Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson Course Outline
Content is flexible, will try to cover student requests Soloing Modes of Major scale Modes of Melodic Minor How to use and get quick at Licks • • • •
Improvisation over changes Learn improv from two opposite angles Linear, scale or mode Chord tone, for changes, making motifs • •
Voicings Hip voicings Example; Scott’s book • •
Tone •
How to get right sound
Music Business How to; demo, record deal Paperwork • •
Composition Transcriptions, develop vocabulary, book of harmonic tricks How to hear music and write own How to learn from what already know • • •
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK1 Melodic Minor Modes • •
Major based modes don’t work over some chords, because missing one note Major scale with b3, or (preferably) Dorian with #(b7)
Cmi(maj7) Also Cmi(maj9) Use C melodic minor C7 May expect Mixolydian to work OK But 4th (sus note) sounds bad o Can use Mixolydian over sus7, but avoid 3rd o C Lydian dominant (G melodic minor) works well; 1 2 3 #4 5 6 b7 See C7 go 5th up to play G MelMin, see A7 play E MelMin, etc Use for non-functioning Dominant chord C+7 Altered fifth Use ‘Jazz Altered’ scale Use Melodic Minor up half step; C# MelMin Emphasise C, rather than C# to sound like Calt, rather than C# MelMin o Similar emphasis needed for all modal sounds Think C# MelMin, but Ear should shou ld make Calt (by telling where to land) Cm7b5 Usually ii chord of minor ii V i progression May expect Locrian, but b9 sounds bad C Locrian #2, works better (Eb Melodic Minor) See Cm7b5, up b3 to play Eb MelMin, see Am7b5 plat C MelMin, etc Need to be able to quickly transpose and then later get sound into head Cmaj7(#5) Take Cmaj7, sharp G; same as C bass and E triad (3rd ) Used in Star Wars, by John Williams, a lot C Lydian Augmented (A MelMin) Use MelMin down b3 Csus(b9) Expect Phrygian Can also use C Phrygian #6, with natural 6th Sounds more Jazzy, less ethnic/Spanish o Play Mel Min down whole step Csus(b9), use Bb Mel Min Cmaj C Mixolydian b6, use F Mel Min, up 4th Wants to resolve to E (3rd of C) o Sounds ethnic (Hindu ? Mahavishnu Orchestra?) Use over Maj, when want b6 sound Use over floating Cmaj, to take ‘outside’ a little, not in a ii V I o o b6 implies altered dominant (C b6 = Ab, or b9 of G7) • •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK1 Melodic Minor Modes • •
Major based modes don’t work over some chords, because missing one note Major scale with b3, or (preferably) Dorian with #(b7)
Cmi(maj7) Also Cmi(maj9) Use C melodic minor C7 May expect Mixolydian to work OK But 4th (sus note) sounds bad o Can use Mixolydian over sus7, but avoid 3rd o C Lydian dominant (G melodic minor) works well; 1 2 3 #4 5 6 b7 See C7 go 5th up to play G MelMin, see A7 play E MelMin, etc Use for non-functioning Dominant chord C+7 Altered fifth Use ‘Jazz Altered’ scale Use Melodic Minor up half step; C# MelMin Emphasise C, rather than C# to sound like Calt, rather than C# MelMin o Similar emphasis needed for all modal sounds Think C# MelMin, but Ear should shou ld make Calt (by telling where to land) Cm7b5 Usually ii chord of minor ii V i progression May expect Locrian, but b9 sounds bad C Locrian #2, works better (Eb Melodic Minor) See Cm7b5, up b3 to play Eb MelMin, see Am7b5 plat C MelMin, etc Need to be able to quickly transpose and then later get sound into head Cmaj7(#5) Take Cmaj7, sharp G; same as C bass and E triad (3rd ) Used in Star Wars, by John Williams, a lot C Lydian Augmented (A MelMin) Use MelMin down b3 Csus(b9) Expect Phrygian Can also use C Phrygian #6, with natural 6th Sounds more Jazzy, less ethnic/Spanish o Play Mel Min down whole step Csus(b9), use Bb Mel Min Cmaj C Mixolydian b6, use F Mel Min, up 4th Wants to resolve to E (3rd of C) o Sounds ethnic (Hindu ? Mahavishnu Orchestra?) Use over Maj, when want b6 sound Use over floating Cmaj, to take ‘outside’ a little, not in a ii V I o o b6 implies altered dominant (C b6 = Ab, or b9 of G7) • •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson Summary See above chords, should know transposition immediately CAlt Up Half-step Dom Up 5th mi7b5 Up b3 maj7(#5) Down b3 Phrygian nat 6 Down whole-step Maj b6/Mix b6 Up 4th Let ear tell where to stop Will see these chords in Real Book But may not help to much if chords moving fast o Need a different approach • • • • • • • • •
II V I Use to get used to fingering and sounds of Mel Min modes Traditional sound may not want for original music o o but, can not ignore since used so often Major II V I Dm7 G7alt Cmaj7 D Dorian Ab Melodic Minor C Ionian D Mel Minor (7 outside) C Lydian How to make sound good? Resolve on C to 3rd or 5th traditional bebop method o Traditional Example; sounds a little clichéd, swing o 8 notes on G7, 9th note on C o Ideally 8th note half step away from target 3 or 5 o But 7th note can be any distance away Infinite number of II V I licks Transcribe from Jazz masters o Look at Real Book, transcribe in same key Learn many, until own licks as good as records o Alternatively use simple up/down scale approach, with target 3 or 5 o II V I VI Dm7 G7alt Cmaj7 A7 (V7/II) D Dorian Ab Mel Min C Ionian Bb Mel Min Progression at end of Jazz Blues Can use same lick over G7 and A7, just move whole step up • •
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How to play Jazz music? Above is just a technical approach How to make melody and find right notes? may just need one good note, rather than whole string of notes o Need to spend 50% time on scales and licks other 50% on chord tones and melodies o Cool Lick C melodic min example of ‘cool lick’, copied from sax player A C Eb G, move up whole step o • •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson Ab Gb passing tones, to G Down/Up pentatonic scale, then A C o Part 2 uses repeating 2 1 4 1 finger pattern down strings o D string Bb Repeat lick over whole progression Dm7 G7alt Cmaj7 Cm aj7 A7 D Mel Min Ab Mel Min A Mel Min -maj7#5 Bb Mel Min Start on B Start on F Start on A Start on Bb Same lick sounds different over different chords Try over Minor ii V i Cm7b5 F7alt Bbmi7 Eb Mel Min Gb Mel Min Bb Mel Min Start on C Start on Eb Start on G Note Mel Min scale Root moves up b3, from ii to V chords any melodic minor based lick can be repeated up b3 o Then maj 3rd up to root repeat same lick up 3rd o Summary Minor ii V i o Cm7b5 create lick F7alt move up b3 o Bb move up 3 o o
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Comments Make sure understand concept while in class o but may take longer to get under hands When learn a new lick, see how it sounds in other modes (with other roots) Learn 5 positions Melodic Minor Don’t want to have to jump around o To learn, play off each root, on each string o Take any progression, find scale, find pattern number to keep in same fret board o location: Gm7b5 C7alt Fmi Bb Mel Min (write Bb mm) Db Mel Min F mel min Pattern 4 (write 4 in circle) Pattern 3 Pattern 1 Every chord has a scale and circled number Teaches Which scale o Closest location o 5 positions o Use for all scales, not just melodic minor o Don’t have to use whole lick learnt Smaller licks more useable, break up big licks o Interchange smaller licks, change rhythm o Takes time for learnt licks to come out naturally and be used ‘live’ Play into lick and play out of , don’t stop o Change phrasing by offsetting ¼ or 1/8 note o •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson
Melodic Minor Modes Advanced Electric - Scott Henderson - WK1 C Melodic Minor
7 8 7
8
8
7
10
10
8
10
10
8
10
4
10
3 4 1 3
C Lydian Dominant (G Mel Min)
2 3 2 2 3
7
4 4 5 3
7
4
3
3
2
5
5
3
5
5 3 5 3
5
5
5
C Jazz Altered (Db Mel Min)
8 9 8 10
9
9
8
11
11
9
11
11
9
9 9 8
8
11
11
10
8
11
C Locrian #2 (Eb Mel Min)
10 11 10 10
15
12
11
11
11
10
13
13
11
13
13
11
4 3 4 3
10
13
13
12
10
C Lydian Augmented (A Mel Min)
4 5 4
5
7
