SAT Subject Test_ Chemistry_ Diagnostic Test - Learningpod

Practice Questions POD

SAT Subject Test: Chemistry: Diagnostic Test 1.

Takes into account various isotopes of an atom ANSWER

(Choose the correct answer)

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

Atomic Atomic mass Atomic Atomic number number Atomic Atomic radius Electronegativity Ionization potential by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

2.

Determ Determines ines how electron density is s hared w hen an atom for ms a bond ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


3. Av erage distance betw een the nucleus and the outerm outermost ost electron ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


4.

Number of protons in an element ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


5.

Energy required to remove an electron ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


6.

Has a filled 4 p 4 p orbital ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B


Na Fe

C D

Rb

E

by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

7. All of its electr ons are paired in this this ion ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B


Na Fe

C D

Rb

E


8.

Electron c onfiguration is, 1

2

ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

2

3

3

3

4


Na Fe

C D

Rb

E


9.

Cannot Cannot be f urther broken dow n by chemical chemical means means ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

Cation Inert Gas Crystal Anion Element by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

10. Ionic species w ith a positive charge

ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


11. Has an octet of valence electrons ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


12. Def Def ined by the number number of protons ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


13. Apparatus used to measure measure the heat absorbed or released by a reac tion ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


Centrifuge Barometer Balance Calorimeter Battery by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

14. Apparatus used to measure measure atmospheric press ure ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E



15. Apparatus used to measure measure w eight

ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E



16. Apparatus used to sediment sediment particles in suspension ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E



17. The energy of a sy stem available available to do w ork ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


Gibbs free energy Heat of for mation Specific heat Heinsenberg unc ertainty pr inciple Heat of vaporization by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

18. Heat required to raise one unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E



19. Heat absorbed or released during production of a substance from elements in their standard states ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E



20. Which Which one of the follow follow ing Form Forms s a strong base w hen dissolved dissolved in w ater?

ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D


NaOH CsCl HBr COOH

E


21. Which Which one of the follow follow ing Form Forms s a w eak acid acid w hen dissolved dissolved in w ater? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D


NaOH CsCl HBr COOH

E


22. Which one of the follow ing Forms Forms a strong acid w hen diss diss olved in w ater? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D


NaOH CsCl HBr COOH

E


23. Which one of the follow ing Form Forms s an ionic solution w ith a neutral neutral pH w hen dissolved in w ater? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D


NaOH CsCl HBr COOH

E


24. What is the f ormal char ge on the nitrogen atom in ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

?


-1 +1 0 +2 +3 by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

25. What volume of a 1 M solution of hydrochloric acid is required to neutralize 80 mL of a 0.5 M NaOH solution?

ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


320 mL 160 mL 80 mL 40 mL 20 mL by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

26. Which Which of the follow follow ing w ould ould be classified as a strong electrolyte? electrolyte? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


Benzoic acid Water Hydrofluoric acid Potassium chloride Glucose by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

27. Which atom has an ionic radius that is larger than its atomic atomic radius? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


Na K Mg Ca Cl by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

28. The The basic s tructure of crys talli talline ne substances is called called ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


unit cell molecule lattice geode matrix by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

29. The oxidation state of nitrogen is most most negative in w hich of the f ollow ing compounds? compounds? ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


30. An insulated tube w ith a movable movable piston at one end had 500 J of heat added to it. it. If, If, during the experiment, experiment, the piston piston moves

and does 75 J of w ork on the atm atmosphere, w hat is the change in energy of the tube sys tem? tem? ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

575 J 500 J 425 J –75 J –425 J by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

31. The reaction of NaOH and ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

in w ater goes to completion completion because


it is a neutralization neutralization reac tion w ater is is a s trong electrolyte electrolyte sodium sulfate quickly prec ipitates ipitates a volatile product is f ormed ormed sulfuric acid is a very strong acid by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

32. Which of the f ollow ollow ing w ould be diff diff erent in a ground state and an excited state neon atom? atom? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


The number of neutrons The The number number of electrons The The atomic atomic w eight The The electronic c onfiguration Every thing w ould remain remain the s ame. ame. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

33. The

of Mg

in w ater is 1.2 x

the pH at w hich Mg ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

. If the

conc entration in an acid solution is 1.2 x

mol/L, w hat is

just begins to precipitate?


3 4 5 11 12 by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

34. Which of the f ollow ollow ing states has the highest average translational kineti kinetic c energy ? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


Solid Liquid Gas Colloid None of the above by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

35. Which of the f ollow ollow ing w ill fav or the meltin melting g of ice in a closed c ontainer ontainer if all other parameters parameters are kept constant?

ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

Adding w ater w ith a temperature temperature of C Low ering the temperature temperature below C Low ering the the pressure Raising the press ure Decreas ing the amount amount of ice by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

36. Which of the f ollow ollow ing has the most most polar bond? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


N-O C–H C–C H–F None of the bonds are polar. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

37. The The rate law expression for the reaction reaction

+3 ANSWER

○

2N (Choose the correct answer)

A

○ ○ B

can be represented by rate = can be represented by rate = k

C

○ ○

can be represented by rate =

D

E

can be represented by rate = cannot be determined from the information given by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

38. 100 mL of 10 N ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

is diluted to 800 mL. What is the molarity of the dilute acid solution?


16/10 M 8/10 M 10/8 M 10/12 M 5/8 M by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

39. Which of the f ollow ollow ing molecules molecules contains both ionic ionic and cov alent bonds? bonds?

ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○


A B

Mg

C D

E


40. Gas A is is at at

C and gas B is at 1 mole mole of gas B? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

C. Both gases are at 1 atmosphere. atmosphere. What is the ratio of the volume volume of 1 mole of gas A to


1:1 2:3 3:2 303:293 606:293 by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

41. How How w ill the equilibriu equilibrium m of the f ollow ollow ing reaction be af af fec ted if more more chlorine is added?

( g ) ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

(g)+

⇌

(g)


It w ill be shif ted to the right. It w ill be shifted to the left. It w ill be unaff ected. The The ef fec t on the equilibrium equilibrium cannot be determined determined w ithout more more inf ormation. ormation. More w ill be produced. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

42. Af ter balancing the equation

...

( aq ) + ...

the ratio of ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

( aq ) + ...

to

( aq )

...

( l ) + ...

is



43. What mass of sodium carbonate,

ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

(f ormula ormula w eight = 106 amu), amu), is needed to make 120 mL of a 1.5 M solution?


295 g 9.5 g 19 g 589 g 19,000 g by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

44. Equimolar quimolar amounts amounts of hydrogen and ox ygen gas , at the s ame ame temperature, temperature, are released into a large c ontainer. ontainer. The ratio of the

rate of dif fus ion of the hydrogen molecules molecules to that of the molecules molecules of ox ygen w ould be ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E



45. What does X represent in the f ollow ollow ing nuclear reaction?

+ ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

+X (Choose the correct answer)

particle Positron particle Neutron ray by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

46. When chromium metal is used to for m ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

, the oxidation state of chromium chromium changes f rom


0 to 4 3 to 6 2 to 6 0 to 6 2 to 4 by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

47. Electron density s tudies have rev ealed that that X and Y hav e an equal num number of electrons. Which of the follow ing could X and Y

be? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


and K and He Cl and F and None of the above by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

48. All halogens halogens hav e similar similar reactivity becaus e ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


they have the same number number of protons they have the same number number of electrons they have similar similar outer shell electron conf igurations igurations they have v alence electrons w ith the same same quantum numbers numbers they have the same number number of neutrons by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

49.

and ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

have the same


atomic atomic w eight electronic configuration ionization potential number number of protons and neutrons atomic radius by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

50. Which of the follow ing has has the largest ionic ionic radius? ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


51. When the follow ing reaction is is balanced, w hat is the net ionic ionic charge on the right side of the equation? equation?

...

+ ...

ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

+ ...

...

+ ...

+ ...

+5 +7 +10 +17 The The net ionic charge on either side must must be z ero. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

52. Question below ref er to the follow ing equation. equation.

...Ag

+ ...

What is the sum of the coefficients once the equation is balanced? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E




...Ag

+ ...

How How many moles of Ag ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

+ are required to produce 11 moles of amm ammonia?


1 2 5.5 11 22 by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


...Ag

+ ...

What is the percent composition composition by w eight of Ag in Ag ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

?


4.2 19.7 76.1 80.3 95.8 by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

55. If 88 g of

and 160 g of

are allow allow ed to react maximally aximally to f orm

and

, how many grams grams of

w ill be

formed? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


33 66 132 264 None of the above by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

56. A 200 mL flask contains oxy gen at 200 mm mm Hg, and a 300 mL flask c ontains neon at 100 100 mm mm Hg. The The tw o flas ks are connected

so that each gas f ills ills their c ombined ombined volumes. volumes. A ss uming uming no change in temperature, temperature, w hat is the partial pressure of neon in the f inal mixture? mixture? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


60 mm Hg 80 mm Hg 100 mm Hg 150 mm Hg 200 mm Hg by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

57. What is is the value of Z in the beta beta decay r eaction below below ?

+ ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E



58. Question below ref er to the follow ing experimental experimental setups.

Which of the f ollow ollow ing experimental experimental setups w ill complete complete the circuit? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


