Santa María de Oza 1912

B  jd bgagordbmòj fg ad djgxmòj fg C|d pcr   D Bcrwôd

DJGXMCJ FGA D]WJVDKMGJVC FG C\D PC_ GA FG D BC_WÔD GJ 4=4? Mjvrcfwbbmòj

Bwdjfc rg padjvgdcj acr vdodlcr d gdam|d grvg dôc gj ga vdaag! jwgrvc bckpdôgc Awbmdjc (Bhdjc-! jdbmfc gj Kcjgacr gjbmkd fg ad rdad fg imgrvdr Rddvcnd! rwnmmò fgrdcaad fgrdcaad grvg vgkd bcmjbmfmgjfc bcj ga bgjvgjdmc fg ad ad djgxmòj da d}wjvdkmgjvc fg Ad Bcwôd } ga ombgjvgjdmc fg ad bgdbmòj fga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg C|d* Pdcfmdjfc ad idrg ‑Ga rw vdkomíj gxmrvg‛ c ga idkcrc ‑Vgwga vdkomíj…‛ } aagyäjfcad da bcjvgxvc! pcfëdkcr fgbm ‑C|d vdkomíj gxmrvmò‛* Fgrpwír fg päbvmbdkgjvg 400 dôcr ydkcr d hdoad fg wj d}wjvdkmgjvc twg }d ròac gxmrvg gj ga gbwgfc } rcog ga twg rg hd cbwavdfc! c jc fdfc d rdog! rw gxmrvgjbmd* ³Bòkc bcjvd rw hmrvcmd! rw pdrdfc! rm vcfc hd rmfc fgrvwmfc! rm ròac ymyg gj ad kgjvg fg acr jmôcr twg bcëdj } lwndodj gj rwr bdaagr3 Bcjvd grvg caymfc! pdd twg adr ngjvgr fg ad dbvwda D Bcwôd bcjc|bdj ac twg iwg ad djgxmòj fg C|d pc Ad Bcwôd } pmgjrgj gj gj ac twg GR } gj ac twg IWG grvd bmwfdf5 twg ac twg rg hdbg gj ddr fga pcngrc! rwpcjg ndj ogjgimbmc pdd wjcr } dkdnwdr dkdnwdr pdd kwbhcr*

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C\D DJVGR FG AD DJGXMÒJ C|d gxmrvg dpcxmkdfdkgjvg dpcxmkdfdkgjvg fgrfg ga rmnac XMM! gj grvd igbhd iwg bcjrvwmfd ad pmkgd mnagrmd! hc} rg gjbwgjvd fgjvc fga gbmjvc fga Rdjdvcmc fg C|d* _gkcjväjfcjcr d imjdagr fga rmnac XMM! ad grtwmjd jc+cgrvg pgvgjgbëd d acr fckmjmcr fga bdrvmaac fg Idc } rg bcgrpcjfëd bcj ga djvmnwc dbmpgrvd|nc bckpcrvgadjc fg Idc! ickdfc pc bwdvc pdctwmdr twg rg gxvgjfëdj pc acr dbvwdagr d}wjvdkmgjvcr fg D Bcwôd! Dvgmxc } Bwaaggfc* Ga jckog } cmngj fg C|d jc grvä kw} fgimjmfc! gvmkcaònmbdkgjvg gxmrvgj fmiggjvgr ygrmcjgr! wjd fg gaadr fmbg twg C|d gj ad agjnwd ngkäjmbd! ‑Dawbmd‛! twg rmnjmimbd awnd fcjfg hdoëd dgjdr fg cc da fgrbwomgvc gj ad vmgd* Dydad grvd vgrmr ga hgbhc fg twg bgbd fg daaë rg gjbwgjvd ga awnd fg ‑C Bcnc‛! pdadod bgavd Bcrrwnwj twg rmnjmimbd ‑gndvc fg dnwd bcj gpgrdr dvmimbmdagr pdd adyd adr dgjdr dwëigdr‛* Vgmvcmdakgjvg C|d gd bckc vgr ygbgr ga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg Ad Bcwôd } vgjëd wjcr aëkmvgr aëkmvgr bcjiwrcr* Adr fmymrmcjgr fmymrmcjgr hgbhdr fg kdjgd bdpmbhcrd } bdbmtwma! jc grpgvdcj fmymrmcjgr gbagrmärvmbdr jm bckdbdr jdvwdagr* Grvdod ickdfc pc bwdvc pdctwmdr< Rdjvd Kdëd } Rdj Ymbgjvg fg Gaymôd fg cmngj bdrvgxd } |cjd kär mjfwrvmda! Rdj Bmrvòoda fg Idc (dbvwda Rdj Bmrvòoda fdr Ymôdr- } Rdj Pgfc fg Ymrkd fg cmngj igwfda } |cjd wda* Amkmvgr fg Rvd* Kdëd fg C|d* Pc ad pdvg fg diwgd! bcj Cagmcr (ëd fga Pdrdlg-! bcj Bwaaggfc (Icjvgbwaag! \dpdvgmd! Igäjr- } bcj Dvgmxc (vgkmjd gjvg Kgmbgjfg } ad gimjgëd gj Jcrvmäj-* Acr twg rcj acr dbvwdagr fg D Bcwôd* Acr aëkmvgr bcj Ad Bcwôd rcj imldfcr gj lwjmc fg 48=0 kgfmdjvg 69 kdbcr fg pmgfd* Rg bcjrvmvw}g wjd bckmrmòj fg acr fcr d}wjvdkmgjvcr gjbdog|dfd pc ga dabdafg fg ad Bcwôd fcj Lcrí Kdbhgrm Fdakdw! } ga fg C|d Fcj Lcrí Räjbhg| Rgcdjg* Ga pmkg kdbc bcacbdfc gj ad Pad}d fg Rdj _ctwg fg Diwgd! rmnwg hdbmd hdbmd 2

ga kcjvg fg Rvd* Kdndmvd Kdndmvd fgldjfc Pgwagmc Pgwagmc gj ad Bcwôd Bcwôd } ad Ndkgad Ndkgad } Ygjvcmaac gj C|d* Fgrfg dtwë da mc Kcjgacr rmnwg wjd aëjgd aëjgd twgodfd fgldjfc Ymcôc } Cwvgmc gj C|d! ga mc Kcjgacr hdbg icjvgd gjvg acr fcr d}wjvdkmgjvcr hdrvd ga kd } fgimjg bcj vcfd badmfdf acr aëkmvgr gjvg acr fcr d}wjvdkmgjvcr gj grvd |cjd*

Fdvcr fga bgjrc fga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg C|d<              

Hdomvdjvgr gj 4=40! =626 Bdrdr! 4*8=8 Idkmamdr! ?*644* Grbwgadr kwjmbmpdagr! 9 Mjfwrvmdagr! 476 Ncogjdod ga pdvmfc amogda Dabdafg Lwdj Kdvëjg| Pd|

Ad pcoadbmòj gr kd}ckgjvg fg bcjfmbmòj hwkmafg } rg fgfmbd d ad dnmbwavwd } ndjdfgëd! gr ad hwgvd fga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg Ad Bcwôd* Rcj gxbgagjvgr adr igrdr twg rg bwavmydj gj Gmër! jc hdoëd awnd twg adr rwpgdd gj bdjvmfdf } bdamfdf* Gd vëpmbd ad imgrvd fg adr igrdr } adr mkängjgr fg ygjfgfcdr bcj rwr bgrvdr d ad bdog|d* Kwbhcr hckogr rcj kdjc fg cod } adr kwlggr adydjfgdr! kdjfdfgdr } gkpagdfdr fg adr iäombdr fg rdad|cjgr twg ydj d vdodld d Ad Bcwôd*