6
7
5
4 7
5 7
5
4
4 7
5 4 6 3
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson 2 18
C Phrygian #6
5 6 5
6
6
5
8
8
8 8 10 11
6
8
8
6
5
5 8
8
Trad Jazz Lick, ii V I 21
Galt
Dm7
5 5
6
8
7
5
6
Cmaj7
4
3
8
6
4
7
4
3 6
24
5
'Cool Lick' in C Melodic Minor Part 1
8 5
10
8
7
7
9
7
8
8
10
10
8
10
10
9
26
Part 2 8
13
8
13
10
8
12
8 10
8
12
8 10
9
12
9 10
29
Mel Min over whole ii V i Fm7b5
6
4
9 6
7
4
6
13 9
4
3
11
7 6
11 11
9
up b3
8
10 13
7 6
12
Fmi
Bb7alt
3
8
10 13
up maj3
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK2 Vocabulary over Jazz chords Major scales & modes Melodic minor & modes Triads (over bass note) Pentatonic scales Diminished scales Covers everything need to know, except Chromatic movement & phrasing style • • • • •
Major Triads over Bass note Example E in bass, where E is root. Triad/ Bass Chord Sound/ Scale
F/E
F#/E
Phrygian
Lydian Lyd dom
Tones
b9 11 (sus) b13 (#5) F E triad pair
9 #11 (b5) 13 Emaj7 E7(#11) E blues*
Example
E/G
Ab/E
A/E
Bb/E
B/E
C/E
C#/E
D/E
Em7
Emaj7#5 E Lydian Aug (C# mel min) 3 #5 7 F# G# pair over Emaj7(#5)
A inv Amaj
E7(b9b5) Altered dom
Emaj7
C inv Cmaj
E13(b9) Alt dim
Esus9
b5 b7 b9
7 9 5
b3 5 b7
13 b9 3 C# triad over E7 of ii V I ‘coolest’ triad
D#/E
Dim
b7 9 11 Over any sus play triad down whole step
7 b3 b5
*Blues Example: Mix usual blues lick, with F# triad and E Lydian dominant (B mel min) Aside: Flat five sub Only Bass is sub, chord is same. G7 alt play (up half-step) Ab mel min, sub to give Db9, play (up 5th) Ab mel min; same scale! Altered Dominant vs. Diminished scale C7(b9) OK to play C altered (Db mel min) C7+(b9) altered still OK C13(b9) Chord is ‘altered’ with b9, but 13=A clashes badly with #5=G# need scale with Ab; Diminished half/whole scale (‘Altered Diminished scale’) o only one note different to C altered scale o Conclusions C7 with no 5 or 6; play either Altered or Altered Diminished o o C7 with #5, play (Jazz) Altered scale C13, play Altered Diminished scale o However, in most cases either scale will do if ‘bad’ notes are used in passing Example II V I o o But care where note is in slow melody (e.g. Wayne Shorter’s Fall) • • •
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Diminished and Altered Diminished Diminished scale begins with whole step (regular 9) Eb/E gives diminished sound o Diminished altered begins with half step (b9) o C#/E gives altered diminished sound Scale fingering 4 21, 4 3 1, descending from top E string up half step on A string o •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson •
Both repeat every b3, so only 3 scales (C Db D – arbitrarily name)
Pentatonic scales usage Use (minor) pentatonic patterns over different chords Chord Dm7
Minor Pentatonic Dm [R] Em [up whole step] Am [up 5th] Am [down b3](Country Rock) Em [up 3rd ] Bm [down half step] (Lydian) Bb [up b3] F [down whole step]
Cmaj7
Galt
Notes wrt Chord R b3 4 5 b7 9 11 5 6 R 5 b7 R 9 4 6R935 35679 7 9 3 #4 6 #9 b5 #5 b7 b9 b7 b9 #9 (11) #5
Example ii V I Dm7 Am pent
Chord Scale •
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G7alt Bbm pent
Cmaj7 Bm pent
But, should smoothly connect line from one scale to next; for example, by using nearest tone (ideally half step). Also, can use string-skipping for variation. Note: Can use Min Pent scales to give Blues flavor to soloing over Jazzy chord changes; especially if writing own chords.
To Practice One thing is to know which scale to use over which chord o but is another thing to be able to get under fingers fast Work on one piece at a time example, Melodic minor o example pentatonics o Identify where can move half step in same neck position, over changes Tune example, ‘Blue and Green’ Using pentatonics and triads o Bbmaj7 A+7Dm Db7 Cmi F7alt Bbmaj7 A+7 Dm E7 Am Dm •
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Chord Bbmaj7 A+7
Scale (Minor Pent) Am Cm
Dm Db7 Cmi F7alt
Am Bbm Cm Eb
Triads (Major) C (Lydian) F (inv) Eb F# F Eb (Lyd dom) F (Cmi13) D (dim) [down b3]
Note: Can play b13 over 13 and vice versa, provided don’t hang on wrong note Comments These sounds may be new, may take time to see usage Should study ii V I, even if writing own music does not contain ii V I o be able to play ‘changes’, professionals can find nearest half step ‘cool note’ see as two scales [baby method] or chord tones (e.g. maj7 of Bb, to b9 of A7alt) [Jazz method] Playing scale over bass note sounds ‘weak’, use chord tones to imply changes Learning licks, for each tool, is another approach to making music Need to learn, how to learn from records; chord? scale? triad? passing? categorize • •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson
Melodic Minor Modes Advanced Electric - Scott Henderson - WK2 E F Triad Pair
4
5
8
13
12
5 2
4
3 2 0
3
3
4
E F Triad Pair
10
10
9
9
10 10
10
9
9
12
6
10
5
5
5
9
1
1
4
7
0
6
1
3
2
12
E F# pair
14 12 11 11
11
12
14
12
13
11 13
11
14
13 11
11 14
11 14 13
11 14
13 14 11
12
12
11
13 13 13
9 8 10 7
12
12
0
2
11
13
7
6
9
(swing)
Bb E triad pair
12 11 9 8 8 10
9
9 11
10
10 12
12
12 13
13
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson 2 15
4 3 4 3
4 5 4 3
3
3
16
ii V I in C with E triad 6 5 7 5
9
8 9 9
9 9 11
8
18
3 2 3 2
3 4 3
3
19
C Altered Diminished scale ( 4 2 1, 4 3 1) 11
9
8 11
10
8 11
9
8 11
10
8 12
10
9 12
11
9
8
1stFinger_C
21
Am pent
Bbm pent
Bm pent 8 7 6
6 5 5
8
7
8
8
7
9
10
5 8
5 8
6 8
6
5
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK3 Licks •
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Should have licks in 5 positions so always something to play o Categorize Major o Melodic minor o Diminished o Can also categorize by Chromatic (‘Jazzy’) o Intervallic (‘Weird’) o Learn 4 notes at a time Try each over different chord (modes) Major licks with 4th sounds ‘gay’ o Lydian should sound better
Major Licks
Lick #1 Intervalic Gmaj, Em (Natural minor), Cmaj7 (Lydian), D7 (Mixolydian), B Ph rygian MI Position 4 • • •
Lick #2 Chromatic, with pick-up notes Gmaj, Em, C Lydian, Am Play lick, then go into own E blues lick o Play lick, then go into own A blues lick o • •
Lick #3 MI Position 5 Learned from Joe Diorio Swing rhythm Dmaj based Gmaj, Em, Asus, Dmaj • • • • •
Lick #4 Pentatonic based Pattern ‘7 over 4’ timing; play7 note phrase in 4/4 Sequence on strings 1 and 3, repeated down strings Gmaj, Em, Am, C Lydian • • • •
Lick #5 Pat Martino lick Triplet pickup • •
Lick #6 ‘Scrape’ (sweep) pick EBG strings Ab and F passing notes • •
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson •
Try other modes, sounds good in Phrygian
Melodic Minor Licks
Lick #7 G Melodic Minor, F# Altered, C7, Em7b5 •
Lick#8 • •
Galt (Ab Mel Min) Use start of Lick #7
Lick #9 Melodic minor and pentatonic-like mix •
Disclaimer Too much info for 1 week getting under fingers and making sound natural takes time o Use licks in context with something similar o play in-to and out-of should not hear the ‘seam’ o use same physical position, don’t jump o Think motifs and Contour can change rhythm o make lick your own Try over one chord groove, before changes Can mindlessly practice licks in front of TV •
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Min(maj9) arpeggios Replace second root by 9th Sound more ‘open’ than min(maj7 • •
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson
Licks: Major & Melodic Minor Advanced Electric - Scott Henderson - WK3 Lick #1 Intervalic, G Major
7
5
3
2
3
5 5
4
3
2
5 5
4
4
2
2
5 5
4
3
2
Lick #2 Chromatic, Gmaj
2 4
2
3
2
5
3
3 5
3
4
7 Lick #3 (swing rhythm) 3
7 4 5
8
7
5
7
7
6
4
4
7
7
6
5
4 7
Lick #4 Pentatonic (Polyrhythm/Odd time) 10
Remove rest and loop 10
7
7 9
13
10
7
7
7
7
9
9
10
7
7
7
7
9
9
7
Lick #4 complete
10
7
7 10 9
7
7
7
7
9
9 9
7
7
7
7
9
9 9
7
7
7
7
9 10
17
7
7
Lick #5 Pat Matrino (swing)
10 11 9 9
10
12
12
10
11 12
9 10
9 12
7
10
9
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson Lick #6 'scrape'
2 20
Sweep EBG strings 14
15
12 13 13
12
12
11 15
21