II only III only III and IV II, III, and IV I, II, III, and IV by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


What types of bonds are f ound in solid NaC NaCl? l? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


Van der Waals Ionic Covalent Hydrogen Hydrophobic by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


What w ould happen ifif the electrodes w ere put in in a saturated solution solution of glucose diss olved in w ater? ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

Light bulb w ould glow . Light bulb w ould remain remain dark. Apparatus w ould combust. combust. Glucose Glucose molecules molecules w ould diss diss ociate. None of the above by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

61. Which of the follow ing statements statements corr ectly charac terizes a galvanic cell?

I. Oxidation Oxidation occur s at the anode, w hich is negative. II. Oxidation Oxidation occ urs at the anode, w hich is positive. III. Reduction Reduction occur s at the c athode, w hich is positive. ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


II only III only I and III I, II, and III II and III by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

62. The heat of combustion of gas eous ammonia ammonia is 81 kcal/mole. kcal/mole. How much heat is ev olved in the reac tion of 34 grams of amm ammonia

w ith ith excess oxygen? ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


40.5 kcal 60.3 kcal 75.8 kcal 81 kcal 162 kcal by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

63. When there are tw o electrons in the 3 s sublevel, ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


they must occupy different orbitals the Heisenberg Heisenberg unc ertainty principle predicts that they must per iodically iodically jump to the 3 p 3 p sublevel the oxidation state of the atom must must be 2+ they must have opposite spins they are oppositely charged by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

64. In order to make a buff er s olution, olution, a w eak monoprotic monoprotic acid c ould be added to ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


another acid another base its conjugate base its conjugate acid a strong base by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

65. How How w ill the equilibriu equilibrium m of the f ollow ollow ing reaction be af af fec ted if the temperature temperature is increased?

( g ) + 3 ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

(g)

2

⇌

(g)

= -30kJ/mol


It w ill be shif ted to the right. It w ill be shifted to the left. It w ill be unaff ected. The The ef fec t on the equilibrium equilibrium cannot be determined determined w ithout more more inf ormation. ormation. None of the above by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

66. For a sample sample of an ideal gas of f ixed w eight and at a fixed temperature, temperature,

I. the volume volume varies direc tly w ith the pressure exer ted on it II. the volume volume varies invers ely w ith the press press ure exerted on it III. the pressur e varies directly w ith the density density of the gas ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


I only II only III only I and II II and III by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

67. When 200 g of Mg Mg ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E

is added to 1 kg of w ater, w hat is the molality olality of the solution?


200/(24 + 71) 0.200/(24 + 71) 0.2(24 + 71) 0.200 200 by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

68. How How many many moles of w ater are for med by a mixture of 100 grams grams of

and 100 grams grams of

? (As sume the reaction goes to

completion.) ANSWER

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C D

E


100/32 + 100/64 100 + 2(100/32) 2(100/32) 100(100/32) 200(100/32) by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

69. An ox ide of arsenic c ontains 65.2% arsenic by w eight. What What is its simplest simplest for mula?

ANSWER


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ A B

C

As O As 2 As

D

E


SAT Subject Test: Chemistry: Chemistry: Di agnostic Test

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Answers & Explanations POD

SAT Subject Test: Chemistry: Diagnostic Test 1. Ans w er (A ) is c orrect.

Atomic mass Atomic mass mass is the averaged mass mass of the atoms atoms of an element, element, taking taking into acc ount the relative relative abundance of the var ious isotopes in a naturally occurring substance. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

2. Ans w er (D) is correc t.

Electronegativity Electronegativity is a measure of the ability ability of an atom to attract the electr ons in a bond. A common common sc ale is the Paulin Pauling g sc ale. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

3. Ans w er (C) is correc t.

Atomic radius The atom atomic ic radius is defined as the av erage distance betw een a nucleus and the outermost outermost electrons . It is is us ually ually measured as half of the distance betw een tw o nuclei of an element element in its elemental elemental form. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

4. Ans w er (B) is c orrect.

Atomic number The atomic number is defined as the number of protons in a given element. It defines an element. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

5. Ans w er (E) is is c orrect.

Ionization potential The ionization ionization potential, potential, or ionization energy, is the energy required to remove remove an electr on f rom the valence shell of a gaseous atom. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Rb Krypton is the f irst element element w ith a filled 4 p orbital, so the element must fall after it in the periodic table. Rb is the only element w ith enough enough electrons to have a f illed illed 4 p 4 p subshell. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Of the tw o ions electrons. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

and

,

has the same electron conf iguration as argon, a noble gas, and therefor e has all paired