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Gfmimbmcr fg mjvgír<  

Bdrvmaac fg R* Fmg nc! bdrvmaac fg C|d } bdrvmaac fg Ydapd mrc twg bcj ga fg R* Djvòj } Rvd* B w| bckpcjëdj ad fgigjrd fga p gvc fg Ad Bcwôd* Rg bgg twg gxmrvëd wjd bdfgjd gjvg Rdj Djvòj } Rdj Fmgnc twg pcvgnëd gaa pwgvc* R* Fmgnc twg cmn mjdakgjvg rg aadkc fg Rdj Ndrpd ! gd ad üjmbd pcpmgfdf fga g} gj Rvd* Kdëd fg C|d* Mjmbmdfc pc ga b dpmväj ngjgda fg Ndambmd! Pgfc g Vcagfc! } vgkmjdjfc pc rw rwbgrc Fcj Idjbmrbc Ncj|äag|! Kdtwír fg Ydapddërc! Ydapddërc! grvdod rmvwdfc gj ad cmaad fga kd! gd fg i ckd mgnwad } fg pgtwgôdr fmkgjrmcjgr* Rwr fgigjrdr pc ad dvg fga kd bcjrmrvëdj gj ?4 bdôcjgr5 pc vmgd grvdod bgdfc pc wjd vgd|d fcoag bcj vgdpaíj } 47 bdôcjgr* Bdgbëd fg icrc! grv bdfd } bwdatwmg corväbwac twg m pmfmgrg aagnd da pmg fg rwr kwdaadr* Gd fg iäbma dbbgrc* Vgkmjdfc fg cjrvwm gj 4929 } fgrvwmfc gj a dôc 4=92 pdd dkpamdbmòj fg ad cjd bckgbmda* Ga iwgvg fg Yda ddërc kdjfdfc bcjrvwm gj ga dbv da pdtwg fg Gmër! fgrpwír fga 6 fg Kd}c fg 4*78= gj twg acr mjnagr r dvdbdcj Ad Bcwôd gj ymrvd ga fdôc bdwrdfc pc ga gjgkmnc gj ad pad|d } gj adr gkodbdbmcjgr twg rg hdaadodj gj ga pwgvc5 gd bdpm äj ngjgda fg Ndambmd ga kdtwír fg Ydapddërc* Hc} vcfdyëd rg p gfgj yg acr ygrvmnmcr fg wj i  gvg gj grvg awnd* Grvd |cjd hc} grvä cbwpdfd pc ga kwgaag pgvcagc! |cjd fga rdjdvcmc fg C|d } pdtwg fg Gmër*

 

Ad djvmnwd mnagrmd fg Rvd* Kdëd! ckäjmbd fga rmnac XMM#XMMM! } rw idbhdfd fga 47=?+4920! wombdfd da adfc fga rdjdvcmc fg C|d! ad jwgyd mnagrmd fg Rvd* Kdëd gj Kcjgacr gr mjdwnwdfc gj 48=2! Mnaagrmd ckäjmbd fg Rdj Ymbgjvg fg Gaymôd fga rmnac MM! mnagrmd fg Rdj Bmrvcoc fdr Ymjdr! ckäjmbd ga rmnac XMMM! mnagrmd fg R* Pgfc fg Ymrkd*

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Hdoëd ydmdr mjfwrvmdr } bgjvcr fg vdodlc } fg cbmc drgjvdfcr gj C|d! fgrvdbdkcr ad mkpcvdjbmd fg ad |cjd fga bdwbg } fgrgkocbdfwd fga ëc Kcjgacr! ad |cjd fg C Bcnc } ad bcrvgd pc rg acr awndgr gj acr twg rg fgrdcaadäj fgrdcaadäj ndjfgr pc}gbvcr*  

Gj C Bcnc rg bcjrvw}g bcjrvw}g pc ad idkmamd idkmamd Nma Vdocdfd wjd bdpmaad bdpmaad fgfmbdfd d ad Ymngj fga Bdkgj } bgfgj acr vggjcr bcamjfdjvgr! grvc gr gj ad pdvg rwpgmc fg C Bcnc* Gj 4>>6 F* Pgfc Kdvëj Bgkgôc! gr jckodfc bdpmväj ngjgda fg Ndambmd! pc bgrmòj } bckpd pdrd d rw pcpmgfdf ad |cjd amkëvcig fga ëc } vggjcr fg C|d gj ad |cjd fg C Bcnc* Dtwë rg hmbmgcj ndjfgr codr! gfmimbmcr! dkwdaadkmgjvc! yëdr fg bckwjmbdbmòj (vdjvc d ad Färgjd fg Mjfmdr! bdrvmaac fg R* Fmgnc! bdrvmaac Ydapddmrc! bdrvmaac fg C|d- twg kdjvgjëd bckwjmbdfcr vcfcr acr awndgr mkpcvdjvgr* D ac adnc fg grvcr bdkmjcr gj C Bcnc rg mjrvdadcj ydmdr iwgjvgr! ad fga Bcnc! fg Kcjvgr! Gaymôd } Dr Xwomdr* Gxmrvëd cvd iwgjvg ad fg Kwc twg fgrdpdgbmò bcj adr codr fga pdvg*

Gj 4880 pdrd d pcpmgfdf fga pmjvc Dagldjfc Igdjv twg lwjvc bcj rw hmlc Djnga Igdjv! grbwavc! gdam|dj codr fg dbcjfmbmcjdkmgjvc* Vdodldj pc}gbvdjfc codr Ifg|* Fckëjnwg| _ckd}! Lwdj Bmcdnd (pc}gbvò ndagëdr ndagëdr gj Ad Bcwôd-! Bcwôd-! gjvg cvcr* Vdr ad kwgvg fga pmjvc rg mjrvdad ad Bëd* fg Kdëd! adr Dfcdvmbgr } vgkmjd rmgjfc gickdvcmc fg kgjcgr* Rwig ga dodjfcjc! grpcamc } dbvwdakgjvg ghdomamvdfc bckc pdtwg fg C|d*

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Ndjld dnëbcad Bgdfd pc Ndambmd } Drvwmdr gj 4888 } pwgrvd gj iwjbmcjdkmgjvc gj 48=> d adr diwgdr fg ad bmwfdf! gj ad |cjd fga mc Kcjgacr } gd bcjcbmfd bckc ad hwgvd fga ngjgda* Iwg ga pmkg bgjvc fg gxpgmkgjvdbmòj } fmiwrmòj fg jwgydr víbjmbdr dnëbcadr! bgdfc gj Ndambmd } Drvwmdr! vgjmd 49 hgbvägdr* Gj grg kckgjvc gj Ad Bcwôd ròac gxmrvëd cvd mjrvmvwbmòj cimbmda! Ad Wjmygrmfdf fg Rdjvmdnc! grvd iwg ad rgnwjfd* Rg mjdwnwd gj 48=> bckc< Bgjvc fg kglcd } gxpgmkgjvdbmòj gxpgmkgjvdbmòj dndmd Mjygrvmndbmòj dnëbcad } ndjdfgd Adocdvcmc fg imvcpdvcacnëd* Ickdbmòj c c c c

Rg bcjymgvg gj wj giggjvg d jmyga jdbmcjda g mjvgjdbmcjda } rg bcjrmnwgj hmvcr bckc< c

c

c c

Ad d|d womd ndaagnd! twg rg gxvgjfgä pc vcfd Ndambmd } vgmvcmcr ygbmjcr* Ad mjvcfwbbmòj fga aüpwac! twg rg bwavmydä gj ad |cjd fg Ogvdj|cr* Padjvdr grmrvgjvgr d padndr! bckc ga bdrvdôc* Gj 4=4= rg bgd ad grbwgad fg pgmvcr dnëbcadr*

