL, rhaa! approFida, i! od.r to .ttilt tbc ttadcr to uDdar,lrnd tt atplhti.r! oo.! tborouShly.AlthouShcondittilS tbc *ordins to @;ay ir uldouhi.dy rirc, nrdy PcopL|I! quib u!.ttL to do ttit, horrwr bJrl tLt Ey, .nd !o thco I sould tu886t lc.tlint tbc con' t.st ro tholoulNy th.t lhr rlpli..tio! of thc Rul6 bcootDc!rccold tatuq
PART A--4ENER'AL
RU[a I Appli&bn (u) Tb..c Rulc. Odl rpply to tI vsr.b upoo tbc high.... rrd in rll r.&r! coE[..Ld thcrctirh E vif.blc by..r8oing tcn 15. (D) Norhi4 in thc.. RoL. lhrl inactfct! wilf, thc oPcntioD of Faitl trti:. nrac Ui- 4pruprht rurtority lor rcldlt r&, bstbout, rivc6' vif.blc by trlcr or inbil *rtcruyr cdffircd with thc hifh .at ad poblc to !. €odorn I dacly v!.tcb. li.dd ru!6 sbn Sud ragoitrg thcrc Rulca, (c| Ndbinr itr tbc.c RuLr rhrll ircri.tc with rbc opcrdim oI .Dy oiirt rutg mac W Oc Corcrnnmi of lny St|tc ?iih tt4cct to dditiotd lirtird or tignd liSb!, rbqci or *hi.d! .ifEdt for lhiF of ?|r rod Yltlcb Droacdi[r urdar coovw. or *ilh rtaocc{to tttdiiional 3iilton or !i8!rl ll3trtt ; .5r*-16t t t'i"g vc;tcl .o!.|pd ir Etir! I . o.ct. Tbsc tdditiodd .triior'or ifnd light, .hS.. or wtittlc d!n&.hdl, lo frr a F.iblc' bc ad tLt thcy crrmr bc nilN*Gr ior.ry li8bl, thPc or.igd ruttoriz.d cb.rhcrr ur&r thc.c Rd.i. (l) Tnfic ..p.nti6 lchc6 nry bc tdopi.d tt th. Orltniz.tbn for thc DurDolcof abaaaRul6. (r'l ivhmvcr thc Gwcrnncnt corccdcd tb.I bvc d.tcdiocd thlt r vc;l of lpcd.l cootltEtion or potF.. cDtot c6Ply fuIy with ttc Drovi&6; !,rv of lt .c Rulc. ?ith rc|pccr io rtc tuDbcr, poitioo' nnga ; .rc oa viiulty of lilbtt or d.p6, r. ftll ! lo thc dilFntim .nd !Fli&c6, wiiho|r btcrt dn! vith rhc ch.nctldnb of ioufl';ifndiog lD.cid fu"dior ol th. vc.6.l, ;xt wr..l .bn cmply wiih lu(i othcr ;od.irD. iD]! ,'d ro th. luDb.i, p(dtitr, ltDsc 6 nt of vidtili.y oI litltr d ct.t...lctiric. o{ tdrldd8ldliaf Ar rhrDca.$ ftx s b rtc dittdtin r!di|;cc.. rr hcr covcttoat |hdl hvc dctcrEin d lo bc lh. clot .r r;;duc codpli.rcc .ith th.tc Ru!6 in rc.p.d oI ltrt v6.cl.
304
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVICATION RuLa2 R.s'd,'iJibilitt (a) Nothior in th.s. Rulcs shall eroncratc any v6scl, or lhc owner. of anyncSlcalto conply with m|ncr or crcw-th€rcof.from thc conscqocnccs th6c Rul€sor oI thc ncdccl of anyptccaulionvhidr tnayb. rcquircdby ihc of ihc c5lc. ordinad Drrcticcof !cam.n, or by ttc spocialcitc1rmslrnc€s (r) iicoastruing andcomplyingwirh th€l. ruj.. du. rc8lrd shal bc had to all drnlcl! of navi8ationand collision rnd lo any spccid cirEamstancd' indudinl th.lit|ilation of ttc vcarclsinvolvcd,whichmaymalc a dcpanurc ftom ahc,scRul6 ncccisaryto avoid immcdiatcoattcr. 'Du. ftgard to aI Aurhor's Noa: This Rulc ir dtrcmcly importstt thin8s to ca..s whcrc rcfcrs among oth.r da4. of tlfvitotion and colitiot' "cr.ck ffc urblc to iakc thcir stipulalcd .voiding sction duc lo thc orodmity of othcr vcs!.b, or ih. coast, rccfs, .lc In such ca!.s thc ;rivilcrir vcsr.l shouldasristmrner! by tatinS (and indicatin8)carlv and iubtt|ntial dion to avoid €ollision. Thc Rulc lsF a dcprnurc may bc shoulda!€caswbcths or not thcrc is ncc..s.ry andihu5tbc privilc8.d vcsscl 'Un&arn rLtof thr cnfl' mult lurcly draw in onus uron lrqcrto lccp d€'a.. attmtion io thc vcscclsnicntiotFd in Rulcs24, 26 and 27. Thc inf.rcnc€ in Rulc 2 is, in ny opinion. thal litcral otEcrvanccof th. Rulcsis c.rtainly nol inGndcd whcn vca!.ls arc cncountcrcd*hi.i arc h.dpcrcd, di$blcd or dormbcrcd in rr|y w8y ehatsocver' RULE 3
Gawal ddnitio,s purpolc Rulcs, cxc.pt whcrcthc contcrt othcrwiscrcquitcs: ot thcsc Fo. thc ' (o) - Thc word 1lslcl includcscvcry ddcription ot watcrclaf indudinS nondisplrccmcntc'aft and !.tplencs, us.d ot caplblc of bcitr8u3cd as r m€ani of trrnsportationod watct. (r) Thc tcrn 'pow€ririvcn vc$cl" mc{ff |ny varcl gopclhd bv (c) Thc rcrdl "s.iling vcarcl" mcn$ any vcssclundcr sail providcdthat DroDcllinrma.hitrcty, if 6ttcd, i5 not bcingu!cd. (4 T rcmr nc6s.l engascdiD fishin8' 'nest! lny vcsscl.tuhingwilh rcts, lincs, trawls or othcr fshitr8 appqrrlu: whidl t stricl run' ocuvrablity, but do€snot includcs vcssclfishin8with trolling lin€sor otllcl fflhing apparatuswhicl do not rcstrict manocuvrability. (r) Thc vord 'scaphnc" iftludcs 8nyaircr.ft dcsulcd lo murocuvrcon (,
Thc tcrm "vcasclnot undcrcofinand" mcrts I vcasclwhichth.ough lomc dccptimlt cirormsbocc i5 uttblc to matocuvlt t! r€quircd by tbcsc Rulcs and is ahcrcforcmabl. to lccp out of thc ray oI anolhcr vcse.l.
305
THB SAFETY OF NAVIOATION "-vc6s.lrcstriclcd in ber rbilily to manoeuvr€"m.aff a G) Thc tcrn vcssclwhichftorn thc natur€of her wo* is restricledio hcr ablity to danocurtt as rc$ircd by lb6c Rulcsarrdi5 therdoreunablclo kecp out of thc.wayof anoiherve.sel.The term "v€sr.ls r.strict€d in thcir abiliry to manocuirc" shall includebut not bc Iimitcd to: (i) a vcasclcngagcdin layiog,scrviongor pickiogup a navi8ation mark, submarinccablcor piFline; (ii) r vcssclcnsascdin drcdsing,suwcyingor undcr$at€roF (in) a vcstcl .n8ag.d in rcplcnishmcntor translnirg Frsons, provisioiE or carSowhilc undcrway; (iv) a vcsr€lcrSagedin ihc launcbinSor rccoveryof arrcraft; (v) a vci:.Icngaged in nincclcaranccopcrations; (vi) a vcs:cl crSagcdin a towinSopcrationsuch,s scverclytestricts thc towinSvcsscland hcr low in their ability to d€viatcfrom lhcir coursc. (rr) Thc tcnn 'v€sr€l constrainedby hcr draudt" mcansa powcr-driv€n vers€l$hich b€cau!€of hcr draughtin rclation lo thc availabled€pth of watcr is s€vcrelyr€stricrcdin hcr ability ro dcviatcfton th. cours€ shcis following. (i) Th€ word "undcrway" ficars tbal a vesselis not at anchor,or made fast to th€ shor€,or aSround. (, The*ords "l€ngth" and"breadth"oI a vcssclmcanher lengthoverall and greatestbreadlh. (*) Vess.lsshallb€ dccmcdlo bc in sighrof one anoth€ronly whcDoDc c5n b€ obscwcdvisuatlyfron thc other. (0 Thc &nn'r6tarct€d visiblity" mcatEany@nditionin whichvisibility is r€stricredby fo8, mist, falling rnow, heavyrdnstorms,sandstorms or rny oiher similar causcs. Aulhor's Noe: Rcgarding!.clion (i), il hrs b€lr ruled that to bc 'dt ,n rbr', r v€ssclmustbc complct€lyhcld by tcr anchor.Tbc rcadcrlhould dininguisbcar€tully b€tvc.n th. ttrms'und.r way' ^nd "ruking way'. A v6scl 'lrrd?r ,ay' i5 not n€ccssarilynovinS.
PARTB.
STEERING AND SAILING RULES
S.doo L Coodrd oarr...|' lr| .rt cndftbr ot vUl'nay RUI.E4 Awli.ation Rulcsin this s€ctionapply in any conditionof visibility.
306
TIIE
SAFETY
OF NAVTOATION RUI,E5
Inok-ou Evcry v6rcl shall et ell timcs marntaina propc. look'out by sigil 8nd hcarirg a! wcu .s by aI avfiblc mcans approPriatcitr lhc prcvailing cilqmnaEs ard conditions60 a5to male a full appnital of thc siruation endof thc rist ol collision. RULE 6
W. spad pto..cd rt e satcsp€Gdso that shccantalc ai all tim6 Ewrv vcalcl 3hall Droo.r and cftcctrve action lo avoid collilion and bG stopFd wifiin a itininc. aDDrorriat.to the prcvailinScirqrmstanccsand conditioN. rtr d€tc;ini;g a safc spccdthe following facior! sfiall bc amonSthosc (a) By all vcsscls: (i) thc stalcof visibility; (ii) th€ trrffic dctrsityincludingconccdtralionsoI fi5hingv.*r€b or alrvothcr vcai.ls: (in) th; matucuwability oI thc vcssclwith 6p.cial refcrcnccto stopin8 distrncc atd tur$ing abiliiy in Oc Ptcvailin8coo' ditiorri (i, !t nidt the prcs€nccof backgroundligbt suchasfto[| shor€ lightsor lrom backscattcroI hct own lights; (v) thc statcof wind, scaandcrtrrcnt,alld th€ ptoximity of Davi_ ratiofil hrzatdsl (vi) illc dnuSbt itr telrtion to rhc availablcdcPihof vatcr. (t) Additiontny, by vcss€lsudthopcrationalndar: (i) lhc ch.nctcristiG, cfficicncyand limilatioDsof lhc radar .qupmcnt; (n) anyconstraintsimpos.dby thc radarl?ngcscalcin ulci (in) rhecficcr oo rrdar dctcciionof ihc scasralc,r'crlhcr lnd oihcr sourc€sof ittctfcrcncc; icc andolhcr fldting object (iv) thc possiulftydlal smallvE'.sel5, lrlly not bc dctcct.i by ndar at m adcquai.targc; (v) lha numbcr, locatior atrdnovcmcnt of vcss€lsdccctcd by radari (vi) - thc mor! cracl i5!.!6dcnt of thc visibility ihat mayb. Po!5iblc ehcn radlt is us.d to d.terminc thc rltlgc of vc*.clsor othcr objcctsh thc vicinity. RULE 7
Ril,t.ol colision (a) Ev.ry vcas€lshal u.c all availablclncan!approFiatc to thc Pr€vailing
x7
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION cirEurasradccs andconditionsto d.r€rmincif risl of colision cxir6. If llcrc is anydoub!Buchrisl shdl bc d.crD.dio cxisl (r) ProFr usc shrl bc ln d. of radsr€quipncnt if fitEd and opcrational, includinglong-rang!scsndngro obrin cady yamidg of risl of collision .nd ladarploting or equivaLntsystcmaticobscrvnionof d.t ct€dobjccts. (c) A$umpdoG shall dot bc mdc on th€ basis of scarty ioformtioD, cspecia[yscantyradaridornltio[. (/) In &lcrnining if rist of coftsion €xi!!s rh€ folowinS consid.rarions shallbe rmong$os€ ralcn ido account (i) suchrist shrl b. d..o.d io cxist if thc compa$bcaringof an approaching v€ss€ldoesmt rpprrciablych.ngc; (ii) suchrisk maysomtimcscrist cvcd|,hcDaDlpprcciablctcaring chaageis cvident,particulaly crtcn npFor.hing a verylargE vcssclor r low or whenapFoa.hingr vcss€lat clos€range. RULE8 Acton to avoidco isioh (a) Any actiontatcn to avoidcolision shlll, if th. circumstarcca of tbc case admit b€ positiv€,mad€in anple tie andwilb duc rcgardto thc obdcrvancc ofgood scamanship. (r) Any aftcrationof cou$c andor spccdto rvoid colision shrll, if th€ circuostanccsof tbc ca!. addit, bc la4! cnoughto hc rcsdily a!,prrEntto anothcrvcslclobscrvingvisualy or by nd.r: ! suc.lssionof $n I alt r.tio$ of courscand/orspccdshouldbc avoid.d. (r) If tlcre is sufficicnls€aroom,allcrrti@ of courscalonemaybc lhc mosl effeativcetion to avoid a cl6c-quartc$ sitraaioaFovidcd that it is na& id goodtimc,is subslantialanddocsnot cault in ahothlrclosc{ulrtcrs situatioL (d) Action tatcn to avoidcolision wit] ano6.r vess€lsha.[be sucha! to rcsult in passirgat a safc distarc!. Thc cffcctivcncssof l[e ac.ion shrl bc c.rrtuly cbcct d uatil tbc oltcr vcssclis finaly plst andclc{r. (.) If neacss€ly to avoidcollbion or allo* nroretiEE to ass.ssthc situauo4 a vass€lsballsh.rcn h€r sp€€dor rrte rI wry otr by stoppingor revcrsingbcr meansof propulsioo. (D (i) A vess€lwhich.by atryoftb.s€ Rules.is rlquircdnotto imp€& thepassa8lor ssfepa.isrgeof anolbcrvcss€lshal, wbcnrcquir€d by thc circumsraftasof rh€crsc,rrte cady action!o allow sufficicnts€aroomfor lbc aafcp€rsageof lbc otter ve$cl. (ii) A v€sselrcqoirFdnorro impcdcthc passagc or safcp€ssage of aootl€rvess€lis notrElicvedof lhis obligationif approacbing ibc orhervess€lsoasto itrvolvcrisk of colision rnd sbrll, whetrtaking action,havefiiI resad !o thc actionwhicbniy bc rcquirEdby the Rulcsofrhis pan. (in) A v€sselthc p€ssagc of c,hicbis dotto b. imFd.d r.narns fully obliged0oconply wilb lhe Rulesof lbb pat whcnlhc two v$sels areapproaching oneanotcr soasto involverisl of collision.
308
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION Ru.E9 Nanow channels (") A vesselproc€cdingalong ihc coluseof a nanow chamel or fairway shallkeepasncarto theouterlimit of lhe channelor fairwaywhichlies on hcr statoard sid€a! is saferrd practicable. (r) A v€ssclof lessthan 20 mefts in lcngrhor a sailing vess€lshall nor iEFd! lhe passsge of a vess€lwhicb cans.fcly navigateonly within a na'rotl, (c) A vesseledgagd in fishin8 dlall not imp.de 6c passagpof any ortler vess€lnavigatingwithin a narlos'cbamelor fairway. (d) A vcsr€l shall not crds a narrowchrnnel or fairway if suchcrossing imFd€s l€ passageof a vessel*hich can sdcly mvigaie only {dthin such ch.rnel or friruay. The latter vess€lmay usethe soutrdsignatprcscribedin Rule34(d)if ir doubtasto thei lntion of the€rossingvess€I. (.) (i) L a nanowchannelor faifl/ay 'xhenovenatingcantale placeonly if thevc$cl to bc overtalfl hasto lrt€ a.tion !o pqfiit safepalsin& tl|e v6s€l inending lo ovcnate shall indicarchcr int€niionby soundirSrheappropriaE signatprEscrib€din Rule 34{cxi). The vess€lro be ovenaten sha[. if in agrecmenl,sound$e appropriatesignalpr€scrib.din Rd€ 34(.Xii) andEre stcpslo permitsafepalsing.If in doubtsbcmay sounddre signalsprEscribed in Rulcl4{d). (ii) ftis Rule do€snot r€licve the ovc@ting vcsselof her obligation undcxRulc 13. (, A vcss€lnearirga bendor an .r€a of a n rro{, chanlElor fairwaywherc othervass€lsnay b€ohscurqlby ar inlerveningobstructionsba[ naviga&with particulrr alcrincs! and cauion and sball soutrd the appropriar€signal prEscrib€d in Rulc?'4(?). G) Any vess€lshalt if thecircuasbnccsofth€ crsc admi! avoidanchoring Rltr l0 hafrc serymtionschcrcs (a) Tris Rul€ applics to rlffic s€pantion scbchcs adoptd by the OrgmiT:tion: (r) A vessclusinga t"ffrc s€paration scberft shall: (i) proc€d io tbc appropiaietrnftc lancin thegcnenldirE rionof trafEcflow for 6at lane; G) sofar !! pncticablckccpclcrr of a t!fic s€pantionlinc or separ.tiorzone: (n) norm.alyjoh or lele a o"a6clarEat thc&rninarion ofrhe latre, but wh€njoining or leavinsfrom €iihersi& shdl do soarassmall anmgle io thegeneraldirEcrionofr!frc flow aspracticablc. (.) A vessclshdl so far as Frcticable avoid crossingtr"fdc laics, but if 3@
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION obliged!o do so_shalcrc6sasne€rlyasptrrcabL arrighrangles!o dlegencral orlEcuonol ranrc flow. (d) (i) A vesselshallno(us€aniolhor€u"frc zonewh€nshecansafcly urerbeappropriaoe Fafiic lrne within lh€ adj&eorFaffc s€prration scherDc. Howevei,v€ssclsofle*s rh 20nctrcs b length,saiting vess€lsatrdve$cls engagedir fishingdny us€theinshorEr"ffic (ii) Not{dthstandingsubparagraph (/Xi), a vcss€lmry useaninshore Fafiic zon€whetrenroure!o oi from a porf ofishorcinsralarionor stncture,pilot stationor oiherplac€situald within theinshor€ iaffic zon€,or to avoidiEmcdia&danScr. (p) A vers€lotherdnn a cmssingvcss€lor a v6s.l jouinS or laving a lanc . snaunornormrxycnlera scparadotr zoncor caossa separation lin€€xcept: (i) in cascsofemcig€trcyto avoidillun diaoedangec (ii) io engrgein fishingwithin a s€pamtionzone. (/) A vcsselnavigatingin ar€esncarth€ leminarionsof Faffrc s€DararioD $hcm€sshalldo so with particularcauriotr. G) A vess€lshallsofar aspncticableavoidanchoringin a rafiic s€paration schenEor in areasncrr its terminations. (rr) A vess€loot usinga r-afrc s€porationscb |e shallavoidit by as wid€ a nargin asis pra.ticable. in fishing sbal nor inpedErhe!'assag!of ary vess€l . .(i) A vess€lcngaS€d 0) A-v€ss€lof lessthan m ncaes in lengthor a sailitrg vessclshal nor imFde thesafepassagc of a powcrdrivctrvcss€lfollo$'in8a b-a6clane. (l) A vess€lr€stric&d in h€r ability ro mmo.uvr. when .ngagF_d in an opemtionfor Oe naincnance of sa.f€ryof mvigrtion in a Faffc s€pamrion schcmeis exenpt d fron complyingwith rhis Rul€lo tbc cxtentncc€ssary ro carryoui ibe opcration. (l) A vgssclr€striciedin bcr ability to matrocuvrcwlren etr8.8€din ar opqation for lhc laying, s€rvicingor picting up of a subnarinecabtc,within a irrfEc s€parationschcme,is €xcnfl€d from conplyiag wirh rhisRol€ro rhe ex&nt necessary to carryout theoFrrtion. Sc.ttoo tr,
Coodu.t o( v.r!& h dght o(orc |Dothcr RUlt ll
Apprbation Rulesin ibis S€ctiorlpply to vesscbid sightof one,nothcr. RULE12 Saitinev.ssels (a) Urhentwo sailingvcssclsareapDroaching onc anoth€r.so asro involve 310
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION risl of colision, om of tfi€mshatltccp out of thc wayof thc otherasfollows: (i) wheneachhasthewindoll a differe si(b, tbc vess€lwhichbas rhee.indon rheport si& shol k€epout of rheeay of rh€odrcr; (n) whenholhbrvethewind on d|esanEsid4lbc vcss.l whichis to *ind*ard $aI tecp outof lhe wayof tbc vcss€lwhichis to (iii) if a vessel*ith thewindon tbcport sides€€sa vesselto windward andcannotdetermirewith cenaintywh€thcrlh€olh€rvess€lhas d|ewind on 6c pon or on |bcstaftoad side,sh€shal teep outof thc way of thcoth€r. (r) For the purpos€sof this Role the windwardsideshall be &emed to be the sid€oppo6ircro thrt on wbich the mainsailis cani€d or, in lhe ca!€ of a squ{re-riggcdvesicl"th€sid. opposit€to lhat on whicbthelargestfore-ad-afi sail is carricd. Author's Note: A vess€lwith the wind d€3d afr has the wind on her starroandsi& for lhc purposeof this Rule wh€nhcr mainsailor lar8cstforeand-aftsailli€s topot, andvicc vella.
Ov.ttoking (d) Notwithstandinganylhingcontain€din the Rulcsof Pan B, Sc.lions I andtr any vess€loven ting anyod|ershal!tccp oul of lhe u,ayof the vcsscl (r) A vess€lshallbc d€cmedto bc ovenakingwhencomingup witb anothcr vess€lfrom a dircctionmorethan22.5d€gr€€sab€fther b€arl lhat is, in stlch to thevess€lsh€i! ovenating,thalal nidt shewould a positionwith r€fcreDce beablelo s€eonly thesrernliSbtof 6ar vess.lbut o€ilh€rof b€rsideliShls. (.) rtrheDa veslcl is in any doubtasto whelhershcis oveltating anoth€r, dE shallassurDc |hd lbis is th€cascandactaccordinSly. (d) Any subs€quent alcration of th. b€arin8bctw!€nthc two vcssclsshal nor mrt€ lbe ovenakingvess€la crossirgv€$€l wilhin th€ trE ning of thcsc Rul€sor r€lieveher of the duty of tEcpingcl€lr of thc ovcnatenvess€luntil sheis fmally pastandclcar. Rru 14 H.ad-on
sit@tion
(a) Wb€n two pow€rjriven .vcsscb arc rncctidgod Eciproc.l or dcarly r€ciprocalcourses!o ar !o involve .ist of colision cacbshallalrcrhcr cours€ ro si.tboardsothrt ea.bsh6llp6sson th€pon si& of dr€oihcr. (r) Smh a siolatior shal b. d€€md io exisl whcn a vcsscl!.cs lhe orfFr ah.at or ocarlyab.ad andby night sh. could s€! the nast bcadliglns of th€ oth€rin a lirc or nenly h a lir. a[(yor bo6 sidctiShtsandby dayshcob€rves lh€corcspondingrspoctof lbc oihervc$€I. 3ll
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION (c) WlH ! v.sr.l b in .Dy douh !s io wt th€r swh a situarioncrists sh. shall$sue ihatit &cs crisr andactaccordingly. Author'sNoac:Tb phrt!tr-'Eo t afud' mly confus€rtc nadc.. For this Rulcto .ppty, bolhv€slclsmustcrch s€€th si&lighrs of thc oth. If tb! fuhts u! proFdy scEem4 thb crn only bappctrwhco c&h vcssclis wirlir the rrlalivc bcaringarEof ibc orhcrexlcndingftoD tcro&grEd otrotrcbow !o two d€8rc.son !b orh.r. Rr'l'E15 Crcstiq situttio Wh.n t*o power+ivcn ve$cb arccroslingsoasto itrvolverist of collision, th€ vcssclwbichha3ltc otb.r on h.r own staioard sidcabrl tccD out of lh. way aDdshrll if rbc circumlrlrccs of tb. c!l. admi( avoidcroasiirglhcsd of Author'! Not.: Vcsscb E occasiooalycncountcrcdwhichdo not ob€ythis Rule. usualy dlc to an improFr loolout. Orce tL privilcsd v.sscl has as.trtainedthal rist of colision €xists.sheshouldsoundat lcalr fiv€ shonad npid bla$s by Rd. 34, r€Far.d if ncct$ary andlh.n tlt &iion un&. Rulc 17.This is b.st achi.vd by alEiing !o stalto d amrtonr th. otlvr v.ss.l and wi Dur retu ing W.d. The &g!c of any inpst wil bc liDponion io th€ diffelrncc bctw€cnd|c apc.dsof th€ two vcas.b, in orh.r wqds rh€ tElitive rpFoaah spc.d.A vessclwhi:h is croasirg.d ovcrtatiDgst th. s.m tin corc ud.rRulc 13. Rur 16 Actionby gv.-wa, w$.1 Evcryvcas.lwhicbis dirlcEd b tccp out of rb wayof rnoth.r v€slcl shdl !o far aspossiblc,tllc c.rly d sublia irl acrionro kccp*cI cLrr. RUlt l7 Actionbt sta -onveJlel (a) (i) Whcrconc of !lr,o vc$.ls is to L.p out of ibc way tbc otbcr sball k cp bcrclurs€afil spccd. (ii) Tb.ladcr vcs!.Imly hosevcr i.t a.tiotr io avoidcollbion by lEr m.ncuvr! dom, assoonasit bcconrcsqp[Etrt aoh.r thatth. vcasclrlquirad to t cp ol|t oftbc wsy is noarrfirg appropliaGrtior i! coqlirtrc. with th€sc Rules. (b) Wb.q ftoo ary causc,rt v.sscl rcquft€dio k .p hcr coorscrnd sppcd fitrdsbcE€lf soclrmctlur collisioncstrDotbc rvoid.d by th. dion of lh givcwry vcasclalotr., sh. sh.[ trt€ suchactiona! will bcstaftl io avoidcolision. (c) A pow6-&ivcn vcss€lwhich taL,r a.rion in r c.rolsingsinntion in
312
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION a.cord&c. wilt sub-Frgnph (axn) of 6is Rdc io .void collilioD ciith arolb po*€r-drivcd vcsrcl shrq if thc circunstanccsof ttc q6c rdmit, dot !ft.r colrsc !o portfd a vca$l otrh.r owa pon si&. (d) Itis Ruk &cs oot rdicvc ttc givc-w.y v6scl of h.r obugstionlo tccp out of tbc way. Ru-E18 R.W^ti}dlin s b.tw..| r''ss.It Ercrpt wh.r! Rules9, l0 rnd 13othcnrirc rcquirE: (a) A powEr&iv€n vassclutrd.rwry shrl Lcp out ofrt wayot (i) a vasscltrotundlr commrd: (ii) a v.,rs€lrcsrricr.din bcr rbility !o malroanvrc; (iii) a vcss€l.n8ag!dio tuhingi (iv) ! sailiDsvcss.l. (r) A sailinSv€ss€lundErflayshrll t .p outof th. wayof: (i) r vcss.l notu[d.r conElr4 (ii) r vcssclrtsticted iDh€rability ro mrtrocuvr€i GD r vcssclcnsagcdin fishiog. (c) A vcssclcngrgd in trshingwh.n und.ryry sh.ll sofs! a! Fssiblc. lccp out of 6c r/ay oi (i) a v6scl no. und.r coEman'li (ii) a vcssclrcstrictcdir tEr lbility to mlncuvr€. (d) (i) Any v6scl olh.r tt|nr ! vcssclno. uflld comEandor a vcsscl rertictcd in br rbility to nrnocuvrEsha[, if ttc ciroEstrtrcrs of thecisc adnil avoidinpcditrgttc ssfcprssrgcof a v.ss.l consrraincd by tcr dnught . ibiting th€siSnrlsin Rub 28; (ii) A ve$cl coosFaiacd by h.r e:ught sh.[ mvigd! with prnio rr caulionhavingfull rcgardto h.r sFid conditiotr. (r) A s.aplaocon ltc {|ner s[![, ir gEDcIll,k cp w.[ cl€.! of rll v.s!!ls aDdavoidinFdio8 th.n navigaiion.In circlastrncca,borcvcr, eh.r! ist of colisiotr cris.s,shcsh![ conply wilh lhERulcsof lhis Pan. Autlnr't Not.: A c4n[ovcrsyh.s Eccndy.rircn ovcr a sioErionwtcr! a Rulc27 vc$scl(haep.tld) is ovcrutiry morbcrvcslcl It sho| d bGtrot d: (.) In s.crior (c) |bov€ Rulc 27 vcclcb ar€ virtuly bciog crc$.d tom givi4 way!o fisbiDgvcss.ls,pEsunrbly in vicw of Rulc3 (f) rnd (g). O) Rulc 3 (0 ed (g) strt! ttrt v6lcls whicb a! hrqdrd $. u,obL to t4 (c) Rulct (r) Efcrs b 6. obr.w. d tod s.o,rurship. (d) Rulc 2 rEfcrstD d.pofto. tron.r, irlrr in ca.ca x,hcrc d"ngds of oavigatior.nd colision, sFcial circumstaft.satrdlimiirlioor of cr!ft arr iDvolvcd It J5o lEfcr! to pEc$tioor which Day bc 'lquird by lhcsc sDccidcimlDstrncas. 313
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION rihe cadcr rcfersto ltardrr't'La, dcouision a! S.a't€i llnc,f; ( r ) UGf,alob!€rancs of ih€ Rulcsi! nol a dcfcnc.wbeE ordinarycarcmight havcavoid€da collisioo. (2' ff it aFcrrs thal anolhcrvcss.l is mrblc to conply witb thc Rolcs,rhe oth€rvc$€l sbouldwarchbr .lolElj ^nd ot on c ta*e stery to tuk o
(3) Tb wor& 'Nortlitlrnandine uythiry contain d in th. RuLs' verc originaly introducedinto ihc 1880Regulationsso aslo n te it cleartlat Rule13suD.rs€&dRulc 15. (4) In drc caseof tb€ Hawlbonbenr( 1904)it w"s stat d that a duty wascast upooa vess€Lcncomlcringahott€rshowingtwo rcd lights, to ,..p out of (5) Thc Rulesdo no. ryp$ and a br€achof lbcm nay b€ cxcus€4whena vcssclis disablcd.7rr"l^ar docsrct rcquircrte inpossilrle. I can only suSgcsl in addition io lhc abovc,that aicl!ft calricrs wortin8 aircr.ft ad t'av€lling at 30 knots,or two vcssclsrE-ftelin8 .nd FavelinS at up !o 20 tno.s canhardlybc €xp€cl€d0oobcyRule 13.ln vi€w of O), (3) ad (4) abovc,I dtht ttat a v€ss€lb€ingoven teo by a Rulc 27 v€s!€lhesa duty to tccp cle3r. I fail to s€. wby a hamFrtd vcssclis privilcSedwh€Dsh€ emoootelsfishing craft and ycl nust avoid a pcrfccdy n rngcablevesscl wbich sbchappens!o bc ov€rtaljrg. Ar arSurD.ntagainstoy rcasoningh.s becn lb.t ovcrtating siturtions involv. low r€lativc approa.h sF€ds and hat'rFrd shipsshouldtb€r.forEbav€timc !o tale avoidingacrion.Thi! dny not bc sonowadayswith shipsFaveling athigb.r sp€€ds.
Sccthtrm
Cmftd
d vc.s.b lD r€tdcd
yldlrllk
Rur.E19 Contua oJtetsab i^ rcttrict d yisibility (a) This Ruleappliesio v€sr€lsnol in sightof om a[otter wt n mvigating in or nc{r m areaof rcstrici.dvisibility. (r) Evcrt vcsel sh.I prccccdat r sef€ spc€dadspLd to lhc prcvailing citcuostabccsad codilions of r€sEict€dvisibility. A powcr driven vcascl sha havchct cngird r€ndyfor irDncdiltc nam.uvrc. (c) Evcry vessclshrl hav. duc rc8ardio the F€vriling circumstrncts.hd conditionsof r.sEict d visibility whff conplying with thc Ruks of ScctionI ofrfii! Pirt. (d) A vcssclrbich d.t€cb by mdaralor. thcF€s.nc€of amtbcrvcasclshdl dclermincif a close{u'It€rs sibatiotr is &velopbg and/orrisk of collision .xisrs. If so,sh€sh6llt L rvoidiry rction i[ aepL tiE€, Fovid.d thrt whctr such*tiotr consistsof an rltdrtion of cou$c, so far aspossiblcthc folowirg shallb. avoid.d (i) ar altentionof coursc0opon for a vcasclforwlrd of thc bcaD, oih€rlbin for a vcasclbeingovcrt tcn: 314
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION fii) analErationof courselocrflrdsa vessclab.3mor aboftthc b.rm. (?) Erc€pt wh.rc it basb€.n delctuincd rlat a rist of c! ision do€snot exb!, cvcry vc6!€lshicb hcrrs lppltcndy foic'srd of h.r bcamtb. fog sigml of amthervessel,or wbichcatrlol avoida clos€{uarterssiortion with another vrssd fdward of b€r be3m,sb![ r€duceher speed!o th€ minimud at which st€ canbe teF otr b€r cours€.Sbesh.I if nc.lssarytale aI l|er lvay off ard in anyevcninavigatewith ertr€m. cautionuntil darglr of colision is over. PARTC, UGIITS AND SHAPES Rtr 20 Applico,ion (a) Rul€sin lhis Panshal becomplicdwiih in a[ weilbcrs. (r) Trle Rulcs conccminglightr shall bc coEplicd c,irb ftom sulsd ro suDrisc,ard duringsuchtimcsno o|hcr lights shall bc cxbibit€d,exceF sucb lighrsas cannotbe mistrkenfor the li8hrs specificdin th.sc Rulcsor do nor irnpdirlheir visibility or distinctivecharacler,or inLrferEwilh the fecping of a Fopcr lool-out. (c) Th€ lights pEscribcdby thescRulcsshaI, if canicd, alsobc cxhibitcd frDn sunriseto suns.lin rcstdctcdvisibility ahdmaybe c ibitcd in all ottcr wh€r it is dcemednccBsary. circumstames (d) TbeRulcsconc&ing shapr"s shallbc complicdwith by itay. (e) Tbc li8hts rnd shrpcssp€lifi€n in thes€Rules shall c,omplywith th€ provisiorsofAmex I to thcs€Rcgulatiom.
Defatitions (a) "Masthsd lidt" mfls a whiE li8ht placcd over th€ forE and aft ccntr€tineof the vesel sboxiingan unbrokcnliSht ovcr an arc of th€ hori2on of 225&grE s ad !o fir€d aslo showthc light fton right abcidto 22.5degces abafrth€b€gmon cilbcr sidcof thev€ss€1. (r) "Si&lights" me3nsa grE€nlighl oo lbc starboantsi& anda nd light on theport sile elcb showbgatrlltrboketrlighl ovcrar arcof tbc horizodof I 12.5 dcglEcaaadsofxed as!o showtt€ light fton right ahcad!o 22.5dc8rccsabaff tbc bcnmon i$ rtipc.rivc sidc.In a vesselof lcssrhaDm ndrEs in lengihdl€ sidclighbmaybe combinedin oncla cm cani€doDtbc forc andaft ccntEline ofth. vcssel. (c) "Sbn ighi" m€3nsa whit€ light plac.d a! n€rdy as pra.ticablcat the st€msbo*iog an untrcten light overm lrc of rhehorizonof ll5 d€gr€€sand so fred .s to shoc,the ligbt 67.5 dcgrccston rigbt aft oo cnchsid. of th€ (d) '"Iowing light' ffans . yclow light b.ving (t. latr|c cbarac@dsrics as (.) of thisRulc. th. "st mlighi' &6ned in paragrapb 315
THE SAFETY OF NAVTGATION (") "An-rootrdlight" Ecansa liShtsboc,itrgatrutrkoren li8bt ovcr an arcof th€hori2onof 360dcgrccs. (, 'Tlashinglid" d.irr a light flashingat rcgul.r in&rvalsara ftcquency of 120flashcsor nore perminuteRUtl 22 Vsibititt o! lights lghts prescribcdh tbcs€Rulesshrll h.vc an intersity as spccifcd in S€ctionE of Ann€xI io rhcscRcgulationsso as io bc vbiblc ar rhc foloi{ing 'IrE
(a) In vesselsof 50 rD€tEsor rnor€in l€trgrh: -a masthead li8hr, 6 miles; --a sidclisht 3 miles; -a st€mlight,3 milcs; -a rowinglight 3 mites; ----6rvhit€,r!i, glen or yelow all-mundligbt, 3 nilcs. (r) In vess€lsof 12 mcuesor norc i[ lcngth but lesstbatr y) mctrcsin length: -a nasth€ndlight 5 milcs; exc.pt thal wbcrt dr lengthof ihc vcss€l is lessthar 20 m€oEq3 milcai ----asid€lighl 2 mileri ----sslernliSht,2 mil.si -s lowinglight 2 milcsi ---a while,rcd,grEenor yelow all-ro|lndlight, 2 milcs. (.) In v€6s€ls oflcss thatrl2 melresin lcngrh: -a nasd|c.d ligh, 2 milcs: -a sid€lighr,I nil€; -a stemligbt 2 milcs: -r lo*ing ligbt 2 nilcsi ----swbic, rcd,glco or ycllov dl-roundli8ht 2 milcs. (d) In inconspiclous,pardysubmcrsldvcss€lsoi obi,cr! bcingto"rd: ----awhiteal-rourd lighl,3 niles. RUlt 23 Powerdnvenv.stels ud. ay (a) A pow€rJrivcnvc$eclutrdcrwaysbdl crhibit: (i) an slh.ad lighl for*ard; (ii) a sccondmrsibcadlight ab6frof andhighcr6m ttc forwardone; cxclpt thata vcss€lofl€.ssrhar 50 m€tls in lcngtt sh.[ norb. obligedto exhibitsuchlighl but maydo soi (in) sid.tighri:
3r6
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION (iv) a
[email protected]! (r) An air-cushionvcssclwh€o oFr.ting in thc don{isphceenr mode sh.I" b ldditio! ro 6c Lightsprls.ribed in pongrrph (a) of this Rulc,exhibil anall-roundflashingy.[ow ligbl. (.) (i) A powcr-&iv€nve.sscl oflcBslhan 12nelr€sin lcn8lhtrny in licu (a) of lhis Rulc€xhibitan of tt€ liShtspcscribcdin paragrapb all-roundwhitettbl andsid.lightsi (ii) a pow€r-&ivervcss.loflcss tbflr 7 m.tr€sin lcdgthwhos€ mrximumsF€d docsnot€xcc€d7 tnot€ E8y in licu of th€lights (a) of thisRulcc ibit anlll-mund whitr prescaibed in paragraph light ald sha[, if pra.ticablc,alsoexhibitsid.lights; Gn) tllc da$beld light or all-roundwhit€ligbl on a lower-driven vessclof lessthan12mctEsin lcngtbnay bedisplacedftom tbc forr andafr cenulline of thevess€lif centr€lin.fitiing is Dot pranicabL,pmvidedthatthc sid.liShist't combinedin onc lsr.m whichsh'll bc caricd on 6c fore andaft cctrllline of lhe v€ss€lor loc!&d asncarlyaspraclicablcin thc slmc foreandaft lin€ asthedusocad light or th€al-roundwhfu lighr RUlt 24 Towingand Pushitg (r ) A powcr{riveo v.ss€lwh€ntowiry shaUcrhibil: (i) inst€adof thelight prcscribcdin Rulc23(a)(i) or (aXii), two hastbcadliShtsin a venicalliE€.Whenlbc lenSlboflhc loq to dtc aftcrendof tbc m.rsuringftom lbc stcmof thetowingvcs.s€l tow erce.ds2m rD€trEr, threesuchlightsin a venicallinei (n) sidelishrs: (in) a slrrdight: (iv) a lowin8liShth a venicallinc abov€th€stemligbt; (v) wher th€lenglhof lbc iow cxc€€ds2m mefts, a dj.mondshape wh! it canbestbc s€en. (b) wh€n a pushingv€sscland a vcss€lbcing pushcdtb€ad arc tigidly conh€ctcdin a composiLunit tb.y shal.lbc ng&dcd as a power{rivcn v63cl andexhibi!lhc ligbtsprcscrib€din Rule23. (c) A po*cr-&iv.o v€ss€lwber pushingabcador iowing aloogsi&,exccF in d'c cas€of acomposit€unit shallcxhibil: (t ins&d of tb€lighr Fcscribcditr Rule23(a)(i) or (, )(n), rwo nas$.ad lighrsin a venicalline: (ii) sideligirtsi (iii) a slen ight. (d) A po{'€r*iveo vcss€lto which palagiph (a) or (e) of this Rulc apply shallalsoconply N'irhRule23(axii). (.) A vess€lor obirt bcinSlowed,o6cr lh.antbos€mcntioncdin paragraph G) of lhis Rulc,sbal €xhibit: 317
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION (i) sid.lisht!; (n) a scmlidt; (iii) ehen drelengthof ih€ low cxc€€ds2m metes,a diamondsbiF wh.rEit canbestb€ s€€n. (, Providedlhat anynunb€rof vess€lsb€in8low€dalongsil€or pushcdin a sroupshrl b€ lighi.d asonevess€l: (i) a v€ssetb.ing push€dat a4 not beingpanof a corposit€ unit, shallcxhibit al dle forwarden4 sirleliStrts; (ii) . vcss€lbcingtowcdalongsi&shall. ibit a sEnrl*ht ad at th€ forwardend,sidelishrs. pady submergdvessclor obi:ct or cu$binationof An inconspicrors, G) suchvescls or objecbbeingtowed,shail.xhibit: (i) if it is lessihan25 mctes in brcadtb,oneall-round{,hitc lighl aror nearth€forwardendandoncat or neerth€afterendciceDttbat dracones ncednotexhibita lighr aror mar tb. forwardenilt (n) if it is 5 netEs or morein brerdih,two additionalall-roundwhite lightsat or nearthe€xtEmitiesof its brcadth; (iii) if it exce€dsI m rneuEsin lengih,additionalall-mundwhitelights (i) and(ii) solhat b€tweenth€lighb prescrib€din sub-pangraphs tbedistancebelwecntheligbb sballnot cxc€€dlm meftsi (iv) a diamondshapeat or oe{r d|eaftenhosl€xtremiryof th€last vess€lor obj€ctbeingtowedsndif th€lengthof thetow €xc€€ds 200rn€tresan additionatdiamondshaDe wher€it canbcstb€ st,n andlocaiedasfar forwnd a! is practic;bb. (n) wherc from any sufficicot caus€it is itrrpncticablcfor a ve$€l or obje.t b€in8 lowed to €fibit th€ li8hti or sh.pcs pes.ribed ir p€ragraph (") or (g) of rhis Rule, aI possiblemeasur€sshal be tatcn to liSht rhe vesselor object towed or at lcasl to indicatethc prescnceof such vessel (r) Wher€ ftom any suffici€nt caus€it is inpEcticable for a vcss€lnot nonnaly eDgaS€d in iowing oFrations to display thc lights Fcscribcd in pamgnph(a) or (c) of this Rule,suchvess€lshallnol bc r€quircdio eftibit ttos€ liShtswh€ncn8!8Edin towiDganotl|crvcs.s.lin dislrEssor oth.rwis€in nccdof assttarc€.AI possiblemersuresshallb€ taten to irdicaic thc naturE of d|e relationshipbetwe€nlh€ towing v€sseland th€ v.ss€l bcirg towcd as autborizcdby Rule36,in paniculff by iluninating th€iowlin€.
Soiliry vessekuadeNoyand vetschuut.r oats (a) A saitrg v6s€l und.flay shal exhibit: (i) sid€lishts; (ii) a soerDliSbr. (r) In a sailingvesselof lessthan20 m€trEsb lcnStbthe lighrsprEscrib€d 3tE
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION parrgEpb (a in ) of tbb Rulenay bc conbircd io ooclantcmcanicdat or near thetop of 6c nlsi *h.rE n c{tr bcstb. seen. (c) A sailins v€ss€lutr&rwry oay, in additionio th€ lights pr.scaibedin piragraph(r) of lbb Rulc,exhibital or ncarthetop of lb€ mast,whcrclhcy can bestbc s€€D,two all-roundlightsh a v.nical lim, th€upp.r beingrcd andthe low€r grE€o,but the,sclights shrl not be exhibilcd in conjunctionwith the conbincdlantempcrnii@dby pfag.aph (r) ofrhis Rule. (d) (i) A sailirg vcssclof lers lbin 7 f,€trEl in lcngib shal, if pra.ticablc. (a) or (r) of thisRul€,but if shcdo€s cxhibit th. ligbtsF€scrib€din paragrapb not, sh€shal haver€adyat hlnd an clcciric torEhor liShtld lantcrnshowiry a whiteli8hl whichshaUbee ibitcd in suffrcienttimelo pr€ventcoltision. (ii) A vcs!€lundcroa|! nay cxtibit lhc ligbtsprBcribcdin lhb Rulcfor sailingvcssels,but ifshe docsnot shcshallhavercadyal handanelectsiclorch or liShr.d lancm showinga white light which shal b€ exhibioedin sufficicnt timeto Drcvcntcolision. (d) A vcsel proceding un&r sail whcnalsobcingproFll€d by machincry shall cxhibi! forflad c,h€rc il csn b.st b. s€€n a conical shap., apex
Ru.E 26 Fi'niu I v.sselt (a) A vessclenSaEdin fishin& *bcth undcrwayor a! aochor,shal cxhibil ooly th€liShtsandshapespr€scaibcd in 6is Rule. (r) A vcasel{rh.n engaS€din trawling, by {,bich is m€lnt th€ draSging lhroughth€*a&i of a drcdgenctor oth€rapp€ratus us€da! a fishin8appliance, shrll cxhibit:
(D two all-romd
lighls in a vcnical linc, the upFr being SrEenaftl the lowcr whie, or a sb3peconsisting of two con€swilh their apexcs rogeibcr b a venical lin€ on€ aboveibc oth€r; a vcsscl of less thrn m m.E s in lengib may hst id ofihis shrpc.xhibit a balt t: (n)a snsdFid lisht absft of and hisher rhatrthc all-roud glcn lighti a vcrscl of 1cl$rhan 50 n !!$ h lcngtb sball not bc oblig.d to exbibit sucba lighl but may do so; (in) $h.n naking way lhmrgh tbc waicr, in addition 0othe lighb prElcribcd io this paragraph,sidelighb and a stcrdight.
(.) A vcasclcnglgcdin fishing,otl€r thanhawling,shal exhibit: (r) two all-round lights in a v.dical linc, lbc upFr being rd and lbc lowEr whit€, or a shspccoosisting of two con€swiib apcxas togcih.r ir a venical line one rbove tb. olher a v.ss€l of l€$ th.an 20 nc!!s in lcdglh rbay irsic.d of this shaF cxhibit a bastcti (ii) when tbcrEis oudying gelr .xtEnding mo€ than 150 nFtrcs horizooialy frDm lh€ vess€1"atr all-round wbite lighl or a cone apcx upwardsh lhe dircction ofthc gear; (in) when making way tbmrgh dtc waler, in addition io the lights
319
st|lP r fta?6 cttan ||{ att c^sas
-?
c_/A f*rr'r^A/ @ / -\-/
l/al*"';^a1
F,"fi;l
ob tI
*'n*[ ^Lr c s.s ll )
/
--f
n\
p | rull r2r.t
Yf") L:-/ I
l ^ N o r 2 r ( r| ) \
THE SAFETY OF NAVICATION prcacrib€ditr lhis parignph, siddigtts atd a sLrnliSht. (d) A vcssclcngagFdin fishing in clo€cptoximity !o olhcr vcsselsengaged b frlbhg may cfibit l[c addiliontl sipals describcdin Ann€x tr to these Reculations. G) A vcsscl*bcn no.cngrgedin fiBhitrgsbal note ibit theliShlsor shaFs prEscribed ir lbis RuL, but odly thmc pcrcaibcdfor a vcss€lof herlengft. Author'sNote: At nigh, ve$selsfishingat .nchor will be indistinguishablc ftom vesselsfishing underway,boi stopp€d.As h Rule 27. th€s€caaftshow th.n sikl€figb.s ont wrteu,n vinethroughtha \9ot.LRqlafiinS scction(cxii), th€rEad.rshouldtroL thesimilarinvcncdsignalin Rule25(c).For vcslelswith tlcir 8rar fast0oa roct elc.,s.e th€ sccondAnn€xto th€Rulcs.
thssek^ot undetcorntntndor r.strictedh thei, obilitv to nunocuvre (d) A ress€ltrotund€rconEand shal €xhibit: (i) two a -motrdredlighb in a vcnicalline whcrethcy canbc$ tre (ii) two bals or sinilar shapesin a verticalliie wheretheycaobestbe (in) wh€nmakingwaythmugbthewater,in additionto th€lights prcscribcdin thisp€ragaph,sid.lightsanda slemlight (r) A v*!cl rcsEictd in bcr ability to manocuvE,€xc.pt a v€sselcngagcd in mincdeanncc opcrations.shal cfibil: (i) t!rc€ a -m|lndlightsin a v.nical linc whereth€ycanb€stbe s€eo. Th€highcstandlowestof dles€lightssballberedandlh€ middle lid sbal bc {,hit i (n) lhl!€ shapcsin r vcni€allinc whcrctheycanbestb€s€€n.Thc highcsrandlowcstof thcs€shapesshal be ballsandthemiddleone a diamondi Gn) whcnmakingwaylhroughtbc waLr, a malttcadligbt or lighrs, sidcliShtsanda stemligbt.in addition!o dtc lighrsprcscrih€nin (i)i sub-pangraph (iv) whcnat anchor,in additiotrto dE lightsor sbaFspr.scrib€din (i) and(n), theliChl liShlsor sbapcprcscribedin sub-puagraphs Rule30. (c) A powcr-drivenvcss€lengqcd ia a iowing oFration suchas s€vcrcly rcsEictstb. towing vesselard hcr low in lhen ability to &via& fron then coursesh.all,h additionto ttc ligbtsor shaFsprcs.ribedin Rulc24(a),exbibit th€lightsor shaFsprcscrib.din sub-Fr.gr.ph! (D)(i)and(ii) of tlis Rul€. (l) A vcssclcn8agediD drdging or undcr$dcr operations,whenrEstricLd in b€rability 0onflroeuvre,shal c ib theligbtsandsbapcsprescribedin subp asnphs (r)(i), (ii) .trd (iii) of rhis Rulc and sb'I in addition,whcn an obstuctioncxilrs, cxhibit: 321
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION (i) two al{ound rcd liShtsor two bals in a vdticrl line to indicat dE sidcon *hfob rtc obsrmctioocrisrs; (ii) two .[-roud gt n liChbor two dilmds in . vertic.l liDcto indicac th. sideotr whicbanodE vcssctm|y [rsssi (iii) whctrn aocbor.tbclthb or sblFs Frscribcd in rhisFrBglapb idsl!{d of rhclightsor shaF prelcribcdin RuIc30. ALIER TO SIID. FOR 'A'
(r4) ^vorD'C(r - 3) ^vorD-t t5)
^voro'd (5) ^ND T N t a A L S OC L E A I S ' A _
! 2 DE6REE'
^voro 1-{i)
s T I O W I NE GT A G G E RT E D S I O E U G H TS C A E E N5 2 5 M T T .O F F I L A M E N I '
D T S i A N C EU t r S I L r X O
ra r (rEAv aY zl
F I G U A EI ' . '
POTEREO SHIPs
322
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATTON (.) Whcncvcrthc siz! ol a v.ss.l .ngagcdin diving oFratiots mrk6 it inpncticablc to exhibir all lights and shaFs pr.scriH in paragraph(d) of thtu Rulc, thc following shall bc cxhibited: (i) thrc. all-roundlight! in a vcrtical linc whereih.y cndtrcsttlc s.cn. Thc highcstand low€stof thcs. lightsshallb€ ten andthc niddle light shallb. whitc; (ii) a rigid rcplicaof thc lnremationalCodc 8ag'A" oot l€ssihan I nctrc in hciSht.M€asurcashall bc talcn to cnsuc its all-roudd visibility. (t) A vcasclcngagcdir miocclcnnnc! oFrations shallin additioolo tbe liSbb prc$crib.i for r powcrdrivm vcss€lin Rulc I or to thc liShtsor shaP€ prcsoibcd for a vcircl at anchorio Rulc 30 a apptopriate,qhibi! thr€eallroutrd grctn lights or lhrcc balls. Onc of lhcsc lights or sbaFs shall b€ crhibitcd ncarilrc forcmasthcad.nd oneat €ach€ndof thc Iorc yard.Thcs. lightsor shrp6 indiotc tha! it is dang.rou! for rt|otficr vcsr€lto apptoach withir lom d.trcs of th€ mineclearanc.vcsecl. G) vc$cls oflcss lhan 12metresin lcnglh, exccptlhos. engagcdin diving oFration6, sballnot bc requiredto crhibit thc lighb andshaFs prca.tibcdin this Rul€. (rr) Thc signalsprascribcdin ihi! Rulc are nor sigtalsof ves€clsin distrcss rnd rcquirinSassisianc€.Suchsignalsarc containedin Annex Mo thcsc Rcgulations. Author's Not : Trtil Rulc coversa ratc insianccwhen ship6swiLh oft sidclghtsandstcn ightsthoughstill undcrway,asin RtlJ2A also.Ant oth.l y.tscl shoeiig tid.ligha and s,ernlights',uy b. stopp.d or noing. RULE28 V.sschcon tain d by thcir d ushl A v6scl coNtraincd by hcr draudt ll|ay, in addition to thc lights Drcs.aibcdfor oowcr-drivenvcetck in Rulc 23, exhibit whcrcthey clo bcst bc s..n thrtc rlL.ound rcd lighls in a vcnical linc, or a cylindcr. RULE29 Pilot v.ts.b (a) A vc$.| crga8cdon pilotagcduty shall crhibit: (i) rl or ncarthc maslhcad,teo all-rcundliShtsin a v€nicalline, thc UDDGr bcincwhii. andlhc lowcr rcd; (ii) eb;n undctway. anda stcmliShr: in adddoo.sidclighG (iii) whctrrl rnchor. in rdditiotr to thc lightsprcacdbcdin subparagraph(i), thc light, liShtsor lhapc Pt6.tib.d io Rul€30 for vdrcls at anchor.
THB SAFBTY OF NAVIOATION (t) A pilot v..!cl *h.tr not cng.g.d on pilotlgc duly lhdt dhibit rllc lightsor !hap.! pr6cribcd for a rinilar v.srcl of hcr lcryth. RUlt 30 Anclan.l v.lt b oad vctt.b qrcud (d) A vels€l al anchorrhall crhibir whcrc it crn bcat bc rccn: (i) in lhc forc part, ar all-rcundwhitc li8hr or oncbll; (ii) at or ncff thc !r.m and ar a lowd lcvcl ihr th. light prrscribcd in sub-patlgrlph (i), an dl-round whic li8ht. (b) A v6r€l of lcssthrn 50mctr6 in lcngthnay crhibit an all-rcundwhit€ ligbt whcre ir can bcsrbGsccninstcadof thc li8hr! pr6cribcd in pal.gr'ph fdl ' of thi. Rul.. ic) A v€srclrr anchormay, anda vcsrclof lm nctr6 md mor. in l€nglh sh.ll, ako u!€ lhc availablc*o*in8 or .quivalcnt ligh$ to illuminrrc h.r dc.b. (d) A vc$.| rgroundshallc ibit thc lighti pr.s.ribcd itr psragraph(o) or (r) of thk Rulc and in addition, whcr. th.y cantrcst tc rcctr: (0 tu'o al-rould rcd ligbtsh a vcrticallinc; (ii) thrcc baltsir a vcrticd linc. (t) A vcssclo{ lcasthan7 mctrcsin lcngth,whcnat anchor,rot in or n€ar a natros chrnncl, ,airway or anchorigc, or wbd. othcr v.s.cl5 normrlly navig.&, sh3l oot bc rc{uircd to .xhibir tba lighg or lhrF prcscdb.d in prnssphs (a) rDd (r) of thi! Rulc. (, A v6scl of l6s th.n 12 mclrcs in lcrgth, whcn rgrourd, shal rot bc nquirEd to cftibit thc ligirts or shapq!pr.scaibcdi, sub-psr.gr.phs(dxi) and (ii) of this Rul€. Rur-E31 S..phr.t Whcrc it i! impracticablcfor . scaplarcto dhibit lights&d sb.Fi of tbc ch{nctcrisaicsor in thc Fdtionr prc.dibcd in rhc Rulcsof rhir P.n shcshsll €rhibit liCts nrd shaFs asclccly !turilar in €hrrsct.rirti.s rd porition 15is po6siblc. PART D. SOIJND AND LIGI{T SICNAIJ RuL€ 32 Ddnitionr (a) Thc gord "whi!dc" Ec{.; my roond .ign.IinS iFlhE crp.blc of prodrci.g thc prBdibcd bklts rtrd rhich cooplicr aith thc 6pociffcatioD! in A[[cx III to lhcacRctuLtioD!.
3U
THE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION (6) Tb€ teror 'shon blalt" mearEa blastof aboutonc !€cond'sduration. (c) Tbe t€rm ?rclonged blast" mcansa blastof from four to sir s€condJ durrtion.
RUI,E33 Equipn nt lor sourd tif,'/'h (a) A v€ss€lof 12mctrcsor morc in lengrhshallbe provid€dwith a whistlc ard a bcll and a vcssclof lm mctrcsor morc in l€nglhshall,in addition,bc providcdwith a goog,lhc tonc and soundoI whichcannotb€ con uscdwilh that of thc bcll. The whisllc, bcll and 8ong shall comply wilh the sF.ifcatioru in Anner III to th€s€R€gulatiors.Thc bcll or Songor bolh tnay bc rcplac.d by oth€r equipm€nthavirg the same rcsp€ctivcsoutd claraclcristics,provid€dthat manualsouodingof thc prcs.ribcdsigdalsshal (D) A vcii.l of lcssthan 12mctrcsin lcngth shallnot b€ obliScdto csry tbc soundsignallinSapplianc.sprcscribcdin pa'agraph(a) of thisRulebut if she d,o.snot, sh€ shall b€ providcd wirh sooc other rncansof makinSan cfncicntsoundsiSnal.
RULE34 Ma^o.uvring and wami^8ngnats (a) When vci:cls are in sight of onc anolhcr, a powcr'driven v€ssel urdcrw.y, whcr manocuvridSssauthorizld or r.{uircd by iheseRul€s,shall indicatclhal manocuvrcby thc following signalson her whistlc: ---ancshon blast to mcad"l am alt€tin8 my cours. to staioard"i --+ilo short blastsaotrle3n"I am altering my cours€to pon"; --{hr.c ahon blaststo mcan"I am oFratins astcmpropolsion". (t) Ary vcssclnay suppl.ncnt thc *hisilc siSnalsprcscrib€din paraSraph (a) of thi! Rulc by liSht si8oals, rcp€ated as appropriate, whilst lhc nrr|ocuvrc ii bcingcani€d our: (i) the!. liShl signalsshallhavethc follo{dngsiSnificane: ---on. flashto mean"I amaltcridgmy cours.lo siarboard"; --.tro isshcsto m.an'I amalrcrinSmycounc to port"; -thtEc iash€slo mcan"I amoFrstitg astcmproPulsiot"; (n) thc durationof caci nashshallbc abod ones..otd, thc ineraal tEtw.cn iashcs shall bc rbout onc s€cood,and thc int.rwl siSnal5shallb€ oot lcasthantcn s€condt; bctscco succ€ssivc (in) lhc li8ht u!.d for th$ signalsball.if facd, bc ao all'rcund whitc light, vtuiblcat a mninum ratr8€of 5 mil6, and shallcomply with lhc provi5ionsof AnnexI to ihcscRcgulations
325
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION (d) Whcn in si8htof onc mothcr in a natrow clnnncl ot faiflry: (i) a vcsr.l irtcndinS ro ovcrtatc anothcrshall in co$ptrtcc lviih Rulc 9(r)(i) indic{& hq intcntionby lhc followingsiStalson h.t vhi5tlc; -{xo prolongcdblast! followcd by onc short blastto mcar 'I intendto ovctulc youon youl starboardsidc"; ---two proloogcdblast! followld by ieo short blaststo m.in "I intcndto ovctul'c youon youl pon !idc"; (n) ih€ vc!6claboutto bc ovcrlalcn whcn.cli4 in accordmccwilh Rulc g(rxi) shal indicatchq rgrc€n€nt by lhc lolosing signrl on h€r whistlc: ---onc prolonged,orc shon, onc Folongcd andonc 6hon blast, io that ordcr. (4 rvhen v6c.l5 in sightoI on atothcr .Ic approacltingcrct oth.r and fton| any c{u!c cithcr vcasclfaili to undc6t$d tbc inlcnlioni ot actbDsof thc othcr, or is in doubt{,h.ther simcirnt Ndbn n bcihgl'f.n by d}c ot|cr lo avoidcollision,thc vcssclir doubt shallimmcdiatclyindi{5t€ luch doubt by givirS lt lcas!fvc ahortand rapid blast! on tbc *hisdc. Sudr 3i8nalmay bc supplcmcntcdby . ligbt siSnalof rt lcalt fvc shon rnd npid f,sslEa. (.) A vcir.l o€arin8s bcndot an atc! of a chrnncl or fritlty whcr. other vcs$clsmay bc obccurcdby an inlcwcning ob6truction3hall sourd otc Folongpd blasl. SuchsiSnalshallbc ans*crcdwilh r prolongcdbl.st by any vcss€lihat maybc wirhinhcaringrroutd lhc bcndor bcbindrhc approaching hlerv€ning obstruction. (/) If whisllesar! 6xcd on a vcsi.l at a distrncc ap.n of norc lhm lm m.tr.s, onc whisdconly shrll b€ ulcd for givingnrnocuvring and warning !i8mls. RUI.E35 Souid titrzb i^ tctunbtt vrtifili.t ln or rcar m arc{ of rciiricrcd visiblity, whcthcr bt day ot tight, lhc rignsk prcscribcdin thfu Rulc shtil bc u!.d a. iollo*sl (e) A powcr{rivcn v6scl mating way ihrou8hrhc e.tcr shall soundat intcrvalsof not mor. than 2 minutcson. ptolotScd blast. (t) A porrcr-drivcn v6!cl undcriray but stoppcdlnd naling no wry throughthc w*cr shrll sourd rt intcwrls of .ot rrorc then 2 minutcstrs piolong.d bhsts tu succtisionwirh an inrcrvd of about2 .ccon& bctw!.n thcm, (c) A v6scl nor undcr colllnlnd, . vcssclrcsrric,icdin hcr ability to mrnocuvr€, a vc$cl coDstrain.dby hcr dnutht, | ltiliog v€6scl,a vcsscl co8agcdin fthing snd a vcircl cngigcd in todng or Pulhingmothet vcsscl shall,iBrcad of thc signalsprc!.riH in pst gtaphs(t) or (t) of this Rulc, .ould at intcrvrls of not morc lhar 2 ni ics tbtlc bhsts in succcssiot, nlmcly onc Folong.d followcd by tso lborl bltsts.
TEE SAFETY OF NAYIOATION (4 A v6scl cn8agedin fishing,whcnrt anchor,rl|d a vc$cl rcatrictcdin hcr rbility to mano€uvrcwhcncanyinSoul hcr work at anchor,shrll iostcad of thc siSnalspr€scaiH in pansrsph G) of this Rulc sound th€ silnal prcscribcdh parrgaph (c) of this Rul.. (.) A v€secltowcdor if norc tbanoncvcscclis to*rd thc lasl v.$icl of thc tow, if manncd,ihall at intervalsof noamorc than 2 minut s soundfour bhsi! in su€c.ssion,nam.ly on. prolongcdfollovld by thrcc shott b1rr|5. Whcn pra.licable, this signal shall bc made imncdiately lftcl thc signal nadc by thc to*ing ve$cl. (, Whcn a pu5hingvcsscland . vcssclbcing pushcdahcadare rigidly connccrcdin e conpo6iicunit lhcy shallbc rcgardcdrs r powe.drivenv€ss€l and shallgivc th. siSrds prcscribcdio paragnphs(d) or (r) of lhis Rule. G) A v6scl at archor shallar ihtcrvab of not morc than onc mirutc ring thc bcll rapidly for about 5 scconds.In a vcssclof lm m.trcs or more irl LDSthdE bcl dul bc aoundcdin tb. iortpcrt of thc v.ssclrDd irurEdiat ly .ftcr thc ringinSoI lhc bcll thc gong shrll bc soundcdrapidly lor rbout 5 !.con& io thc .ftcr part of th. vcsscl.A v.sscl st andor msy in addition souodthrc. blastsin suc.6sion, nam€lyon€ short, o$c Folongcd and ooe lhon blen, to givc warring of hcr po6itioniDd oI thc pcibility of collision lo an approrchingv.ss.l. (i) A v6scl agroundshrn givc the bcll sigral and if rcquirci lhc gong sisnd prcs.aibcdin p.ragraph G) of this Rulc and shr[, h rddition, 8iv€ ihrcc scDarst€and dfutinc!stmkcson thc bcli immcdirtclv bcforeand afrcr rbc npiil dnging of thc bcl. A v6r.l sgoud may in iaaitior rcund an epropri.tc *hisdc sigral. (t A vc.sclof l€ssrhan12n.tras in lcngthshdl not bc obliScdto givcthc rbovc-ncntiotr€dsiSnalsbua,if shcdocsnot, shalldr.lc aomcothcr cffcicnt soundsiSrrl at intcwrls oI not morc thh 2 minutcs. (t A tilot vc:6cl wtcn .n8rg.d or pilotr8r duty n8y in sddition to thc dgtr{h Frscribcd in pingl|pl|s (a), (t) or 6) of Ois Rulc aoundrn idcntity .i8nal consiltitrgof lour shon bhsts.
RUI.E36 SiSnahb att @ at ,tlio If nec6s.ry to attnct thc |ttcntion of aoothcrvcssclmy vrscclmry mslc ligbr or soundsiSrds rhat cinbot bc nistatcn for any ligrEl .uthrizcd cL.whcrc ir !:hc.cRulcs, or may dir.€r thc bcrm of hcr 3clrcltlight in the dttclion of rhc drtr8cr, in sudr ! wey .s not to cmbarrt!6 any vcsscl.Any light to sttnct thc attcntior of anothcrvcscclshrll b€ suchthlt it camot bc mist*cl for ![y aid to mviSation. For thc purpoEcof thir Rulc thc ulc of hiShintcnrity intcrmittctrt or rcvolvinglights,suchr! lttobc lidts, rbdl bG
3n
TNE SAFSTY OF NAVIGATION RuL3 37 Ditt ''tt tignalt Whcn . vcs!.I is in distrcassnd r.4uir.s .sristanc. shcshdl |rsco. cx,hibit Urcsigoalsdcscribcdin Anncr ry to therc Rcgulstioos,
PART E.