Fe Fe has 26 electrons, configured as listed. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Element An element element is a substance that c annot be further broken dow n by chemical means. means. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

10. Ans w er (A ) is c orrect.

Cation A c ation is is an ionic species w ith a positive positive c harge. An anion is an ionic ionic spec ies w ith a negative negative charge. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Inert Gas Inert gases , elements elements in Group 0 (or VIII VIII) of the periodic table, contain a full octet of valence electrons in their outermost outermost s hells; this makes makes thes e elements elements the least reac tive. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Element All atoms atoms of a given element element have the same same numbers numbers of protons. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Calorimeter A c alorimeter alorimeter is an apparatus used to measure measure the heat released or absorbed by a reaction. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Barometer A barometer is used to measure measure atmospheric press ure. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Balance A balance is us ed to measure measure w eight. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Centrifuge Centrifuges can spin at very high rotor speeds (e.g., 60,000 rpm) to sediment out particles in suspension. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Gibbs ibbs fre e e nergy The Gibbs Gibbs free energy is is the energy of of a sy stem available to do w ork. The change in Gibbs Gibbs free energy, , can be be determined determined for a given reaction w ith the equation = –T . Reactions w ith a negative change in Gibbs Gibbs f ree energy are spontaneous. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Specific heat Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a substance one degree Celsius. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Heat of form ation ation The heat of formation is the heat absorbed or released during the formation of a pure substance from its elements at constant pressure. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


NaOH NaOH NaOH completely completely dissoc iates in w ater to f orm a solution w ith a very high high pH ( 7).

and

ions, the latter of w hich is a very strong base. This This results in



COOH COOH COOH does not completely completely dissoc iate in w ater. There There w ould be some undissoc iated + ; therefor e, it w ould be a w eak acid w ith a pH slightly less than 7.

COO OOH H and some



HBr HBr HBr HBr completely completely dissoc iates into

and

in w ater; this solution w ould have a very low pH (

7).



CsCl CsCl CsCl is a salt; it completely completely dissoc iates in w ater into by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

and

. This This w ill for m an ionic ionic solution w ith a neutral pH. pH.


+1 To answ answ er this question, you need to w rite the Lew is dot diagrams diagrams and then use any one of s everal f ormulas ormulas to find the for mal charge. One such formula is formal charge = valence electrons – [number of bonds + number of nonbonding electrons]. The Lew is dot struc ture of show s that nitrogen is double bonded to one oxy gen, single bonded to another oxy gen, and single bonded to another oxygen that is single bonded to a hydrogen-there are no lone electron pairs on the nitrogen. Using the f ormula, ormula, formal charge is equal to the v alence electrons of nitrogen (5) minus minus the s um of of the number number of bonds and the number number of nonbonding nonbonding electrons, w hich in this cas e is 4. So, the for mal charge on the nitrogen is 5 minus minus 4, or 1. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


40 mL In a solution, HCl HCl contributes con tributes 1 mol of ions per mol of HCl. HCl. NaOH NaOH also contributes con tributes 1 mol of ions per mol of NaOH. NaOH. Therefore, to neutralize the 80 mL of a 0.5M NaOH solution, you must have the same number of moles of HCl. The number of moles of NaOH you have is: (0.80 L)(0.5 mol/L) = 0.04 mol of NaOH and therefor e 0.04 mol of

ions.

To calculate the volume volume of a 1M solution solution of HCl, Cl, you w ill need need to get 0.04 mol, mol, perfor m the the f ollow ollow ing calculation: (1 mol/L)(X L) = 0.04 mol X L = 0.04 L X mL = 40 mL by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Potass Potass ium chloride chloride An electroly te is a substanc e that ionizes ionizes to y ield an electrically conducting solution. A strong electrolyte is one that ionizes ionizes completely completely or nearly c ompletel ompletely, y, and a w eak electrolyte electrolyte does n't ionize ionize v ery much at all. Exampl Examples es of strong electroly tes are NaCl, NaCl, KCl, KCl, HCl HCl,, HBr, HBr, and HI. HI. Examples Examples of w eak electrolytes electr olytes are w ater, HF, acetic ace tic ac id, benzoic acid, and ammonia. ammonia. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Cl If an element element loses an electron, it w ill have more protons than electrons and w ith this stronger pos itive charge c an pull the electrons in c loser. Therefore, its ionic r adius w ould be less less than its atomic atomic radius. Thus, Na, K, K, Mg, Mg, and Ca Ca w ill all lose lose electrons and become become smaller. smaller. Cl, on the other hand, w ill gain gain an electron; its pos itive nucleus c annot hold on to that extra electron as tightly, and its ionic radius is larger than its atomic radius. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


unit cell A c rys tal is a solid w hose atom, atom, ions, or molecules molecules are arranged in a regular regular 3D lattice structur e. The The basic repeating structure is know n as the unit cell. cell. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


