section covers all elements of Sanskrit grammar, so that we can start using Sanskrit in daily life as a spoken language. Grammar study has been divided into basic grammar andadvanced grammar chapters. These are further divided into different chapters for easy learning. Grammar
Note: Currently only chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13 and part of chapter 6 are finished. Other chapters are being written and will be available soon. Basic Grammar
Chapter 1: Sanskrit Alphabets & Sentences Overview o o o o
Alphabets & Their Classification. Elements of sentences - Subject, Object and Verb. Words & Their Classification. Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Indeclinable, Adjective and Voices.
Chapter 2: Active Voice ( त
Chapter 3: Verb Forms (Tenses & Moods) - त तऩद / tiN^antapada (र य / lakaara) o Present
म / kartRRivaachya)
-> र र
य / laTlakaara
o
Future
-> र र
य / lRRiTlakaara
o
Past
-> र र
य / laN^lakaara
o
Command
o
Should/May ->
o
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1
मर र
->
धर र
य / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
य / vidhailiN^lakaara
Chapter 4: Noun Forms (Cases) -
तऩद / suvantapada ( ब त / vibhakti)
-> थभ / prathamaa
o
Nominative
o
Accusative
o
Instrumental -> तत म / tRRitiiya
o
Dative
->
o
Ablative
-> ऩ
o
Genitive
->
ठ / ShaShThii
o
Locative
->
तभ / saptamii
o
Vocative
->
o
Noun Forms - Practice Sentences 1
त म / dvitiiyaa
->
तथ / chaturthii भ / panchamii
फ धन / sambodhana
Chapter 5: Indeclinable मम (avyaya)
o o o
ऩ
(upasarga)
नऩ त (nipaata)
Chapter 6: Verb Forms (Affixes) pryatya) o तभन
द तऩद / kRRidantapada ( त
मम (tumun pratyaya) मम (ktvaach pratyaya)
o o
मऩ
मम (lyap pratyaya)
o
म
मम (lyuT pratyaya)
o
त त
o
त
मम (ktavatu pratyaya) मम (kta pratyaya)
न मय (aniiyar pratyaya)
o o
त मत
o
मत
o
त
मम (tavyat pratyaya) मम (yat pratyaya) मम (shatRRi pratyaya)
o
न
मम (shaanach pratyaya)
o
तन
मम (ktin pratyaya) मम (ghJNj pratyaya)
o
र
o o
मम / avyaya
मम (khal pratyaya)
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 2
Chapter 7: Verb Forms (Affixes) o ण त (Nijanta pratyaya) न त
o
त
मम (sannanta pratyaya)
o
म
मम (yaN^nta pratyaya)
o
नभधत
o
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 3
मम (naamadhaatu pratyaya)
म म / kRRit
Chapter 8: Noun Forms (Affixes) - त तऩद (taddhitapada) o
ण
मम (aN pratyaya)
o
र
मम (tval pratyaya)
o
तर
मम (tal pratyaya)
o
भम
o
न
o
भतऩ
मम (mayaT pratyaya) मम (in pratyaya) मम (matup pratyaya)
ण / visheShaNa)
Chapter 9: Adjectives (
Chapter 10: Passive Voice ( भ
Chapter 11: Impersonal Voice (ब
Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Topics o o
न
ण
य (anusvaara) Rules Or Using
म / bhaavavaachya)
न
य (anusvaara) vs. भ (m)
(Natva) Rules Or Using ण (Na) vs. न (na)
यण (strii prakaraNa) - Gender Conversion Rules
o
म / karmvaachya)
Chapter 13: References
द ऩ / sabdarupa
o
Noun Forms ->
o
Verb Forms -> ध त ऩ / dhaaturupa
Advanced Grammar
Chapter 14: Euphonic Combination -> य
o o o
म
ध / svarasandhi न
ध / vyaJnjanasandhi ध / visargasandhi
ध / sandhi
Chapter 15: Compound Words ( भ त ऩ
o
/ samaasaH)
/ tatpuruSha
भध य म / karmadhaaraaya
o o
/ vahubriihiH
o
/ dvandva / dvigu
o
मम ब
o
/ avyayiibhaava
Chapter 16: Alankara ( र
य / alaN^kaara)
Chapter 17: Chanda (