EXEMPTIONS RUI! 38
E .nptu r.t Atry vcarcl (or clas! of vEsscls)Fovidcd Os! shc conplics wirh rhc r.quircmcots of thc Intcrnational R.gulrtiods for PrcvcntingCrlli.ions at Scr, fm(a), thc tccl of vhid i! laid or whkt is at a cona3pondirgi!.gc of conslruction tcforc thc cnty inro forcc of thcsc Rcgulatiom rday b€ crcmptcd ftom complianccthcrcwith .5 iollowr: (a) Thc inst latio$ of lightswirh rrn8cs prcscribcdin Rulc 22, uhril four ycars.ftcr thc detc o{ .ntry into forc. of th6c Rc8ul,.tio6. (r) Thc iGtdlation of ligbts with colour spccifi..dioD!as prcscribcdin S€ction7 of Anncl I to thcscR.gulations,until four yc|I! afr€r thc darcoI entry into forcc of th6! Rcguhtions. (c) Thc rcpo8itioningof lights !s r rc$rlt of convcnion frorn l|nFial to mctdc units and roundingoff mcrlultmcnt fi8urts, pcrm|ncnt crcmption. (d) (t Thc rcpoiitioDingof masth.rd [g[B on i€$cb of lcasth;n 15,0 mctrcsin l€ngrh,rc$rlting ftom thc prcadiptionsoI Scctiofl3(a) of AIm€xI to rhcscRcgulations,pcrmancDtcxcmFion. (ii) Thc rcpositioniogof nrslhcad light! on ve:sclsof 150mctrcsor morc in Lngth, rasuliinglron lhc pi..cdFions of Sc{iio! 3(a) of Anncl I to thcscR.8ulatiotrs,uotil nc yclt3.ftcI thc d.tc of cntry inro lorcc of thclc Rcgulltions. (r) Thc rcpocitioninSof mlsihcad lights rcsultitrgfron thc prc.diptiors of Scction2.(b)of Anncx I to ihcsc Rcgulations,until ninc ycarsaft.r thc daL of cnlry inaoforcc of ihcs. Rcgulatioos. (, Thc rEpositionirgof siddighls rcaulting fton thc prcscriFiors of Sc.riom2t) rnd 3(r) of Anncx I to thcscRclulstionr, until ninc ycsls aftcr rh. dat of entry iBaoforcc of th6c Rcgularioni k) Thc rquirchcnts for soutrdsignalapplirnccsprc..dbcd i! Anacr trI to tficsc R€8ulstiotr!,urtil ninc ycarsaftcr thc d|t. o{ cntry into forc. oI th6€ Rcgulatiom. (t) The rcpogitioniq o{ rll-round ligbtsr.sulting fton thc prd.riFioD oI Sccrion9(b) of Anncx I to thes. Rcgulations,Frmao.ni dcmption. Th€ Anncr.s to ih€ Rul6 arc Eproduc.d lalcr in this chapaer.
328
c
ICF'
q
/ ntcHt
I rclDtiG
:ov€Rtc
l;'KirRio)
ix,l
NI
iw.'
"h.*I
l{€
€xt
- - -- - - - - - - - - --
,"" --
"'
/
"
E3t
-,-{"-;
./'t) //;
/." ,//";l
A-/
l.8i! I
\!!
,'r'*-'rl.:'l 3;'5/ t* L*lol-ry-l l"llt,/ rslJE:gJ
vz
331
FrcuRCl4.lO
TIIB SAFETY OF NAVIOATION CEa V.rd.b Sodc arccotCou.t auli!8abr}t .trt d thrt: (l) V.!..b thould not .l!.r cout!. itr fog, whcncquipFd wilh rrd|r, until thc courrc of tha otbc' v6sal ha! b..o ercqtdad viti @ntc!, p..f.rablr b! plottlra. (A Any drdrdon to dtd. lhould bc tubctrtrtirl, ro th.t it i! i!drntly ippa!?Dtto othd lssal! cquilpad with, rnd u!in8, rrdrt (3) Rd|l is ttr additiodl td.$rrd, sDdf.ilut! to urc it ntht coc atitutctrcglig.dca" (4) A Maltar who ftlia! on trdrr alotc doaa!o at hi! os! rilk (t Ifi v6!Gl c.ni6 proFr funclioni4 l.d|t thdr i! rn afiterriva duty to uacit, ir or lpprorchitrg rcducad-vilibilitydta!' (O ttr ccrlsi! circumst&c6 of colisioo i! fog tbc vtt al *hich did rot uach.l rEdrr hrd to 6tablilh that tbit did trot coo[ibuE to thc collitlo!. (7) Utrdu.rdi.lcc ir ottcapla.td on thc !or-6i8[titg ofr.dlr t tFta (t)Ttu Wot bucrpr.tsttd oftbc informationdirplayd od th! tid.r acrlc! i! dcploratly frcquaDl (9) Thocavbo do loi mrtc ulc oftbait ttdlr Eust cnturcth|t I q, rfr61iv.lootout i! L@t. JVor..'Tbr rM.ot rhouH .tudy (9) .!d (l) bgah.r. (3) erd (t .r! r ramils to tbr ulriffi th!t, flt frod wordatilt whctharlo rwitcbtho radlr on, hc lhould al*ay! c.tsblishbcyord rl lonrbla doubtwbatbcr it b ,afc to srvitchit o]'l TTTEDETERMINATION OF A YESSEL'SIIEADING Providcdr si&light is visiblcits $r of visibility is ltrowD,rtrd it ir r siEpL dlltlr to cstimrla tha erEof iha cobDalt ibrouh whichthst vc$.I Euy bc nevigatidS. Thc principlc involvrd i! to dctcrmidc,by mcansof thGotlarvcd lhc sidcbcrdntof thc lifhl th. h..di!ts of thc oth.t vrilcl oo wh.to:h light is ju about to 'shut ouf, i.c. thc hc.din! os which thc olhcr .id.li8bt is just .bout to bccomcdiic.niblc ard thc h..ding on which thc sidcliSlt cctipscritr frvour of thc at rlliShl. In Fig. 14.10onc's owtr ahip fu sbowDet thc caot!! ofa compa!, to thc bridgc of tbis csrd. Thc merircr Dult alwey! p.oj{tt hidlcu'counting to rhc lclt (or .hip so that hc rppEciatr whrt is Ecsat by thc figuE. This i! penitop lcfl-hatrd cor&r of right)', a! rhowtrin th. cularly importstrt *hm a caldidatc b bcitrg cxsminadby matrr of r rnodcl ship, thc ltcm ofwhich is flcitrg him; if hc coutt! to hi! dgh! it is thc rcvcrscof $hrt hc ahoulddo if hc *ctl oDthc bridSpof rhrt rhip. 330
TI|E SAFETY OF NAVICATION In thc fgurc thc rcd sidclightof ship'x' is showDbcariagNNE. lf at abrt i$trnt thc ship'X' fu hcedin!dircc{y towrdi own ship,thco it i! bardiogon lha ncrcncof thc bcsritr& i.c. SSw. On thi. hcadingthc r€d light b rbout to shutout itr favou of thc gr!.! liShl Thc rcd lithr i! visibL ovcr an arc of l0 poinE, so that thc lhip 'X'could bc rotatad throughI0 poitrt! to thcrigbt of thc rcv.ncd bcarilg b.for! thc ird Iight ahutsout in favou of Ihc stcmligbt, on a hcadingof Nw. It shouldba notic.d thrt this h..dirg (NW) i! .bo 6 poinBto rhclcft ofthc bcrri!8 of thc lighl Two rul.s-of-ttumb .rc thu! pGriblcl |yh.n a t.n-poht rcd light ir rart d Fr.r6c thc bcari!8 (l), atrd: (d) count l0 point-rto thr right of thh rEw|lcd b.a.i!g to obt in aDothcrdi.rctiotr(2); or (r) rcvc.scthc bcariag( l) addcoutrt6 poidtsto tb. ldl of thr origilsl bcedngto obtainatrothc.ditlctiotr (2), lyhdt a lar.poht g.cn light ir rrStlrd uscrulc (d) ebovc,but couatto thclcft; or uscrulc(r) abovcaodcountio thcri8ht. In t.ch cs!c,( I ) end(2) giE thc cxtrcmchc.dingr.It shouldbc Dotld that th. v!s!.1 'x' ir sailitrSn art otr thc rlvcEcd b..rin& for if rh. vr.rEsriling diEctly on it both sidcliShtswouldbc visibl., SaitidgshiF arc consideredto sail no clo6erthan 6 poinrsto the witrd in thescproblems.If ship 'X' weresailing,it would bc bctwe.o SW and SSWonly in a WNW wiDd, as shorvnin Fig. 14.10. Tha @dar shouldnow rtlcmpt thc follositrg crmplca for powarddvco vrssalsusing lGpoint si&li8hb. Thc rnlw.fi ar! git&a i! brrckct!: (t) Rd liSht bcaringNW. (Bctw..o ncarlySE!trd WSW.) (2) G.!co Xght badng E by S. (Bctw.n ncrdy W by N rtrd I bYE) (3) R.d Xght bcrdrg 6 point! oo thc porl bow; owtr rhip hc.diDg nonh. (BctwcGD ESEDcarly,aod SW.) (4) Crtco light abcsmto strrboad ; osn shipb.ldiig w6t. (Bclwr.r trcrrty touth atrdENE.) (t ltcd light bcadngENE. (Bctw6n lcarly WSWrtrd N.) TNOWLEDCE OF TIIE COMPASSCARD By loe tb. r! dcr wil DrdoubLdlyhll! b.con6 aw|rc ofhit abfity to 'box' tL. comFlr c.rd; hc rhouldbarblc to do it quiGrutoDrtirlly. h.dditiod to tDcDoitrt3of tb. cobp.t c.rd rhovn i! Fig. 14.10, aDolhaidrtaaoa*i!t. ErA of thcaci! pLcadnid${y batxfc.othc pointt il8trrta4 andiar mc coDncc with thc n|Ec of tDctuarc.t catdi-
$. lt".
tr-4 '.
il
*:"ffi
-""-,-j;',;=.::,.'.\.l1
';'")U :,:*.Yii, -,:: iI i'[' \ \.'" i":r ,i"ll 'oJ- i i l !o"'* El. s!
?tcuaa t4. to /ll
@rt
at ttot lttt
|larltFat-ncutc
3r2
Noraltol{
TEB SAPBTY OF NAVIOATION qrl N, E, S, W) or btrt-cudiart poitrt (NE, Sq SW, rrd NW). 1!r lrfi.tr Fn of nr !!DG, pitft.d *ith ttc eord .bf, ir rsDad rft.( th. otb6 laalaat cardiql poilt Fo( crrrdq bctrE o Norrh tud Ndth'nodhat! th6c ir r Doint r|tit wil bo!.nd .Ibr th. strlt crtdird poi4 i.e NORTIT Thc Fo[d h.lfofib nrDo i! th.t ofthc othcr !..tr.t c.!dir.l poi!! wbich Itr |hi. c.rc it BAST. So,boxiagtL.- point frDn Noih to E tt wr trE: Nortl by E!!t; Norfh€rt tt Norrh; North.c.lt by Brrt, r.d E rt tt North. All th. ttrity-two poiat! of tlr cdd tr! rhow! i! Fig, 14.10(a), t! tbc i.Dc fgur! i! .hown thc frd tirt c.d point of tb€ coDp.rt i. divid.d hto qu.n6!, tDown I qulrbFpoirb. A poilt i. I lt d!gr!.a IfE bor lbc oonFr. itr qu.rt.|r-Fi!t fton Soutnto E.|! e! r.t':
s . . . s t 8 . . . S l E . . .s l E . . . s b y B . . s. b yE l B . . . I b y E lE . . . Sb yB t B . . . S S E . .S Bb yS l S . . . S Bb y S lS . , . s Bb ys I s . . . S Eb yS . . . s BI s . . . s B* s . . . s BI s . . . s 8 . . .s E lE . . . s B l8 . . . s EI E . . . s Eb y B . . s. B t yE l B . . . s Eb yE * 8 . . . s Eb yE I 8 . . . E s E . . B . b ySI s . . . B b y s l s . . . E b y s l s . .B . b y s . .B. l s . , . E l s . . . E * s . . .E . Tha a@nA and Eort popuhr mathodof coDF$ rlfaladocir by n!.!r of tlc tbr*igur€ lotttion i! vbi:h thc c.d i! dividd into 360 d.tn + tuebcrd cloclwilo ftom North, ehto:hi! rlprc.co!.d by m.. Tba Doilta ofthc oodFg .rr tiowtr crprlald id thi! Ntrtion in Fig, (4). 1.3.10 Th. qu.drut t .yrtlo ir 8ctr|rllly dyilt out itr fryour of thrFitur. loartiod" Itr thir ryttlo th. o.rd i. dividd itrro four qu.dr.rtr, rch of90 dagrrc+ard r couracor baari4 ir asprrscd .a North (or gooth),.o n iy dcg6 E|tt (or Wrt), .,& NORTHEASTir rdcrrcd to..N45"B
TIIE ANNEXESTO TIIE COLUSIONREGI,'LATIONS
. ANNEX I Foddoe!.d a..trk l 'Lrdb of & r.d m{.t l. D4 tio^ Thc tcrm "hcight abov. th€ bull" ncals hcight abovc lhc upFrmosr coorinuousdcct. This hcidt shall bc ncasut€dftom the po6itionvcrtica y bcncrth thc locationof thc light.
333
TI|B IAFBTY
OF NAVIGATION
L V.,1i.'l pa,jtioniry atd rpeei,B ol A*tE (r) Oo . poecrdrivcn v6scl of 20 mctrcaor morc in lcnglhth€ manhad lightsshal bc plac.d as follovs: (i) th. forelld mdh..d [ght, or if qrly om mdhcrd lidlt is c.nicd, Ocn that light, rt a hcight.bovc tbc hul of rot kss than6 lnctls, ard, iI thc bredrh of thc vcalcl€xc.cds6 mctrcs,thcn rt a hciSha abovcrhc hull not l€ir than suchbrcrdth, 30 hov.vcr thrt lhc ligbl ncednot b. plac.d at a grcrtcr hcightabovclhc hull thsn f2 (ii) whcn txo trr.sthcrd ligh6 arc canicd thc aftcr onc shall bc at lcas!4 5 octrcs vc.ric5llyhighcrth.n tbe lorward on€. (t) Tbc vcrtiel s.psration of marlhcad lights of powcrdrivcn vcssclE shal bc suchthat in all oormalconditiorEol trin illc rftcl lidt eill b. s.!n ovcr and s.paratc ftom th6 forward liSht at a distanccof l,0m mctrcsfrom thc sr.m whcnvicwcd from lca lcvcl. (c) ThGmrsthcadlidt oI a powcrdrivcn vclscl of 12mctrcsbut lcls lhan a) nctr.s in lcngrhshrll bc pl.c.d r! . hcight.bovc lhc gutrsalcof rot lcss th.n 2.5 mcr6. (d) A po*er{rivcn vcsscloI lcssthan 12 mctr6 in lcnglh maycarry ih€ upFrnoct ligbt at a hcigbtof lcs6rhm 2.5 mcll6 abovcthc gunwalc.Whcn howcvcra malthcadlight b canicd in additionto sidclighlsrnd a stcmlighl, thcn $rch mrsth.{d light frall bc canicd rt lc{st I nctrc high.r thln the lidclighis. (.) orc of fic two or thr.! lnislhcad ligh$ Fclcaibcd lor a powcrdrivcn v€$cl whcn cngagcdin towing or pusbingrnothcr vcs.l sh![ b. plac.d it rh. !am. positionascitlrcr thc fo ard masthcadlght or thc alter masthcrd light: providcd tha!, it canicd on thc afrcrmrst, lh. lowcst!ftcr masthc.d light shallbc at lcait 4.5 mctrcaverticallyhighcrth.n lhe forsard malthc.d lrsh. O (i) nE nrlthcad lidt or lighb Fcacribcd itr Rul. ?5(d)shdl bc so placcd!s to bc abovcand clcrt oI all othcr liShb .nd obslruc_ (ii). tions crccpt asdctcribcd in sub-paragraph (ii) Whcn it is imprac,ticablcto carry thc rll-round lidls prca.aibcd by Rulc 27(r)(i) or Rulc 28 bclow thc masthcadlights,thcy may by c{rricd abovcthc sftd mas.hc.dlight(s)or vcdcally in bctwccnrhc fo rd mrsrhc:d ligh(r) |nd |ftcr trr.stl|Gad light(s), providcdftlt in rhc lattcr c:5€ thc rcquircmcntof ScctioD 3(.) oI lhis Arn€r shall bc conpli.d with. k) Thc sidcliShtsof a powcr{rivcd vcsscldrall bc plec.d at a hciShr sbovc thc hull not grc.tcr thm thtc{uanc|s o{ ihd of thc fo.watd [l.{hcad light. Th.y shdl noi bc so low ai lo bc int rfcr.! with by d€cL li8ht6. (r) Thc sidclidts, if in a cotrrbincdlrntcm rnd cari.d on a povcr{tivcn vcslcl of lcssthsr 20 mctrcsin lcngth, shrll b. phc.d not lc!6 thrt I mcttc bclow thc n5th..d ligbt. (t Wbcnthc Rul6 prc$cribct*o or rhrc! lifhb to b€c.ricd in a r€rtical lioc, thcy shrl bc spaccdas follows: 334
TIIE SAFBTY OF NAVICATION (i) or r vc&r€lof m m.rcs in lengthor nor. $ch lights rhdl bc spac.dnor lcis thm 2 mctrcsapan, rnd thc lowcrt of rhcaclights sball, dccpt wh.rc a towing light is r€quircd, bc placcdrt a h€idt of not leir than4 mctr6 abovcthc hullj (n) on r vclccl of l6s than m tncir6 in lcnglh suchlights shrll b€ lpaccd nor l.!s than I mctr€ apad and th€ lowcstof rhcrc liShas shrll, cxccptwh.re r to*iog light is r.4uircd, bGplac.d rt a h€ightof nor lcssthan2 mctrca.bovc lhc hulli (in) whcnthrc! f8hts arcc.dcd th€ylhall bc .qualy spaccd. (r) Thc lo*€r of thc t*o all-round lights prcscdbcdfor a v6rcl whcn cngagcnit| fshing 3hallbc at a hcightabow lhc sidclightsnot 16! thantwic. thc dislanccbctwccnthc rwo vcnical liSht!. (t) Thc forwffd .nchor lisht prcscribedh Rule 30(z)(i), when rr,o ar€ cnicd, shdl not bc lcssthan4.5 m.tr6 abov€th€ after onc. On a v.sscl oI 50 nctrcs or norc in lcnglh thi! forward a$hor li8hl lhall bc plrccd ai a hcidt of not l6s than 6 mct cs abovcthc hull. 3. Honmnbl positiotiry ond sryiq ol Agha (!) lvhca t*o naslhcadligh6 arc Fcacribcd for a powcr-drivcnvcrscl, thc hoiizontal di$ancebe$rccDthcm shll not bc lcssthan onc-halfof thc lcnSthof ihc vcssclbut rc.d not bc morc than lm nctrca. Thc foreard light shrll bc pla€.dnoi morethanorc{ualtcr of thc lengthof thc vc!6€llron thc (r) On r powErdrivcnv€ss€lof 20 mcll6 or morc in lcnsth thc aidcliShts $aI mt b. pLccd in fiont oI thc forward [lasth.:d ligbts. Thcy !h.I bc placcdat or ncar tbc sideof thc vciscl. (c) WhGnthc lights prcs€ribcdin Rulc 27(b)(i) or Ru|c 2a arc plac.d vcrtically bctw.€n thc forward nasthcad ligbt(s) and thc after madh€ad light(s) thcscall-roundlights shall bc phccd at a borizonialdistanc€of not lcss tban 2 mctr.s ftom the forc and aft c trclinc of lhc vciscl in lhc athwfftship dircction. a. D.taik ol locat n ol Arcctun-hai&nis lishbfot firhi,ts v.s.ls, dndscn ord vcstck.ngo6.d i^ urd.Not t opcrutiots (a) Thc light indic-atingthc dircction oI thc outlying gcar ftom a vcir€l cngag.d in fishing as prcs.rib€d in Rulc 26(cxii) shal bc plac.n at a horizontd di.rmce of not lcs6than2 Detrcsandrct mor! rhan6 mctr.s away from ihc llro all-round rEd .trd whitc ligh6. This lgbt shall bc placcdnot highcr tban thc .ll-round whitc light pEscribcd itr Rulc 26(cxi) and not lowcr lhao thc ddcliShrs. (t) Ttc lights atrdshap6 on a v6!cl cnSrg.d in dr€dgin8or und.rwrtc. oDcr.rion!to indic.tc thc ob.tructcdsidcard/or thc aidcon whici it i! lac to dx6, ,s pr.ccribcdin Rule27(/Xi) ard (ii), shal bc plac.d rr th. tlarir'um Faclic.l horizontaldistrncc,bur io no c{!c l6s thr 2 mcu6, ftoo thc lights or rtapcs pr6cdb.d io Rulc z(r)(i) and (ii). Io no cascahrll thc upFr ol th6c lidts or shrpcabc al a grlatcr bciSbtthr! thc loscr of thc thrcc ligbt or shapcsprcs.ribcd in Rolr Z(DXi) ad (ii).
335
TEB SAFBTY OF NAVIGATION 5. S.r"trn tor si.Lheha Th. iidcliibE ol vc..cb ofz) octr.. or morc h lcngth!h bGnttcd with iDbo.rd&rrcn p6i .d ostt bh.t, rrd EtirS rh. rtquitcd.ot! of Scclion 9 ol thi. Adcr. On vc..cls of lcat thar a) ncll . in lcagthO. .idclifhB, if Dcc..sry to d.ct thc rcquirqrcna oI Sccliotr9 of thir ArD.x, lhdl b. nncd with itrbosrd nrtt bhct lc|tcn . WiO I cobbincd l|'&ro, udtrg r singlc vcnic.l ihocat rld r v!f, nffror divi.ion bctw.n thc lrEcn aod t-d sccliooa,crtcmsl lcrcctr! nccd trot bc fin d. 6. Shopa (r) ShrF !h!I bc bh€t lnd ol tbc fou itrB.i?6: (i) r brl shrl havc. di.nctcr of ool lcs. th.tr 0.6dctrc; (ii) r co[! sb![ h.v. I brlc dirmctcr of oot Lr3 lb.tr 0.6 mctrElnd . hcightc{u.l to itr di.nctcr; (iii) r cylindcrlhsl hwc. di.nct r ot rt lc.n 0.6 mctc ![d I hcight of tric. itr dirEctcr: (iv) . di.dond 3h.F rb.[ contin of two cor€. .! dccncd in (ii) abovcbaviry ! comnon b$c. (r) Tbc vcrtical dinaacc bctwl.tr .bap6 shdl bc 3t l.rrt 1.5 r|ctt6. (c) In r vcgcl of lc66tbm z) mctr€. in l.rytt lh|F of l6rcr dim.rliots hot cofin.r|ruratc with thc sizcof tbc vcsGalnry bc ulcd ind thc dbtancc rFn niy bc corcaodirdy rcduccd. 1. Coloa, rpc<$taon ol rsh6 Tbc chromatici9 oI .[ mvigrtion lilbb |haU cooform io thc lolbwing !&nd!td!, which lic *ithir thc bouodrtici of rhc rr€! ol thc dilgnn lpccificd ior ..ch colow by thc lr&mrtionrl CoE i!.ior or lllumioatio!
(crE).
Thc bourdlri€s of thc arla for crch colour 't! givcn bt indicrti4 lhc €omcl co-ordinatca,rhich arc as follows: (4, whtrc
r ! (il
O52' O.n2
0.525 OI52 O-rt{J OI,o
0.310 0.310 0.4,13 0.34t o.at 03&
Gaa
r y
o.@t 0,m 0.3t5 oTrt
0.!q) 0.a)3 0.51! o.r55
(iiD x.d t
v
d.6o 0.!r
0.660 o:tt' o.3zt 0:65
0,f21 015!r
336
TIfE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION t. LtuEtiq ol l4ha (r) Thc nirilnur| luninous intcDriryof l&hts shdl bGc'lo'l'tcd by using ihc formula: I=3.43xldxTxDlxK-D *tcrr I fulunimu! intcnsityin catrdcl&sundcr scrviccconditions, T is lhrcsholdh.tor 2 x 10-' lur, D is raogcof virit ility (lull|ilous raryc) oI rhc light in nauticalmil6, K is rtnocpbcdc transnirsivi9. For Fllcribcd lights th. valuc of K shall bc 0.8, concspordi'8 to r mcLorologicil visiblity of approrirEtcly 13 nauticalmil.s. (D) A lcl..lion of fiBufcs dcrivcd ftotlt thc formula is giv.n in rhc following trblcl Rans.ol vbibili4l
Luninous ntu',,'itt of Utht i,t ctrdrlar for
&unnournu.) ot
r=0.8
li9ht in Muti.al ni/.s D
0.9 4.3 t2
I 2 3 4 5 6
n
52 94
/Vorrr Thc mlrinuE luminous int.nsity of DeviSationli8hts should bc liEir.d to avoidunducSlarc.This shallnot b. acbicvcdby r variablccoatrol of thc luDinousinGnsity. 9. Hotimnul t c&n (r) (i) ln thc loreard dircclion, lidElidb as 6tcd on th. v.s!.I shall 3howthc [|hnlturD r.quirEd intcnsitics. Thc intcnsiticssball dccft$c to rcrc! praclicalcrt-off bctwc.n I dcgrccand3 dcgrccsoutsidcthc prcscribcd (n) For stcrdiShB e nasth.rd lights and at 22.5dcgrcc,s.baft thc bc.n for 6id.lights, d|c ninimum r.quirEd irfcrsiti.s shall bc rraintaincd ovcr thc .rc of thc horizon up to 5 dcgrc€swirhin thc limit! of rbc r€ctors F.cribcd in RuL 21. Fron 5 dcgrE! vithh thc p..lcaibcd s.{rors ihc int€n5itymay d.crcalc by 50 Fr ctnt up to thc prcscribcdlimits; it lhall d.dr|!c ltqdily to rcrch practic.l cut-offar not mor. rhan5 dcgrc€soutsidc ihc pr€..ribcd lcctors. (t) All-round li8hl! 6ha[ bc so lo6t d 15 not to tc otr.clrcd by mr5ts, lopdai! or ltructur6 within angularsa.lors of morc than 6 dcgrcas,cxc.pt .tlcbor [ghb prcs€riM in Rul€ 30, which nccd not bc pllc.d at .n iDpr.clicablc hcidt abovcthc hull.
337
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVTGATION (a) Th€ v.rtical s.do.s of clc.tric li8ht! ai fiir.d, wirh thc cxccptionof li8htson sailingvdscls shall cnsurcthat: (i) at lc.st thc rcquircdminirnumintcrsity is maintaincdat all anglcs from 5 dcgrrs abovcto 5 dcgrccsbclor, thc horizontal; (ii) at lcslt 60 pcr ccnt of thc rc{uirEd [Iinilnum intcMity is maintdncd ftom 7.5dcsrccsabovcto7.5 &gr!.s bclowlhc horizonral. (d) In the ca.c of sailingvciicls th. rcnical s..tors ol clcctric lights as fiatcdihall cnsurcthat: (i) at lcrlt thc n{uircd nitrimum i Gtrsilyis maintaircdst rll anglcs ftom 5 dcgccs abovcto 5 dcgrEs bclow th. horizontal; (n) At lc.st 50 Fr ccnt oI tllc rcquircd minimum intc$ity is m.intri&d from 25 dcgr€cs abovc to 25 dcgrc.s bclow thc horizodal; (6) In thc calc of lighlsothcr lhar cl€.lric th.sc spccificqtions shallbc m.t a.rclo!.ly as poasiblc. ll. I^tuaity of non4hcttic lbhtt Non-€l€ctriclight! shall so far as practic{blc comply wiih th. minimurh intcnsitics,as spcaifcdin lhc Tablc givenin S.clion 8 of this Ano.x. 12. Maaocuwinghght NorwithstaDdinsrhc provisions oI par3gl3ph 2(t) of thi! Anncr thc manocuwinSlisht dcscdb.din Rulc 34(r) shall bc plrccd in thc s,rnc for. and aft vcnicd plancasthc masrncadlight or lightsand, whcrcpracliqblc, at a rnini on hciShlof 2 mctr.s vcrticallyabov€thc forwardmaslhcadlight, pmvid€d thar it shrll b. canicd not lcsslhan 2 mclrcs rcrtically aboveor bclow lhc .ft r mrsth.ld light. olr r v6rcl whcrconty onc manhcrd liShtis c5rficd thc manocuvrioglight, iI6ncd, shrlt bc crri.n whd! it canb6r bc sccn,not lcssthan 2 m€tresv€nically apan from ihc masthe{dlight. 13. Apryoval Thc constructionof litlt! andlhapcsandth. iruul|tion of lighB on board tb€ v€ss.lsbal bGto thc latidrdiotr of th. appropdareauthoritybf lhc Slatc whc€ na8th. v.,!scl is cntitl€d to fy.
AddltLd 4nh
ANNEX II ro. fnha t.*r etht
b da
l.rddt'
Thc lghts menlion.d hcrcin shall,if c ibitcd in pursuafte of Rulc 2r(d), bc plftcd phcrc thcy c5r bcstbc !.!n. Thcy shal bc at lcast0.9 n€tr. apan but r! a lowcr lcvcl thsn lights Fcscribcd in Rulc 26(rxi) and (cxi). Thc lightsshrtl bc visiblcaI round thc horizonrt a distanccof at lca5tI milc bul at a l6scr diltaffc than rhc lights prdcribcd by drcsc Rulcs for fishing
338
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION L Sbnolrlor .neh6 (a) Vcsrclswhco cng.sld ir trawlitrg,whcthcrusingdcoct al or Fhric !c|r, m.y cxhibit: (i) whcn3hootinSlhcir ncB: two whitc f8hts in r vcrticalltrc; (D whcnhaulingthcir ncts: oDcwhitc li8ht ovcr on. r.d light in a vcnicd linc; (iii) whcnthc nct h.5 cotrrcftst upot rD otatuclion: two rcd ligha in e vcdc5l line. (b) E ch v.sscl cnsrsrd in psir tnwling r|ey cxhibit: (i) by nifht, a sc,Ilhlisht dir.rtcd lorward snd in thc ditcction of Itc othcr v6s.l oI th€ psir; (ii) whcnshootingor haulin8thcil nctsor *hcn thci nc$ havccomc fist upon rn ob6tmctioD,th. lightsPrci.riH h 4a) abovc. 3. Sit uk lot pu,t teinE/s V..!cb cngagpdin fshing wilh purs. s.inc 8car ftay cxhibit two yclloe li!!t iD r vcnicd bnc. Thelc lights shdl n!!h altcm.tcly cvcry !..ord .trd with cqud liShtandocqrlirtion duratiotr.ThcscliSht mry b€ crhibit€d olrly whcn rhc vcsrcl ii h.mpc.cd by it3 fishin88ca..
T..h|..l
ANNEX III d.oe ol -od dFl
|pCrrct
L ulhidl: (t, Fr.4u.t|.i.s and tu'A. ol adibility Thc fudnncntd tEqucnq of thc ign.l sbal lic wilfiit thc rsngp70-ru Hz. Thc ringc of rudibility ol lhc si8nNlfrom a whistlcshrl bc dctcrnit.d by ttorc frlqucncics, which may includc lhc tundam.ntal end/ot onc or morc hiShd fiqucmics, which lic withi$ thc ratrgc 180-m H, (l 1 Pct ccnt) rnd which providc thc sound pr.lsurc lcvck sFcificd in p8rrSr8phl(c) Ql linna olf1/tdan ,tuI lftqu.nctult To cnrurE r wid. vadciy of whistlc dst.lcristi.s, tbc fundancnttl firqucrcy of. *his c shall b€ bctwcd thc trolowinglimits: (i) ?G-2mHz, for r vccscl2m mdr6 or motc iDlcngth; (ii) l3(F350 Hz, for a vcsr€l75 m€trc! but 166thm zD mctrcsin lcn6h; (iii) 250-m Hr, for a vcs.cl l.ss th.n ?5 nctr.s in l€ngrh. (c\ Sou,tdrit 4t i'E r3i,' a'd nrs. of oudil'ility A whinl. 6ttcd in a v.ss€l shall Drovidc. in thc dir.ction of marimum i .$ity of th. whi5dcandat I dittenccof I mcirc from it, s soundprcas[c lcvcl in at Lrst on€l6rd-octwc brnd wilhin tbc raryc of ft.4ucncicslgFm tlz (1 I pcr c.nt) of not lcls th.n thc spproprial. ffgsr. givcn tu thc t.bL
339
THE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
12ry$ of vcrs.l
tl3td-octav. bard Lv.l Audibility at I n tt i,t dR t f.rr.d,ott in b2 x I0'> Nlrr( nt'txal miLr
200ormorc...... 75but lcssthatr2m 20but lcssth.D 75 l,6r thanm
143 138 130 lm
2 I 0.5
Th€ rangc oI rudibiliry in rbc rablc abovc is for inlomation rnd i5 .pprodmat ly ttc rangcat whicha wbistl€oay bc hclrd ou it3 forwsd ris eith $ Fr @nt probabiliiyin conditior5of still air on bo.rd a v€*rcl having avcraS€backgroundnoi!. Ievel ar rhc tistcningposts(talcn ro bc 68 dB i; rbc octav€bandccntrcdon 2$ Hr and63 dB in th. octavcba[d ccntrcdon 5m H2). In pracriccthc ranSear whicha whistlcmay bc hcsrdis €xtrcmclyvrirbtc rnd dlFDds critically on wcrrbcr conditions: rhc valu.s givcn can tE rcgardcda! typicalbuaunds conditiotrsof strotrgwind or highrfibicnr noi!. lcvcl ai thc listcninSpo6rihe ranScmay bc muchrcduc€d. (d, Dir. cliotul pmp. ni.s Tbc soundpr€ssurclcv€l of a dircctioral *histl€ shall b€ nol morethad4 dB bclow the prcs.aibcdsoundprcssurele\€l on thc arb at anydirecrionin th. ho'izontal planc wirhin 1 45 de8r..s of ihc aris. Tlrc soundprcisurc lcvel al anyothcI directionin thc horizonralplaocshallbc nor lnorc than t0 dB b€io* thc prescrib€dsoundprcssurclcvcl on th. aris, sothat thc rang. irl any dirc.tion will b€ rt lcasi half rhc ran8con thc foMard aris. Th. sound prcssurclcvel shalltc ncasur€din that lnid-ociave bandwhichdctcrmincs the rdibiliiy range. (c) Positioni^Bol whirl.s Whcn a dircctionalwhiltle is to b€ uscdasthe odlv whisrleon a vcs6€1. it shall b€ installcdeiih its lnarrmuminrensirydirccied sFaighr.hcad. A whistleshall bc placcdas h'8h .s pracricableon a vcsscl,in ordcr ro rcd|c" inctlcD.ion of th. csittd lour bv ob!firdions ,rd ato to mininir. hcaringdamaic risk to pcrsonnct.Thc soundprcsrur. lcvcl ot thc $c.scl's os'n signal at listcrinS posts sball no! crcccd 110dB (A) snd so far as praciicablcshouldnot cxc€edlm dB (A). A Finingol no.e thd on ehbtle If whisdcsare ftted ar a distanc.afrsrtof morc tban lm metrcs,it shallb. so anan8cdthat thcy ar€ oot soundcdsimultarcously. @l Co bin d whbtL '1'',n$ If duc to thc prcssurcof obstructionsthc aoundfield ot a sindc whbtlc or of onc of the whistlcsrefcncd to in paragraphl(D aboveis likely to havca zonc of greatly rcduc€dsignal level, it is rccommcnd€drhar a codbincd
3q
THE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION whistl€systcrnbc 6tt€d soasto ovcrcomclhis reduction.For the purpos€sof lhc Rulcsa combioedwhistlesyslemis to b€ regardcdasa single$histle. Thc whisilcsof a cambinedslstemshallb€ locatcdar r disranceapanof not morc thrn lm mcrcs and arang.d to b. soundedsimulbnc.usly. Thc ftcqt cncy of any onc whistlc sball differ from thoscof tbc olhcrs by al lcast 10 Hz. 2. B.A or Eong (ol l"aBit of signal A bcll or 8on8,or othd devic! havingsimilar soundch8lactcristicsshall produc. a soundpr€ssur€l€vel of not lessthan 110dB at a distrrce of I metreftom it. Bclls andSongsshallbc madeof corrosior-resisiantmat€rialandd6iSrcd to give a clear tooe. Th. diameterof the mouth of rhc bcll shallb€ not less than3m mm for vess€lsof 20mctresor mor€in lenSlh,aodshallb€ not lcss than 2m mm for vess€lsof 12 mctrcsor morc but of lcssthan 20 mctrcsin lcngth. Wherc practicable,a powerdrivcn bcll $riker is recomncddcd!o cnsurc constantforc. but manualopcratiooshallbc possrble.Thc nassof the stnker shall b€ not lessthan 3 D€rc.ni of thc massof th. bcll. Thc construdionof soundsignalappliances,their Frfornancc and lhcir installatiooon boardth€ vcss.l shallbe to the satifaction of thc appropriatc aulhority of the Statewhos€fa8 the vcssclis cdlitlcd to 8y. ANNEX IV Db.rnre4r.b r, Thc following signals,us€dor crhibitcd .ith.r togclhcr or s€parately, indicat. distrcss.nd n€cdof assislanct: (a) a gunoi otherexplosiv€ signalfiredat intewalsof.bout a minule; (6) a contiououssoundingwith any fog-AiSnalling appararus; (c) rock€ts or shcus, ihrowing r€d stars 6rcd on. at a i'n. at sho.t (d) a signal madc by radiotelegraphy or by aoy other signallir8 ncthod (SOS) in th€ Mor!€ Codq consistingof the Sroup .. -... siSnal s€nr by .adiolclephony consisting of the spoken word G) a"Mayday ; thc Intcmational Codc signal of distrcas indical€d by N.C.; G) a signal consisting of ! squarc Eag having rbovc or bclow it a ball or
a
,n',thine rcs€mblinga ball: (t) flrncs on the vessel(as ftom a buming rar bancl, oil barrel. ctc.)i (i) a rocket parachutcflarc or a handflarc showinga rcd lighti (t a snok€ signalgiving off orarSc-colourcdsnok€;
341
THE
3AFETY
OF NAVI(}ATION
(t)
slovly lDd r.Fd.dly
(r) ('t) (r) (o)
|hc lrdiorclcsrqh slltm sisnrli |l. ndiotclcphm. ablm 3i8n l; sigtralslrosmiucd by cerfEncy postitiotr-itrdiclti4 radio bcaconsi approvd signals t"nsldted by radiocommunicationssysbra.
Ei|ing
d lowcring .rns ou.stltch.d b .&h
L Thc ulc or crhibition of rny of thc foEgoins ligD.L crc.pt for thc purpc of irdi.zting di!ttr!. ud Dccd of elsilEncc aDd ihc ulc of, orh.. ligDzh rhi(n 6zy bc cotrilcd rith ary of thc rbor! .ignzh i. prohibit d. t Att odon bdlarn to thc rEhEntrcctioo! ofdrc IntcmrtbDrl codc of Sigrala thc Licrchdt Ship Scanh atld R.!cu. Mrnurl .Dd drc foloeing ligDrk (d)a piccc of onngE-colouEd c.DE! wirh cihcr r bh.l lqu.tc a|ld cirElc or othcr epprcprial. lyDbol (fo. i&nfficarion froD d'c.ir)i
(r). dF ma.r.. PILOT I,,/TDDERS The Department of Transpon's oral exa.Eiaation io scammship Gquiresthat a candidarcshall know how to rig a pilol ladd.r in a safc and propcr manncr. Ev.ry foreign-goingcargo and passcng.rship coggcd on long intcrnalional voyagcs is rcquircd to carry I laddcr which is us.d only for lhc cmbarl.tion and discmbarkationof pilols, ofrcirls or othcr pcrsonswhile thc vca3€lis rrriving in o. lcrving port. Thc ladder rnusl b€ rigged lrl€ll clcar of overboard dischargcs,so thar cach step reslsfrrnrlyagainstlhc ship'sside and so that thc pilot can gain convcnicnlaccessto lhe ship aftcr climbingbctwccn1.5rnd 9 m. Thc laddcr must bc a singlalcoglh, capablcof reachingthc watct fiom thc acccsspoint ar light draught,with no.mrl trim rnd z.ro list. If thc pilot has to climb more lhan 9 m. an accommodationladdcr (or similar dcvicc) shall bc us€d instcad. Thc l.eadsof thc laddcrmust bc madc ot hardwood48 €m long by ll5 cm dc.p and 2.5 cm thick, spaccdbctwccnl0 and 3Ecm apart. Thc st€p8must bc ho.izontal. Thc two sida-ropa!, on cach sidc, arc to bc of l8-mm manila ropc. T*o 2cmm mrnroDcs srE to bc fittcd to cnablc lh. pilot to mount thc laddcr, rog.rh€; with a safctylinc if thought fit. Hardwood bsttcns, 2 m long, must bc fittcd cvcry so oftcn to prcvcnt lhc laddcr from twisting. Ar tright, both rhc laddcr and thc point of acccssarc to bc proFrly illuminarcd. A rcsponsibh omcer must suFrvisc thc laddcrwhcn in usc. Thc Mcrchant Shipping (Pilot L&ddc.s) Rulcs 19m, allow substitutc rt.&rirb if tha D,o.T. is srtiaild tlr|a thcy art of cqurl strttrgth rrd tuiLbility.
34
THB SAFETY OF NAVIOATION POLLUTTONOF THE SEA BY OTL In the Unitcd Kingdom,this is controlledby lhc PrcvcntioDof Oil Pollution Acl 1y/1 and the Merchant shippinS (Prcvcntionof Oil Pollution) Regulstions19B3.Regardleisof thc amountof lcgislrtioD, one fact aemainsindisputable:pollution of the s€asc5nbe preventcd oDlyby the int.grig and diligenccof scrvingOficers. The main points of the lcgislationarc as follows: (l) Tar*tlc6r!may dischargecargo oil only oulsjdaspcci^l arcLt, mole then y) milcsfrom lsnd and at not thor. than60litcs Fr milc. Othcr shiF (and tankers pumping m.chinery+pacc bikes) mavdkchane oil or oily mixturEsat lcalt 12milesfrom hft but o;ly if thc-oil conrcnai! hss than lm ppm. Ttc lan.r shiD6may movcclosq than 12milcs ifthc oil co ent docanot oitca t-Spp"t. ln rpccia! areas,ottbl non_tsnkcrsundcr 4oo crols tons mav do this. (2) it is a dcfcnceio sbo* that the discha4cwasdue to damagcor leak and that all stclts wcrc taken to minimiseit, or it eas dischargcdfor the safetyof lhc ship or life. (3) The maximum fne on sumrnaryconviclion for oil_pollutioD offenc.s is 150,000.The Master,Ownerandqtlpit ate liablc. (4) No oil is to be ransferrcd bctuect sunsctand suntila to ol from a v€ssclin a Unitcd Kingdom harbour unlcss3 to houls nolica has been dvcn to the Harbourmastcr.(Pcnalty t400.) (5) Rc.ords arc lo bc kept of balhsting and clc.nitr8 of oit tanks, disposalof sludge.dkcharte of machincryspacebilgc vater, tht loading, dirchargingor ttansfcr of oil catSoes,6udc oil rvashing,dischargeof ballastrnd thc discha$eof *rtel from slop tsll(r. (6) The Fnalty for failing to kccp, or falsifying oil rccord!, is '2,mo on summaryconviction. A sDecialafta in.dvdesthc MediterraneatrS€aarca, the Black Sea and the Bdtic Seaarea. AI shiF withiD 2O0miles of the UK, all Ul< shiF withio 2fr niles of land, all UK trokcrs fully or partly ladcn and all Ul( shiF of 10,00 gross tons and ovcr mwt rcpolt oil diichergcato thc coastalStelcehich ic considatcdto be mo3tat riik. All oil ta[kc.s of 150grorstons or morc ard othcr shiF of ,$0 gtors tons or rtrorc alc issued with an lntcmational Oil Pollution Piewntion Ccnificatcvalid for 5 yce$. Thcrl is an annurl surv€yof thc 6hip.Oil rccordbools arc to be keptfot thtac ya{r3ftom tbc dltc of thc last cntry. Sinca bolh Masters and Owncrs are liablc to fnes under this
THB SAFBTY OF NAYIOATTOX lcdslrtiotr, it is vitd th.t ltudd r obtaio copir of rhc Rc$lrtio$ and study them very carefully.The law novrprovidcsfor the actual dcfeultcr to bc includedin tbc Fndtics. MIX,CXANT SHIPPINC NOIIGS Frcrr timc to timc, tha Dcpartnent of Tranrport io tha U.K. ilauc3 Noticc! dcding *ith aspoctsof gcrcral salctysbo.d mcrcllaatshipr, ollcn brlcd upoo rccant accidcrts rd dils3t€r3.Thc Doticasarc obtrb.ble at ShippingOlfic6 |ad srr ilcuc.dgrrtis to Mtstcn. Thr folloei[g ..ctiotr conbinr rcfarloc6 to thc mor! inportart 'M' Notic6, rchti!8 to tbc wort of this chplcr. Thc ooticaalEtc I grqr vduc providcdttl. ar! prcduaad|tIon 13 Pooittlc aftcr lhc Grlnr to *hkh rhcyrdr&. whilc ir h fridy rdc for a atudcrtto rltunrc thrt, if ahcrcb . pr.ticuLr dan86, th6c mustbc io 'M' noticc.bout it, bc shouldco$ult tha full lbt ofkiucs b.fort pltlcotit8 hituclf for cxmination. Pltialthg on sh|P,hrPot, firc fgtrring ara prcvcntionon board 3hip6undlr cotlttuction i5 rhc buildcr'sGsponsibility.It is thc Espo!.ibility of thc owtranwhilc thc ship is undcr rcFaia.Whcn frtf8hiing 'l y rndrngrl i 3hip'3 strbility (i.c. floodiDgof thc vcss.l) atd s dccisionhss to bc nadc rrhcthcrfircfightin! ahouldca{.c, thc dcci ion of thc Hrlbourmslc.' or otbcr Po.t Offccr, is final, sftcr conrultationwith intat stcdplrtics, Th. Mrstcr, or Duty Ofrccr, is lot howcvartclicv€dof his duty to crncutn' ioform thc Firc BrigadcOfrcaaif hc consid.6 lh.t dangarous stttrccsa.c dcvcloping. ElrurganryMat at A flt A fur on . t|ntcr dc.tFyrd tha lmidlhiF aroonnodatio! rotcft.t witb rhc ncdical outfit. It ir rccomnctrdcdlhat tartctr abouldoaraya rFIt rtrdic.l lit, rft, strdprd.nbly in thc vicinity ofth. .otilFrooD. can@ of AbAd woodPvlp T6tt rhoryttrt ft.. .rxFtraionof rttt d wood pulp ca! lcld to r 5OZ ir.|rar io b.lc dcFh, Erttcnlc cal! ahouldbo trlctr to tac lilt rhir cargpii prolcclrd from ah. sdnrilaionof rrtq' Scv!rcauPlu.itrg of conrDartmdtbou!d|n6 i. othcrwitalikcly to occut. 94
THE SAFETY OF NAVTOATION Dn.c,ion-fndirAApparattt scriouscrrors hrvc rrircn in tha usaof thia daaicaowiog to thc proximity of dorncsticrcrial! to thc D,F. loop. Doe6tic rccaivanin thc v6!cl rhould aithcr bc connccLdto r cotrmunal&rid or havc rcrirls risiagrc hi8lar thantha bclc of thc loop, or d lcalt 15m fron lhc brrc of thc loop, maasulrdhorizoltally, Rldom lcrirk o.n rbo !frcct R.T., w.T. .quipmcotand rrdieddr to !.vigation. Pr.,'ntion of H.at IllE t Thc hcdth of ofrccrson *atch is of Finr irnponMcc, Hcatllroka car bc vcrf ruddcn|trd b slwrF daDgrrour.It ic duc to a dfutu*'arca i! thc p!fi of rhc brrb whichrcgulalcrbodyt rrFrturs. lt fuchucrcriscdby e cclsstionof swcatin&r bur ng dry 3lin, folloeld by dclhiumrnd unconsciounes.Coolingof thc My baaometan urgcnt mtalcr. Hc.t cxhrurtionia lassdnnrtic but mry lard to colhFa if ncglEtcd. symptoE! rIE fatiguc,hcrdacha,laulaa ald fairtncrs. It is crulcd by en inrdcqutc inrskc ofsalt rnd watd. Hcat ilrc.ss msy bc prcvcnrcdby drinkirg at Lara 4'5 litr6 of wai.r Fr dry ir lDdl but frcqucnt quantitiaa,talitr! af,lrr !alt, rvoiding cxpoauicto thc sun |rourd Eidday, rnd avoiding hcrvy rrcds ! dcohol in thc middlc of thc dty. Thc body.hould bc lcpt cool ard i|rll v|.hcd. Exoalir€ coBunption of doohol utdar th6c conditionscanlcad to h.rtstrokc end d.rth. Po ableRtdlo 4tpm.nt Tth must bc Efuhdy t atld cvcry 7 day! end maintlincd io rn c6cicrt c!trdition rqdy for in3tlnt u.a, Onaor morc F]3onr should bc dcteilcdon thc MustcrLfut to plac! thc cquipmcntin I lifcbort itr rn cmcaSpncy. RadioT.hphan Prcc.A$. Thir rpFr.tur ic rcquirEd!o hrve thrcaca.d. ditplsytd !ca.by. On vr!6clswbcrr tbc canilgp of R.T. is not n|!&tory, thc card! thould still bc c.rricd if th. cquiprFtrt i. 6tt.d.
v5
THE SAFBTY OF NAVIGATION Card No. I cxplainstba proccdurcfor trrosmittitrg a dis!rc$ c.ll c.8.'MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY. NONSUCHNONSUCH NONSUCH. MAYDAY NONSUCH. POSmON 54 25 NORTI{ 016 33 WEST IAM ON FIREAND REQUIREIMMEDIATEASSISTANCE.
ovER.'
(Whcrc'NONSUCH'is thcnamcofthc ship.) Crrd No. 2 cxplainsthat thc word 'MAYDAY' impliasgr.vc aod imrnircnt drnScrrnd a rEqucstfor $sistatroc.Thc word ,pAN' iadcatl. r mcqiagaof urgcnat and 'SECURIrE' (promuncd SAyCURITAY) prrludcsr rlvigatioDrl or mataorological warnitrg. Card No. 3 Evca thc phoncticalphrbct atrd cxplainshow to urc R.T. for InterDationalCod. sigDakwhcna la4uagc difrculty cxirts. This typc of mcssagE uscsthc word 'INTERCO' to m.!tr that IntcrnstionalCodcfollows. .,9. .MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY. NONSUCHNONSUCH NONSUCH. MAYDAY NONSUCH, INTERCO. ALFA (A) NADAZERO (O) UNAONE O) PAMAFIVE (5) USHANT ROMEO (R) KARTEFOUR (4) NADAZERO (O) DELTA X-RAY (DX)' whichmalns Vcsscl NONSUCH r.quircs inmcdiata acriNrrncc.Pocition bcarinS015TRUE from USHANT, rangc,Omilcs.I sm sinkiDg. Lil.boa, Latttchiry Crcw Thcrc crcwsshouldiDcludcno moit that| two pcrso whcnLunching a boatcrrried on a rcd-band.dlaunchingdcvicc. Dlr.ctionMhB an SOSColl Whcn rot ir ula thc D.F. sct shouldbc keDt tuocd to odc of thc _c|rrblc intcmrdonal di3trlss frcqumciar. Thi! will rrdd bcsrirS' locationof thc csll. A suilrblc rrcthod ir to lhk rn sutomaticD.F. wilh th€ autcalarm. ln rhis way, whilc thc radio 6mccri3 ofr watch, not only docsthc auto-ahm siSnd triggcr ofr thc wsrniDgbclls but r dircclion i! autornaticallytakcn. Y.stb Car.yitg
[email protected] Coods Thcacvcssclsurhctrundcr way et dght iD thc opcn scashouldnot carry r rcd light visiblcell round thc horizon.This light will constitutc
TIIS SAFETY OF NAVIGATION a biraai of thc Cr itiod Ragulstioo!udc$ ltc vtaal ir lcatils ftsroabhrfirit ttrd ir ir dirtrrar wilh ioctctr likcly to baircd tocard! bcr. Mqn lic Compotvs Thcsccao bc ecriouslyafrcctcdif porttblc tadios,rxposurcDctcrs, hsEdmicrophoncaor tclcphonchrn&cts a.t placadwithin s dittancc of4m. Polwethmc aadotherO8aric Foarnt Th6c atEhighly &trgcrou! whcn cxDoaadto frG or othcr intcns. h.at. Flamarrnaysprasdal morathen 30m pcr tnitutc. TcmFraturcs of lom"C may bc gmcr|icd togcthai *ith larSt amountsof hiShly toxic gas|trd smolc. SyntheticMoorw Lin s This typc of natarial givcsbo rudiblc waditlS wbcn tha brcrking strcrs is approschcd,Otr pdrtis& lhcrc is coisidanblc rccoil which cancruscscious accidcnts.Surgiq ard raodcrbgth.!c ropa6sroutrd bitts or druos cancausatha turlt to fusctogcthcrend crt{tc bindilg Ooly synthcticstopFr3 rhould bc ulcd on syDtbcticroF. lt i8 dcsir_ ablc thrt orly onc typc of matcrirl shouldbc uscdfor mooring.opcs in r porticuhr shp. To cxpccl thc dlw to hrodlc altcmatclyropcs of dificriog chsnctcri3ticsis to invitc accidcnts. THE NAVIGATIONAL WATCH S.v!r.l Mcrchtrt Strippitrt Noticcs haE b..o publirhcd, fo[owi!8 IM@ R€rolutioDs,concarDbttafc naviSatiotre ahtccpinS. TtG b$ic rccoDE odstior3er!: (l) Tbc conpolitiotr ofthc watcl lhrll rrtc into accoutrttha rrcrthcr c.trdition., vLibility, whcthd it is dry o. nigbt, ngviSation.l brzad!, ula atrd oolditioD of navigatiot aquipmcnt aulomrlic $4nnt. (2) W.tdk .ping ir not to bc inpeircd by frtigrE. Th. frst wrtd of a voya8pcrFielly, rhall b. F.tcd rtrd frt (3) Th€ OfrcGrin chrrg. of tha watch sball nol utrdartakcduti6 viSrrion. whicbwil intarfcrcwith,.fc (4) At atl timca,rhcrcshaubGsn .ficic'nt rnd urimFirEd vilurl rnd liNtadnglookout, Idcaly, thc hclmsdlr shsll not il o acl 13thc lookout. By day, thc Offcar of thc wltch day rct as thc aolc visuallookout but only rltcr cacful co$idlratiol of pcvriliDg circumstam.3. 341
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION (5) Thc prr3cDoc ofr pilot shsll dot r€licvcthc Mrstcr (ot O6caait chrlc) ofhh duti:s rod obligrtio$ rrgardiogthc srfcty of th. ship. (6) Th. Oftc.r of lhc watch sh.ll dndcrtro cirruDstroc.! Lavc thc brid& until properlyrcli.vcd. A prop.r lookout mult bc Eaintaincddurirt. visit to s saprrsrcc.hartroodr. Suchvisit3rl! to ba bricf. (7) WhcDthc Ofrccr is &ctingas solcloolout, hc must not hditrlc to sutrDon rsrist nc. to thc bridgc if bc naad! it and such r$istsncc b to bc idocdiat ly availablc. (t) Thc OffccI shouldnot hcsitatcto urcctrgiD6tnd toundligDalli.g rpparalus. (9) Thc Ofic.r of th. watcl is r6poBiblc for thc safcoavigrtionof thc ship ataorLo 6. Mrrltn h or tt til4." odl tL lttr'..t Mqd blD l}rn hGh.r .Ir!.d ldl nqonfiftty od fbb b nrEally dcrrtood. (10)Thc rutonatic ltlcriq shouldbc tcatcdi! manualat kett onc a *atch. Mrtrurl ltlaring ahouldba rdoptcd wcll bcforc a clorcqurnrn situatioDdcvcloF. TITE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SIGNAIS It is bcyondthc siz! of this bool to dircussfag signelingrn thod!, qnd ihc r.rdar is rcfcnad to rh. Int&nationalCod. ol Signabt%9 (n vi.r€d),whcrchc will find thc firll proccdurcclcrrly discusscd. At thc $mc riec h! .hould thoroucblyf.milirriic him$lf witt thc layoutrld u!. of thir i6po.t nt booL Tlc !.9! t[.o!.1v6 rrc irclud.d itr Fi& l a.ll for rdqlnc. potpo!.t o6ly; atai!, rhc Frdar i! advircdto colourtlcm bimlclf drr aartlbUy atudi!8 rhc colour tcy. Tho folowiog ur thc rnraril!' of tha is8r whcnur.d singly.Thc sam. rn aningrspply whcnu!.d by rny olhcr rncthodof signalling. I h6vca divcr down; kccpwcll claarat slow spccd. .B I am tating in, or dirchs.ging,or carryin& d$gcrous 8oods. Y.s (amrmativc,or 'Thc sigDifcr[cc of thc pr.vious Sroup shouldbc rc5din lhc .firmrtivc'). .D Kcrp clcarof mc; I em mrrEuvring with dificulty. I am altcdngmy courscto itaiboffd. I am dkablcd;communic{tcwith mc. G I rcquirc a pilot. (WhcDnrdc by frshiogvr,aalsopcrstingio clo6cproximity on thc f6hing groundsit mrans'I rm hauling ncts'.) 348
TUE SAFETY OP NAVIGATION rH I hrvr a pilot on boerd. .I I ae rltlring 6y courrcto port. carSo Kccp wcll clearof me. I am on fire and havedaDgerous on board, or I am leakint drngerouscat8o. K I wiahto cohhutricatcwith you. L You lhould stopyour v.lrcl iBtandy. M My vracalfu rioppaded mrljng no way throughth. *atcr. N No (!a!aliw, or 'Thc aigliic.trcc of thc prcviousgroupshould bc r!.d in rhc &f!tivc'). Thb iignal In y bc giv.n only visu.lly or by routrd.For voicc or trdio iradmirsion thc ri8!d should
bc'l.lo'. o Mrtr ovrrbo.d.
P 0! bErboui)Al F$otri rhould Eport oD bolld a5tha vc$cl ir rbout to ptocard to !a., (At srr m3y bc ulad by frbing vlaaal!to mcio 'My nctshrrc comcfalt ut oo ao ob6truction'.) Q My t€asclis'haaltby'aDd I rcqudt frcc p liquc. R (No dc.ling giEn.) !S My cngidararr Soingr.lrrD. 'T K.cp clc.r of rnc; I rs .ltlgFd in pair tnwlinS. U You t'! rulritrt into daDgcr, V I Equirr a$iitanca. W I rtquirl r&dicd a3iiatlncc. X Sropc.tryi4 out your intcntioff atd wrtch for my siSrsls. Y I rd dragti!8 Dy enchor. Z I rcquirr a tu8 (or, rs in 'G' abova 'l dt shootiDgDcts'). SitDd! rna*cd with sn ssrcrbk (t) nry bc madc otrly by souDd rir lirg rccordingto Rul6 34rnd 35 ofth. C-oli ion R.guhlioD!. Thc oo& Daolalt ir hoiltld clod.-upto thc hrliard bloct to itrdicaE thd r [.9 d.gc ir urdcrlrood.If ii ir kcpt .t thc dip, i... 0yrtrt b.low th! hdli|rd bloct, it indicrt.. th.t thc bc.8.gEis noi y.t intlrprctrd. Thc Dcdrait b dro u!.d lo irdicalc s d.ciod poiDt. Nrdcr in rtc t xt ofr rignrl alc to bc apcltout uriogthc rlphabatiol 'YZ', Dreoing 'Thc wotds fur" Flcrdcd if ncccaert by tfia group *bioh folow {c in Dlainl.nguagp'. silglGL,ttlr aiFd! rrc ulually of rn uigatrtMturc. Tvo-htcr lilnak rr! urcd for thc gpncrrlr.clio!. Tbraclatcr hoilt hcgir with thc lcttcr'M'end iodicatc mcdical riSFd!. Four-lctttr hoitts will irdicatc aigEdlcrt fr of 6hips. Iarl d. ia axqt'r.d by four numcral Flccdcd by 'U. Tha first leo irdicat lhc d€!.6 rtrd tbr ftsl firo, thc miDut!6.Thc lcltcts 'lf or 'S' mly follow if nccdcd. 'L 37,OS' m.!rs Latitudc 37",10'south
v9
IHC
altil
t : t E (
oa n{a INtatralroraL
WZffi
V//L't/r4'Z
V///////\
[ : : . : : : . . {: D liE::E;E
:
c
- t - - 1
fw////4 f i wlY/ 2 a
t
|
I'. -'. ."-.:l
tr+ f
,
I ar. lra
a ilD. tll
7Hm
l.'Et:EiE
I
IE!:EI.E
trru
H zAE -:t
u///)
-/-
(t/'.;mrc
t r..-'-.-.'::f:'ii:11
%vnSatA
I W l,,ic!l x
l
X
lrdlua
L
ffiw
ffit& N
O
Flrl %.%
laY
I
2 I
a a
77 l;',...............,........... q
t - l t - t l
i
a-E
v7v---1
AEru -
t
E
:
W
U
r-r--l
azE# E:
f
I
E
I
L-.--E..J
t F l G u a E I r a .| |
,
a I
o
T H E S A F E T YO F N A V I G A T I O N Io4gttr& ir cxpr66adby four, or 6vc, numcrabpltccdd by thc Lttrr 'G'. whcn tha lotrgitudccxc.cd,99", no colfu3iod will no.mally arirc if thc fr8ulEiDdiclting butrdtlds of dag.aa!ii omittcd. ln casas whancco urio! may oocur,it shouldbc urcd. Thc lctt€rs'E or'w' may bc ulcd if ncccssrty,thus 'G 1395 E D..D! Irtrgitud! 13925' Elst Cor.rrais indicatadby thrcanumcrdlsdcnotingda8rc6 from 0m b 39, prcfcrablypEc.dcd by thc lctt r .c'. Sp.rd in tsot6 i6 indicatcdby trumcralsprccedrdby 'S'. Thr lqtt.r ry' is uscdfor kilomatftspcr hout, 'C 240S lt' mcarsCoulrc 2,O' SF.d 18knots. Azirnuh ot l3',tring is cxprcsscdsimilatly to coutsc, ptcfcr&bly prcccdcdby '.A.'.BcrriDgsaod coursasarc truc uDlcssothcrwiscst4tad iD thc coDt.xt. Dr:rtunc?ir indioatcdin nautical milcs by onc or mor. nuncrals, prdcrdbly prcc.dd by 'R'. by tvq fout or aix num.rsls ptlocdcd by Dat rily ba siSDeUcd 'D'. Thc 6rst two danotcthc dry ofthc dorth. Tha ncrt t*o itrdicatc th. mo h of thc yaarand tha 6nd two thc y.ar itlalf. 'D lgt63' itrdidtca lt July 1963. D lt'rlonc. itrdicrtcsthc ltth ofthc orrrlnt moDth. fbr, is dctrotcdby thc uscof Oc 2+hour cloc.t.Four trudrrals .la urcd prcc.dcdby 'T (locd tidc) o. 'Z (G.M.T). A rimc of 2359i3 follov€d r mitrutclrtcr not by 2400but by qm, to rapatt a flg Tbc isg sct of ,10coollil! th'tc substitutls,ulad 'M', Fi6t iub6tituta, 'MMB' group. is scdl as Tbus rhc ia r 'B'. Thc group MBM Iroup eould bc icnt as M, B, FiFt subdtitutc.Thc groupDuEbcr'l100' h scntss 'l', FiBt sub6titutc,'0', Third subrtituE. But thc group'T llm'would bc lcnt iD thc samcwry, prt6xcd by 'T'. Thc DrEfxlcttcr is lot includcdwhctrsubEtitutararc madc.Thug 'G 24,14';ould rpF{r rs 'G, 2, 4, S.cotrdsubstitulc,ThLd subltitut SouDdsiSrauirg is s slow procas6.Ic misu3cDry crEltc scriou6 coDfuion rt sc! atrd its usc in fog should bc kcpt to s rDi EurL Siglals othar than lhc sitrglclcttcE ahouldhc madconly itr cxtrlmc cE rgcDq ard tcvcr itr buty watlrs. Th. siSnskshouldbc Eadc slowly attd clcrrly. If tbcy arr rEpcatcd,it lhould bc at lotrgiotcrvals. n A llo'r !t eldi lt r.i.l ShlF statct: Scction?4 of rhc McrchaniShippi4 Act 18914 351
T H E S AF E T Y O F N A V I C A T T O N (l) A rhip bclotrlint to r Britbh 3ubilctrhrll hoi.t thcploFr mtion l @loult(d) On i siSndbci!! ntdc to hcr by oic of H.t M.j..ty'r rhip6, (indudinSlny walcl undcrtha conm.nd of rn oficaaof H.r M.j6ry'r Nrvy on full Fy), tnd (r) on cntcritt or lc.ving .ny forciF port, rld (c) if of 50to!! Irost tonlrgc o. upwatd!,o! ctrbrit8 or bavilt any Britilh port. (2) If d.f.ult i! m|& on boardany suchship ia comPlyingwith thi3 oficnc. bc li.bL to r aaclionthc M.!t r of tha 3hip!b!ll for Gac.b itc on summatyconviction.