Bcj ga jwgyc ncomgjc fg ad jdbmòj gjvg 4=2= } 4 4=70 =70 ga bgjvc pmgfg rw dbvmymfdf } rg bcjfmbmcjd rw iwjbmcjdkmgjvc* Grvc rwpwrc dbdod bcj ‑ga Padj Dnëbcad fg Ndambmd‛* D pdvm fg 4=70 ywgayg d dftwmm pcvdncjmrkc } ndj dbvmymfdf bckc grbwgad fg bdpdbmvdbmòj dndmd* Gj 4=90 rg vdradfd d Kdogncjfc } fgrdpdgbg bcj ad bcjrvwbbmòj fg acr jwgycr dbbgrcr d Ad Bcwôd*      

 

 

Gxmrvëdj kcamjcr gj ga bdwbg fga ëc* (icvc mc mcKgbdfc } igmd fg ndjdfc gj Kcjgacr* Iäombdr fg bcjrgydr! rgbdfgcr fg odbdadc* Gd idkcrd ad iäombd fg bcjrgydr \wacdnd } fgrvmagëd Ad Kmjgyd* Gdj mkpcvdjvgr ad mjfwrvmd fg bwvmfc fg pmgagr drë bckc wjd fg adr pmkgdr iäombdr fg bgyg|d* Drgdfgcr } iäombdr fg kwgoagr } bdldr fg gkodadlg* >

   

Hggcr } vdaaggr kgbäjmbcr* Ad grvdbmòj fga Jcvg fg igcbdma mjdwnwdfd gj 4882 pc Daicjrc XMM } rw rgnwjfd grpcrd Kdëd Bmrvmjd* Daicjrc XMM hdoëd grvdfc gj ga dbvc fg bcacbdbmòj fg ad pmkgd pmgfd bcj rw kdfg Mrdoga MM! gj grvd cbdrmòj vgjëd kgrgr* kgrgr* Bwgjvd wjd ag}gjfd twg wj aawymcrc fëd fg 487>! aagnò ad gmjd Mrdoga MM d bcacbd ad pmkgd pmgfd fg ad grvdbmòj fga igcbdma fg Ad Bcwôd twg mod d grvd rmvwdfd gj ga kwjmbmpmc fg C|d! pgc ga fëd gd vdj kdac twg ga yärvdnc fg ad gmjd! ga iwvwc g} Daicjrc XMM! jc pddod fg aacd bwdjfc wj hckog bda|dfc bcj |wgbcr } ygrvmfc da grvmac ndaagnc fga rmnac XMX vckc da jmôc gj od|cr g mjkgfmdvdkgjvg grvg rg bdakò twgfdjfc vcfcr bcj ndj drckoc* Fmbhc hckog gd ga dabdafg fg C|d! fg dhë wj djvmnwc fmbhc fg ad |cjd fg twg ga dabdafg fg C|d hm|c bdaad da g}*

 

 

Ad gimjgëd gj acr dgjdagr fg R* Fmgnc* Iwgcj vgr adr gxmrvgjvgr! ad pmkgd pcpmgfdf fga R* Bgymnòj5 ad rgnwjfd pcpmgfdf fg ad idkmamd Kdbhgrm! Kgrd } Kdvëjg|! gj grvd |cjd rg mjrvdadj pcrvgmckgjvg acr fgpòrmvcr fg Bdkprd5 ad vgbgd! ad dbvwda! pcpmgfdf fg Pgvcamog vdkomíj gj vggjcr fga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg C|d* Gxmrvëd wj Ad|dgvc fcjfg pdrdodj bwdgjvgjd gkmndjvgr gkmndjvgr } rcafdfcr twg ygjëdj fg fg adr nwgdr* Rw jckog ymgjg ymgjg fg R* Ad|dc! Ad|dc! bgdfc fg awndgr pdd daognd d acr agpcrcr* Gj 4882! rg ag bcjbgfmò d Ad Bcwôd ad bcjrvwbbmòj fg wj Ad|dgvc* Ad mjmbmdvmyd iwg pckcymfd pc gkpgrdmcr! jdymgcr } odjtwgcr! pdd gaac bgdcj ad rcbmgfdf Kgbdjvma fga Ad|dgvc fg C|d* Acr dabdafgr bcwôgrgr Bdjwvc Oggd } Lcrí Kdbhgrm! Kdbhgrm! lwjvc bcj bcj ga pgmcfmrvd pgmcfmrvd Ifg|* Advcg Advcg iwgcj acr pmjbmpdagr ycbdagr fg ad Rcbmgfdf bcjrvwbvcd* Ad rcbmgfdf bckpd ga mnagrdmc fg Rvd* Kdëd fg C|d! mjbawmfc rw bgkgjvgmc* Ga dabdafg Kdbhgrm rg dpcpmd fg acr vggjcr fg D Pdaac|d } Bcdaòj fg ad Ndmvgmd! pc gjvcjbgr pcpmgfdf fga D}wjvdkmgjvc fg C|d* Drë iwg bckc ga bcagbvmyc bckgbmda } 8

gkpgrdmda fg Ad Bcwôd rg hm|c bcj acr vggjcr fg ad idjld bcrvgd fg C|d! mjbawmfcr pc bcjbgrmòj acr bdrvmaacr fg Rdj Fmgnc } fg C|d* Gj grvd |cjd dpdgbmgcj acr üjmbcr ygrvmnmcr rcog ad pgrgjbmd fg  lwfëcr gj jwgrvd bmwfdf (Rmnacr X } XMMM-! twg iwgcj ‑aagydfcr‛ pdd Kdfmf } fg acr bwdagr jc gxmrvg imbhd fg bgrmòj*

Hmrvcmda Adr vgr vdpdr fg acr rgpwabcr fg acr rmnacr X#XMMM iwgcj gjbcjvdfcr fwdjvg wjdr gxbdydbmcjgr gigbvwdfdr gj 489= gj ga Bcdaòj fg ad Ndmvgmd (dbvwdakgjvg bdaag _dkòj } Bdlda-* _gbmíj iwjfdfc ga Kwrgc Dtwgcaònmbc Jdbmcjda (489>-! } vgjmgjfc jgbgrmfdf fg icjfcr! wj hmrvcmdfc bckwjmbd da kwrgc ad gxmrvgjbmd fg vdj mkpcvdjvgr aäpmfdr } rg aagydj d Kdfmf* Ga pdrdfc ?00=! bgagoäjfcrg ga djmygrdmc fg ad bmwfdf! D Bcwôd rcambmvd da kwrgc fmbhdr aäpmfdr pdd rw gxpcrmbmòj } iwgcj fgjgndfdr* Rmj Rmj gkodnc rm ymdldcj d cvcr awndgr fg Grpdôd*  

Acr lwgncr iacdagr! adr rdadr fg imgrvdr } odmagr gdj idkcrcr! fgrvdbdj adr rdadr PmrvdSodmag fga Ambgc! Ga Kglmbdjc! Fdjwomc! Kddbdjä! Ad Ndvd _cld! gvb* C|d gd wjd |cjd fg cbmc } fg kcfd! Ad Bcwôd vgjëd ròac ga dkomgjvg rgagbvc fg adr rcbmgfdfgr } ownwgrëd* Gj 4=4? lwjvc d pgrcjdlgr fg ad |cjd! bckc ga pgmcfmrvd Píg| Awnëj! ymrmvd grvcr dkomgjvgr } awndgr fg C|d Lwamc _ckgc fg Vcgr } gdj dbckpdôdfcr pc ocjmvdr kwlggr fg ad |cjd* =