Chapter 18: Anvaya Rachana (
द / chhchandaH) मय न / anvayarachanaa) << Prev
- Index - Next >>
Sanskrit language has scripts or alphabets for writing, and grammatical rules for sentence formation, just like any other language (English for example). In this chapter we will get an overview of this. The details with their grammatical rules will be covered in subsequent chapters. Introduction:
In Sanskrit language Devanagari Script is the mostly used script for writing. Most of the Sanskrit literature are in this script. Following is the list of the alphabets in their correct order. Alphabets
a
aa
&
Their
i
Classification:
ई ii
u
ऊ uu
ऋ RRi
क RRI
ए e
ऐ ai
ओ o
औ au
ट T
ठ Th
ड D
ढ Dh
ण N
य r
र l
v
sh
Sh s
gh
N^
ch
chh
j
jh
ञ JN
न n
ऩ p
प ph
फ b
ब bh
भ m
म y
k त थ t th
All these alphabets are classified into two major groups i.e.,
h
kh
g
द d
ध dh
ksh
dny
Vowels or
(svaravarNa):
Alphabets starting from
(hrasva) and द
vowels. These are further classified into The द
(a) till औ (au) are the (diirgha).
(diirgha) are pronounced double the length (or time) of
(hrasva).
hrasva
a
aa
i
u
द diirgha
ई ii
ऊ uu
ऋ RRi
क RRI
ए e
ऐ ai
ओ o
औ au
Consonants or
(vyaJNjanavarNa):
Alphabets starting from
(k) till
(dny) are the consonants. Some of the consonants are further classified into different groups called (varga). Following table has this classification. Combination or
Some of the gramatical rules for Euphonic ध (sandhi) and Compound Words or भ
(samaasa) are based on these
(varga).
kavarga
k
kh
g
gh
N^
chaavarga
ch
chh
j
jh
ञ JN
ट Taavarga
ट T
ठ Th
ड D
ढ Dh
ण N
त tavarga
त t
थ th
द d
ध dh
न n
ऩ pavarga
ऩ p
प ph
फ b
ब bh
भ m
We will refere these classifications, while covering the Euphonic Combination or ध (sandhi) and Compound Words or भ (samaasa).
In Sanskrit just like any other language (English for example) a sentence is made of different elements. The elements are "Subject", "Object", and "Verb". A sentence may or may not have an Object in it. Sentence Formation Overview:
Lets study the following English sentence to understand these basic elements better. The boy is reading a book.
In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "reading" is "Verb" and the "book" is the "Object". The boy is --| Subject
reading ------| Verb
a book. ----| Object
If we ask the question "who is reading?", the answer that comes is "the boy". So, the "boy" here is the Subject. It is also called the "Noun".
The answer that comes in response to question "what is the boy doing?" is "reading". The "reading" here is the "Verb".
Similarly the answer to "what is the boy reading?" is "book". The "book" becomes the "Object".
Now study the following statement. The boy is laughing.
In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "laughing" is "Verb". But, there is no "Object" in this sentence. The boy is --| Subject
laughing. ------| Verb
If we ask the question "what is the boy laughing?", no answer comes from this. So, laughing becomes an "Intranstive Verb".
However in the first sentence "what is the boy reading?" gives answer "book". In this case the "reading" becomes a "Transitive Verb".
Now that we have understood the basic elements of a sentence, we will begin with more details of Sanskrit language.