THE XNOWI,EDCE OF TIIE OIIIGR
OF TIIE WATCH
lfut of qu6tioor Thc Etio! *hich now followr ia a comprchctr.ivc rnd .n!w!l| rcLtint b cmcictrtwrichkccpin&It a.otrotbc attlaradtoo rnlch th|l thaaca!!wcr! rhould conr automltically to dlrry Omcat or wrtcb, for in |nrny carc! liv6 miy baat atatc. A cudidata for a D.o.T. ccrtifcarc i! likcly to ba qualtioo.d ttry clorcly itl r ,itlihr fa!hion. A !p|c. wiU bc lclt dLa cachllrwct to thrt fto|n tina io lidrc tbc lladci crtr i!|crt .!y at&odmcnttwbichday barna& by rtc Authotiti6. It ir Dolt irDportllt rhd $c rllwrar bc kaPtuPlo d r. Th! klttcr 'M' lvill indicrt thlt t[. i oruiiotr i! PronulSrt d by D.o.T. Nolio6, 'N.M.' vil tdcr to Noti6 to M&itr.]s, .nd 5.R.' to St utory Rulcsrnd da's. Thc qu6tion! arcidtctdcd to covlt work whiohhaanot rlrady bccn dcalt with ir prwiour t!f,! but a fcw may adlc *hich tdcr to Prtt Eading;h ordci to cttrphtrilcrD inportaDtpoinL llr ahoe! by v..tclt thut l. Wtat ir a Lncn tn*l and rhrt (M). tt ia r ttrwl towd babraatltwo trr*Lra; aa.i vaarclceni6 aonnd trsvlin! lightg bul r scarchligfitrnay ta ahonofron alch v6sal tosard! lhc othcr. Arrstdrstt
352
T H E S A F E T YO F N A V I C A T I O N ctrricd on a | 2.0 n sailingship ? 2. whal is thc visibilityof sidclighrs Two milcsi thc rcduccdlang! is pcrmiltcd only on sailing shipsoflesr thaa 12.0 n. (Rulc 22.) Ancrdt rat
3. A 50m powrdrivcn coastcrrunsaground.Whetsignalmustshc sho*? -Archor lightr and two all-round rcd tights vcrtic.lly disposcd (Rulc 30) ad thrc. balls io a vcrtical line. At p&na,,t
4. what rigral i5 shownby s scaplancagroud ? As far as possiblc,thc signrl mcntioncdin Quaslion3 abovc,and thrcc ballsby day (Rul.s 30, 31.) ,lmardt '€ttl
5. A pillar buoy is sightcdin th. Nonh ScacolouEd black ovcr ycllow.Topmsrk:two blackcon.spoinlsupwards.Whataclionsbould bc trkan? -Ti6]d thc nonhof thisbuoy.lt is a northqurdrantcardinalmtrk, 'A'. ayltam amm.on.m
6. Whatir strcr.miratio! port?(N.M.) scrvicc It ir; Bridfi; con;A*tsl6 pon wbdr o! Exsminrtion
.xirtr for thc purporcof alrnidog K!.lt dcairi!8 to ctrtcrthc por! ol lo..lity, tt ir olho crrin out i! coojuodio! with Admirrlg controlo. d6urc of thc port Amaidrrgrl
353
THE SAFBTY OF NAVIGATION 7. A scrixrs cmcnerrcy€xbB in a Dort.WhatsiEoabarc dbDlxv€d? t...-.1
Tht€e f,asltut rcd light6, vertically dispo6.din or ncar thc port approach.All shiF are to stop or divcrt accordingto hstructions. 'tma&ta
8. What signalsarc us€dto indicatethat vessalsshall trot procetd i. a port?(N.M.) Threc fixed or slow-occulairgrrd lights, vcrficsly djsposedio ot nearUrcpon approach. Artat rlG'rt
9. What actio! should be taken if. port displaysthrec fixed or slo*-ocqrlting gre€nlights, vertically dispod€d?(N.M.) I may proceedbut a otre-wayfiaffic systcmi! i! operation.If the lower light is white, a two-waytul6c sysEmis i! force. tlta$,,r,rt
10. A frlhitrg cscl is cxhititint t*o yclow light3, v.itic.ly dis,llcttr
:-::j:
Thc rr$cl b fthitrg eith Scitr rct!. Thaacolc likcly to cortr ooa lqusrl Eih. (2ndAtrn s to Rul6.) ltrsdtsrt
354
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION ll. DcscdbcODASbuoys.(N.M.) sptcm buoysrcollccting sod ncsc@-Deta-fcquisitiotr rccordingoccatrdata. They arc colour€din yellow and havea liSllt wbich ir usuallya group flashingycllorv. 'ltv rbcnl
12.@ verticaly dispo€€din thc ord€r Srec!, rvhire,gr€€n?(N.M ) ShiF nay proceedonly if they have spccificordeB to do so. A thst shipsc.tr yelow light showtrto the upperleft ol the si8lal me.ans proceedas long as they do Dot usethe main channel. hr6.etat 13. Wb.t dry siSnalmsy bc showtrby vcsrclscngagcdin pair trsrling? -hcrartiond Codciag 'T' iowtr at tha forGmast. tbr@tt tstl t4. Wbrt.ctiotrr alc not p.tnitt d withio an E rrni tiotr .trchot{.? (N.MJ To lo*tr rly bod; to coro8unicat!with t[c rhoi! or olha( thipa; lo Eol! tta ahip; to eort c.blcr, or to dlov any pcrion or thing to lorw rbc rhip. Thcroecionr arc allovcd ody if thcy will pllv.ot tn r.ci.t otoriftb. Failliotr oftbc Ex.frililg Oficct h|r b.cn obt iicd. .lnadrptr, 15. A frbipg v6rcl displaF two whitc lights, visibl..ll round thc horizotr, v.dcely dbpos.d, in odditioD to normrl fshing lights. Wtrt doc. Oi! indicatc? 'I aD shoothg nats'. (2nd A!a.x to Ruld.) lmarabMtl
355
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
16.@ say? vess€ls not under command. vesselsengagcd iD nshint and vesselsrestrictedin their ability to mancuvte, except vessels clearingminesor towing. AnEndment
17. Whatlights.rc displ.yldby oil rigs?(N.M.) Norrnrlly, an .ll'.ourd whirc liSht viribl. for l0 rdLi. Ako . rcd liSht .i c&h 'comcr' visiblc for 2 milcs. All ligh$ [.rh Mor,c 'U' cvcry 15scconds. arn2nanan,
18.In whichdircctiond9_19"s!"$ll9 !f!"y, flgg-:-!"hgSJg*ll F om thc doublcconc(or baskct)towardsth. singl.oonc.(Rulc 25.) ,lmcrdnanl
re.!E!1gi!y!c4&sls$4
Two bleck concs,in . vcnical linc, points togEtbcr.lf undcr 20 m io lcngth,shcmay sbowa balt.t in3t ad. (RuL 25.) At tendnart
20. Whrt is . tcl.St8phbuoy? cablcin an Itisa ycllowSpecialMarkbuoyandshowia submannc srca wh€reanchorinSis noi pcrmittcd. Aaa lrnatl
21. Whatfogsignalis medcby anoil rig l (N.M.) Nofinrfly, a soundsignd coosistinsof Mor* 'U' av.ry 30 sccond3. Amaidnenl
356
TSB SAFBTY OP NAVIOATION 2a Wbf .brpca.rGthow! by a r,!a!d !.rvicitrg r buoy,by dly, what dro -rtc at |!chor? orcc orpcr pnrcdbcd in Rutc 2?, n mcly a b.ll, . dirmond, rad aaothrrbell, vcrricdlydi5polad|t Lrtt 1.5'r apan whcrEthaycan bcn bc aGGd, ALo tha anahorb.ll tocntiotradin RuL 30. .hdral
23. Wht i. . trli!.iutrtlr? (N.M) A ,nrll lavd tc$al locrting min6 eith soDardcviclsor mrgtctic. .DoDdy d.tcctirg 9c... HGrliStb .r! pr.$aibcd it Rulc 21t. Snall v6,clt mey oFrrtc Dcarbyshowingtha light! prl.ctib.d in Rulc 23 (c) or Rulc 25(4(n). 'A' may b. signaled by fag or dashingwhcn divcrsarc down. 'l&ndrrsrt
2/|. Wbrt d8!.1ir u..d to irdicrb tbrt r tt !.1, rf !i8ht, h.t not yrt .cir'!rl -TETdt frGGpotiqoc to . port? 0trt. cod. of siStd!.) ovcr .-Ec ffFt, vilibb .I roud thc horizon,20 Er rFr! Mnad wbart tbayc.! bcd bc !.ctr. Afiadiat
dit bLd.itlt.ft u.udly dibh? (M). 25.Olritd.irLofr! .lri[. o!@fthc aLct|'l uaualyaitaotrthcport ddc, A La abouldbc D!dr, tbanrfor, otr th. |llrbard *b. hna&nat
h.irdf i!. ftiltFrcttu .r.., whlt&iioo 26.WL..r!.lildr .hodd .h. t.f.? N.M.) Sb.6ould D.ionh h.t cout! .!d 4..di ifrhi. i. lot Po.'dblcdu! io fba ariSddaa oflavtrtiod, th. .hould dalt ttc .taa aaduictly r| Do-ttlc, AlI FDE oo bo.rd thould tata covtr. hnahst
157
THE SAFETY OF NAVTGATION t Wbt ilforrtr3iiop L proEulgdcd by Noric.. to M.tilcr! vitb "i:o"8 =riorJ N.M) grd! Thcir oo\rmc a !t! urcartain ard thcy rnurt urudly turn into l[c witrd if lirc:r|ft rrl tslitrt of or lstrdin& Furthdmorc, Muitrct! !t! wamcdth.t by night aircr!ft c.lrilrs b.vc thcir .t amiaglighB pLc.d FnDancndyofi thc caotrclilc of ttc rhip. A[cnativa positio8 for thcir ridc li8!rr: (i) otr cithcr sidcof th. holl, (ii) on aithcrridc ofthc isladdst uctur!, in ebich cascthc port bow tmft [8ht may bc asmuchar 30m from tbc pon .idc of thc ahip. C.rl!i! rtulrrft o.rri.n .xhiut alcho. Ii$rs .r followr: four l|tlt ligbb locrt d i! ttG foll@in8 o|lncr: J ft In thc forsard psn of thc v6!cl rt e dfutenccoftrot morctbsn 1.5m balowthc fight d€cL,two light! id thc lrEc horirontelplanc,onc oa tba port ailc andonr on thc starbodrdridc, l5 ft In thc rftcr part ofthc vcssclrt a hcightofnot l.ss rbao4.5m lo*cr thrn tbc formrd light, tvo liSht i! tholrmc horizo d pLn , otr otr th. port |i& !!d o!. on thc rtrrbord 3idc. E3chlight vilit c o1!r.tr rtE of .t L.!t lm &g!.., Th. folgrld light! viriblc or&. ! minidun ttc fro6 I point otr thc opporib bow to I point fron ritbt altcm on thcir ot|! rid., and tb .n.t lthb fron I point on thc oppo6itrquartlr to I poiDtfro6 light rhoedo! thcir otv! si&. (S.. al.o Rut 2(r).) llnadrrstl 28.@(N.MJ Thc lDtcmstiorel Clda Sroup'NE 2'. Thcacvc.scls 8hould ba tiE! r silc b.rtb; if thi! i! lot porsiblc,thcy.hould bc appro..h.d .l rlow apccd,urtil $d'litrg i! rccciwdofthc &!8.r zonc.A Spodloolout rhould bc tcpr for rubnari*r. ltsfirstt ,. How do tubtrllritr6 indic.tr th.i. po,itior!? (N,M.) EtDar by tbrir FitcoDG, oi itr d..p.r ert r, bt, towiot . rld and thitc, or rld |!d ydlow fo.t |rtrm of th.rn |l tho ,urfrcc. A rmotc caldb Ery rLo b. rlLald, tivi!8 ofi brlp quanrityofrdota lt e&iat
358
ATIE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION
30.@ Nf..r? (N,M,) ODGrld pyrotacttrirlitht or rEotc, rr?c.t!d ar oltadar nccdlary to ildicatc 'Kcap cLaa,I ae catryir8 out a! ao.ftpoct aurflajry prooo. durc"Do lot stopptoF.lcn shils rr. to clcd ttr rc. iDncdi.ldy.ld atald by to !!nda( slirtuca' Two ydlow pyrot chrb li8ht, or t*o wbila or Flloyr aDoLr, lhftc Eilutaa |pcrt to irdic.tc 'K..p dair. My poritio! ir .r iodic.tld. I iar.ld to o.Iry out .ulfsdog proocdurc. Do not rtop propclt r!. ShiF rt. to c&.r thGiDD.di.tc viiliDitt ' It D!.t lot bGilfltrcd ti.t $bd.riDc. Gr.rci!. ody i! ihc coop.try of laoortrt.t.l!' Itiabgl
31,Hor rry r 'urt o rubmlrirc irdic.tc it! plifit? (N,M.) By rclcarhg rn iidicitor buoy, ydloe or wbitr rootc ond iarac c.rdbq or by puEDiDgout .ir or oil, ,lmardratt
32.Whrt rc-tiotrrhonldttc vnaclralc or aighti!8ftc btroyor atly of tbc.c !i!!d!? (N.M) Irfom tho N.vy, Co.rt$.ti4 o( Polic.; .t nd hy dov!!h.a! ro pi* rD rny €cipiry nro; t p o! thc .hip'. ridc bcloe tt rrt.flilc, ru! tbc Gchorouodlr, or qploda aorl cDarfpart lcr$ I oih twry, lo r|mtt crlw of tlc .ubd|ri!. tLt hdp i! brnd. ,ltaa&rat
33.P=.it
th" bt ! (N.M)
It ii of s highly viriblc orrDSccolouJ,f oat! 8t a ftlcbosrd of l5 cdr, 6 io h|t I rni!. liSbt fubilt twicc r t.codd, viritrlc to lh! !.t d ctc i! clc.r dr.lncrs for 1.75milca.Tha liSbt will !t!b for somcrO hout!. Tbcr! ltr c.t'r+ ndacton arould thc upparrurflc., togptharwith r rbip r.riil. (Sc. Cb.ptri VI.) ,lt rartprt
359
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVIGA,TION 3,Lwbt sirrd! !& dirplryld b9 c!.13 rtDlcdrhing x,ith fucl .t aca? -Britirh.nd Allid w.rlhiF in coajurctionwith rurili..i.. frlqu.ntty cf,arcilcRcpLoilbnrctrtdt6!r. WhiL doiry to thc two or norc rbip6 bfirS Frt rt! contrccadby j@trt!y. lnd ho6c..Thcy diipLy lbc df!d3 Fr.cribd by Ruh 2{r) of rhc lnt d.tiotrd RcguLtiotr! for I'rqvcotiq Colitio|t' rt S.., 1972. MadEra arar|ricd th.rt whilc cltlyfur8out th6c cxcrci!.t th. thiF rlc ,cirrdy rlatri:tad both i! m[cuvrrbility rnd 3paad,tttd il i! tbc duty of oth6 rli*lr to t .p w![ cLt. in..ootd&cc vrith Rulc3G) of rhc .boE R.tubtiou. hrradnat
35. Arc thcrcrtry Fculisriricawith r!8!rd ro thc lrvigtion ligbtt of subn|rinc! ? (N.M.) Submarinc whctr at attchor,or mooEd to o buoy, may show a whitc liSht viliblc dl rouDdthc horizon,from thc condDgtorv.t. This i! showtriD rdditiod to .nchor light! pit .db.d io Rulc 30. H t tro thc vifrtiotr litht! of rubmeriocrh.t! bc.a Gxnibit.d f.oh Oa conni!8 torlr, wbich i! laar thc ccotsr of th! vqad. Tbo !.0....d1y .tcdniDg li8ht, bov liShtt, .Dd ovsrtltilt litbt bwc bGGo Io$,dorn .Dd dodclyrprccd,with ti. Ecult tbt thcygivcno iadicatiot of tha auborrirc'r lctrgthnor of bar crac-tcouttaor ch.trgoof couna. Co4.quc ty thcyhsy bGEi!t*.o for rhcliSbt ofrvcrymrdrndlct v6aclofthc co€rlrr tyF SFciil .rusFDrnt! h.vi low bd Erdc to [t H.M' subd..i!.r wilh . ,.cotrd rt .niot li8hr.Th! forwrtd tt .oitt litht it PLc.d on r I lod 5 ft spccirl6ttiD8in thc for! pert of tha v6rcl bctulcn 0 3 strd 2 m &bova rb. hull Thc Ddn 3t .di!8 litbt ir 6ttd on th. collilt towct or f!. lcrsttaa In aubdarinaawhcrcthc fo.ridd atarDinsliShtit aDprcciably 5 i 2 m abovcthc hull, andmayitr cotrlcquctrcrt,c lo$cr ihan thacolourcd d& li$b, tbc ovlrdl |rr|trScdcit of liSbtat! acctrfron othq vcrrclt D$r rDEGar r$urud. ID rdditiod, t[a vartic.l &prtrtion i! loDGcr*. a'5 m. ir k|t tb|tl 15ft Ttc oyrrt*itrg tiShtir plac.do! | .pccid ittinS t!.t th. rtcrn ofth. r"....1 but Dly b. .t r h.itht coltidcnbly I..! th!! th.l of th. .ido lishb. Somc,ubnrarincscaty a quick-i$hing rmbar ligbl 2 m sbovcthc 5 ft rt amiDglight, whanon tha Nrfscc !t tri8ht.
n
TIE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION 36.Wt|t lifht .r,c c.trkd by. aDb!. cn!.f.d i! toriry? Tb t|D |r Fr.r..iH for othcr vt .d! itr RuL 2{. bst E Rdc 3l for .Fid dirD.n .tio!. Itiald'r,t
37. Wht [!h! .r. o.ri.d tt r ...pLs lot r!d!. c@p|!d? shc nry c.r.y thc lights prc.criH in Rdc 2?. shc ahw. lhc .idcligbts otrly whcn sh. is moving. Atiarrrgtt
:lt. A! .itltrft it!. rhiic pyrot cilic lii[tr d t .b.. iL p.riDtio -c."? (N,M) liCt* Wh.t,l".tg! Tha aitlraft eirhc! to rttracl thc tttrntion of turfacc ahippitg. tlrn&rta|,
3t. A tut ir towirg thr!. vc$cb tb l.n8th of thc tow bciry lm n. 5d) ft llq Erny i,iiE or|th..d liSib .r..iofu? O y two lo iDdic.& thc f..t th.t .b i. toeint. (Rub A,) ShG.hrlt .bo .hof, th. lirlt tquircd by RulG23(.Xii). hrradiatt
,O. A lilht v...cl 3i8pd! dIG lcttcr'K'in dei tbir trlc.o? (LDr.Cod. of SigDali.) -Tf,Tf,iiffihirg
to cominunicetc. Arrrfu
1
Mon
to e vc...l. whit
TEB SAFEIY OF NAVIGATION ,ll. lf 3br boirt! thc tso-trg ligpd 'NG', rvh.t do6 this 'r .! ? 'You ar! iB & datrglrou! porition', lt ar&l!/|t
aa Wb.t L rb. foFilrrl for r dist9..p.c? A l@8 bbt, folLotrldby two thort trlr$, otr ft. rvhi|tb, rt int.itrlr of not Do!! th!! 2 Eitrut... Sh. ir rtllbL to glt our ofthc wry. (Rulcr '? .!d 35,) Itw&rat
,13.wh.t.i!!.l r-Gloobogsl dw(?
,4,.'An js.ft
@
ir n d! ht...ili!s
l! .d bdot! r! di!|.
b.od i!
bblt I prrr.ribcd iD RuL 34(.). lttsnt srt
ff.. oe6 tbr !r{d {!..r!ryf.ogdl!!gC.{E!
B!Ei.. .houtd b. [|d. i! thc lolboot rcFding thr tioc dtto, T..tt r corditior!, ikotihtioa D.*! of &!r.& typc of irc..& io orurc, rd cafiDrbd hciSht lteataar,
r dr-s reE? (MI 4t. Wtrr sG rl. linib dtdllpt lt t rill loi op...t .t dshl i! ftduc.d vi.ibility, in lildr ortc ,|l' trrob, and tbcit langc is govemedby their fuel cspacity. Anattrsrt
2oft 2m y&
,|6. Wt t ir . drrcoo.? (N.M.) A tlbultt caliDt oftrylon frbric ald ryDthctic rubbcr, about 60rn bot EGdfor th. trurporttioo of oil ltrdr ud rpiritr It it tow.d by . tug on . towlinc rouSbly2mm in lctrfth. Thc draconcb ald@t 3ubwfth rbr .Fcioc !etC, ri.6 ia !o.L .i . diuibt coo!.o|ur.t 2
TEB SAFETY OF NAVIGATION 8r.vi9 of th€ casiot and thc liquid. Il shoesonc rll-rouod whitc light at or n€ar the after end. If morc thaa 25 m h breadth,it sbors two cxtla all-routrdwbite lights at or neer thc extrcmiti€{ of its brcrdth. By day it showsa blact diamondst eachend, but s€cRule 24kxiii) aDd(iv). lrra&'!,rt
47. Wb.t ir ! !.fc wdrr o!*? thlt tD.n it &vi8rtlc trbr e rdGiiffi@G6'.how dl uound it ArradMtl ,lt. Hd .hould thc o.o.w. indic.tGtD|t h! ir ErbIc to or rirct.ft? sitld 'N b rhc Mon ood. ot hoirt {eg'N. .lrrr|'d'|p/rt ,ar.Hor Dry r pilot b. .unnoold by dry or bt nilht? Locrt@Dircctioft. Thc ltrtlrndioDd Codcfa8'G'may bc iowtr. Morrc'G'mry batuda by ery tig!.llitrt ncthod. wh.rr l|ogul8. dific1llticacxtutod R.T., th. word! 'INTERCO GOLF Ely b. ur.d. lt tarbna{ $. WL.n |grolrtrd, 3 abtL at|r roctctt arc fitd rahdt. wlit dod
E!-sesL(M).
You.rc @: tclp vill bc gim rr rcoo rr pocsitrlc,' Arrardratl
51. Appro.chiot a di ebld tankcrir mbt, you h.!r 'GU' soundd !9.. tb!-o..S_? (MI 94_g! 'It i 4ir&:yhrt lot..fc to ft! i roa*at' ,Atr&rsrt
THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION 52.A dis.blcdteokcrtufitrg fag B. By night it Jhorv!i r.d liSht at thc m.sthcad,Whlt docsthh mcln ? (M). -'Thc vca*-; lcafitiaffi;t; tiquid; it is da!8.rous to frc r rockcl.' Amerdm.hl
53.what tu r ranlE rafcty craft? (N,M.) A vcaiclwhichpstrolsup to 8 milcsawayfrom a fring-rrca ccntrc. Anqdnant
54.What infoamatiotrb promulgted in Notic.. io Mtrincrs with rclerd to thcsca.cas?(N.M.) Firing snd bombitrgpraclicca,and ddcocacxarciscr,takc placai! a numbarof a&asofr thacoast!of trritish Comtnoowtalthaad Colonial Tcftitorid !s wcll !! in forcig! watlrs. In firturc, |trd ia vicw of thc rgpodlibility of rstr8clutloritias to rvoid rccidanS,limit! of prrctic. rtrar will trot r! a rulo bG.town on charl! aod ddariptioa! of srla! will not rppaar ir thr SailingDircctioli. Such.rtr8Fb..coD!, ligh6, andmrddngbuoysaaDsy bc ofa$ilt rocc to tha Marincr,or trrgrt! whichDight baa daagcro nevigtioa, will, howcwi, baahostro! ch$ii u4 whro rpFopriata, mcttioocdin Ssiliry DiEctioo!. Light wil bc Ectrtioocdia th. AdniElty Lirt of Lighti Thc Fincipsl tyF of practiccacaniadout arc: (o) BoriblngPractlc.ftom Attoart WlrtriDgsiFak usually3howtr.
TIIE SAFBTY OF NAVIOATION (l) i brge rld frg rt thc m.sthcad; (2) a paintcdcanws slrip, 2 m x I m, with rcd and whitc chcqucrs 6 fi x ! ft l.tt in 0.3n squarcs.on thc forc drck or cabin roof. ltlr4bqafi ffiE lti! day bc from A.A. fgtr! or machiDcgutr! at a tatSFttowcdby lircrr.ft s3iu (r) abova,a pilodclatsrgctaircraq or ot balloo!3or kitca. Pnctic. rDaytokc pbcc from lhorc battcriB or ships. wlrDing sigldr s! r lulc arc shov! faomahoEbattcrics,Ships!y o !d nr& Ft W tMt E @raD4trad.t ot Shlpsdl S.a ol FIx.dor FloatlngTargcls W.tDitr8 'i8n'l' ulually ahos! a! sbovc. tulhd Cr4't A I Ra',.otc-cd,rt Thcscc.aft arc 2l m in lcngthand csry 'nol undcrcontrol' shapcs 68ft .!d li8hb, *hich arc p.rscriH in Rulc 27(a).Excrciscsconsistingof turftlc fring by ihipr, praclicabombing,air to scafiring !trd rockct fri4 sil bc carricdout spinst thclc craft or tarSptstow.d by thcm. A conirolcf.ft will kc.p visuallnd radar*atch up to .pproximrtcly 8 miLr, lad th6a wiUbc @vcrfrom thc air ovcr a muchgatcr ratrgc to .n$rr tbat othar ahippiry wil not bc cDdanSprcd. Wsrairg,iSnr.b, whcdgivc!, uruallycorsist of rcd 0a!! by day and ng$t rt DiSbt Tbc ab6cnccof rtry such3i8nal rdfrtctt ot Edtdiig bc lcccptld r, cvidcnccthet s prscticcarcadocsnot calnot, horva,vcr, cxbt. Warningaig[eb .tE shownfrom shortl, bcfoE prrctica com. hcoc6 until it caalaa. ShiF md ailfirft c.rrying out light .xcrci!6 may illuEin t. with frl.. kilht rrdot or@tg€ llt s&r.rt
55.A mstro! a yachti! alowlymovitrghb atbs !p tnd dowtr.Whrt docr thir mcao? * It i" " "ielrl .f di!t166, (4th Ann.r to Rulcs.) lmcndrra t
55
TIIE SAFETY OF NAVTGATION 56.What thrF rrl rhotp by a r,!od lavitditr8 ttcttr-fo$nlod? (M). Otrlyrb.d ftt d eith . bownddtr r yt.ld will lhow rwo bhck b.lbr 2ft8ft 6ft c€.h 06ln i! dirhctcr on a 6oa&y!rd 25m eprraatrd2rn abovc th. futrtrd top. ThGtig!.I i. .hos! dL Atfuta
57.An rirqft fr.. . rrd !dc. wt t do.. thir D..o? (N.M.) rt"@rdugcr.!d r!quir.3 imEcdirtc a$iltoca. Aistbrfit
5t. An ei.c.rft firls !rcc! 61!3 cvcry l0 to 15aitut6, Wh|t docs (N.M.) this - irdioatc? Thcffiit is scarhingfor swaivors.Thc si8lrl shouldbc aD$rrrcd by thc ruvivoft with lh. usc of st tutory distr6s.i8 ls-probdbly r€d hatrdflrls or roclct!. lnad$rl
59. Ifr flhiDg vc!.cl shoer I whitc light ovcr . ttd lifht, visiblc dl
round@ *-
sElilauiiiiFocr. Ardtstl
6().A rt *l of lmm ot do& i! |l !tr horr_!4!LIg!9 jEllglgl Tro .nchor light toglthcr wit[ dl rvdhblc worlint liShtt ro iluoi!.t h.. d.ctr (Rulc 3o,) ,l,,r,,&rn tt
TIIE SAPETY OF NAVICATION
6l-@ Thc Itrt rDrtional Rc8ulatiofi for P&wnting Colliiions rt Sc. l9?2 (Rub 28).ugt6tr lhc followitrg rigDab.In lon port! thcy m.y bc oooFdlory. By day: A bLck cylird.r *t rc it cr! bcst bc !.r4 m.asudng G6 E itr dLoct r sd I.2 m high. By night: Thrcc rcd lights shownwhcrcthcy ca! bastba saan.Thc lights should bc €quidktsndy speccd,2 m apart rnd visiblc all routrdtbc horizonfor a distucc of at Llst tbtra Dil6. Thc signolahrvc elr.rdy bccnadoptcdin mrny ports and may, in somcrtEss,bc applicablcto vcssclsovcr a ccrtlia dcadwiSlt !onne8r, or ovcr s ccnain lcnglh, or ovcr a €rteio draught.Thc siSnalsdo not absolvcth. vcssclsshoninSthcmf.om complyinSwith th. RcSuhtioos for Prcvcntionof Collisionat Sc., but if thcy are in any doubt as to *hcthcr enothcr vcssclis giving tham lumcicnt scaroom,thcy may giv. lc!!t frc lhort ttrd rapid bLsts uodcr Rulc 34. Oth.r vdscls, oot shou,ingsuchsigmls, shouldcndarvourto lccp claar and mry indicate tbeir inlentions by making the manocuwingsignab prcscrib€din Rule 34. Amendmcnl
62 Wh.l
ttt bc itrdic.trd rt raashan two dl-routrdwhitc cxoccd! tbc r horizoot l
vlrtbal (i) A v.!.cl rt .ncbor of aiy lcnftb. (ii) Atr drrdt rt uchor of any lctrgth. Gn)A porc.itiv.n 1!3!.1of my lcogth,hull dolv!, i.c. with tid.' lithb not visiblc. (iv) A! dlrrrlt c&ict st sdcho..(Sc. Qur.tio! 27.) Arrs&na
s1
TIIE SAFBTY OF NAYIOATION 61 Wt t d|!.l i. di4LFd by . li!ht-r'..d rnicb N oot oa po.idon? (M). -fr ctrnacrirdg lilbt i. lor .tor,!, |!y d.yi|tL i. |tnElq rld rlE fot d|!.l ir lot 6.da By dry, !b..bowt . htt tl&l b.ll .t..rh aod of th. v6.cl .sd rl o thc rwo-tu9 c.d! goup 'Lo'. By Dight,.h. will dbDlrt I rld lilht, vi.ittL dl rculd rh. loriroo, .t ...h .o4 to!.o.r vitb I rld !|!. |nd . *Nto i|!c, .td! .DidrLiF riDult Fu.ly Gvrit 15Di!u!.a If th. u.o of !.r!. i! tor Doittc, rcd ud elit! lbit Dry b. dirpbyrd for .bout. nilui. .t . tiri." ,0l,ar6nanl
rhotn? 6{ If th.lilht oo I l8ht-v..sl L out ofordrr, *b.l.it!.1L (M). Only h.t ddilg litht, which is cxhitirrd about 2 m rboyc tba rdl, 5fr oo th. foN.t y. lta&a
*tth ootloo? 65. Al rh.t ,pod ro,rld yoo -"iti. At | .paadcodd.o|uttr. *il! ria.tr|r ray, or crro doppad. ,lnwtutt
66. whrr rflidoor rpDly io pilot lrdddt? (3.R.) Th.y iu.t t c.D.U. of bcirf r!.d dtt . i.b; tb', u! dly to tc lrad fd pflota'aaaaa.lbt |'a lo brrt ri.b it!.dr of adaqtac daDth; a mslroF cachsidcof thc ||ddar 20mmh di|trEt6; to ba of rdcquata lcrgth md strEnsrhiDd to bav! anti-twfutcrtfttcd to thalt. zbrratargtt
67. whrt fu thc nEanint of thc Intcrnrtiond Codcgroup'zw? 'I rcquircthc Port Mcdic.l O6ccr', At r,'drart
58
TTIB SAFBTY OF NAVIOATION trt rho roub 6t. Wi.r drt dtc ft c.rria6 urd6
.r a? (N.M.) -Adopt aadynaarrtla to tc.p out of tf,a*ry, lltiabet
d,. How frt do .o@ fuhitr! lErtr .6t nd, G.&drilt !.tt |Dd s.i!. d? -En (M), (N.M) *rr craod u9 to 2 uib. froE th. .t.IL s.i!! !.tr Dry oova I q!|ara Dilc" Itdutl
?0.@ stop .!sir6 |!d proocd .cioc! th. Et witi .ll tpccd.ThGpropclks. Eun h. *otp.d .wolvirg. llt talbrratrt
71.wor d you .!.Lor DG.rtuhd|titc c.t r.? (N.M.) No; if, ho*w.r, I did tfi. by rccidctri,lnd fouhd tuch . c.tb on ny a!o[or, I would ns,tnrcut tba crblc, wbic.hDly bc catrting hi& volt{r. Th! .lcnor thould bc .lip9.d if rboc.blc c.Dtrotbc cl..rcd i! tb lo(nd wry. I would rlpon lo tho ahorcAuthoritict. 'lmadrsr,
z@ d oih.6 .o..t@y? N,M.) -Ti-nun bc o*rt rt rce only rhrn ioparatirc I! btbour ot rt ttrctor it .LooH Evri b. u.cd axccpfi! tba i rrc.tt of rafc navtlidoo ald 116.0!.oitt!d to do .o by tDcN.vd Athotiti.. Atffic{
w
THE SAFETY OF NAVIOATION 7!. Whrt FErution nt|rt yoo t*c tllllditf li8ht-E ..b? (M). Al*ayr giv! thar! a }try wi& bdtb. Ncs 'hoDc' o! thrit ndio nay ocourcittd gitb dirrctioo-fuding tranlDilaiorlli Mollisiot! ttGd or rvitl othcl rhipcdoingthr ,sDc tbiDSl tbrratdrrsrl
74. What ale sand*av6 and seiclt6? tot "tit ott ttreseabedin the form ofeav€s. sooat-rratGffint Thevoaqr in dnllow s€rswhcrcthe watcrmortcmenlis rElatir€tyfast, tlrc i{aveslyingat right allglcato lhe dir€ctionof f,ow. ln thc North Sca wawlengdrsof m metes havc b€enfouod rvith heighb, ne$ur€d tom cllst ro tro{8h, of up to 13m€tres.A seidr is an occillationin water leval u$ally causedby abruptchangesof wind or pr€a$fe. A featur€of ha$ools ard bsys,it maylastonly a lew minut€s. funardrrart
?5. How mrtrv ilrmctic
coottr3!6 llu3t tta carricd on borrd ship?
(s.R.)
At lc$t two .rc 'rcommctrdcdfoa Cl|gr 7 3bipr.Cta!! I thiF nutt aarry st lcaslthEc. lncnhett
76. Wlat ar! thc mal'ringsofthc lDtctlationsl Codcgtoupa'QQ' and
qQhdicatcs 'I rcquir. hcalthclcardc.'. 'Zlt indicrtB 'I bcli.E I havcb.cn in .n id.6Ld arc. duritg thc hlt thitty d4yt" Arrodmor,
77.!Oe!!-e!-EBI&0.?(M)
It is an EmcrgcncyPosition Indicating Radio Beaconand is a u!€ful aid to Search and Resclres€rvices.It transmils on aeto
3m
TIIB SAFETY OF NAVIGATION frequ€nciessuchas243and 121.5MHz and hasan effectiverangeof up to lm miles. Itnaheia
7t. ly!{ j!..f_!!t L bugd
A rld 6n-buoy noorld dorc to .light-vBld. It h.r ttc tramc ofthc lightahip pqintcd otr it i! rvhitc lcttcrr, IB purpola i! to providc i hrrk io thst thc lightrhip c.tr chcck it po6itioD, At @,drr4,.rl
79. Under what cirqrmstancesmay tbe w/T auto-alarmsignal bc (N.M.) activated? (i) to warn that an S.O.S.messageis aboutto be transmitted. (ii) To wam that an urgentc1clone*aming is to be transmitted from r coastradio station. (iii) When a personhas fallen overboard,to summonmore help than csn be obtainedthrough at| urSencymcssagp.
E0, A buoy light is sight d in thc lrish S.a. lt is whtc, quict-iashin8 with.inc fashcs in e cyclc. What rction should bc tekcn ? Psss to thc *€st of thrs buoy. Ninc flashcs(i.c. nina o'clock) indicat6 that it is a wcst quadrant buoy, tlt a&',at
81. An isophascrcd buoy light is sightcdin thc Englbh clrrnncl. what action shouldbc takcn? -It i. " pon una utt"l ll".r to bc lcft to port vhcr followinSthc convcntionrldiEction of buoyaSp, At &iart
n1
THE SAFBTY OF NAVIOATION E2.Whrr i! r .choorcr? wbicbansyhavr from rwo b lix nast!, and ahaeitt Thi5-isa vaasGl bc forGaod-afliiggad on all rrast3.A toparil 6chooncr,hoc,w!f, will hwc ha. forr topmalt rigFd with qurtr .aiL. El. A buoy light is siShtadin thc North Sc., group f.sbitrg two, whitc. -T"* What actiotrshouldbc tatcn? "iffi;rT;ll" .*Ii"g-." i*latcd &Dgcr. Amandtiat
84. Dirtitrguishbctwrana lctch rtrd a yawl. Thcscarc smdl sailitrgcrr& clch h^ving a maitr3lil rnd r Dizzco ,eil, with or withoutjih6eib"Thc mizrm .ail of rhc lctch ir oltctr lhc Lrtar of thc two mizctrs, ltrd thc mizzco-Dalti! licppGdforead of tha ritddcr po3l Thc nizzcn-maltof thc yrwl i! ttcppcdnuah fanhar sll .nd thc !.il projcctsov.r thc rtc.tr 81@ (N.M.) Thcs€ciaft may b. fourd oFr.ti.g rnywicrc o! thc Utitcd Kinfi doE codit!, whcrr thcy will rhow r quict-felhing .eb.r light yirit L all roundthc horizonfor e distrnccofsl lcrst 5 mibr, bctwc.nrurat and suarilc. I! poor colditio!! th. litht bry bc .rhibitcd ia drytinc also. At pr.lcnt th6c crafl catrprocc.dcithcrfuuy wrtcrbomc'or partially airbor& but with thcir kcck or sidc*ells rcmai ng iD thc wttcr, ot fully rirboma . fcw cm ebovcwd.r lcvcl. In tha frst lvo caaaathcy will bch.v. rimilrrly to shalloe.dreudt vcalcls,but in tbc lest cascthcy rr€ ceprblc of s@3 in cxc.ssof 80 ktrotsol&r both htrd rnd s.3, .nd arc surc.ptiblcto whd drift. Tbcy cango :rst m, and canstopcrtnmcly quicklyby sinply sli8htitr8upo! thc waica. In gln ral, thcy *ill tc.p clcrr ofsll v.sschand.void inp.dilg thrir navigation.Id circumstancdwhcrcrisl of collisiotrarist! tbcy lhdl to at a mod.ratc spc.d and bchavcas thouShthcy wrr! powrdrivan vcsscls,Bc.auscof thcir nois. l€vcl,thcy mey not adii soundsignd., ncithcrmiy lhcy hcerthoscwhichrrc cmittcdby othcr vdscb. Anodrrcrrl
372
CHA'TER XV LIFTING
GEAR
GENERAT cotrrporcolof r lifti4 rpparatu.rher al ullioetc ltrEss&t I-vRy which it wil fncturc ttrd r trfo atrlar .t whichit cso lorEslly bc l-{ fJulcd. Thi! httcr i! csucdrb 4. workhg lMd (S.W.L.).Bvcry compoocntbasthi! S.W.L.ltrmFd or p6int d upotritjn thc cascof wirl or cltritr it ir cithcr ,t dD.d od r dunblc tlblct attlchcd ro rhc ma&daloaabc. noticci3 portcdin a coarpiilour ptaccin thc worling viidity wbcrcqDploy€.!canrdd to thc safcworlitrg lo6drof all rop.s, wlls, addchsiD!in ura. Th. ntio of ultiDatcrkl's to rrfc workhg loedis c.ll.d thalaclor of rattl, !trd i! u!u![y bctc,EGD four etrdcighL For crmplq in thc cila ofwirr rcpc it i! fivc, for 6h|lr roF it ir six,.nd r8rin fvc fof ch!in!. Wtcd arscDbliDgr liftitrg rpparrtu, cvcryprn ir vitsl atrdmu3tbc adaqurtclystro!8; r r|lat prn Dry caular dii$tcr, rod rD ov6-6troDg prrt rdd, unn€c.rarrywciSht M6o.t8!ir fur.{.d oncirly to frd it! ultio.tc rtr*r, ^nd rba Wv.d st r lic.alcd ProviogHourato a lord whic.hwill Dotproduccwral&ss or injury to thc Fn. Gar rhouldbc paovldat rcAuLriitl alr rftcl baiDgput into ilitid u!c, to tcrl for itrrtrSth dclarioritiotr-AJbr coDtinuouiulc tbc mctd mly b.comc brittlc sod fracturE.Thir fu cxpcdiLd by ill-u,c. Bcforc ttfu stetaofrfrain.xirt!, Oc Dctal rhould bc arrrar.4 i.c. hcetadto t llmpcratuc dc!.oding upon thc 'rct l, ray 600c-650cq lrd thcu allowld to cool Ery slovly. Thb paocass rlrtrovcsthc britdcr6a atrd rcatorrsttr odgin l Itain to thcdctal, Mrtry Dctsl objcct wh!! loodcd to bcyondtrlf thcir ultiBatc atrldgthluficr r Frmrrctrt r., or diltor. lior. h thir cr!. tha rlartic ,trtl t r baancrcaadcd.kt.t r! thc load h in(rr,d tb i.A polr, vill bc rcachrd,snd at tbt! .t^gac@|4,ttlctlon bcgiDs" Sifc lordr lhould lot ta dccadcdcrocpt*hclr providcdfor utrdcr ttc Dockr Rcgubtiotr!Ntrdin .a cnr.t8.ocy,ruchr! thc urc ofgroundtecldofor utrgmutrdiD!e vcsrcl.Thi! wil nrtrict luch ovc.losdiogto iloletcd occrrio8, whichmaydo lo d!oa8.. Thr pdtibility of FrlnrDGntdfutortionshouldbc scccptcd,hortrtr.
LIFTING GEAR BLOCKS AND PURCHASES A purchascis said to bc t ed to dltantaS. whcn the €frort or pull i3 bcing applicd in thc samc dircction as thc achicvcd movcm.nt of thc load. For cxamplc, if a \rcighl wcrc bcing baulcd down a dcck in an atl dircction and thc mcn on thc fall *crc also pulling in atr ajl dir.ction, then th€ purchasais usedto advantagc.Also thcrc will bc mo& parls of ropc at thc moviog block lhan at thc standinSblock. A purchascis conv..scly usedb Abadvantagewhenthc cfort b bcing applied ill th€ oppositc dirEction to lhc achi.vcd mov.mcnt of thc load, i.c. a lorward pull to causca wcight !o movc aft. Also th.rc will bc morc pans of ropc at thc standingblock than at the moving block. No* imagidc i ptrichascsuspcndcdvcrtically, uscdto advaotrgc and hohting a wcight ,t/. The pull P is thcrcforc also acting upwards, and tho str€sson thc ahacklc sccu.iog thc top or staodiog block must bc
w-P.
rhcpull P will bc octint Ifthc purchaeis bcingusd to disadvantaSp to lift thc wcight, and thc rtfts3 on lhc samctoP in ordcr downwards shackleb.comcsl/ + P. thc stttsscsitr thc Similarly,whcna purchasci3 uscdto disadvantagc fall whcnlowcringor hoistinga 8ivenw€ightwill bc 8rcitcr thrn whctr Thls mustttc bomc in mind whcD thc purchascis us.d to advAntagc. thcS.W.L.of a purchasc. considcdng Wilhin thepurchas.,cachparr cf thc flll bca.sa diffcrcrt proportiotr of th. tolal load.Whcnhoisting,thc maximumsttds is on thc haulilg par!andthc minimumon thc standingpan. Whcnlowcring,thc rcvdsr t3 ttuc,
Blocksarcusuallystrongcrthantheirdcsigncdfa[s, h.dccthc S.W.L of a purchascis usuallythat of thc fall.
Er998gEJ 374
LIFTING
CEAR
wbcn a fall b undcr lord thc block! tcdd to spio ald producc tutor in thc porchasa ODc tum caD iocE€sc thc strrs! rcqurrd (to co[tinue lifting) by four-tcnths. A lory bao&pik placd lhrough thc p.rb oftb. fdll clolc up to thc staoding block will prcvrdt thi& provid.d thc cnds of thc hsDdspikaa& atoppadofr st a rcrrby poitrt. A thrrc-fold purchssccao ba prrvctrtad from trvisting by rcavirg it a! lhown in Fig. | 5.1-h additiotr, thc haulitrg pdrt coming away frorh thc ccnlrc thlavc prcvaoasthc block from canting. MECH NICAI
AI'VANTAGE AND trIICTION
A purchas€is a machin€ whercby a load or r€sistancccalr bc overcom€ by meansof an cfort or applicd forcc. The mcch{nical advantagcof any machinc is found from thc ratio load ' applicdforce
rcsistanc. efort
The mechanical advantage of a m{chinc is normally dctcrniocd cxpcrimcnl&llybccauscit is only in this way that thc frictional forccs can bc fou[d. Purcha.cs arc subjcct to trictioo, thc amount dcpcnding upon thc |Elatirc siz.s of shcavcand fall, thc oumber of shcavcs,and whcthcr hoisting or lowcritrB. For practical purposE3,thc total rEouot of fric. tion within a purchascis a$umcd to bc oDctcrth (of thc lilt d wcigbt) pcr shcaE. ID thc casr of hcavy{crrict purchasc!, lhc amoutrt of frictiod must bc kcpt to a mioimum. Thc d6ign ofthcsc blocks is auchthrt thc frictioD is &sumcd to bc onc-t{cnticth of thc liftcd wcight pcr shcavc.The British Standardslnstitutronadoplsa fgurc of 2-6% of the load for cach lhcave dependingupon the block typc. Whcn hcaving oD thc hauliDg part of a purchasc, both tbc wcidt lilbd and thc frictiotr havc to bc ovcrcomc. VELOCITY RATIO when a purchasch us€d to movc a weight, thc fall is hov. throuSh a grcaterdislanccthan lh. wcight,within a givcnF iod. Thc ratio of rhc lsrgcr dislenccto lhe smallcrdislanccis thc Vclocity Ratio. Veloc[y of cff;rt Vclocilv of load
Disranc.cffon moves Dislancc losd movcs
In Figure 15.2scvcral purchasesare illustrated tog.thcr with tha common Dames.Each name is follou,ed by a numb.r. This numbcr rcp rcs€nts the vclocity ratio when using thc purchasc to advantagp. In rhc singlcwhip therc is a velocityratio ofonc. Thc doublcwhip hesa 375
J-
0D t) rn |l I t l t t l t l
lt I
lt lt I
iltl
()DD) T
ooul-E
3INGLE
'HtE'
FOLD 7
J_
0L) tI -)-\
\q{ l/ \
v \
LTFTINC OEAR vdocity ruio of two ald tbarc ir only oE pay of uliq rhir rtip. With thc cxcctsioDof rhar., .trd thc SFnLh Bunotn tbo vclodty rrtio vill bc rcducd by onr eh.! thc purr,h|lcir ulad to dirrdv|ltrgc. It c.! b. !..r from rhc di88r.o tb$ if r two-fold put!h!. ir u!.d to rdvadtlgc to movc a witht tbrouSh I D, flt Frt! of roF will ctch lhortco by I n, to tbtt 5 m of fdl hult bc tov! in, dviry r vclocity r io of 5. If urcd to dbrdv.trt gp, foul Ftlt of roF Yill .hort.l by I m, 4n of fdl wil b. how in .nd thG Elocity r.tio bacoac',l.
EFTICIENCT All !|aatitr6 bavard cfrciclcy, uludly crprr|.ad a, a Focatrgp' Eftcicoct i! thc ratio ofurdul eorl doocotr thc ttitit, to ttc work r9pli.d by thc .fron,
t*-":
(
Urafirl work dotrcoDwitht Work .pplicd by .dort
x ru)%
A.n c6d.dcy of lm% wil iDdicalr that thc blclirc ir fticlionh* b..aurc wort doD. ir oletcoEiDt fri:tiotr ir lot uadld rvoat,Fritiot .lsryt 6istr atrd ttc .ffcicdc, i! thardolEdwayt l€r ttatr lqlz. I! r D.fftct DraJhirc,tha eort doDcoo thc load tould bc cq!|.l lo th. rort doD by ttc .fron. Lt t bGtbc cfiort y tbc lo.4 D. &c dirt !c. tbrouth vbi:h th. cfro.t mo€ |!d Dw th. dirre llroqb whi:b thc lord rtrov.r.ItcD in a parfcaln|.him, Work dotrcby cfion : Worl donao! load
.o thrq
ExDc:VxDw D . W
D(- E Y.k - M.A.
lD practicc,ticr! ir .tr axtrt r!.irl|trca to oErloma in tha fol|n of ticlio!, thc Fitht of thc pulcl/s md thc wight of thc fdl. C.U thit quntity n ud tgrid ulc tbc priocjplcof wort, ro, or,
ExDc:
3n
LIFTINC CEAR lf wc noe sub6titutc for X, lcn F. ccnt ot thc loed fo. lvcry shrsvc rnd cdl lhc numbcr of shcrvcsr, w€ gct
":
w L ' tl y0 r-k
whcn r purchascis uscdto advantaS.Y.R.: (n + l, Whcna purchascis uscdto disadvantag!Zn. : ,l Thc scaman,bcforc puttitrg a purchas! into usc, may usc this cxprassionto dctcrminctha approrimatcslrcsson thc hauling prrt of thc fall. Thc allowrnccfor friction of l0% drs on thc safr sidc. kt us supposcthrt *c src lifting 6 kg usinga two-fold purchasc with a V.R. of 4. Allowing l0% for friction, uscdto disadvantagc, friclioD bccomcs40% of 6 kg,or 2.4yg,. Total loadto owrcomcis 6 + 2 4 : t.4 kg. 8ra : Z t rg. Theapplicdcfort is thu. ln this cesawc na.d 2.1kg to lift 6 kg and thc M.chanicalAdva{teg. is thcrlfor€ roughly3. Sulrloaattc lord rcw rnov6 throughI m. Uscfulvort doncon load is 6 k8 m. Thc cfrort,of2.l tg, will havcto movcthrough4 nrctrcswith r valocity ratio of 4. so thcworkdoncby thcctrortis2.1 x 4: t.4 kgm. 6
- 71.4%, x lm% 8? This machinc is thcrcforc only rbout lcvcn-tcnths cficicnt owisg to thc frct lhal somc of our cfiort is uscd in ovcrcomiDg tbc 2.,, kg of fricrion. This is not uscful work. It should b. notcd also that So thc cfrcicncyis
";ffii;;:- advantre x rmz. : McchaDic{l EncicocY PNACIICAL POINIS Thc s.amen oftctr rcf.rs to r d.rrick or block s3 bciDg a'ttoDna block'or a fvc-tono. dcrrick'. By this bc Dc.'3 that thc dcnick or blocl ton his a S,W.L. of 5 lonncs and is not lo bc us.d for lining *,cighls tons Srralcr tban 5 tonncs. ron
318
LIFTING CEAR A 3indc{h.ayc block i! provld to e proof losd of fout timcr iL S.W.L.Tbis S.w'L. mustbc stampcdon it, togctbcrwith thc ntkcr's namcor uadc m'rk. aad thc oumb.r of thc block' If tha S.W.L ir 5 tonDcsand rhc blockh us€dto lift r wciShtof 5 tonfts thct tha strass on thc lop cycof thc blockwill slightlycxcccd| 0 tonDcs.Thc dcsignof of l0 thc cF in thi! blockwill b. suchthat it hasa S.W.L.in cxccss tonncs.A lGtonnc shacklcwould b€ usadfor s.curingttic bloct. blockmly bc ulcd to Uod.r thc DocksRcgulationsa single-shcavc lift trirc it! mrmal S.W.L.providcdth. wciglt is attrchcddircctly ro tl. broc*and is not attachcdlo a ropc pa3sitrgaroundthc ahcavc,i.c. rbc wright is a$achcdto rhc cyr of tbc block. For clartplg if a 8uD lackb ia uscdto lift 5lonncs,th.n thc lop blocks,ill bc t ttonnc aonton3 block. but thc lowcr onc will bc a 2|tonnc block and thc wcightwill ton bc cithcr arbchcdto thc cyc of thc lowcr block or clscaltachcdto a hookwhichis intcgralwith thc block. block will havcaa cyc dciSncd to wilhst trd it! A multiplc-shcavc S.W.L. togrtlrcr with thc maxidum str6s lisblc to bc lpplicd to tha hauliry prrt. A lttornc putchascusingmultiPlcblock eill hevct\ro IttontrG S.W.L.bloch. G.ocratly lpcrking, thc sizaof wirr ropc to bc ulad with a cargoliftiDg block h|a a dhDctrr shich is onc-filbctrth of thc lhcrvc di.' nctcr. i.c. with a 30cm sh.{vc a 20mm wirc ropc will bc usad.Fo. l2-in0.&itr dcrricb of morcthan 15ionncsS.w.L. thc siz. of wirc roF shouldbc on.-cightccDth of thc ahcavcdiamctcrin ordcr to prolongropc lifc. C|!. of Dhds (Va.iousrypcsstE ilustrstd in Plets 5 rDd 6) Frcqu@ttychcckthc swivclhcadfor frcc movcmadtby hatrd.Gta!6 itr !b!ok aod baaing. Erarnincthc .i& platcafor diltordo! or buck_ ling: if th.y arr buctlcd aad thc aunncrjam! hctw€atrrha plrtd !trd lhould tuln fFcly ehcn rotatcd thc alrcovc,liwr mry bc lost, Shaevcs Thc Stoovdmult bc ty hatrd;cxlDitrc thcD for c,ricl! aodbush-waar. frcquaotlychdkcd for *€.r, whichwill quichy rub s Dcwwir! ntnlcr. C"hackthrt .rlc pitrs r'c a.cuE rtrd camot work rdtift. C.rrry oul Erular strd adcquatclubricatiotr,It it bcttcr to oil thc block turfrc6 niha tban ro urc peint"wbich may clog oil holct, oblitcrat mrrk, strd hidc ddcct!. Chackwoodcnblocksfor dacsyNndsplittinS.Blocki rhould ncltt bc thrownon to ttc d.ck. wdtfuofhs complctcwith shlcuca,wEiSh!approrinatcly A fuly rorc purchaaa .! folloes: I tonrc: thrcc-foldwith 25+m shcavcsor a gutrtacklcwith 42{rn ron tci6 l7.in shcavca, 379
ton l2-in l&in ton lcin toi! l&in
rooton totrton ton ron ton ron ton
LTFTINGGEAR l tonrc: four-fold with 3o.fi shar,.! or a doublclufi with {tcm thaaws. I tonnc:fivc-foldwith 4O4m!h.3vcs. l* tonnc:six-foldwith 45c1nsicar€s. Gqr A guy prrEh|lc includinSshlcklc! r'rd Fmrit!, rhould havc r S.W.L.!! followi: A 3-tonncS.W.L. Dcnicl shouldbavc2-tonncS.W.L.guys. A ttonnc S.W.L.Dcrricl shouldbavc3-!onncS.W.L.guys. A lGlttootrc S.w.L D.rfick lhould havc+totrtrcS,W.L guyr, A l6tonDcaodovcrS.w.L. Datricklhould hovcgrryawith S.WL'a qt,€l ro 25% of thc drrick'. s.w.L., ..& a 60-tonncS.w.L. dcrrickshouldhevcl5-tonncguys. C.rGof to?.. Erarhiocdl roF rctularly ald frcquc lyforchrfc, cutti!9, itrt md wcar,dctadoraliotrof ib&t, drFast (in a wit! roF), rnd opcoiry of tfu.lly or lorE-FvW. ltll rhc.E groov.amult baftla fron rou8hoaa! ud not dccFtrcdby $lar. Thc groov.r lhould ba at lcilt a! !rid! ar ttc dirmctrr of tbc.opc, Thc dirDctrt of sbcrvlr rhould bc st lcrlt iva to lir ti[rar thc dr& rrrr.r offib.r rcpc.. Ropcs,rbcthc. ofibrr or wirG,rhouldnot baulad for puuitrg!t ana4L to thc dirrclion oflood lift to thrt thcrop.ac.hfa on thc blocklidcpLtlr, Kacpnbl! roF in ot! awly fron daDpor b..L Hrtrg thcD up if pordbla Brcoungc goodvcatilrtior!, RoFrct oft.o comEaoc.3iatcmdly md i! difiodt to &tccl Dry aly 9!t topaa nsturrlly ad not with artifcial hcat,If roF dntrot bc huu up, rtow th€trlon grrti!8!. If thcy .lr to lir itr ttorc for loD! Friod. Dskc aur. thcrr ua ro rat! prraaol ailca lhcy wiu uta tlc iopc ibrc. for t[cir !61a. Wirc rop.3 mult bc cond.onld if rha btal vilitb rumbcr of brokcnwirc. (i! etryhsgtl ofcight di.mclcrs)cro.c& l0% ofthc totil !uob6 of wia6. Thrahlt coEoaot providcaa goodopportudly to dieurs thorcplrL ot tb Dock n gulstkxn(1934)ebich rds& to liftiDg gp|r srd componcrrs. AE|IC of Wro|rb Ilo tril(l Htr B.cr. &fttl! Thi! ba! altedy baanrdanrd io in a Fwiout rcctiotr.Sof.r .! tbc Rctulrtiotr! !r! comcmcd,th. h.$irg abouldb. doncwidin e futu ca !!d trot in a bhckmith'! frc, whichmsy caur. utrava baatinS.Tha LrnFtltur! of rtrmdirg (650' C) rhould bc nailtiird for 30-61, Ditrutcr. 380
LIFTING GEAR Ch!h!, ri!!!, hootr, !h!c.H€3,rld swiEb ,t 8aaa, rda rrr to bc rrla€Ld Et L$t oDcccvcrysir monthsif of 12mm and uadcritr sizc. |in Tha Friod i! twElE Dotrth3for lsrgcr gcar. Both Fiodr may bc doubLdfor glrt wbichir uscdlolcly otrbaod-opcratrd liftiq nlf.hirc$ (A rrcoEDcDdcdprrcticcb to halvcsUthc pcriodrid thc ca5cof g.er vhich i! h.itrg subj.ctd to lcvcrcttlatEctrt) T[c obovrrrquircmc r arcsubi*1to t[c followitrgcxcdptio!3: Cbrirr, riqr, hook,.backlcs, rtrd lwivcb midc ofrtcd. Pttchcdchaiu (i.o. chaiu ur.d otr gt|r whccb), Ri!8!, hoolt .hrol'lc!, rd lrviv.b which a$ p.lnar&n0y attichd to pilchd chaiB, pulcy block* or wcighilg dcvi(E. Scr.w-thrcadrdprrtr or Bpccielyhrrdao.d garr luch rr bal bcrritr8r. Bordc{uxcollaclion! (a dcviccrcs.Eblingr frtt ocd thinblc ulcd for joini!8 chaioto srirr. Thc wfuri! lplicld rouDdthc groovcwhilc rbc .t.i! pa$.6 throughrh. rhinbL c.arra). Th..c itco! of g.er lrl cxcmptd froE rtrmrlint otr thc oonditiotr lblt tt t |t. lholou8l y cflmincd rt l65t oocaI y6r. Lrar .d Edddt Wtc! tr.t gcrl ha! bcanlubjcct d to it! ,pGci0ad Foof lo6d it bult bc lhoroughlycr|Diftd bcforcbcingput itto u!c. Tbi , shicb nust bo doDcby e codpctcDtFnotr, will crrblc dctrctiodof dcfcct whichhavc bccobrouSlt ro light by thc proof load. Pulcy blockr rhould bc direr bd durilr thir .xaEinrtiotr Blocb, chsilr (oth.r ttrn thorc pcrE!trcodysttlchcd to I dcrrict), ri!8t, hoot!, rbrc.H6,addswivrbrhouldbc tcatcdbcforcputtitrgthcD itrto ulc atrda&oanlr rtry &pdir. ltay rhaurllo bccxldinad Grct tiEc bcfo!,cu.4 uDl6r thi! br! dEady bccr dorc vithin theptlcding thi!. Eooth!.
Wit! roF ir to bc taltad by bra{tiDg r BrDplc-tlis ultimltc sttr. mult rlich t rcquild daldrtd. tt hult bc cxlminadrt lcalt odc. cvrry thrl. mo hr, but ar?r, monfhif ary ei& br' brokca.Wirc roF i! to b. dcd.rld unit ifio .!y lcnglhofciSl di.dct r3thc totrl numbcrof yiribL brokanei!. aroaad!l0% of tha nuEbcr of s,itrs itr thc roF (E 9., co$idcr wirE ropc *ith r dirm.tcr of 24mm. Supposcit b a rix-.trudcd roF with 24 wir6 in cech straod. Thc lotsl numbcr of wircr is lhus l/|/|, Hcrcc if in rtry lcnglh of.oughly 19c'rnthc tot l Noh.r of vilibL brokcosir.a .i.ad! 14.lhcn thc eir! b condcdld lDfrt) lba wirl ir abo daclltd uDit for urGif thGcorrorion,w!ar, otc., iacooridadad aic€aiv! by tt FsoD inrFctitrg
LIFTINC GEAR
lodt
Pr@f Ladt Chtins, ri[gs, hooks,shacklcs,swivclserEprovcdto twic€tha S.W.L pullcyblocksrrc provrd to four timasthc S.WL SirSlc-shcavc Mulaiplcblocts up ro 20tonncsS.W.L.arcprovcdlo twicr thc S.W.L. Multiplcblocks2l-40 tonncsS.W.L.ar. provcdto lhc S.W.L.plus 20tonocs. Multiplc blocksovcr ilo tonncsS.W.L.&rcprovd to onc and a ha.lf timcsthc S.W.L. Pitchrdchain!,thcir blocls rnd dl Frm&rcndy sttachcdgcaroFrrtad by handsrc provld to otrasld a halftimcsthc S.w.L Drm?&r and all parmalcntattachmart!&latirg to Oa dcraicksuch as rnalt lugs and dack cycbolb a& fo bc insFctld cvcry yarr ard thoroughlyaxamincdat lcastotrcccvrry four yaa$. All oth.r lifting mdchilary (c.rnas,witrchcs,and hoilts) i3 lo ba thorouShlycxamiD€d st lclrt cvcry)€rI. A thoroughcxamiDation is doncvisually,aad mayincludchammcr!.sti[g and dismending.Dctricl(!, winchcs,and 6ancs---complctdy rigScdfor u3c---arctcsrrd bcforcinitial ulc snd rbo aftcr rcpoir.0t i! thc practiccaoorg somcowrcn to tlst abo at r.gular iBtcrvab,c.8. cvcryfour )cars.Uddcrttc Rcgulatio$,ifa dcrrickDcvcftrc.dsrrDait otrly or!. ilitial tcstis rlquircd io ils lifa)
Proofltads tor! S.W.L.up to 20 tonncs-gEaris prowd to the S.W.L.plus 25%. tonstonr S.W.L.20 to 50tonncs-glar is provcdto lhc S.W.l. plus 5 to[nca. roru s.w.L. ovc.50tonn.r-g.ar is provldto thas.w.L. plusI0%. Thc lo6dis applicdcithcrby hoisrinSmovablcw!i8ht3,or by usioga hydnulic or rpring bdlellca ThGrtr8lc wbich thc dcrrick makcswith thc horizontsldudtrg thc tcrt i! to b. shr.d in thc t6t ccrtifcet . If Eovablcrvcightsrt! u!.d thcdartict ir lwug ar far a! podsiblcin both dillclions wbilc usdc. load. If thc brlstrcci! ulcd tha Pull rhould bc Erdc rt rhc liEdtr of dcnick swin&(Thi. n thod hrr lh. di!.deutegc iD that thc d€Eicki. trot $,?a|8undcrload atrdthrt thc Da!t, ri$i!t, |trd othcrg.ar ir Dott6tcd uDdcrworkingcDrditionr.) Bcforclhc t6t, all block! rnd !hscll6, ctc., r't tdtld at lrrd dowtr pEvioudy,elrd rhc dcirict i! rhcnfuly riSgrd.It wi[ uualy bc tca&d whilc et it! low$t worliog po6itio!---aay45 &grcG3ro thc horizantal. Atlrl t6t, . ftral GxaDi.stioDofdl thc gcst b madcald Lat ccttifcatetrr! bsuadfor all conporantr s! rcquiFd undcrth. RcgulatioD& wlcn tcring h.ivy darricl. thc proof load k 8rat, ad thc brl.nca elhorcto r st ongpoint!o e! to avoiddcckdartralp, ,hodd b. enchorEd A 3uitablcmovingwcightwould bc a losdcdbatgq u.hg a tlst clock 342
LIFTING GEAN. .t|!chd to tbc lorEr purc.brscbloclcfo ildiaalc t[6 lo6d.Grc.t attctrtior shouldbaplid to .xsditriog thc gooc.nccl.ftcr t.st. Soaairla* i! tha calc of hydl.ulic c tr.., tlc evaihblc prcaaurr riill not coF *ith ttc .pccifad Foof lo6d. Itr thi! caaathc e'rieuE pdsiblc lord wil ru6oc. Iitr. Jqpat rcquitr !o t rt o.rti6cstc.lX.y rhould Dot,howwr, bc urcdurlc'! th.ry!r! ofsuitablcqurli9 tud frrc froB dcfcct. WtreSpllc.teE to b'-acit Lalt thrla tuclc \rith wholcatrrtrdsfollowrd by two tuc.lswith brlEd .trrd!. N.dc. of S.WI A[ milt t cfb, itrcludi!8 dcrrict!, murt havcit! S.W.L FrDtncndy atrd clc.tly Darkcd upon iL In tho ca6cof chainr it ir aithai daepcd upotra Ectd tlb sttrchd to lha ctaitr or cbc it b ltaDDG4 Do.! urually, oD thc litrk, For rvir6, cirtc. r mctel rrb ir uld a! bcforEor cb. e roticc ir co$picroudy portrd Bhowitrgaiz6 of wir! .ad thcir S.W.L., Erc..rd!8 S.WJNo g.ar i! to bc loadcdbcyondit! S.W.L cxccpta o.r!c, ehich crtr bc ovcrloadcd!! rpprorcd by thc Frso! itr chargc,It is doncoDlyin qc.ptiotrd c.r.q ad a Ecotd of thc ovldord nust bc tcpt. Thc pcrDilsioDof t[c oerct rtrustfrrt bc obtaitd in eriting. (with rrgrrd to this, &mainb.t tlat if r sitr8lcahcrE pulcy block br3 thc w€ighf dirccdyrttachd lo lhc block instcadofto . roF possingsroundthc ,haavcthc actuallood upoothr blockihrll bc c!tr5idcrcdas oDchrlf of thc actud lo.dJ Ib n gb.r Ccrtifcat a of l!.t, anncdi!& atrdall nports of iDrpcdtiona ad cxemi[stiotrsrrr to bc cntcr€din rhc Ragistcrbcforrthc g.ar codccmcdis put inlo u!4. Tho RcSirtcris to bc kcpt on rhc vcslcl, It is a buff-colourcdbook called 'Form 99', mcasuring3l cm x 12+in l6cm end i6 cntitlcdon thc fro cover'Rcgistcrof Mechincry, 6i in Chain!,atc.,aodWirEroF . EtrbfiEdotr ric fro corai i5 thc vasscl's Dadg Pon of rcgiltry, .nd thc owrcr'slamc and addtlss"Thc book ir oftlr c{U.d ,idply thc 'Chrin Rcgistcf. Thc i!!ib frolt covrr and paga I coDtrh iBtructioo! Egridin! cxamiutioB rtrd lDmalirg, Pdrt l. PrgFs2,4 6,rtl for catrid conccmingfoulytsrly dsminatiorB. PrSs 3, 5, ?, i.r for cotri.s conccmiatrnnual inrpccrioru. Par, 2, Plgrs E-13rrc for cDtri.Bco$.miDg unual thoroughcr6minatiolr of crrrnaqwidchcs,atrdhoilt! and.cc6sory gaaa,othcr tba! darricta 383
LTFTING GEAN Prrr 3. PISp3l4-l 7 rrr for lntdaa conccmitglhc rDdurl thoroud cxaminationofgcar cramptadfrom adocalin& Prrt 4. FagpslE-23 ..c for cBtriasconccmiDgthc .noaa.lDgof 8.er. Pagc24coDtainssomcr.comncndcdminimumfrctoB ofaafaty trrmcly: lons Mctalpartsof liftingmachin.ty:5 for S.W.L.l0 tonncso. tofi lcss;4 for S,W.L.ovcr l0 tonncs. woodcn llructurcs: E. Chains:41. wirc ropc: 5. Fibrc rop.: 7. Tcst cartiicatcs, ctc., arl attachcdto thc Rcgis&r by mcint of Surnmcddipa ptovidcdwithin thc ioiidc back covcr.Thc Rcgi.tcr i3 d.sigDadfot cightycaB'scrvicc.Whctra ftw oncis put into ulc thc old oacrhouldbc pr6crvcd for at L{st fout y.ar!, Thc followingarc arbilrarycxpr.ssions for findingth. brcaking strcsscs of: Fibt. Ropc .lDr 2rr' 4Dt -- sDl Tcrllcnc Nylon Msnrla Polypropylcnc ffi ffi ; t; (whcrcD is (hcdiamctcrir mm endthc rcsultis in tonncs).
Grade:Stud
1n D!
fr
(ubcrc D is rhc diamctcrof tha bar forminSthc link in mm and lha st.cs! ia in bnncs). Wirc RoDe I t,)2
(a) 6 sttrads.12wir€sFr slrandjF
t].}2
(b) 6 strands, 24wircspcrstrand fr
(c) O Strand!, J / wltts PCl $rano E-
(whcrcD is thc dia.nctcrin mm and thc rcsuttis in tonncs). lo thc forcgoingcxpr.ssionstha ftsuh is rpproximstcand u8ually cns on th€ saacsid.. In arrivingrt thc safcworkingload,thc b.6kin8 384
LIFTING GEAR strcsscsarc dividcd by 5 or 6, thc safcty factor. Thc rcsults ar. e $cful guidc in thc abs.nccof morc prccis. informalion.Thc semcapplics Thc o thc figurc of l0% choscnfor frictional etrcl in Purchascs. figurc applics morc to fibre ropc then wirc ropc. whcn cmPloyitrg *irc or synthctic topc, s figu.c of 5 % is morc rcalislic. ln thc pas!, a sd.ly factor of rbout 2 5 hrs oftcn bccn sugigpstad for usc \rith ropcs which arc uscd only occasionally. A wisc seaman will rcjcct this notion. Apprccialing holl/ rapidly a ropc can dctcriorat. is ircl.vant. with misusc,thc facl that a ropa is uscdooly occasionally with so many matcrials b€ing us.d for topc, with *idcly difrcring strcsscs,it is nol surprising that onc tyF of ropc pcr ship is rccon' mcndcd lor safcty.