The oxidation state of nitrogen in is 0. In typically –2 and H is usually +1. Therefore,

it is +1, in it is –3, in is the corr ect answ er.

it is +4, and in

it is +6. Oxygen is



425 J In order to answ er this question correctly, y ou need to know the f irst law of thermodynamics: thermodynamics: The change in in internal internal energy, , equals the amount amount of heat transf erred, q, minus minus the amount amount of w ork transf erred, w . IfIf heat is added to the sys tem, tem, q is positive; if it is transf erred to the surrounding, it is is negative. IfIf w ork is done by the sys tem, tem, w is positive; if w ork is done on the sy stem, w is negative. In In this example, example, 500 joules joules of heat is added to the sys tem, tem, so q is equal to 500 joules. joules. The system does 75 joules of w ork on the surr ounding, ounding, so w is equal to 75 joules. Pluggi Plugging ng these into our equation, the change in internal is equal to 500 minus 75, or 425 joules. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


it is a neutralization reaction NaOH NaOH and ,2

(a strong base and a strong acid) both dissoc iate completely completely in into their ionic ionic components components , , and , w hich then f orm a salt and w ater. The driving f orce of this double displacement displacement reaction is the

formation formation of w ater by the

and

ions. ions.



The electronic configuration configuration To answ answ er this question, you simply simply need to know know the definition of gr ound state and excited state. The ground state of an atom is the state in w hich all the electrons in the atom are in their their low est energy s tate. IfIf any electron has absorbed energy and been promoted promoted to a higher energy orbital in the atom w ithout actually leaving the atom, atom, the atom is s aid to be in an ex cited state. An atom can have any number number of ex cited states depending on how how many electrons have been promoted promoted and w hat orbitals orbitals they end up in. Usually, Usually, exc ited states are uns table and the the atom w ill release energy and return to the ground s tate. So w hich of thes e choices ex plains plains the diff erence betw een these tw o definitions? definitions? Choice Choice D: When electrons electrons gain energy and change w hich atomic atomic orbital they're in, they change their quantum numbers, numbers, w hich in turn changes the electronic conf iguration iguration around the nucleus. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


11 This This ques tion deals deals w ith solubility solubility cons tant and the comm common ion eff ect. The firs t step to s olving this problem is to expr ess the solubility solubility product cons tant, w hich is the ion product of the saturated solution, as the product of the concentration of ion and the conc entration of the hy droxide ion squared. Second, y ou must must determine determine the minim minimum um conc entration of hy droxide necess ary to precipitate the Mg . From the equation given, you can solve for the conc entration of hydrox ide, w hich is the square root of the

divided by the conc entration of

should f ind that the conc entration is equal equal to must be 11. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

. Substituting Substituting in the values provided in the question, you

mol/L. That That means that that the pOH of the solution w ill be 3; therefor e, the pH


Gas The random motion of a gas holds the most translational kinetic energy. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Raising the pressure This This question asks you w hich of the choices w ill increase the rate at w hich ice melts melts in a closed container. IfIf y ou low er the temperature, temperature, you are tipping the equilibriu equilibrium m tow ard the ice, so B is w rong. To deal w ith pressure c hanges, w e must must apply Le Châteli Châtelier's er's pr inciple, w hich say s that a s ys tem in equilibriu equilibrium m that is subject to s tress w ill shif t its equilibrium equilibrium so as to relieve the stres s. If the pressure is low ered, as in choice C, C, the sys tem w ill counteract the change in pressure by s hifting its equilibriu equilibrium m tow ard the phase that is less dense. In the cas e of w ater, that is the ice. ice. Remem Remember ber that w ater has a str ange property in that the solid form, ice, at zero degrees Celsius is less dense than the liquid liquid phase, w ater, at that temperature. temperature. Since the reduction of pres sure drives the sy stems to produce ice, choice C is incorrect. How ever, choice D, an increas increas e in press ure, w ill have the opposite eff ect and the w ater w ill be produced pref erentially, erentially, meaning meaning that the ice is melti melting ng f aster. Choices A and E both favor ice formation. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