 

 

Ad färgjd fg adr Mjfmdr gj ga fgavd fga _mc Kcjgacr! rmnac XYMMM! fcjfg rg gbmoëdj vcfc vmpc fg kgbdjbëdr pcbgfgjvgr fg adr wvdr kdëvmkdr* Ga 4g* Bdkpc fg iwvoca fg Ad Bcwôd grvwyc gj C|d! fcjfg lwndod ga Bawo Bcwôd iwjfdfc gj 4=02*

Adr yëdr fg bckwjmbdbmòj fg gjvdfd+rdamfd fg Ad Bcwôd! gdj d vdyír fg C|d* Ad bdgvgd d Kdfmf } d Rdjvmdnc pdrdodj pc Gmër } ad fg Imjmrvgg pc ga Ygjvcmaac* Ga pmkg pwgjvg fga Pdrdlg rg hdbg gj 4=0?* Ad Bcwôd rcadkgjvg vgjëd rdamfd pc kd* Ga odbc (ad adjbhd- twg hdbmd ga rgymbmc gjvg Rvd* Bmrvmjd } C|d! djvgr fg ad bcjrvwbbmòj fga pwgjvg Pdrdlg! dwjtwg rdaëd fg grvg d}wjvdkmgjvc! acr ogjgimbmcr gpgbwvëdj gj ga fg ad Bcwôd* Danwjdr fg adr odvdaadr bcj colgvmyc fg dvdbd ad bmwfdf fg Ad Bcwôd! bckc ad Odvdaad fg Gaymôd gj 480=! vmgjgj awnd gj C|d }d twg ad fgigjrd rg gdam|dod gj kwbhdr cbdrmcjgr iwgd fg ad bmwfdf*

40

AD BC_WÔD DJVGR FG AD DJGXMÒJ Ad Bcwôd rmgkpg grvwyc amndfd da kd! d ad twg rg ag bcjbgfg gj gxbawrmyd bcj Odmcjd ga bcjvca fga bckgbmc bcj ga gxvgmc gj ga g a JC grpdôca* D bckmgj|cr fga XYM vgjëd 2*700 hdomvdjvgr* Lwjvc d ad Bmwfdf Davd icvmimbdfd! jdbg ad |cjd wodjd fg Pgrbdfgëd fcjfg rg fgrdcaadj dbvmymfdfgr bckgbmdagr! kgbdjvmagr! mjfwrvmdagr! gvb* bcj ndj pwldj|d* D kgfmdfcr fga rmnac XYMMM vgjëd >*=47 hdomvdjvgr! rg hdoëd fcoadfc ad pcoadbmòj gj wj rmnac bwdjfc ad jdvdamfdf gd kw} odld* Gj ga rmnac XMX rg gnmrvd wjd ndj gxpdjrmòj fg ad bmwfdf* Gvdpd fg fgrdcaac imjdjbmgc } pgmjfwrvmda* Gj ad bmwfdf rg drmgjvdj adr rgfgr fg mjfwrvmdr vdjvc vdjvc fg Ad Bcwôd Bcwôd bckc fg dagfgfcgr! Drvmaagcr fg Igca! D|wbdgd fg Pcjvgygfd! gvb*! drë bckc rgfgr odjbdmdr! rgfgr fg ncomgjc } kmamvdgr* Bcj ad gdbvmydbmòj kdëvmkd bgbgj adr dbvmymfdfgr pcvwdmdr rcog vcfc bcj ad aagndfd fga vgj gj 4882 } vdkomíj rg mjbgkgjvd rw pcoadbmòj* Gr fg grdavd ad diawgjbmd fg gkmndfcr fg adr bcacjmdr gj adr Dkímbdr fgrpwír fg rw pífmfd gj 48=8! gvcjdfcr bcj kwbhc fmjgc } fgrgcr fg gbgd ga awlc fg bmwfdfgr bckc Ad Hdodjd* Bckc bcjrgbwgjbmd fg grvd dbvmymfdf bckgbmda } fgkcnäimbd ga rwgac wodjc fmrpcjmoag gr grbdrc } acr pgbmcr pgbmcr rcj kw} gagydfcr* gagydfcr* Gj grpwgrvd grpwgrvd d grvg bgbmkmgjvc rg pcfwbgj d jmyga wodjërvmbc bdkomcr twg fdäj awnd d ad bmwfdf dbvwda* Ga pcbgrc! bcjcbmfc bckc ga gjrdjbhg bcwôír! aagyd bcjrmnc< Fgmoc fg adr kwdaadr Vd|dfc wodjc vdfmbmcjda Fmrgôc fga pmkg gjrdjbhg dpcodfc gj 4882      

Rg gxpdjfg gj vgr fmgbbmcjgr< 4* Lwdjd fg Ygnd! Pad|d fg Pcjvgygfd } Pad|d fg Cgjrg*

44

?* Fgrfg ac djvgmc d Rvd* Awbëd } fgrfg Lwdj Iaòg| d Amjdgr _mydr bcj ad pad|d fg Ndambmd } Ymnc* 2* Rg gjrdjbhd d Bwdvc Bdkmjcr! Ndmvgmd! Kcjgacr } acr Bdrvcr* Bckc bcjrgbwgjbmd fg grvg padj! rwngj mjvggrgr gbcjòkmbcr } fg pcfg gj acr twg mjvgymgjgj pgrcjdlgr fg ad pcaëvmbd! fga pcfg lwfmbmda! fg ad Mnagrmd twg fdäj awnd d hgbhcr idarcr! idwfwagjvcr } bdbmtwmagr } twg vgkmjdäj bcj ad djgxmòj fg C|d pc ga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg Ad Bcwôd*    

 

Hdomvdjvgr gj 4=40! 6=?=0 Ek? fg gxvgjrmòj >!8! gd ga kwjmbmpmc bcj kgjc rwpgimbmg fg ad pcymjbmd* Dabdafg Lcrí Icaad ]cfm! ]cfm! gj adr gagbbmcjgr fg 4=40! 4=40! amogda amogda Lcrí Kdvëjg| Icjvgad (gpwoambdjc-! fgrpwír fg ad gjwjbmd fg Icaad* Gvb* 

 

4?