PATENT DERRICK SYSTEMS Whcn cargois handlcdusingonc dcrrick only. thc rig is known as a swinging dcrricl. shown in Fig. 15.16 For hcavy loads, a mor€ sophisticatcdrig is uscd,shown in Fig. 15 15. Thc swingingd.rrick r.quircs four winchcsand it will bc secnfrom thc figurcsthat hcavirlg on thc guyswill not only incrcascthc thrust al thc h.cl of lhc dcrrick but also thc strcssin thc spanor toppinglift. For lhis rcason.guysarc somctimcss€curldto the load its.li The amountby which thc dcrrick can bc swungoul of the ccntrelincis limilcd, bccauscthe guy must not mak€ too small an angleat thc dcrrick head.lf thc anSlcis too ofthe swinging small,thcnthc guy loscsconlrol.All thcscdjsadvantag.s dcrrick ar. parlially ovcrcomcin lhc dcsiSnofthc Hallcn dcrrick. Th. Hrll.n D.ricl (Fi8. 15.3) Th. boom is stcppcdon a mast, Y-mtst or bipod mast, the basic rcquircmcntbeing a good spreadol cross lrccs. Thc two guys arc sccurcdto thc cross trcas using srvivcl-oulrig8rrswhjch arc staycd v.rtically and horizontally.Th.s. oulriegerscannots\ringinboardpast thc ccntrclincand lhis maintainsa good controllinganglebctwecnguy and dc.rick. ln Fig. 15.3thc l.ft-haod outriggrr has movcd to ihc rieht as lar as it can and lies in thc ccntrclinc Thc othcr oulriSSerhas s;un8 outboanl,followingthe dcrrick,and thc outriggerstay-shown dashed-is slack. Thc plan vicw showshow the controlling anglc is obtain?d,thc derrick having bcen swungoppositcto thc dircclion in 385
LTFTINC GBAR pcrspcctivc thc drawiog.Thc guys rlso doublc .s topping lifts; if both guysarr haulcdor slackcdtog.thcr, thc dcrrick will top or lowcr. Thrrc winch.sarc u!ad, two fo. thc guysand onc for thc tifting wirc of purchsc, rll opc.atcdby a joystickcootrol. Limit switchcsr.c uscd to prrvcnt ovcr-topping&ndovcr-swingilgbut thalc rray bc adjuatcd to allow for altcr4tionin thc worling rangcrnd for vcrtic.rtatowagc. Fig. 15.3ihows only basicprinciplcs-;n pr.clicc, thc HrllcD may bc a halvy-lift dc..ick. Instcrd of usingtwo grtn tackl.r for thc guys (assho*n) thc f&llsmry bc cndlcss,runningtft.oughfurthcr blockson tha ccotldinc, which thcrcforc givcs s trsditional topping lift. This typc is known rs tha Hallcn Univcrsaldcrick and su.rcrscdcdth€ H.[.n DFralnc dcrrick *hich is also shown in plan vicw. A largc st cl b.ackctis wcldcdto thc mastin thc ccntrclinc,rnakinga D-shapc to an obrcrvcr facing athwarlshipc.HcrE, thc guysdo not usc outriggcrsbut lrc rttach.d to hcavy,sprungpcndantswhichbca. against thc Dframc whcn thc dcrrick is !wun& again msintaioiDga good controlliDganglcon thc guys. Thc Hallcndcrrick is bcstsuibd to cargocsslrc.bas containcrs,logs, stcclrails,sawntimbcrand hcavylifts, end is not gcncrallychoacnfor handlingsmell, gcncralca.go. ThGdcnick can bc badc rcady in a faw minutcsandcrnploysonly onc winchmrn,Thc guyscancdrry75% of thc load, so thcrr is good safctyeloft. tt docstbc job of s clanc, with lorc. capitalcxpandiau.randa highcrsrfc workingloadcomp.rcd witt currcntshipq"ancs.lt will sying to 75dcgrt6 from thc Gritrrlina atrdwork cfrcicndyat only | 5 dcgrccsabov. thc horizontal. Whcr€ it is not dcsircdto ulc out rggr.s or Dframcs, a auitablc syst m is thc Vcllc dcrrick. If. VdL ILdld (Flt 13J) Thb is showoin schctr'rticform, vith thc dcnick loerrEd to thc horizontrl rnd thc lifting purrh|sah{ngingfrcc.Thc rcadrr is thar.forc Iooting slongthc dcrrickboom,whichis shedcd. A yolc is fttad acrossthc hcrd of thc booD, giving it r T€hrpa. Thc guys,which also rcf ss topping rnd low.ring units, trc s.cucd to tbc yotc with four short, st €l-*irc bang.r roF, otra of whichfor thc salc of cl.rity-is sbowndr5h.d. Thc topping/lo$rriDgcnds of thc frlb ar! bedc f.st to hslf-b.rrcls oo onc winci, bcingwoutrd in thc sarDcdirlclion aotftat thc wirc3rtr rud on or ofr tic rvinchat uniform bp6d. Thc ala*in8 ctrdsarc \round od to thc hdf.barralaof anothcr \f,inch in opporitc dircctiom, for obviou ra$otr3. A third wiDchis urcdfor hoisting.Thc planvicwaholvshowthc yolc meintaitrs rh. conlrolliiB anglcof thc gu$ at thc h.sd of tha boom.Thc u6cof 386
LIFTING
OBAR
dilcrgcn! carSorunncrsdrasticallyrcduccsswingand roation of lbc lord.-Winchci arc rcmo!€lycontrollcd using a joyslick duplcx con' trollcr, all lcvars rcturning to ncutral on bcing rclcascd'
Thc Str.ld.n lhrticl. (Fig. fs.t This hcrw{n dcnrck is firtcd to wcll ovcr 2m ships A safcworking lord of2?5 ionn.s is not uncommon whilc a tradrlionalhcavydcnick may takc cight hourslo rig.nd rcquircuP to six winch's, with crtra stais on thc-masts,thc stuclckcnis rspidly broughl inlo usc' afords casyscastowageand cmploysonly four winchcs.lt is mountcdon thc ccntrelinc bctwcen two unstaycd Samson posts in thc sbapa of a V' and can thcrcforc bc swunStirough thc post3 to scrvr anothcr hatch' Onc horstingwinch and onc span winch.rc Placcdin cach post, all four winchci bcingopcrat d by oncman,usingtwo lcvcrs-onc fot cach oost. Bcarinrs. swivcis,shcavcaand ihc goos€ncckerc mainleMncc-frc' io. up to fo-u,y."o, producin8only about 2% ftiction Thc.winchcs hevciwo ratios,usingfull or half loads.Thc spantacucs arc indcpcn' hcadsarc [ttcd dcnt, lh. hoistingfall is cndlcss.R.volving suspcnsion lo th' tcn minutcs abou! takcs on thc Dostsan-dswinglnS-through rnchorcd may bc tacklc rtc cargo trati typc. Ooublc-icodulumbtoct b thc bascofthc boolh.The f6ll slill passcslhroughthc two purchasca but bccausconc end is anchorcdthc hook spc€dis doublcd Thc safc workinc load is naturallyhalvcd Typical dimcnsionsof a 275 tonnc 2515mctrcs,diamcrn 0 97 mctrcs,diamctcrof stu"rliin "r., lcngth -metrcs, posts lt mclrrs aptn (uppcr cod) and 4 l 5 ;sts 3 to i.4 mctrcsaparl (lowcr cnd). U3ingfull swl of 2?5 tonncs'e hoof, soccdof 2 3 mclrcspcr minulc is obiaincd.with onc cnd ofthc lfting anchorcd,ihc fSurcsbccomc13?tonocsand 4 6 mclrcsP'r o'urchasc (trtbl' Ll"-"i.. Si"".yitg *i"c-h ratios.combinationsof lm bnn's Thc doublcuscd (quadruplcsFcd) €an bc "o""at "ni eg io-"t thc inArifum Utocf typc of Stuclckcnis swungthroughby detadringof thc cach sid€ frc' to swing blocks lowcr t tf", allo*ing thc i"i.. vc ical A bullrogc until ncsrly topFd is ttrcn slowly Uorn. fhc icrrict is usca fo casc tnc acrrick through thc vcrtical uotil th' span tecklcs Lvc utcn thc wcieht on lhc olhcr sdc. Thc union tablc is rc-s.cutcd and -ii". th€ dcnick is rcadyto work thc o$cr hatch' ts.S "t.o shou; s fork-typc Stuclck . usinSsinglc-pcndulum by dctacbingthc cargo hook end hauling utocis. ilis is swung-ttrrough -unlit boirh blocts mcct and rat in thc forl By thc itrc tining purcttesc iii"inii'ol"ut , ,n" lo*cr block is abovcthc top block,ss shown-Thc purcnasc dcrrick is toppcd and swung through as bcforc and thc lrllrng axtcndcd to sarvcthc othcr hatch
3a?
roPALEw
vtEts
H O rS l
OUTRIGGER
F r € u i E r ! . ! H A T L E XD t i t t C K
TOPPING WINCH
SLEW WINCH
TOPPING WINCH
PLAN
v tEw
HOIST
F t a u i t r a . a v E t L ! D E i i r c r (t a c H a t a t r c )
LIFTINC GEAR RIGGING ETTEMFON.EGETX. Io conplctccontrsstto thc forcgoingwork, thc scamani! Somctimcs callcd upon to ihprovisc lifting gcar usingwoodcnor st d sporsto shouldbc callcd mak 3hc.rsor a gytr (Figs 15.6and 15.7).why it 'without study or cxtcrbporcgaaris a mystcry,sircc thc word mcans prprration'. Whcnrigginglhis typc of gcar, thc toppinglift or back guy should makc an anglc of !t lcast 45 dcStccsc,ith tbc shcc$, Flfc.sbly bctwen 60and 90degrc€s.suitablcwoodsfor sparsincludc tak, oak, clm, asb and b6ch. Sparscan bc sttcnglhctradby ,$i4r thcm-i.c. sccuringstout timt!.rs along thc middlarwo-thirdslcngth, using wirc lashingsor bohs. Stropserc prcvcotcdf.om slippiDgby using roF collarsjust bclow thc 6trops,or by fixing thumbpiec.s, showtrins.t in Fig. 15.6.Thc cfrcclivclcngth of a sparis thc distancc batwccnthc hccl of thc sparrnd thc crutcr, whichis whcrclb. sPars arc lsslr.d togcthcr.Spla! tacklet prcra l thc hc.ls slippingoutwards and shouldbc onc-thirdof thc cffcctivcl€ngthof thc sp{rs for shc.ts, lcngthfor . ryn. Thcy shouldba scqrrcd but onc-halfof thc cfrcc-tivc as low a! possiblcto ptcycntbcndin8strcsscs, Whcrclashin8sand stropscaoss,they shouldbc wcll parcc cd with To sprcadthc *.ight of a sprr andthc load,thc hccli3 stcppcd c&nvas. 3-in on a shoc,mad€fiom tlr,o laycrsof Ttmm rquarc-t€ctioniimbcr ai right englcsto cacholhcr to form a Iaminstion.Thc ahoccen cithc. bGhollor€d out or clscthc hcclcan bc plsc.d on a pertianyflkd bag of wct sand.Thc dcck rnay nc.d to bc shor.d bclow. Hccl tacklas providc muttiiircclional suppon and kccp thc hcclsrigid. Tbcy arc thc aplsytacklcsmsintainrigidity of thc not rcquircdon a &/n bccauaa hccls.
SH.t Tbc two sparsarc laid fal, with thcir h.Glsapad and on thc sboa!, thc h.sda bcing crocscdto tokc thr cautchlashinS.Hcd tacllcs ara sctup, thc rpley tacllc is tightcncdandthc lashingi p$!.d asfollows. A timbc. bitch is placcdon onc sparjurt abovatbc crutchand about fourt..n round tums arc passcdsroundboth sperr.Sir frappioStum! rrc thcn madcthrouShlhc crutch,3! in a scizing,and fnally d clovc hitch is mrdc sroundthc othcr spar.Whctrthc dzttilgar" (s for*ard guy uscdto prcvcntbackwardtopplitrO snd thc toppinglift or back guy arc .ig8ad,thc ahccncan bc crrclcd.Whcnusing3hccrs,thc lord shouldnot basrvungout of thc vc.ticd othcrwisctha hcchmaylift ofr thc shocs.Fig. 15.6showsslahc shccrsusadlikc 3 dcrrick. In othcr 390
rorER c^tco arocr
.ii.#r3*"',r ooulll-
tf|{ot -ux rYPC
tleuiE
r!.!
ITU l!ct(t t{ Datitct(!
I I
aioE ^r.D a Loa^li _-{tCLtctll
ttauiE ia.a
LIFTING GEAR cucs, otr tmooth Stoundor on a dccl, thc ahccrsc5n bc riggcdwilh vcry long fo ard and brck guys,.nd cqutlly long hccl 8uys-two to aechhccl-lcading in opposingditccriooseloagthc linc in whichit is dBircd to ibift thc load. Th6c era walking shcc6 atrd arc uscd!s follorva.Thc shccrssrc tiltcd 20 drSnaatowardsthc load, *hich i3 liftcd dalr..Thc shcc6rrr thantiltcd 40dcgrcGin th. oppositcdiEctiod rnd thc losd lsndcd. By hcavingon thc haal t cklcs thc shcc.sarc morcd lo s Dcwposition and thc proccs3rcFala{. Thcy a.c bcing ratbcr likr e stuclck n dctrick. If w is thc load liftcd, swutrg-tbrougb arc 0'6W in thc back 8uy, 0 3W in thc hccl strc$cs approxirnata tscklca,0.5W in thc spl.y rnd o'tw in lh. .Par.
Tt Gyr Ilcrr, thrrc sparsat! sct up ts e tripod, two baingcao3s.dlikc shcc$ rnd lnowo rs cLc*r. Thc third sprr, or ptlror., is lashadbcncaththc crutch of iha chrcki. Thc only putchasasrcquircd arc thrac aplay tactlcs and r lifting purcharc.Tba lrrhing i6 passcdas shown,usioSe timbcrhitrh, hdfs doun fi8ui€-of
DECX CRANES While the ship's d€rrick is consideredby some io tre very adrptable, fcxible end versatile,others say the sameapplicsto a sbiD'scmrc whic}. while enl'ilino a grater crpitel investuEnt,do€s othci riSging (Tbis is lhe ldve the deck entirely clear of duys-a.nd grcat advantag€too of the Hallen, Velle and Stuclckend€rrick, ehich ar€ oftcd rcferred to as dcrdck-crancs). 353
PIECE
TrcrLl
3HOE
tr6una15.7
LIFTINO OBAR The deckcraneprovidesprotectionfrom the weatherfot the wires end machineryand much of the s€rvicingcan te done inside the pedestaland tos,er. The hydraulic 6ane offers compact rnotors, reliability, minimum maintenaoceat|d s€curityagainstoverloadiDg. One three-phar€ele.rric motor will drive four separatepumF and eachmotionof the cranewill haveits orvnpumPs'stem. If the system Dr€ssureshouldfail, brakesare automaticallyaPplied.Cut-outscan be fitted fo. maximumhoist, outreachand plumbingdePth.Grooved drumsoften have'zuLL' and 'EMPTY' sensors. Tbe simDle3 tonneSwL de.k craneof the 1950sis now dwarfedby the nodcrn tyF with safeworking loadsup to m bnnes or fiore, vhich canbe Drovidedwith remotecontrol, l€velluffn8 whercbythe load rcmainsat a setheighteventboughthe jib is topped,fitringsto work containers,adaptationfor grab-work, al|d explosion_proofing for uscon tankers.Deck caanesmay alsorun alongrails, eitheron or clear of the hatchways,where they can b€ clamped in suitable working positions. fpin dan€r can be usedfor very largeunit loads.The two cranes are mountedon the sameDed$tal but the two towets0r cfonehovtes can oFrate independentiy,i.e. in Jrn8t ,rod€. By locking them bgerhfi, heaiT loadscan be handled. Teamcranesare tnountedon s€Daratelr.destals.usuallvat oppositeendsof the hatch The falls to oncipreaddr,the craneselectricallyintercon' cairbe cdnnccred nectedand the systemconirolled either remotelyfrcm tbe deck or from one cab. Again heavy loads can be handledrather like the d€rrick Yo-Yo gearin Fig. 15.11.Twin cranescanbe teamedto give evencreaterflexibilitv. Coitrol systemsfor cranesshould b€ Sivenhigh priority in the shiD'smaintenanc€Drocramme. 0nder existingIiocis Regulations(1934),cranesare lhe only liftiDg devic€swhich may be ovedoaded,in exccPtionalcases.(See pagc363)PerhaF for this reasontbcy arc requiredto be thoroughly examinedannually,comparedwith the four-yearlyexaminationfor derricks. DENTICT nIGS (Fi& 15.9) |l. Uda P!dTbir ir oc.alionaltyErlf.trrdlo rs rrwrLlt aar, allhoughits oriSilal tillc aalt tu yant @tl ttat.In thc d!y! of trilirg .biF thr thipr wttc rov! throughblock !.c1rtd to lhc yerdsrEandthcl!|!t atay'Thc lamc l.rd' i! rtill usd for th. outborrd dcni:k, I! thc f8utc thc wtiD! ir! oo!!c@d to s mioD awiEl. AlthoughDot rhow!, rhi! utrit br! thrcc .rirdt, oE G.chfor lh. ehipc,!!d r thitd for tic hoot' Ifotrlt r twiwl395
LIFTTNO GBAR
FOR ACCUFATE PTACINC
DEC( CirXE
lu!8cd iook i! avaihbL tLc iunnd! ltr croocd tlfdth a ablc,tlcrld lhcl rb.clhd to th. svivcl hook. Thc rig is uscdfor light loadsof up to aboutl, tonfts, Thc ddriclr arc rccutrd i! ttc plumbitr8po.itiotr!, otrcovrr thc qury ttrd tta othc! orcr thc hatch,by mcatrsof slewingguyr. Th€segup arcominedfrorn tbc dra*ing. Starding,or Lzy guys,arEfitlcd to the outboardsidcsof tba dcrricb to sgist i! lborbhg thc atroDSridc{ttq$.!. Thc lold i lii.d on odcvhip rnd hovcr.ross thc dccko! thaothcl, 6hckitrgawly on thc int o!a. Tha anglcbctwcc!thc whipr stould tavrr a,rcccd120 dcglt , !i!c. ot thi! optihuE rlglc tbc lrrc.r h ..c[ *tip i! .qud to fhc load. Cobplc0aco.odinrtioD bct*€cl thc two winch&cDi Gt!a!tial. lt i! po!.iblc, througb nirjudgcc|cat s|rd itdifcrcnt riggiD& to ovcrlordrhat.ar ty rorr ,rr@rlm%. For ttir rrero! thc lafa workilg losdf of rhcdcrricb .hodd b g.tl by 6t % whendouble-denickint. Do.tht. * 0 GiS. 15.10) ThL conr,!fl! r ringlcvhip to s doublayhip atrdccrtaa a Daatrlical rdvr rSc.Suftcilot wit! mud bc.vaihbL to llsch thc fdhaat part of thc worlcd codtpattbaot.If thc accotdapid6 botrdshow! itr tbadroir-
F t c u t E t 5 . 9 ,u l | r o l |6 E i
ftGuaE|l,(tDouaLtxG Gan
397
LIFTING GEAR iDgis Dot availablcthc .nd of thc whip b tumcd rrouDd tba dctricl just bclou thc hcadblockrDd ihscb.d to ttc .xisrbg spidcrbaod.Tbc d.(ri(* .hould b. p.r!.Ud eith catrva3b ery of t[c wtiD to prlv.ot ilipphg aDd.hrf.. Th. m.thod i! uscdwhc! it i! dcsir.dto lift a \wight gt.tcr thatrthc safcs,orlbg lord of&c f6ll-
Tt YcYo G... (Fig. l5.ll) This rig is uscdwhctrit i! dcsird to litt r s.igbt id.xc6r oftlc &fc rorling lold of thc dcnicl(r, Tha brad! rr! pLcadclola to8pthcr,ald thc wbip! 3hsctlcdto cac.hotber vir a strcp vhich pa8aaorough a travrlirg bloct. Id thc fgurr, it hi, ba.trrrrumcdthat OlGlafc eortilg losd ofthc frll i. i$rficicrt,.nd guntacklcahsrc bctn rigfed l. lifti!8 purdalc!. U.iry rhc fgwtr stowo, crch dcrrick will cxpcricocea str*3 of 3] ronncs.Thc advstrtalr of th. travcllingblockis rpparcntif oe winch ludd.oly frik ehcn, eithout thc trewliDg bloclg thc full lood eould prrveil oa orc dcf,rfuk,It is rct r popularri8 .|long rcvcdoE+ bccsurcif thcwirchc. rtr wo*cd at difrct!trtrpaad!tharrrrtlling bloct i! .buttcd by tlc lortr blockof oncpurchraa,ttc slo*lr-softilg 398
LIFTING GEAR ooc. To ryoid !!i[g . rtrop oo tbo whilq ola whip i! ronciiEc! aieply loE through 6c fraEli[g block rDd thlctld to ttc othcr whip. ThG atrglc batlt.a thc whiF or puc.ba!.s rhould bc kcpt sr clodcto:Ef,o !! pocaiblc.For t[b Es.otr, thc dcrricb must bc vcry acc1rat ly guyld.
' I
it
ff. Wba.|..l D.trLL (Fi8. 15.12) Thir '.'rly-r..tr rig p.ovi&3 r vtry rpccdyEcttod of worlilg c.rp. Th. whip i rovc lb.ough th. h.ddblocl frod t[c hook, doe! ro th. dcct, ud tfuoughr block rt thc ibip'! sida,rnd thctcc to thc witrch vir thc h..l U6t. Tbc lod i! lilbd from b.los in ttc po.itiod (2).!d l|ilad ctaarof tbc carDi4; Thc iibosrd fDy i! thcorhck€o.d !!d tha .trc$ in th. whip, togcthcrwith ib dd. Lrd, ,win8r tt dcrrict to (l). Thcdcrrh,ki. th.o FpluDb.d ov.r ttc hrtaJhby hcevilgo! thcinlodrd !uy. fhc firult i! thc drdict i. ircrqlcd i! thi! rit oonFrcd $,it[ th. trrditioDdly-rovcwbip,ud losd! murl ih.rlfor! bolighr.Thc rig could
39
LIPTINO OEAN bc !r.d fd lo.dinSprovid.dtbc ai!&L.d er. .hifird to thc rEht h|!d dd. of tb co.nitrt. Thotuy eiu tbld b. rittpd on t!. .ior. .ftlc of thc &rd.L, fb B..t'.lh a lr..rLr ft (Fi& 15.13) thi! ir u!.d to lood or dirchltgp a,ith r .irglc d.rric,l. A llzy fuy i! Ld froE tha dcrrii:t haa4 tbrougt r blocl otr tha ctosr trtc , rrd ir
ti
i:6 ii{,
trcuRE 5,r3 alcttttct{r
itc
tt a .hr.*lcd to !!y ruitibL slifltt, tu.b ar <tF drut of comrtacot vrtlf. Thadcrrl* i! DluDbd ortldd! by hc.vinSon lb tui t ty, i3. tbc olo oo tDctilht'hod .id! of rh. dnwbg, wtic.hb lcd ro r winct. fb. redd.r ir tb.d ri.i!& Ar rootr .t lhc tt!|n lsy i. th.ld tb! dc.dr!! d6d! .nd rrilgr ttc d.rric& irboud' thc .wi!! b.i!! c6toll.d b], th. rt .!| tcy. It provid.. r qui.t ncthod of rortilt
LIFTING 6EAR popuLr h ocrl|i! paat!of abaL!do! doclr for dit. lirbr car!o... It ir c6|tfi!! tiEh.r cr4oc., Thab.a&r,!i8[t i! a &DFr to F!or| otrdct, |.d rirrG |oothci darricl ir rviibblc it i! plumbodcvcrtidc ud tba Lzy luy to}! throoShi& harduod. Tbc d..drur lhao oFatat olfaG .idc. IL ll'Erol Il (Fi& l5.la) Thir it urd for lighr c.f8pc! ruch!! b.tgpd tpod! .!d t&b of hid6. A .irtlc rlcrrick it plubb.d ov.rsid. .!d !.cur.d with rtrdirg Suyt
'ft i
t !
f r G u l r r a . r a! r v l a r o o l - i 1 6
(oot .hom). Thcehip i! l.d through. tnvcllitrg ttock sbi:h ir rccurtd, by rtr.|or of. Z-32.mm fib.l buUopc,to.portabL bollrrd clatrpcdlo 3-+in tbc hrtc! coanin& whc! thcebip ir rlackthcbuuroF-oFrrtor h.avd ,l0l
LIFTINO OBAN. ric od roF rnd b.hyr t&clirc aothat thc blocl is i! (2). Thc hoot i3 lo*!r.d, tt lo{d tncd ald railad.A! it cLrn thc co6Ei[g; thc tolroF ir rlrckcd lad tbc lo|d ir r,ldd acro.! th. dlcl (l). Wh.tr tbc load ir plumbutrdc.thc d.rrick hcadthc bulroF i! all sls.t. With .D crp.ri. cncld m.tr usirg thc bullropc thc mcthodprovidcsr ycry rapid di.chlrga of csrgo, Tf. H..ty d J@to lrrlrict (Fig, 15.15) Thasadcnicl! hrva safc*orkiDg lords oftcDitr cxccasof lm tolrcs. Thc basicprirciplcsarcliowir in thcdrawin8.A ahcava L built ioto tia
:t9!!!l!.i.!-jg!:-!!33r.9!
darricl(to thlt thc liftiDg pulrtala can bc ulad to advrDlrlt A lcad blocko! thc6oer tr,a6GoablcrthatoppitrSlift to bc rirriLtty urd. Tlc gri! i! ncdanical rdvalt4r dao r.drrc.. th, thrult on thc dataict' iha h..d purth.!. bloclqthc .pitcr b.!d, thc goo..orcl6ind tb. lotDiry
LIFTINC GEAR Thc lift Er|t !b!ddc. atrt s.. itr tbc falr tr! sl o rlducad.Both Sgyr all wiDc.b ooltrollcd. Duritrgthc utc of thi! tyF of d.arickthc Delt is aigSadwith crtl'. staF. WhG!plEp.riDgthc darrickfor ula tll thawitlt atrdt ock thould bc catlfuly arrrlilcd, Fnbulrrly thc lbrev6 fo! ftla aotatio!.Th. dcrrick i! rtorrd iSrinlr thc m|.r rad lr.1lr!d at itt hatd aithct by ctlitrs rtrd ryrd8!!, or r rlrcl chDpi!8:brDd, or botb, soaatioc! thc top liftilg-purctasc bloct ir lcft itr positiona[d a calvat tood .hrdudt thc bloct ond if,Gddrict tce(L A grtrhy, or s g.lloe!, i! uludly fittld to ttc n n jult lbovc thc &ni:k hcsd.A bloct i! hu[t ofr h.rc !trd r Srntlinci! rov. throuSi it to h!.vc thc toppilg lift bloctr to tb.ir poritioD!.With th.!. rccuEdin pLr., . hcsviaglirc b row rhroughllc block. Thc toppidg-ljlt f.U i3 ht o! to thc cndaadtia hcavingli!. i! ur.d to rrcE thc wit! fr[. Thc guy p.odrDt arr shlcucd to thc lpidcr baodstrd thair purcheld src sct up tigbL Thc loppitrg lift ir thcn hov. s! fuht !! po3siblcsad a brlafirS-out wnEpasld roundthc daaricthcadabovcthc spid{ bad. fron l[a ,acutingbrad or chrid, and tha Thadcrdcki! thcodrtac.had brlatin&out wirc rtrE !cd. Thc dcrlick thanmoycrrwsy frod thcdrd, codplatalytlut r! it trkca tha tld \,!ry loon tha toppilg lift bccorDaa rcifht of th. dcrtiglc Tbc dcrricl ir thcl lomrcd to tba horizoltal positio!, coDaollitrgit r|ith guy|, whcothc liftiDg putchalai! norc colv.oicDdyraculd and rovc.Tbc d.dick i! t.atld for frla rotatio! rt rhc goo6.oaal. !t, bcforcthc dcrrickis brokcnou! thc toppitrg-liftblock abut..rch othcr ,o tbrt tha plrcb'|c c.trlot bc hovr ti8ht, t wirc Yill havcto bc ri88.d otr thc oppo.i& tidc of thc dcrrict to thc br.akirt-out witr, so thst tha datick canbc 6!cd rway froD thc Ealt udd.i coDtrol.Wirhoul thi! aalin8sirG, thc dcnick Day juop rery ftom thc Es5t to tha .xt nt of lbc rlacl toppiog-liftfsu rld dr!!& thc block6hackl6. Ib SrLgb8 Ir.rd.L (Fig. l5.lo In this celc r iirglc dcrricl i! usadro locd or dfuchrrgpcar8p,awingiry it froE hold to rhip't ridc by m6tr of two tt ad 8uy! (Pinchcoftro[cd). Thc dardckcatrbc ulcd to thc cxtctrtofib rafc eorting lotd providadthc ehip is of suffcicnt strtd8ll. tf I load of Dorc thatr 3 lonr* is to bc liftcd thc whip will Do.tully rcqufuidoultinS. laha H;vt Utu Plttrii..It AU tlrr inrclvcd, ircluditrg rtropr ttrd cylbolt!, thould ba ccfuuy .o.. .f|mincd bcfoFhard. Tha rtabili9 of thc rhip Dull bc c.bcckcd to Drta lurr thrt tba rirc i! ttc ccdttr of gravily of thc ahipwill trot producra colditioa of !.t||irc nctaocoub bcigh Ia rhir coolccrio4 frFrurfaca .fccE mry hr}l to bc Educcd. 403
LIFTING GEAR. Thc vr$cl shouldbc on en initial cvctrkcaltvith mooring taut atld martrcd.Barla! not it immcdirtcuscDurt bc crlt otr Prrvlot.i atayr sill bc rigSadou rhc mart, If lording th. reb[t o! dcct t[c latt t b.y Fquirc thorisg f.om b.lor. Tbc guyt rhouldbc ri$cd rt 30dcSt!.! to thc dcckud natiag r brord a!8lc with iha daraick.Witrcica wil hsv€ to bc chcctcd sod mantrcdwith rdiablcF sous.
F|GUR€ 15ra !rrxcrxc
pliitcx
Thc lord mustbaplumbcdby thc dcrtick haadrnd slu[g undcrthc auFrviiiotr of a conFtant pctsod.U8ht lin6.tr oft.o 3ccurcdto lhc losd to .ci .s st adyiq linca. whc! diacblrgiD&thc critic.l eotncot occurtwh.! th. load ir just foatcd clcarofthc dcckor tsnttop, for tbc caolrcofgavity ofthc Iood is thcavinurlly at thc darick h.ad rld th. cc[ttc ofgraviry oftba lhiP ria6 in proportion.If thc stability of thc ship b.coDct oatativc tbc rls|cl will fall ovcr to id anglc of loll, Thc lord it than prrfcottlt Lddld, .!d th. .trtility of thc ship inFovd' lf thi! it iEDottiblc ligbtcB lra somctimc'!cc!r!d to llat aidcof tha tbip whichwitl bc thc higt sidawhcnthc loadi5 swutrgout of t[c for+ald-rft li!a' M
LIFTING
GEAR
Ar thc load rDov6 frorn tha foF.asdleft lia., ih. v6s.l wiU acquirc aDiocrr.ling lilt wtcthcr or lot h.f ,rbility ir ncgEtivc. Wb.D lowaing th.losd ilto e Irock oDthcjctty, duc allowanccmu3t bGtr|.dc for lhc fact that d thc ilst!trt wtrtr thc loed ir hndcd thc lhip vil npidly right br$a|f!!d canla a suddcDhtrfd drsg upo! tbc truck To prevent this, the topping lift musr be imlantly rlacked down te 8.thcr witb e r.pid vrcrinS ofth. liltilf frl. Wh€o loadiq thc wcight,lbc 'rmc rc|loning.ppli6. A! lootr !! th. *cight i.3takcu, tha thip *i[ hccl duc to a lat rsl movcmcntofthc ahip's ccltrE of gr.vig. This i! alio thc critical oonart of tha oFrrtion ss tbc octrtrEof lr.vity of th. load vi.tuauy tir.! ro thc &nick hced. Ar tha lod i. iwulg i,lbo$d, thc hccl dacraala!. Tha fouowing b rtr cxtrrd f.orD a parrphlat ilEucd by lhc Chrin T6tc|5' Arsocietiotr ofcEat Britai! and b deigtcd ro bc of hclp to dl F.toor cagagcdi! thc urc of lifting mlc.hitlcry:
DO (l) Klow ttc ecight bcingliftcd tnd sllow for tt3 putd.sc sriSbt. (2) S.l.cl liftil8t cklcof.dcquat sErogthrDd scrtbit it i! ptopctty Drrkcd; tro chaidor rofraahouldbc ulcd for aoy load cxcardiDgtha dc wortiog load. (3) Scctt&t cod[nf!, riisr, or rbrcH.s rtr ridiry frc.ly oD.Dy hook otr rhich th.y h.ng. (4) Usceood or othcr Dacldagto protactthr dilg from .!y .ha4, cdglr o! thc load. (t Avoid lbocb du! to (c) rhc load.lippiry or (D)rDstc.h ia startid& Thc strr.s on rll g.dr is huch 8!aa!aaif lbc loadi! applicdsuddcDly. IX) NOT (l) Us. aDcrc.lsivdy pin!4 oorrodcd,or woln cb.itr (CordcnD it !trd cut it up.) (2) Urc r chria ia whicl liDl6 ar! loclcd, atrt hd, of do DotDovc frrcly. (3) Joi! chriar by bohilt or wiriag lirb io8!t[.r, (ia)shortctrchsitr!by gilt lrcb i! tbcE (u!c iD sdjortcrot lc.p .! .dcqurtc .upply of rlinp of.uitlblc lctrgtt). (t Drag. dain f.on u!d.r a lord or drop it froo r h.i8bl (O Himm.f, e liDt to rtnightcd or forccit irto potitio!. (7) Cltly idlc dia8! or th. hook rt tbc sec timc a! r lodd.d rlidg.
rfie*
Lr Shtr
Tta A$ochtio! rlcoDmcod!r stardtrd nornal pnctbo ofDerkiDg rad ccrtifyilg tbcrc .li"g. with ttc ..tb tolkilg lor4 .t 90 dcg..6 b.t'!qr lcgr. Abovcthir .trSlcthc lafc worLi!8lood dcqa!.3tryidly' 405
LIFTINC GEAR If stl thc l.8t cauoi b. loadcdcquelly,u3cr sling ttroog cnoughto .upport thc lord 3rfcly on thosclc8! whicbDay hevcto cany it. ErdL. Ct h Slhtt Th6c nult bc old with caar lo rvoid po$iblc ovcrlording or dmrg. to litrk6by bcndiry too sharply.Tha A$ociation rccommcnds .! r rtatrdardDolmelpraclic. thc marldngrtrd ccrtifyingof thcscslitgs sirh a .efc workingloadcqualto It titrat tha load on thc tinglc chlitl. Wlrr noF Sitt Thasr ,hould trc\Er ba bcol thlrply, rllovld to comcitto cottact with hot mctd, or to bacoDeruny.
nb. n p.. Th6c mu3t bc a',|mincd frEqucDdyfor axtcmtl chlfc, cultitrg iDGr. lal e€3r b.twaad !tren&, lDd dctdiortlio! ofibrc. wct ot darDproP6 should bc kcpt io a w€ll-vcntilatad stotr r.trd not dricd rapidly h r boilcr housc,or laft to dry out otr t[c opao gound.
406
CIIAPTER XVI
ROPE AND CANVAS
NlnE ROPE procaa!of Ertrufrdurr cotrilr coobiag aaLcLd ibt! iDto niB long ritbols how! !t rliv.r, whic.hrrr htlr tviltld up iDto I ,1 yrrar. Thcrcyrmr arc tlrtr twiltd ilto 6band!,thlaaor four of thc lrtt r b.i!g frdly l.id up iDtothc frilbd .oF. Tb. priDrty obj.c-tof t*i!ti!8 fbtr togpthcrit r .oF i! tbt by duhd fritio[ t!.y E y b. hcld tosFttcrwhcor.trBr i! ryplicd to tt wholc. Tha aascnlialfcrturcs of a Spod roF ara carcfirly rLaLd snd bLodd hiSb-sr.d. 6brc, csllful rpinlinS ilto y.r!! of utriforE .izc rd drlngtb, folmilg lhc yrmt iDtotolid citcuLt atr!fit with rll yarlr prlaU€!,tha atrrld bci[g cvto, smooth,aad brviag ihc c.trE-t dcgl. ofteilt, lnd leyirg tbrlc or Eol! oflh€c ltredb irto roF rt thccoltla-t rlglc to tuit thaFquitld eorlilg cotrditioD!, Statud lay iaglis t rop with tb.t .n8lc of l,ty wbioh.xprrictrcc rhow3oonbin . plisbility, rttlnSlt, rld .bility lo withrtrd ctrafclo thc b6t idvur.Sc for dl gmcrll work Sdt ot l4!A Izt iE.di,!. r mF in whicf th. rlglc of hy ir lts. thD Dotlnsl,thc arflc ofhy haiagthlt bcts!.! thc rxi! ofltc ttrand and thr .ri! of thc ropc. Thc pli.bility ild, to roDc cxt ot, thc b(!rti!8 rtrc.s rrc ircrcala4 but lh. clsticity i! rduod. It ir mdt liablc to for wo.l luch ar aborb vat.r and lcc it! shrF, but i5 rlry ffirly ..ild.Liog. E@4 Fbn,6 Slrl L4f impllt s roF itr whichrhc rn8lc ofhy i3 grc.t . thr! mrDrl. Tf,. .tr ct i! to ircrcatEthc rbility of thc loF ro trtai! iu rhrF tmdarloa4 ald to rcdutr thr abdorptiodofwrE . Both tb. plhtilig ald tbc bttsfilg rt$r. arr, howrvat,&duccd, but thc chrticig j! i!.rt|!d. Righched lsy mcrtr! thc firal l,ryingup of thc str.!d!, i!8.td16. of thc ropc'r colttfuciio,n,i! thc arEc s! & scrtw-lhrard.In thctradcit i! dascdbad a! r Ztx,&r, lrft-hatrd Ly i! ric rlvtfsc strdfud6criH a! a! goei'' T[c |rr ilultr.tld in Fi& l6.f togethcrwith th. coolrrucior ofropc.Ir vil bc trotird tbot llc ibr6 sod tt |tr.nd! h.Y! th. rEc trir! but thc yrr hrw . rlwt.c twirt, i.. i! r dtht hudod roF thc &7
ROPB AND CANVAS iblra rt! tlistld toSatbcrtifhnhrndrd, t[G yaa!! arr twitt d lcft. h!ad.d, r'd thc ,ir.n& rrr hil up itbt h&d.d. TbrrG'ttrirdad topci! rcfcrrcdto a! rrarr rdl. ScNEcorcfcr to it u a hrw!.rlay if it i! rbht-h^trdcd,but thc ncnbcr! of rtc toF trrdc 6dd th.t it ir frcqu.dtly coofu.cdwitt csblcLy ro thrt eh.o otd.dDgit i. 'Phit h'r'' Fafcrrblc to ulc tha tlln Four-.tnndd ropr ir aom.timd C,.l]cildtrottd,q!, It ha! a bigrt bc.ring rurfrc. codFrld eilb pl!i! hy, Ib xEifht i! g!..td .!d it! atrao$bl.s. Thc four atru& u! laid round a cctrtralibt! hasri ol catr. Both tbrtc. rtrd four-rttudad roF erc trormrly laid up titbt
>-.. f t c u i a t a .I
tftat F t (!trr t xBD)
Cabh ot walc?Iat h mrdc by layinStoScrharthEc roF G.chof tb$c .tru&. Thc chrdctcristic fatur.. .tc ilt grcatcrpli.bility and cLlticity comp| !d with plrin lsy of cqud dzc. Tbc ari8ht ir .lighdy L$.dd thr ltrroglh i!,ub6t ntirly rlduccd.Cabla-layropch|r r Spod 120f.thom rlsiltrnca to s'atar p@ctration,If tt'la ldlE ropa! alc hid ilto td) t thofti cablc lay, thc r6uhi!8 roF would ba about t3-D lo!t' It i lor' Ddly coErpo.Gdof thrc! ridt-h!trdcd roF lrid up toS.thcr lcihrtrdd. Wbrn rcquind, ho*cv.t, it cad ba metruftcturcdwith a r!. varacLy. It i! fiEquc[dyuscds! a towint lprirg rttecbcdto a lan$h of wir. roF, It ir G$antirl that thc two litca rbould hev€thc r.mc Iry, ottar*ilc lhc [bFc litrc wil tGDdto tlnl.y its.lf. sincc wirc toF i. isv.drbly right-hndrd, it follo*! rhd mott crblohid towint rPting .l.o hrrt r right-b.ndld Ly. Voylay tqc h b w !! c.blc hy rd..Pt lbt ihc nnt |'d nld layr alc tlty h!td. W|rF rrc olicd ntpPlii tFlrl .tr.!dd, i.a. four 408
ROPB AND CAIOYAS FiE ry roF G.A hrvirS tbr.a rtna!& at! Lit !D roGi!... For ao@ rort, rDc*rrp Ly loay cvaahrva tlbe! ataaldr. Vnkhldh Lr, h nd fudrrt 4 .iG it .pFr. ttr rroc u phia lry rr i .i8ht fhir typcofropc rp.d.[y Drd. fo.lif.bo.t fillr, hr. r*i ..tbGrtrud.ildrd of ..i! orditby.nt.pn!wfthrhr|.d. lart toF Tbit taorlt to cliEirrta 6c taodadcyof citodox tlpo to kiol ud t*bt rvncoworliag i! nnltipb Hoctr Plritcd eoodlg .op.i of Drtur.l or .yrtt tic frba..t. tit y l.ritb end r.lmo6tunddrgpd by LinLi.g. lt y hrvc ! loitt atriatd |!d ulaimrtccrtarlion tha! laid roF of I aiDihr aiz., but arc na.tlt, ta stroDS. Thir tyF of roF i! fouDdto dcvcloprD cxtEEcly good grip on wirch druor aad oap.tr.obcrrdr, SorDcphitrd rcp.. conri of four lcft-h.!d!d .tr.adr ..od fou right-haodcdra.!d. bid up b Firs. ln rimilar acrvica,thc lifc of s plaitld ropc Dey bc doublqthst of r plain.layropc. It fu prrticulsrly uldul whrtr tbc ropc is liablc to lwitt or turn i! u&. Nsturrl-fbrc plaitrd iopca lrt tEalrd wirh wdlr' rcFllcrt in mltrUfactutl. fq|.. Er{.&. L lttdh. Thh i. b.dc fton at a ibic, *ldd con!. fto6 . pl^trt b.loging to tD. b.!.n f.Dily. Itr oolou v.ri.r ftoE ivory riiE io rl|rtir[ broen. Tbc Fodu.tioa of ibi! ft(. ooudnricr lDc qo.t in pofint irdort y io thc ltililpin4 Il ir rv.ihbb h v|rio!.8nd.n thc i!ff nbt!. of tbo lc.f bcdtr8d|rch i6 tt|! tho.c ltoov.d lio6 thc outarad&. A| . rlpo it i! rooott, dorry, .t!o!& !.titto' rw, d!'.bL, ...y to haodL, sdd has & vcry high rcsbtrrcc to sc{-watcrrotting. It i! lbc moctcoEntor nrtur.l fbrr i! u|. et ras. Thc followingf8lr6 rllrtc to thc 6n6t{udity mrnilo roF: ThE+.tnndcd, ,lt-hd diimct r, wight 352tg Fr 220m coil: BrcakingstEs! l?'5 tontaa. Foui.sintrdcd,,lt-mn dirmct{, wright 349kg Fr 220n c4il: B.latint atraci15'6ronn6. Ninc-rtnndd c.blc hy,,lt-mm disncrcr, *cight 309tg Fr 220m coil: Bilalint atrcli l0'5 tonnd. (lf plailcd, this 3izcof roF ha! a brc*ing rutrs of 17tonncs.) M.niL loF eil rt!6.h .bout 252 of tu !ra!th. 1 SbL ThL f[rc L t tid fron ob. L.vrr, iD th. pilo.pptc f.Dny. E||t Aftica |!d Jiva at! tba Dai! p(odrEilg ocotrca.Dutbt th! tlt, rh.a Dada a .strjaorly aoatlq d8l r|t i! ti& l|aai! ttit olltry 40!)
ROPE AND CANVAS ard at !.a. Vcry fcw f.ilur6 wcrcrcfrortcd,rrd itr fac'tit ir s fbl! of vcry cotrsistcdtstr.Dgth,a vcry Soodrisal bcinSof rqual ltrlnSth to &adiuD{r.dc D.Dil& Ar . roF it is & attiactivccrc56y.ehitccolour,\,!ry britdc, glolsy, ud Saocaalyaw€llNmolr thatr masila whcn wt. lt is not r rmooth rop.l ind itt hairy $rfa.. promotcaco$id.rsblc discomfort!ftcr proloEspdhrdliag with thc b6rc ic6h. Thc fouowingilsrc. .rc for b6tqdity sisal: /E-mmdirrncter,rN€ighte3manila: Thrcc-slrandcd, Bllsking strrss14.7tonncs. Four-stranded, 4E-mmdiameter.weightas minila : BEakingstrcss132 tonDcs. Ninc-slra.dcdc{blc hy, 48-mmdiamctc.,wcighte3meni|.: Brlaki'|g strrrs t.9 tonncs.(lf phit.d, this sizc of roF hasa brcskingstrcssof 14tonncs.) SbalroF is lot gcrcrdllyc.trsidard suitablcfor mrriac wott what! maDihis aveildblc,
16.!d Zl in
3. Coir.This is rhcfbrc ofthc co.orr, aad b r!mor,!d rfi.r fic .h.[ hss bcc! wstcr-sodtcdfor matryeodll$. It cod6 DliDly frotrrltrdi! md Ccylo!, and ia uniquaitr thit it is iDportadfrom thcrc troaa! r ibrc but 8 s yar!, etcady aprrtrby ttc nativ!., lt it vcry chltiq !d in colour,roud to herdlg fosb vcry ar5ily,andir aitrrDcly rrriaLlt to aaa-wrtrrronitr& lt ir ofhd crlld grttt ot ,[rs lirQ.lt fu principally uradas towingand hirbou. springs,varyingbetwcenI28 and l?6 mm in diamctcras a cablc-laidropc. lt is about one-halfthc rrcight of DsDil. ud roughlyo[Gairlh $ at!o!& Tbc folosriaSftula at! fo! t'..t{udity coir: 4&mm diardrtrr, rci8ht 203kg pci 220m coil: Thrcc-st.andcd, Brerkingstr6s 3O5tonncs. NinGstrandcdcabLlay,4&mmdiamctcr,wcight153kg Fr 220D coili B.Eakingstrcsc2.03tonnas. A!. cauclrid ropcJcoir will sfttch bctrcca 60 |!d tmz. Ar ! tbrcq.ot fou+t aodcdmpc, its chticig ir .bout l5%. Soal{b! f.F l. H.T. Origtualy ttc bull of lhtu fbrr caDcfrod Rutir. Nornd.yt it ir axponcdfrom IndiA Ibfy, th. Bafta!!, !!d Nc* Zarlrnd. Thc hdnp produc.di! Ncfl Z.el$d aodSt, Hclcnr i! Dot!r 3ttong|! drdl|' rDd i! minly ulcd for thacorla ofvirc.opas, Itslia! hqnp b gcorcdlyrrgsrd.d .r thc bclt{uality h!dp, hrvin!. tttrDgtt olc-ffth grcd.r tbrn top4'!d. omiL. It h.! brgply b..o 4t0
I,OPE AND CANVAS auFr6adadby rdr{ili, strd i! trow fouod st scaa! ltoltroF, ,mdl c.od!9., .trd hi8[-grdc twitrc. hdiatr h.mp i! cqually wacr-rc3btaDt at ltauid hamp, drd Bombay hcmp fu trow of glady improrcd quslity asa Esult of $rict Govarlmcnt
grrdiry. Bolt-ropci3 spudfmm soft hcop andgivcsa spccialsoft lay foaaasy handlingand non-rttrtchquelities.It is a ta!rcd ropa.A 48mm tarrcd bolt-roF madr of .oft hcrnpwcighs4z) kg F 22Omcoil and h.i a bErking str6s of 12toan6 (threestruided).I supplicdunts!rcd,rhc wcightis rrduc.d by 25% snd lhc aft|ogthircr!.!.d by 4%. 2. &L- Thfui! Dainly ulcd for hGsiatrmaoufac-tut!rtrd thc c.Ea of eirE ropc,It ir wlakcr thanhcop. 3. ft r. This is uscdfoa sailald tsrpsulir caDva!.It it ilad for ulc ar r lcwin&twiDcduato it! hiShrrsilirncc to abralion. ,a.Coal6. Thi ib!. mskc. str cxcclbtrt ropa fot ulc !! t ttov€t &i\E At acait i! glacrally fouDdat a! otu mctrtd topc, partiq ady oDla4rrte It i! wry son roF rnd aalily aoilcd. foF Std.do{b. l. PolyDroDyL ropc is thc lighlcst synthcticropc, 60% sttongcr then manih. It st.rtchcs,m%, sbcorbsonly 0 l % w&tcr snd mclts &t l6fc, A 48 mm polypropylclcroF *ill brcakat 2?.5toincs. 2, Polytbaoa b abouttwiccasslrongascotton.As a roF, its strcnglh lics midwaybctw€cnrnanilaandnylon.ll ebsorh only 0Ol % of watct and will float almost indcfinitcly. It has medc coi. ob6ol.sc.ntfor this r! son.lt mcltsat 135'Csnd shrinksabout4% at 60'C. Il is It ofrcrs unafrcclcdby mostindustrialchcmicilsaod micro-orgrnisms. good rcsistanccto sunligb!&nd abrasron.siz€ for sizc it is 7 tim.6 strotrgrrthan coir. A 4&mm polythcncro|Drwlighs252kgpct 224-m coil and hasa bEsting slr.ssof 22zltonncs. 3. Nth d T.tLrG Ropc! mt& of th.sc 6brc! arr immcnrcly ltroag, so& ild pliitic. Th.y atl watarDioofrld thcir rutfaccadry wry quickly.Thcyrrr cquely fcxiblc ahad at axtrcEctoftlmFratu!! eDdwtetr sd oadry. Thcy r!! pdt- ard corro6ilGE3ittaatTbayrrc virtualy itbF viousto rol strdmildrw ald havcr low fti ri!k' Duc to thcir low bcltilg-poin6, rmallcotdrSaoay h!}t thccDd!ofthc sFaud! laald by mom.ntarilyholdidgthcn i! ! frmc. Thit avoits ehipping. trylonis g.ncrdllymorcclastidfian lcrylcnc,but both arc goodiD this ll3Dacl
'ivlcn eticiog tt cc rop.3 at Larr folr tucls shouldbamrdc, duclo thc dipFry sutfrcr of rhc 6brEr. For ttir talon klot! should bc rvoidcd,a! t[ay trnd to dip. Thcyarcnot so a€lyto hrdlc, co@psrcd with, say,danil& docro thcir wry rdooth rurf8c.. Ttc rqirtrncc of th6c mpcato ahalion ir a*trtmclygpod.Thaoltar 4ll
IOPE AND CANVAS nm!, iflbndcd, form araz of fbrc whichcfiGclivclyprlv!tr8 funhd .b.8iotr. Thb mcaosth&t tha iltcmal y!rn! of I ulcd roF ala rlot .trcctcd in stcDglb aod th.n i! !o hilh iDtcr-yrra and int?r-ltrud abr..ion, suchrs is ofbd sacnwilh siaal.adm!dh. Thc msindangcrpointswith thcrcfibrcsatEthst tylon is etlrctad by slroDgacidsrnd tcryl.nc by strorg elklis. Nylotr ab6orb6rbout oncthird of tha moilturc tal(coi! by. bcop ropc,whilc terylcnaabsorbsonly a twcntictbof thh latter lmount. A ,E-na thr!+str8d.d nylon roF q/cighsdbout 330kg Fr coil of 220m end hss a braking strcssof 42 tonncs.Thc rcrdcr should compar. tbi! *iih thc strcsi6 givcn for bcst{uality mrnila ropc. Strengthfor stttnglh, a nylonropaof about30mm msy hc lubstitutcd for e muila ropa(bcstquality)of 4Emm diuctcr. l-in Thc followingfi8urcsarEof h&r!3l i Conlidcti|rg8-mm.op.q crch of rhrrc strands,t.rylcnc hasr urt str.nSthof lmz. Itrlian hcrtrphas e *€t strcnglhof &)Zo whilc thc fgurc for bcat3kd fu 90%,Thc coin !m lb r31olb parablcbrcakinglosds ar! loA)kg for tcrylcDc,6()7kg fot It liatr l03olb hemAand 4E0kg for sisal. Nylon and tcryk& ropcsarr itl c,idausaas tai&, i.c. lcn8tfuof 3yn. lt it casdthcticropcjoitrcdto dooaitrglinc3to rct r! thocLabdoaban. l!y. thc ulc of thala tailt.ficclivcly roF hsvc thc ssmc tial that borb culbiolr thc rop6 to wbich Orcyetr rttrchcd ald ,av6 thcm frod 6 fathom! p.ogr!$ivc deDrgr. Tbc tail wil usually trc rbout l2m ia lcngth, ittcd to ltc thoF Gndofs mooritrglinc, and it! cF will bc procaLd 6it from bollsrd-chafcby ncrns of a lcathcrpsrcclling.A 48-mmmooring 4}.5 in linc will n cd a tail of 40mm in dirmctcr. W.lrt.oftg Thir rcryicc ir avrihbL from ropc Erlufactur.rt et . ldrll arlr. co.L lt hcrcalaalhc lifc of thc .oDq prwlnt! thc cttry of a..-wrtct iEpurit'&a,rrduca tirtilg, hardcrin& !!d 3wEllio8.lt rfrcctr lcith.t tb€ wight lor ttc b&alitg strcNrof thc roP. rld providcair rdd.d dvrtrtrg. itr tbat *han thc ropc it di cidcd it Dsy rilily ba rold to p.pcr EilL. h...w.6oo ot N|i|rd-nbrr loFa M6t 6btr toF ltt oil€pun, a smdl rsoult of lubricul taint iDtroducadat th. timc of naluftctut! to lonln atrd oil thc 6brc1 Erccr.iE itrtlrtr'l fricrio! i! thcGbytlduccd, itrctlariD8thc lifc of tbr roF. A dry{putr roF ir !taid..t but tro!.wrtatproof' Thc orisi[rl nc'thod!of t trhg r rop. with Atcbug.l lrt ilctrs.d lb. rEig[t oflhc rop. by l2*% aodco[idcnt y dr.!..!Gd thctrc.ti!8 atEar ModcmEcfbodr,utioSDurcpinarrrt, ArcbuSal tar, rot'proofiD& rd w&&rpaoodltcoEpound!itr coDjuoction,inat .!c thc tv.ifht 412
ROPE AND CANVAS bv oDly5Z rld dacin.tc thc brrakinSrt!€! by otly 5%.Thc Gouroct liooc.iod-Corprov i.-"t "a thft. rcpcailto a tant whichwar bactccirltv ri:h, .tftcr tvo oodh! of iEE€rlio!, ordiorry ri$l lhowcd3 of 5t "/- old-fslhioocdtrtrcd toF rhostcdt lossof 23%, fiarih 1063 *hib tha Dort-uFtodlt tlllin8 protlctd thc ropc to aucha dagrc' thlt oDly5% .fito8ih lo6swr. crFicdcad. Ary 3t.!!gth loncr dua to tard!8 arr dorc th!! ofractby tbe plolould lifa ofcotrtitruluy tubDcfg.d ropc* it possiblcby ! pro€ar lf a vl'y dry ropc ic rcquircdrot'ptoofiDg 'Cutch C'ttoda'. lt thould bc trotld l^oarn t t@etb ot ba*'qg with without a wltrr'prooftrg compound' fbrt rtniShdor*rtd farritr& uaad aatlt-rcpclctrt. a ropc doaanot &od!r fb C.r. .f n F On .D rv{arc{izcd lrctchr thiD thcr! niy bc ar mucha! 9 milca of llbrc ropc, irdghing 15 tonnca.Wh.n onc contrdcrslhat a 2Xlm ron! lalfrtbod coil of hish-Srdchsnita ropc,?2mtn in sizc.maycosl fE50.thcrcis 9 i n oocl!ry goodrcrrol for Sivingropascvcryrtt!trtion' quitcapatt from thc safety aspect.PolyproPyleneis lhe sanrePnce. lLc oohn6n crurcr_dfropc feilurr atc cxcaraisrulat (wbichdab' tgaaibrc Eorc quictly thaneay otha ceurc),abnsio! ol c0ttinS-otrt siem obiecr. oi':ocuie to alkalis, acidsand rusl removetsand bad *orig. *irh in"&q-tc ventilrtion, particularlyin the cas€of ropes stoacdawavin a v&t condiiion. Rolrirr ';n, ofbaicooDcda.. oo tha iltidc of r ropc ind ir di6c'ult tbc try it opatr.lfibrca atc ablaro bc rubbcdlocc or if io dalact-ttDlcit thcrci! nuch dult eit]fh thahy it it a lurc 3i8! of dry rot. lf thciDtarior of tbc roDair nuch darkai thrtr tha oubidc it it r d8n of damp!6s' rhilc e rcv porvdcrvrubar.lcc ildixt . Eildcw !trd poor YcotihtioD' ltc crr,o'oiropcr h|. drcady b.ca mantiotrd in Cblptar XV; tbcy hutrt on wood.d pcg!' frlnurt bc rtorcd riry whcn&/, rd cirhcr 'nry ahouldb. tumcdon thc.c oo or ttowld valitd hook$ Stttilgt rrrtiDd Gvttvto oftadro rhrt thc wcifht of tbc ooil i! bkan otr r dif' icrtrt-osr ot tlc ropc.ttc atonrood lhould badty rtrd riry' strdlwty frornicathcr. Thc'idcaltcmFrrtureis bctw.cnl0'and m"C, whilc 5tr 70"F th! r&tiw honidity Do.l favounblc to long Ufci! b.tetto '$ .ad 657i6ocr. if aria um"i.uv in crtttmc h..t, wil bccoDcdry (i.c' th. tutridrni *lt ary out) eaairitttc. On ac* t pon ropcl should'8'h h. ttos[d oDSrrti[ga rd Ptot!.r.d froE sudight' rdD' rDd frorl'Ihc filadlg of roD6 it dctriEaoarlto tbair lif., for thr Einur. ic. Psrticl'! .'rt ttrcuru tic ibr!, eft.f ulc roF .hodd bc d..n d .d drkd' Aft c itrrdclliot b tah nr.( 6Gy alould ktaaly bc hoa.ddowDwilh frrab e a3. 413
ROPE AND CANVAS Kinks caus. pcrmancnt iDjury to a roF. Knots causc kinks, aDd lhercforc spliccsar€ bctter. A sho( splicc is stroogcr than a lorg splicc. Thc safestrcssor a ropc should be rcgardcd as about one-sixth of lha breakingload. A suddcnjerk may incrcascthc strcssup to cight tim6 its value. Beforc making a splicc it should bc asc.rraincd t}lat lhcrc is tro 'turn' lef! in the ropc, which,whcnstressed, will continuallypull st thc splice. A .ight-hadcd rope should always bc uncoilcd by 6king au/sy rhat cnd of the coil which cnablesthc tums to bc takcn ofr anti-clockwisa. i.c. thc coil is unwound lcft-handed. Thc rcvc.sc applica to lcft-handcd ropcs. Naturally thercforc, a right-hand.d ropc is coilcd down so that lhe turns/orn clockwise; thc rcvcrscis truc for lcft-handcd ropcs. Ropcsshouldner€rbc subjcctedto badnips;ifthis is unavoidablcth. nip must bc frcqucntlyfrcshcncd.Thc diamctcrof rollcrsshouldbc tcn to twdvc timcsthc diam.tcr ofthc ropc which is to bc passcdaround lhcm. Thc same figuresapply lo bollards and warping drums. A capstal or drum lhat will only rcvoli! clockwisc should bc u!.d only for a .ight-handcd .op€. In Fig. 16.l thetcrmJb is us.d. This.rfcrs to thc pitch of thc roDG and is thc dista&c along onc complcte spiral ofa strand. A soft-lay rop! will luvc a longcr jaw than a hardlay ropc. Whcn a ropc is badly slrctchcd so that it sufcrs permanentclonSatioathc insidc of th€ strrnda is quitc clcerly visiblc from lbe cxtcrior of thc ropc, which is rsid to bc long-jat)cd, fot tlrc pitch hascxteNively incrcascd. Whcncvcr somc litrc is cul from a coil, cjihcr thc lcngth rcmovcd ot thc lcogth rcmaining should bc markcd up ncsr by. Mirc.lhn oos Cords aDdTii!.s S',,all Codag. is rrsoallyrcfcrr.d to at scaas small stufr. Somc of tha tDorc commoD oocs arc listcd below. Thc sizc of small stuff is oftrtr rcf€rcd to by thc Dumbcr of thrcads or yams. A thre€-straodcdropc having th.ec yams in cach strand would bc known as ninc-thrcad linc, Ccrcrally. small cordagccan bc ordercd hy lenglh in coils of 220. ll0or55m. ,rotrer;r? is made f.om Indian hcftp ind is 3-ply. i.c. lhrec yams twistcdtogether.It is usuallytarredand sold in ballsby weighl,usually o[about I l0 m to.thekg. lltrrl,rr is similarto hous€linebul is 2-ply. llorh marlincand housclinc arc us€dfor s€rvingand whippinSropcs. Hanb.olire is a small tarred henp usedas a boltrope or vcry hcavy servings.As a yrcht Iacingit is unt.rred lulian hcmp.It is sold thrc€slrandcdin 55-mhanls. and runsar 6. ? or 8 nm diamcter. Sr@rart is a larrcd, soft hcmp comprisitrgtwo, thrcc, or four thrErds 414
ROPE AND CANVAS tirilt.d to8crh6.It i! nlidy ulcd for lcrvilt ud cov.ri!& wft loF snd strndiog riggirg. AccordiDgto thc numbcrof thrcsdsit is sold .ithcr by wcightor by lcngthin coils. Oak n is a dalr ofoily ib'r nada froid tow or old ropa!vhich hrv. b.c! picLd to pi.o.!, lt i! llusly bous[t i! rEr[ bdl6 andod.rld by rcight. It is cti.dy r|!.d for c.ulti!8 dcct ...ns, tDd i! rollcd iDto a lodg thErd for thi! purpocc,Tbtrc tbtladr alo !co6!rly to crult s law dcch whilo olc or two tbllads trr uturly olad to tcnovalca! .rtablilhd woodcndccL Tbc ortun ir brRlcnaddo9tr into thc 6aarnr ald tbadrrj&d with molt r pit ! to !.al thc !..d. Tand Coftlag.it nd.dcfroD soft hcop and urcd fot Scnalrl dcck purpoaar,liletbrqd litrc bciDgpopulrr tt a brayinglinc. It is roadcil veriou3sircsfrom ninc to t*cnty-onc lhrcads,thc corrdpondiDgcircumfcrcncas bcing7-15mm. It is oftcdrcfcrrrd to asradinc. Drcss.dhemplinct i'|.C'\d.+ and tr nlincfo. bost lacitrgs,awning lecinSsdrd cod.linc.Il his i fnc fnish end is strotrgbut light. lt is obtlitrcd in 5t or I lGm cailsand meyelsobc rold in t or l0 mm sizcs for sigral hellisrdaor plair.d loglinca. Izadllna t 'llad. ftom high-grrdccsbldlaid hcmp.Thc final Ly is uiudly hft.handad.Iland lcsdlircsarr about 8-10mm in diamct.r and suppliadir 55-n coils. Thc h.avi.r dccpse3l.adlincs arc about 12mm in dirmatlr aDdsupplicdas220"mcoils. Patentlogllncstft fia& of polyth.nc (low absorption)or unlarrcd Itrdian or EuroFan hcmp,ir coils vsryrag from 73 to 2a) m. Thc litrc is usurlly plaitcd and may havcr copF -wirc corc. Thc aizcis from l0 to 12Inn. T*in , 3-ply for scamingand 5-ply for ropitr& is nrrdc of fax or hcmp,lt ii sold in 0.28kg bslls. Othcr twincsmsdcof polypropylcnc er! u&d for g.ncrathcing work. Sigr',l lnlliardt, Polythencis idcsl, in 73-mcoils, o*ing to its low watcr-aboorption. D.dt Hftd.1 .d Xffi Thaulc ofth€c meylocallyrcduccthc rttlnStt ofa ropcby !! much a! 4m%, ald thialhould coDstsntlyba borDain Dild whctrvorlitg wirh !op., upo! whichthc !.fc9 of lif. day dlpcnd. Thc r.ra! ulcd in ttis work ar!: Thc ,ralr, whtuhlcfc.s to tL middlc prn of ihc ropc bcfiy.rD thc bcr*cc! cdd!,rtrd a&olo r loop nrdc froE thc ropc.A roF suaDaodcd two poitrb i! laid to hary h r bighr. Tha Stddtra P4rt i! thc p6rt of thc bight ocrEdt to thc ayc,bcnd,or hitclr Ir i! rko lhrt p6rt ofs trctL fall vtich i! lccuttd to thc block. Ttc ,Ur|'fu t d ir thst part of s roF vbich Lrd! tbtoughe frirlcld. whichmov6 tbroud pullcyr,ot whic.hf$t comcrreey froE r coil. 415
?tauta ot
I'ND ot
a tcFt
!!s!-lL!