H–F H–F The most most polar bond is the one that has the greatest dif f erence in the electronegativities of the tw o elements. elements. Of the c hoices, H–F H–F is the most most polar s ince hydrogen and f luorine are the far thest apart in the periodic table. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


cannot be determined from the information given This This question question asks you to determine determine the rate law of the reaction f or the for mation of amm ammonia, . A rate law is an equation that gives the relationship relationship betw een the rate of the reaction and the concentration of the reactants, eac h raised to an appropriate pow er that depends on the exact reaction. For example, example, the rate of this reac tion is is equal to k x y, w here k is is the rate constant and x and x and y are real numbers. k, x k, x , and y can only be determined determined experimentall experimentally y by sy stematically stematically vary ing the initial initial conc entration of one reactant. Since there is no experimental experimental data, data, there w ay f or us to know w hat these values are. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


5/8 M 10 N

is equal to 5 M . (100)(5) = (800).

as each molecule has 2 = 5/8.

ions ass ociated w ith it. Use the equation

=



This This question asks you w hich molecule molecule c ontains both ionic and c ovalent bonds. Choice C is ammonium ammonium sulf ate. The bonds betw een nitrogen and hydrogen in the amm ammonium ion and betw een sulf ur and oxy gen in the sulfate ion are all covalent. How How ever, the bond betw een the amm ammonium ion and the sulfate ion is an ionic bond. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


303:293 Charles's Charles's law states that / . = 303 and

/ = / , and you must conv ert Celsius to Kelvin. Rearrange your equation to = 293, and the ratio is 303/293.

/

=



It will be shifted to the left. This This ques tion tests y our know ledge of Le Châtelier's Châtelier's principle. What What w ill happen to this this r eaction if more chlorine is is added? Adding more more chlorine puts a stres s on the sy stem, and and the sys tem alleviates alleviates that str ess by using up that added chlorine: chlorine: The The equilibrium equilibrium shif ts to the left. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


1:5 This is a redox reaction. We can tell this because the oxidation states of the species change during the reaction. The oxidation state of bromine bromine in the product, molecular bromine, bromine, is 0. The oxidation state of bromine bromine in the bromide bromide reactant is –1, and the oxidation state of the bromine bromine in the bromate bromate is +5. The fac t that the bromine bromine of one reactant reduc es the br omine omine of the other should not bother y ou, sinc e it is imm immaterial. The The important important thing in redox r eactions is the number number of electrons. Since bromide bromide is acting as a reducing agent, going fr om the –1 oxidation state to the 0 ox idation idation state, it trans f ers one electron per bromide. bromide. Bromate, Bromate, how ever, is going from the +5 oxidation oxidation state to the 0 oxidation state, requiring 5 electrons. Bromate gets these electrons fr om bromide, bromide, requiring 5 of them. them. The ratio of bromate bromate to bromide bromide is theref ore 1 to 5. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


19 g To figure out how many many moles of

are in 120 mL of a 1.5 M solution, perf orm the f ollow ollow ing calculation:

(1.5 mol/L)(0.12 L) = 0.18 mol To figure out how many grams are in 0.18 mol, mol, you need to multiply multiply the number number of moles by the f ormula ormula w eight: (106 g/mol)(0.18 mol) = 19 grams by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


4:1 Thomas Thomas Graham stated in 1832 that the rates f or tw o gases diff using is invers ely proportional to the square root of the molar molar mass . Theref Theref ore, by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

:

=

. Simplify Simplify this equation and you have a ratio of diff usion rates of 4:1 for

:

.


Neutron Questions of nuclear c hemistry hemistry c an, as in this this c ase, of ten be translated into into basic arithmetic arithmetic problems. problems. Based on the law of cons ervation of mass, the sum of the mass mass numbers numbers (s upersc ripted) must must be the same on each side of the arrow . Similarly, Similarly, cons ervation of c harge mandates mandates that the sum of of the nuclear charges (subs cripted) be the same same on each side of of the arrow . We can thus trans late the nuclear question posed into into tw o elementary elementary arithmetic arithmetic questions: 27 + 4 = 30 + ? and 13 + 2 = 15 + ? Solving these these tw o problems problems res ults in a mass mass number number of 1 and a nuclear charge of 0; this set of values c orresponds to the neutron . As f or the w rong choices, in in choice A, the beta particle is a nuclear electron electron and thus has mass and charge numbers of 0 and –1, respectively. The positron, choice B, has the mass of an electron but the opposite charge; the numbers are thus 0 and +1, respectively. Alpha particles are helium nuclei; choice C corresponds to a mass number of 4 and a nuclear charge of +2. Choice Choice E, E, gamm gamma ray , is s hort-w avelength electromagnetic electromagnetic radiation, i.e., i.e., light; light; as suc h, it has no mass and no charge. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


0 to 6 Cr metal in its elemental elemental state sta te has an oxidation number of 0. In oxidation number of +1. O

(-2)(7)

= -14

K

(+1)(2)

=

Total

, O has an oxidation number of –2 and K has an

2

-12

Cr must must c ancel out the –12, so the tw o Cr molecules molecules must must hav e a c harge of +12. 12/2 = +6 +6 f or each Cr molecule. molecule. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


and K When a Ca molecule loses an electron to become electrons.