AD DJGXMCJ Djvgbgfgjvg

Acr üavmkcr dôcr fga rmnac XMX } bckmgj|cr fga XX! gj ga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg C|d iwgcj wj bcjvmjwc pcoagkd bcj bgrdkmgjvc fg bdncr g mjrpgbbmcjgr dfkmjmrvdvmydr* Gj 4886 fgrpwír fg wjd mjrpgbbmòj imrbda! ga Ncomgjc Bmyma rwrpgjfg adr dbvmymfdfgr fga d}wjvdkmgjvc pc mgnwadmfdfgr* Grvc aagyò da dodjfcjc dfkmjmrvdvmyc! ad idavd fg gbdwfdbmòj fg vmowvcr gjvg acr ygbmjcr } d fgwfdr bcj hdbmgjfd } cvcr cndjmrkcr pc ydac ydac fg kär kär fg 76*000 pgrgvdr! kwbhc fmjgc gj grdr igbhdr* Adr gagbbmcjgr fg 488> dndydj ad rmvwdbmòj* Ga Ncogjdfc bmyma fgbadd jwadr adr gagbbmcjgr! gr mjhdomamvdfc } fgrvmvwmfc ga ncomgjc kwjmbmpda kwjmbmpda } jckodfc wj jwgyc dabdafg mjvgmjc* Fwdjvg grvg vmgkpc ad bdrd bcjrmrvcmda bdkomd fg wombdbmòj ydmdr ygbgr! fgrdpdgbg fcbwkgjvdbmòj fg omgjgr } dpcygbhdjfc grvc ga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg Ad Bcwôd bdkomd acr kclcjgr fg acr amjfgr gj ad |cjd fg D Pdaac|d! fdjfc awnd d wjd pcrvgmc fgjwjbmd gigbvwdfd pc ga päcbc Amjc Kdëd Iggmc* Iwg grwgavd d idyc fg Ad Bcwôd } Ad Pdaac|d } acr vggjcr acr vggjcr bcamjfdjvgr dpdgbgäj dpdgbgäj d jckog fga R* Kdbhgrm Fdakdw* Dtwë rg mjrvdadä ad gimjgëd fg ad twg gd wjc fg acr pcpmgvdmcr pcpmgvdmcr } ga ad|dgvc pdd acr acr gjigkcr fg ad ad nwgd fg Bwod* Gj 48=0! rgmr dôcr fgrpwír! C|d gbwpgd ad bcpcdbmòj } rdafd fgwfdr ygjfmgjfc omgjgr kwjmbmpdagr* Gj 4=0> rg vdradfd ga d}wjvdkmgjvc da awnd Fd Kcwd (hc} Dyfd* Imjmrvgg-* Djvg adr pcvgrvdr ygbmjdagr rg datwmad wj gfmimbmc gj C Kcjvmôc! hc} bdaag Kcjvgr! pdd rgfg kwjmbmpda* Grvg gfmimbmc vcfdyëd gxmrvg gj wmjdr* Dpcygbhdjfc ga fgrbcjvgjvc gxmrvgjvg pc ga bdkomc fg wombdbmòj fga d}wjvdkmgjvc! acr mjfwrvmdagr mjfwrvmdagr pckwgygj } bcj ndj ndj jükgc fg imkdr imkdr rcambmvdj ad djgxmòj fg ad pdctwmd fg Rvd* Kdëd fg C|d d Ad Bcwôd* Iwg fgrdwvcm|dfc fgrfg Kdfmf! }d twg fg adr bwdvc pdctwmdr twg ickdj ga d}wjvdkmgjvc gr ad üjmbd twg ngjgdod mjngrcr* Gj 4=0> ga päcbc! Gjmtwg Kdvëjg| Kdvëjg| Grpdër! Grpdër! pmfg ad rgngndbmòj fg ad pdctwmd Rvd* Kdëd pdd djgxmcjdad da d}wjvdkmgjvc fg Ad Bcwôd* 42

Pc rw pdvg acr >!8 ek? fg rwpgimbmg fg Ad Bcwôd! hdbgj mkpcrmoag rw gxpdjrmòj } fgrdcaac* Gj 4=0= ga kcymkmgjvc pc+djgxmòj fg C|d mjrvd d ad dabdafëd d aagydac d bdoc* Ad Bcwôd vckd bckc glgkpac ad gxpgmgjbmd fg ad bmwfdf fg Ymnc! }d twg dbdodod fg djgxmcjd ga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg Ocw|dr* Ad bcpcdbmòj rcambmvò ad fcbwkgjvdbmòj twg hdoëd vdkmvdfc ga d}wjvdkmgjvc ymnwír pdd pcbgfg fg wj kcfc rgkgldjvg* Vdkomíj gj Kdfmf pgrcjdlgr! bckc ga fmpwvdfc } gfmvc pgmcfërvmbc Igjäjfg| Advcg! owrbdodj dpc}cr g mjiawgjbmdr gj ga Rgjdfc } ga Ncomgjc pdd bcjrgnwm ga colgvmyc fg ad djgxmòj* Pgrcjdlg

Dabdafg fg C|d! ga kífmbc Lwdj _cfënwg| Pd|! pdvmfc amogda } kcjätwmbc* Dabdafg fg Ad Bcwôd! Lcrí Icaad Icaad ]cfm! dabdafg gj fg adr gagbbmcjgr fg 4=40! 4=40! üjmbc gpgrgjvdjvg fga pdvmfc amogda } jckodfc bckc bcjrgbwgjbmd bcjrgbwgjbmd fga fga gjigjvdkmgjvc gjigjvdkmgjvc gjvg bcjrgydfcgr } gpwoambdjcr! fmkmvg gj dncrvc fg 4=4?* Lcrí Kdvëjg| Icjvgad! pdvmfc gpwoambdjc! pmkc fga dabdafg fg C|d! rg bcjymgvg bcjymgvg gj dabdafg dbbmfgjvda } pcvdncjmrvd pcvdncjmrvd fg acr acr dbvcr fg djgxmòj* Lwdj Ifg|* Advcg! fmpwvdfc gj bcvgr } ndj pdvmfdmc } pckcvc d idyc fg ad djgxmòj fg C|d* Ad Yc| fg Ndambmd! pgmòfmbc fga twg iwg iwjfdfc } nggjvg! iwjbmcjdod bckc wjd ndbgvd d idyc fg ad djgxmòj*

46

Dkomgjvg

Ad mkdngj fga bdvga bcjycbdjfc da kmvmj fga kífmbc Idmôd! bcjbglda fg Ad Bcwôd! fd mfgd fga dkomgjvg fga kckgjvc } adr pgrpgbvmydr pwgrvdr gj ad djgxmòj*

Ga dbvc! rgnüj rg fgfwbg fgfwbg fg ad hcld kmvmj! kmvmj! vdvd fga ogjgimbmc twg Ad Bcwôd Bcwôd pwgfg bcjrgnwm gj ydmcr drpgbvcr jc rcac gnwadm|djfc acr rgymbmcr fga pwgvc! rmjc fgfwbmgjfc ygjvdldr fg ad djgxmòj fg C|d } fg vdjvcr cvcr pc}gbvcr jwgycr bckc hd} pgjfmgjvgr fg gdam|dbmòj } jgbgrmvdfcr fg awnd pdd mjrvdadrg* Ga dkomgjvg gj ga d}wjvdkmgjvc C|d grvdod fmymfmfc gjvg rgbvcgr d idyc! bckc acr mjfwrvmdagr! } gj bcjvd! bckc acr pcaëvmbcr* Gj Ad Bcwôd gd djrmdfc pc pdvg fg adr pgrcjdr mjiaw}gjvgr twg ygj wjd ndj cpcvwjmfdf fg gxvgjfg jgncbmcr } fg ogjgimbmcr bckgbmdagr* bckgbmdagr* Gj ad |cjd bcrvgd fga gjrdjbhg jc gxmrvëdj gfmimbmcr gkoagkävmbcr* Hwoc pc}gbvcr! pgc rg gjbcjvdodj bcj ad dkombmòj fg acr pcpmgvdmcr fg acr rcadgr* Gj Ndär rg pgndodj acr vggjcr d =7 pgrgvdr! adr gxpgbvdvmydr gxpgbvdvmydr fg rdbd ogjgimbmcr! gdj kwbhdr*