ROPE AND CANVAS Thc Dd of r ropc ir thp .hon lcqtt .t thc crtrcoitit of ! roF. h rtro rcftf! to ttc wrt abort piccclcft iftsr ndi4 a l(!ot, bcad,or hirlb.Tb fur.6 FagFrtdit tbc crtrcmccodofa toF. Ia Fi8: 152 rhcfoltroviagetl illultr.t d: Tfu Oyatw Ntr,t tthidEry baput ilto t rcpa,o ibrt r Frron ca! grip thc lic without bi, bllrd! slipPi!8.It ir th. b..i! of.cvrrd b.od! rd hitcfrcr,.!d ia i! f.ct, r hdf-bi&h. Tb ng,g..4&Ight ft,lt i! Put itrto i toF to Pt .Eot it from unt!.v" irs tDroud . block. Tb nrta Hxdri! ofua ulcd to tacuF r linc to s tpar or a bdc. lf it i! ddirrd to toe ot drsg thc obji:ct or pcrhpi to hoilt it, it ir tcpt .&.dy by p6.td!t ! hltf-hitrh !ou!d tbc obj.c't r diltttc. froE thc tiEb.|r hid rod cl6c to thafoffrtd or upp.r cod. Tfu. Sh!,rtBad on Sw'DErcl i! ulad for joioinStwo rop.r toSpthcl or to raqr'. !! rad to !! cyc' If it ir mldc uound boit sidcsof a hook ft b (,.ft.d I Mtdthlprt@t!fitci. If i! thc nSutrthc.od i! 'gin pols.d rrourd lhc cyaad Anrly tucld oldcr thc atalditrgFrt' tbatlault it r doublc.hccl bcnd. Tfu Cbra Etch 1o'!! a quict ncrtr! of $c{ti!g r ropc to i tpor' rril, ctc. It t odr to dip uldcr r ridc pu[. Itr Fig. 16.3th. fonori4 .r. illutrot d: Thc x.4&Dr, rvhichi. ulcd to joitr togcth.rtwo !o9.r ofcqurl dr!. It consiltr of teo oErhrnd tlott. Tha c!d. Eust bc cro6s.doppoailc *!yr cac.htina, i.. ldt ovrr rifbt-ri8ht ovcr lcft, or Yiccwnr. lf thc oErbrtrd lnob rrc Brdc rhcaamcwly a.c5 tiDa a t't'ty lDot rclulb, whi.[ ulutuy cithrr tlipa or, Frsdoric.ly, irD! hrtd. If tha lirrcau! ofur.qud tirc, or if thc t cf3ho*a tiglt ofdippi!& thc aod! mly bc rtoD9.db.ck otr to thc rtlodiDCFrb' iic lo"lttr fornr ra cxccncotbcthod of introducitrgr taDporuy ctc itrto thc codof s roF. It it arrrcEclytdiru.. 'T!€ futatlc Ettdtbtt.n dtrr tum co6p|rEd with tbc clow hitch. Iti. D.t . iituit bL for withrt lding.idc.ts t!r* .!d it i! thcflfor! oftaouacdfor rtoppaaila-ofir topc. Th. ttarl-tutci t proboblythc mdt r/lll'tlotD hitch of dl. It pro' vida r vcrv qui:t mcaarof a.cuing I linc" It do.. lot tlip or jrD' oroviocanilo[df-tltcts rtc trl daald prrfcnbly rtirr prlailg a rouad iutn rrouad thc rprr' rail, ctc' Thc .od Dry bGltop'pGdbockor to t[a rtrldirg-M'slha-olk. Frt HtlcJti.3ulcful for !.cutiDg i lonSobjc.t withi.o Tb tic bight of r to-F. It mly b. urcd to i.od g.rr .loft to mcDi.,orli!! h ttc riSgi!& 417
ictt
tflol
tt cuil
ta.t
ruc*s'uNoaqovEC FounrrrEs
lll lcH
rlttctl
atcut€ | 6.|.
ROPB AND CANVAB I! Fig. 16.4thc foloeilg rtl illuttr.trd. Tb Cznlck Bal !.ka r f.idy long hit t vh.a joiDi4 tm ropc., !!d i! tlcrdorc u!.ftI rtco p.!si!t th.lin r ov.( i tr.qilg druD.ThG c[dr Durt bc raizadbackto thc ttardiDgpartt, Thc CowUircl .gritr form! r quickrr.atr! of!.cudng a lila to a aril, rper, .tr. It baoomquqtrblc if otrly olc parl oftha roF ir attlaad. Tfu Dlack*t EbdtlFtrr(' ! li!. to . hoot. Wh.o rhc rtrlding prrt i! st *r.d it j.d! th. b.rr ctrd rhich i! tuck d b.d..th it, If rnothrr tum hadb..tr p.56rdtrortnd tlc hoot with th.6d it wouldh|vc tr[dc I doublcbhckidll hitch, 'B Tb Marlw Hltch rr3fdto L.[ bundlcr of tsib, trrFulitr, ctc. Thr work ir callcdda.rinj: &rzr. Tbc cy! itr thc cndof thc mF mry bG nadc by E ant of r bowliDaor timbcrhitch, Th. Awnhg ltitc, provid.. . quick nc.$ of uariggilg r{lilgr vhcn tb. wild frlahao!. ft ahouldbc noticadhow thc Gtrdha! bcao luct d brck ro ttat s Utht ir Lft protrudilt. Vhld ih. cad ir pu[.d th. biSbt !o loltrt.rirb .ad th. hit h i c..t ofr. T[i! n thod of providils . quick-.lippirg bilch Dry bGulcd o! thc th..t b.nd, clovc hitc5,bonlitrc,roling birch,th! lrlt oDcoft*o or rno6 hdf-hit hcr,ud lcwGl othcrN,Dotillstrrtad. In Fi& 16.5th. folowing !r. illurtr.t d r Tbc Clow llitcl, thir tidc forEcd oo th. bidl ofthc ropc,usilg ao cnd.A loop ard a ralt ra loop arr cloladtoSathcrrtrd rlippcd owr th. objcclto ba,ccur!d. Th. .tlr?rri@rt t dponrily thort dr thc biSht of r ropq Thc tro ,tlall biSht!, protrudilg fro6 thc balf.hitchd at rrc.h .od, rhould bc ,.i4d brct on to rh. n rdiDg p.rt . Tb h i,nc.o^.tltWhi T[i+ .. crn bc rcca,ir r'rdc o! ttc bilbt of r doublcdroF. lt ir conocnccd|, for atr oidinrry bowliF. wl.o thc 'ctrd' i! broughtup throughlhc bight, .! lhosd, brt .d of b.i!g F!s.d rround tbc rt&ditrg Fnr |! in th. bowli& it ir brou&t dql fron it.nd thc cotirchitchi! p.!Dd ttrcufh thc.!d loop, r. indfo.trd by th. ar?owr.Ar r &.ult, ttc cddloopf!!ly ruosup tbrousbth. Lrse bigbt and ytt ctrcircld Orc.trdiry p.rl!. It urcd to b. . populsrlnot to livr to r bcgintrcr,Eardy fof tlc .porr of |.ciog *hcthcr hc could undo it, for at vlry f$t light tbc badtrtrr iDafilrr tbat thc antiE lctr8thofthc ropc,lot aboe!, ha! bcaopa$.d tbrougnlhGGodloop. (A tutt W Doelh. hmrdc by pu.irt ttc Gtrd.rouod thc rt|sdilg p6n lrd mekitt I borvliocor itr orfi pr.t It i! a rliFtiot or trooCc, rtrd murt rcvc. bc u!.d for loelriDg d rtstr. Thc bowlildo!.thcbigbt i! u!.d for thi!, add thc two Ug bight! h,nglng bclow th. hor |t! rdjultcd to dificrcrt dzcs.Thc roil btht ir pa$cdundcrr mrl'l rol, atd thc ldgcr odcundcthi. buttocb) 420
glovE Htrctt ot{ ltcH I
t t
t 1 I
t I
lofllllE
oll
ltcHt Ft0ul! | rt.5
IHEEPTHAIIX
ROPE AND CANVAS G.n frl tof. Wcl It will bc app&cietcdthat tnoti, bcnds,hitchcs,aDdropcworkprc vidccDoughtcxt to fill a scparatcvolumc.For thisrr$on, or y lhc most commontypcahavcbcrn illustratcdaod dilcuslad.Fot !|orc curious rt',.dc's,,lthle,ft Book of Kt@tt 'ttill provida auitablactrtcrtrimcnt. Similady, odly thc morr imDort ot aspcc{sof ropc work arc now dcscribd. Stot?.rhg Ro[* To trxrsfcr . taut mooringlilc froe thc warpirg drum to thc bit8, or lor aimilerwork, a ltoppcr mustbc pr$cd to hold ftc linc in rc$ion ehilc ir is bcingbclayld. Thc sloppd i! elso ulcd whcoworkitrgthc liDcfrom tbc bith to lh. drun. Fig. 16.66how.lhc mcthodof pessinga fibr!-ropc stoppcrarounda ffbrr roF which ia
coRRlct
loPE atoPpEt
tttH \
tttx6 Ei atlit ioaa, lur Brcfit FONCll^tN SlOPaEt Oft rrt€ iorE atcuia t6,6
6 ft
strc.s.dassbown.A bslf-hitcb,or thc fust tto turm of. rollitg hitch, alt Da& agrirlt rhc ley of tha lirr, tha rcEri.tdcr of thc rtopFr thao b.itrg do8f6droundwith thc hy !!d thc cid b hcld in rhc batrd. ALo illust at d fu ttc itrcorrcctwayof prasitrgthc fibrr rtoppcr.Thc half-hitchhsr b..! nadc with thc lay.Thfu,howcvcr,providcir corftct bcthod for paasinga crai'r ttopperatouadu wln rope.Agsitr,rhc ftlt awotum. ofa rcllitrg hitchsill bc rrorEsatidsctorythans hdf.hitch. S|8.a ad Bc'r CLlr! Fig. t6.7 show!two ncthodafor aaqtring r geotlirc (o. loncring liac) to r st gc.Thc lcft-handilluatrationis viF tually a msrli&-spik. hitcb rlippcd ovcr rhc horn of thc ategc.Thc riSht-hrodmcrhodis morc satisfsclory.Two partsof ropc .rE rhown l.adingaway;onc is oDlyabout2 m long rnd i6 bowlincdto thc other pan Thir othcr parr is thctrlcd thiough th. pullcy block,dowtrto thc !tt8c wbcrr Evcral round tum! alt osdc aith it arcuodthc tlag. be twccothchom addthc cDd.Thalaroundtumsrrc rcldarld (or rtsckcd) whcoit fudcaiEdto low€rtbc ltrga. Alao 6howDis a bosun'rd!ir. H.rc, thc runniogFrt ir brought
a2
alcntt Lrtt t8!!a fr D DF? Orli(Atlo U||DEI)!l{o oF 3lr6E.
atao!
lItcHlS
c||Ali Hrtcr{
oi lllllt tHlLa
i aar||c alclll'
no oot|. !tout!
ta.t
ROEE AND CANVAS th.ougb thc chlir bddlc ed hcld fraly rgiart thc rt.rdirg prtt bV gipping it rtroqly i! on hrd. Alt rlativrly, r tcmpotuy rciziogcu bc rirda. Thaotharhnd i! thcnulcd to hravr thc bight oftha ruDnirg prn ttrough tbc bridlc, oEr tbc bc.d, bchiddtbc b6ck,uDdcrthc fc.t, rnd ltp r.to$ thc krrca, Thc psrt rnarld iD ttc fgpr!'To coil' i! th.o gr.dudly hovot ut until thc hitc[ ir tight.roud thc b.idl.'. rFx. Th. tdp oo thafrtt tvo Frtt, or thc scizitrgc.! nowta rcLalad.Thcchrjt i! lowrr.d by Fnd.riDgtbc hitchjud msdr.
wryo Itr Fi& l6.t rrc ahov!, fron laft to rigbt, tbccodlmo!,Wc.t Country, rld .rilnrkc/a rvtipping.Thc frrt atrdb5i lrr uturlly uad to whip tL..od ofa rop., eNlr tb. W.'t Courtry whippiq ir ulcd to bitrdihc bit[t of. roF. whrrttxca
cot ll Tit
(ll Tb C@rrrlf[ ||t@phg L ordc by lryia3 thctwincelolt thcrop., poiltirS torrtd! thc cod, |!d ttc! p*ing aa€ml tur!! arould it, 4triu, t[o hy of tbc roF fh! twiic i. th.o loopcdirto r bight lnd tgwml tight turlt r.t o rrourd thc cod of thr twitrc,FlriDg thc bi![t orEi tb! codofthc loF rt Gacrh turD.FiD![n tic vilibL cid ofthc f*ina ir hor! tarrl bilditrg thc htt rur!, |!d cut ofclorc, Io tbc Anc.ic!! lvhippitr8 ttc fr.t .od ir .llowd to protrud. colsidditly, |o tht fnrlly, iDac.d of culti!8 tbc twiDcofi clo.c, ttc tvo aod! |t! rcafad lo8.thcr. Eoih wbippiltr c.! b. u.cd .t tt bight a! ecll e! rt th. crd, (2rTb V.tt CMttt fftPpht Tb! twi!. i3 middld.rourd th. 424
ROPB AND CANVAS ropc, ib cnd! brou$t up to th. ottcr .idc lod hrlf.t&nd (ovc.haad hot). Tharodr arc thcd talc! ro thc ottcr tidc of thc toF rtrd rltin hatf-taottcd. Thc procaasir tcpcatld contiluoudy md thc .ddr at! fnrly r*f-tlottcd, Wtdwhg i! rtrlt d by ,.tin8 ilto thc hcrlt of <3\Tk Sdltudt th. !op., borlriry thc cd4 ind brirdng thc trc.dlcout on r long lcogth of twioc.Tbc dlc nos ht!8' clcarwhilclcvtrll tiShfturu rtE pasad afanst tbahy. Thc !.adtc i! tba flllly ulcd to |'e lha twitrclhrough rtrudr ao thri tic frsppiDgtur!! alo pat!.d, ar abowtri! thc uPpcl ilb.rrti6. Thc codi! lhrl buri.d in lhc toF. S.rttt I l{. Fi& 16.9dcdon tr.L. how ! roF, 6h! o! wirE, b bouod *ith rpuayrm (or any otbr lmdl ltutr) to pro&criL
I
l.--l
-!.9c!!-!:! Th. drea& st! 6r!16llcd by Ftritrg . rettdtt (avary!mr[ cotdaS!) with thc lay. A lonSatrip of tsrlld or oilcd 6,r\a! i! rtco wrrpFd or pcrcdLd rround ttc ropc,.9in wilh tbc hy. Th. bhditrg, or &rvb& it th.d .t rt 4 qStltr, tbc hy simihrly to . coDmotrwhippiDg;crcb tlrra bcilg hoE tlut tith a bravi!8 Dsllct ot by batrd.Whlo $r6ciant tttn|! ar! on to prlvc r alip oacuniry lhc .qviaS ndlct it tld to 6d.t thc {ort lt i! phccd o! tb. roF (i& bcid b.b8 Sroor,ldlo it th. liDc) rDd th. .ptl!],rm b broughtup, F|.ad rould th. b|trdL. boak dor'6 ou tbc !..r ridc of tha hrad, dipp.d !o&r thc roDc,ard i! lh.n dofgcdrroud thr baldlc. Th. b.I of AorFm i tb.o Fscd rroutrd thc roF |! tbc t ding Er[.t Estca a|.h trrD. Thc hrldlc.,ir gripFd aufici.ody loo.cly to dlos tha apu!Frtr lo r6drr. Tbc pmc..e ir rrlil. .tG tlcd by tb. rlll-taowa do8: g.rGl: 'Worn ard Frcal with tta hy, turD ald tawa lho otbcr wry.' Thc rcrviaf ir fairhcd in thc lamc wayr! r cooeo! whippitr& 425
ROPB AND CANVAS S.btt Fi& 15.10rid|!: (l) Th. fbt Srtrr!' to bitrdtwo ropcsto!.th..,..& .t th! rGF ofr pilot hddcr. ThG.riziig i! thrr.d€d rbrough irr ctr a! thost" |!d lnrcrrl round turlr it! rnrdc looaalyanould both roF. Thc ctd it thcn p6$cd backtowrrdr thc ayr u[d.t dl thc fumt rtrd tovr it.i! througbthc cyr. If ir lh.n Fr&d b.rl, .ft.r rll tt tur!| hlr! bcco hovr but, to E*c a Fit olftrppiDg tum! aioundaUpatt( Fi ly, th. c[d ir clov+bibhd arould all Frt!. mc cnd nry citbci b. buricd, brckp&rd, or lrott d, Q)Tb Rotttl S.lzhg it conmclcaditr ttc lrDG *rr'. Oc thc fnt hFr of tumr h|t baanhadd tr!! tto cnd ir ltad to Eatc a aaaood hF of rourd (riding) tuB At tb. rifht-hrld .idc of thc &id!g ttc cd ir prtr.d dorfir.rd! tlrowh rhoI!!t hrD of thc bwu ,rla (wbi i! rtortr in bl&t tbrouShoul),.trd t!. .cizint i! f!i.h.d .r Hott. (tl Ttu tu*ittt s.lrtB tt DorEc@Flcr. It it tt ttd i! it! r|mc *t', a! tbc othartwo, butituFof+ithr tum! rra tatad aadot[!. Thc cndir th.! u.cd to m.L rourd turn to fll-i! bdwt.d thc fSoFof-.ight tur rorli!8 b.ck tmrrdt thc cF, WL.o thc cF i. r! c.bcdtbc .od ir p{!r.d thowh it It ir rglin !|ork d b..* torud! tho rbhi, 6"Ling r fitrll LFr of rould turr! ortr dl pattr. It it ltaa frlbad .t bdorr' P.rLc ba i! r n thod ut d for hoirting brntJn rgal., or otbcc round otrjirt!. T*o roF arl o!a4 wiahtbcir aiDiLr .odt falt. Tha othlr cndr.tt t[cn rorl rEdarrhaoti.ct ald broughtb.c.t to rhaoth cod., wh.rt Oi{ry!t! hovcod. Tbc olixt ir thur heulcdup in thc bitit oftlc l*o top6. . HooLir doDclo pt6.rot |! .tc from rlippioSorisnPiry lltda out of it. A flt !.izitrg i! palrad|'ou!d both port of ttc hool, o[cc rhccF hlr b.cn dropFd or,!r ttc bill of ltc hook. tiaht a Tad|- i! . t rD Dr.d to dcGibc i nalhod tiafrcb, r t ct{c m.y bc hcld itr tdiotr whiL bchilt or loocly hrdlin, thc h.uliis F t All FrL ofthc h[ .r! Dcr.ly lrippcd tighdytosrthcr i! thc h.!d!. f thi! i! Dorpciblc thGh.uling Fn, sbr'l it lc.!E thr rhcrrc, ory bojrmocd bctwtcnthc tw|llox of th. blocl rd tbc rdjlccat Fri of ttc fdl. Thir b elld ct*b6 tlc fuf,.nd i! dctsiocnld io thc roF. Eit Dry bc nrd. in htwE r cithcr ty splicitrgiiD whfuhcrs it i. ldo*! a! a o./l Or., rhc outcr curE of tha cy! noat di.tld froo rta aplkr hcirt lDortr |! itc crorrr of th. tplioc,or by polrin8 tba h!r*r ltold . thidbL (. Fr{hpcd pilcc of grlvuitcd tt .l,.ttoov!d io t*. thc lir), u.nd!.idry it to itr ostr prn, Thit nrt . I twws cf.. A ttidblcd ctr, o! thc oth.t htrd, Ilfctr to rd cF tplba n dc llouid a lhirnUc. 126
r 55 Fa PP[{C tuirs
A8 6HO|N
FlAr 3Elllr{G
RIDING TUIIN3
sarrlNG ROUtTO
tacllxG
SElllNG
FtGOtl ta,to
ROPE AND CANVAS ffd!.tf&oaba. nol|a A ibrt ropcher th. rbility to .b.otb tcvr.d tulr'. If ih€a tum! al! agrintt thc lay .trd nuEcrour,tbad tha roF dcvc.lop:lintr rod ourlr. !f a right-hudd ropc it b.dly t!!tt d it .hould b. coilcd doi[! hft-hudcd, lhc .od dippd down thoutb lh. ooil, .!d u!.d io hcdn th. roF out |trltit. It ir row coild dofln risht-ildc4 frcc froD lirt . Tbi, ir t!ow! u ttoroqhfootin8 . roF A s.Ir.t!. Sfiot oonFi*! . d.d!q lon& coil of.pnoy.t! thc cotitc rutr of wbict ilr b..o ordod down,Dalitr8 sb.t EiSht b. dc..dbd |t'r lory SrooDal Thi! o!kc. |tr GxtrrDclyaficirtrt ltrop for puairt rouadt ropa,!i!cc it Srip! vcry wcll. Suchs rtsopmry bc hid b.acath r roF, bfou8btu9 o! both .idca,otrc loop Flrd ttrough lba oth6, .|ch looDtrtc! uldaallath t[c ropc rgeiD,ard thc procaast!paLd. FiDalln thc two fioriacd looF uE brouglt tosGtharaaddopPcdovcr thc till of. booL b rhi| wsys purchucD.y ..!ily bc r.qrcd to r roF. Cord{r $[.La wlcr! frtrc pcroitrt . rplic. i. .lwry! prdcdblc to r lnot, but it rhould bc .r!uD.d thrt th. rpli.c will tldrE th. dc locd of thc roF by rbout o!+.ithth. ody r fcfl of th! norc conDo! rplltr.rl di!cutlcd barc,for, {Bi!, th! rFca Dcccaaryto cogarthc|objaclf,ould b. out ofproportio! to rhotoopcoftii! bool. Fi8; 16.lI |towt thc dtdn rprrc.,whichi! uscdwb.! a roF hr. to bc tailcd to a L!8th of c,hsitr,thc dzc of whichprwcltr thc rccvingof the full ciruDfcrcrc. of thc ioF, or r,hao lha ctri! ir to p!c! throu8Li
pu[.t
O!. .tr.!d ofth. ropcir utLid lor t ditt rcc Gqudto thc pcrim.tcr of lha ayc plu3r lctrllh cqual to sbout twclvctimcstha dia.mrtll of ttc roF. Th. cyci! ordc .nd h.ld .! fiowtr i! lhc lcfi-hrnd dt winS. Thc rhldcd tE trd dcnota!tbc ola wbi:h b!! bcctrunldd, It i! nov u!Lit ttil ftnhc(, whilc th. bLct .tmd it Isid tis[dy up ilto itr ph!.. Aftar t*o oathrl'. coDplctctPir.It h.rl! baanDrda (two,i! tbc6guF), lh! tso |trrtr& srGhd*d (onct lfofttc yrr! it dilc.rdrd, but not qrt otr), bllf-tlottld with th. Ly, .!d lh.o !.cl ir tuckcdovrr on ttr.nd of thc roF |od uodlf thc ncxt (rc nf6lo rhi! r! 'ov!r onc and undra oE), rhc rhrd oDcbciDStuckadiowrrd! thc cyc ard tlc bha&ola roerrdr thc bight Tbc rcdrililt ulhrckcd atrrtrdir nov tucLcdslort thc ropc,ovaronarnd uldra oac,utrtil it braaathc rbadcdtrald-aod. All iE cldr (thc four hdf{Fdld..trd th. firl nDd) |tr puld ti$t rld cut ofi. To nrka ! ncet3plic?,h.fotr thc full atrlld i! gilttd ib fnal ftcL, it too Dry bc hslvrd, ald tha Scocnl rcsultit r taFrld ,plica. Thc cnd! of ltrand! abouldrcanybc doggrdto8lthcr, but thi! ril tc crDhiod ht ., thc da dlcr ir dlo i[ulh.trd md foturt I quict n thod of joisirg 423
cHA { aPllc!
lt^tt lrtat{ol DIICAiOTD
9-U! !!!!g.c
DCIC<'ED END'
atoutt ta.tl
ROPB AND CANVAS two li6 whctra ,hon o.loDg splicci! Dotdc.iFd, iod whcnlnotting will cau3ctoo glrt r rcdl5lion in thc Flmfusiblc aafalord. Nrturrtty, it allo lcrvlr to mekcancycitr thc bightof a ropc.Thc rop6 srr uddd, whippd at thc root ol thc $rrnda, and owrlappcd.Eachropaia thctr clGspliccdinto thc othcrrad thc splicc!e& acrvad,if raquiEd. f i:'ljplic. dns.o i! FU. l6.t t is rhc.),. rpri.., endi! usully rh. . l'hc oc8rotrcr'a lllllt c[cttuac. Thc roF is urlaid for aboutninc timc! it! dismctaran4 if d6ilEd, thc .oot of thc atraid! msy ba s'hipp.d. Tbcayaii formcd,vith or withouts thimblc,|!d tbcshandiarangcd 30tb^f (in right-brndd roF) teo .trsnd! hrtr8 to thc right, (l) anda2), ardb& barysto t[c Lft, (3). FiEt, (l) is tuckd bcncrth i 6trrd (bbct), tl&d (3) i! leid ovcr thir 3tratrdbut tuckcdundcrthctrcxt,bothagaiDst thclay.
o FtoutE t6. t2
430
LONG SILTCE
ROPB AND CANVAS 'ht of thcropc-'Th' Thc ttrlD& ercpulcd w.ll thro[gh .!d into ihc .otdit ot- tu-i o"". rld virwcdftoln ita b€la ooc irrsd i! clc'rly - (2) i! tuct d bcn'sth it lgrh't thc lay figm l5 to U" -"*"pt"A arc tlcn trrctcd owr olc std undcro!' for nOt A"lr ro f"n. el itt tuck!. Thcy .rc lh.o halvtd ttrd two funhcr r"l t* .i lE-rii*" tocb --ftf D!dc, aftrr shich thc cddrttl do8!pd' is aio.. "" $o*" i! thc ilsrt, by h.tvinS"ch d'nd'cnd tld Uf Uon. *rua to thc hslf of thc lcxt rdjeclot ttnnd' wliooiar ---rill8.rzimwr tc lor* gritt by whichn'rnr two lopc' lrt joitrcd "itri"i il -i t"v rr*rilg tbr ri"" of tb" joio' Th" rop'!.-rT un-t!id for aboutrwlivc to fftlan !idc! thc diaoctcr.or cvcnmorcrl tic lpuoc sft*t' Thc cndr atr matricd' thrr i!' ?cn i. t "riil i -*ia"'rtt" fu glaccdbctetto s poir of strrt& from ropc "a"oa "f rt" ;glr-Ua tf" tAf-Uoa -i", "" "tto*o in tba upPcrpsrt of th' drawi!8' (c} and(D) rt€ rh.tr hslf'knottcdwith thchy' iFi ir nowulaid ud thc blsck strrd is hid iato it3 plto' lot !4cral ipit"t. ilt- it rhc 6gut!), in ..im0ar mrlocr to thc charn *iir* toh'o - thc abrdcdlrrad ltid into itr pltc! for tbrcc n o -* -iif.t -iral.. Thc str.!d! arc rh.! siturlcd i! thrcc pair!' 'qui' Er-oil.ii .[."ra t *"a thti rachltdrd of r prir mccuthc ot[dcnd on. i.c. wbcrcthcy mcct,tbcy thltl onc ltta t-groow; ro uc lgulc r brvc .howDtbcmaidcby aidcfor thc aatcofcbdty' Th. hdf-knotlils of (C) rtrd (D) hrs boctrIcft urttl tlc lrsl u lnc n""* i. nrio o"-"pui, .scl "uaoa it U""a ua thclair! trc blF Gott a oc"th"., Oi discardcdhalvcsheviDgbccDomittcd from tbc drrwhg, Tbc cndsarc fuilhcd alJor rba chsir tprct' i'c' -tucrctlo!''r "o" *i uaa". o*. n" b€F .od, caa cithcr bGcul ofr fulh or cl5t dofgcd roF bcr. but frc rdr.rplica ir not 3hom. It ir ruo4ct thln lhc loDg.3plicc, lolg itl lhc '5 ruan&, ttrc -o.c-Uufn. it i. co..cnccd by merryilg iil"".-"nai **"n tU .tt oasarcall tuakcdowr oncatrdutrdcrotrcfor .*t "i rlt* -a " h.lf ruck, a half-tuct bcbg oac cxccu&dwith half rtrrtrd!. Thc c!& rt! urualY doggcd. STEEL wlRE IOPB whilc6bn roF harcba'trThc fnt wirc ropcses produc.ditr 183'1, f" ",ilar- f.i .-& s,OmycaB.Thc Adminlty authoris€dthc usr of rtaalwit! rop.. o! mvd rhiP. itr 183&rirc' wbichtiEc tlrc ropc ba! aiaoe.i fio.l t *iuclioitv in thc dircrsity aDd-compl'xity of itr forE!. Ilt rafm! of trfcrcocchavcbcctraxac{yrcduc'dDylcreoc' lrrctar' lursv. atrdchcmiltryto a ,ct of bowtr valuaarnd chlrlcicri3lrc!' '-iiooa*ia tlp" *fii$! of r Dumbcrof strtnds laid arouoda 431
ROPE AND CANVAS ccohl rra4rr,whirh oay iba|fbc a ral airarA rtaalrit! ropg or bar rtrrd or ropc of rq.t blc or ryDtbiic fk . E|ch .tnnd h rurl i! coopoa.d of r 8iv.o lonb.t of ildivi.lud rir.a afri! hid aoud I ocofralwitr or fb6aarra,thr nirc corr iD thiacaaaull|dly codirfiq of ooari!8L ri!c. Th! rt cl irFoduc.dd c.x illotr or bilhb,rhith rrltt o Ffuo.d to lodr by tqcrtad rolitrg: Tharodr aralbaddnrD, |!d proglaairlly a!. rrald ard col4wortcd ultil llay b.conc *i!r ofthccortlatdialac!. Bdort ilc wit€ .r! hid ilto rm!d., .nd th.o tt roF, .!dli.ry prooaB .rl n[dartataa lo Ditinitc corioaio!. Mo.t aosieritt noF !! ttadf,, ir. ltcy rrc ulftlr|.!i.4 ritilc Gxept for o.rtdn cLtG of culo ru!ffi, moatahippilgandilhing 10g6 !t Cv.tri|.d. Gdv.litirg of rtc *iE ir .l*ryr donGbcforcltc .rrud n built .rd irdrd, nodli! CvrDilirg L ro cf6cirot that vliy oftc! rcDGof ttG wirldrlwilg allgcarrE dorc rltlr gdvuiailt Tta prtacotiry clcctrolytic Cv.ni.ilt cdt ib linlc or !o ls of.tnogtho.dsctlityiDrh.si&, Whaa a wir! roF oa rtnod h|| r fb,ll h..rt thr lrttai eun bc .dcquatlly probctd aSria1 FDctrriioo by boirnrrc, phi(:h tandato lcad to oorrolio! in thc hart of thc ropa or ra!4 and thia, in furn, oould lc.d to r ivrpid b|l.tdowD i! ..rvi!c. All hcnp (or vrS.t blc fbit) coll rt! idrcrld for loot Fiodr i! b.th, of hc.tcd lubrir . ,o !r to dvr coDPLt aatuntioo of tha fb|!. Whanttc rtrud (or thc roF) b bcingforDd, rd rta wir.r or atrald! hid ovarthc corE,ttc Pltaaut!i! ruchtbat tutplu.lubricrrt i!.quaazd out, ald thir anturla Iuhrtatio! of Gtrcrypan of lhc rtnad or roF !t thGconplation of rtr|luflrtul!. I! th. c.!c of lytrtbctic-fbft mdtr hcrri' !o lubricrtio! i ffirt to prcEnt *rtrt paoctratiotrro frr |! th. hcrrta tlan,aht| .|t cotrccmc4 rincc nylo4 tcrybr, polythcDc,ctc., src all coEPlctalyiElDulc fron Eiro-biolo!forl att&k In irc.h. roF, ho$trlr, tha rt rtrd corc3would rtill bc of hadp a[d trould ba tEatrd .. dc..ribad io ttc forlfoitr8 Frrgrrph" Durin! thc formirf of thr rtnnd, .!d .uhrqucntly ttc rop.' thc witta tr! codtitruallt fd wit[ hcrtd lubriqnt ao tbat ttc roF i! 6.dly woundon to iB drun or r!.l itr . fully lubricatld cotrdition. Cod!.dd of |i. foF Thc nunbcr of.wir! i! i rtr.ld ir dctcrlnincdby thafrd th.t 6 wir.r of cqud sizcwil jurt confortably ft rroud r ainglcwiru cor! of tha orfJncait! and that i furthct bya or gatkry ot r,it!' of thc !.mc rir. hil otr thc 7-wirc rrrald *ill natu.sly hold 12 wir6. Suchi ,trrtrd eould thartfor! hrrl Gitlcr 7 or 19rvitt., A funhcr g!llc!.y(whicbcon. tai!! lt witlr) b.ingt tb. total to 37wir6, rnd yct anorhcr(containirS 24 silaa) bring thc totel to 6l eina. 432
ROPB AND CANVAS Wtad a ih(! alr.ld.cort ia urd tlc loLl luDbar of wnrt do" lot fomr i o.t nl t titl-up tFEo' but i! prrct' Gltu.lly tot'b-Gi'rh" ' iirai t y"" ol tz "irrr i"i,ta tlc corc or i bal luob't of z eit" bi(l-.r ri ouu r&ry of 15?itq .nd |! inn6 !.lhrt of 9 wLla Ir i Doaaitlcro hy anott t Itlktt of lt xits ovlf lh' {!8lG lrF ol -tz rir* ua e.hi:si r nrpotiil 30witt hid.rould ' fbto cor!' Ir -" * rc- ttro trfthcrE i! a Ery widcvathty ofvitr roD" rBil' .ui r. tt OieeAg itduttty .lo!c, qui!. .Ftt fro6 uiliD8 !!d 'o'
Dffiifrffi;*,t
bvtb.!unb'( irSorumd ofr *cclwinropc
of rilaa itr ltr atrald; tbc gtrbr thc tuebct of w,lla th'o lld'nuy i. tbc n ,,iUtitv.-nlrttct, Actt:t ity i! iacrcrrcaby t[' htrotL ilt.f .rp. .of ttsldtth' On t!' o-tbtt dp&oo of rfbrcrtnadiort.ltt rr. f.sibility hrnd. both rcoslh.ott FiD.d ifttc wit! it built uPftoD rirrt .odl-grula obar of hra r rtav e i,ire-whichtl crch rrrrod cd.iati!! of trllYr wira Lid olu ' fbrt corr nry Ucnorc ncritlc th|' oD! whiabblt t9to9'fout wil!' -rt io two 8.tlcd+ rsudilg.qud lry 9f lop..' Uia o..ct r lilrr tblt thr corc i! thc ftlt ropc i! ldrtv'ly ultli ro thr frcl i! d|r Tbit lba! that ofthc tacoodropc.Sor,h.d w rtarr thal fcrit'ility i! dtttc{y i-oottiool o tto ao.trt of wirs il crch rtraad w! tt! coEF iqg iooir rt rtnaa. of *nicn blrl t?o or not! lltLrilt' i ri.c rop. it rcforca ro by th. u* of teo n!|ob'n: thc fnt itrol' c.L tc o.i-tc" of nt odr, aod tha a.coddtlftt! to thc numbcrof riJ I ..o n!!oa' u"ti* ropci invrriruy hrs .ir rtrddt lld n'y baiuoortitad.. followt:
6x7 6x12 6x19
5lr l2[L@
t2l6lr
S..dfurtta D.d .o!..i tldt
c.rro roEti F|d.[bi
titdtl
to''tu m. fd
ao*iq riEi
5x,/|
t519'l'!q
6x30
l8/12/Hary
,'lctr6t?,
6x!7 6x6l
rElt2l6ll 2l['/t2l6r'l
rvE! hi.n i.dbilv
dorua
b llquir.d
It lhoutd hc notic.d thlt rtnndr hsvitr8c1lo lumb.r! of wirl ltt tbo* Ouca*itt nUtccot"r. Tbc fbr! h..n of thc roF lot otrl, forD3 i orrhiol for t[c rmldr p that utrdcratEarthcycdbad thcE!'lv6,i o tbir naturrl Doaidotrtbut il tko !.tt r, ! rtorc for lbc lubtitnl (shicD rhoulrfpcriodidly bc rpplit whiL i! ,crvi..), rld 4uc'zct thi! iDto 433
ROPE AND CANVAS thc wirls whcothc ropa is f,cxcdor rrcriad, thur minioiri4 friaioa bca$ratrtbc wircs. Othcl typcsof wirc rcpc i.cludc f.xiblc coppcrwiE ropcfot ulc i! thc vicioity of magnaticcompclscri,..t. a! awDit8jsclstay!, rcirilt wirc, whichis usuallybctwc.n6 and lomm in diamctarconsisting of onastrandof 6/l construclion,and whrt trc kno*n ascxtn sDccial flcxiblcstcclwirc ropcs(ESFSWR) in whichlhc rcrm.cxtn $r@iat' rrfcr! to tbcqudiry of thcstccl. fb Lt of tl. RoF ThGt!ara6vcmaintypcr oftat io wirc roF: (l\ RlEhtM ordidarf hy, itr *hich tic sfrrtrd! .Ic laid up riShrh.trdcdbut thc *ir.s arc twistcdrogcth.rLlt hNtdcd. (2r lrt-lranA odinoty dr, in *hich th. strrtrds et! Lid up tcfthaodcdbut thc wir6 rrc twistcdtoScthcrriShr.hrddcd. (Noticcthat thcscc.n6pond to lhc plaiDhy offbrc ropc..) (3, NSht-ha''d.dl"o"g" lay, iD whichboth si&s.trd srrendrur lrir! up right-handcd. (4t klt+aid.d Lq\ Iat, in whch both wir6 .!d .ttrr& rrr hid up lcft-hsndd. (Noticctbat Irot's lay followsthc pribcipl. ofuoliat.blc fibrc-roF lay. h a stcclwirc ropc, Lng's lay givcsw€rrilg quaUticafar itr cxc..t of thoscof ordirary lay. Wh.! wcart4l(csplecciD ordinarylay r frt i! wom on tta wirrs dcro$ thcir axca.Thc samcwcareppliedto Lrtrg'r Ly *aars thc wir6 alorg thcir axcs,with thc rcsultthat ordinarylaid rop.s cvcntuallyhavcindividualwirc! wom throughaBd stickingup dong thci. lcnglh3,wNlc lrng's laid ropcs wcar dovn cvcnly aad avcotuallyappca.likc bdrsof polishcdstccl. UDfonunaElya lrng's laid ropa tendi to rotatc muchmorcio !arvicc,comparcdwith thc ordiDarylay,snd ita usck thcrcforr rcstrictcd lo cotrditior|s*bcrr both cDdsof thc roF dr sccua!or wbcrcthc ropc tnvcli in guid6 or od raib, such13in lifu, oiDca,cxcavatin&ctc,Waia it nol for tl s, thco l&g's lay would undoubtcdlybc itr univ.rsalusa, It is rarclyfoundin u.c otrshiF.) (, Cabh-hidvlrc ropc,vhichis rcry larfp aod hiShlyn.riblc. Thir it tnadcin cractlythcaamcwayaacablc-laid6b.Eropc,ande36.strand sir! ropc composcdof 6 &stnodcdropcs*ould bc dcscribcd.3 5 X 6i l9'a or 5 X 5/24'actc.Th! six rop6 a.c invarieblyhid arousds 6brcb..n. HdedWh.nA. This ulcd to ba rrfefrld to !3 truc-laywirc ropa.Anyoocwto I|., Laldld t! ordilrry tyF of st cl wir! roF will klow oDlytoo wall itr 134
ROPE AND CANVAS tcodqtcy ro lpring oFn .nd uday ibclf whcD cart A ptdoflncd roP. hss lonc of thh tcndcncy, rnd rllnlins quitc iacn rftff bci[g NcvcFd. Thc actual opcratiotr L pcrformcd mcrcly by shsPing€ach strrdd oflhc ropc, bcforc layiDg-up, itrto a hclix of thc samc siza rnd pirch that it would naturrlly hsvc fom.d wbm laid idto roPc. 'Sprilg Iry'Wir. RoF fcxiblc yat tough ropa madc of tat&d silal and rn cxtrt naly Thfu is a 8rcat iasistanccto damagpby sca'wetcr and wircs. lt hts 8alrrniscd w€3thca. lls construction is 6 x 3 x 19, i.c. 6 ropas cach containing ! sisal stratrdsadd I strands of 19 witls, thc iodividual alral'ds aod thc whok ccnlral fib.c corcs. It i3 vcry csdly haadlcd atd coilcd. lt roDc havinr-mooring ropcaaod to$,ing sprin8F.lt! ilr!trSth is about tbftr ir idcal for timca thrt of first{redc mrtriL of cqual aitc, aDd four rimcs thal of hiah-gradcsisalof.qual size.It rcsistsshockloads. G...rd R.o|ti! oo W}c RoD. Wirc ropc rcsistsbcndi!8 and docs not ebsorb tum! ao raatly es 6brc roF, vil.h thc rcsult tbat it c$ily kitrk atrd anrrls. Whctr this hrpPcns a kiok which is about to dcv.lop should travcr bc pullcd out, othrrwisc lbc ropc is long-jawcd snd pcrmaDrotly drmrgcd. Ttc liol, *hich apFars s. s loop or bight io thc wil!, of small diamctcr, is rcmovcd by grespin8thc ropc on cithcr sidc and pushing thc baddstogpthcr so that thc diam.tcr of thc kink i! cDlargrd.As soon as thjs i! donc, rhc kiDkp.ovid€d tha wir.s slr not Frmancndy bctrt or daiuS!.d-will suddcDly untrvist itsclf. Wirc should rcvcr bc subjcclcd to lharp nips, such a! oltcritg its dircctiotr of lcsd by parsiog it lhaoughahacklcs,cyc.bolts, or ovcr platc cdgcs.This will Frmaacntly &magr rhc wirc, thc cfrcct bciig known as cripprilg. Whctr s.qrriDg wirc to r drum o. bollard tbc diamcGr of thc lattc. should bc at lcas! lwelvc times thc roF dismctcr. Thc diemctcr ofa roll€r around which a wirc roF is to bc pass.d should bc at lcast tcn timas thc roF diamctca. wirc ropc should bc stowcd o! rcalr or coilcd dowD vhcn trot itr usc. Wbcn whding a ocw roF on to r drum ii i5 b€st to strtt tha Grath',cr .3 follows: If ovc!-wioding on to lhc uppcr sidc of thc drurn, aochor thc eirc on thc I.ft and run th. wirc on from lcft to riSrlt. lf uodcrwindirg on to thc lowcr sidc of thc drum, mchor it on thc rigbt.hard sidc of thc drum and wind otr from riSht to lcft. This rpplics tha ssmc principlc as that rscd vith 6brc roper, i'€. thrt right-handcd ropa. rbust bc uDcoild Lft-haldcd. ThcsciDsttuctiofi ar! 435
ROPEAND CANVAS rrwrscd iflcft-hand.d wirc rop. is bciogrun on thc bancl or drum.Thc diarctions arcassuhcd to bc for s Fr3onfacinglhc drumrnd watching thc wircfcd towardshim. Ropasin storc shouldbc placcdon grrtings atrd turncd cvcry so oftcnto altcr thc rRighvcontactpoint of thccoil andalsoto stopdrrinagcof lubricant. Bcforaputtioga ropc into s.nicc thc groovcsof drumsand sh.avas shouldbc carcfullycxamincdto secthat thcyerc of thc cor.cctsizcfor thc ropcin questio4in propcralignmcnt,aod in goodcondition. A *irc ropc shouldalwaysbc put into scrviccby uncoilinSit cithcr fton a drumor tccl,uodcrtcnsion,or by unrollingIhccoil elon8thc dcck.If thc ropc is otr a drum a spindlc may bc prsacdlhroughiha ccntRl holc,jackcdup a! both cnds,or suspcndcd from ! c&rgorunrcr by mcaDsofa two.lcggcdbridlc, andthc wirc ropcpullcd carcfullyofr. A drumwithouta ccntralholcshouldbc plac.dona turntrblc 'rd cross. battcnslashcdovcrthc top of th. wirc to prfilnt turnsjumpingoff. Thc ropc shouldocvcr bc pullcd from a coil loosclyor throw! ofr & racl, othcrviscacriouskinkswill form, h rcric. thc wirc ahould bc frcqucntly clcancd,cxamincd,and lubricrtld. Mdny crcallantropc lubricanb are availablc,but thc ropc mustbcclcancdanddrird bcforcapplicationof lhc oil. Thc ropcshould constandybc chcckcdfor intcmal corrosion,fracturcdrrirca,cxctssivc lrlar, ebd rotting of cor6. Scvclalbrokcnwirasclosctogrthcr in oic strendconstitutca far grcatcrdangcrthanlhc samctrumbcrdistributcd throughoutthc lcngthof thc ropc. wh.trcvcr possiblcwirc ropc should not bc subjcctcdto r bcnd Whcn it l.ads from a pullcy to a drum thc add sudd.n ravcrsc-bcnd. rnglc of lard should not cxcccd5 dcgrccsfrom thc plaDcof lhc shaavc. Tha coilingof morcthrn onc leycr of wir. on a drum fu dctrimcltal to thc ropc, but is difrcult to avoid. Dcadlaycrswhicharc n.vcr otr thc drum lroly' bc avoidcd.Thc highcrthc apccdat whicha *irc ropc,or rny ropc for that mattcr,is workcd,thc grstcr is thc wcar.It is morc to iocrcrscloadrathcrthanspccd. acotromical Tbc groovrsof pullcF end drum3ahouldsupportonc-thirdof thc roF ci.cumfcEftr itr a lruc circlc.Thc groovcdiamctcrshouldtc 5% grtatlr thao thc ropc diamctcr.Whcn a ropc is placcdotr a lroov€d drum thc lapsshouldclcsr a{ch othcr by about l 5 mm.worn groovas *ill prrwnt this. whctr coiling a ropc dowo, right-handcdropcaarc coil.d rightmanytutusmry b.ndcd; thc f'lc cndsbouldbc ablcro r.volvc, bccausc davclopduring coiling.lfthc cnd caniot bc rotatcdth. coil will h.vc to ba compolcd of *vcra'l Frcnchm.n,Thcsr arc occssionalriShthaadcdturn! but with thc uncoilcdlcogthcmcrgirgfrom r.ror thc lr3l 46
ROPE AND CANVAS tum irstcsd of abovrit (rG.Fi& 16.13).ltcy ttraow th. twilB quit .ficcrivclt. Whcdr riSbt-b{dcd roF hr! bccob.layrd lcn-brld.d .!d rtreiocd it dcvdopar lcft-baDd!ct, i.c. il &!irb riSht-haldcdc.ilitrg rd ooly tbc rlaaof'F lochmco'will.nrbL it to ta coiladdos!" A coil .hould bc atopp.drll rculd with Fmt ehcn not in !!.' to prrwnt rh. luro! froD juhpitr& A 'Frrocbmco'coilwill i.ad to tbtow ofr oc tsrl! mor! vigproudt if diatlabcd,conFrcd with rD odbrrt coil. wirr roF i! lbout f}! liDca $ !tson8.! hith-gt dGD!!ih toF, dcpcoditrgupotrttc ata.lu!cd. Grretcr compariloo68ut!aarc poaliblc of oour.. It strrtcLa vlry litdc erd may ba ootrlidrrld no!+lrttic; it to ! .hock load. It should do6 in fact pcrt vcry aalily whc! rubjcE-tcd not bc e$umcdrhst thc wirc6i! a ropcatr i! otrclctrg$-ftlqucnd, in a long ropc, thcy irr wddadtogptbcrto Sivcttc rcquircdladSth,but th..c joins ttr rrlll tragSsrd. Crnig wh. n F Tr,o vbipphgr ofmrdinc or rop+yln rhouldbc phrcd otrthc ropc, crch onc comEancirgabout2'5 cm awry from thc point of savcrand l i n co inuiDgfor obout 5cm. It is most importaDtto work rila/ from 2in thc cuningpoint shcl wbippiagro thlt rhclatLr i! lot looGtcd whcd thc .opcir flt rnd tbc lrlod! ryring apart Tha 5 cm rF.c lcft for cuttinSfu toe pltc.d otr a hstd rud.cq luch 2t^ |r thc nooring bittt, rnd brmrncftd o[e or twioato latlan th! upFr wirls. Thb givcr. lood k yinS.utfrc. for thccolddi!.I sbi:h it filrly u!.d to acEr thc rrnd!, Slvrt.l dcriSE of wirlc1rttrr itr avrihbL, rtrd thsyBiE r lcetlr GtriththanI coldchilcl. Whcncuning r lcngtb ofi a coil thc lctrgthltoaini!8 or t ootad rhould bc nrarkd up localy. B dq CrrF Th.ac.rc rhownin Fig t6.13.ThGyat! uladto fotn a! cyci! | *irc ropc whcn.plltg ir tot porliblc for rDy rcalo!. Tby outi !ar,!t bc ur.d for joid||g t*o hre&rs, dnply by chapinS lba topaatotethcr. Tb. b.$.Dlsta of rhc frip mutt dway! bc fttad u!&r rhc wortiry Fn of thc roF, *ith tbc U-bolt! olti thc dc.d cDd. Thftr grip. shouldb. wad on ropcsup to 24mm in sizc,fout gtiF 3 i n o! rotiaatrctwrcD24tnd 32mm in siza,and6vcor mol! on tolrct ovaf, 3 .Dd 4 in 32nm in diamar.r. Thcy should bc aprccd rt diatalc6 cqud to 4 i n ninc tim6 tha diamctcrof thc .oF. Thdyat! artrcncly Llafulfttin8!, but ih.y do, horcttr, taddto caulh ttrd Eatk thc ropc. 4t
-!iE!g!!!!' corl||,ro ^ tlcltl-H^l{DED
THnatl!
NUtatERttc
E!to3 I sri^ito3
({r.!
!gc!999__gqE tl ouiE l6.t!
lEltlNca
€yE lpLtcE)
IOPB AND CANVAS Iqt.da of |l RA. Di.torliotr of lb. roF ty fi!Li!&.rutbiu& cripplin& ctc, i.litcly to rldue tla.titdtth oftic toF ty.. Du.h.r 3O%.A mF. ir enicb thc b..n ir protrudilS rhouldb. dLc.rdrd. WG.ri!8 of frr. !.!o.r thc wiFr, givint th . briSlt rDp..nn ., d€ Dot afcct tha rttrosth of tbc ropa utLaa ia i! ltry thc rdtira ropcir ,aaoto bc !stt!oa4 nd a! a catlo tlrtDcr SoDatiDaa contiludly bci!8 round o! to . drum itr two or tb!.. Iap.. Thi! i!di' c.taaditortiod of rhc rbrrd!, a,bici b aatiour &ofco ritr rhouldbcqmiad to $oaatai!Ebct!.r waaror oorto rtould bc Dldc to cbapra lion b|t caEladrhc hlaldovD" Rcfrr,adca XV io rt|dy tb. Doct! R.gulstiontltipuLrioo otrrhit point A *i!,. rop. .hould h. frcq!.oiy o!.ocd up tith . d.di!. tpilc; r dry, powdaryb..n or oofaildicat t dry rol ald tha topc ahouldtc .ith.rdircudd or, if coaid.t.dric,lutBic.bd. At aub.ao tadpdrttrrla thc rtlcl girca wil baooDctddc .rd thc nopcDry port*ithout wamiali Funhai,ftr Acritility iarcdua.d'Eorcu. thc wirt riU rqrh itt lorErl c.banctarirtia!uld.t nordal ia6Pctalula S[.L3 q&. ft Tlrb ir doncdolt th. r|sc lir.. .! 6brc-roF AliciDg; but 8ttrt . ali[ i! llquitrd ducto thc cf,ttlda rttilicocc of thc viliar. Th! Cvuirilt m|y bc 'r.6rg.d du.itr8th. pmc... ud b.fo!. b.in8 p.t!.lld tld tplice rhouldbc dippaditr Stoclhoh tat or oliar pqcrvrtiva' acryEd, Thc.rragth of th. rop. n.y b. cotrtiLttd to b. ttft..d hy rbout @-dfhth by . good .plica, btI coDridntly oot! by . b.d .plico. GrEatcatadnrt bacf,arriladto pEvcDttaariDftta ttrl'dr ot cottawitb th. drrli* rpitc. A lo!g; trp.i.d tpikc rhould bo taad |Dd c.tduly in|.ttrd i! thG ropc,rvoiditrgtbc hlart Tharuotirg cod ofi dtind b inrcrtcdin thc ,.mc dirr.iion '| thr !piL, pdLd b.todd it, .!d th.o beckitrto pLc.. Strar& lhould ba tuclcd lomc dfut.trccrwry froh wbcrt thcy lalt ad.igq orh6*i!G a bad oip ir c t d ald thc raldt opc!, c6po6itrg thccorlr, quiE apanfromlhc fectlbrt thcwilaarr! titrlGd.ThcEatlila qitc c|tr rrrily basorlcd b.c.t doDS6r Ly ald lbc ftrd ict aattftly i o phca, It ir frr bctlrr to tuel too frl rery froE thc lplica l!|! too cloaato i! I! wir rpliilt r hdf-trct m.y bc cittcr . tuck cxEutcdlvith hdEd lh|'dr or a tuck dorc with dtallat! ltrandq ro tt'! tbtta aod!cmcrgc onctra* fdlcc doog thc toF tb.! rDcolh.r th!... Bothtypq of bdf' tuck FodrE . t Frld Dlb., whi,h ir bilbly d.tir.blc.
ROPB AND CANVAS $ctqL. Thir ir r bu&y Ali.., .!il o|ny .G.n d prd.r to do . .or .plhg i! lba b.lirfthrt it ir lttoolaf |!d nofc crty to af@rto. A vhipping b put on c..i roF et r dLi.Dcc fron ib c[d qud to rbout thi.ty..it tin6 thc di.dctrr. Th. ctd of th. roF i. dErdy ehipp.d prl uDdrly, clo. to thc point wtcll it *!r cut fron . coil. 6 i n PLca aoothcrwhippitrglbout 15cm aery from tha aod onc atrd.|rt tbcLttlr. Th! .trudt th.o oolry th.drclvr. for thir dilt|!o. of roultrly 6 i n l5cm. Eachcnd shodd bc yhippcd ivith.ail tein , b.|.ilg h nild thrr r[ wbipdlt' n!.t eort e*ry fton ropcor rtrrad.oda Tbc rL! roF cannoe b. lnl.id dl tbc iny to thc tuitr *hipping (36 x D nm from thc cnd). Tbc roF .odr atiooaltiad, ro tbrt a attud of c roF lila b.tc,Eo two rE.dr of ttc otbcr ald tha ropaaalo lovr to!!l!.r, |o thrt tLc ltipping ncady touch.Sdzr thr |trllda of olc roF od to ttc otlaf rcg.' !o that thaottar rat ofttrd! cu bafuctGdiithout thc ol,antor bciosh|ap.tad by a dorc! uruly rtrldr. Wc low acc'tlaraforc, tc|o f,ir! roparbuttadtotath6. llc dralda of th. ri$t-hlrd roF, rry, .tr rcir.d o! to tbc lcft-hld roF Thc .tnndr of th.lcft-hDd rop. !t! fr! to b. tuc.t d irto rh. riSht-h.ld toF CIt thcehippi!8 o! thcrighl-h!trdloF.!d tucl thclcft-t trdrsfc'. .tr.!da into it ar for r fbrc-roF tplicc,i... aac[ tucldlg .od pes.3 ovcr thc atrud to ilt lcft ald urdcr thc rcrt .trud Ali.r thafrar tould ofirctr Frr a lcizilg rouadthc rpliccto pEv.trt It .od. ftod G.!i!S b.c<rd b.coDilt rDlpliccd. If thc ttrcti!8 addahrvr fbrc coE+ cut thaltr out |!d lsy up rta drudr a$i!. Mafc thrc or fout Dor! rould! of tucb. Stoppcrb.ck rbout a tlitd of cach.tratrd md trcl th. rlmridlg teo-thjd! olca ataitr No? bdE cacbtucLingadd,rtoppcrorc-hdf brck, |!d n&L tha otbcr, WiO . Erllct, f.tbo EUtucb, wrtilt tov.rd! th. biShtofth. ro!c, ard fdaly cut ofrall .od!. Rq,c.t thc Focc.! o! thc oth.r o.ft-hnd) ropcstrdfnrlly ccrvcthc rylicaall oirr. By &dudtrg tbc hctilg cn& twic., . srll.npctrd tplicc ir obt jncd. Er S0c. (Fi& 16,t3) M.ny i,ir! roF Dowr&yr .r! ,plic.d bt thc 'Tdudt' ryrbo, in rhi:h lhc .y! ir ford!4 with or withofl r rhinblq artdthc dc.d .ad l.lt do|rg rh. $a[ding FG ar itr thc calawh.tc gip! alc to bGu!.d. Atr dloy colh. i. .lid or,!i both p|rt, clo! up to tt !.ck of tbr ryc, rd clocd wy tightly in . po*€rful prc& 44
T.OPEAND CANVAS Wtco spliciagaa cf tbc tuckingcDd!lbould bc of lcogthcqull to cightc.n tim6 thc roF drernctcr,so thst lbc srudr rr€ plisblc to !!!dlc, do Dotkirk calily, rDd 6D bc Puucdv/cll ti8ht. Thc succass of thc rpliccdcp.ddt uponlhc 6rst rould of tuclt; if thc .dd! rtr bedlytuck d ilitidly thc aplic.tppcrn to bc lonS.jawld. tpltcirS D.rEly itrvolvd layi!8 crch cnd atould thc RiSht-heodcd four or 6vc rim6. Thc tucta at! tr[dc with rba ht; tlc sanc stEad rplic. i! qui,t aDd..!y, but b ofno valucif tho roPCtu lilcly to rotatr i! lcrvica. Llt-hsndcd iplicint (ovcr-and-undqsplicitrg)i3 mor€cmcicnt,.td tha apliccsppcat! a! though it i! a phitcd topc, 8iviry vcry sttong idh6ioD. tt i E strotg splicc, thftr tuctr of which rtl probcbly cquivalot to about6w ridt-baid.d luck!. t clins spliccs,hrvilg posriblymorEth!! otrclock it thc lPUc.'ert rlwrys thc stlorgcst.Two ctrdsatt tuclcd uldat oDc!t]r!d ro thrr thcy croct i.a. thcy srr tucLadi! opposit! dir.ctioB' Gldrtdly only oDt lock i5 nadc, .trd i! tha flst routrdof tucls Thc DocksRcgulationsstiFdat! thll GtcaPlic6 rtdl coDsistof at lcastthrccfutl rtrd iso helf tuck* iU rtti!6t thc lay; toy olh.r rplic. Dry bc urd if it ir cquauyo! morr cficicll Bcforr coomcdcitrgth€ apliccthc lcogthof thc ctdt thould bc Ect' lurld ofr ald r scrvbgput on ihc.oF. Ifa thimblcii to bc u!.d tha scrvin! ia cotrtitruadfoi thc ful l.ngth of thc cyr, Dcrsurcdby Phcitg ttr thimblcotrtbc aoF rtrd tumirg it ov.r ooca" IL. tbisblc i! lhcn .ciz.d rhc Diddlc of thc ..fiin8, lh. cyc ir fornr4 !!d tha rwo psrta|.iud st, rsd to, thc DccLof tlc thiDHa.A icmDor.rvwhioDinris Duton thc teft and.rbout 15cm fron it, ald 5 i n tUoixutiacoa sU-ppii8 i! lcvctd. Thc.trr!& ltr flbjpp.4 thc t!trr' porlry whippi4 r!oov!4 .trd th. str|ldr udrid to tt OiEt c. ' Th; fnitirck-i! olbn ndc o! i b.d tulfrcc, .ud er thc nooriag bin!,.ft.i whi:h thc cy! i! iurt up chcat'lsvdfot coDDlctio!oflhc rtlice ' I! rh. d..criptioot foUosirg thc rc.d.t .houldio.gi!. hin*lf lootinr rt tbc wirsroDa.from thc crorr! of thc cyctowudt ttr Dcck.ThG tGfiag .dd. .r€ tyitrgol bi. ldt hald rd thc !t odilg Pcrt ir !o hir rirbt" Thc tuclitrs cdr, whcoallo\rcd lo lic in Ucir Drtual by' rc nJDh.rld froD I ro 6 courtitg froE tbc right'b|ld top.od to thclclt' h|!d bottom.od. fron I to 6 do!8 thcropcasay Tbastrstrdaoftbc ropcatr aumbcrEd froe th. cF (Fig, 16.13). Tl.Irft.f.d.d LcL Sfd.. (BoLrd) TucL No. I cnd lhtousb truDbcronr ttrud, totrrd. th. dghl Ttct No. 2 Gndthtougbludbci trvo rtl.[d, towaadathc lcft. Wiih 41
TOPB AND CANVAS lhc rpit rrill bcrG.tt ruEb.r two ttr!4 bdag No. 6 .od uF.dr. but bcnatt N6. 3,,1,rDd 5 cndaard t&l it ud.r luDb.i tro drard rowudr thc rilbt; tbb fordr. Iocl. Tuct No. I cndthroqlh nulnbct6tcc dr!n4 tow.rdr th. kft. Trrc* No. 5 .od ttrord luDb
ROPB AND CANVAS rcfcrrcdto by wcight,i.c. ,o rtranygrarnmc!F !qua$ ncft. Duck crnve! is o vcry light cotton Datcrial, aDdi! ulcd foa 6na worl. Cov.! ir li.bl. to rtrctchcolrid.ouy .lo!8 thc vttp but r&ty li c .r.o.r lbc artl Thc lrEr .pplir to lhrintrg!, ed dthouSba dycitrg ptoca*! itritidly ahdlb tha nrtaairl, frrnhct !hri!L!g! occltrsco!tinuoudy.To prrErt tbir, canva!i! olicDp.intld !o that ttc paht 6lla i! fhc apacatbctwlan thc tfutrd!, aDd thi! dlo tcnd! to pravaot atrjatchitrS. Naturdly, thc spplicatio! of paint caulasr clrtair lmoutrt of rhdnhgc. Ifit i! d6iIld to obLi! . vrry taut c.!yu it ir lrc.d up dtbt, dlDp.d rilh ft!!h vatsr, ind priDtcdwhilc rtill moilt
tur.. Wat s,-wingi! doDcwith orx scwirg twinc Fc"iordy idpraglrt d with ba6ra.xto plsvaottiDtitrg of thc twiF lrd to a.curca norr wrtcnight !can. SobalsileakcB p&f6 to rotrthcir twitc throu8bbccswaxrhcmlchEn but it nay bc obtaird al&ady tEatcd. Thc bcginnartlEds to rFca bir rtitata! too flr EFat artdthayarr thctrtcf.'t?d to aaEomcwtd DoprdSt0dtatot Dog't fa€rl, For fDc worl, up ro ,ir atiicbcato 2.5cm arl uscd,but four to 2.5cd is approrld for Dormalworl, Thc sailrnrl(cr u,ually allows 2.5cin in 30c'n rutr of cloth for l i n p c r f t shrinlagr (bost cova.s,tarpaolitrs,atc.) aDd thc samceruount fot sttEtcbio thc calaof awDings. WhctrscwiD&thc bottomclothg dually shortc$ rclativc to thc top cloth, end du. allowaDc.must bc nadc for this. VhGtrrcwiry, r !.ilrDkcr'. hook ir ulad to bold thc clnva! fftily rgri8t thc pull of thc rtitchiDg,rltd sct! a! a saitralcr's third hatrd. Fi8. 16.14shos, thc fit rld rcuDd s.ads-thc lrttlr b.iDg thc quickd of tbc teo. Thc rould aare is Dadco! thc i!.ida of thc wort ad thc[ wcl rubbcddow! to makcit 0aL Bott arElhownjoining two dotb!" Thc rsilEatcr'! bcE i! t rost a! rarrhr, sod rtrcnglhcd thc dgp ofr clolh whancyclrtr ur to bc iu.rr.d. lt i! alrry3 ulcd *hcn rc*ilg ropc to c.ny.!, r! rho\nr. tt rrttgronlrA i! ulcd to tlfail a cut or tcar, rld dlaw! thc teo cdgB togathcr.Thi! Ecthod of atitchi.trg ig also u!.d whcr lcwirg c.trves dourd rail!; a normd iti&h rvould c.u!c thc.csm to rpirll arousdth! aail,givin8s! rmrtaurilh aDFsrIDEC.
C{lYlt ir ilvrrirtly !.fl! with doublcdtwioc, but it ic cobsidcrcd sbarppractiaato ttrot thc tsinc whcncoDdcncing.Thc profciaional ncthod Lav6 rhctgira unttrottrd, eDd8 thc 6r!t rtitch is Dadc,about 4 cm of twiDc-cndis lcft protrudiog.This is thaDtuclcd iD thc scam l l i n pointidg io ttc lcwitr8 ditrction rtrd fu rae! ortlr vitt thc Dcxtfcw ,tirche. WLadr Lruth of twinc ir uscdup $c lcdlc b cut r*!y, lcavingabout 2.5cm of twin. p.otrudiDgfrom tbc csnvar.Thc last l i n hrf.ititcb i! ulpict d rad thc lcw lcogthof twidc palr.d tbroughr[. 443
llALTlAIT aatv^cc
atttf!
lACt IITCX
!axl!
ll
I
ROPB AND CANVAS vacsntstitch-hola ThGtvinc is dlrwtr through so a! io lcarll il c|n llin protnrdi!& Thc& .t! dor trc twircdrt protrudilt ilddr th! aaao. It t rE triltld ioSrtb6, ldd .lod8 thc .GwiDglic sndrw! ovlt witb th. !.trt f.v .tilcb!.. I! thc tut rnd trtti!8 snr i! thc n$t! th! .od .titcbcr irc ,..n to b. doulrhd Thi! i! b.c.u!. tha !G!or h.r/r b..n fnilbrd witt two o( rbtE b.cl6iit t ., wollilt th! !.dlc b.ct along thc rciE, bcfoF qrcilt of th. twi!.. A Flon .Gryingc.nnr rs r lafz, wbichir r brod lc.tl6 .tnp Eftd ..roa th. FID of tbc h|!d by D6!, of . fhuobholc. Th. c.drc of th. F.lE hr. r mctalcup,whifi ir urd liDiLrlt, fo . l.dy'. thirobL, ir. to puli th. !6dL throutb the c.nv.r, A ropilg pltd h.! a atoutarotp ltrd a&oa tbuob g|.td, SailnacdLaarlanutnbctld,Noa, l0 .!d I I bcitrgcoDmody u..d for ropi!& thr frcr No. 14fot !.*itrg; NoG 15|!d 16lrr.u6ci[dy f!. for s.tint duct c.!y.r, Errta cFlatadr i! tm pcrt!, . m.L rld r faddc" A pt[ch atd di. rlE urd, tuitatlc for tt .ir. ofcy.lct Tbc holc i! D!& i! thc oalv|! !y DC.!! ofr pi.(ci!8lool and widcnrdwith. id. Thc Ddc cy.lct it phod in tbr dia, l[c calvar pllccd oycr thc rDslc,thc fcErlc ovlr thc calyrt, and tho pulc.hi! ttc! ulad to trp doe! tha protudint nrlo f.!sc, locldrt th! fcDd. Frt h plrc..
u5
CHAPTER XV!I
DECK APPLIANCES
ltaDLrNEs, both of the hand and decP-seavariety ate no longer required on new tonnatp. Neilhcr are mechanicsl soundiog machhesbut I am includingdetail of thcs€devicespartly because rcafarcrsmay en@untertheB on older shipsand elso for historical lntene$.