, it goes from 20 to 19 electrons. K in its elem elemental ental state has 19



they have sim ilar ilar outer she ll electron configurations configurations This This ques tion requires requires you to know something something about the periodicity periodicity of the elements. elements. Basically, all you are as ked is is w hy all the halogens behave so similarly similarly in reactions. Y ou know f rom studying the periodic table that there must must be s omething omething that repeats or the table w ould not be periodic. What is it about the elements elements in a column column that are the same? The The number number of valence electrons. Since the identity identity of the valence electrons is the s ame ame in each c olumn, olumn, or group, and c olumns olumns in thes the s block have valence s electrons, c olumns olumns in the p the p block have valence s and p and p electrons, and c olumns olumns in the d block have valence s and d electrons, the only thing that c an make make them act similarl similarly y is the number of electrons in these s hells. Furthermore, Furthermore, the number of electrons in the valence shell affects the reactivity and stability of the shell. The number of electrons affects the ionization energy and electron af finity, w hether the atom w ill f orm cations or anions, and even the number number of bonds the atom can participate in. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


electronic configuration The atom atomic ic w eight of an element element depends on the number number of protons and neutrons in its nuc leus; those numbers numbers ar e alw ays unique to a particular element, element, regardless of the number number of electrons in the species. The The ionization potential potential depends depends c hiefly on the radius of the parent atoms atoms and the eff ective charge of the nucleus. Since and have diff erent numbers numbers of protons by def inition, inition, they w ill have diff erent eff ective charges , diff erent atomic atomic radii, and and therefore diff erent ionization ionization potential. potential. Choice Choice B, how ever, s ays that the tw o ions have the same electronic conf iguration. iguration. Chlorine Chlorine belongs to the third third period and potassium belongs to the fourth, so in their unionized forms, chlorine's third shell contains seven electrons and potassium's fourth shell contains one electron. If c hlorine gains gains one electron and potass ium loses one electron, both w ill have eight electrons in the third shell, w hich becomes the valence s hell. So, So, the potass ium and chlorine ions desc ribed in the question both contain the same same number of electrons and the same number of occupied orbitals and thus share the same electronic configuration. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


has the largest ionic radius. When an atom gains gains an electr on, positive protons in the nucleus c annot hold on to the electrons as w ell and therefore the electron shells are able able to spread farther out. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


+17 The balanced equation looks like this: 8

+

One

+5

+5

and f ive

yield a total charge of +17.



4 The balanced equation looks like this: 1Ag

1

+2

1+1+2=4 by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


5.5 1Ag

/2

= X/11 X = 11/2

5.5 moles by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

+4

.


76.1 Ag = 108 N = (14)2 = 28 H = (1)6 = 6 Total molecular molecular w eight: 108 + 28 + 6 = 142 Percent A g: (108/142) × 100% = 76.1% by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


132 Balanced equation: 160 g

+5

3

+4

/32 g/mol = 5 moles moles

88 g

/44 g/mol = 2 moles

Therefore, oxy gen is the limiting limiting reagent; 5 moles of

and one mole of

w ill f orm 3 moles of

.

3 moles x 44 g/mol = 132 g by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


60 mm Hg =

is the equation you w ill use.

Oxygen:

(200)(200) =

(500)

= 80 mm mmHg, Hg, the new press ure Neon: Neon:

(300)(100) =

(500)

= 60 mm Hg by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


28 60 is the mass number (the number number of protons + the number number of neutrons). 27 is the atomic atomic number (the number number of protons). In a beta-decay reaction, the atomic number increases by one as a neutron turns into a proton and an electron that is ejected. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


III and IV Ionic solutions w ill conduct electricity. The NaC NaCl w ill dissoc iate to become NaCl. NaCl. Solid NaCl NaCl and pure w ater are ar e not ionic so lutions. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

and

. The The same occ urs w hen you melt the


Ionic NaC NaCl is an ionic c ompound ompound w ith ionic ionic bonds because it is f ormed ormed w hen Na Na donates an electron to Cl. Cl. The bond is f ormed ormed by the electrostatic interaction betw een the positive positive and negative ions. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Light bulb bulb w ould rem ain dark. dark. Glucose molecules carry no electrical charge, so there are no electrical charges in the solution to provide conduction. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