47

Hgbhc brcjcaònmbc

Gjgc fga 4=4?! Lcr Kdvëjg| Icjvgad pgrmfg ad bckm mòj bcwôgrd gjbdndfd fg fgimjm } grvwfmd acr víkmjcr fg ad djgxmòj* Acr pdbvcr ag cvcndj = bcjbgldagr d ad Bcpcdbmòj fg C|d! twg ag bcgr cjfgj pc acr 40*000 hdomvdjvgr* Ga 40 fg Kd|c fg 4=4 ? rg pgrgjvd gj ga bcjngrc ga dbwgfc fg djgxmòj gjvg acr d}wjvdkmgjvc fg C|d } Ad Bcwôd* Ga ?7 fg kd}c fg 4= ? ga Bcjngrc dpwgod ad Ag} gj t g rg fmbvd ad djgxmòj* Ga ? fg lwamc gr dvm mbdfd pc ga Rgjdfc* Ga 4 fg cbvwog fg 4=4? wgfò fmrwgavd ad Bcpcdbmòj Kwjmbmpda fg C|d } ga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg Ad Bcwôd gxvgjfëd rwr aëkmvgr da pwgjvg fg Pdrdlg! Pdadygd! Igdjr! Ygjvcmaac! gvb* Grvg dôc vdkomíj idaagbg Ifg|* Advcg! 46 fg kd|c! } acr dbwgfcr fg djgxmòj rcj kcfmimbdfcr wjmadvgdakgjvg pc Ad cwôd* Fg acr jwgyg bcjbgldagr twg agr bcgrpcjfëdj rg twgfdcj bcj fcr pc mjvggrgr pcaëvmbcr! acr gpwoambdjcr! nwpc acbda fg Ad Bcwôd gdj kd cëd! vgjëdj pcoagkdr mjvgjcr } bc vgjrmcjgr gj fcr c vgr igjvgr* Ad m jbcpcdbmòj fg acr amogdagr fg C|d gëd wj jwgyc pcoagkd d rcawbmcjd* Cvcr dbwgfcr iwgcj mjbwkpamfcr } iwgcj pwgrvdr vdod d ygbmjcr } |cjdr fg ad djvmnwd C| bckc<      

C|d twgfd rmj rgymbmc bcjvdmjbgjfmcr bcjvdmjbgjfmcr Vdodr pdd bcjvdvd pgrcjda fga djvmnwd C|d Dkgjd|dr fg fg addbmòj fg gfmimbmcr gj wmjdr! gvb

Grvc fmc awnd d ad i  kdbmòj fg wj pdvmfc Pc+C|d! p rmfmfc pc ga pgmcfmrvd } gfdbvc l ig fg Ad Yc| fg Ndambmd R* Odgmc c}d } ga twg iwgd dabdafg R* _cfë nwg| Pd|* Fga grwavdfc fg adr gagbbmcjgr fg 4=42 rdag gagnmfc ga R* Od mc Jc}d bcj ga jükgc 6 pc ycvcr gj Ad Bcwôd*

49

NDAG_MD FG PG_RCJDL GR Idkmamd Kdrvëjg| Kc twgrd

Gj ga dôc fg 4>=? jdb gj Rdjvd Kdëd fg C|d F* LCRG KD_ MJG\ P_GNC! pcngjmvc fg fg ad rd d twg iwg fg adr kär mjiaw}gjvgr }  pgrgjvdvmydr gj ga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg C|d gj ad ípcbd fg ad djgxmòj d ad twg jcr gigmkcr* Fgrbgjfmgjv r rw}cr iwgcj< F* Lwdj _cfënwg| Kdvëjg| K fmbc kwjmbmpda fg C|d! pcrvgmckgjvg d ad djgxmòj iwg kífmbc fg ogjgimbgjbmd fg Ad Bcwôd! kw} d gbmdfc pc d}wfd fgrmjvggrdfd d acr pcogr* P fg fga üavmkc dabdafg fg C|d* Kífmbc g ad Rcbmgfdf f Rcbccr Kwvwcr ‑Ga Bcjrwgac fga Pc g‛* Hgkdjc p aëvmbc fg Igjdjfc Rcac|djc* Idaagbmò j 4*=48*

F* Lcrí _cfënwg| Kdvëjg| (Kífmbc _cfënwg|-* J bg gj C|d ga ?= fg lwamc fg 4879 ‒ Idaagbg gj Ad B wôd ga 48 fg Kd|c fg 4=?4*Kdjv jgfc fg acr Lwgncr Iacdagr fg Kcjgacr* Gd jdvwda fg Kcjgacr } ym ëd pdd Kcjgacr } pmkc fg Lwdj _cfënwg| K vëjg|*

F* Lcrí Kdvëjg| Icjvgjad J bmfc gj C|d! pmkc hgkdjc fga Kífm c _cfënwg| } f Lwdj _cfënwg| Kdvëjg|! mawrvg docndfc } ndj g vdfmrvd* K vëjg| Icjvgjad iwg ga grvdvgnd fga Pdvmfc _ pwoambdjc gj Ad Bcwôd } kdgrv pcaëvmbc fga p pwad Bdrdmvcr*

4>

Gj ga kgr fg gjgc fg 4=4? pgrmfg ad Bckmrmòj bcwôgrd g bdndfd fg ad djgxmòj* Rg bgagod gj ad bdrd fga D}wjvdkmgjvc fg C| wjd gwjmòj gjbdndfd fg grvwfmd ad kdjgd gj twg hdoëd fg gdam|drg ad djgxmòj fg dkocr D}wjvdkmgjvcr! gj grvd gwjmòj vdkomíj pdvmbmpd Lcdtwëj Kdvëj Kdvëjg|! bdrdfc bcj w d hmld fga kífmbc _cfënwg|! iwrmadfc gj 4=29 lwjvc bcj Kíjfg| Igëj dabdafg fg Ad Bcwôd*

F* Idjbmrbc Aacíjr Ga kglc pdmrdlmrvd ndaagnc* Grvdod bdrdfc bcj Gyd _cfënwg| Rda dfc! vdkomíj hm d fga Kífmbc _cfënwg|* J bmò gj 48>6 gj D Bcwôd } bwr grvwfmcr fg B kgbmc! dwjtwg acr dodjfcjò pdd mjngrd gj ad Grbwgad fg Dvgr } Cimbmcr* Iwg fmrbëpw ac fg Lcdtwëj R caad gj rw vdaag kdfmagôc! ac tw g ag pgkmvmò d gjfg adr víbjmbdr fga ndj pmjvc ydagjbmdjc } bcjvdbvd bcj acr kglcgr dvmrvdr fg ad ípcbd** Idaagbmò gj Kd fmf gj 4=68* Gj rwr codr fgrvdbdj dmrdlgr fga vgmvcmc fg C|d*

48

Imnwrd rgagydjvg fg ad djgxmòj Dabdafg<

F* Lwdj _cfënwg| Pd| Kífmbc fg acr pcogr* Üavmkc dabdafg fg C|d* Iwg jckodfc dabdafg bcj 48 dôcr ga 4 fg gjgc fg 4=04! Gj rw pmkgd rgrmòj cfmjdmd imnwdod ad bcjrvmvwbmòj fg ad Lwjvd Acbda fg _gickdr Rcbmdagr*+gnadkgjvdjfc ga vdodlc fg adr kwlggr } acr jmôcr gkpdfcjdfcr gj ga víkmjc kwjmbmpda pdd bcjrgnwm acr kgbdjmrkcr pgbmrcr pdd gymvd dbbmfgjvgr adocdagr+* Iwí ga üavmkc dabdafg twg daaë hwoc* Pgrwdfmfc fg ad jgbgrmfdf fg mjbcpcd fmbhc Bcjbglc d ad bdpmvda! rgbwjfò bcj dbvmymfdf g mjvgamngjbmd ad cod fg Igjäjfg| Advcg gj vda rgjvmfc* Idaagbmò ga ?0 fg kd|c fg 4=?4 rmgjfc bcjbglda fga d}wjvdkmgjvc bcwôgr bckc gpgrgjvdjvg fg ad ickdbmòj Pc+C|d*