(T) TEE HANI' LEN' This consistsof a length of 8-10 mm drrmetcr cable-laidrcpe, the final lay usuallybein8 left-hatrded.It is manufacturcdftom dressed hemp.WleD makinga leadlineil mun not bc markeduntil lhe roPe hasbeenstretchedard this is doneby soakingir thoroughlyin fresh water and settingit tight usinga smallpurcha6e.The slackis tal(en uD ' ocriodicallvas the line lencthens. An eyc is thin splicedin ondend. slippedthroughtbe stroPof the lead, pass€dover the bas€of thc lead attd haulcd taut to form a cow-hitch. The line is next carefully measuredand marked. Tbe c€n be taken either from the baseof the le.d, deDthmeasuremcnts known aslczd-iz or from the stlop of the lead, calledlead-out*hidr g'tes the bcnefitof tha Lod. b tIlE latter case,all soundingsread from the line are greaterby an amountequal to the length of the lead. The markinSsmay be iD cither metresor fathoms. Both {te includedin the following table: Mrrt uld F.th@ Malr,6 One tail of leather I, 11and 21 2 Ts.o tails of leather 2, 12 andD 3 Th&e tails of lcather A piec€ of blue scrge 3, 13and 23 Green and white bunting 4, 14 and U 5&15 A piece oI ehitc liDcn 5, 15ad 25 Ctrccnbunling 6, 16 tad 26 7&17 Rcd buntin8 7,11 ^nd 27 Blue and white buntinr 8, 18and 28 _ Red and *hitc buntind 9,19 andD l0 A leather washer 10 m Piec! of cord with two knots Irather washcrwith 2, 3 or 20, 30 and 40 4 leetber strips. 446
DECI( APPLIANCES Wbcra a picceof materialis irlcrfad iDto lhc litrc, thc position i! calcd e rur*. In a Ectric lina avcry metrc hes a oa;k. In thc fethod liae howevcrthcrc erc ooly 9 matb, the other 11 oumbcrs bctwca zcro ad 20 baidgknowtrasdrrpr, vhich catrbc rccogtriscd by a ktrot io the line itsclf. Thc typ. of matcrial us€dfor rnarksi6 optional. The oriSilal raasor for the diffcrctrt qualitis wa! ro tbat lcadsnctr could idctrtify tbem in thc darl, lomc ulhg rhcir liF to differcatiatefor inrtadccbctwceDsergeaod butrtirg. Tbc mark! aDd dccpsmustalwaysbc calledby rhc lcadsmatrh sucha sry that thc ytolc trumbq ic at the cnd and tlFreforc morc likcly to b€ bcard. Tbus, 5l fathonr ii cr[.d as 'And a quartcrrtE 8 fathoEs ir crllcd as 'By the deepcigh? 10 mctraois called as 'By the marl t?r' Ul d€trar is crled as 'And s halt r/ryar' lA fathomsis called as 'And a qu.erterlcss,rritrrr' Yca$ ego,thi! is how oDcwould havesc€Dsoutrditrgstakcn using a 3 Kg lc.d o! a 45 metrc lirc. Tbc lcadsEatroFrat€{ oo a small pladorD proicciitrg ovar tbc ship's side, crlcd tha cla.'r. To talc a sounditrgon thc strrboad lidc (thc *calhcr sidc normaly bci!8 ulcd so that thc ship doe3not drift ovcr thc lc.d), be would sterd f.cin8 foreard holdi[t thc coil itr hir lcfi hrd aod the last fcw mciles of liDc, wirh tbc laadhanging down, iD his rigbt hand.A half tum is tatcn round thc paln oftba riSht had. Hc than coEmencesto Lavc thc lead back and forth, fualy rclcariDgit oo a forward switrgro that it eDte$ tha watcr wcll ahaadof hib. Hc hcavesia th€ slackafter thc coil bas ruD awaya fas turns, and dump6thc lcad up afld do*n o! thc bottom as the chainaEovc over thc lidc. Hc trotesthc matl on the linc at thc rr|'t'.'r's edgeatrd givcs tbc apFopriate c.tl. SoDCErnan, wtcr tbc lc.d i! switrgingfor$rd with tbcir |tm. .trd!ht, quicuy brits rtcir clbowr into thrir tid6 .trd, providcdth. t,int h|' bccscrrrful.lyjudScd,tha laaddascribdI circlclbovr thcir b..d!. lt L tpcct cuhr atrduldol|btldly tiEt thc lced . Ducb 8ftrtrr caatahaadoftb chdrr. Th. h& oftb.lc.d ir hollon€dout into r 16or.,whi:h i fll.d with trllow if! rlDplc oftha lai-bad i! rrquitrd. Thatallowir ttao foundto balt aand,ahcll!,grrEl, or *hatavartha &r-bcd colsirb of, adhcrht to it Thir proc..a i! Lnosd t arrrrtt tlclad. (4 TrrE DEEP-SEAI.E D Thi k n dc from 1..8.r litrc snd u!6 a lc.d *cithil8 .bout 13lg. 2t tb Ia ir lcorld i! a siEihf yay andrrDd whctrddircd, Tbi! litc i! at lca.t 22Or| lo|lg .nd is markcd et cvary 5 fathomswith a cord heving I20t thonr 417
DBCK APPLIANCES o[G tnot iD it At z), O ilo f.thoms and.o ot, . phc. of cordit uld hrvbS onc tnor in il for cEry l0 fathod, i.c. tro, thrc, .nd foua fno& r6pcc{iEly. Tbc Lsd ir 6r*rd in thit yr.y to 120fttbodt, utilt . pice oflcrthcr wiih onciolc in it at l0 fathonq .nd . paccwitl teo bolc. i! it for l|n f.thoo& ir. r holc for ra.rhloulhl Thb lc.d i! horr .lo4 tic $!.thcr sidcby pLcint lt Lsd for*rtd .!d with cwtrl cftw Dcdb.n ru8d dong tic .hip't .lrc' c.ch holdll rt|ld carcrthcO6c.r b.h.tS. inf |f.oooit! iDhi| hr!&,I!&rn wb.|l ih. lcrd i! GxF.ccdto totch bottoD. Thc lc.d ilrcalt ov€rboatdald lh. ooib iE owsy,ach nra rtlil3 t!. orc rb.ft hiE th.t tt L.d hq! trot ylt touchd. thc trditio[.l wrmirg i! Yrtd th.G, E|tct'. ThGrbip it .topp.d whilc hr.vitr8 tbo drcp-€ Lad. (O IEE SOT'NDTNGMAGINE Thc l(.lvi! Hugh.. .ourdilt nrc.bilc e.t, bc b|trd{tiv!! ot oo[. trolcd by !tr Glccldcnotor. lt i! rquippodwilt r dtun on s[ich ir 3(I)f|thom! wound5!0 m of savcn-strand Srlvaniscdstcclwirr. ThiarvirEis sccutad to s 4m lcnSthof hcmp linc. This lina canics outborrd cod at its 2.frrhorn a bre.sshclthor !ub. whichis pcrforatadlnd nt&d with a crP.Supplicd with thc mrchioc arc 100 soundingtubas,*hich sre 6ccrn holloy A;N ghs rods opcn rt odc crid, and coatld on thcir insidcawith 3ilvct chromdc.Thc tub6lhcr€forc apFar to bc rcd. Om ruct tubait pLccd into tbc brus 3h.ath,opctralil do*trwrtdl eir! ir thco ruoi,ld i'd thc capis plrccd oo tha tharth. Thc aoundiDg to run to thr laa-badundcr thc iniuaocc of an ll_lg cast'iton rinlcr ebit h.! .n rrmilt lcorr ridiht io .outrditrglcr&. Wtib tbc !itl6 ir d.$.odi4 r iookcd d.td rod o.[cd r f.clct i! h.ld bc.riDSv.iy lightly upon thc wirc. Ine.di cly it it f.lt tbtt tho ?ir. Do lodtpr 'Drc..lb .! uDwardrGistucc to rhc facl6 thc wirc mult bc chlcld. Th. tiltar-i! low hov+io, tha gh$ routrdi!8 tubair tloovcd tld hcld r8liDst a borwoodscalc$aduarcdin mculs. Sca'vrtcr will hlvc t6 forc.d hro thc ll!3t tub. to .tr cn ot whichis dcpcrdctt Won $o dcDihto *bich tbc tubc w.! lowcrd. F!fihcr, th. .ctio! of tt t.lt wiu wlt tavc c.lraga thc co.tilt itr th. tub. to sbit dlrtt cblorid.. Wiih th. rub. h.ld i! th. boxwood..iL th.tdorc lhc dividi$ lilq bartsaao tld ud ptitc cortin!! adabl.. tta dcpth of wdar to ba r.rd. It ia Do.t iDporttlt lo c.hrckllr eirc .r too! asttc dnLt touchar 6c a-bad; ifthc tubah alloecdto frll faob thc vcnic.l thGtaa't ar dtrady i! it wil bc abL fo moE fstlbaaup th€tubcaDdr faLatladiof will b. nrdc. Tf,oeirc citr citicr balo$trcd ulint a rhanl built on ro tha a|il rft or by Elr of a !ou!di!t boomshich i! awungout Fpaodituht to 44
DECK APPLIANCES thc rhio's sidc. In this latlcr cas€ lhc *irc tuns through a tril€llitg shcavewhichmay be hovcout to thc cnd of thc boom.Thc sp€cdof thc shiDshouldbc rrduccdwhaomaliingi sounding. 'ihc followiag are thc makccs iostructions for opcrating a motor' driwn machitF: 'Attach sinkd and stray line to machinc. Placc glass tubc in Suard shaathand rlDlsc. cap. Placcthc sinkcr over thc ship's sidc and lcl wirc dirEctiorwilh thc out Bcotlyby calin8thc handwhetlin the runninS_out of thc canicr' position. wira inlo thc block Snatch thc boh-in tllc l;w€r l,ow€r sinkcr until b.lay. thc boom and cnd of Run drc cariar our to thc pointer posirioo. tozcro' Sct in this hold ind sutfacc DcarlytouchinS 'Plicc tbc looo of thc feclcr pin ovcr thc riglrt wrist and gcntly prcss rbcfccl€roin on'to thc wirc. Smanlvrolalc lhe handwhcclonehalfnurn only in th; running-out dircction and *atch thc pointcr asthe \-ite runt oui n"Urc thc hendwh.€l and catch lhc stsning swilch handlc in thc cft hqnd. 'At lhc inslant lhe wire shctcn\ dtl. rcad lhc ou t|!'r ol mctrcsof witr our as indicatcd by thc pointcr. At thc samc timc put thcrtafling "on" awitch hardlc ovcr about hala-wayand thcn gradually ovcr lo thc nositaonto h$vc in .rt full sF-^d when lhe poinlcr rho$s 20 nr ihc switch bandlc should bc c$ed back gradually so lhat thc motor 3toDsbcfotr thc swivcl lEschls thc catdcr block Rcad ofr thc cxect dcprh ot lhc glesstubc with th€ s.alc Providcc. :Usc a padof oilcd canvas to guide rhc wirc oo to thc drum whilc h6ving io.' ln la:tctmodcls,thc tubc wasplain glassbut constrictcdand workcd on thc or;nciDlcofa clinicalthermomct.r Wrtcr was forcedinto thc rubcat dcpih but couldnol g€tout untillhe tubc wasshaken ll drd nol' lh.rc wAsno inlcrnal thcreforc,;attcr ifthctubcicll on its sidcbccause coatinr to bc efactcd. Thc;ounding mlchinc is now obsolclcbut rs includcdhcrc logcthcr *iifihltc zc. r:]r intercst'ssake.Manv shipswhichwcrefittcd with thc machinchavc nou had it.cplactd with a secotd ccho-sounder'The ofthc soundingmachinaopctationwas pcrhaPsloo dcpcndent succcss upon human factorc,
(4) THf, SHIP r,oc From thc €arliclt daF whcD firsd Ylttuttd to laa io woodcn borK, lavitation. howcu crudc, he3bam ftaGsary. fibably thc carlicst known stt.mpt to cstimrtc distaDc€or spccdat se:r\as mldc by thc Romans,who useda typc of watcrwh€elllxcd to thc hull of thc rallcv which carricdu drtrm inhoardlilled wilh Pcbblcs' Evcry trmethc-.hccl r.volv.d onc pcbblcfcll out inlo i lally bor' By
u9
DECK APPLIANCES coulting thc Dunb.r of Fthlc. h rtc bor, r! 6dn !. of dili G tslvllLd couldbc obt ircd. Of O. c.rly rrcrhodr of ..tie|tilg .Fd |trd di.i.!c, th. b..t born rtl ttc D[.[Dln'r Lq ud ttc Conmoo Lq. Borhncthodt hv. b..o i! |l* .ircc tbc ffh.o0 c.dtury, .trd cvln tod.y tb.rc ir rt roo to bcliwa fht tt.$ ncthodr atr atil Dnctirad. Tlr. Dut hD|!t L.S Siv.r.n..cuct e;hod offldils..hiD'. .Fd. Teo poiotr .r! .b6.n oo thc .lip .!d thc di.t|!c b.tr€ lbc6 Ea.lurrd lsracly, A aEdl lod or aidihr objcd iaoao lhror! |. f.r rhcrd of thc thip.. podblc |!d tiDd reuntrly bctwco fb tao D|tb. Tha rs of thr rr.ulta dlpcrdr otr ltc eurGalt of otaa.vrtio! aad tioi!!. Th. CoDno! Lo! or ShipLg w|r fnt ilr,rnt d or urd.bout l5?t, |!d conrir$d ofa picccof wood rtt chrd to r lirc ud tfuor! olt.boid to lic lita a 'lo8' od tbc wrlcr. Th. Co|neotr Lof colrial. ofr roodlo qudr|trt c.llcd tb! lot .hip, r€ifhr.d |t tbc b..G to fc.p it lFilht h th.loS thip |r! two or tb!.c hoL.; to olc or two ofti. haL. tb log linc ir Drd. frrt, rfiL i! th! otD.r ir . boD p.t.tr|c.bd ty . oordto ttr lot lila Wh.o hc.vin! lbc lo8i,tL lo! .hip .t tlc Godof tb lirc ir thlow! oylrto.rd, *GIl dr.r .!d to rildr.d of tb .hip, .!d l0 or lhc linc paid out fron thc log rccl on vhich ii it vound. Thc 6rst 20o. !) f.tlorg 30 m.ttrs of thc log linc 'I! callcdstray.linc,dnd thfu is dlowrd to .{ry tb. tog bctodd thc dirturtod wrtc of rbc wrd. Wh.r! ti! .tt !|. lilbjob ih. lo! li!., . pbccofbotrtirg ir id.rt d, c.tlcd tb trrror@.*. E yondthi. D.rh thr lilc ir al|itd with picccrofcoid, G.A h|Yi!!. canaiDluDb.f of bob i! it Bctwratrthaaaorab t!a!a i. aiturfadr piE ofcord t vin! odr tnot itr it Th. di t G .Frt of tbc d.rb ir in ttc ..mG pnopodk! to tt fa 5m nudbcr ofmattla in i uticd miL(1654) a! th. durstionoftha aatdtLar uradir to ttc nudbar of aacotrdrio an bour G6m). fhc .|odgl|.a ia i!r,!rt!d aaaoo6I thc turlrnaat rult ortt tbGrail. Tht t|.|. i. Erudly r l+ or iE sld tiE r. At ttc in t !t th...!& gl.|| ia ru!{ut tba ood laa'l.t tt rril i lotcd. Tlc nntq of tlo i! |l. cord tqc.a.( tt nuob.r of t ot of .bip'. A..4 fot ft t i!cr!..r in lunt.f froE th. lotdip tor.rdr th. v{d Th. oetlot D!*r indi..!. h.lf-ttrot .p.rd. Tb linc hr ro bGquttly tripp.d|| thG..!d!b. nu. or! .!d tlir it ddDliid ty th! r. of. 'Bl|n'r nippc/, rlb ir I drvlo. cddrtilt of . hudlc.rd rolho through vbich th. li!. i dldld to ro!. Tb oFr|tiod of thc budlc c.u6 tb. rolkr. to j.n thc liD.lhi. !ip9i.f ..iim pdL rb! boF p.t fron ltc !og{hip, .lbriq it to b. G.dly hoFir. Tb dd'(ilt of thi lotlirc p.ovidc..! .rclctt .rpL!.tb! for tL u- oftld.. rtip..!..d ulitl 450
DECK APPLTANCES Tha(r |Il nos ttlla balic typca of rhip log:
(r) 1l. Tori3 L! In thb d..iF i.t!..dlincd gur6.t l rot tor havbgfoui pit bcdfo.
logli[c hrviq. wirl h.rrl Thc rotltor it roc,Edty D...o! of! prt ravolv6 ar a rpaadproportiold b rhc ipc.d of thc rhip drouth thc e.t r.!d irdrs . ooolt !t twirt ilto thr lirc" Thc hlt r i. corlcctcd to rb. tlgirtcr, {hich diEiD.tlr th! twirt eil[i! it! rt ch.!irn, whichit tum oolrllrlr tic auDbcrof rotatio[t ioto dutical Eila& indicatcdon tic did ofth. r!si'Er. Tta towilt lot h! bc(ah ue foi owr lg) y!sr!-it ii sirtrplcto ura, |!d providadlaarolablcc$c i! lrkctr to sccthat thcli[c is of thccorlrct rc3ulbmly bc obtiitrcd. kdttb |!d tta rodor ir not d!Drg!d, acc1rratc A d.o.gcd rotltor dould bc rliic.rdd, for it! pitch qill uadoubtdly bc atr a!ad. Th. Eod modcm tovitrg log i5 thc walld'a 'Commodorc'(.cc Fhtc 7),rhich r{!! inttoduo.di! 1956ro rcph6 tt€ Walkct'r 'Tridcni' alcclriclo& Thc rcgirtaaprovid.smacbuicalhdicrtiotr ofdi.t!trc. tutr o! tb rlid. rrEota indb io! ofdittucamtro! lhcc,hft-room rtccivcr di.l, . .FGd ftGdto trulEotio! rrdrr iDltalatio8, !pc.d irdicatio!, and lpcadald dirtalcc rcc.rdiry. Thc rcgistcr,fttcd with 4 m of fivc
DECK APPLIANCES 6ttcd tta outcrcDdof thcboomandttrnirDitsth. tllrtr from ttGti[c. tfuorgh a finacoppcracrielwir€,to thc rcgiltlr mouatldi! thawitrgof thc bridgc. Bcforcrtrcamitrgthc log thc handsdthc &giltar .trd th. c.hartrooE rcccivcrlhould bc lyochroliaad,by turliig thc hrndr i! tha oppositc drrrclioa to that iD wbicbtlEy trormallyrwolE. SFql hdcdo. Fo. thi! thc rcfiltd ir wircd to tho .Cotunodorc, twitcbcasr, which provide fc.d for thc nd!r, th. bridg. 6pcditrdiritor, sld for tlrccoEbincdspcadrnd rlilt toa rlcordrr. Thj. aFad indicationis acqlratato withil 2l if rpcdr rlc aborc 3 ]trot!. tha cbartotr thc rtcord.r, lhowitrg!Fcd! frco 3 to 23hott, *i[ tuficc for ebout 4.m mih.SFad faadto ndrr fron thc log i! nuch mo!! .6cirnt fhrtr r f.ad trkc! froE thc mein proFllcr lbrlting, ba.aulc !o adj||rhctrt! rr. ncceserywhctrvaryilg rod[c Evolutio$ in fogsr or arovdcdtrrfic Tt Logh.- Th. lcDgthu!.d dcp.Dd!upo! thc dip,t tp..d |nd tlc hciShtof tbc rc8irfcr rbow tb. wrtlr lcEl. Tba lollowiDglcigthr d! rccoDmctrdcd ehan strattritrg tbc log froD artain: /(}-50 frthoms For a n8ximum s@ of 12knotsusc73-90nL 60-65f3thons For a maximumsFEd of 15tnots uscI lct20 m. 7(180frthoms For a maximumsFcd of l8 knotsuscl3Gl50 n. . Ncwlinca 3t.ctcbcoaridcrebly,end thcir lcngth rbould bc ..rdully chcckcdaftcr a lhort initi.l pcriodof arrvicc.lt i! rl*ay! prrfcrsblcto u3cthc daximum lcngth of litrc, for tha rotrtor, baitg dccFr h tba vatcr, ii lc$ aficctadby roughw.rthrr. Itrhanlhc lctrgthhr! baatrdccidcdola cndis rorEt[rough thc!ha[ of thc rolator (a strcarnlincdcorrcctor sccurcdto thc rotltor by tbout I f.thorn 2 m of linc), e figurc-ofright kDotir madcin thc cDdof thc litrq !d tti! b haulcdtifhdy b6ckitr,idc thc rhclt. Tbc otbcr csd oft[. litrc ir lccurcdto a hook by rDaa$ofr rould tum, lcirint ttc Godb|cL on to rhc ataldiagpcn lrvcral tim6. Whc! uairg r trcT linc, or oDcwtich hr! b.ctr rtotEd i*!y for r coBid.reblc pcriod, thr hook ctrd lhould bc paid out .!t m ultil rll link !I. ramovcd.It cln thaobGheuhd in tud coilcddortr tady for ullc,
Whcn.trcdmitrgthc log ihc liDcfuhoolcd into thc gE of ttr tcSi.t r |'d-thc.otetor p8scd ovcrboud.Srhcothc lila i! rclrty pdd ou1ttc loadmu3tbc grrdudly tratrsfcrrcdto thc rrgi cr.pildlc. Somcranco prcfcr to peyout thc bi8haof thc linc, 6ingthc rotatoraalarn,.[d th.o gip thc linc ro thc r.il, fnrlly trarsfcrring tbc Ioed ro thc r.girtrl, ThcGis thcporsitility h.rr rhla thc lincmeyp6tt sr irjcrt. tiShtrrt m; otr tlla otbcr hrnd, by atrlsmirg Oc rotrtor frlt thc linc tatdt to rur| 152
DECK APPLIANCES ovcrboard with a rush, and mcy provc dimq.rlt lo control. Thc formcr mcthod is tlcommcndcd by thc manufacturcts. Whcn ,ordr}g thc log, i.c. bringing it sboard, it is ncc€ssaryto pass thc hoot cnd ovcrboard and pay it out as lha tohtor is hlulcd in. lvhcn thc.otrtor conca rbo.td thc linc mey bc hovc-in frt.c oftums. lf thc tog is str€mcd from tb€am it can lra hmdcd without thc linc bccoming bddly snatlcd with undissipatcd twist by using one of the followirg mcthod3: a gr.pncl mey bc casl a6oss the linc and slid down until it Dca.lytouchcsthc rotator. Thc lattcr can thcn bc quickly pluctcd from thc watcr. Thc other mcfiod us.s a linc heving a thimblcd cyc in it through which rhc loglinr ruas. Thc tripping linc, as it is callcd, is madc f.st itrbodrd. wlrcn it is dcsircd to hand th. log thc tripPiBg linc is cast ofi inboard etd passcdaft along thc ship's sidc until th. thimblcd cye touchc! thc rotator, which may again bc quickly wilhdrawn from the rratcr. Th. uscof such a lripping lioc tends to ptomolc wctr in lhc lo8' litrc in way of rhc lhimblc. (b) Th. ELctrom.gdic f.og ss hs operslingprinciplc.Thc log This d.vicc oscsclcciromagnctism transduccror s€nsorcontainsan .ncrgiscdwinding which is supplicd from a Dowcrtnnsformcr.This po$€t, whichis oflhc ordcrof 50 volls rt 0.7 ;mp, is uscd!o produc an altcrnalingmagn.ticfield which is Droicctcdinto thc sca.An clcclricvoltagcSradicntis lhcrcforcinduc€d in tic watcr as it fiows through thc magnctic ,icld. Thc voltagc is lhcn dctccted by clcctrodcs on lhc outcr fac. of thc scnsorand passcdto thc clccttonicunil for mcasurcmcnt.Sincc its vrluc is onlta fcw nillivolts. cvanat full rt.aming spccds'it hasto bc to providca suitablcspccdsignal lt is also intcgratcdwith Droc€ss.d rcspcctto dmalo providcpulscsfor rccordingdisu ncctravcllcdand for fc.ding to r4&r, satcllitc naviSators,ctc. Th. lot s.nnL This protrudcsthroughthc ship'sbotiom platingby a I in distu; of2j mm, ila faccbcinSffushwith a bronz. c{pping wcldcdto gowrncd io a largc llill bc thc s.nsot plating. Thc siting of rhc shcu c(cnt by thc a:vailrbilityoJ suitablcspaccin lhc forwsrd pa.t of lhc shiD.Bccausa thc scnsorclcclrodc!arc so closclo lhc shcll plating,it is vi6l that thc titisg is chosan whcrc a clcar flow of walcr cxists lt *lthin thc ftst 15mctrcsofthc shiP't-lcngthand 50 rt "fr."rilbc [iiii."i in s drv s;ce.Th.rc mustb. l'| 5 mctrcsvcnicalclcarsnccfor rcmoval 3 Eft of tfrcscnsor.lfa bow thrustunil i5 firGd,thc scnsoris sitcdbclowthc thrustcr tubc oa c,cll clcar of thc thtust r and &sncsr tbc ccntrc linc as possiblc,trcaring in mind lhat it should bc wcll cl.3r of lincs of docking Ltocks. Thc siiuation b.tomcs cvcn morc c.iticsl bccauscthe sitin8 must nol sllow tbc sansot!o lcavcthc watcr in hcavyscts or whcn 3t light dreught. 453
DECK APPL'ANCES Tha !a or rhould bc r.asiblc itr calc a frulr dcrtloF. Ua&r !o ciacumtteac.3 .hould gtrlic o. DoiDtbc dlowld to coEr tbcclccfod... shodd thir occurit wil bc fouDdidpoatibh to zcro tbc log corEcily. Ilaving cho|ctrr .uit trL rit , r l7t em dian tcr hoh i. qrt into thc rhcll phtirg. Two lctrlort .rr Fovid.d wirh cachlo& otralhouh rrmli! bord up |. r apaF. To chanF r scDtorit ls ooly rerlrty to swird ofr rhc porcr, rstllct tbc acosorby mcanrof thc hlrdb rnd Lrd scrtwald tlctr clora thc scavalre compLrcly.Thc rrmoval oftwo bolrr tbcu cnrbld thc sarlor to bc rrpLcad. proccs.ilt r.c6sary Thc.hctrcnic u,,it.This.*tricBout a[ thcclcctr_onic to obrsin rDccdend distancaiBdicatioo.It i! intcrdld for bufthcad moulting ind shouldbc placcdwtcr! it wil bc scccasiblc for rarvicilg rnd calibrrtioo. lt couldba mourcd otr thc bddg. for crlc of c.rlibre. tioo but thiawill bc costlyduc!o thc long run ofc.blc bct*rctr thc unii and thc aaffior.This is sFcisl cabL end for r.{5ooaof ccodomy,it is prcf.riblc to kaaptha clcctronicunit naarlha sa$or. Thc lc.gth of c.blc joitritrt lh€ udil to th. bridgci8 dot c.iticrl id .dy wry, Wd andAittunccnpeoterc.Thcaccanbc locatcdwhcrcrEquircdbut arc not walartight.An cnginc-roomrcpc.Er is normauyslsosupplicd. Ekc. cal nryien n s,Thc log opcrotcsfroD Im/l20 to 200/250volts A.C. 50/50Hz. (Th. .bovc itrfo.matiotrtogcthc. with thc diagramof thc sanror as!.nbly in Figurc l7.l war lidly providcdby Tbom&rW.ll.cr aod SonLimit.d.) (c) It ftlot log Tbfu&vic. msk6 uscof a log tub. mdsuring thc atrtic prc$urc of wrLr |nd rlso thc iDpact prcssurcr3 tbc ahipmoG. Dfrcrcnccsin thcsatwo lxcssurcscausce small barr! lo movc.This movcmcnti! cou[tcrrct d by anclcctromesna.Ttc cunrnt rcquirEdto clargba dis Dagnclis thcrcforcproponionalto thc ship's3p..d end eay bc uscdby tbc lpccd indic.lors end also thc intcgr.tor for distaDccrun. Thc log tubcis raiscdby motorpowcrin m scconds.Provisiotris alsomr& for baDdoF]ation. Thc tubc is cssilyrcplaccdat sci {nd provisionis madcfor blowia8 silt out of tbc tubc Githc. with wa&t rt a prcssurcof 2.8 lg/ cmr (3G50lb/inr) or by usiDgair. Spccd.trd distatrcaitrdicatorsarc fittcd in ihc whcclhou$,chsnrooD aDdcngirc-room. 454
DECK APPLIANCES
.r_
. l . r n
iI
iL_,",-,..,., IL - r b o r ?tGUiEtt,t D||ta|lstoiS
0t aat{aoi lltatatY
DECK APPLIANCBS (c) Tl lrf.o.! LS CIt 'Ct rdf..f Lg) Tbi! lof tuoFrstcd hy thc fiow ofwrtlr p8sin8 alongth. 6hip'3hul, wiich rotatls sn impcllcrrituatcdat thc balc of a ratrrctsbL log tubc. Th. iEFlcr ii iDbgr.l with a rcvolviq murct 6ttcd rt Oc balc of a c.il. Atr clcctroricconputar uiit fccdsa combircdspcadatrddistlncc rlcodcf of thc typc ilurtratcd in Plata10.Othcrdistanccrcplatcrsrtray bcru!, lnd r sFd fc.d i! providsdfor t.ua-motjonradargiviogcithcr 200 lGm or 4m tm inpulscspcr nauticalnilc. Thacquipmctrtis pcrfactlysafcfo. instelLtiodin trnka.s; no cu.rcnt is imPt!3rcdo! thclog crbla,thc maximur outputofthc log bcingolly I volt at r lpccd of O loots, Th. po\rcr ,ufrplt mulr b. 230/20 volt, 4.C., and so a rotary tralrformcr is etaihbL fot all D.C, voltrgcs. Thalog shouldbc rctracLdard supportcdby r chcct tubc whctrthc v6aal antaBahrllov wrtarsor drydock. Tha saavelvatrc€dbcclorcd only vh.d thc log ir ac{uallybcing rcoovd f.om tha hull fitting io ordc. lo calibnG thc impau.., A cdibratioDdcviccis Nvailsblc,sothat itr thecvclt of thalog bavilt, asy,a co$tatrt crror of 5%,thc bladcaof thc irDpcllcrduJ'bcacqrr..rly adjuit d to givc cora!€{cdEadia$. Sucha! crror will occurwhc! thc forv of *,rataiDastthc imFllc. is oo! cxrctly prraucl to thc impcucr ihrft-
Tha irnFllcr fu lordlcss,i.c. it js a scr.lv *hich hasno apprcciablc vork lo pcrform or intcmel fricaioDlo ovcrcomc.Suchar imFcllar thcEforcbla no 5liprd tro v&iablc c(or. A3 a rcsult,thc distan; rur it rEgilard iccuratcly(tubjcct to thc constantcrror pr.viowly maoriond) at aUspcds, iDary wcrthcr,at ary draught,andwhcrhc.going rtc5d, tltcrn, or mmauvrbg. Tha,ubbarSpdmcchaai3m iarhaooly workingpartofthc lo& hrvjDg an cxlratlcly siDplccoastruclion,as show! in Plat. ll. Thc lcft.hr illultntio! shor3 thc valvcopcn and lhc log in th. worling positioo, Tlrc partt shown.Ia a5follows: (l) Thc irtrpclld. (14)Thc hull plrtc. (15)Thc aluic. vrlv.. (16)Thc loS hou3i!8. (17)Valvc 'shut' ard 'op.n' scale. (18)Valvr oFrathg whcrl. (t9) Ch.ck tubcin po6itioD. (z)) Zilc or loft ito! probcriv. rio8.
456
DACl( APPLIANCES Thc right-hind sidc of thc platc thov. thc log eilhdrlv! iDto i6 housiag witb tha yrlvc sbul Id cach dhgrarn thdr will bc uoticcd I vrlw at thc top of tha lo& This providc! oil injEtiotr to thc eorUlt psrt of praviougmodcl logs. Thc clcc-troric log uldci diru!6ion h'' r satcr-lubricatad iDpcllcr bcaring.
al icarfil
oa rr6tl
r[ |lsroaf
acuia lt.2 ctiai|ltaaatt
!oa
Th. arren!€mcnt of rhc und.rwatcr element is shown in Fig. I7.2,
whilc thc rcvolvingpartsarc shownin Platc9, compsrcdrvith ttc rizc oft matchbox.Thc componcnts rrc, fiom top to bottom,thc megna, tic housing'lh. wdtcr-lubricated bca.ing,thc inFlLr spindlc,aod thc impcllcrscal\r.Thc inpclLr is shownon thc right. Th. @mponcntrrr€ shownin s.ctionin Fig. 17.2. ftc bg inco.porrlcsa tidc control,whcrEbyth€ spaaditrdicrtor cltt bc ltrct to rccordtha spccdovcr thc gaound.This sssum€!a knos,n 457
DECK APPLIANCES curtlnt, and of counc thc inrtulaot mu$ bc rcactvhan tlc crrdlnt ciatrtr& Tbc dirte!.. rccordcdi! dwrF thlt rhroulb thc w.trr. Ranot coltrol ir ryrihblc for rri.ilt ||rd lowcritrgtha log fto6 tha bridSaoaaban roon, citLcr for clcclricor maaod opcletion. Thc imFllcr is l5 cm bclowtbc plstingwhcnin usc:75-cmclc.lancc I+in 30io ,lqin is rcquirrdwithinthc shipwhilcthc logis in usa;125{mclcarsncc is rcquircdwithin thc shipwhilc thc log is stowed. (' Tl|E EI.PCTnIC IDI.DGM.PS Thi! is ulcd to cotununicat! orda6 from tha bridcato thc clgirorooE. Thc typ. d..crib.d b.loo i3 thc Chldbum Syochto.tcp't lt grrph. Tha syDchrorEpayatcnof o!d6 rru!ni!6io! h.! ba.o rlcvclopd frod a sdl-provcn priiciplc !!d ha! thc iDhcr.otfcriurr, itrl to codpLtc rdlbility, of b.iry cr!.ntillly simplcrld rlquiritr8 thc biniDu! of worki!8 part " Th. rtelrnitt r c.l3isb ofr f.cplet! coEmutdtotatldbru|h catrir r.volviif co-rxi![y. Thc r.ailtr colrilB p.iDciprly of r tbFcphara rt tor *indbg eith . Fn!trcot nrtDct rotor (woutrdtotor fot A.c.) to whichth, poiDtari! rttichd. Thc pr.tic{lrrly d.6ir.tlc faaturB of Oc .yatcmfrom thc poitrt of vicw of itt ula a! r tcLlr&ph ayltao ara: (l) lt hr. rU tha idtrtrtatrGou!ald pooitivcrctiot ofr tronrd dcP by-rtap tt!trlDiarion ay,tan whilc bcitrg st rhc $mc tiac ab. tolutlly !alf- oaautoaynchroDour. (2) Tbc rrcriviag instrutcdt accltatcly follow! thc mortocof of tha tr.$tDittlr without ttr uacof roLling oomponcntr,8drir8; ot p|tu liatb to i,!ar in la.vica (3) Tha ayltdn ia unetrccr.dby varirfioa of supplyvoltagc. (,1)A minimumtrumbcrofcrblc cotrduc{oFbatwaa!inltruDcotr ir cmployrd. (t Th. ryitrE i! Gquruyruit bl. fo. oFltiotr or rhiF DriD. (,{.C or D,C,)or oDlor,.Dowr..upply. (O Trurrdtt rr caDbc dachrni€lly or al6'tric.[y ilt rcodracta4 ud rtry luDb.r of llDcatar! canbaiiclud.d i! thc rytrdn. Ot nlh. il tbc sem ma[!6 at tba Tb. SFcht6t p Tckdroph opaaaraa orthodor Dacb|licll irrtdhtio!, with thE notabl. a&aptio! of it tdidlc rd cogi!}rooE darEa. Thaaaat! ttnn8cd to round odtiluou.ly froE thc tina rn ordcr i! drtr ultil thlt FttbLr oda( it |rtaowtcdFd. &rc[ an arnnlrdaot hr two driDtalpiJoa tio bridScdE iDncdhta oFl.tion oftlcir d|rtD co!6tD. thrt thit orda( 458
DECK APPLTANCES h|! bcctrtraltditt.d, .dd for thc cngi[c-roomthc fad thlf thair ball oFatar codtinuourlycasuEstbat sttcntiotr Eust bc drrrn to thc tcl.grrph, svcdif thc EDgirccrb Dot o! thc lbnbg phtrom at thc tlmc. Tba opadtion of pointct! i! po6itivr rnd i$trtrtaDaous,aad thc powll of ihc motorsopctrthg thcmi! such'rlo alrutr lccurrlc Iocatio!, avr! u!d.' corditiorr of savarcvib8tio!. Idrdaalr Inttslneot! .!c auppli.d b hi8h{ullig corrosiotr-Esiitlrt eluDiniu! ca6tinga,Btovc-c D.llcd grcy,hammcrfrish" Brassi$trunlots ala ddilablc ehcrc Equircd. Trenrmitt r! erc of quadianl form, thc dirl occ1lpyingr scc-torof ,o6e 160 dcgrr6. This dcaig!, whilc msiDtaidng truc dirrctioDal chlr|ct rirtid of a lcvcr ttrd poirt r which do not Eovr bclow thc horizontrl, girts ttc htg.rt porsibl€i,idth of odcr. Thc tr!trrEitt.l provida.atr uDulud faatuF in that thc hstlumcrt hasboth . Fiph.r.l eDdo sidcdia.l,eith Eply poilt n rvorkidgovcr cach,strd thfudcsignir of g!.t b.acft to thc opcrstor,panicularlyi! thc cascof rEssaLwhichurc thcir tclcgrrpht fEqurndy, Rcc.ivcr dirb rtr of qusdrrrt form, or caDba suppliadfor paDcl paDcls Dourtiog iDcirqrhr forE, for i&orporetion iDstartitrg-Dlatrorn snd coaloLa.atc. ThGinrr!6.ot! E!. of robult condruction,fully s .niSq a{d ihc rrelloit&r i. providcd with doublc tright illumilatiotr lamPsrnd dimmcr.Thaclcc{ricrlcompoDcdt!rtrd dielssrc cfiGclivcly!.al.d from tbr Dcc.b$icrl hfsfc by Dcalr of a wlr.nbil ooDparlmcot.Thi! prrvrnts cotrdcD$tio[ atrd mofuhn€,ctdilg o! aty clcairicalcompo[.ot, rtrd !o obviatB thc po$ibility of riort-circuitr rtrd conocion drslga. I! dl cr.rcslha cLctrical aquipEadti! ch.!ci! Doutr!.d rrd catr bc rl dily rDd carily wifMnwn for rcrviing purpoaaa or fof r.phcamcnt of itrt rnhaif pablcudtr. SQL..dry Eq|lF..t A Vft,a-l,,€y Alen tm^'f bafrtt d, whichir r wrmilg dcyiccto loutrd thould lbc Fopalct rbtft o! dancuvriDg gca. (rr rpplic.blc) bc op.rttld itr r dirc.-tio! cortrlry lo tha trurnittad ord6. A |.np ind ball irdicator i! DouDld in . conwoictrtpositionotr thc litning pLtforD |'d, by mc!!! of. dirrctiold lwitch wo.kiogh coajutrctiotwiti diractiodrlcotrtactii! thc r.c.ivu. tlc audiblcrnd viribL dlrnr !t i! Erncuvlld h a dirlc-tid codrery ro Fs iato opatratio!if thc atrgiDa thc tr|tr'mittad oadar,ald thayrcmrh !o urtil lhc DiifrtG i! rrctifcd. TDr dirc.tio!.Irwit !t dly bc oFrrtcd ty r frictiotrdutch ftoE rly 459
DECK AP?LIANCES aadrc oaDbcr whoc diEctioDof rotstiotrfuthat of thc proFllcr ahaft or by lirtlgc fron tbc nrrDcuvriry Far. A Cotutt-lolbe .lbtm rutoD.ticrlly indicate, both visibly |trd .udiHy, th.t th.rc i! . lupply failur to thctclcgripb. It is trorDdly fd frod rn indcpcodantbaataryaupply. ArtuSrmmt! 6n ta nada rtcroy r' sootr!! thcrupplyfrib, .D luxilliry .upply b .utod.ti..Uy ..irbli hd. Tfualtohtor-Schctor S/rtar cleblcr alty numbcrof jlltmEcola whccvcr thaydry bc lo6tc4 to bad61lically cotrlacLd,h tbir w!y, otrc iBtrudctrt can talc ctrargpof tha vhola iditalhtio!. Thc rcplyboclqhowavrr,L lhowtr otr cachioiuumctrt whathcrit is i! clrrrlc or DoLTha onc idltrudalt rcmein!in chr.lc urtil r difartlt tru.mitt r ir oFratrd. TIlc ayatl'r i! uscfirllvharcirrt$maot! arcrcrnotclylocrlcd, .urh.i itr th. r,ing of brid&r, ct!. Radola coltrol ir po.riblc with thc SFchro3t p Tclcgr.ph,ro tbat tba angi!.s c.a bc cotrtroUcddirlc{y froE thc bridSp. Tbr a.tvfuitrgof th.rc &Lgraph. vill lot coacar! thc DocLOEc.r. Shouldhc fsd hiEscu oD s ttcicl ftt.d rvith nccb.lirl tclcSnphr oFr.r.d throuthout by witl ind chaiA th. only s.rvicint !...$..y wil bc adjultolot of thc ohrio-lcrgth!, which tu providd fot eill dshboi!! !c&x,s,rld tdjultmc of thc bronzcpullcF to comFnrata for et.r, All octal parl! |tl bronr., grlwnfucd s&cl, or b6ra. Ttla Ehrdcd ELSr.ph ory bGfttcd vith clctric illumidatiotrb additio! to oil LnF, ero!8.wry rhm* sd a supplceaotaryaLrm whcr€by. LLrotr aoutrd!if|.a ordcf i! dadc aft.t loDSpariodt of'Full rhcd'. mc virqdrd-cnri! tdcgnph+ of whichCaadb|tn!,*.rc th. pstcDtacr and oriSild I|rlluf.ctutrrt, rr! dto evaiLblcfor tr.nlditdlt dockiD!; larin& alchori!& .d wrrpi4 ordart, Pltla 12ahoerd.rk-Eouliad Chadbun 'SFchrortcp' clcclrictrar! ldtLr* tt6tiad to tbc Ot cta. (O THE WIIIN-MACI,ACIII,i IN QUADNAIIT BOAT DAI/TT Tti! i! !tr cxtttn ly nli.blc lufiog drvil thc dcsigaof flhici h|! tc ia 1901. Edlcd yirtudly un lt.rcd riacc it ilduciiol Thc futrdlDrntal faatulr of thaquadr|.t &vit i! a toothadquadtut at thc lortr .od of thc arm cqrsiDg ud lollitrg upod a nok on tL d.vit d.ct frrE , ehi:h hrt rtc .ficd of dovidS th. piyotirf poilt of tba drvit plosE rivtly outwrrda|t th. &vit rtm it swurSourboat4 thur lc\EliD8 lbr p.rh of tbc d.vit hcid .!d nrfinf lh. dNit c.tily opa'rtld. Tha Ddstr ot of thaatn i! cootrollcdby r rcD-fcttout aalcflaonc dirt @ rborc ed D.ntlcl with tho terc of thc dcck f'.n!, tho .rD talS loc.t d by r fuklc rod iEe.dirtdy rbov. tb. ..$w.
m
DBCK APPLIANCES providad A eitrdi[g hstrdlcir at thc cld of thc acrcefor op.ratiDgthc drvi! eadr two-rpccdgcrr i! .vrihblc otr thGhrgrr rir.6. Itrtharto, thir typc of drvit h|. bccnnadc ir crlt ,L.1. It ir now iv.il.bL frbri..t d rld eEld.d clrtirlly frord wroughtrnild 3t .1. fhit coDriruction,shiL FtriniDSaUthc ,trlogth of thc c{.t rtrcl, ir coolidcnbly ligitd atd hr! othcrimportalt !dva!bg6. Thc qudrlnt ad tccthof thc arm ert of ruch co8tructioo !! to bc Lla lilblc to bG rficd.d by ic. 8!d th. twc.pccd 8r.r (eh.n ftLd) i! totally cndoacd rld opcr.tB ir an oil bath. Thc dsvit i.tn it of &.t lguhr bor forb, fdbric.rd rd wrldd toSsttcrto form ! r&ry atron8tld ligbt Dadbar, thc ioitc baingharDcticaly r.d.d |nd .inigbL Thc &vit i! tnsdcin thc lanc nricty of sir6 andtyp.r r! 6ora prq vioudy Brochtcd pith thc cr.t-s&cl quadrsnt dsvit, trllncly, thc ordiury tyF for uscoutsidcthc codofrhc boNS;tbc long-|trnlypc fot ulc witt 3upcriEpoedboati; rtrd thc ovc.hcddtypc for ulc within tho lctrgthof tbc bo, t[c boatb.iog.towrd id th. d.vit arn sdthOr. Lcl roEc dirtucc abovr lha dcck. Th. dwit i3 luit bL fo. ulc s,ith.ithcr nrlih f.lls .!d bolird. oi wirl frtlr strd witrchcs,usiDgrry tormal Durfrhalcof blocksrd tsckle Platc 13 showr ttc a5rlicr tyF of quadraDtdavit, add thc radcr ,bould not thc oFritint brodlc o! rhc l.ft-hdd dovit vbich i!.Dot 6ttad *ith tyo-tpccd gcer.A st|8-hornbolrrd i! clcsily !ho*a rt tha h.t. of rtc &vit, wilh t[c fdl lcadilg to ihc wisditrg r.cl. whctr opcrrtitrgthi! dlvit in tba tuinbS.out corditiotr it ir vrry 6ry fo! ttc davi! to tatc a[argr, .d for thi! rralo! tha baddlaahouldd*a!a ba ft6ly b.ld, Ifit i! td..!cd by r lovic. D.rv.llilg rl lhc vry tt divil rulr otrt by it |f(eith rrpidly lotiting b.!dL) thcdavit$iU b. b.ougbt io r hslt st itr out rmo't plunbilg pocitiotrwith conridcrrblcforca. Pht 14.howr lhc Wclitr ovcrbcedtyF qudrrtrt &vif ftrod wii[ wilo-roF fatb rDdttr cLcldc wiDch.At tbcGxlftoc lcft-h.trdlidc ofttc photoSnphlhc long-cm typ. ir jurt vi6ibL, toSptb.r*ith two trcltd bort . On thc ov.rLc.d dlvit thc two-cpccdgcari! vilittc o! tha rifht batrdsidcof thc photogrsph,jult rborc tbc oFrtirg hradlc. o) lrrE WELIN-MACL CIILTN GnAVTTYDAlltT fhc outltrtrding f.auG oftlt WcliD-M.cL.hhn gr.vity ddvit i! itt cttrtoa rirtrplicityrd rclirbility. Itr corrtnrclion,whichir *cll t!ow& coairb of r pair oftractway!, rtrd s prir ofcfrdlcd,Thc i!trcr frnSr of tbr chrm€l tnck9|yr fore! tha pat[ dong ehict lhc rolLf,r of thc c(ldLa ruD;lbc irc.lilrtio! of thc frrcks,.yr ir 30dcg!aa!,codcqurody Itc davitr will opcrrtc undcacxtFmc corditio!3 ol lit Th. outboCrd.odof lh! ilclilcd tr.cknyr i. b.ot doere|td! until 41
DECK APPLIANCES it ia rrcrtical, th! lowcr cnd bcing rigidly conncchd !o tha dcck. Tha r.diu! round which thc two front rollc.s of thc cradlcs run swing! thc hcad of thc dsvit outborrd, and givcs thc outrEach ncctssary to lowcr thc boat clc5r of thc shjp's sidc. Thc ulc of thclc dlvits l.avca thc boat dcck conplctcly clcar of obrtructio and providcs s clcer promcnadc, trot only folr add rft but alao up to thc ship'! rail3. Thc chanDcltraclways erc mad. up from st ndard scctioB, rnd thc bcnt ponio! is fabricetcd in . spccial manncr, cnluring that thc s61ioD rrmaiar co|tstrtt, rllo{,In8 thc rollcB to bc a clooc ft in thc cbanacl tr.ckwrF ard prEvcntios sidc swayand slogglr (juddcr). Thc cradlG arc of a fabricatcd box scclion, hcrmctically sc|lcd to FEvcnt irtcmel corrociotr, Thcy carry four rollcas which rur in thc trackl,ayr, and thc simplicig ofthc d6igr givcsacccssibilityto all prrls, tftcrc bciog no link or othcr complications to lcrlcr portioN of tha dsvib and csusacorrosiotr. Thk simplicity of dcsigtr rnek6 inspcction rnd maintcnancavcry casy. Thc c'adlca in thc stowcd position ar€ hcld rigidly rlith thc trsckyayt by E trigSlr oparatcd by thc lifcboat 8ripcs, thc pEssurc cxcrtcd by th€ Sripcs bcitrg multiptcd by tbe triggcr lcvcr, thus cDsuring conplctc rigidity whcD lhc gripc wircs arc tight.Dcd. Io thc stowcd positron thc lifcboats at! aotiEly prcvcntcd fmm tny forc-snd-aft surg! in o s6wsy, 3! thc boat uDdcr th.sc conditions is not su3pcndcdby thc fells .r thc &vlr hcad, but i! rcsting its fuu wcighl oa th. kccl supporl ofthc cradlc. Thi! ha! tbc cficc-tof lo*cring lhc susp€lsiotr point of thc boat ;n tha atowcd positioo, which malcs it casicr to control; in thos! cas.s rf,hd. Ddtcd boats ara in u!c, arr ffmngcmcnt such as this is vital. Thc four rollcB of cech cradlc erc carricd on piDs with gunncral bu5h6 and grcasc lubricant, thc verious lhcrvc6 on tfta crdlc bcirg limildrly ruppon d. Thc foating block arc fittcd with rollcr bcrringi, giving smooth opcrelion end .tducing friction to a minimum. All thc bcaringr arc packcdwith grrisc s! thc mlkcr's works, and funh.r gr€a.c catr bc addcd at iatrrvab by mc'lls ofa bigh-prcssur€gtrrglc gun 3uF pli.d *ith ttc cquipmctrt, Thc gpncrall.yout sad dbposition ofthc various componcntsofthcac gravig davits is gcncrally arrenlcd to suit thc particular ship to which rhcy er€ bcirg 6ttad. Thc inboard cnd of thc tBckway is suppord cithcr otr e dcck houla or otr an'A'fraEc, prcf.Iably of tubulat con. st.uclioD, Winchcs srt rveileblc both in thc vcnical end horizontd lypca.Thc vcnical winch (with onc drum abovc tlr. othcr) may bc phccd adjaccntto onc ofthc tiick*rya, at thc cdgc of thr bost dcck, natiog r wry simplc and corvcnicnt rrrangcmcnt, atrd atrsuringo good lcrd for th! wi.t falls, which arr sll carricd ovcrhcld. Drip tray! undcr thc wirrroF fals rlt casily rlran&d, r|td Gtr3ur!s cl6t and clcrr bort dccL, 42
DECX APPLIANCES O! lha otb.i b|r4 whatEr dcct houlc i! rvrihlrlq r vrry !6t rrrogcocor cu bc providcdby a horizoltrl witrchplraadon O! dlct bour., |ntl-q,.y bctcn o tho inoatrrttaa,hMt of thc iwo tnc&rrry!, with thr lirc roF L.dilg foll atd ift ftoD tb witch. An objccliot oftaa raird fo thir rrraqcDaot i! ltat thr winchopartor ceuot a.! fhc bo.t .! it it bcilt lolvlrd dom tbc ,bip" rirlo,but rhi. dificulty crn haoEroooc tt i tloota-coltlol aft|llrnaot, cnrblingtlc drh brsta to b. og...rd froD thc cdScofth! drct dr.pit thr wiDchbciDgphccd toEGlida dirtt@ rwry o! & uppcrdccL.Thc r!6o!a contol doc! trot tdy upo! !oda,lidr, ctc.,rd ir crfrlncly ainplc ald trUabla, Tb.rc &vitr .r! c.Fltc of Luc,hirg I lifcboet witbi! 20 !.cond. fron fhc tiEc wb.o tia tripaaarac.!t otr Pt|!c 15,howt ltc d.vitr i! u!. o! bord th. &xor& (CIaard Lirc). Amolt th! faatuF. whichrhcr! daf,lhould ltudy at!: (I) Th. bort{dpc., !|td otrcofth... it vtuittcjuit to thc dght ofthc OficGr*ho i! .t ndi4 rt thc rhip'r nil. It ir brlgilg iD e bight fiom tfc balaofthGtracLs{y to thc titttt-orahllild, roounbd jult bclowthc fdl .t th! top of thc tnckwly. (2) Thc n thod wtcEby th. bloc.kof thc !.'r.6t boot f.ll ir hool.d lo thc dlvit crrdlc. (3) ltc tricitt p.odrntr &frftd to iD Chrptcr XVm. Thc l.ft-hand Dc.rtlstdlvit h!! onr rulFDdd froE thc cr..dlcjult balos thc ccotrr |bcrE It b fitld eith r patalt dip rt itr lostr ctrd.Thc boot et tbr bottomofrhc phrc b.! it t.iing FndlDt dip Esdc frn to thc lilk otrthc block Th6c p.d.!t!.rc fdly di6cu.!d i! Chrptr. XVIII. Plrtc !6 rhow! lrwity dlvib ittad to i Britilb TrtnlDori CoE!|i!.ioo wr,.l. Thc rici!8 pcdr . .r! .grb yi.iu.. Thr c.Nr.-cov!6ad gipc3 c.! tc @ cxt nding lcrola t& boet fotgrd !!d .& lnd ifthcir lc.d ir fo[oxEd iDboardlicy wil bc ob&rvcd !6|rrrd to tbGcndlc rrilgcr-Dlcha|li!ru. At fha rlbr Godoffha bost it ir p6sr:blcto !.c thc hDd-lilt t rilt for quict r.1..& oftb. anrr hoot, N ITNDEnDDCXGnAYnY DAVIT G) TIIE WgIN.{nACLrrq|I lo lcccottin6 N.r'|l Ar!hi!.d. b.E .tri! b..o 8ivitrgcolrid.dblc thoughtto thc &inbility of coti..ly rctrcvirg bort .trd dwib from Grpo..dupF dcclr ald inrtaUilt tbrd on a lox,q coftrrd dcc! witt ti. objccl of kc.pioSupp.r d.ck dc.r, rducing rop wcigl! rld rcducir8 dc&rioEtion lld mdntctrtrcc to e EinimuD. Thi! prot{cm f,ar conplicatadby tbc Dccdfor gnvig dwit!, which by Ra8uLdoor.quit! aith6 i tractiray iDdilrtioo of 30dcgrrcror r 63
DECK APPLIANCES cotrtinuou!po6irivctumilt out nomcotwilh ttc 1lr-l lltsd 25dcltLr cilt.i *ry. rbcbitbt of rr! drc.lt ThG!!w bo.t rtck cd|ittr of. b.y occupyinS |nd rudins tb! Fquiritc ladtth of thc v.aaclio racoonodala thc Dumbarof boat rtltioB; ltacLctaF ltr cotrtlanadb tha 6|ry uld.raidc ofthc d€cl rbov!, !!d thc wirchaa!t! rloultrd on ttc crbb bu&hc.d to till ful b.rdroon o! thc op.f,rtiold dlclq whi:h win d& b. ttc .db.rt tio! dccl. ft.lifcbo.b wil b. .utp.dd.d rt r nrficirnt h.i8bt to p6nit of ful br.dtoon for FomcDrdcputpo.6 o! ltc b.y d.rk; !!d th. hci$t |Dd .tr81coflh.lifcbodt br! b..n cuduly.d' judad to Fnit !! u[ohctrucbd vitw froD tba tildorr of t[. two dcctsiobo.rd of thc lifcbooth.y doch ThalccaaaaryrFvitltioDrl opantio! of thc davib baabaaoobtainad by ! combiretiosof trsckeayinclituriotr anda ooult rreight; !trd lb. poririvc tuming-out molrcnt 3tipulstadby lt R.8ul1io8 h'| lbur bcctrcduttd. ThGtrrck*ry is in nild shcl, but Oc cf,dlc trd thcSuntic .t .dtitr8 rrtrr! arcnadc ofrlumiriun .[oy. Tbr light *ight of thc.fadtc ttduc.t thc tir ofth. couDbre.igh! rnd it i. intctElilg to not thlt tbit lcw drvit c.mplctc vitt coutrtrrritht i.3ipprorin|t ly 15%li$td th! thc aUrderd tnckwry-tyF ovtrhcad Sravity drvil Atrotbct tovcl f..tu!. i! thc turk, whiclt bold. thc forti4 block i! po.itioD on tbc ctrdLa; thi! turt i! conttolLd by th. trol/rnra of thc dadlq andca! rclcrlr ttc toatitrgblock(whichcarticathclifcbort) oDlyvhan thcdlvit rcr.Sc! tbafuly outborrdporitioo. Thfu davit can ltcrdorc rrLarc lad lo\ilr a lifaboat !t itrtt ! 25 dcgtlcaadvarscliat .ad s l0 dc8Fc! itim, and tbi! ba! bacncotfrnad by t6ts c{rricd out by thc BritiahDcpenmcntof Trad. md kdultty. AnorS ih. melrybcDcit! obtrird alr thc follositS: (l ) ThaDrvit cenrctually laulctr r lifcboatrt 25dc8rccrdvataalitt. (2) ClcarupF dcck!. (3) R.duclio! of top wcight. (4) Protcctio! ofborts ad davit! from dciariorarior. (5) Easiatnlinrcnracc. Phtc l7 includ6 two photoglphr of. *orkin&rnodd of th! !!w d|vit!, shilc Pl6c tt ahowrthcm iD rcrud ulc on board thc Orictrt linar Oziara,ulad i! cotrjulctio! eiti poly6t . 8Ln-ibta lifcbo.a. (9) TIIE CI"IIXE{IHPMAN EI.ECTruC WINDI,AS' (Phr. lt) As .rtightclccticrnoto! Dourta{ ontho rfur tidc of tbctildhrt badplricdrivat,ty oaan! ofworD atrdtput Gati!$ two fvcrou! cruc 4&
L Firing Speedline $ith buoyanr head on rocte1.,4rof?: Speedline self containedline throwing appa.atus.
tn
Pajns\\'essexBuorsmoke'.
'l\'lanoverboard. Pains-Wessex
2. BuoyantHeadfor 'Speedline' unit.
.t ,i
\tr
I
ti" t.c €'F i
i
€
ii;ii
I t E Ei ; j; !
,i:
f\a--^\f.---:
. 1 . R . F . D . l 0 p e r s o nl i i e r a i t f o r s i n g l e . p o i nstu s p c n s i o na.c l , r . . t ' u l l v l a d e nl o $ e r i n g .N o t cb l a c kt r i p l a n y a r do n h o o k .
Streamlined blockwith swiveleye.
Standardwireropesnatchblockwith
Singled€rrickblockwith sectionview.
Specialpurpos€snarchblockopened only wh€n eye is horizontal.
5. Singlesheave ca.goblocls.
Two-foldwithswivel Three'foldwith swivel ovaleyeandbecket.
Six-foldwithplate crosshead andbecket.
Swiv€lddlledeye
Swiveljaw.
Suiielduckbill eye.
6. M uhipleblocksand6ttings-
Commodore Register.
ChartHouseRec€iver.
SpeedRecorder
SpeedIndicator.
7. CommodoreLogequipment.
8. Commodore Log Rotator.
,aqh
W
I $ s Log-lmp€ll€rassembly. 9. Chernikeeff
I0. Chernike€ff Log-lndicator.
I L ChernikeeffLog Tubeassembl!'.
?
1 4 . O ! e r h e a d 'vt p eq u a d . a n td a v ns .
rrr-l !,lir"
1 5 . $ e l i n e r a \ i r !d . \ i r \ l . S i / . \ o , r l ( / ) .
16. Welingravitydavits(B.T.C.Vessel).
. o a ts r o w e d 8 c 1 o t r . b o a l s w u n g o u l . l l . U n d e r d e c dk at i t s . a b o r e b
1 8 . U r d e r o e L k , l i \ r r , l - a nn d! 6 b r r . p l a , , h t e l - o a r r
i= f *
z >
U
z
> a
=
>l-< I
ur>H
; _-f
zu
i9 >;
d
i
t
o o
r E
,' j F
1
I
F F
ry< z t
z
z
t =
F I
=
t:
?* >;
I E
;
a-E tt t-
z
: I -
o
OJ z9J
;6 a
5! ud z ,
4 3 * <
I
i;z
E
o z
E
lrl
t
(,
J F d
t
a
E =
2
6-
2 4 . K e l t i n e l e c t . ' c a l ld v f l v e n\ o u n d r n sm a c h r n e .
DECK AIPLIANCES litbr! .uitablc foa rtccl stud Uok stchor cablahavingcithct bolt or lud6! rhacklca.Thcscarr 6xcd to, and r.volvc with, thc dlinrh!ftr wh.n lctting go or whc! h.avingup. Thcy.r. ftt d witt lar8. 6h.aw! lo trtc porirrful lcaEwbaodbrakcs. whctr hraviu anchorthc approprislcmainwhccli! cng.grdwith thc 8yp!y by locars of scr.w Srar(tba opcrrtitrghaidlc bcitg on tbc aftcr ridc of thc wiDdlals).whichslidaathc mainwhaaloutboardaDdalotrg rtc loriDlhaft uaiil thcjru/s on it! oulboardfac. .6!agc thcjawson tbc *ith tbc inboordfroc of thcgypcy.Thc msiawh.ab!rc .lwaF ao8sgcd .D.dirtc sbafl or thc int rinio8 ' Thc basic paiDciptcof thc widdlrls is tbat thc ctghc or motor driviog pioio! i! forrard and in thc ccDtrctnc.This dtiv6 lhc liargc intlrordirtc whccl,whichk mouttrd on thc iDtcrmadiatcahslL This ahaftha! wlrpbg cn& aDdalso a amsll piDiotro! cithcr sidcof thc iatcrmcdirE rvharl For this rcalon,wheocvcrtlc wiDdlasti5 wotkilg the itrtcrocdiatcaha& wrrpitg c!ds, aDdmainwbcchalwBysrcvolvc. Thc DaiD*ha€lsarr in tro rvay6rad to thc mailahtft3,sad thc lattr. (wbichsI! indap.ndcntso that olc gyp6ymayttc uscdcvctrthoughtte othcr tDry badam!8rd) tlvolw ody with tha gypiics. fhc wsrpiDsdrum3arc of hi8hirty irotr and a!. a.curcdto thc i crDcdirt stult by gib kcys.Wh.tr usiogthc warpi4 ca& th. cablc liftcB dr hald otr thc brnd brakcs,thc Daitr whclb !rc takcd oul of gpareiti th. gypsica,and thcy thcn trvolvc frccly od tbc atatiooary meiDrbalb, Esnd cr.!t gp|r i! availabLif Fquftd' All baarilg rld eorkidg pltta src lubricatld by mca|lrof 8ttrsc 8utr ad 'Taaalamit'lipplcs, Thc motor mry bc moult d, if drtittd, cithct oa dcck iotafrel with thc ei!dle!., or bclow dccks,or itr r scparatr dacldoula A windlasshavinga 6+kilowett motot will havca cableduty of 27.5toDncs&t 7 5 m Fr minutcand will b€ sblc to wary 9 tonncsat 25m parminutcor slrckropcal49 m pcr minute. (tO) THE CIIII.IE{IIAPMAN STETM WNDLASS (Platr 20) Thalayout and opcrstiodof thi! widlrss is idcEtiaalto thc clc.t ic typc, axcapttlrt thc motivr powcr ir dcri.&d from a po*crful twitrcaliodcrdoublcsctilg rcvcrsiblcstramanlinc.I! ihc Eosttlcctt dcaig! all .lgilc rld grlriDg p6rt! arc totally .lclosad in rtr oil-tight casitt providiagrpl|s[-lubricatior throwbout Thc outct fnme bcariagrar lubricatld by !F.sc qrps.Thc nrchi[c is cxtrrmalyrilcnt ilt opcrrtioD' A d'titr cock ir 6ttrd to arrh.dd of crch ctlirdcr. Whcoaboutto haavcuchor thc diai! cock rtr opcoad!!d thc ltcaE tuaDadon 465
DECK APPLIANCES Sradually, thc cnginc trcing rull both ways to clcar thc cyliDdcrs rad linca ofwr&r. Th. drain cocks arc thcn closcd,thc main whccli rlid itrto gcar, and thc windlassis fully oparational. Whan lcttinS go (in ltaam or clcctric windlasses)thc tlaid bnkca arc lcrcwrd tigh!, thc rnain whccls llid out of gcar, end th. cablc i corrrollcd by thc br.kc only, Rcgardingmainlcnaocc,thc cylindcr draircocks should ba kcpt opcn whcn not in usc to prcvcDt corrosion in tha cylindcrs etrd stcam chcst, add frost damagc. Both thc cyliodcr3 and thc stcam chcst should tE opcncd pcriodically to ansurcthat thc borcs, valy.s, aDdchcs! faccsrrc in good condition. Tbc und€rsidc of thc cylind.rs and stcam ch.sl rcquircDarticularattcntiod,and shouldbc fraquentlypaintcd.Gr.rsing is by 'Tccalemit'greasegun. Unlesssplash-lubricatcd, the spurgcarinS should bc smcarcdwith grcescat rcgular itrtcrvals. (TT)THE CLAXXX{HAPMAN
50 ft lm ft
ELECIRIC MOORING CAPSTAN (Platc 22)
A watcrrightA.C. clcctric moror, thncc-phas!and two-sFcd wirh buih-in magncticdisc braking,is mountcdva ically insidclhc capstao hcad.Tbc bascplatchous€sthc gcarsand alsogrcasenipplesin an oil tight c5s..Thc rnastcrcontrolleris visiblcoo thc righrofthc photograph with a dcadmanhandlc fcaturrcand a spccdcontrol for hcaveand vccr. This capstanmay bc boltcddir.cdy to rhe dcck. A 48 kilowatt motor in $is capslenprovidcsa duty of about 14 toDnasat a rat€ of l5 mctrcs pcr hinutc oa slack ropc heaving at 30 mcrcs Fr mrnurc. (I2) THE CI,iIRXD-CHAPMAN TOTAIIY ENCLOSED SPLASH-LI]BRICAIED CAPSTAN
lm lb in' 7 00 |b
Thh is vcry quict-running and cmploys a powc.ful twin-cylindar, doublc-acling, r€v.rsiblc stcarEengin.. Drrincocks ar. again fittcd to the cyiinders,and shouldbe Lrsed as in lhe windlllss.One suchcapsran can, provided7 kg/cm, prcssurcis maintai ed ut lhe cylinders,eiefl a pull of l0lonn€s at 30 melresper minute.Suchan crginc consumes roughly3200 kg of stcampcr runninghour.