Lick #7 G Mel Min
2
6 5
3
3
5
5
3
3
3 4
23
Lick #8 Galt
Resolve 3
7 6
4
4
6
6
4
4
4
3
6
4
3 6
26
6
5
Lick #9
5 5
7
5
10
5
5 5
7 5
7
8
8
7
5
7
5
8
7 7
5 5
7
5
7
5 8
30
Gmi(maj9) arp
2
5
3 2
3
4 5 3
32
6
Gmi(maj9) arp
10 10 11 12 10
13
11
14
10 11
10 11 12 13
10
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK4 Licks Lick #9 Gmel Min John Coltrane like Uses Dmaj triad tritone end in 1 st section Use over Gmin, F#alt, In II V I (C#m F#alt Bmaj) Add second section to resolve o F wrong note, resolving to D# (3rd of B) o Use also for A Phrygian (down whole step from Root) Asus(b9) chord o Resolve to A from Bb o Use for C7 blues Change rhythm to triplets o Lick #10 Easy arpeggio using maj7#5 shape Gmin, F#alt, C7, etc Use hammer, sweep and 2 hammers, also reverse Lick #11 Pattern based (use rhythm to avoid sounding ‘patterny’) Use to transition from one target note to another Sounds like whole tone, only has 4 notes (F# E C Bb) Lick#12 Same pattern moving up in flat-fifths Play fast ! Also reverse • • • •
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Comments/Disclaimer Licks on own may not make musical sense, use needs to figure out a way to make them work musically Combine with something already know in same position may only need piece of lick o Now have some Major scale and Melodic minor licks/ideas Tip of Iceberg – need to make own up and transcribe for self o •
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Diminished Licks Not used as much as Major Melodic Minors Great way to sound ‘outside’ Dim used as passing chord in Jazz Blues to connect back to I; (IV #IVdim I) Emphasize maj7, or use major triad (Eb over #IVdim in E Blues) o Bbdim: Bb C Db Eb E F# G A Eb: Eb G Bb Bb diminished arpeggio given as example for fingering Balt diminished (aka C diminished) scale uses 4 2 1, 4 3 1 fingering pattern Example, take 4 notes from scale and repeat pattern o Note fingerings on strings 1,2 can be copied to 3,4 and 5,6 (with half step shift upwards); Example Can use Dim scale over minor, without sounding too outside • • •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson Cm: C D Eb F G Ab Bb C Cdim: C D Eb F Gb Ab A B o Only Ab is out compared to Melodic minor (and Gb) o In addition to using across neck, can also look at up neck in linear fashion Example, 4 notes per string with hammer/slide moving 1st finger in tritons o Care with sounding ‘patterny’, using symmetric diminished patterns o better to fit melodically in context may only need a few notes to sound good o Triads can sound better than scale Example B Ab F D E major triads over Cm o Remember B and D as down half-step, up whole step o
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Lick #13 Use 4 notes on string pair Repeat pattern on other string pairs Lick #14 Use pair of fifths, with second as passing note (then hammer on) 7/8 phrase can be repeated in 4/4 as polyrhythm copy across string pairs Lick #15 Use linear pattern with hammer/slide Phrase for longer last note Lick #16 Add fifth note to linear pattern o F# and C in this case Lick #17 Use F and B triads with slide at start • •
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Aside: Outside playing What you play not so important, as when play and how get back in Start of bar strong sound, end of bar weaker sound (can go outside) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 Cm C#m Cm Cdim Strong Weak Strong Weak In Out In Out Play in on strong beats 5ths, 9ths, Roots o Resolve on strong beat See target notes clearly • •
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Summary Use Dim, over Dim chord as in Real Book, Jazz Blues o Use Dim over Minor (or Major) to sound outside Can also use in string skipping way [next week] •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson
Licks: Melodic Minor & Diminished Advanced Electric - Scott Henderson - WK4 Lick #9, Example Bmaj II V I
5
10
7
5 7
7
5
7
5 5
5
7
8
5
4 8
5
6
Lick #9 Asus(b9) Phrygian
5
10
5
7
7
7
5
8
7
5
7
7
5
8
8
7
Lick #9 C7 Blues
(Example self-comp Rhythm) 5 10 9 10
8 7 8
8 7 8
10
5
7
7
7
5
5
7
8
8
8
10
Lick #10 G mel min, up
Lick #10 down 10 10
14
14
10
11
11
10
11
11
12 10
12
13
13
Lick # 11 G Mel Min
10
Lick #11 repeat down octave
12
sl
3 14 12
12 13
11
13 11
13 11
11
11 11
9
11
9
11 10
9
9 10
8
10
8
10 9
8
8 9
7
9
7 8
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson 2 17
Lick #12 G Mel Min
6 5 3 2
4
5
7
8
12
7
14
13
5
4
3
19
Diminished Arpeggio (minor 3rds)
B alt dim (C dim) scale
6 5
10
8
7
8
10
9
7
6 5
10
8
7
8
10
9
7
7 6
11
9
8
9
11
10
8
7
Lick #13, Copy between string pairs 24
10
8
10
7
8
9
7
9 10
8
10
7
7
9
Short version
26
10
8 7
9 10
8 7
11
9 8
29
8
9
11
9
9
10
8
11 10
Lick #14, Basic pattern
9 8
10
Repeat 7/8 pattern in 4/4
h 10
etc
8 10
8 8
9
10 7
8 10
8 8
9
10 7
8 10
8 8
9
7
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson 32
3
Copy to lower string pairs
10
8
8
10
8
9
7 10
8
8
10
8
9
7 11
9
9
11
35
9
sl 7 6 4 3 2
1
2
4
3
5
4
6
5
7
7
9
8
10
11
13
10
8
7
6
5
Lick #15, Rhythmic phrasing
4 3 2 1
38
8
Linear Pattern, in tritones (F,B,F,B,etc)
h
37
10
2
4
3
5
4
6
5
7
8
7
6
5
Lick #16, add F# and C
8 7 5 4 2 1
39
2
4
4 3
3
5
4
6
5
7
8
7
6
5
Lick #17, Slide & F or B triad
sl 7 6 4 3 3 1
2
5
4 2
3
6
5 3
4
7
7 4
5
8
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK5 Diminished Licks • • •
Across neck Up/down neck third method use chord shape for arpeggio starting notes o G B string half step above D B string move in flat thirds o •
C dim over Balt Gives 3 5 b7 b9 •
Apply Pentatonic pattern idea (2 finger) to diminished licks Diminished over Blues Can use repeated pattern over each different blues chord, by shifting in half steps. Bb, begin on Ab Eb, begin on G G7 (VI7) begin on Ab C7, begin on G F7, begin on Gb Summary: Begin on 3 5 b7 b9 of chord o • • • • •
Dim scale Bb7 alt dim chord o Notes D(3) F(5) Ab(b7) Cb(b9) Previous riff were arpeggios containing repeated 4 notes, by moving in b3 To play whole scale move previous pattern down half step Example D B string b3s, move up half step, move across to G B strings (same fret), move up D o B strings half step, move up half step on D B strings and repeat •
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Comments Should have enough tools now to play over anything not much left, rest are subtle variations o Another approach is musical phrases over tunes Finding right notes on neck is usually where problems are, not basic knowledge o •
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Chord Tones Finding chord tones will help play on tunes, more than anything else Tools are nice, but will not help you get to sound how you want especially if writing own music o Take simple tune ‘Blue & Green Cm F7 Bbmaj A7 Dmin E7alt Dmin Bbmaj o Play with tools; Melodic Minor, Diminished, Pentatonics, Triads, etc o Something wrong (big time) No phrases, each thing is correct on own but total is disjointed, does not make any musical sense Same effect happens when have one musical idea, then discard and play a new idea because think sounds bad (judgmental) • •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson need to follow through on ideas Need to know where notes are that will make ideas continue o playing up/down neck Don’t have to use whole time, but should be able to maintain an idea across two or more measures •
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Example with Blue & Green Simple phrase, just 3 notes over Bbmaj7; E D A A7alt; E C# Bb o Dmin: D C A o etc o To find chord tones Go up each string and find nearest tone Bbma7 – A(7) o A7(b9) – Bb(b9) o Dm – C(b7) o Db7 – Db(R) o Cmi – D(9) o F7alt Eb(b7) o Bbmaj – E(#11) o A7alt – F(#5) o Dmin - E(9) o E7alt – G#(3) o Ami7 – A(R) o o Dmin – C(b7) Notes sound musical and strong not hitting weak scale tones See notes fast Know chord progression, know where notes are on guitar o •