Lcrí Icaad ]cfm Ga dabdafg fg Ad Bcwôd twg djgxmcjò C|d* Ga docndfc bcwôír Lcrí Icaad ]cfm cbwpò ad dabdafëd fg ad bmwfdf gjvg acr dôcr 4=40 } dncrvc fg 4=4? gj twg fmkmvmò5 dôcr fg iwgvgr vwowagjbmdr pcaëvmbdr d adr twg bcjrmnwmò rcogpcjgrg ndbmdr d rw vdadjvg bcjbmamdfc* Ga kd}c dbcjvgbmkmgjvc twg rg pcfwlc d ac adnc fg rw kdjfdvc iwg ad djgxmòj fga víkmjc kwjmbmpda fg C|d da fg D Bcwôd! twg rg dpcoò fgimjmvmydkgjvg ga ? fg lwamc fg 4=4?* Rg bwgjvd twg bcj kcvmyc fg wjd ymrmvd fga g} Daicjrc XMMM d ad bmwfdf! ga gnmfc ag iwg pgrgjvdfc pc wjd fg adr dwvcmfdfgr bcj ad mjfmbdbmòj< ‑Kdlgrvdf! ga dabdafg Icaad‛* Ga kcjdbd rg ymc rcpgjfmfc pc ga dpgaamfc } bcjvgrvò< ‑] }c vdkomíj‛* Ad hwkmafdf iwg wjd fg adr bddbvgërvmbdr fg grvg dabdafg! twg idaagbmò gj 4=?2*

4=

F* Djvcjmc Agjr Ymgd DABDAFG DBBMFGJVDA FG AD BC_WÔD GJ LWJMC FG 4=4?* Jdbg gj Kdvdj|dr (Bwod- gj 486>! fg idkmamd dbckcfdfd* Gr ga üavmkc fg ad idkmamd twg ymgjg d Grpdôd } dog wjd idkdbmd gj Ad Bcwôd* Gj rw gvdpd fg Vgjmgjvg fg Dabdafg bgd ga ndj Kgbdfc bcwôír } iwjfd } rwoygjbmcjd ad /Bcbmjd Gbcjòkmbd/ mjrvmvwbmòj ogjíimbd fgfmbdfd d damkgjvd d adr idkmamdr kär pcogr*** twg vcfdyëd rg kdjvmgjg ymyd! gxvgjfmíjfcrg ad mfgd d cvcr kwjmbmpmcr ndaagncr* D kgfmdfcr fg acr dôcr ?0 ndjd ad Dabdafëd fg Ad Bcwôd } ywgayg d gpgvm bdnc gj 4=24 pc dbadkdbmòj! rmgjfc /ga pmkg dabdafg gpwoambdjc fg D Bcwôd/* Cvcr pgrcjdlgr< F* Lwdj Igjäjfg| Advcg Jdbmò gj Ad Bcwôd ga 8 fg cbvwog fg 486=* Gj adr gagbbmcjgr agnmradvmydr fg 48=4 covwyc dbvd fg fmpwvdfc gpwoambdjc pc Cvmnwgmd (Ad Bcwôd-* Gj 4=40 bcjrmnwmò grbdôc pc Ad Bcwôd* Dfgkär fg fmpwvdfc d Bcvgr! vdkomíj iwg rworgbgvdmc fg Ncogjdbmòj gj 4=07 } gj 4=40* Gj 4=44 iwg jckodfc ncogjdfc bmyma fg Kdfmf! bdnc twg fgrgkpgôò hdrvd ga fëd fg rw kwgvg gj 4=4?* Djvcjmc Pmgvc Pwnd! Lcrí Kdjwga Kdvëjg| Píg| } Lwdj Igjäjfg| Advcg! kgfmdjvg grbmvwd pmydfd! iwjfdcj Ad Yc| fg Ndambmd gj 488?* Gj 4887! rg fmrcaymò ad rcbmgfdf iwjfdbmcjda } Lwdj Igjäjfg| Advcg rg bcjymvmò gj pcpmgvdmc üjmbc fga fmdmc* Gjvg adr pgrcjdr gj bw}d kdjc grvwyc! pc acr bdncr twg fgrgkpgôdod! idbmamvd ad ngrvmòj fg ad /Djgxmòj fg C|d/! pctwg rdomfc gd fg ad pgrmrvgjbmd bcj twg hdoëd docfdfc grvg drwjvc! grvdod ga R* Igjäjfg| Advcg* Ad Yc| fg Ndaëbmd iwg pc gjvcjbgr! fwdjvg dôcr! wjd grpgbmg fg Ndbgvd üjmbd d idyc fga pc}gbvc fg ad djgxmòj* Igjäjfg| Advcg hdoëd bcjbgomfc! bcj ga gkpgôc twg pcjëd d fgycbmòj fg bwdjvc rmnjmimbdod kglcd pdd Ad Bcwôd! ad mfgd fg owrbd gj ga gjrdjbhg fga víkmjc kwjmbmpda ga ygfdfgc pwakòj bcwôír } docfò grvg drwjvc ?0

bcj ndj mjvgír pgrcjda! aagndjfc d bcjrgnwm twg acr fgkär gpgrgjvdjvgr gj Bcvgr ymgrgj ga pcpòrmvc fg ad djgxmòj fg C|d bcj vcfd rmkpdvëd* Igjäjfg| Advcg iwg rmgkpg wj hckog kw} ymjbwadfc d acr mjvggrgr pcvwdmcr*

F* Dagldjfc Píg| Awnëj (Kdfmf! ?? fg igogc fg 48>0-+ iwg wj pgmcfmrvd! grbmvc } bmjgdrvd grpdôca* Dwvc codr bckc< Ad Bdd fg ad Vrc}d (4=47- } Bwrrmvc fg ad Brw| (4=?4-

Bdrvc*

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Rw dowgad kdvgjd pgvgjgbëd d ad jcoag Bdrd } Pd|c fg ¥Ad _gvíjµ! fg ad ymaad fg Pdfòj5 gd hgkdjd fg Kdëd Vggrd fg Bdrvc! kdfg fg _crdaëd fg C rgd rw dowgad gd vëd fg jwgrvd _crdaëd-

Gj igogc fg 4=4?! grbmomò grbmomò gj ‑Ad Vmowjd Vmowjd fg Kdfmf‛ wj dvëbwac dvëbwac gj idyc fg ad djgxmòj djgxmòj fg C|d } fwdjvg fga kgr fg dncrvc fga kmrkc kmrkc dôc wjc wjc fmdmc gj fcjfg pcjëd fg kdjmimgrvc adr ocjfdfgr fg ad djgxmòj* Kw} ymjbwadfc d Ndambmd } gj acr üavmkcr dôcr d Ad Bcwôd! idaagbmò gj ga Ownc ga 7 fg rgpvmgkog fg 4=?9*

?4

³TWG TWGFD FG AD DJVMNWD C\D3 Ad gycawbmòj fg C|d gj grvcr 400 dôcr jcr fgld wj pdvmkcjmc gfwbmfc da këjmkc } rg gjbwgjvdj gjywgavcr gj ga ndj bgbmkmgjvc wodjërvmbc* _gbcngkcr ad kd}c pdvg fg gaacr* Mnagmd rckäjmbd fg Rvd* Kdrëd fg C|d

Pmkgd mnagrmd fga d}wjvdkmgjvc fg C|d! ckäjmbd fg acr rmnacr XMM+XMMM! bcjrvwmfd gj ad |cjd fg ad pad}d p ad}d fga Ad|dgvc* Ad vdaad kär mkpcvdjvg twg vgjëd gd ad Bccjdbmòj fg Jwgrvd Rgôcd } aagydfd da jwgyc vgkpac fg Kcjgacr* Iwg bgfmfd lwjvc bcj rw bgkgjvgmc gj 488= d ad R*D* fga Ad|dgvc } gxpcpmdfd pcrvgmckgjvg pc ga grvdfc gj ga rmnac XX* Grvä vcvdakgjvg grvdwdfd } gj owgj grvdfc* Dbvwdakgjvg ga bcjlwjvc fga rdjdvcmc } ga idc! pgvgjgbgj d ad Wjmygrmfdf* Bckc djíbfcvd pcfgkcr fgbm twg rwr fgrdpdgbmfdr bdkpdjdr iwgcj gjbcjvdfdr gj ga gbmjvc fga idc hdbmgjfc fg kdbgvgcr*