(ro TI'E cILRxE{H PMAN WAnI)-LEON XI) ELECTRIC WINCH This is suitablcfor cithcr A.C, or D.C. supply,.mploysa horizontal clcctricmotor,andh e[rircly sclf-contain€d, with no outlyingcotrlsctor gcar.Thc molor drivcsa singlcshaltcarryiDga cargorudncrtarrcl end 6
DECK APPLIANCES two warpiog cods. Grcelc-nipplc lubrication is providcd, ttd thc winch is controllad at rcmotc-contaolpcdastalsadjaccntto thc haLh coamings. A 4l-kilowa( motor providesa lifting capacilyof 5 tonncsat 40 m pcr minuteon full load, reachingthis speedin a tlw scconds.A lighl hook can be workcd at 100m p€r midut€. SPI,TSII-LI,ENCATED O.) THE CLAXTI-CIIAPMAN CARCO WINCH (Platc 23) Thc standardA.C. cargo winch compriscsonc wire rop€ drum and onc warpingcnd. Both arc cast iron and both are keyedto thc shaft. Oprionsincludetwo warpingcnds,a seconda.ydrum for heavydcrrick opcrationand portablcconlrollcrs.ln Platc 23 thc warfringcnd is out of vicw on thc lcft side of thc rcctangular gcarcase. Two fansarc and oil splashlubricatcd. Thcgcaringis totallyenclos€d uscdto cool th€ motor. The mastercontrolleris fucd to thc d.ck and hasthc samcfeaturcsas th€ clectriccapstanmentionedin scction(l l). Thc motor is a marinewatcrlightunit, ofthrec-phasesquirrclcagctypc wilh built-in disc-typemagneticbraking. Usiog high gcar,this winch will boist 5 tonncsai bctweeo4 snd 40 ti fi 130fr mctncsp€r minutc dcp€ndingupon thc conkol step.Low gearwill lift 26 fi. 2& fr 2.5 tonncsat betwcen8 and 80 metrcsper minutc. meachin€s, the casingmustb€ rcgularly As with all splash-lubricatcd dippcdto ensurcthat the correctoil lcvelis maintained. OEI.EMOTOR TND IIYDRAI,'IIC) O' SIIERINGGEAR Deck omccrs .rc rcquircd to understandthe brsic principlcs of th.ir stccringigler, aod the following short discussionwill sumcc. The whcclhousc tclemotor transmittcr consists basically of two vertical cylind.rs, cach conlaining a piston. Thc pistoos arc dtivcn in altcinatcvcnicaldir€ctionsby meansofa singleccntralpinionmountcd on the wheelshaft. Thc telemotor Scar is filled wilh oil or a mixtutc of etyccrineanddislilledwatcr.whcn lhc whcclistumed oDcpistonmows is traosmitled thc ffuid in lhatcylindcr.This pressurc iown, compressing throughsmall-borccoppcrpipingto thc rcc€ivcrol tcl.motor mounted in the stceringflat aft. Here, the prcssurci! uscdto causetwo floating cylindcrs to movc ovcr four fixcd, hollow pistons,thc cylindcrs bcing bridg.d and conncctcdby mcansof a crosehcad, The closs-hcadcarrics a rod which is conncctcd motot. by a doatinglink to the steering-pump Thc clcclric-pump motor rotatcs at constant spccdand dircctioE, tbc cotrtrols mercly alt ring thc dischargcaDd suctiotr outlcb of thc pump. 61
DECK APPLIANCES Osc crd of tha loatinS link opcatca tlrc pump,.ad thc othcr cdd i3 s.curcdto thc tillcr. Thc tillcr is kcycdto thc ruddd stoc&.Thc cod of th€ tillcr fu sccurEdto thc caatrcofa slidingram,wbichmows to port or starboardurdcr th! actionof thc pumpiuid. Whanthc cross-hcad rod is caus€dto movc, thctr thc f,oatinglink oparatcsthc pumpandthc ramslidesto otrcsidc,carryiq th. tillcr with it, thus rotrtiry th. ruddcr, As th. tillcr tum!, thc fulcrum of thc f,oeti!8 lirk mowsfrortrthc tillc. hcedto thaandof thc tclcmotorrod. This cvcntuallycausastic pumpto cralc driving th. iam. Thc ruddcr lhcrcforccom6 to rcstat thcdcsi.li .nglc. This'switch-ofr'ofthcpow€r i! known a! th. huntiDggcar, By trow,thc lclamolorrod bar csuscde springto bc in cithcrtctsion or comprc$io!. As sooDas lhc atrcring-whcclis rclcascdthc spri[g tdaxca,thc rod, cr6s.hcad,and loating cylindcn movcbackto thcir original positiots,a|d ihc whccladd ruddcrerc ccntraliscd. Variatioasof this mcthodof sEcrilg maybc foEd. Thc talcmotormayalsobc ulcd io cotruol a stcamcngitc drivi!! a ioatiDg qua&ant.This quadrsot thoughfrcc to rcvolw or thc ruddar ,tock, is sacurrdby sFingsto e tillar whch b kcFd to thc arocl. h thc cvcDtof tillc. fucturc, srr.nganents!rc somctimcs iocorpolatadrvhcrcby thc foetilg qurdratt cadba kcFd to thc stockltrd bccodar 6rcd quadranL EmcrgclcytrarsmisioD sometimc!conlisb ofa whcclaft which ir dircc{y conncctcdto thc tahmotor rod. Thb b u!!d itr thc avcntof fsilurc in thc bddgctr''smiisio!. Auriliary stccring-gcar corsilt!, itr thc calc of a qued6nt, of two doubl. or rbrcc-foldpurchascraovcrvith a wirc fall, Thc purchesc!lrE lccuEd to cich lidc of tha quadrant,thc falls erc lcd ro thc dcck wiDchcs, &ddthc ,tccri!8 atrgincb slid clcarof thc quadrett. I! casd whcrc Do quadraotir arnploFd, suchr. in thc hydraulic g.3r, r s.condpumphavilg an hdcpcndcntcircuit is frtti, ArrangF mcnt! elc oftcDmadafo! thc sacondpump to automsticellycut-io et thc frr3tpumpfeih.
468
CHAPTERXVTII T H E S H I P ' SB O A T
BY IIIW N.EQUTTEMENTS p^rsE!|oll ship crya8ad otr Yoy.gc!, ely of *hid arc tong iotrr! tiooll voy.gF, i, rcquirEd to bc .quipp.d e! I Uollowt: (a) Lifeboats,panially or totally enclosed,on eachside fot 50% of the total numberof personsthe ship is cenified to carry. Thefiguft ma! be redwed @ 3n7" hlith the rerruining251o madeup u)ith liferults sened by lou"ching appliarcesevenl! ditnibuted on both sidesof the ship. (r) Lilerafts for 25o/ooI the people, served by at least one launchingapplianceon eachside. (c) At leastone RescueBoat on eachsideif of 500tons o! more. (d) One EPIRB on eachside readyfor npid placingin survival qaft. (e) At least three two-wayradio-telephonesets. (f) Two radio installationsin lifeboatsif 1500or more peEons are carried,otheru/is€one togetherwith one fronable radio. k) Eight to thiny lifebuoysdependingon the ship'slength. One on eachsideis to havea buoyantlifeline. At leasthalf are to haveself-ignitinglights. Two are to havesmokesignalsfitted as well and lo b€ readily .eleasedfrom the bridSe. (i) Lifejacketsfor the total numberof personscenified!o bc carried,plusenoughsparefor 57oof thal trumber.A suitable lif€-jacketshall be carriedfor eachpersonon board$eighing lessthan 32 Kg. The inffatabletype shall be carriedfor crcws of rcscueboats.Each lifejacket shall have a light. 0) An immersionsuit for eachpeFon crewinga RescueBoat. (t) A line-throwingapplianc€and tw€lve parachuterockets. (l) Emergencyalarm and public addrcsssystems,and liShting. (rn) A bridge cory of 'Lifesovins Signls and Rescu. Mcthob' I A
(soLAsr)
(n) A training manual in each messand rccreation room and posteF showing oPeratingins$uctions on or near survival 46 craft.
THE SHIP'SBOAT (o) On-boardmaintenanceinstructionsfor lifesavingappliances. (p) Two-waycommunicationat musterand embarkationstations. Cargo vesselsengagedon voyagesany of which are long intemationalvoyages, shallbe equippedas follows: (a) On eachside of the ship, enoughtotally-enclosed boatsto carry all on board. PaniaUy-enclosed boatsnuy besubttituted if the ship operaksin suibble climotic areas. (r) Liferaftsfor all personson board,launchable on eitherside. Altemativelythe ship may carry enoughtotally-enclos€d boatsfor all on board, a[anged for free-fall stern launching tog€therwith raftsfor 20070of the ship'scomplpment. (c) If craft are stowedmore than 100m from the stemor stem, an extra liferaft is to be carriedas far forwardor aft (or one at eachend) as is reasonable. (d) If of 5m tons or more, at leastone RescueBoat, otherwisean inflatablerescuecraft. Eachlifeboat, rescueboat or inflatable is to haveits own launchingappliance. (d) Porrableradioequipmentor a lifeboatradio installation. At leastthreetwo-wayradiotelephonesets. (t An EPIRB on eachsidecapableof beingplacedquicklyinto survivalcraft,exceptthosementionedin (c) above. G) Eight to fourt€en lifebuoys according to ship's length, equippedas in pass€ngerships. (r) One lifejacket for each pe$on on board plus one of the smaller type for each person under 32 Kg. Also sumcient extra for personson watch and for use at remotelylocated survival craft, normally amounting to an extra 25o/.. Each lifejacket to have a light. lnflatable t'?es may b€ us€d by RescueBoat crews. (r') lmmenion suits for crewsof inflatablesor ResoreBoats. On ship6under85 m suchsuitsmay be requiredfor all persons on ooaro. Also all items(*) to (p) listed overleaffor passenger ships.Cargo ship6 carrying cargoeswhich evolve toxic vapoursor gas€smust carry lifeboats with a self-contaioedair support systemlasting at least10minutes.If the cargohasa flashpoint of not more than6(FC the boatsmust also be of the fire-protectedtype to withstandeight minutesof envelopingfire, usinga water spray. Gcnard raquirenr€nlr Rercle roatr are to be boardedand launchedwithin 5 minutes,at 470
THE SHIP'SBOAT up to 5 knotsheadway.Rapidrecov€rymusl be attanged,laden wites in and hanging_off wirh a full complement.usingpeDdants adverseweather. Lifeboatsc^rry a naximumof 150persons.They are fined wilh enqinescapablebf 6 knotstully ladenand 2 comiression-icnition knoti whenro'winga fuiiy-laden25 personliferaft.Theycarrytuel for 24 hours at full speed. Other tequirementsinclude a release mechanismon all falls, an automaticdrain valve, a releasedevice for the fontrard Dainter when under tension, switchable and ablelo *alemroof electdcliqhtinqaboveand belowlhe eoclosure The night for 2 miles. visi-ble dark clear on a work'for 12houtsana those will be by a lifeboat to be csnied allowed of numb€r Dersons of averagemassof 75 Kg weadnglifeiack€ts.who can be seated withoullnlerferingwith equipmentor its functions.On carSoships. wiftin 3 minutes. boardinqof boatsis to be acmmplished raDid 'Mannidp. i Deck Officer or a C€nificaled Personshould b€ id charqe.vith a similarlyqualifiedpeKon as second-in-command T}ei must have ctew lists. A similar person must be assignedto A peFoncapableof opetatingthe appliance. eachliferaftlaunching with someoneable to operatethe present together enginemust be rrdio. if anv. falls are to b€ tumed every 2l yearsand ,nsr€cibr6. Launching -stainless sleelfalls necdonly be rencu/ed rene\iedeverv5 vean. defeal. Uferaft auto-releasehooks are signs of howeverwheri there must be servic€devery 2l years and Ptoof_t€sledevery 5 years Releas€lears ate to be ovethauledevery5 years lnflatableboats and rafu-are to be s€wicedannu6lly.as are hydroslaticrelease umts. Ly'?ruoFmuslbe readilyavailableon bolh sidesof lhe shipwith at lealitone neatthe stem.Oneon eachsidemusthavea buoyanl lineof lenqthequalto twicelhe maximumdroppingheiSht.or 30 m' whicheveiisth; qrealer.Theselwo lifcbuoysate not fined with smokes or lisbts: The latter function for 2 hous, fiashing or continuous,w-hilethe smokesigrnls bum for 15 minutes. /mm€rior Jzi6 shouldallow no undue inSressof water after 20 minutesin a disturbeds€a.After 6 hoursin water betweenCC and 2"C the wearer of an insulated suit should not suffer a core drop of morethan 2'c i€mDerature Lif.iack.6 sh6luldbe capableof being donned in onc minute Aftei 24hoursinmersiontheyshouldretain95%of lhcir buoyancy. The lishts have a duration of 8 hours, fixed or flashing The extra 5'l" cinied on passengerships should be stored on deck or at MusterStations. ryrcEchnic DistrcssS8ruIr should be stowed on or near the 471
THE SHIP'SBOAT bridge. Parachutercckets rise 300m, and bum for 40 s€conds. Hand flares last for one minute. The smokefloats in survivalcraft bum for 3 minutes, Some classesof ship carry red star distress rockelsrising to 45 m and have2 or more starsbuming for only 5 seconds.All pyrotechnicshave a storagelife of 3 yea$. Laurclri,48.On somepass€nger shipsboatsarc to be boardedand launchedfrom the stowedposition but davit-launchedliferafts c€n be boarded and launched adjacent to the stowed position. Gene{ally,RescueBoatsshouldbe boardedand launchedfrom the stowedposition. Survival craft must not interfere with any other, should be stowedas oear the rrater as possible,and at leasl 2 m above the water for embarking with the ship fully laden, with adversetrim and listed2f either way. Craft shouldbe in continuous teaditessso that two membcrsof the ciell, canprepareeachoDefor launchingand cmbarkationwithin 5 minules.They mustbe lowered at least a boat's length forward of the ship's propeller. Liferafts must bave painterspcrmanentlyattacbedwith f,oat-ftee arrangemenis, exceptfor thos€stowedright for*ard oa aft. Survivalcraft stoved forward must be abaft the collirion bulkhead. Unless liferafts c6n be boarded from less than 4.5 m above the lightest shiF waterline,they Inusthavelaunchingappliances.On passenger all survival craft must be capable of being launched within 3{) minutes of the Abandon-Shiporder. On c6go shiF this time is reducedto l0 minutesand if they are of m,0m tons or more, the launchingof boatsoust be po$9iblewith a beadwayof 5 knots. All boats must be strong enoughto withstandthis. EquiphcDtfor Lffebortr (l) Sufficientbuoyantoars to make headwayin calm s€as. (2) Two boathook. (3) A buoyanrbailcr and two buckets. (4) A bidnacleand an efficicnt compass (5) A seaanchorwith a warp 30 m lorg, stablewben towcd at 6 xnots. (6) Tvro painters each of length equal to twice the maxirnum lowerftrg distarce. One to be secued to the forwerd releasmSoevlce, (7) One warerprooltorch suitablefor Mors€, plus a sparc bulb and a spareset of cells. (8) One whisdeor equivalentsoundsiSnal. (9) A firsr aid outfit. (10)A jack-knifeon a lanyard. (11) Two buoyantrescuequoits eachon 30 m of buoyantline. 472
THE SHIP'SBOAT (12)Two ponablefire extinSuishers ""pableoi6 hour working.of which3 shallbe iiii n .ear"tttigtrt conttnuous. (14) An emcient radar reflector. il5) Tlrernal protectiveaids for 10% of the comPlement' fl6) A survivalmanual i17i Four parachuterockets,six red hand flaresaod two buoyant smokesignals. (18)One daylightsignallingmirror. ilgt A coovof lhe RescueSignalTable m€dicioe6nd on€ sick-bagp€r izoi sit ,i6r.. of anli-seasick penon. (21)Threetin openers. drinkingvcssels iz21Thteerustpioofgraduated (23)One s€tof fishinglackle a24lSufficienttoolsfor minot engrneadjustments (25)A manualpumP. (z6i Two hatctrits,one at eachend of the boal Rigid RescueBoaE arc not requircd to catry iten$ (16) to (26) inclvsive, trquipneDt for bflrtrble Lifer.fr3 (l) A buoyanrrescuequoit on {t least30 m of buoyantline' (2) Two sDonces. (giOne siteti knifewith a buoyanlhandle.two if 13or more Dersons, (4) bne buovantbailer,lwo if 13or morepersonsare carried' .It attachcd o scaanchon,one permanenlly i5i (6) Two buoyanlPaddles. (7) One rustproofgadualeddrinkinSves€l' (8) Survivalinstructions in English (9) lnstructionsfor immediateaction. (i0! A ouncturerepairkit and a top'uPpumpor bellows' ttt) tt.in. (z). (8).(9),(14).(15).(17),(18).(19)'(20)and(23) listed abovefor lifeboets. nadons for L|f.boots rDd L|Ierrft! For each peNon, food totalling not less than 10,000kiloioules' capableof beingopenedwith wetor.cold keptin airtigh!packaging handsand stowedin a watenighlcoilalner. lbe rauon snauoe readilv divisibleinto three one'day portionsper Person Also *"r"riioht ."""ot""I". "onhining a total of 3 litres of freshwater pcr oerson]In tifirafts 1.5 lilr€s of ftesh water is carriedfor each
THE SHIP'SBOA'I pcrson. In both boats and mfts, one-third of the water may tte replacedbJ desaltingapparatuscapablcof producingthe equivalent amountof freshwater witbin two dals. The water may be packedin cans,bottles,tanks,or sachets. Food and waler ratiorls orc not rcquircd ao be canied in Rcscuc Boats, Mortef3 r|td IH[i A Mustet Lirt mttst be preparedby the Master before the ship proceedsto seaand it mustbe kept revisedasnecessary due to crew changes.It specifiesthe Gederal EmergencyAlarm Signal, the action to be taken by caewand passengers following the signals,the Abandon-ShipSignal and how it will bc given, other emergency signalsand the appropriatesubsequentaction and the location of pass€ngerMuster Stations.The List also sho{,sthe duties assigned to crew members,includingthe closingof watertightand fire doors, valves, skylights, portholes and similar openings;the cquipping, preparation and launching of survival claft; the mustering of passengers; the u!€ of @mmunicationequipment;manningof fire partiesand dutiesrclatiog to the useof fire-fi8htingequipmentand installations.Also includcd is the warniDgof passengers,making sure they are suitably clad and weariDgthefu lifeiacketspropcrly, cortrolling movcmentsand ke€pingorder, and taking blanket! io survivalcraft. The List specifieswhich Omcen are responsiblclor lhe maintenance of lifesaving applianccs. Copiesof the List are postedin conspicuousplaces,especiallythe Bridge, Engine Room and cre* a@ommodation. Illustrations and instructionsir English, and any otber appropriate language,are to be posted in passengercabiDs,at Muster Stations, and other passengerspac€sto indicate the location of Muster Statiods,how to don lifejacketsaDdthe action to take in an emergency. me Gcnqal Em.rtenay Alarm Signaltor srmffining cre* arrd pass€n8Ers to Muster Stationsis s€venor more sbort blastsfollowed by a long blaston the *histle or si.en, and alsoon an electricbell or klaron. Eachmemberof the crewshall take part in at lealt onc AbaodonShip DriI and one Fire Drill everymorth. If more tban 25 of the crewhavenot participatedon that ship in the previousmonth, therc must be a Drill qdthin 24 hoursof leavingport. On psss€ngerships the Drills must be held waekly. Pass€ngersarc to b€ mustered within 24 hoursfollowing embarkation.They must be instructedin the us€ of lifejackctsadd the action to take in an ener8ency. DurinS Abandon-ShipDrills each boat should be launchedand 474
THE SHIP'SBOAT man@uwedin the water at le st o ce every 3 months, Rescue Boats must be launched every month and man(euwed by the assignedcrew. The emergencylighting is tested at these Drills togetherwith eachlifeboat engineand liferaft davit. The Master must keep recordsof these Drills and Musters togetherwith his reasonsas to why Drills *ere no! held on any There is no statutory,4bandon-ShipSigtul. It is likely to be given system,if any. verballyand througha publicaddress ENCLOSEDLIFEBOATS Usually, these are constructedof fibrcglasspigmentedwith a can distinctivecoloursuchasIntemationalOrange.Thc cross-section b€ likcncdro a dividcd'O', the lowerpartbeingthe hull, the uppcr r€ctionthe ca[opy andthe divisioncarryingthe fendedng.Theyoffer full protectionfrom fire, toxic gasesand exposure;simpleoperation by unskilled persontel; speedylaunching,alld require little knowledgeof boatwd*. Spraynozzlesfilted aroundthe hull and on the rop of the canopy cnsurcthat the exposedsurfac€can be cov€redwith a layerof *atcr firc. Tests cnablingthe boat to travel safelythrough a s€a-surface carricd out on a sGpcrson craft durin8 a s€ven minute firc lest roseto lls(rc, insidethe showedthat whiL lhc ambicnttempeaature boatthcrc wasa viablelife-supportenvironmcnt,frce of atmospheric pollutants and with an averagehead-heightt€mperatureof 26eC. Sa[-righring,which is dependentupon sll occlrpantsbeingstrappcd in plac! with saf€tybelts,wascompletelysatisfactorywith the engine runningthroughout.
475
THB SHIP'SBOAT Compress€d-air bottlessupplyair to both oclupantsandenginefor a periodof somcten minuteswhichis enoughto traversea floatingoil fue of aboutone mile diameter,arssuming calmweather.Mosl craft of{er wheel steeringwith a tiller as standby. Tlre helmsmancan oFrate rhc loeering of the boat (with a control line), the releasingof tbc hook, and the engine.Two hooksare itted lo avoid boat spin during descrnt. This is importadt when the helmsman'sview is obsqrredby flame arrdsmoke.In suchcases,as soonas the boat is eaterbome, it shouldte steeredninetydegreesawayfrom the ship's side at full spced. Entry to theseboalsis normallythrougha door, which maybe an elcvrting or sliding t!?e. There may be two doorsin eachsideof a largcr craft totether with a hatchwaythroughthe top of the ca[opy. It canbe arguedthat embarkationinto enclosedboatsis slowerthal| into opcnboatsalld that difficultiescanarisewhentherearestretcher calcs. In s$all boatswith only one door on eachside,boardingcan be vcry slo*. With any new desip there are bound to be somedisadva[tages 8nd it is healthy to disculs thes€ so that in a survival situation, personnclkDo* thc good and bad factors. Someseamerfnd thas€ boa$ are claustrophobicard obiect to b€irt stnpped in. On the other hand they cannot expect to have self-righting and full protcclion from frre, gasand cold unlesssomediscomfonis borne. As rescueboa!6, they are rot ideal becsuscthere is ody a vcry nar.ov strip of dcckingaroundthc canopy.To pick up a p€rsonfiom the watcr it is usuallyoccrsssryto position onc of the entry doon aloog.idcthe person.nd this can be difficult. Rowint of the boatsis lirdted, pcrhap6only throuth the eotry doo$. Should the en8ine breakdo*n in a sea-surface fire, then in the faceof a ditnioishiogair supply,ther. is lide that can be done in the way of propulsion. Regardcdsimply as a device for sefely abandoningship, and rememberingthat any ship can be involvcdin a sea-surface fire, the cnclorcdlifcboat may be considereda univenal necessity. COMFONEIITS OF TN OIR Thc lrrr ir thc prrt 8n3pcdby thc h!nd, vhc! roei!& Tha ,14& ia tha fsttc[cd srta whichgipa thc wrtcr. Th. Sf,dl i! rhr p.rr of thr o{r b.twcc! th. bledarnd tha looo. IOwlNC TERIIG; A Cnttch b I trals or galvllilcd-iro! fttitr& compriling a lowlr crlinddel ttld with r hort+shoc-rhrpd pi{5cabovcit, Thc starn6t! 416
THE SHI?'S BOAT irto a mctalliacd hoL it tha Suttwelc,and thc shaftof tha oet rtsts id thc curvrd patt. A xopto;* ir marly s rcctaogulspe dt ottt d ah.gtotwab.Ttc rbaft of thc oar rclts in th. gaP$rh.tr rowiDg.Thc trP i! c.prblc of bciDgflLd with a pi.c. of wood(rtt ch.d to th. bort by m.anr of 3 laDvud)kno*tr a! a torr.t. A Tiolc Pin proietsip frcm thc gunwelcinto whichit b b.ddcd. rfhc oarsulrd $!!hthis 6tting ar. drillcd, thc bolcbcingmetellincd,so thst ttc oer Eay bc lowcrcdon lo lhc tholc pitr' wbich thsn pq!$! throud thr oar,holdiD8i! io Placc. 'Ott7oa'l'r-8n o.dc. tl whichthacrtw 6t thcir oa]! iolo lhc crutcb.., rowlocls, or t[olc pid!, rld sit od tbcir thwei!' hlndr frrlpilt tbc loom! of tbc oa.s.Thc ost! shouldbc horizontal. 'Ct c vav topclhq'--a ordard wbichboth Pon etrddarboetdoat!_ mcocomocnd rowing.Tbc atrok ott, i.c. t[a baa rowingsdjaaaltlo th. cotleein, sctsthc;uok atrdtimiDg,andthc othcBGrchwatch$a back of thc mao ilnmcdiltcly h froD! rnd not thcir iddividualorrr' lo this way thc mctratc ablc !o kctp in cP. 'OdrJ'-g! ordcr at which otrc morEltrolc i! riada, thc oatt arc railcd fiort thc vatcr, and allowrd to rE'3thodzont ly paojcctilgfiom llc boa|. 'Hold waat'----snoa&t at whichlhc blad6 arr pLc.d itr thc w.tcr ad th. oan hcld rigidly at righl sDE.3to thc guaw.lc.This rrsilt! i! tatinr thc erv ofi thc boal. 'ni* ,"ri'---aa ordd at ehich thc odr ul ulad i! tbr rc€nc dirrclio! i! or&r to Sarhcr6tamesy,i.c. tbc looor arc Pulhd rft in' rtcad of bciar oulld fonvard. 'ron'----sa;rdcr at whichtba borvEatrboat! hi! olt ald lttlda by itr tbc bow !hc.b wilh boathooko. pai ar, Fsdy for Soingdon8'ida 'Va! aovgl]---{r otdcr et wbich olc mot! ,trolc ir dada ad lh. thc comrtaDd'O&s'. oar! arathcaDlacad|s for'Wry 'rr orrr'-tiri! follow! cDough'rlmost at olca EachldoE ia thc and to*rrdr swuS forsard Sulwslc' Thc oat! sr! thc! lifbd from thcir 6atinr! strd laid o! thc sidcbcncha!. 'To!5@ttrbat th. Mrt' b atrordcr fEquaotlyuradin doubL'butcd boab (two orrsdc! o! .sch thwrn), whc& tbc o.r3 lra lo bc bodtcd sld Lid downthc forc-rd-aft midsbiF lito of th. bo!t. A pon o.r5rnr!" for ctamplc,will ptaacbi! lcft h!!d on top of thc loom 8t tba cxtrrmccodof thc ocr aadhi! riShfhrnd u[dailc.th tha rtrft clolc to thc (rut h or roelock, Io onc movcEcnttc bcantdorv! with hi! laft hrd rnd lilb with bi! righ! !o thrt thc oar .win9 uP lhrougbr righl urlG. It ihould comcto r6t i! . v€rticalpocitioowith thc cnd of thc b;n rcltiar otrthcboito6 t orrd! bctwcctrthcoslsEa!'3fcct,tld at ttc ornc tioc bcioggirco a twi3tsothat thc bledcpla.trci! forEtld rll All
4n
THE SHIP'S BOAT oar! arEthcn sidultaacoudy lowrEd, blada. forvad h ttis carc,aEdlaid or tbc middlcaof thc thwsru. again M3titrg tbc orr !o that thc bladc licr 0at- It ir crtlrnaly spccraculsr,but roa grrltly frvourcd by ilcrFricDccd lifcbost crrws. Bcforc a boat lcav6 a ahip'! rida it i! oftca vcry uscfut to toasthc iDsi& oar' rtrd uscrha bladc tips ro bcar sway thc boif
GEMMI, nEMT|'nXSON E()AT H IlDnNc (r.. alsoCbaprc.IX) A boatlhould prcfcreblybc on alrcvcDkcclwith no liat,A sughttriD by thc ltatu, howcwr, is favourablcwhcnruEiDg bcforcs haaw tca, siac. thi! palvcot! tbc bowsfrom bcingdrivc! utrdcr. Whcnunhookiogthc falls,panicularlywhcr thc shipba3u,ayo! hcr or, whatamountsto thc aamcthing,tftc boatis fastalongsidchcad-tos str.amcurrcnt!th. after fall shouldbc unlooked first. Wh.tr b.rthilg hcadingirto i currcDtthc forwardblock shouldb. hookcda,' fBt. I! bothcascsthc boatis th€npr.vcntcdfrom bciDgswug athwrrt thc tidc. Onccclcar of thc ship or quay,all feDdcrsand loosccodsof roF shouldb. broughtinboard.Nccdlcssto say,whcnlowcriDga lif.bost f.om davitstheplugshouldbc chcckcdwcll bcforcthc boatis lauDchad. At night thc pluSis oftcndiftcult to find, ald mroy boalshavca mark or ariow cut into thc Srrnwaleor sidcbcnchcsabrcaslof it. If sucha mark is brightlypaintcdit serveso usefulpurposcby day alrd prrvcDtr burrowingundcrthc bottomboads. Carcfulallowanccshouldbc madafor all currcotsir thc vicinity, rt. mcmbcriDg that, gcncrallyspcaking,th.y arr wqkcst clos€ilahora.A wid. bcrthshouldb€givcnto all anchorrdsNps,atrdin a stEamcurrcnt it is advisablato passastcraof tlcm. It is surprisingothcrwischow quicklya boatmaybc swcpttoward!thc anchorcablca.Wh.tr haadlng a rowiDg-boat, it shouldbc bomcin rhindthat largcruddcrengLarctard thg boatend put sDaddcdstlcason thc oersmen. ID a modcratcor hcavysca, ratbcr thetr ruDniDgto a dcstinatiotr lrcam-oDto thc wavcs,it is batt€rto zig-zag,i.c. stccr^ doEtJeg co|r*. Survivorsio boatsshoulduscthc oarsody for hcadiDgtowerd!r raiostorm(whcnsholt of watcr),for cxcrcis.io frcczingcoDditio4, andfor avoidingnevigtional dangcrs.Th.y will initially bc wcd foa clcarirg lbc abandonedship,althoud it mustb€ cmphasiscd h.rc that otrc of thc primeduticsofa motor-boatis to mustcrthc rowirg-boabtogcthaa and tow thcm utrlil suchtimc as thc fu.l supplyb cxhaustcd.Thfu is particularlyimpon&ntwhenrorring-boats arcdcsperatly tryingto clc{r r shipwhichis rolling hcavily,on fire, or liablc to cipsizcovc. thc boats. Brcakingwaves,andthe washof othcrcraft, shouldbc mct bows-on, thc oars possiblyb€ingtemporarilyfcathcr.d, i.c. .tstcd horizontelly with bladcplancspeIallclto thc watcr. Thc wind or stream,whichcverhaslhc strongdcfr.ct, shouldalwayg b. stemmed whengoingalongside, andassoon6spoiliblo, io a tjdc$ay, 474
THE SHIP'SBOAT a paiaicr shouldbc l€d wrll ahcadfrom thc iDsidcbow.If thi! b LcPl right thc boatcsDbc 6hccrcd.ithcr way whilc riding slo!8tidc, and ir thusundd thc cotrtrolof hcr rudd.r. ODlyotrcfairLld i! usudly frttad to lifcboat!,oa th. fonvardgutrwal.,andthi. is ptiErdly fo! p.!si!t thc tca-trlchorwarp, If lhc lifrbort is to ucbor th. bittct.!d of thc anchorlioc lhould b. lhc stockof a commonaachorrvall lockcdid pbar, ald wall sacurEd, sufrciadiliDcstrcamcdto rcachthc bottom bcfott thc uchor fu lat 8p. It is as wcll to havca littlc st mwry otr thc bodt wtan payitg out lba anchorw5rp, A scopcof at l.ast four shouldba u!.d, cal@l,rtd o! biSh-wrtlr dQrb& If tha lifcbosr contiiually sDatch.sat htr alchol *am norc liai thouldbc vlaftd. A3a lasltlaort, a hcavyobjcclshould bc aiiddow! thc wrrp udtil it htrds on rhc ,ca-bcd.If rhc boatk to bc ucborld on a rockyboltomit is rs s,allto sccu&tba w'rp to th. crovo of th€ drcho., stoppinSit lighdy to thc uchoi rin& If thc a|rchoris latcr fouDdto bc foolcd a slDrp tug on thc warp will carry ewry thc itopping,lhc rlcbor thaDbcinghov. up crownfirst. HOISTTNGA BOAT INBOA.ND A lodgbost-ropcshouldbcparsrdalooSthc hull enda.culd forc tnd rIt ThciallashouldbcsLckcddo\ T uDtillhc blocksrrcjust at rhcright hcirht fot hookha-o& aad if withio rcachO.y lhould bc !.ndcd to malc ;urc that thc! do not bccomctwistcdor thtt thc lowrr blockt bcupsidcdown.In vcly hcavywcathcr i.c. capsizcd tomc thorough-foorcd, ,cramblitrg(cargo)n ts shouldbc riggrd ovcrsida,logcthcrwith dat' tr!3lasto sct ar fcadcB. Thc vc$cl shouldforh r laa,a|ldspEadoil ifacca$ary,to rcducalhc brcakitr8of w$rs. As tha lifcboat rira! to s wavcthc forwardblock sbooldbc sccurcd aod thc sft.r oDchookcd-onalmoatimmcdiltcly following this. Thc futhat silca thc boatwil undoubtcdly onlv adwDta€ of thi! Droccdurc tavc aoorooclcOtcaOie into thc wavca,if thcaltar blocl fail! to hook_ ou wlcn thc boat ir vimra[yjcrkad bowsout of thc *rtq in tbc ncxt {ava trough, thc oorc buoyo cnd is slill wrtcrbomc' Furthcr, thc If a cto.s-s.r boat is in ; bcttct positionto Eact advancitrgctoss_scas. Ect thc boat whitai *8 stcm out of lhc watarthc bowswould utr' doubtcdlybc 6$tmFd. If tiEc pcrnits thc blocb shouldbc turud to tloovc tny twistsin thc fa[t. Thc boatshouldintrcdiataly bc hoistld clcarofthc rcs ald rai!.d to thc davithceds.Thc pluglney bc tcrDovcdlo drainthc billp watrr' rod thc cr6v lhould holdonto tic lifclilc!, in c$c thc frll! thouldPa t Thc boat.roDc.wbichshouldby Dowbr sacurrditr thc bort for! sDd&f i3 trodcd by thc crrw to prcvctrtth. boal f.om surgiDgback8nd fo.th o9
lHE SIIIP'S AOAT alotr8thc hull. If tlc rurgiogb.comcscxcrssjvcthc hoittitg shouldbc chackcduttil ttc crcwela rblc to contaolthis movcmcat.It c$not bc arnphasircd too dtronglythatr'oposonshouUbcallowc.tto sta"dabCfithe altct block,orloNa t oI th. st.m block,e he. u)hathoittlrgor hwet@. Thc&adcrshouldvbuatiichimsclfsta[dirgalnostat tha6tcmpostwhcn tha dl.r fa[ pans,Hc wil bc crushcdbctwcctthc bow shcctsstrd th. forwardfall, whichnowtakcstbcwholcwcightof tbc ladc! boat. A fioodcdboat3houldb. hoistcdclcerof thc uratcrend thc plug rc. novcd. lf polsitrlc-{th€ calc of iDdcpcndctrt falls, thc bost sbouldbc trimmcdso that thc waFt fow! out ovcr thastcmor stcm.lf thi! i! trot possiblc,thcnt[c boatlhould bc lcft to drainb.forr attcmpting!o hoilt it thc full distancc. B.forc lcaviDga bo!t, lhc crcw shouldmakcsurcthat thc oarr and mastorc stow.d so as to bc wcll supponcdthroughoutthcir lcitth. If this ia ovrrlookcd thcsccomponcntswill quickly warp ard bccomc virtually usclcas. I,oWERING A IIFEBOAT Thc crcw shouldbc wcaringlifc.jack.ts.Thc plug oust b. chc.k d and fcndcrsriggcdovcr th€ inboardsidc. Thc boahropcshouldprc. fcrrbly bc passcda3bcforE,to prwcnt surgin&to8cthar*ilh a paiDtcr, whichmurt bakapttight No oncshouldstandbctwccdiha falb addtha boat cn&. All crlw mcmbcrsshouldgraspthc lifclitc,, iD additionto workiogthc boat-ropcif raccssary. Th. after blockis cast-ofrfirst ir a tidcwayto prcvctrtthc boEtfrom broachingto. In a hcaryacatlc boatmaybclowcrcdon to a wavccrc81. A3 shc alidcsinto th. succacding tlough, hcr fdls src eutomrtic5lly owrhaulcd(slackcd)by lhc boat'sw.ight. On rising to thc acxt ct at thcy &rr amplyslackfor rapid unhooting. Thc pdintcrshouldbc kcpttidt itr ord.r to kaapthcboatforc-strd-{tl whcnlaunchad.Ifth. ship fu mrkiag way, or if a straad i! rurDiDg down from shcad,e tight psidtaraftblca thc boat to bc shaarad clca! usitrgbcr ruddcr.It elsomca$ tlut assootrar thc boatia leunchad,!o mattlr whcthcrthc rbip is makingl,ay ot a straamb ru!!ing, thc boat b vinually tow€d.lolgsidc aDdis tcDt vcrticallybclow$r davirh.ad!, fscililating unhookin& Od gravitydavib s chrir pcadatrtis sccui.dto thc lowcr bloctr by mcetrsof &patrntslip.Th. olh.r codb rhacuadto a poirt rouglly twct thirds of thc wsy up thc davit. A3 thc bo.t b lowcrcdfrom ttc davit hcads,thc Fndaat tightcrs andthc boatswiDgsia to thc cmbdkrtio! dcck-lcval,virtually on r uniotrpu$h$a. If this p.ndoDtis lslcr slippcd,ehc! thc boat fu t!.dy for funh.t lowcri!9, thc lifcboat *itl swirg violcrdy ottboald a! thc fall saak!thc vcrtical.Thisha! b.ca thr caus€of mrny !.riou! accidaotr,for tha3wiDg 480
TIIE SHIP'SBOAT is ruftciartly suddc! aod rEpidto hurl o crcw mcmbcrovcr thc sid. Agri!, thrs€ aocidcrt! an pt v.!t€d if t[. lifcli[ct at! hcld and thc crcr kccplow dowtrid thc boat. Odccth. bost hasbcctrtric.d in to ihc ahip'ssid. by fh.!. pcodaDtt, a lcoglhof24m'l nanila rop., providcdfor thc Purposc,b palscdb.' 3-in twccnthc boatrhcas snd th. claato! thc lowct davitbody.Thc two or thrlc psns arr th.! h.ld ttut io thc handrby gripPiDSth.m logcthcr. Thc chaiDpcddartmaynol' casilybc alippcd,thc firntl6 jcrf! rt$dy asit gror{5brr-tiflt, aDdthc boet is rcadilyfor casiDgout for€ altd rft is to usctwo $!all lscklcsatrd on both mldla& A bcncrsttaDgcmont s$ thc boal oul on thcsc. Wh.D ti6a parmia both of th.!c rcmcdicsdlay bc dispcns€dwith: olcc ttr todt fu rcadyfor lo$aritr8to tbc watct, it is hoistcdotr thc wincb,mond swry froD tha thip'r sidcaDdrhc FndaDt glos,ssleck. Thc latacrb calt of atrdthc boetlsuchrd in rhc Dotmaliray. oDc ad' vant!8!, how€vcr,of p$6itrgthc triciDglincsor tacklcai! rhat tbcy acr .t Drcvcotcrin c$c thc chrin pcrdtnt 3houldpan. SoDc davit! 6tt d with 6brc ropc f.[! providcfor ttc boat lo bc lowcrrd by hsrtdcotrttol. A stag'sh.td bollardis usurlly Providcdin wry of cachdlvit A luitablc mclhodof pa$ing thc fall aroundsucha bo[srd b rhorv! h Fig, 18.2,whcr€it is riggpdrcadyfor lo\rlnn& TO PUFCI'IA3E
t!99.!.c-l.!.3 LOlERlllc
luttta
oN Siacttohtl
loLLAiD
BEACHING A LItrEBOAT Th.rcis littlc that canbcu$d har€crccptmra_powcr.A!soon a5th. bosl aroutrds,thc crcw shouldjump out end cvcnlydist.ibutcthcm' rclwr-alou thc sidcsof thc bost.Thcy sbouldthcn makr e combiDcd afiorr I rhc Dcxt wrvc tnlak, tsling carc that thc boat docanot brorch-tortrd iDiutcthcm.It ahouldbc hlulcd uPtbc b.achabovctha birh-wrt.r Earh rd for tb$ rcaroo,bcechhgat high watlr fu idcal. Thc paiatcrmeybc passcdrouadthc hull ofthc boet,lcd up thc bcacb' 481
TIIB SHIP'S EOAT ald hor,+o! by thc cr!w. Thc yard,rna$ andany otherabortpicc6 of roud tinb.r eill actra uacfirlrollct! to rllicl! tba!t!a!a6. Whcait i! dlsir.d ro bcrchthc boeth sr arcaof |urf gEat c.rl mu3t b. .r.rci&d, rrorg jud8pocnr qui!. ..rily rlsulting i! 6ub6trrtid datugi to tbc bort rd possiblcscriousiDjuryto thc crcv ncnbar!, Thr glet.rt &qrr cxi.ts within str arca of b(..ti|lg wavcs.On r gctrdyshclvingbarchthir trla msycrtdd wallout to acawud.Tbacorrwain shouldErfdrbly b. cipcricnc.d in lhis typ. of bost handling, rnd the crrw mustobaysll ordcrsimplicidy. A rowitrg.boatis prcfFabl?to a molor-bodtwhctrbarchingthroud tu4 bacrusatrot orly docstha proF[cr of I povcr bodt racaa grrrt dcal whrtr pitchiaS,contributingnothiogto th. bo.t'r *.y, but th.r! vill alsouurlly bapoor nllcuvrirg quiliti6 wh€trthc bodti! aulliot artlrtr. A di$aktrgincd lifabort usurlly h|. pooalcc.Lratio! proparti6, pdrticulrrlywhcnrcrcr! d. A mrjor co8idcratio! i tht withitr .! er! of 3u4 thcrci! r grrlt dcll of wbitc,scratcdwrtcr, upor wbia:h thc propcllcrdcvcloF r poor grip. A puliDg boat otr thc othct hdd, fu morc manauvrablc'sinccthc oatscanbc adjustldfor inclinstiodin ordcr lo grip lbc dccFr watcr. Thc boat shouldhavaauficiaotfrccbosrdlot to ba rwupcd vhco procacdiDgthrougb t[c utrbuoyatrtsurf watar. Th! c!d! ,hould tc ligbdyladcasothat thc borr ridls rsrily ovartbr warE!,but rot to luch r d.gftc that it i5dsDgEoullyliwly. A bodtfttad with r tttlrom it rrl !s diatioctfroft t[c whrlcr-typaof lifcbost, i! cxtrcncly buoyaat!ft, ud b liablc to bacarricdforw$d o! thc forl sidcof r brl.lilg ${rr (rurfnd anddrivc! urdcr asthc wsvcbEslr. Th. crcw should bc doubl+bdot d !o .r to 8iw thc bort bcttlr m.n.vrobility. Thc rudd.r lbould bc u$hippcd,.i!cc it will bc of Do nlu. wh.d thc boati! pitrhin& Thc .t crilt 06r shouldbc lhippcd it thc lncr 6utch or grommctatrop.,!d hcldfrnly by thc coxlwah, vho prdcnbly ,tatr& up in thc bost 30 r! to hsr,ca clcar vicw ovaatha haldr of lhc oatrm.tr. whil. bcachin&thcrr is r t&ry Srlat da!8cf of bciog bro6chcd-to, awrnpad,or hurld shotswrrdro! thc fo'r sidaofa braalilg wr}l, cotnplctly out of cotrtrol. Bothwhedbcrchiagsrd butuhitrg in a hcrw ,urf tb. boat.houldbc b.add bowsout to ,ca. Althoughtha cilw wil hlrD to brck wrlct *bilc bcaching, thaboatwil bc itr s muchlefcl lttitudc. r tiriq procasa, Orc conolrtion i! thet thclurfitlclfwill alsirt tbc boot'rmotion,borctlrrds. Ia thi! ray thc coxwrEhha! a clcarvice of tha da4.rou. r... .dvancingto*arda thc boal atrdft,rrhcr,thc (rcw lrr rot ia s positioD to rcc thcm. Thi! !crv6 a dud purpocc,rcduciogatry fcrn, aDdibo caeblilg thcm to cadcantrdcctrti.cly otr rho ooxeri!'a ordcE, which rhould bc cun .nd itrlLDdy obq/.d. 82
THE SHIP'SBOAT Ifthc boatis capsizcdit fu bcttcr foa thc crcwto doro.diarily ,aikc clcarof it, so that thcy arctrot hurlcdagsinatit by succaaditrg wavc!. Thc bost shouldmcctcachadvaDciDg wavcat rigbt aagl.sto thc li.c of thc wava.During the bcachiogproclasthc sfolc odsmcn 3hould kccpa sharplookout for aock ald olhcr daogcn. Giva! a good crewand coxs\rain,o 9-m lifeboatsbouldbc rblc lo 3Gfi ncgotiatawavcsup to 4.5 m in height,by day. At night wavcshighcr 15fr thaDabout2 m shouldnot b€attcmptcd.Thc rclationsbipchold good 7 fi for othcr lcngthsof bort!. It m|lst bc rcmcmbcrcdthat waws havca cyclcof dcvclopmctrt atrd dctcrioratioD,thcrc beiDgfrom 6vc to s€vcnwavcsin a ctdc. At thc .nd of cachcaclcth.rc is a periodof r.latilrly quict sca.This pcriod mustbc cholca for thc commcnclmcdtof thc ruDashorc,and for the actualgroundidg.Idcally,lhc boat shouldgroundoD th. hcclsof the tastwavcof a cyclc. ODc.thc arla her bccnsctcctcd,thcn thc cndofa w'. cyclcshould bc awsitcdandthc bo|t tumcdhcad-outto sca.Thc oarsrrc th.tr us.d to bsck thc boat shorewards. Idcally, th. boat shouldbc kcpt at lcast two boat-lcngrbsaheadof a brakcr. As a wavc rcachcsthc boat, ehclhcr bralking or trot,thc orn shouldbeuscdlo hold warcr,k€aping thcm incliicd wcll do$rward! so that theyarc not snrtchcdfrom thc it will bc prcfcrablcto orrsmc!'s grasps.If thc wavcaarc slow-movitrg givc way togEthcrstrodgtyas a wavcEachasthc boat so that it is trav.rscd asquicklyaspossibL. whc! thc bort Srounds,sry on a shallowbcachin a light surf, the st cringorr shouldbcboatcdandlhc stokc oarsmcnordcrcdout of thc bost Tb.y r,ill clitrgto rhc st m and hold it sgairst th. bcachar bcst thcy canwhilc lhc rlst of thc crcwkccpbackingin sucha wayttrt tha bost fukcpt bows-onto thc surf.Thc crcwa.r€tbeDorddcd out io pai$, .tarting from aft aadlcavilg thcbowmcnutrtil lastof all. Thcscwo mcn cotrtinucthr task of kelpiDgthc boat [aad to saa,udtil lhey too ar. ordcr€dout.Thc crtirr ctcwthcnrapiallyhcavclhc boatotrlo thcshorc. In a vcryhcavyautfthcrcis a grr3t daDgcrprrsdtcd by thcundqrtow, ehjch mey,wccpthc mcl out to scaandhurl thcmon to thc rc!-bcdin lhc inahorcbrrrkaE. As loor as thc boat touchcsthcrcforc.tho wholc crcw lhould lcap out atrd hcavcthc bort rapidly on to thc shorc. Prcciscfiming is nccdcdfor this opcratioD,othcrwiscthc boat will broach-toaDdthc mctrbc suckadout add idto thc braakc$, ITIITNCHINGA LITEEOAT FROM A BEACII TIIROUGH SUnr In a ligbt rurf thc oars shouldbc fittcd iDto thc crutchd .d laid lcross thc guaf,'alcsrcadyfor immadiltc u!a. Thc crlw 3taticDthan. sdvcaarouodthc hull aDdstandabrceslth.n rcspactivclhl'art3. Thc boat is quicklylautrchadand thc bo*mcn immcdirtclyboerdthc boer 483
THE SHIP'SBOAT and k.rp hrr bor&on to thc 6!as.Tha othcrsthcnjurnp in quicHy,in pain, workitrgfrom foresrd ro eft. A3 cich peir bosrd!, thcy uscthcir oar! to hold Oc boat in attitude hst of sll, thc co$wrin bor.ds aad thc crlw pull atrotrglyout to aaa. Thc bost shouldcoDthucat s@ throuShthc aurf, thc oa$ncn holdiag*rtcr ody whco a wlw ir brcating wcUahald, Thaitlariag oar is agaiDusadto kalp th. boatst right angld to thc wrvo.ttrc. I! a vcry hcavysurf tlc procadurcis rimihr, cxcapttblt a! !oo! r! thc bort ir wat rbomattc crlw juDp itr togcth.r8!d givr wayttrotrgly, Agrid, ptrcisr timilg i Dca*saryto prcvclt thc boet from bciDg broachcd.to.ID cachcala thc ard ofs wavccl,slclhould bc chosctrra thc iastaatfor laurchi!8. ATPNOACHINGA IOCTY SHOTE Hdr thc bort is uscdcithcrto lasd thr ctaw,whoihcn di!pa.!c witt thc boat,or .hc to cEbart Foplc from rhc lhorc. Th€ boatshouldapprorc.htl& baachh.adingbos!.out. Thc anchor shouldbcl.t !p wharlvdl outlidc rhclimit of thcbrcekcrs,andthcbort thq! bacls in towar& thc baacb,strcamiogtha ancho!rvarp.Wtco about half-wsy iBhorr from th. a[choaalplhc hold of tha lnctor shouldbc tcatcd.Ifit brrak out tha paocadut!lvill hal&to barcFatrd uniil e luitablcholditrggouud is foutrd.Thas$okr oa$ncn aglitr lccp . 3harplookoutfor rock!, and whcnthcrcer. i! aiShlthc enchorwarp i! sccurcd.Thc cilw continucto gctrdybeck wEtcr,thu! holdilg thc boat iD Dositio!, ehilc lhc pcrsonsashoGcltcr thc boat, catafuUy watchioSit! motio! bcforcthcy choorcthcii instmt of boardi!8. Tba trsk will bc nladcaasiaa if atr oarlmal'juDps out atrdhol& thc stcrn st adyby Daaa!ofa pairtcr. Orcc thc bort b loadcdit cadbc bovcout to tha alchor, ald thc bttd wcighcd, Ifuailg a ootor-boatthcrr is tro rcrsoDs,hythc opproaahtbouldtrot bc madc bowr-od to thc ,horc, providd fha& arc Sood sccuriog arrangpmcnt3 aft for tha ancborwrrp. MAN(EtrynlNG II,oNGSIDE A SHIP AT SEA !f lhc v.sscli! I w&ck or dcrclict thc approsc.hshouldbc dada a! dcscribcdin Chrptcr D(. For a lormsl approachthc box6 aad stain of thc sbip atould bc $Pi at tharclocalitic..Thc bdt svoidcd,sircc thcrr will bGcxcaaaiva placcfor thc lrldirg will bc rougblyaDidlhipr oa ttc lcc !ida. Cft.t calr shouldbc takcato avoid thc paoFll.. atrs ofa twificrcw ship, sincaOc vc$cl day bcusiDgb.f angiaa!avada! &a boEtmovcacloscio. A bort-roF will bc rigg.d ov.r6i& loSrthd with.mplc fctrdcrsrtrd . Lddcr. If thc lhip is pitchi!8 thi. motio! will bc f.lt lc$t Nlonglidcth.