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Exercise: Peace 1. Open a tune in Real Book 2. Start anywhere on any string 3. Go up/down with chord tones 4. Find hard tune with lots of chords – Peace Am7b5 – Eb(b5) on D string o D7b9 – F(#9) o Gmi7 – G(R) o C7 – A(13) o Bmaj7 – Bb(7) o Cmi7b5 – C(R) o F7alt – C#(#5) o Bbmaj7 – D(3) o Begin high and go down o Amib5 – Eb(b5) D7b9 – D(R) Gmi7 – C(11) C7 – Bb(b7) Bmaj7 – Bb(7) Cmi7b5 – Gb(b5)
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson
F7alt – F(R) Bbmaj7 – E(#11)
Exercises 1) Up/Down same string, finding nearest note then chord changes Method taught by Pat Metheny, Mick Goodrich o 2) Stay or Go; pick a note is it OK to hold, or do you need to shift Am7b5 - A o D7b9 – A(5) OK [no #5 in chord name] o Gm7 A(9) OK o C7 – A(13) OK o Bmaj7 – change A(b7) to Bb(R) o Cmi7b5 – Bb(b7) OK o o F7alt – Change Bb(4) to A(3) Bbmaj7 – Bb(R) OK o Application Example holding note with feedback o 3) Two notes at time Example G and E string sixth o Am7b5 – A(R) C(b3) o D7b9 – A(5) D(R) o Gmi7 – Bb(b3) D(5) o C7 – Bb(b7) E(3) o etc o 4) Play other songs, keep contour, change melody (intervals) to fit Forces to keep motif o Example: Happy Birthday over Blue & Green o Am7b5 – C D ok o D7b9 – E bad, change to Eb o Gm7 – C D E OK o C7 – F(4) bad play #4 o Bmaj7 – C D bad, move up half step o etc o Try improvising this – very hard! o Try Beatles tune o 5) Make up own motif try to develop idea to utmost o o need some confidence not to throw away ideas important to make ideas long enough so bass & drums can play along with ideas solo ‘events’ happen over more than one measure listen to Jazz solo, see how long ideas last; 2 measure, 4 measure? 6) Solo on one string o See chord tones Helps ear find right notes o •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson These methods are very ‘anti-pattern’ Nothing to do with patterns, shapes Just Bass note and Intervals o Change thinking from fret board dots to Chord tone numbers 3 5 9 etc also hearing what intervals sound like o Tedious work, but massive benefit Need to do this in addition to tools, or playing will be one dimensional can not play melodies, or find ‘cool notes’ looking for o Should commit some time each day to finding chord tones Keep doing for a few months will open up fret board for you, like magic o no longer confined by patterns, boxes o Will see whole fret board at once o Don’t’ have to work as hard to find patterns, just need to find one right note o should hear playing improve, with chord tones in sound o will not need comping behind, like if playing scales o No more lessons to give on this topic, up to student to do required work •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson
Licks: Diminished - other method Advanced Electric - Scott Henderson - WK5 Diminished Arpeggio
Move pattern in b3s
8 7
5 1
8 7
11
10
4
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8 7
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10
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14 13
11 10
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17 16
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C Dim over B Alt
8 8 8 7
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8 7
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10 11
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Dim, Pentatonic like
Copy string pair and use polythythm (J ohn Scoffield)
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11 10
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8 10 11
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Blues: Bb7
10
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22
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7 6 6
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9 4
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3 5
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Bb7 2nd position
5 4
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F7 (b9 start)
9 7
8 11
C7
9
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11 10
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8 6
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G7 (VI7)
7 10 6
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Eb7
7 6
11
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3
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6 7
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Dim scale, repeating patterns
6 5
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6 5
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson Scott’s Quick Guide for Improvisation
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK6 Composition Rhythmic Blueprint Guitar players limited compared to keyboard hard to play harmony and melody at same time o Real time vs. Stop time listen in real time, should compose in real time o Rhythms in particular need real time Decide what kind of tune want to write fast, slow, etc o Make drum groove ‘rhythmic blueprint’ and listen to sometimes distraction like driving or watching TV with sound down actually helps o writing need to relax o To play good, need to loose desire to play good Listen to drum groove and record second track o jam with guitar but will be analyzing notes on playback trying to do two things at once o sing over don’t have distraction of hands or technique limitations, or details just need voice to go up and down and sing rhythm wait a few days and listen back o real time composition should make more natural sound o Best things are ones that surprise yourself Try to write stuff, better than normal o May feel could play and compose better than could 2 years ago, if growing as a musician Need to apply ‘ass to seat’ Treat as work, don’t wait for inspiration or best mood o Do regularly o Imagine on stage, with band and audience while composing Take technical horror of playing instrument out of picture o just have brain and imagination o be an instrument yourself Think in terms of contours, rhythms Harmony Type of chord should fit style of music and personal taste May want rich palate of choices Take any note on string, than play bass note chromatically o Hear colors and try to memorize o Example A top, Bass beginning on E o A/E A/F A/F# A/G •
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Not Major due to 4th
3rd on top
m11 sus4 m11b5
Ftriad F#mi Fmaj7 F7#9 Fmaj7#5 Fmi(maj7) F7 Faug
b3 on top
9th on top, maj or min
Gmi9 Gmaj9 G9 Gsus2
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson
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Fmaj7#5 m11 sound, used by Pat Metheny a lot (too much!) Partial table above shows principle should have about 5 chords for each o Fast, obvious possibilities for A o
Fmaj7
F#mi
Gmaj
AbAlt
Ami
Bbmaj7
Bmi
C13sus
C#7(#5)
Dmi Dmaj
Ebmaj7#11 Eb7#11
12 Bass notes and 5 chords, give 60 possibilities just for 1 harmony note! Strive to hear options, as playing melody know harmony sound before play o comes with practice o On a good day ‘write what hear’ o on rest of days, try different possibilities, eliminate to find best throwing stuff away is part of process Should have some correlation of feelings and sound of harmony happy (major) , sad (minor), up, down, etc o may be normal, or off centre o Something you write and think is good, will always seem bad to someone else o rely on self Can not be taught what is good, make own choices