Mnagmd pdrrctwmda fg C|d

Iwg pc}gbvdfd pc Idwrvmjc Fckëjnwg| } bcjrvwmfd gj 487= gj vggjcr fg ad imjbd fg Kdvëj Bgkgôc! dbvwda pdtwg fg C|d* Rg domò da püoambc gj ga dôc 4892* Iwg mjbgjfmdfd gj lwamc fg 4=29 } grvdwdfd 40 dôcr fgrpwír* Gj grvg mjbgjfmc rg pgfmò ad kd}c pdvg fg rw pdvmkcjmc! mkänmjgr! bwdfcr } colgvcr fg ndj ydac* Wjd fg adr pmadr odwvmrkdagr gxmrvgjvgr gj ad mnagrmd pcbgfg fg ad mnagrmd ckäjmbd fga Rdjdvcmc fg C|d* Dbvwdakgjvg gr ad mnagrmd pdctwmda kär mkpcvdjvg* ??

Mnagmd fg Rdj Ymbgjvg fg Gaymôd

Mnagrmd ckäjmbd fga rmnac XMM! wombdfd gj ga odmc fg Gaymjd* Gr wjd owgjd kwgrvd fga ckäjmbc fg imjdagr fga rmnac XMM* Aadkd ad dvgjbmòj rw äormfg bwdfdfc* Gxmrvgj rmkmamvwfgr fg acr bdpmvgagr gxvgmcgr bcj acr fg ad mnagrmd fg Rdjvd Kdëd fg Bdkog* Gj ga gxvgmc fgrvdbd ga bwbgmc fg ndj vdkdôc bcj mkänmjgr fg ad Bw| } ad Ymngj* Gr mnagrmd pdctwmda! grvdwdfd } gj wj gjvcjc bwmfdfc*

?2

Mnagmd fg Rdj Brmvòoda fd Ymôd

Mnagrmd fga rmnac XY } dkpamdbmòj fga rmnac XYMMM* Gj ga mjvgmc pcfgkcr yg rw pmad odwvmrkda! wj gvdoac odcbc } wj rmvmda pívgc* Vmgjg wj bwbgmc pgbmcrc fgadjvg fg rw idbhdfd* Grvä grvdwdfd } gj owgj grvdfc! rw gjvcjc rg gjbwgjvd rwkmfc gj wj bdcr fg codr twg rgnwc vgkmjdäj danüj fëd*

Iwgrvg fg C|d

Iwg wjc fg acr gjbadygr fgigjrmycr fg Ad Bcwôd gj acr dvdtwgr pc kd fwdjvg ga rmnac XYMM! kdjfdfc bcjrvwm pc ga ncogjdfc Kdtwír fg Ydapddmrc* Gj 4882 ga fgpdvdkgjvc fg Nwgd ac bgfmò d Codr fga Pwgvc twg ac gjvgnd gj 488> d ad R*D* fga Ad|dgvc* Gr mjbdwvdfc pc ga grvdfc gj ga rmnac XX } rg gdam|d ga pc}gbvc fga Idc twg rg bcjrvwmä rcog acr grvcr fga iwgvg* Rwimò dodjfcjc } grpcamc hdrvd twg gj acr dôcr =0 iwg fgbaddfc pdmrdlg hmrvòmbc+dvërvmbc* Dbvwdakgjvg pwgfgj ygrg acr grvcr fga iwgvg fgrfg ga pdrgc twg bmbwjfd ga gbmjvc da adfc fg kd*

?6

Idrc fg C|d

Gj 4=06 rg vckd ad fgbmrmòj fg bcjrvwm grvg idc gj ad pad}d fga Ad|dgvc* Gjvd gj iwjbmcjdkmgjvc gj dncrvc fg 4=4>! fgrpwír fg pcaíkmbdr! fmrbwrmcjgr } dpad|dkmgjvcr* Ad amjvgjd fga idc gr ad twg grvdod gj ga idc fg adr mradr Rmrdndr* Ga colgvmyc fga idc gd idbmamvd ga dbbgrc da pwgvc fg Ad Bcwôd* Düj jc gxmrvëd ga ga fmtwg fg domnc* Ga idc fglò fg iwjbmcjd gj 4=92 } ga ga gfmimbmc twgfò dodjfcjdfc rmgjfc giwnmc fg kgjfmncr } ydndowjfcr* Dbvwdakgjvg grvd grvdwdfc } gr pcrmoag ymrmvdac* Bckc bwmcrmfdf! fgadjvg fga idc icjfgò ad Dkdfd Mjygjbmoag djvgr fg pdvm hdbmd Mjnadvgd gj vmgkpcr fg Igampg MM* Gj grvg kmrkc awnd! gj 478=! fgrgkodbdcj adr vcpdr mjnagrdr da kdjfc fg Rm Idjbmr Fdeg*

Rdjdvcrmc Kdrëvmkc

Acr grvcr fga djvmnwc hcrpmvda fg C|d! rg gjbwgjvdj mjvgndfcr gj ac twg hc} gr ad grbwgad fg Imrmcvgdpmd*

?7

Bdvrc fg Gaymôd

Ga Bdrvc fg Gaymôd gr wj pcoadfc Bdrvgôc! rmvwdfc gj ad pdctwmd fg Rdj Ymbgjvg fg Gaymôd! Gaymôd! pòxmkc da Bdkpwr fg Gaymôd! gj ga Kcjvg fg D \dpdvgmd* Fgbaddfc Fgbaddfc Kcjwkgjvc Hmrvòmbc fgrfg 4=9?* Gj ía rg gjbcjvdcj lc}dr pgckdjdr pgckdjdr (rcog ga rmnac YMM d*b*- twg rg gjbwgjvdj gj ga kwrgc fga Bdrvmaac fg Rdj Djvòj* Gr pcrmoag ymrmvd grvd |cjd dtwgcaònmbd! rg gdam|dj ymrmvdr nwmdfdr acr fckmjncr*

?9

Pdrtwg fg C|d

Gjbadyg mkpcvdjvg fg C|d! fgrfg acr vmgkpcr fg ‑C Bcnc‛ grvä pgrgjvg gj ad hmrvcmd fg C|d } fg Ad Bcwôd* Fgrfg ga ?044 grvg gjvcjc gbwpgdfc rmyg pdd ga fmriwvg fg vcfcr! dwjtwg gr rgnwc twg idavdj bcrdr twg fgogëdj grvd*

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OMOAMCN_DIMD      

     

Dnwpdbmòj Odfcr Bwavwda! R* Vgkpdjc Amocr fg Dbvdr fga dbhmycr pcymjbmda Ad Bmwfdf } rwr padjcr! Bwdfgjcr fg odmcr fg Ad Bcwôd! omoamcvgbd fg Grvwfmcr Acbdagr Dbhmyc fga _gmjc fg Ndambmd! icvcr } padjcr Bcjiggjbmdr omoamcvgbd Icwk Kgvcpcamvdjc Mjvgjgv

?8

N_WPC FG V_DODLC#VDAAG_ _CRDAMD ?040+?044          

Kdndmvd Ndbëd Lwamd _cfënwg| Awbmdjc Räg| Lcrí Awmr Kcgjc Äjnga Ygnd

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