I and III This This Roman-num Roman-numeral eral question asks w hich of the given statements desc ribe a galvanic c ell (remem (remember ber more than one of the answ ers may be correct). Galvanic cells are capable of spontaneous reactions. In all electrochemical electrochemical cells, oxidation occ urs at the anode and reduction occ urs at the cathode. In addition, addition, the anode in in a galvanic c ell is is negative, meaning meaning that it is a s ource of electrons. Since a s pecies loses electrons w hen it is oxidized, this should make make sense. There is a trick to remembering remembering these f acts . In In a galvanic cell, oxidation oxidation occur s at the anode, w hich is negative. Alphabetically, Alphabetically, anode comes before c athode, oxidation befor befor e reduction, and negative before positive. How How ever, this little little trick only only w orks f or galvanic cells. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


162 kcal 34 g of at 17 g/mol equals 2 mol combusted. combusted . Tw o moles are combusted at 81 kcal/mol. This equation w ould be (2 mol)(81 kcal/mol) = 162 kcal. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


they must have opposite spins The s subs hells hells contain only 2 electrons . Their principal, azimuthal, azimuthal, and magnetic magnetic quantum numbers numbers are identical, but due to Pauli's auli's exc lusion principle their spin quantum num numbers must be +1/2 and –1/2. Theref Theref ore, they have opposite s pins. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


its conjugate conjugate base A buf fer is a solution made made fr om a mixture mixture of a w eak acid and a salt containing its anion. Buff Buff ers r esist pH change due to the addition addition of ac id or base. Thus, to make make a buff er solution w ith a w eak monoprotic monoprotic acid, the addition addition of the corres ponding salt is is required. This This salt must must c ontain the anion, anion, or c onjugate onjugate base, of the acid. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


It will be shifted to the left. If the temperature of an exothermic reaction is increased, the reaction shifts to the left. If the temperature of an endothermic reaction is inc reased, it s hifts to the right. The reaction in question has a negative enthalpy of reaction, meaning meaning that it is an exothermic exothermic reac tion. IfIf the temperature temperature of this r eaction is increased, the reaction w ill shif t to the left. left. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


II and III Boyle's law states that at c onstant temperatures temperatures the v olume olume of a gas is inver sely pr oportional to its press ure. Statement Statement IIII is is theref ore corr ect. Statement Statement IIIII is is also c orrect as density , defined as mass div ided by volume, volume, w ill increase pr oportionally oportionally to pressure since the volume is decreasing. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


200/(24 + 71) Molality equals the number of moles of solute/kg of solvent. 200 g/[24 g/mol Mg + 71 g/mol for 2 Cl] is the number of moles of solute. This is also the value of molality since it is added to 1 kg of solvent. by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


2(100/32) 100 g

= 100 g/2 g/mol = 50 mol

100 g

= 100 g/32 g/mol = 100/32 mol 2

+

2

Therefore, ox ygen is the limiting limiting reagent since it is the c ompound ompound in the least least amount. Acc ording to the balanced equation, equation, f or every mole mole of oxy gen you w ill ill get tw o mole moles s of w ater. Therefore, Therefore, to discov discov er how many mole moles s of w ater w ould ould be produced, produced, multiply ultiply the number number of moles moles of ox ygen you begin w ith by tw o, to account for the f act that tw o moles moles of w ater are produced f or every mole of oxy gen. Thus, Thus, the corr ect equation w ould be (2 mol /1 mol of )(100/32 mol of ). by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep


Perhaps the eas iest w ay to s olve s uch a pr oblem is to imagine imagine a particular sample sample mass mass of the compound. compound. For the sake of conv enience, choose 100 grams, grams, though any mass mass w ill let you arrive at the corr ect answ er. Because the oxide of arsenic contains only ars enic and oxy gen, a 100-gram sample sample w ould contain 65.2 65.2 grams grams of arsenic and the remainder, remainder, 34.8 grams, grams, must be oxy gen. To To find the ratio betw een these tw o elements elements in the compound, compound, divide the mass mass of ar senic by the atomic atomic w eight of ars enic, 74.7 grams/ grams/ mol, mol, and the mass mass of ox ygen by the atomic atomic w eight of oxy gen, 16 grams/mol grams/mol.. This This w ill give the mole ratio betw betw een arsenic and ox ygen in the compound. compound. To To conv ert to a more more easily us eful ratio, divide both by the low est number number of the tw o, in this this c ase ars enic. This This gives us a ratio of 1 mole mole of arsenic to 2.5 moles moles oxy gen, w hich is better stated by doubling both num numbers and getting 2 moles moles of arsenic to 5 moles of ox ygen. This w ould correspond to the f ormula ormula in choice D, . by Kaplan Kaplan Test Prep

SAT Subject Test: Chemistry: Chemistry: Di agnostic Test

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