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Form and Analysis Real Book, Transcription Try to make art into science o Enough people think these tunes are good o Study to find what makes a tune good o Can’t be taught how to create, but can shown how to learn from previous tunes o ‘Form and Analysis’ First thing to learn 99% of time, Theory for Composition is same as for solo melodies come from same scale as would use to solo o If you have learned improvisational tools, then have already learned tools to compose o First thing to decide is if like (Real Book) tune or not then try to figure out why like it o Example: My Favorite Things Key Em/Gmaj o R, mi5, o F#mi: R, mi 7 o Cmaj same thing, then Lydian o II V I in G o o Lot of thirds in melody Changes to E major o Very diatonic, even as modulates o Example: Have You met Ms Jones Fmaj diatonic harmony o modulates Bb maj o modulates Gb maj o o back to F maj Melody diatonic in each key o Common in Jazz writing to modulate and remain diatonic, even in newer tunes •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson But, may want to own writing to sound different, less predictable example, don’t use II V Is o Not all Real Book tunes are so predictable Example: Wayne Shorter’s ‘Anna Maria’ o Begins in Phrygian o Cmi, Gsus, Dbmaj o o No theory to say how came up with chord progression Vmaj to Imin o OK to go to unexpected places, o Particularly in Real Time, when happens fast; just sounds colorful Want colorful moments for tune to sound alive Aside: Scott’s favorite Band, Weather Report (Joe Zawinul, Jaco Pastorius, Wayne Shorter) [good players and good writers], also likes Donald Fagan (Steely Dan) and Paul McCartney (written so many simple but musical tunes). •
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Example Transcription: Bad Sneakers (Donald Fagan) E6 (V) to D6 (IV), then A (I) standard V IV, V IV, V IV, I progression but sounds different o Amaj13, Bmi Dmaj, C#mi F#m Dmaj, C#m, Esus, walk down Key change to C C6, Am, Fmaj, Gsus [I VI IV V] Then back to original key Like Real Book tune; two separate chord progressions each in different key Example Transcription: Punk Jazz (Jaco) Imagine tune arranged for folk guitar and voice… Sonic barrier - sounds complex; synths, arrangement ? Ultimately just chords and melody; chords on guitar and sing melody Lot of theory and cool tricks in this tune E#11, #11 to 11 movement (A Bb) E7#11 Bbm7, bass moves Bb to Ab Tritone sub on Bass Chromatic synth line; analyze each depending on Bass note o Abm, F6, Ab6, G9 I to III, used in a lot of Jaco tunes Several modulations Difficult to tell Root where Bass is playing melody Bass player composed this tune o •
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Chord Transcription Basics Listen for Bass, probably Root Identify 3rds, major or minor Listen for 7ths, dom, maj7 or min7 Check for extensions, alterations With practice can identify any chord type on hearing it. • • • •
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK7 Composition Harmony Limitation makes it easier to choose from many options Example: Triads, or Sus chords o However Bass can significantly change funtion Creating either Melody or Chords first is limiting Melody fist may limit chords available o Chords may be OK for solo, but not good for melody o Try writing melody and chords together and be flexible One method; play chords on guitar and sing melody o Using 3 note chords, leaves more harmonic possibilities Example: G(4) C (3) D(2) G(1) o Fmaj, Fmin, Gsus, Abmaj7,Am, Bbmaj7, C9, Dsus, Ebmaj7,Em7(#5) Make rough harmonic draft with small chords, then try all 12 bass notes to find best or something unexpected example use Midi for Bass o Bass can play lines o Bass can have (non-root) movement between melody counterpoint o Try to write with sounds as opposed to using theory for writing o may not even know exactly what are playing o •
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Example Tune: Havona (Jaco Pastorius) Sus chords with parallel harmony But bass is changing function o •
Example: The Juggler Minor chords moving up/down in with parallel harmony Bass plays Root or 4th • •
Example: Humpty Dumpty (Chick Corea) Min chords in parallel Major chords in parallel Aalt, Bb, Bbmin Flat third movement Dm, Bm, Abm, Fm, Abm, Gbmaj… II V o • • • •
Trick: When writing and cannot think of next chord, try same could moved elsewhere, also try changing bass Note: Chord Key centre may not be defined when using parallel harmony until ‘land’ by staying on a chord (melody may be in one key though)
Pivot Notes Stay on same melody note and change harmony Used a lot Can be used to change key For example chord moves by half step o • • •
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson Bbm9, to Am with C pivot Can insert non-diatonic passing chords between diatonic chords Example Cmaj (G), Dm (A) , Em (B); top notes in brackets o Use B for Abm, Dsus, then Fmaj7 o Melody stays in Key, but chords go outside o Application where want to play Blues lines, but chords do not have to be Blues based Example Am, Bbmaj7 standard in min blues, change 2nd chord o change may lead away from Key to give a bridge o
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Trick: Keep melody in Key, but chords change key; most Real Book tunes have a pivot note
Key Centre and Harmonic Surprise Up to you when want to change key if feel bored with present key o Some songs don’t really have a key Example Nefertiti (Miles Davis) o Start Ab, ends Aalt, floats around Biaco (Wayne Shorter) o Starting chord never appears again Takes chord and changes character; F#maj to F#min Chords down in half steps F#m, Fm, Em melody goes up as chords go down •
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Art and Science Difficult to explain ‘harmonic colors’ available, need to experience May not be able to explain why make certain choice; becomes a art instead of science o Much of writing is art, not science See from transcription that an artist may have a ‘style’ o may want to incorporate that style in own playing possible to go to somewhere unexpected, in a weird way, but still sound good Think about how a particular musical moment makes you feel; up, down, spacey…etc then when writing own music, if can not hear where to go next, think about feeling o want and can then use move from someone else’s tune OK to steal tiny fragments of songs o need to make personal choice Some artists repeat similar movement in different tunes Donald Fagan; Maj, Min, Maj down chromatically o Wayne Shorte/Joe Zawinul; Maj7, down Min 7 (III) to Maj7 (IV) o Jaco Pastorius: ‘Dock of the Bay’ Dom7 (I), to III7 to IVmaj7 o o Weather Report: Csus 13 on top, becomes 7 when move down half step Minor version: Gmin 9 on top, F#mi 3 on top Common moves: o Minor up half step to Major Bass movement in 4ths (strong movement) Bass movement in half steps Jaco, Three views of a Secret; Ballad, more inside than most of his other tunes o Lot of fourths, lot of traditional, some gospel; mix D7, B in melody, down half step Db7 B on top IV II V I bVmaj7 (unusual) •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson
Key changes, down min3, but stays Major instead of becoming relative minor I, V, I, V, #IVdom, IV (steps in to IV from half step above)
Can be shown a tune, but will mean more if do own transcription and use fragments in own tunes
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Don’t ignore Bass, does not have to play Root always Melody, Counterpoint o Background lines, under melody tie harmony together, to glue chords changes o Pedal Melody changes, but Bass stays same o experiment o
Example Tune Orphan (Weather Report) Very different to standard progressions used in pop music Lot of chords, goes to many places Part is traditional, part unusual, part classical (with Neapolitan 6 th chord) vocal part fairly traditional V, I, IV, III, II, V, II, bVI, IV, IVdom, Imin o CMaj7, 7 on top, F7sus, sus on top (key changed to C here) D/C (Cmaj7#11) pivot on A, down to Bm, down another half step Bbmaj7, Gsus, Ab/C • • • •
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Summary Are no rules Are lots of tricks Up to you to transcribe music you like and figure out what makes it tick Figure out what like and find out why you like it harmony o fast lines o More input gives more output more listen and transcribe, more inspired to do own o • • • •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK8 No Lesson – Memorial Day But See Scott’s Book ‘Jazz Guitar Chord System’ for some chord voicing ideas