TIIB SRIP'S BOAT rd&hiP3 scctio!. Shouldthc vc.lcl havca projcctitrgrubbingstrakcor bsod,clorcto thawa&r lcvcl,atroar maybc h.ld vcnicallyagsinstthi! and lhc boat'sgulwalcwbil. aloDgsidr.Thfuwill prcvcDtanycharcr of thc gu rdc .atchioguldcmcath thc rubb.r. TOWING OIHN
LIFEAOATS Thfui'ill ulually bc don. by mcan!of a psintcr,It shouldbc madc frlt in thc atcmshcct!of thc towinSboat,cithcr to a towitrgbollardor to th. !ftrr tlr,o thwarB.A uscfulmcthodof distributingthc atrc$ of lhc towliDcir to rtralc rtr cya in thc ald whichi! aboardthc towitrg bost,Thc cycis th.tr rovr bcoaalhthc oftc! thwertrnd hcld up forrard of it, An osr b pasrcdthtoughthc cycatd laid fst alongthc thwarts, for! rd afl Thc osr thctractsase togglc.Thc cycshouldbc sliddo*n lhc oar uolil it is hlrd up r8linst thc forwardcdgcof thc aftcr tftwart. Thi3will avoidcrcdsivc bcDdingstr!,!a6i! th. oat. Thc towld boat sbouldstrcama lc5-anchorwhcorunningbcfoft a h.-avyfollo*i[g 3cato pr.vcnt aurfnSahcadatrdod to th. towingcraft. Thc lctr8lhof thc towlincshouldbc adjustcdso that bolh botls arein rtcp with tic w.vcs. (SccC'heptc!X.) Atry Dumbcrof boatsmey b. lo*rd, but lhc painte.of eachshould of th. n.xt id litrc ahcad,prcfcrablyby bc srcurcdioto thc atcmshccE 'togglc oer'. rDcrn3ofthc In brEatingsc.scachboatlbould ittsm oil ftom thc bo&s. LIFBOAT SAII.ING Tard h G...rd Ur. By thewitd, Ot tht wind,arcc'!fts|iorx uscdto dcnotc Cl$,'r6hatd.d, rhri s boatis sailitrgas cloaclys3 polsiblcin thc diEcdon from *hich ttc wiod is blowidg.ln s lifcboataboutfvc poitrtsis thcclo€..t po$ible .r8lc to rhc wi[d. Thc boat is only frcc to altcr courscrway from thc wind, i.c. to pay ofr. .R ocrira rcfcrsto a bostwhichis sailingeith thc wind on thc b.am (s brord rqch), or forsard of t[c bram(e clo6crtach),but oot soasto bc cloi+baulcd.Shcis frcc to alt r hcr courrci! cithcr dir.ction, but Dorr so do{to-wind. Iact: r bort fuon tbc port or stsrbosrdtsck wh.tr lhc witrdis oDlhc Dortor st|rbotrd bowr,For thc purpdc of fog-sjgusk,it cxtclds a! far 8 thc bc{m. Taekingor Oolig about@rns whcnth. boatchenglsftom onctack ro thc orhct by lailiDgrhroud thc wind'say! (winddit clioD).Ir is prc" 'Slandb, to tack'. ocd.dby thc ordar'.Rrddlaboa' or Baa{a8talcta to e boat whichis sailtg ro windward,closc_haulcd coursc' o! a srriasofallcmatatacks,i.c. shastccrsa ziE-zagor dog's_lcg 445
THE SHIP'SBOAT If shcca! sailto hcr dcstin tior on orc lsck, andbackon rtrothct sbc ir ,aid to havca Sotli.r'r lrird &anirrg ot RuJ'W lra rcfersto a boatrvhichhasth. wind abafttlc baaD. Sdrlirgt . rcfcr! to a boar whichis rblc to allar hcr courla aithcr way; it docsnot thcEforc includcboats*hich arc closc-haulcd. Cr6irg, Thh occurswhcn thc wind is from aft and, duc to yaw or gpstin&thc *ind dtchca thc sail on thc wrongsidc.Thc aail is ihctr fung violcndys6o6i rhc bost, atrdif trot loosc-footcd,i.c. if it hasa boom rtrschcd to tbc foot, it may do scriou itrjury to thc cl!v. In dditio! to lhis, ihc violcnccofa gybccadoflcDc5rry rway tha tr|.st rd/or riggitr!.Thc daqrr b mostprcval.ntwtcn sailitrgwitb thc wind dcadastcm.Gybc! arc oftcd cxccutedpuiposrly,but itr thir casrthay arr cootlollcd, Ul.stw is , mca!! of changingtack by movinglhc boet'artcm rfuoughrhc *ind'! cyc.Thc boat fu h.adcdawayfrom thc wind, hcr stcm runr into lhc witrd, a controllcdgybcfu carricdout, atrd shai! slowlybroughtrouDdoo to thc oth.r tack. O^ th. pon (or staftoad) 8rr. rcfcrsto a boatwhichir ruDnirgwith tha eind oo lhc porr (or starboard)quancr. hotgh, by the hc rcfc's to r coaditiotrwhcrcthc wind cstchcathc rril o! thc lcc aidc; aa crsmplc of this occurswhc! thc boat S/ba! rccidcntaly. lYoir8r.r ir s tcrm uscdto iddicatathat thaboatmuatlol bc brouSht rDy closcr!o tha witrd. Nothhgof b llrc tc|tsr of 'No hi8b.r', endthcnforc mc.!! that tbc boati! Dotto psy ofi any morr. ,o rrirr rr4ry rcfcr! to a boat whichhs! triad to go aboutbut ehi:h bs! paid ofagaid otrtha origin l Lck. In itunt ot In ttayt r.lct, ro . bost ebich bs. tri.d to go rbout, hat hcadcditrto thc wind's cyc, but which ba! fail.d to Wy off on .ith.r t clc lt day bc ttrn.dicd by holding lh. clce of thc jtb our to thc original1.. iidc, i.c. thcjib i. bs.kat. ,' rr. Thc tillcr i! ulu.lly td.ncd to .! rhc b.lrtr. Th. lcc aad wrathcr sidcsof lhc boat arc llsFctill.ly €alLd tbc dofi rnd ro sidcsfor thc purpoa€of hal!! orda6, 30 lhrl shcn thc ordcr 'roM hcln' it giv.o thc dllcr ia put e-lcr and thc lroat run! up iDto ttc eidd. Sinilarly, 'Up t r'r' rcsulB iD thc bost pryiDgofi. Ot[rr tatd! .tc 'Ubwhd' anit 'Down-nind','B.ar te' EC.na dt. lrtlc l! 'Up hcLr'. Canthg Lc hcln i^di(alB that if thc tild tu lcft aif&bip. th. borl tctrd! to psy ofr. ln this coDditionrhc b lilcly ro bro.c.h-toi! squrlly cordiiioDs,and carrrirj' wcath.rh.brr iB a ptarr blc ltatc of rfrsiE, for ttc boat is cotr3tadllyaackiogthc wind. 486
TIIE SHIP'SEOAT Oft point o! tbc lril rurfacais considcrcdio bc tla catrtrcofctroft, whq! sll th. vind forcc may bc co.ridcrcd to act. On poiot oo thc uDd.rwitlf hull surfacc,!t or oclr thc pivotilg point, ia c{nsid.fld to bc thccantFoflaEral rEsiltuca,If thatwo poinB,ccntd of cfiort, ald latcraltsistrncc at! oot in linc thaboatwill c{rry lcc or wcathcthclm, for a couplccxistsbctwccnth.sc lwo poiots. W, or W-up m.5nsto stccrclosarto thc wiDd. lry.ahc ng an oqcct ntcansto p.3sto *indward of it, Fra,al rrfersto sails,thc ahccbof whichhsvcttcro hauLda! tighdy sft s! podsiblc, A bF,&tis Tdkenaback,xhentha sails6ll suddctrlyfrom tbc wrotrg dircc1ion,duc to a yawor s suddcDchaDg.in wiDddircc{ioD.flry8irA mcanssailiogascloscto the wiod aspossible,whilcAhcrng rEfcrsto a boat which is sailingtoo closcfor eficicncy. To rc.f ot Sho'|.,t tail rD.ansto rtducc th. sail arca.A boatller to whcnlhc i! in thc vitrd'a cycwith a rmall sailrrca hoistcd.Shcis }/ore-towhcnshcis 3toppcdin thc ivatcr;it is achicvcdby brckinglhc sailsitr thc widd'scyc.A boatir Goos.r'ing.dwl]cn ntaningdcadbcforcthc wind *ilh thc sailss€ton both sidcsof thc boat. SAIIING THE LIIEBO/|T Grncrally, this is eo unsatisfactoryprocdurr, thc bc3t that ir achicv.db.ing a lrcnd in thc dcsircddircclion.Thc boat hasno droF kccl snd only o smalllatcral rcsistancc, asa trsult of whichsbawill invariablymak. considcrabl.lacway. Thc lifcboat is fittcd with ! lu$ail, thc orc illu3trat d ir Fit. lE.3 bcinSa stadiog lugsail,sincaonccit is hoistld,oo funhd mrncuvriog of thc yard or gafr boom is nccc$rry, unlcssof courra thc *itrd frrshms. Thc dipping lugsril, howcvcr,€ cndscon idcrably fsrthcr forwardfiom thc mast,and its tsck is sccurcdat thc stcmhcad.Thig lugssilmustslwayslic o! lhc lcc sidcofthc Erst, so that thc ylrd must bc lowcrcdaoddipp.d arourd thc malt cachtimc thcboetchanSc!tack. ID thc cala of thc standinglug it is lcft pcrmsncndyrigSrdon o[c sidc of th. boat. Thc saili3 mrdc oftcrylcnc or fraxcanvasandis loos. footcd,i.c. has no ropinget thc foot. Thc ropingcxtcndsalongthc hcad,thc lufr, atrd aroundthc clcwasfar ss rhc recf bend.This sailropingmaybc Daoila o. boltropc,whichis a tarrcdsoft hcmp.It is ale,a$ scwnon thc port !id. of a sail. Th. Esdcr shouldstudythc variou prrts of thc aril ad lcatu thc ormca.Th.lcttcl! MV oDthe sailsrcpresaotthafrst and hst Litlrr of to a for.atayby thc ahip'sdaEc,a.g,S.S,Mcrir. Thajib nay bc sacurad mcatrsofjib clip6,but usuallythc lifcboatbasro for.slry, nld so thc jib is hoisrrdfr.c on thc hallierds.Ifrhcjib hrllierd. all rct up tight thc 47
z
5n
6
f,il
z
-F\dl
it'/ r ,1: i l I
i i l i l
3r 'r Er ill+ iL
o
fit i:
Ip
1i :5
>-
Jnlrl q
z=':7 t! ,ii t, --I
i.l- o+
: l d
ll &+
THE SHIP'SBOAT loping oo thcjib lufr aclsin thesemewayasa forestay, Thc mastlravcllcris sihply a meralring slidirg on thc mast.Forged in to thc ring b a hook projcctiagdownwsrdsand ao cyeprojcctiog up*!rdr. T[c cycis sccurcdto th. rnaiohalliads aodthcbookis prsscd througl th..st op o! lhc yard,lc5vingth. lugsailrtady for hoistin& Thc h.ad of thc mainsailis bcato! to thc yardby mcansofpcxk and throat LahioSr or car-rings,passadthrough ttc pcak aDd throat c.itr816.Tbc rcmeindcrofthc hc{d Eay b. sccurcdby trcansofa spiral lacingpsircd sroundthc yardaDdlhroughthc cyclcbworkcdiolo thc sail.Thfuha3thc disadva[ta8pofc3nying awaythc majo.ityof thc sail hcadifoDc pan of thclacingchafcsthrough.A prcfcrablc&rra[glmcnt is lo uscsrpa.otaaloF for cachcyclct,assho\min lhc illuatratioo. Thc aail Eust alwaysbc carcfullyhaddledaDdmeintei&d; pcriodicelly at !ad,thcyshouldb. unrolkd andhungup to ait, makin8surr that thcy arcsuficicndysecu.rto pr.v€ntthcmflappingabou!.Thcyshould of saltmustb€waslEdofl$ith trcvcrbcslowcdewaywct,andall taacas firah \ratar, bcfor€thcy arc dricd aDdstowad,A closcwntchmu3tbc t.pt for sigls of mildcw. Nc* cottoaduckor canvassajlsshouldbc run-inat an carlyopporwhcnncw,Thc boat shouldbc tutrity, sitrcclhcy strctchcoDsidcrably raiLd on e bridt, sunnyday, rcachilg m a Spndcor light brcczc. Baatirglhould Dotbc attcmptcdod this 6rst rn Aflcr eboutthrcc or four hoursof fgu.!-of€ighl rrachin& thc sailsshouldbc suficicndy stretch.dfor clG.-hauling.Ncithcr thc halliatdsDo. lhc r:ck lashing shouldbc too tigbt, othcrwisathe luf will strctchmorcthanlhc lcrch. Thc pc-aklashiDgshouldb. codtiDurllysdjustcdto lakc up thc slacl forning in thc bcad.Tha sail shouldnavcrbc rccfcdurtil it hrs bc.n propcrlystr.tchcd. Dirty srib day bc lighdy scrubbcdwilh frcsh, soapywatcr, ctrdcavouringalwr'5 ro kccpsucha solutionoftarrcd roping.Whcodry, tha ,rils shouldbc foldcdawayid thrir covcrs;thc b.st w'y of doiDg ttb futo lay ttc rril f,atandfully cxtcndcd,but trot on a saDdyor gdttt sufacc,pleccthc lutradd lcrcb atoDgth. yard,Sialhcrup lhc bidt of tb. !.il h a roll, aadlighily stopit to th. ",rrd with ropcyems. S.rdq li. S.ib Thc stsdiag lwr.il .hould bc hoistcdwilh t[c yard slrop siturt d about onc-third of thc lcDgthof lhc yard rbeft thc rhtost. Thc lufr ltould bc rct ligbt and thc tack la3hingbovclaut until a ctlalr juat bcginsto ruo downfroE rbc pcak,th€ crqlc latcr disappcaritgwb.n lh. lril 6I! witb witrd. Thc lugrail 3houldprcfdably bc hobtld o! lhc l@ lidc ofthc mast, hravhg thc balliar& taut on thc l|,ndlurd aidcto as to providcdtra .uppoit lo rh. msst.Thcjib shouldbc hoistcdwith thc lutr ti8ht, rdd 489
THE SHIP's EOA1 thc lcad of thc shcct!6houldb. ,uch thrt s contbuatiotrof thc liDc of th. sh.ctwill biscctthaengl. et lhc clcw.Whcdthc Ealt b lstcr sto*rd it is surpdsiDghow tatr8lcdthc rigghg catrbcconc,and it i! a! wrll to hy all thc li!.!, rhroudr,erd hallardr rloDgthc full ldSlh of thc nr.t io tha Icvcrscordcr to thrt iu which thay arElct up. Thcy u€ tt o lightly stopp.dto thc mastwith ropcyatn!, vhi:h c.ttr.$ily bc c{t Thc jibdhcctrhould bc sdjustcdso thrt thc viDd c.n F$ f.!.1,, batc/acnit eadthc lcc sidaof lha oaitrleil, lhu! qrating r prcssutrdrop b.bind thc mai ail. ThcjitEhrct nsy bc bchyd at tincs, hiutit it rEwiscto do this wilh tbc main5hcrtudc!. tj&mbing cLst it providcd. ltrEniit ih. Bo.t Fig. lt.4 shorv!rhaactiotrofa vind or thc.sil of. bo!t. Itr thaupFr illurtration thc bost i! clo.chaulcd,ST rrpllsctrB thc thtuit of li€ eitrd
q!gC.!!J.rL
at ttc c.!hE of cFor! md SR r comPonadtof tti! forcaac{ingrlo!8 th. ludaccofthc s!il, Tbc othcr cooponantSP,!G{in8p.tpcndicl arty to tbc rurf!.. of ttc ,ril, Dry ba raolwd idto tl,o cotDDolcnt!,SII haclinglhc boortlrd ptoducitrtlccwsy,rld SFcaulidgforslrd motio!. It w tbc lotic.d that lhc h..ling forcc ir grratacthrtr thr forwrd proFllitrg forcc. ' I; tbc towr illulF.tion tbc latrr boetit F|crhinS:SF i! codd.tlbly
THB SI{IP'SBOAT iacrrasad,rnd a boatlsiling in thi! w{y doas8oat 3 gtslcr spccdthatr shco ahcis bcatiDg. H6ling oay bc conrclcd by saathgthc crcwto whdward,atrdlaawayby tbc ulc ofs dropkccl, the us. of whichis trot p.ovid.d for h a lifcbosl. Th. ruddcrsufrcrsa lols in cfrcicncywhcot[c boatis hatlcd, so thlt thc boat shouldbc trino.d rliS[tly by lho rtcr! utrdcrlhis corditiotr. It wil bc lotic.d tbat lhc shcetmusl bc cas.d whcn thc widd is brouShttnoodcroDlhc bow, othcrwbcthcrewill bc a dadgp.of cap. siziDg.Thc morEthc aailcanb€casedout, thc l.ss i thc actir,ch.cling forra; thb b.comcaobviousaft.r c€rrful studyof thc low.r illustration. so thc propcltng forcc incrcas.s. As thc hadingforcc dccrcascs, atrd$ do€s not hold good,holvcv.r,whc! thc shccti3 This statcof cascdright out, ss wbcDruoing vith lhc wind dcadsfl for thcn tbc cfcctivawind otr th. sailcotraistsof the truc wiDdlcssrhc aF€d of thc boat.A.lthoughtbc h.cl will bc zcro,thc ptopclliDgforccwill not bc ao gr€staswhcnrcaching,for iD thisl&!rcrmaicuvr€ ttc cfrectivcrvindis thc sadc a3thc truc witrd and a grcat r sPccdis altabad' Thc rcadcr tbc cfccliv. witrdoDe sail,std thaapprrcnt shoulddislilgrish bctweaD I.ind f.lt by thc crcw.ID tbc rcachingposition,althoughthe c'&wwill fc.l a b&rz. from & di.rctiod forwardof the bcam,thc full spcedand cfrcctofthc prcvailitrgtruc windis ablcto acl on th. sril. thcn, tha bott's spccdis gEatcr *hco tltching thaD Sumtnarisitrg, whcnclos€-hauled. Similtrly, thc spc.d is Sreet.rwilh the wind on thc quartaror 8ytc, ratherthao dcadastcr!. Thc trim of r boat must vary colstantly. Bcatiog,rcachin& and runninga[ rcquircdifrcr.nt coDditioo!of trim fo! maximumeftcicncy, G.ncrally,bcavywEighrsshouldb€keptewayfrom thc cndsof a boet, othcrwiscshcb likcly lo shipa lot ofwalcr forc a|ldaft. WheorutniDg, aacvctrkc.l is d.sirablc,for a trim by lhc stcmcausrshcrto tlc poopcd, whilc s trittr by the headteodsto makchcr codtinuallylufr-uP. In this way, it will bc accnthat a trim by thc stcm will corrcct e GDdcdcyto c{.ry weatherhclm,aDdviccvcrsai! the crsaof lcc hclm. E rdr8 Hcrc thc shartia drrx6 aft astightly as possiblcrnd thc boat saiLd ss closcto ttc wind ascanbc achicvcdwilhout thc luff sbakilg. If thc luf is shekingthc saitis dot holditrgthc wind a[d the boatia pinchinS. Wh.tr it is d.cidcd to go aboul, pay of a [ttlc in otdcr to gathcr hcsdway,aDdtlcd cascthc hclrndowtr.As thc boatcodcaup irto ihc wisd'! cyc lct fy thc sbcetsaDdstsndby to backttc jib if it looksa5 tho[8b shcmay8ptitrto irons.As shcc€stiotroo lhc ncwtsck,haul aft lhc lcc jihEhcrtsaod thr mainshcct,settinghar clolc to thc wiod. lfthc boat8ps in staystrim lhc crc* aft, to hcrcrsc thc forrvardhull 491
THE SHIP'SBOAT wi!d.rt!r, andb6ckthcjib out otr to thc originrl hc bov. lf ,hc gsth.t! slcrnwsyravcrs€lhc hclm.An oar shouldbc madrta{dy to row thc bow throughtha wind'scyc. R..eg Thc boat shouldbc on atr cvcnkccl with pr€fcnbly ro h€.1.lf ary cxistinghccl incrcas$tha mailshcatrnry lard aasiDg.Hcal rvhichdrvclopssuddcnlythrougha gustof witrd st ikirg r sail whichis lhcctcd homc too tighdy may bc corrrcicd by puttiDgthc hclm down. Whcn casingthc shcctod a rrach,do so mtil lha luf 6trrg to shjvcraDdtbcD hcavcit ia just suftcicDdyto chccklhia cfrccl. Rtrmlq Thc sailsshouldbc at ridt snglcato thc dir.criotr of lhc l'ird, In additionto sailioSmorcalowlywhctrthceird ia d.{d aft rath.r thaDon th€ qurncr, thc boal tcnd. to yawc.ntiouelly, panicuhrly in e rough see,Furtl&r, thcrcis rhc risk ofrn accidcrtalstc. For thb rta!o!, it ir battcrto saila zig-zrgc.ursc to e down*ild dctilation, sailirg or tha port andstarboardgyb6 sltlmatcly. whc! tuadag bcforca hcavyrco, r drogucshouldbc atEarDcdfrorn aft, usinScithcr thc sca-auchor or r buckct.Thisprcvcnb,to somccxtcnt,thc risk ofsurfragaDdbrcachingto. W..rlq Eascthcshcctsatrdput lhc hcl|trup.Thc boatthctrpeysotr,Stthcring way,tust bcfolr thcwindcomcsastcm,givcthc ordcr'Standby ro Sybc' aDdhcavcth. mainshccthsrdsft. Tum thc atcmlhtougbthc witrd'3cyc and thc sailwill fiitrg acrossto lhc othcr quartct bul t[c violanccof it! movcmcntir chcckcdby thc tight shcct.Thc latt r mult bc cascdaway rapidlyasthc wind broadcasotr thc quartcr.Thc boatir thcnlufcd-up closcto thc widd,hcrvidghomcthc maiffhaaLGcncrrlly3petfu& it it bcttcr to evoid o 8l,bcin a lifaboat,whcthcr.ccid.Dtal or othcreila, etrd thc yerd ia ofb! lowcrEdwhilc parsingthroug[ thc wiod'r cyc asttm. S$.tr! If lhc boatis struckby a squallt[c ahccisshouldbc lct f,y, thc hclm put herd doen, end lhc bort allowcdto lufi-up into thc wind, spi[idg it from hcr sails.Whcnrunningwith lhc wiDddcadaft s rybc murt bc avoidcd,rnd this k doncby putiitrg Oa hald, or tillcr, hsrd ovcr to$,rrdsthc sailclcw. Whanwalrr is bairg shippadoo thc Lc sidcit maybc timc to tak. s rrcf. Thc boatis run up into tha wiod and thc mrid halliardsarc crscd. Thc lrck lashingatrdsbcatarc rccurcd.t thc rccf criag6 end thc foot 4C2
THB SHIP'S BOAT looa.ly Sath.itd to rh. rlcfpoinb, *bicb arc stopD.daroundthc fold,. A rollcd sail will tlnd to hold spray rattd morc thatr orc which ir lood€lyfoldcd.A rc€f is shalcnout only sJLr thc boethe! run idto thc wind'scyc. If caFizcd, calt otr.ll ihc rig8itrg,6ailsrdd rp6rs,ard ulship thc E!!t. Thjs gc{r is thcDalow€d to foat clcar on a buoyf,ntli!c. Thc q!* canthctrplac. lb.it f..t o! thc kccl.!d hcavco! thcri8htinglir.6. Odccthc bo6tir ti&rrd, it,bootd bc quicklybslcdour. D..6rtog.!d U .rrfttog Tha banh lhould alwalr bc approrchcdh.ad to witrd, lor€rir8 thc sa& h amplctimc. Ovcr-rutrringcadbc prrvcntcdby usiagfull ruddcr or bdckingthc foEsail. Wlrtr bcdtilg with rh€ wiDdaft, it is bctt6 to ruD iD oo thc jib aloF. UnbcnhiDgi! uludly dolc hc.d ro eitrd, brckingthcjib sors to cart ofr on ttc 6r!t t!ck, clc$ of thc bcnh. Acdd..a. lf. crrv inrmbcr fdk ov.nid., whcnr.ching or bclti!8, put thc hcln up and *,cer thc boot rould ro leward of thc msn. Thc boat .hould tbcnbaatup toward,him, comht into thc wind'scycat thalrlt moEcnt.Ifthc boat is alrcadyrunDinsshcahouldbc luficd up o! thc radc tsct aad brou8hlinto thc wiad'scy. closcto t[c mad. fb Ur of 6. S.a{r.[or Thtui u!€do.iDly ro k .p th. bo6thc.d to wind and!.. by 3tr..ding it frod thc bow!, loerriog thc aeih. It may dlo provavrluabla vh.o rulnilg bcforcr vcry hc{vy ..a, 3inccit! d.sg Gfr.ctwill prwclt thc bort from surftrg sad broacbing-to. Thc lca-aachorb a coaicalcanvasbag,oFo et both cDdr,Ib la.gcr c!d, or oouth" fac.r Oc boet and is kcpt op.o aithcr by mcanaof . gelv&ilad-iro! hoop or by iro! tprcsdcB.Thc ulc of thc.c aprc.dcrt cosblq lha ,.a-archor to bc foldcd0at whcntrot in usc.A bddl6 ratr| from tba mouthto thc ..{-strchor Ylarp,wbichb e hcrvy msdls lirc of lctrgth cqud to thrl timca thc bost's lcnlth, A light trippilg litrG, 4 m lorg.r th.tr thc warp, is sccurcdto thc t&il of thc sc{-anchor. I2ft Thatrippitrglinc b uaadto tutu thc cadva.bagio lhal it r0ayrasilybo loxrcdbdct to tba boar. It ir iEportart to tlalilc that i! a grlc of witrdthc bostmaystill Dalc a corsidcrablcl.€ driG pcrhrpsup to 2 knot!. Fromthc stitutory spcci6c.tio$ for s .cr-srchor, it msybc !.sr thlt thc mouthdiamcEr is approrimstclycqualto r! of tha lcngth of thr boat'swatcrlinc.The l.ngrh of thc b8gis roughlyon. &ndc half tim.s 493
THE SHIP'S DOAT the mouth diamcter,while thc tail snd moulh diamctcNarc ncatly in thc ratio ofonc to cight. A d.oguccsn elso bc provid€dby towinge buckct,or a jib havinga bridlc rigged frorn its corners, thc clcq/ ll/cighlcd, aDd a ls-cm holc cut in the ccntrc of thc surface. MOTOR-BOATS Thcsc should gEocrally b€ handlcd as descriH i! Chaptcr 3, fo! largr vessch.Thcir enginesshould be frcquently ovcrh.ulcd, for thcy arc callcd upon to run at full power fot loDg pcriods, idlc alongsidc gang*ays for scvcralmirutos at a timc, and ar. usually glvcn litd. timc to warm through. Whcn starting thc engine thc maker's r.commcndations should bc followed closcly. The oil lewl should be chcckcd, thc circulating.watcr syst.m v€otilatedand floodcd,and lhe cDgiocallowcdto warm uP at half revolutions for a little while beforc using full po*ar. It is most important to check thc f,ow ofoil and circulating watct ttcforr lcrving thc b€rth. The corEct gradc of sump oil must bc us€d, othcrwisc axtr€mcly dimcult staning, not to mention cxccsiivc wcat may ttc c.xpcricncrdin cold conditioos. Whcn lcaving thc moto.-boat, all valvcs and controls should bc lcft in tha nak€r's rccommcndcdpositions, othcrwiSc an cmcrgpDca$8rt may bc impossiblc,If anything unusull is notic€d rcgtding thc conttols, of if thcy ar. not left in thc starting positio$, r lotc ahould bc Llt attachcd to thc throttlc l€vcr. Ncvcr racc thc cDgire in nautral. It lha cssc of Dcsal anginrs, th? msximum power and revolutions arc controllcd by gowmots, aDd adjustmcotato thcs. should lcver bc medc without thc pctmissio[ of thc Duty Engine€r. Any cxtra powcr 30 Saincd will usudly bc at thc cxpcnscofwcer and po$iblc breakdown. ihc cr€l, should b. traincd to watch for: owrhcating; darkcning cxheust; IabourinS; alterations in cnginc notc nol duc to throtdc adju6t_ mcDts; cxc€ssivevibration ; slrong smcllsfrom r credncDginc:lc.kag! of oil or fu.l: an incrcas. io thc oil lcrcl, which may bc causcdby watcr id thc sump; a smcll of p€trol vapour in thc bilgar, and clutch sup-\r,hich should bc rcpaircd immcdiat€ly. All thcs. arc wami[g sigla ttrd must not bc igDored. Thc baat should avoid sandyot muddy water, thc perticlc! susp€ndcd thctrin tcdding to chokc th. circulating syst.m. Firr .xlinguishrr! should b€ testcd rEgularly aDd the cngitrc covcr kcpt on st all titnca, cxccpt whcn r.pairs or adjustmcnts arc madc, It is most imPorbnt to kcct sah water from cntcting thc clcctricrl istitioD systcmof a pctrol cnBanc. 494
CHAPTERXIX THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTORAL EXA M INATIO N- FOR EI GN.GOING
HE thrcc following scctionsibclude thc seamanshipsyllabuses for oral examinationwhich forms a part of e6chCertificateof CompaGncy.It should b€ noted thai candidatcsfor Classorrc and ClassTvo Ccrtificatcsare likcly to b€ questioned,in addition, on thc woakof prcviouscxaminations;in othcr wordsan Officcrwho p.cscntshimsclf for a Class Ooc Ccftificat. of Competcncyis cxpcctcd to bc thoroughlyfamiliar with all prcvioussyllabuses. Ch$.3 3, a, 5 The rigging of ships.Methodsof ascerlainingthe proof and safe working loads of ropes, including syntheticfibre and wire ropcs. Riggingpurchases and a knowledgeof the powergainedby lheir use. Knots, b€ndsand hirchesin commonuse.Seizings, rackings,rop€ and chain stoppcrs.Splicingplaircd and multi-srrandedmanila and synthelicfibrc ropcsand wiaerop€,with st cl referenc€ to currcntpractice. Slinginga stage.Rigginga bosurt chair 6nd pilor ladder. Prcparations for gcttingundcrway; duliesprior lo proceeding to sea, makingharbourand cntcringa dock. Berthingalongsidcquays,j.trics or othcr shipsand securingto buoys,with spccialr.fcrenceto tbe after cDdof thc ship. Dulics of oftccrs in pon. Hclm orde$. Conningthc ship. Effcct of propcllerson the st€€ring ofa ship. Slopping,goingasternand manocuvring.Turning a powerdrivcn vesselshort round. Emergencymanoeuvres. Man overboard. Anchorsand cablcsand their useand stowage.Bringinga ship 1o a singleanchorin an cmeigency. Knowledgcof thc use of all deck appliancesincluding €mergcncy stccring gaar. I.M.C.O. watch-kc€pingprinciplcs. Usc and upkccp of mcchtnicallogsand soundingappliances. Usc and careof rockctand line-rhrowingapparalus. Usc and careof ljfe-savingappliances. Bcnding,s€tlingand rakingin lifeboatsails.Sta.tinga compressionignilion cngine.Managementof boarsuoderoars,sail and powq and 495
D , o , T . O R A L E X A M . - F O R E I G N - G OI N C in hcavy wcathcr. Rccoycring boats at sa. BcachinSor landitS. Survivalprocedurein liferaftsor lifeboats. Usc and careof fire appliances includingrh. smokchclmctand s.lfcontainedbreathingappa.alus. A full knowledgeof rhe content aod applicationof thc Collision Rcgulaiionsand the Annexe to the Rulcs. (Cardidstcs will nol bc placedin the positionof handlinga sailingvessal.but will bc cxp€cted to rccognisca sailing ship's lighrs end lo hav€ a knowlcdgr of hcr possiblcmanoeuvrcs accordingto the directionofthc wind.) Distrcssand pilol signals;penalliesfor th€rrmrsuse. Kllowlcdg! of D.o.T. M.rchanr Shipping Noticts and Admiralty Noticcs to Ma ncrs. British snd I.A.L.A. Buoyagc systcms. Wrcck ma.king. Codc of Safc working kacticcs. Clilr 2 The handlingof heavyweightswith sp€cialrcfcrenceto thc typc and strengthof gear us€d, The useand car€ofall deckand aboveicck appliances and fittings including winches.capstans,windlasses, davils. fairleads,emerg€ncy stecringgcaraod filtings usedbclweeflanchorand cablclockcr. Different typ€s of anchors.Their adventagcsand disadventtS.s. Cablesand thcir care. Preparationsfor anchoring.Anchoring with a singleanchorand rhe useof the sccondanchor.Clcsringfoul anchor and foul hawle.Archoring in a tidewayand confincdspacc.Mooring. Hangingoff ancbors.Ercakingand slippingcables. Cclting underway. Carryingout anchorsin boats. Efrcct of current. wind. shallowsand draught on manocuvring. Manocuvringin rivcrs and harbours.Bedhing alongsidcrnd lcaving quaysaDdoil rerminals,with or without thc us€of tugs. Managgment of shipsin heavy\reather.Mcansto cmploy to kccp a vesselout of thc trough of thc scaand to disabledor unmanageable lessenthe le€ drift. Handlinga disabledship. Extta prccautionsto bc lakcn bcforethe onsetof bad wcathcr, oudine kdowledgcof thc rcgulationsconccrninglifc-savingand fire Measures10 b€ takcn following accidcntal damage, including collisionand grounding.H€avy-\reather damagea.d leeks.Mclhodsof dealing*ith shipboardfires.Organisalionand dircctionoffirefighling, liferaftand lifeboatpreparationpartics. Practicalknowledgeofrhe scrceningof ships'navigationlights. Preparationsfor drydockingand undocking.Usc of shorcs,bilgc blocksand bilgeshorcs. 496
D.o.T. ORAL EXAM. -FO RE IGN-GOINC Mcasurcslo bc tokcn to prcvcnl thc spillageof oil during cargo work, bunkcring or lransfeiring.Thc keepingof rccordsundcr the Prcvcntion of Oil Pollution Act. Thc Collision Rcgulations and buoyag! s'slcms as for Class J. Cl.5r I ExccDtionalcircumshdccs.Loss of ruddcr and/or prop.llcr. Jury stccrini. Action followingcollisionor sustainingdam&gpof any kind. Action followinggrounding.Mcthodsof rcioating.S$rvcyssubscqucnt to rcfloeting.Ecachinga ship. Stcpsto bc takcn whcn disabl€dor in dist.css. Prcs.rvation ofpasscn_ gcrs and crcw. Abandoningship. SuNival proccdurc.Abtndoning a *.cckcd shiD. Communicationwilh lh. shore. Usc of rockcts and rockctspparatus.Asshlinga ship or aircraftio distress.Use of dircc_ lion for homingon lo a casually. Rcs.uing crcw of a disabledship or dilchcd aircmft. Launching accidcnt boats. at anchorand al sca.Thc usc Paccautions Bad *cathcr manocuvrcs. and working anchorsand the sca. AnchoiinS, of oil for smoothing cablcs in all circumsbnc€s.Approachi.g riv.rs tnd harbours and manocuvringthcrEin. Approachingof-shore loading points under conditions.Towing and bcinglowed oDcn-sca 'Drydocking. Ccneral proccdurcand precautionsto be obscrved. Disrributionof wcight. Drydockingwilh full carSofor inspcctionof propcllcKend shafting.Bilgc blocks.Leavingthc vcsselwaterbornc. Puninginto port with damageto ship and/orcargofrom both business of cargo. and tcchricalpoinlsof view.Safeguarding Prcvcntionoffirc at scaand in port. Methodsus€dand aclion takcn to prcvcntfirc spread.Full knowtedgeof the use,and prccaulionsin us€,of 6re applisnccs. Methodsof pestcontrol and fumigationof holdsand living spaces. safcguardsin useoflhese methods. Thc Collision Rcgulstions and buoyagcss for Class 3 Rrdio-tclcphony.Knowlcdgcof disl.essand safctycommunication as indicalcdin lhc proc.duE on R/T distrEs- and callinS-frequcncias for Radio Office Handbook and the Post IntcrnationalCodeofSignsls
Omc€rs.
Portablcradio equipment.Preparationand use of portablc radio cquipmcnras uscdin lifeboarsand liferafts,includingthc ercctionof acrials.Knowl.dgcof facilitiesand frcquencicsprovidcd. Port radio information. Knowlcdgcof the type of serviceto aid portsandaslis!in berthingasindicatcdin lhe Admiralty vcssclscntcring List of Rrdio Signals'Port RadioStalionsand Pilot Vcsseh" 497
INDEX
Ab.ndoningehip,l4l. 162.474 b o l l ,1 9 , 2 3 b.ll,lE.2l bowc.,2, 4, 14,160,lEl
divinsowrbodd, 182 Abbr.vialios. ch.rt, 301 A'Gkbill. r.. Amho. ArchoF & ChainC.bl6(1967).9,l0 McrchantShippinr,142 kcvcntjonof oil pollution,341 Adnirrky F.n rn. r.r Anchor Adlrc. or tuming, 59 Aft, archoring frorn, l2 Atpnc, Lloyds, l7l, !?l AgFlgrt. for corcrct , l4E
s s l T y D . 4 . C . 1 4 . 4l 8, l cladns an. It, 23,28 fioss-berinSr ar. 19,20 disadrenbSpsof tyt s, | , 2 d6s8ins,19,20,22
Crc* t ALC 6, 287 Lloyd'rSaha&, 159,2ll,214
f o u l ,1 5 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 3 6 6
@mprc3*d, u$ of, 14E t6ffc conrrclentr$, ll9
holdinsp(Mr, l,2,4, Y
c!!ri.B, 158,167,169
k d r c , l , 2 , 1 4 , 2 ?1, 5 3 , t6l
dilchinso( I25,157 tprcr.l redutb. 122.I25 liiht!, 306 lo* fiyin& 125 rubb.r dinghy,125 silhlcd al e4 283.362 3urivoB' 3isr:b, 125,366 u.slicy 3isDk, 124.366
l i f c b @ t1, . 2 2 1 l i g h l s1, 9 , 2 3 , l l los in *righl in valcr, 3l
Alt rinA cours. in ie, I 14
pirchingar, lE
Adrninlt, patt..n, I lr8L of rotation of had, 2
ddin8,3t
49
INDEX Anchor (.drd) sccond,22,l? s.cu.ing, 18 shackl., 6, 8, 9, I I she. at, 20 shc.t,2 siz.,1,2 slcpin3,17 sp.r. b@cr, 2 iphcrcs.| rprading oil at, l9l $.biht of, l,2,4 stctcd, 1,9 Srok.r,4-6, lEl i(.ln, r.. k.dg. survcyof, 24, 263 swingingroon a1,19,3? t6t eninor.,9 t6ts,9 thrcat, re trcnd tNine, 160 rransiiberinss at,20 trcndof,3, l0 luhing on,2?, E9,105 r y p . s .1 , 2 , 4 , 3 4 u* d s.r anchor.2G.210 us d cond,22. 37 u* in mancuvdnS,27,69.88.r r"a. us. in l.nd.d, 164 u* in usroundint, 164 variousp.ns, l,I verina.sbl. Nr.22 Mlkjl8 b@k, 14 eashins.2,13 eatchcs.2o wishins, 2, 22,!0 without windlrss, 30 *ilhts of, l,2, l0 ya*ing at, 20 Archorine at hish sp..d,24 ctrtins whcn,l7 from aft, 12 in. currcnt,17 in a *ind, l? in d..p e.rc., 16,l7 in ie. 116 n.3. a dau.r, 24 lrd a st.cp b€.h,25 on a !hol, 24 t rms,14 to sinSlctnchor,16 u. of b.ll, lE of windtass,l0
AnPlins liftinr r.3r, 3t3, 380 Andc dnft, 59 rotation of achor hc.d, 2 Anliai.craftnring,355 tolling paint,253 fte,llz $orbutid,29l A|6, pr&tic. or firina,36,1 Armingladlirc, 445 Anificialhori2on,ll5 Ashorc,running,ltl Asistane lrom aircr.ft, 122 rcndding,126,IEE Asgiador, $lvag., I7l Auto-al.m. 119.325,3.16.371 Autom.tic EI.e h@li, 116 Aenina(t. 1E6,206,242,284 sp.B, 194,205 4rc, f.llins, 32
B&t anglc,I 15 _rci8ht 8Ear.'l0O BakinS,r.? Archor Bad 9gtho at amhor,20,22 tt s,204 B.ll, r.. Archol Ballasrcondition,152 B.ltic m@r,4l B.nd, gavity, 2 Bank cosbion,67, 69 sudion.67,69 B.ach for b.a.hin8,177 dep. sshoiin8 ncrr,26 Baching a lit bo , $l av(tl. l,142,171 bow on, 178 holdl6t3. 179 stcrn on, l?E Bedngt qois, 19,20 tra$ii,2o B.h.viour of v.gl in h.avy r.1 200, 201
500
INDSX Lll nrhorins, lE, 23 for indi6ti4, l4l for tim-t .ping, 252 .i|ndtins rD$$tui 3al B.ndr h riv6, 6E,59 LnhinS in. wind, 7E,90 .r sr. in c.1ru, 75, E7., 6t. in cwda, 66, 77, E6 lo 3tqtr m@tin8s,45 * a&, Prrcticrl ship hrndling A*t in icc I l0 BiB, proFllq, ,2 Bidt ofroF,415 EilF blct!, 260 limt,n,209
BtimiinS lo$ of, l?2 r6rc!in8, 114,taE
bru..h.r, te of, 130 clc.rins In currcnt!, 8l cla.ins in r *ind, El lins .t, El dnocurin! lo, 75 .r r.t. oDAS, 355 s..rin8 to wiih c.bL, 85 submdr6 indic.lor, 125,356 Bur..u Ycrila, 270 Ett.E, U1
Ao|rdin! Ei!, lZ5 drill,1E3,291 Eolr Eordau coni.cnon, 3El Aoriq ia ic., I l0 Eor'lnl.hdr hit h, 421 itoppc., 16, 19, 219
Inb linir$, windl.$, 17 EBldrt c.DL, 29, 30, 32 rtn 16 of s..r, 5, lq 347,3E3
Aritllc qblc, 12
erdind t|l$l(s, 296 di.ccrion of, 2qt lrtcirl rurt3, 295 s.fc *dcr rllrta 296 sp.cirl tns*!, 296 typ€ of buoyi, 296
Euorrnt rcclcis, 132 Euoyi
Eir6 n .r ie, ll2 Bincr cnd, 13 Eitlr, t5E, 223 Alocb
&trrhinS rpFntu!,
B@hirg to, 202 Brought-up,14 Build-upofh., l17 Bulth6d colLg:a l4l, la7 colltuion,142 thorina uD, l/12,l5O auldoS grips,,137 Auuropc,33,4Ol
245,246
C.blc lhout lo u!a, 19 bnl.r 6d of, ll b6tinS, 16,29. 30, 32 brakina 3lr!3!, 6 trirtL, 12 c.rc of, 12, 263 c.rryirs in bolr, 173
sonth of, lt lE hdf-turn iq 2E h6r ft{mcnt, 12 hyir8 out, U3 _^_ l.n|ihr,5
INDEX linL,6, I0 locLr, 13,261
nbrew.d for, 442 fi!ln..9r@6ng, 4,12 sndinS of, 442 hcrinsbonin8. 4,13 p.inting' :143
nipFd,16 o&tin8,lE r.qin8, 12,14,263 rc-mrrkns, t2, 26J tablins, a4l
seorira ro buo$, Ej sh|.tl6, 5, 10,ll, 263
linb,7 !L.ping,17 dippinS,21,l0
s t u d s , 61, 2
ty!6 of s6m, 441 errp th@ds' 442 waldp@in8, tl42 wfr thB&,:l42 C.p3izin8.202 .l.cric, u of. 466 sle.ln, ur. of. 465 dioddc, ui. in fin, 23? monoridc, in fiE zom, 246 CardinalMrlc, 296 Cargo d.ngcrous,3:16 drydcking *ilh, 260,269 p.rmc.bilitt of. 147 shiftins. 201 w€r gnin, 20t, 237 w.t wood pulp, 205,23?,34t a44,lll c.sri4 of
C.llina lbc matcr, 283,286 CrlIni b.nhin8 in, 87 ., r.q. s..1lringro buoysin, 76
ship\ h.3d, 17 Cal.mry of lowlinc, 217 c.qlkina d6ks, 414 C.ution,mvigitinawirh,3?E
C.tvirs ol b.r8r, l$, I l0 ctr cr on hmdlira, 66, 68 us of, l l l, l4t C.ntr. ofprcrsurc, ltt
542
INDEX
d.riri!.tion.x.mpion. 27E lo.dlin ,270 lrlay,274 i..mnhircss, 145,lt3 Chrfc in liftins 8..t, 38? Ch.in c.bl., 6, 12 lockcr. ll. 263 Ikgi.tcr, 3El 3plic., a2E .ro'D.r,42 CndB for havint L.d, 446 r.uc,6E vburl,6E Ch.n rbbpi3tioa, 301 Chc.t! of 8yn, 391 CLs, &vil!, 15,219 Clanirg udl 16 vB$l ir drydocr, 251,265 Clc.r
l/t2 Dunrina.otnpdrrati ..tc ofnoodiry, l:12 R.tubtioo!, 301;Annd, 333 sh..r.d riva3, l,!l sho.ins dbr, 142,150 tdDDonry .!Drir!, liK ur. ofconprcre.d rir, 118 utc ol corqrlc, laE Combwrion, rDod|n.otll, 23, z0 24l c.rd, 331 id.rflltc,17 rr4rEtic, !t?, 370 runbcr ori.d, 359 ConDBr.d.ir, e of, ltlE CoBEL, mirir8, l4E Conrin8 rh! 3hip, l l !, 2EE Conuin 13,lifcmfl, l3t Cotp.. wi.. rop., ,13,1 Corrl,176 Codr8., lmdl, P RoF Cour!. rlo.r.lioB in ic., I 14 Coun rulin$ on ndr, 330 Cm., det,393 rrd.frrlion of, lE3 rscu. f.om welq IEE bqrir!! $ .nchor, 19
Cldin8
crolcing, tunint r.t5, 36E Cruldr of lFrn 390 .nchoring in, 17 bcnhiry in, 56, 86 clc.rin! buoy. in, El drift,20€ cffet or hndlina, 65 s.drrina lo buoysiI' 77 3lr!'l|rh in riv.6, 6t, 69 unb.rihinr in, 66, 85
clo$ins, rhdonins !hip, lE3 Cst ddio n tioE, I 19 Coilin8 Col|nn n .!.rrk!rin8 ship, lal
Cut 3plic., /t2l CycLs,rf.vc, 20, lE2
bulthc.d, 142 contol aF.r.lll, 143., s4. dE lo @llkion,142 h6w wrth.r, l5l pouDdinS,152 b hr!ch6, l5l
n@diry in, 142 ml!,lll,143 Mr.rc.l dutt in, 142,2ll
503
I N DE X to d{nr,
ltt4, 152
D.n8.t durins fumigion, 27E sisn ls, 127 u*otdBtBsic
l s ,l l E , l 2 O
grwity, 461,469,4?0 lumry,,EO. 469,4?0 sir8lc .rm susrJc6ion,l3E
int,ll5 D.o.l@tion, du.ina rurn, 59 D..k lim, 270 Dccbration of Sorey. 274 Do.p draulht, !B3.ls, 36? Mt€r, .rEhoring, 16, 17 Dchydr.tion, lE5, l4J Dcpsnm.nt of TransPonrc@nncn' d.rione,12!, r21,276. 219,312 D.rclict, 2l I D.r.ick doublinsup, 397 tftll.!, 3E ri8aiDa., 390,195,/O2 .a!r, 195 StElclcn, 3t? 3siriin& aO3 t6r., 3E2 vcllc, 386 D.tcnninins vBglj h..dinr, 330 Dcvil'scLs, 15,219
Dinahr, rircr.ft, 125 Drdion of a v.sl, 330 Di.erion-fnding spprntu, 345,346 Di!.bl.d ship, 201, 206 hlndlingr, 206,210 r.s.uingcw of, IEE tdr.r, !30, 210 Disc, lordlir., 270 of fel oil at s.., l?2 Diti .gnlion, of ic., 108 Dislsntsi8nd,l2l, 127 iircmft sisnak. l2l cztl,lB, ?91,W duri6 of Mstcr, 120 fr.qErci.s, I lE in liStrlhous, 12? in lithrv.is.b, t2? p.r..hutc rockct. l2l publics.tui6, ll9 .cvotinsaell, l2l sil.nl Friods, I lE sisn ls, Drivrt , Il9 smolc,120,l2l, 127,l13 sureivoB.l2t Ditchinsof .ircr.ft, 125,357 DrwB, 145,177,157 Divi3ios, st tutory, ra Firc .rt ring,7l, 105 cntt!l6, hsndlins in, 7l flodina. 26? gr.virg, 257 R.SuLtiom 1934,3E0,441 Do8 wrrch, 2E2 Doon, w.rcnilhr. l4l DoublirS rs, 39? Dr..onc, 352 Dr.S ot chip tt fthor, 20 nerin8 by. I'E
504
INDEX
Druuaht b.for. . dinr dock, 259
Icaviq pofl, 266 prior to arnval, 288 Dy.s, surfac., 125
Drcdgins cr.fi,169 Drifi .nglc, t9 curEnc, 2l , 208 L., l9O,201,204,20E lcl.tirc. 189,221 D.ill bo.t, 183.291,474
Echo frlsc in ic.. l12
soundcr.20, 283 Efficicrcy of purcha!.s, 37? Elasticlimit. 373 Elbow in @bl.s. 19 Elc.ric(al) fir.s,241.2€ Ughrs.335 navigarion
tu,29r,414
Drirhnr e walcr, lEj Driw, friction, l0 Droppinl Drydo.k ..tion b.forc cnl.ring. 259 bilg. bloctr 260 c.r8o aboard id, 260,269 cl.. n8 v.ss.l in, 261,255 draughtDd trim for, 259 6r. in. 236 n m.
3igml.Srn ral. 474 sraiio$. l:ll,241 Encouni.r. p.riod of, 201 En.tnyof Srat..120 Ensinc n ing,202,210 -r@m,rcl.gnph,458,460 Enlisn,phcn us€d,351 a dock.71, 105 Enti.s in lortFoks. ll9. t2o,2f6 ,2m, 283.t e4. EPIRB,370 anchoBmd c.bl6, 14 of lit boar,472 ofliferaft.4T3 Err.ric ar...it8, 6l Eeort v6s.l, subm.rin.,158 E3ublkhin, conu.1 hctwn !hip3, | 89, 220 of liftir8 rE!r, lEo po.t,353,355 ship-h.ndlins in, 75 3y'lab'ls,495 Expl$iw et8dls, 120 ExEmoorcaE r, 390
INDEX Evc bhlat , 23E b@lhirs s!d, 245 @bon diondc, 87, 247 fo!m. 238,2la liquid nitro&n. 2,|8
splie, ra Rop.i Wirc roF Fdr...ho6 in ie, I 12
DUMD', AJ, 5
$lids,23E {.lfi' 231, 247, Z4E
F.ying 3urLc., 152 Fmd.6. @ of. 71. 105.l4l FibFsl&s lif.bo.c, a7a
Btisr&,?3A, U4. A7 d.n&rs of u$ng w .r, 234 dirFrral of g.{, 243 dtnrioc, 256 drill, 291,4?3 dulic of otuR, 244 cLcrrical, 241.248 .nin8uish.l3, 23E trt l tlr6, 2r{), 2,16 -igl|ting ser, 243,245,249 fi8hlrnt ir pon, 144 fah poirt. 233 f@tin8 fucb, 235,2al fooding th. E .l, 235 ignition, 3pont @us, 233 in d.ydock, 236,262 Kidd. $nok d.t.dor, 252,255
Firint .rs, 357,36/t Fnh boll, 149 Firh.ry il}3Fctor, t19 FbhjnS n rs, c'ro.sing,l6E dt.nt of, 36E tpui l9O vGsl!, 259.310.311.312,352,35:t, 35J,366 Fndn8, shr.tt6, 9 Fixing position in ic., l l t Fbs, ttorn by ship, 351 I .rludoEl Cod., }lE-rl N6liond,l5l Fl.rE cL.nins 255 h.nd, l2l, 133 Fl.sh point, 233
FldG, smokc,lll
Kidd. Lue phnt. 255 m.in,236 oil,234.219,2!o,247 oxidrtion, 233
-bcra, I lo . !old, 2(B dc.ling wilh, 143 in collision,I42 in tuc, 235
ft-isition, 239 rcmold of h6t. 234 3moking$ eus. 240.242
Flyinam@r,4l polyurcthane,14? u$ in fir, 238,248
comblsdon, 233. 2q, +ont!@6 241 surv.tion of .ir, 23E 3r.ruroryfirc protetion, 256 t.idalc, 233
&don in, 283 lookouisin, l4l, 283
506
INDEX m.n ovc.boardin, l99 {i$.lling gE r.206, 244,l4l siinsh, lJ6, 362.172 ui. of nd.r, 2a3,327 F@d,in lifcboal,184,185,4ll
H.lf hitch,417 t u r ni n @ b l . , 2 E H.llcn, 3E5 H.lou, 257 Hambrolinc.414 Hamnert6r of.nchor, l0
Foul,J@Amlor: Has Frc., surfd, .Fst, 205,209
R.r.s, l2l, !31 Handin8a log.452
chccbng in .o!sh s.5, 276
a he3lylilt,403 a lilebo.t,477 cl€ariDs buoysard b..ths,66,El, E6, 99,lm dis.bLdrhips,201,206
FrcrchMn, coiling., 416
ben&, 5E,69 canab.66,6E ovihtion, 55 curE.ls, 6J,66
bil., 188,194 glared,1l? disch{Bcat s, l?2 on sl.in,IEE swiminsthroo$, lEl FumisElion,s P6t cont.ol
fr.€ turt a, 205.209 list,60 moor€.tship., 74 n.no* entmn6,7l otoFlbt,52 d pq. riE6, 66, 69
Gdmhinr pi.c roF, 432 G.n8uy, !s jury ruddcr, IJJ
ic..w rc, 55 ihlllos,6l,66 sid6lip.5E skid,J8 tt.mway, ,7, 62
b.hrviou. ot 3hiF. 200,2Ol m..!.ncy 3i8nal,474 Cirdins (sinins) a trs 73 Goblin , 73 Go8, 3i8.allin8,Yl
t169, 4?0 davit,:161, holding,4,19 r.ctl.. havira on. l5t lryira,159 Groondirs, r?. Str.ndins, r.. cuillotin., !6, 219 Ctpsy,windl.s, 29,l0
ale
lein s.rc*, 26, ,2, 54, J7, 59, 62, 154 wakccurmt,5S wind,62 .nl..itg a dock,71,105 in dmination,75 in haq *srh.r. 203 lcrving a dock, 106 m. ov.rb@rd,196 Dracticll shiP,?6 ., r.4priociptd of, 5t .r J"a. s.curins to b.nhs, ,15,66, 76, 86,90 s.curin! to buoYs,75 .r t q , E5 ro*in8, ll5,214 ", r.4. tuminr thc v6sel,27.6J,E9,104,106.
501
m3,M
INDEX H.rbour, hunicn. in, 22 H.lch6, dstna$ ro, l5l How\ shc hclding, 330 Huril3n , lction h n.ttou., 22 Hydr6tatic rclce, 110 Hygicnc I!6isation, 2T . 279 Sarit ry Convcntion1926,27E r.! 4/io P6t control
f o ! | , l J , 2 1 ,3 7 ,a 5 op.n, 15.3E pip<,2, 12,ms H.3t ilhcss, 145
ro, I t4, 204
rctionwh.r b.sct,llJ &tion qh.'r nipp.d, I 15
b.h.viour in. 2@, 201
Arctic,108,ll0
handlins ir, 203 b.rg, loE bir& rnd sk ncir, l12 blink,l12 boringin, ll0
prcpsringfor, 204 us of lif.bets in, rE9,478 Hel l..ldcs, 3E6
c.lvingbags, 108,ll0 c.ps,106 csrcofp.op.Ucr,l13 conc.ntradonof, I l0 connin8in, lll courc al!.rario$ in, l14
limnsof, 122,362 rccov.ring survivor, 123 ship p.o..durc *nh, 123 ur. of, 122 Hcln ord6, 288 H.l Mai*1rt Coasiguard,I 19,125,129, 2t3 Hd.irsbodns, 443 Hit h6 in chan, ,12l
d6k Dachin..yin. lll, l16 dbinlcs.aliod of, loE
in n.8p, a2l Hoisriry liLbo.rs, 4?9 Hold, fooding ., 209 Holdfars,179 Holdirs
frst,110 ficld.ll0 nxinspo3nionin, l l5 no., ! l0 fr..zingtlil shdr. |!4 fc.uin8 of i..-*atd, I l7 rl&i.8.loE
powg of ar.hor, 12,20,160
Hori2o.,.niftirl, ll5 frt , 237
Inrcmational Parol, 109 i!lan&. 109 l c r di n , l l 0
508
I N DE X lilyp.d, ll0 lin ol motionof. I ll
long3 , 79,413 ofrope,4O8,414 Jcten 212
n.li$tina in. ll I nipp.din, I l0 pack, I I I
catgo,212
pobr, 106 prcplrinsw!i.|,lll r!ftcd, I I I r.r. ot growth,,ffrctaon,l16 riagingin,lll
l..d pclLt,7, 263 m . r k so n , l l . l 2 Josal.sh.ckl.,l3 ri8aini, | 54
sithing of, ll2, lll us. of, 112,lJ3 slob.I I I smotcfos in, l12 spccifc snvny of, 109 surlitrl of b.r$, lO9
Tncl A8lEffii,
109
K.d8.. r.. Anchor K.lvin soundint nachinc 4,lE Kcrch,3?2 K.rina ddie. ..dio. l19 fiG-68hlin8&sr, 249,255 smckcd.t.clors, 252,265 Kirts in eir. rop., 415 Kit , sur!ivor.',125
ue of whbtlcin, ll2 vulMbilily of rcwr,ll4
di5l6, 120,126 groMh of crblc. 14, lE
in rop., 414., ,.9. sF.d unit,tl50
aircraft liah$, 124 3ig|.k,l2E L.n . l..wl, 3J2 L.rcral marl(s,295 by
!r8.ncy. l2l,124 eblc, 16,l8 atoundt ctlc, 16l
Inr.llialnc.,Lloyds,I 19 lint,7
Fllct,7
Cod. of Si8nal5,343 Icc Parrcl,109,u? SlnnsryR.8ul.tioni,278,281 I n*.rd-llming $rc$, 54,t7
stoppinsGquiPftnt, l l l. ltl9 lllviir bcnhs, 65, El
509
INDEX htiod3, lE4, 185.473 runinS in a qind,48J,492 srils. 4E7-90 difr, t90,203,208 m.kin8a, 125 shor., 20E
3.3anchor.472,485,491-2
ro*ing oth.r bo.ts,485
salvl8.,212 M..t, |73,212 LcnSth
numb..ca.ri.d,469,470 aba.doningshipi., 182,474 numb.rc.ri.d, 469.4?0 arpro.ching ro.ky shorc.4E4 b..chin8,4El bcltin8ir r wind,48J,49l bcrrhins,493 cargoship.cquir.m.nrs,470
*hcn divinsov.aid., 182 Lif.lin6, 205,471,472
hydrost.ticr.l.rs.. llt, lto lad.n l.on hin& 116 oFrating p.@edurt,I14
drilli, lEl,4?4 .mdg.ncy sisnal,474 ctablishingcorracrby, 189,221 n@dcd,hoisri.g,479 470 &n r.l speification,
singl.Oointrusp.Nion,116 appli.nc6,!28, l3l,469./ t 9. byRT, IlE by rck t .p!|aratB, 128 by wlT, llE
laurchin8,lE9,3:16, 471,483 layingoui.nchoE in. l?0rrr.q., t73 rowerins,lE9,4E0 ma.cuvring alonasid.,484 meha.icallyp.op.lLd,470 moror,hsndlina,494 motor,speifietion, tl70
sir h, l2E annelin8.,73,lEo lordqux @n.drion, 3El carcot rop.s,180,406,412
p.s*ngcrshipEquircmdis,,169 radio,I|9,IE6,469
Ch.i! T6i.6 &soci.tion. 404 cheks, 393 choie of bloclc,379
510
INDEX cr'rich, 3E6 d.nict, 390,!95, 4Oz l93zl.380 Dock R.sul.lio doublins rsr, 39? .hsric limL 3?3 irhina !p.8, 3E5 hel r.clLE, 386 Lircrpool ri& {ol runinrlll, 3E7 tchuic.l ldvmtt8E, 375 provirs, 373,lE2 pryDoL, 391 Ecvins purch.s., 375 rissins atcmfFrc ga!, 3E5 daAin8a ryn, 393 riaging sh..B, !E7 ldc thrust in !po6, 3Ej !ho.c, 386 sDlry r.ckl6, 3E7 sr6!d on pds, 3m, 393 r6t! 6d .xrminrdoa!, 3El
Limh.lr bil8!, 209 Limn cl.!tic, 372 of hclicopcrs,122,351 LiGihrcwirg.ock.l applianG, 128 Linirys, windb$ brakc, 17 Link din niioni of, 7 inrcrm.di.rc, 7 Li!t, cfr.ct on h3ndlin8;60 Li*rpool ri& 4Ol Lloyd! A& , l7l,173 Intcllig.neD.pr., ll9 s.lv.g! aSGmcDt,159,213, 2t1 Lo!d slfc rcrkina, 373,lE4 Lddins, cffet on h.rdl'q. 59
tyF of pur!h.!.., l?6
c.nificrrc! ,0 ch6*ins fGbo.rd, 2?5
eliqhl of purch's, 379 yi.ld poi , !73 Yo-yo F.r, 34, 39 Litu, ha!y, ,O2 s ar'o S.fc wki.s lo.d Lit a,2l2 coftlnl]nh|liot with 3hiF. 128 dinrss olft, 127 Liibcvsi.lr, 370 mmmu0i6rioD wirh 3hip., l28
din|cnsion..270 dis,2?0 doct .llowrnc., 275 fq lunbd shiF, 271 for r.ilini !hiF, 2?3 3hip6,lntcmition.l. 2?0 suhdivhion,273 tck Gnrrunct, cffcct of. 7l tatinS splie,44l Loc
lid! f.uly, 36E .lc.tromqdiq 4tl h.ndinr thc, :153 imFlhr, Chcmileff, 259,456 Iine6.415,452 sFd f..d from, 4t2 $r..ming th., 452 rowin8,Commodo€,4tl
Uthtr rmhd, 19,21,366 hndins,124 tfisthad, 333., g4Dol und.r cormu4 351 lcEnins of, 333.t r.r. sidc, 333.r r.q. Lilyp.d ie, llo
dccl, or rough, l7l, 188,266, 243,
511
2v,2a5,N
INDEX r2o, i42, l?1. lE8,2?0 2E7 o_frciar. 2m.Dl r a d i o l,1 8 . 2 9 l
duryir dtrrc$, 120 rtandinsord.6, 263,286 eh.n to ell. 283,286 Mrsih..d lirhls, scrc.niry, l]4
of roF, lOE., s? ,nie. lll Lo$. srudsin 6blc, 12
rudd.r,l5l lif.bo!L. lE9, 480 Lubnotion ofdel ruchin rY, l12
M.ch!ni..l adBntarc, 375,378 Mcditerunc.n moor, 4J Notic6, IlE,344 M.rhyl bronidc, zEl {13 Mild.t h roPG, MincfiGl&, 370 Min6*t F6, 323,362 Misdcm€nour,120 Miiing
Lynt Mi4n s!il, 6a,lJ3 Ballic,4l irin8,4l Mcditcr.tren, 45
mi$in! p.6o ,l99 Dro<.duF. l9t, 492
strndin&l9 rniShr, 19 MooEd 3hlo,Prssingt 74
3i8uls, l13, 195
Mrnut ct|lrc of rop6 .nd Pir6, lo7. 112 draught,262
di3!dvrnt!s6,l? lin6,85,347,412 Mr . drna.r, !9 st.h ro, a5, 89 .r rtq., 96 stl.33 in c:bl6, 35 to buoF, 76.r rrt Moto. bo.l, r.t Lifcbo.t MousinsI hook,425
N.trow cnr.nc.s, 7l duryin @llision,142,2ll
512
I N DE X d.n&rr to, 2l I $f., 3aE
Nc.dL! for crnv.s, 445
ord.n, standinS.281 Ordinary moor, l9 Out$rd-tumint s.rews,5l Orcrboard,nl.D, l3l, l9t Ov.rh.ulint purchls, 30 Oxidltion in firc, 233
boddinS,125 drift, 369 sc.tDbling,125,lE7
Packia, cnrcring,lll
Nio, frBhint lh., 217 in ia,ll0 NorrhArl.ntic,Irack Alrccm.tl, t 0 9 Nor und.r commandlights,321
lnrifouli.g,261 covfiing pow.r, 264
[email protected]
in drydek, 263 Draurhrand Frc.bo.rdFRE ll, 287 P.n.na Can.l, hendliry in, 68 M.rin.B.ll8,293 Panchllc rekctt, l2l, lll McrchrntShippin&IlE, 344 P..buckling,lE7,426 NotinSprotcst,| 71,291 P.rti.8 of cabl.,lE, 29,30.12 O i k u m ,E , 4 1 5 O.. us. of, 185,475 Octultinslight.l0l Oc.!r Drl. (ODAS)buoys.]J5 of rhc*rtch, |r ..chor, 2l .l e, l4l, 2E3,34E,152-72 ir helq w.r$.r, 206 priorto.riv.l, 288 ofrr.t ctrcctof 3.r.wt, 5! oil fo. qucllins!.rn lE9, 192 fit6, 234,29, 240,247 lith$, 336 i'..v.ntion of Pollurion ,\ct, 14: rirs, 356 slick,189,192
pr.*F.tion of, lEl,IEE ship,256 Parch,couirion,144 .ivct-sropFr.lll, 149 dip, 15,t6l Intcrdtion.l lce, 109
lricin& :162,4?9 of .ncountc., 2Ol ofpirch,201 ofroll,201 sil.nt,llE b.it, 281 $rioaiulrnt Biolrol b.it, 279 Cdr of hr.lir.tion, 2?6 Gr.nptiot, 2?8 &nscB durin& 2?8 6r$ .id, 280
513
INDAX scEw cffGct, 52
[email protected], 279 byd$tm 6rrnid., 27E pcals,279 S.nii|Iy Conwdion 1926,27E sodiun tuon .t rc, 279 Pirh.a&, ctr€.t on hrndlin& 7l Pilot hdd.E, 342,36E stnalr,363
rruarrs. rhr$l' 52 rriplc,52 likrtion, 55, 6l Prot.sl, rotin8, 173,292 Prolinr lifting 9..r, 3?3,3E2 Prypoh, 393 PublicdiilB r6vts, I | 9 Pudding. c.nv8, ltl6 Pumpi.a contFnnrnls, l4l Pumpc,€Fbililic!, l:t!, 235
Pip., x. Hrw; Spurlinc Pirtol, Scll.rmuly, lll Pn hins
chokinalh. luff, 425 ctrcimy of, 377 for heviry gound t.ctlc, 174 fridioD in, 175 hel, 3E6 175 rncchnic.l.&inl4., ir.kins,425
Ddiod of, 201 Pivotint Doiat,5E Pb!ia8, drnrypd, 14,{,lr2 Pointitq ship, 2t PoluiioD, oil, !,ll Pooprn&2@ Poundirr drD.r!, 152 PoEiriv.n bo!t, s Lif.bort Pn liol lhip hr.dling lo bqil'!, 66, ?6 .r r.4. @26 Pnctiqu. i{ruk,
,57
F$aUFn, lE3 ropc rDd ei.r, 3E0,:106,413,435 *.tl',1l0'2{i1 Pri ipl6 oflhip h.ndlinii 5l rt r.q. @ a/@ H.ndlint
bi.4 52
!.curin8 r hrvy, 167 spl.y, lE? typ€ of, !76 uic of,31,33,l?4, 371 vdocity ntio, 375 Puny,152 F)rotc.hnics, l2l, l2lt
Qurd.inlal &vin"m Qu.druplc sras, t2 Qunntim lisDrk,246,357,l5E, 3?0 poinit, 3ro rouln .| 6l Qu.llinr sa!, 189,192 Quctioning iurqvors, 125 Qu6tio6 lnd m$€ri l5Z k i.s d8inc, 2@, 210 R .kin8 lrckl.,426
co rollrbL pilcll 53 l.ft-hrndcd, 52, 53 qu.drupL.52 rbhr-hndcd, 52, tl
courr Bdi€r!, 330 ir fo& 330 ui. of, 20, I 12,!60 nrdio rutcn||ttn,l19
514
INDEX @rdlcd t.r8Pt, 364 dircction-finding,346 lifcbo.r,I19, 166 469 portablc,l 19,lE6,345,,159,470 Rulca,llE lclcsnphy,I lE t.Lphony,llE.345 vHF, I19,l2l R.ng. safetyffaft, 164 R:n8ins cabl., 14,263 drifi, 122,201,xX, 208 fooding,142 lif.boat,184,lEJ,473 ninimomissu6,lEJ R.c.i!tr of wrc.t, 2l l-13 R.ciproeting stc.m cn8in., 5l Refs,492 Rt.vins purch.s, 375 Rc8istd of m&hinc.y (fom 9), 3E3 Rcl iE drift, 189,22t Rd.g h@k, automatic,136 R.mor
.ff.ct on h.odlin8,66 str .gih ofcurrcnts,65,69 tumingin, 65,70 Ri!€t shercd,l,K, 149 srcppe.,lll,149
li.in8.. 130.131.221.247 linc-thrcsing, 128 parachut., 12l, 133,473 S.hcmulypistol,131 "SF€dliie",131 u* on tanters,130 factoR qBir8, 201 synchronoB,153,201 R@m,5Pinsin8,19,3t b . n d si n , 4 1 5 . r r . 4 . bi8hlof.4l5 bo.uo'3chrir hirch, 422 b!ll,33,tol orc of, 3EO,,106,413 ch.in splic!, 42E choliry rh. luff, 426 coilin8,414 coir,410 conttruction of, ()7 dr6!.d h.mp, 415
for lifcjact.ts, 192,472 for lif.r.frs, I 33,471 Rcquisnionang ships,120 by boat in hsvy F3, 169 ofc.cwof*rc.t,IEE ol m.n owlbo.rd, 195 of subdrrin .rd,126 of surviloR,123,125,lE7 Rci.rlc buoyaEy, 194 R6isiaG of cabl.,19 Revokinsdislre caus,l2l Riding
d.yint, aO6,4ll 6s.rtid f.3tuc, 407 cr! rplic€, 4lO, 440 nbr., 3E3,3E7,406,407 iri,4ll fou.-rttudcd,4oq h.mbrolinc, 414 h.mp,410,,|t5 hit b.s in, 415d !t4jurc,al! t n o Bi n , 4 1 4 , 4 l t , 4 1 7 le.dlin6,415,4,16 lodin6,,{t5
515
INDEX lons-jrvEd, 360,4l:l Ionalplk , a3l mltinr €F, 426 n rih, 3E4,409,al2, al3 m|nuhdut! of, {07 tnil.lcw,413 mousint r hook, {26 aylon,218,412 o*um,8,415 oil-eun,412 p.rbscHin!, 187,426 p.r..Uin& a2t pldt d, /(l9 polyDroprlar, 4l I poMh.dc, 4l I F..rviDt, 4I2 ltckint trcrb, a26 .old4 ot, 379,1106, 4l! snwi.'r, '107 $izjnts,426 3.lvr&. rtrop, l5?, 428 !.rvin& a25 3hon iolia, 431,,1,{O sirnrl hdli.r&, 415 siel,4O9
st.F hnch,422 sroD.t.,122 itr..s, lE4,alo.r sq, Lrr.d,412,414,/tl5 thoroulhfoo{ns, 428 rhn -.rr.adcd, ,o8, 409 urkink.bL lrys, tlo9, 414 qu. ir, 3EO,aO6,413 whippiD83,424
in dlydock, 261 in pon, 285 L.viri pon, 285 Roviq r lif.bo.t, lE5, 475-6 Roy.l N iond Lif.bort Irrliaution, I 19,2l! Nrvy, llq 213 Rudd.r jury, lt3-t lonr of, 15! tumiq proFric., 57 @ of, 57,69, ll2 Rutri!r bdor. rhc !q, 202 or r Lr 3horc,2OE S.tc workiq lod cr...din& 373,38! in rop., 3E4 Iiftina iEr, !73 .t 14. lrl..nint,373 of e.rs, 3E5 Iif.nft, 134 liftirs !..r, 373 S.il lifcbort, 48? scrdrg, 1E9 S.iling ! lifcboat, aE5,aE? Sllt wat r, dtinkins; lE5 Salvi& a8r.cftnt, 169,213,214
[email protected],l7l l.C .5p6ts, 2I2 oFr.tor., la9, 160 Srmsn po6$, lE3
z-rwirt, aOT buoyer Gk t, 132,199 m$-ovcrboard siF.l, 132 pistol$perdus, I3l ''spc.dlrE 131 "
s.izio& 426
516
INDEX S.wing erv.!, tl4J Sh.cklc anchor,5, E,9, I I boll, ? fittinsto sblc.6 fitrint to 8ypry. 9 jos8L. 3l joinirs, 7, 12
S.hooncr,372 Scopcof c6blc, 19 Scourinr. 169 Scrmbliq nctr, 126,lE7 S.laint navilrtion li!h8, 35 S$.win8 packic., lll .ff.ct, J2 lcfi-h.n&d, 52
posnionof, 2l righr-hmd.d,52 r$sec.!. thrurt. 52 rriplc,52 tein, 28, 52, 62, r54
Shafr int.rm.diatc, 30 tail-cndin ia, l14 .ffer of,51, 66 149 sh.arcdrivcrs,1,14,
r)p6,207 u* of. 153,207,209
[email protected] of v.i*l ar anchor,20 undcr e.y. 61, 69 Sh.crlcF. 39o Shc.t rochor, rrr Anchor Ship b.lt, indic.til. on, lE,21, l4l,242 hrndlinaDriGipl6, 5l ./ J.{. pr.cti.2l hddlinS, 75 .t t4. Sho.l, anchori{ ner, z ShG, dt.mporc gsr, 186
S.!l! in ie. l12 dis.bL{,lzt not und.r comh.nd, 16l sisMb frcm, l2l, t2{ toeing,16l ^it, t22 ard '*G (SAR), 294 S.awonhin63. Ccdifier. t13
of,
h..vy purch.e to wirc, 167
ro buoF wnh eblc. E5
r15,
ldgrh of, 150 u* of, l l l, l50 Shorinsb!lth.ad5,142,lr0 Shon splic.,431,439 tominsround,l0l, 105 Sidclights,!.Eninr. 336.t rq. sid6lip, 58 Sian.l3 .b.ndm ship,474
S.izina fllr,42t r.cking,425 Sctvas.c.trop,167,42E
517
dbr..t, |21,127 dttr6, llE, l2O,l2l qpl6iE, 120 fu. ^lrn, ?43,252,414 for, 156 l.l. *ming, 170
INDEX a{.ral d.rgcn.y, 474 Ilrdins, 128 IifavinS, 128 tlw ov.'bolrd, ll3 parschur.,l2l, 133 pilor,363 priv{c, I 19 pr"otehric,l2l,124 qurotin , 2EE,!57,36E,370 3d.ry,21, rmot., l2l, 127,133 lound, 123 urscmy,l2l,124 vi!!rl, 123 Silar Fio(ls, I 16 S|nSL $.!of, cominSro, 15 -poin! sulFrsion lifc.rtu, 136 rcrlw shi!6" 52, 57, O Sid ship,139 stdd, 58 Slmmins, 202 Sk pirs, J.. Anchor; C.blc Shwirrhicc,lll Slip,pltal.lJ,16l Slip{ar,267 Sd|.lling ihc srbund, 61, 6E
lif.bor, a70 lifcj.r*.r. 192,412 SFcirEn .quipm.t, .nchors, 6btcs, l4 Sp.cd .nchorins tt hi!h, 24 in riEri lad c.n b, 5?, 69 Spl|.tr., on lncno! lratq I Spil. Dir, ?-{ Srhy i&U.r, 3c) Spli:in& /tZE,439 @mbustior, 233,240,2l|3 i8nirion, 233 Splt di.aoil,lE9,192 SDritri', l8 Spudint pipc, 205 Sqorlk, srilitrg in, 492 Squr|lin& 6l Sability duirr ffs, 235 fr.. $rf.c6, a)5, 209 ia dryd,oct,258,268 ntup of, 202 Sba. hiLh, 422 Surdi!8 ordc!, 2E3,216 Str!io$, .nEryncy, lal, 23,473 Slry
d.ttf,1d''252, 5 toa,ll2 m.lir8, 125 .isn*, l2O,l2l, 127,133 Snubbinsc.bL, 14 Sod!, l1a b.lb, 3,ll 8onrr,341
bd.,ll?,2ll io f$fuhriDs, 237.217 m|in d8i!r.., 5l windlrr., !0, I 16,465 St .l wirc roDq a, WiG bF Si.ca b..d, anchodrr 6D, 26 Sli.rirS
br d.{r, lrE
K.lvin |Mhinc, 44E Soudin8., 16, 260 Sp.a 6!hir& 390
f.ulty &.t, 153 ta,153, $7 in havy !..., 202 jury rudd.r, lr3 o.r, ltt 471
518
INDBX Slcrn -bachiDr, r78 -bo.rd, m -forcNnodmvir nS,356 li!h!, *r..nio& 33? m@iD& 45, E9,94 9E
bow,16 19 dt i4 422 toF,122 SLppilt h.r!, la9 Stormotl, lE9, 192 Stom$ 2ll
S!u& in c$l€, 6 Sl(Elc&.a d.iri:lq 317 subdivilion loldlin ., m Subli'mtioo,ll? *tion whdrfl'|k, 126 crbk ,2E, 3J6 369 €co.t rr...l, 35E indiqti!8 po.itid, 126,35E i.dic.lor hDy, 126,359 Fcrllirrilic. of, l@ ludlco, 126,3'9 359 $d&int.i!tth, Surf@ dy6, 125 sulfq; of ttip, 202 su4iot, c.bk , 14 Suffv of .lchor! .nd c.blc.' 24 Survly lA. 2?2 Surviv.l io bo{i, lEj rirlnfi, 125,366 di!6... 3isrdr, 125 qu..li.aiq; r25 r!.ov!fy hr hclicopt r, 123 n oE of, l!, l& twimmiry, lE2. 16?
lifcbdti, 471 lif.nfid 135
s*irmb| Shirht moor, 39 $tudina iction orr' 159.t rrq. .odD.! in ittdqq 160 di$hrr. of crtao, I?0 lrndd pro@dur. 04 f?l byinr s!{rd t.clL, 159,161,173 3ift.... i! u.LL, l1a ulc of n|.!poe!(, U4 of othcr !hip., 170,U5 of tut3, 161 Stram lrchor, @ Artchor, LdtE loa,152 in cldo, 6 304 in solmd it tlc, 174 inroF, 3E4.alo .r ,.t. StdU brcl, ltl5 Doirt. 218 Stroo .!d tolal, 16?
bdh, a5 tl|t'oqh oil rE3 SriDtirr iffi,ry2 tood ra||lcl|or, 19,!7 Diichirt,201 rollin|; 153,2Ol T.DoL! ic.tE|r' r09 Tdic.l di.t!.Lr, 59 T|il-.nd tluft iDic., rl4 TrEot cbq. crblc,l? drliir, a60 T.ll, bo.rd, 129 Tduit rDlia a1o Tud.e, .r.hor. ia 167 T|ot t bd|rviolf it riD4 64.210 dirt,|d, l3o,53 k riq; r30 urilt rccl(.tr,l3o, 363 buotrEY,4Tl cL|nirt 276 519
INDBX $DdyinA Dolrrr to top, 2N r
T||p$lidr" I52, aX Tdqtiph buot6, 356 crblB, 3r5
b.byiDt, 23 compo.it., 217 kurh of, 219
.odGroom, a5E,160 trc.uin8, xll w.t.', lt7
ttq,216 us of c|bL!, 216
Tsnpor.ly E!|i!s, lazl Trr.t of iccb..F, lO8 T d!fd,59 Tnolit bqtinsr, 20 Tm|Ylrs. dlult, 52 TEr|mt, h.d, 9 Tmd of |nchor, l0 TricinS lin !,463, 480 Trim, .ffer or hrndlin& 61, Tropiel $onn, 2l I T.opi6, .uni!.I in, 184 T.ou8h,6l
c.Dlc, l0 for liftior !ar, 3E2 lif.buoy, utTl lif.b&.t, a72 Thoroushf@tins,r.. Ropc Tlnmb.. 143 ThrDI ofpmFlkr, 52 Ttrurtd lmi! 55 ThuEb Di.€, 3lD Tid.
foc of, 72, 169,219
rirdins,r
b6thio8 in, 66, E5 ck riaa buoy! in, 8l -rEdc,la scuring ro buoF ir, 7/ udb..lhin8 in, 66, 6E Tinld(.cpin8
s,
toblitrc,73 Iigh6,l1?, 361 e of, ?1,72,106,l5E, 219 Turbim .n8i!tc., 5l shdt rcund, loa twin-rcrq 3hip,26, 5J, 59, 62
282
d@ldtio i.,I dirmrq of, 59 drifi.nd.,I ctr .1 of cu.rcnt, 65 cfi..t of lin, @ €trc.t of losdins, 59 .fcct of itrm, 60 fq twin-..Ew .hip, 58 p6th of, 5E !.cric.l di.trr.acr, 59 tint ro comtLt , J9
cooncctiq up, 177,219 ffitirS3, srEosth of, 2lE illumiEtirg . toq 224 i! ic., ll5 lif.bot,4E lidt!, 224,361 lot, ail
ftquircd pull, U5, 2r9 .lipping rhc roP, 225
T$n-!.i!e rhiF, 28, J2, 54, 57, 59, 52 tumina circlc, 59 Twin., 415,rlzt3 UHF ndio, 12,
5N
INDBX U .rthiDt in i c|ltrm!, 65, El, E6 h r vind, EI,99, l0l
dnlloP.fiGct, 5t, 56 sky in ic, I 12 u!. in frcfshlitu, 232
Und!d..k dlvilt, 462 Urlroundiq, r.. $nndinr
ropc, al2
UntintrbL h,!, ,.. RoDC UrSrd.r si|ldt l2l, l2/| UriMdon. lE5"
bow,61,6? ct{L!, 2(l),,|{3 t ti!t,59 Dcriodof, 2@ qu.Jiq, 169,r92
Ycll3 d.r'i.t, 386 vd|tillion,
d|n[r!
ro, 152 loriri, 60
c.blalrinr, 321 di!$Ld, h.!dlin& 206 ir dhtB, l2O iDrw, ll5, 362 rni!.irr,ll9 not urdd commmd, 321,,36
W.diB for .ho.inr. 150
r.l. of, 23 wnh no *indh$ poelr, 30 grvny,45l lifd|ft,135
qurd.uDL $rvl,
52
linsl. !cft*, t2, 57, 62
WhiA rockcl |ppurlu!, 129 Whippinr rcF3, 424
lvh rcrce, 2t, 52, 5/t, 9, 62 vHF ndio, ll9, 123
shipt, 139 willimlon
Vilud lirtub, l2l, 123
cl6rric, d..giption, 466 rtc.m, .tcrripdoo, tl67
frictiond, J3
D6thin8 in, 90 ., !.4. cL.rinS buoysin, El €ficcrof h.ndliry, 62 f€rchof, 2@
w.rDin! b.frl 30, 32 w.nhi9., 269,363,369
buoy, 371 doa,2e ottu ol rha 21. l4l.283, Yl,3t2 W.r.h!., tllchor, Z), 2a5
tum, 196
!.curina to buoyr in, 7E.t fl4. tumin8 in, 64, 106 unb.nhiq in, El,99,l0l .lc.1ric, d6.riptio4 {6lt fliclion driv. o, 30
dcp, rshorira ir, I5, l7
521
INDEX rot in, 436,439 s.izinA*ir., 434 short 3plie, ,l4O spliciru, {39 spriq l.y, {35 stou& of, 435 3tmgrh of, lE:|, 437
sL.m, d6.ri!tion, 465 u!. of, 30, 116,465 WinS-lcid d.rick, 399
wiE rcF, bulldor 8rip3,437 drc of, 3El,43t @ilin8,a35 cutrina,,137 fl.ribifty, /133
Talurit lplicc, +{, unkink.blc, 434 wr of, 434,439 wirckr i.kcrlphy, r.. Rdio for dGmporc sc$, lE6 pulp clrap, 205,237,345 working in icc, I I I wonnint r .opc, 425 diiFcEll!sl, 365 l.sd apcl!,173,212 m.rting sFr.ms. 295 R@iv.. of, 2ll ..scuiru cr.w of, 169
arlvrnisint, 4t2 &ru.ll r.rn rtc, 415 kinks,435 bnSt l.y, 434 l.y of, 434
Yrcht!, 269,!55 of lovEd v6$1, 225 Y3wl, 372 Yi.ld poi , 371 Yo-yo dcrrick t..r, 3{, 199
522
I S B N0 - 1 1 5 - 1 5 3 7 2 - 7
ilil11 til1flilililr
g 740115 153720t