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK9 Pedals, Amps & Tone Travel •
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Even 4 space rack can be very heavy; 125lb 160lb with road-case o Cargo has to clear customs reason why many bands only play 3 nights a week when traveling o Can cost $1000s for round trip tour Need voltage transformers for different countries ask host to provide o For amp, use good case with Foam Anvil, A&S o Using conventional suitcase with foam for pedal board, means can travel as regular luggage Airline rules Pay extra for >30lb o Over >60lb will NOT go on plane ! o
Rack & MIDI Control vs. Pedal Dance One button pre-programmed control of effects rack ‘random access of sounds’ o o but tone usually suffers, particularly with buffer looper for rack gear different to looper for pedals o +4dBm signal out of effect send, -10dBm out of guitar lower signal needs gold plated relays e.g. Bradshaw system higher level signal more tolerant o Pedals in rack always ON, but Wha-Wha needs to be on floor, for foot control need another cable pair and buffer buffer can add high frequency noise, affects distortion Other option is to push each pedal ON/OFF separately ‘old school’ o Awkward for big changes in sound o But may be able to find a logical layout o May not be an issue depending on songs you are playing o Wireless generally sounds bad o somehow lacking mids o •
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Batteries sound better than power supply But need fresh batteries regularly o distortion pedal may last 2 weeks, but chorus pedal may only last 2 days o Flat batteries Most analog effects like distortion will continue working as battery voltage goes down o and LED fades; eg. 7V for 9V battery Digital pedals like Tuner will stop abruptly o Different batteries sound different o Cheap sound best, then power supply, then alkaline batteries sound worse e.g. buy packs from 99c store
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson •
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Care with updated version of same pedal newer version may sound worse o e.g. Arion chorus o Japanese have tendency to make good product for 2 years then discontinue o True bypass o just one pedal without true bypass can significantly worsen tone depends on pedal circuitry o Try listening test, e.g. by recording with and without o OK to have several true bypass pedals connected in series o May get some small change in tone, due to increased cabling may just need small increase of amp Presence or decrease of Mid to compensate Isolated power supply More expensive type of supply has isolated outputs, both Positive and GND o o don’t get GND loops giving hum still sounds worse than batteries o
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Guitar, strings and tone Compare on different strings on same guitar 11’s tune to Eb sound better than 10s tuned to E Suhr guitar has 3 Fletcher-Landau pickups D’arrio strings have best sound Strat 3 Pickup and tone configuration Bottom tone control just controls bridge pickup o Upper tone control is for both neck and middle o Switch 2 and 4 positions bypass tone controls for bright rhythm o Tone control is down on lead sound o Avoids having to change tone control setting when going between lead and rhythm o Rhythm tone often set to 8 for ‘warmer’ sound o In many cases it is better to change tone on guitar, rather than amp Pickup height Pickups lowered from bridge to neck to get same level o • • • • •
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Scott’s setup Guitar to Pedal and Wha-Wha to front of Amp Effects send to volume pedal, to hard-set mixer and SE-70, then effects return SE-70 patches set to 100% wet o SE-70 dry clean signal has frequency filtering o some amps have ‘parallel effects loop’, but can not use volume pedal alternative for amp without loop is to ‘float’ effects; but doubles ge ar o Small box with big round knob is for fine adjustment of volume homemade, just a 50k pot and metal box o Volume pedals are after pre-amp so gain and distortion sound is not changed can change overdrive by using guitar volume knob o • •
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Amp Tone Volume level set to 6; comfortably loud, but not overwhelming, or headache inducing o •
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson some venues may need more volume, but too loud means difficult to get correct mix with Bass and drums Monitors mean can increase guitar level of fold-back without having to deafen o audience speaker cabinets usually very directional o some drummers can hit very hard and may not tailor playing to room o can setup guitar further away on big stage o Amp midrange Where you can get your individual sound o Want bass to sound big o Want treble to be heard in mix o But where to set midrange? o too much gives nasal ‘honk’ too little losses body switch between rhythm and treble pickup at 4, should not be too much change in tone learned from Yngwie (of all people) avoids ‘night and day’ effect when switching between pickups this is particularly an issue for hot bridge pickup, where sounds o like a different instrument Overdrive/gain Setup amp so get fairly clean sound when guitar volume on 5 o Using a boost pedal, eg. with guitar volume on 7, gives better sound than guitar at 10 o and using amp (muddy, less attack) Most amps designed to be used with settings around 5 not a good sign if using 0 or 10 o o
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Distortion pedal High gain similar to Maxon SD-9 o used for soloing tone, treble down to 4 or 3, for ‘fat’ sound o more like Jeff Beck than, Ritchie Blackmore Eric Johnson tone control very low but looses ‘strat-iness’ Fulltone Octavia Hendrix, Band of Gypsies, etc o e.g. use treble pickup for sitar sound o Zvex fuzz factory used for noise o o unstable (feedback), discontinuous fuzz changes radically depending on guitar volume Vox Whaw-wha Modified by Martin of Bradshaws for higher center frequency o also fixed volume drop, actually slightly gets louder [Martin now at LA Sound Design, Burbank] Boss RC-2 Loop Station used for sound check o can go to back mixing board and check out sound speakers are miked centrally for best bass, but also get too much treble
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson roll-off at PA/mixer not usually plugged in, since not true-bypass also has backing track for practice (Giant Steps) at sound check •
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Boss SE-70 Digital effects Small multi-effects box, not made anymore Generation after used ‘modeling’ digital processing, sounded worse, to compete with line6 Echo sound, really just delay 450ms 2 slap backs o 200ms half as loud o Synth sound, like Holdsworth Multiple delay taps, use volume swell on guitar o 100ms, 230, 460, 190, 330, 560, 570, 600, 750, 870ms o non integer divisible times gives random sound o Chorus added to spice up o sometimes add Octavia for ‘space’ sounds o particularly on third intervals Use more ‘wet’ echo for Ballads Added octave Bass harmony one octave down and second signal 2 octaves down o sometimes add Octavia o Sus chord sound o play one note, get chord 13 chord chord sound also add Octavia o Delayed pitch shift, 60ms half step down o Play D, get D and C# quickly after ‘angry hornets’ down fifth o sequencer like sound Dotted 1/8 delay trick o play 1/8 notes, get 1/16 notes one slap-back, 100% o ‘hillbilly’ sound o Series delays going down in a row ray-gun sound o Ring mod gives mean distortion, also good clean o Step chorus used in tune ‘Nairobi’ o now smoothness, like sample & hold o Steel drum sound can also add octavia o Conclusion: Plenty of ways to get new, interesting sound without going to a guitar synth • • • •
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Cable
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson • •
Cable is part of tone Hendrix and many players from 70’s had dark tone due to long 25’-50’ cable Amp has to be set different with long cable to try and compensate o but still get different sound Scott uses 4ft cable to first pedal, cable length not so critical after first pedal Evidence and Monster make low capacitance (expensive) cables get more bottom and top end, but does not necessarily sound good because midrange o effectively decreased Try changing cable length, 4ft, 10ft, 15ft, 25ft will hear difference in sound o can partly fix with treble/presence o Scott uses Mogami 25/24 cable and Switchcraft noiseless jacks shield is unbraided o easier to make own cables noiseless jack has miniature switch, so connected when plugged in to guitar and o avoids loud hum when cable unplugged from guitar
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Many boutique amps available now o but can not demo in most shops also awkward to repair, particularly in foreign country o Fender & Marshall used to be good, maybe not so good now Fender Custom shop good though o Marshall Silver Jubilee and JCM2000 good o Scott uses John Suhr amp o based on 1968 Plexi Marshall has crunch mod and effects loop o crunch mod is master volume (can get gain at lower volume) output transformer major part of tone, exact copy of original o Geronimo amps also Marshall based with same transformer make Some older amps had effects loop but changed sound most new amps use circuitry improved for transparent sound o Expect to pay $2-3k on good, well built amp Hand-wired versus solder board good circuit boards (double sided, maybe GND plane) sound identical to wired o o bad reputation in past due to cheap boards But, board connections can break if dropped o Quality amps Bogner, Geronimo, Dr Z, Boogie, Fender Custom shop, Carr o Amp switcher good for A/B testing heads (~$700) same speakers and mic o ‘Fat’ Marshall sound most people familiar with sound due to records, radio o
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Cabinets Third major part of tone equation; after Guitar and Amp Marshall cabinets made same way now as 30 years ago, except back Pressboard backs sound bad o can fix by copying in Birch • •
Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson also speaker cabinet cable is (too) thin replace by 10 gauge Amps running at 8ohm, sound different to running at 16ohm o Not treble/bass but ‘bigness’ (fat) Led Zeppelin, Eric Johnson used two cabs (with lower one mic’d) to get 8ohm load o 16 ohm amp setting with 16 ohm cab sounds very different to 8ohm o If using single cab, use 8ohm speakers with series/parallel wiring for 8ohm total o Also 8ohm/16ohm switches themselves not good o Good speakers Celestion Greenbacks and Vintage 30’s o Greenbacks smoother, less fuzzy o Vintage 30s more ‘Rock n Roll’ o more low-mid and more grainy Open back sound o Very different sound to closed back more stereo (non-localized) effect But very dependent on room, floor type o bad with concrete closed back more consistent E.g. Mike Landau (Blues) o o
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson WK10 Music Business & Recording Introduction Scott has been in the music business a long time Some people wait until their talent has developed, been to school, etc others want record deal, gigs as soon as start playing o Some people practice a lot until very accomplished, but stay very low key most of these have day jobs, or are rich o Studio musicians and live musicians are quite different a few are lucky enough to become both o some players are ‘stuck’ as studio musicians for whole life o not necessarily a bad thing making own original music is a whole different world o will not meet same people as studio Should be able to decide what you want to do (career decision) how to do it, is something else o some know exactly what want very early o OK to decide later o but age may be an image problem in Rock, if leave too late • •
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Choose a style? Do not need to choose if you are a writer sell to whoever wants to play them o A few can become very rich from songwriting, but you would not recognize names e.g. Tom de Luca, works for a publishing company; Reo Speedwagon, Ozzy o Osbourne, have used music Record company may decide a named band needs more tunes for a record; approaches publishing company Publishing money is ‘non-recoupable’ Get paid as soon as first record sells, around 5c/tune/record o 200,000 sales gives $10k 10 songs and 200,000 records gives $100k 200,000 sales is not so much by today’s standards Only problem is if you want to play it People must want to see you; image, etc o Playing one style one year, then changing next year (e.g. Jazz to Country) confuses market audience audience will probably not follow your change (e.g. Steve Smith, pop to Jazz, Journey o to Vital Information) moving from vocal to instrumental will loose most of female audience o majority of guitarists (and airline pilots) are male, for some reason Record companies are in business of pigeon-holing want artist to appeal to particular market o good at publicizing, who you are, but diversity makes awkward o kids know what they want – record company tries to provide Working as a freelance artist means may need to play in different styles e.g. Scott, Mike Landau o But should play what asked; e.g. ‘Rock solo’ o more styles know, more money can make o •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson Studio work Regional differences It may not be possible to make money with original music in some areas o Scott’s experience in Florida – need to play covers, play as on record o ‘working for the man’ o Session work is like glorified top-40 in many ways not asking for your creativity o somebody tells you what to do o Scott charges $1000/solo, $2000/learning parts o Most studio musicians work ‘for scale’ [~$400/3 hour session ?] o Need to be in Musicians Union to do a lot of sessions particularly film and TV A lot of guitar players make living going out to studios each day lots of (contemporary) guitar music in commercials o Mike Landau, Dan Huff, Carl Verheyen, Paul Jackson Jr., Steve Lukather, Larry o Carlton do not necessarily have to be a good reader o 90% time, may just be shown chord form, play fills and do a solo But TV and Film work may require good reading, under pressure Best way to get to that point o play as much around town (LA) as possible, to be heard by as many people as possible find out who really good guitar players are, get then to hear you play o invite to club request to forward work, if too busy themselves hard niche to get into o many more guitar players than gigs, will not see advertised in paper most work word of mouth, by recommendation, networking Scott first got record work through Jeff Berlin, then through Jeff’s keyboard player o NFL session, rock riffs, one lick at end had ‘residuals’ get paid each time played on-air; few hundred dollars each year for several years most work ‘buyouts’ just get paid one time for session o May not be happy doing this is want to make money from own music have own band, write own music, make records, go on tour, have fans o Downside Will need to ‘kiss ass’, be prompt, beg for work, act as if happy to play on bad music o Studio scene has changed a lot recently Michael Thompson does lots of session work on albums o Over 75% work done at own home get sent disks from far away – cheaper than air fair load on computer, add tracks then send back If you are known, then may be trusted to do cart blanche o use telephone to check if OK, or change direction less pressure working at home, than in a studio with producer standing over o In days of tape recording, could not record several tracks and pick best single track and rolled over previous (possibly best) takes o example Steely Dan rolling over great Larry Carlton takes some producers really know what they want, when they hear it Conflicts of Studio career and Recording artist career •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson Can not go on tour if want to be on first-call, always need to be in town and answer phone ‘This guy’s guy’ Example film producer hires musician for film, then will use again on next project, say o TV series Most studio musicians that Scott knows are ‘somebody’s guy’ o example Steve Tavaloni gets ~99% work from one guy and is working almost every day In other words, may have a variety of work but from single source o o
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Jazz vs. Rock & Pop Jazz world is relatively small and easier than pop/rock Rock & Pop labels may only take music from your lawyer (at $2k cost to you) may get a ‘no we’ll pass’ and an expensive fee o In Jazz world can probably talk to head of label yourself ‘I really believe in my music, would you consider listening to it?’ o Helps if can get hired by people that already have a record deal themselves gives some clout when contacting record label o means must be halfway decent musician o Scott went to Tower records, looked at Jazz bins and wrote down names of all labels with musicians he liked (similar style) Make 50-100cds and sent to those labels Whatever style, artist will probably have to pay for first record! Record company just produces artwork and mastering o Artwork can be done on most home computers now and mastering is around $1k Record company does not loose anything if record does not sell; you do o st If 1 record sells, then company may pay for 2nd May not get any response, have pressure – to get a NO Some Rock & Pop acts appear to come from nowhere; record company gets behind and promotes (e.g. John Mayer) Jazz musicians often become known playing for someone else (e.g. Mike Stern played o for Miles Davis) • •
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Touring If you ask an Agent to book a tour, first question will be ‘how many records have you sold’ if answer is 10k, will probably get a click sound, as agent hangs up (will not make o enough money to be viable) Agent takes ~10% and will want $2-3k to be interested o May not get any Agent interest until after 2 nd CD Jazz is respected in Europe, will make more money there Jazz in US mainly appeals to musicians o Scott made $500 profit on last US 1 month tour Regular people come to European Jazz gigs o make $20-25k, and pay band well but took some years to get to this point Some people love the road and travel, others hate it BB King and Joe Zawinul still on road in old age o •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson Publishing More tracks, on more records means more money especially if only writer o Example 5.5c/tune, with 10 tunes on a record o Writer’s royalties come with no money taken out and with from first record sold Hopefully record continues to sell over next 20, or so, years Over years, successful artist accumulates many records and many tracks Scott has almost 20 records and 80 tunes o Scott uses Bug music in LA http://www.bugmusic.com/ Handle just about everybody, biggest, widely respected o Take 15%, but they ‘administer’ Publishing company o they get money from everyone (worldwide) that owes you money receive checks 4 times per year lists tunes and countries Give Bug $30 to get a publishing company, give them your first set of tunes o or if someone else is going to be using one of your tunes Bug sends to copyright office o NEVER sign away publishing, always want 100%, or something close whether writing for yourself or someone else, get paid if used on TV, Film, etc May get larger than expected payments if a country re-releases old album, does some o advertising, or if track is used regularly in say a News show Bug also suggests artist tunes to asking TV company shows, etc o e.g. no name band that made Sopranos theme Also get paid for live performance tunes, but amount is much less than record sales Can take a long time for publishing money to filter through >1year •
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Record royalties Different thing to publishing income Standard deal is 12-15% of retail sale price, per record sold Problem is that money is ‘recouped’ from advances used made to make record record company does not really pay for studio, mastering, etc; you do! o never get a free record, no matter spin o Jazz records usually DO NOT recoup o another reason they will try go negotiate away your publishing Blues record Dog Party did recoup, sold x2 other records o everyone likes Blues Advances Expect to get dollar advance for each previous album sold; $5k for 5k records sold o Can take $20-30k to make a record right o studio $100/hour But now can do a lot of work on home computer and equipment o records can be made now for a lot less; $2-3k if you know what you are doing ProTools, Mastering software, computer generated art can pocket money from advance not used, provided end product still sounds as good as can make May not even need record company o pressed at CD baby, sell on internet get 100% of retail o But you are no longer just an artist, need to be a businessman, record maker o • • •
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Advanced Electric Guitar – Scott Henderson deal with sales enquiries and distributors may just want to make music and get someone else to do business side but status as recording artist appears different maybe record companies not interested for a good reason reassuring if record company prepared to endorse with money Studios that run Digital Performer, or Pro Tools are cheaper than ones that run tape tape is expensive o layering, control better with digital o BMI/ASCAP o Not sure why get this money, but is about 1/6 amount from Bug Bug asks at signup if want to be on BMI or ASCAP Need to be with one or other Making a record with Jazz standard will not make you any money original composers estate will get money o will not recoup o some lame artists use music but modify to get around copyright; like stealing o Bug can negotiate permission, with owner if want to record a cover
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Recording and Quality Consider how much want to spend can be done cheap but may not sound good o Some record company execs know very little about sound also get audiophiles who can get good sound, but don’t recognize good from bad o musicians Ideally artist should be concerned with both music and quality o but there is a big span Record company will have an expensive listening system, so can probably tell if your CD sound is good quality or not record company is depending on you as an artist o provide good music and good o sounding music worth spending money on some key items o Scott’s equipment (guitar studio) desktop MAC o Tannoy speakers for monitoring o like to turn up loud for overdubbing– cheap to fix (if overload with feedback) Genelex speakers few thousand dollars to fix do not want/need loud volume at mixing stage Yamaha O1D o do not necessarily need expensive board for monitoring, since sound is recorded to computer and will use an expensive board at studio mixing Studer mic preamp o invest in good pre-amp Expensive $3500, digital output with good A to D conversion hear quality of good conversion alternative is to buy a Neve, or API ‘lunchbox’ for ~$1500 and an Apogee Rosetta digital converter for $2000 not so much about bass and treble, but more about ‘bigness’ of note SM57 microphone for guitar o Rented 2x Apogee 8000 (purple rack mount converters) o •
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