In Sanskrit:
Subject is called ->
त / kartaa
Object is called
->
भ / karma
Verb is called
->
Transitive Verb is called
->
भ
/ sakarmaka
Intransitive Verb is called ->
भ
/ akarmaka
म / kriyaa
So, in the above statements: The boy is --| Subject | त /kartaa The boy is --| Subject | त /kartaa
reading a book. ----------| | Verb Object | | म /kriyaa( भ / sakarmaka) भ/karma laughing. ------| Verb | म /kriyaa ( भ / akarmaka)
In any language a sentence is madeup of multiple words composed in a well defined structure giving a sensible meaning to the sentence. These words can be categorised into three different types viz., Words & Their Classification:
Noun Verb Indeclinable
Besides the above classifications nouns and verbs can also be part of following categories with minor derivations like addition of 'ility', 'ily', 'tion', 'ing' etc., as well as based on their usage and grammatical rules:
Pronoun Adjective Adverb
In Sanskrit also words are classified into similar categories. Following is a representation of the important classifications. We can see the classification is almost same as any other language. Each classification has been described in the coming chapters.
|--------------- Noun Root ( द / shabda) | | | | | -------------------------------| | | | तऩद त तऩद | suvantapada taddhitapada | | | | | ----------------------------------------------| | | | | Masculine Feminine Neuter | ऩर र नऩ र | puliN^ga striiliN^ga napuN^sakalinga Word (ऩद / pada) ----| | |--------------- Verb Root (ध त / dhaatu) | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------| | | | | | | | त तऩद द तऩद ण त न त म त नभधत |
tiN^atapada
kRRidantapada
Nijanta
sannanta
yaN^nta
naamadhaatu | | |
| | -----------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
| |
ऩय भऩद
|
parasmaipadii
भनऩद
बमऩद aatmanepadii
ubhayapadii | | |--------------- Indeclinable ( मम / avyaya) | | ---------------------------------------| | | मम ऩ नऩ त avyaya upasarga nipaata
Noun is the word that represents someone or something in a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as the subject or object for a verb. Nouns (
/ shabda):
Noun in Sanskrit is called
द (shabda) or noun-root. It is also called
तऩद
तऩद (suvantapada) and त तऩद
(kartRRipada). Noun can be classified into (taddhitapada).
(suvantapada):
This classification is based on the gender, number and case of the noun. The noun-forms are used to express something or someone etc. तऩद or suvantapada meaning - words ending with ऩ (sup) suffix. In this classification: o
Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" ( र liN^ga) viz., "masculine" (ऩ र (
र
/
striiliN^ga)
and
/
/ pu.nliN^ga), "feminine" "neuter"
(नऩ
र
/
napu.nsakaliN^ga). o
Each noun also has three "numbers" (
न / vachana) and 7
"cases" ( ब त / vibhakti).
Each noun has a different derivation based on the "number" and "case". Unlike other languages, in Sanskrit the noun has its different forms built into itself. The "noun base" is called द (shabda) and the "derived noun forms" are called previous statement फ र and फ र
द ऩ (shabdarupa). So, in the
is the "base" (
द / shabda) of noun "BOY"
is one of the derived noun forms (
द ऩ / shabdarupa).
(taddhitapada):
In this classification special suffixes are added to the noun to get noun forms used as - subject, adjectives, indeclinable etc.
We will start with first 2 cases and all three numbers of (suvantapada) BOY (फ र
तऩद
/ baalaka) and GIRL ( र / vaalaa)
Once we know how to use noun forms (
द / shabda.
द ऩ / shabdarupa) in sentences,
we will cover all the cases and their usage rules. Boy / फ र
/ baalaka (Masculine / ऩ र
/ pu.nliN^ga)
Case ब त / vibhakti Nominative (Subject) थभ / prathamaa
Singular ए न/
Dual न/
ekavachana फर
/ baalakaH
dvivachana फर
(the boy)
Accusative फ र भ / baalakam (Object) (to the boy) त म / dvitiiyaa
/ baalakau
Nominative (Subject) थभ / prathamaa Accusative (Object) त म / dvitiiyaa
bahuvachana फर
(two boys) फर
/ balakau
(to two boys)
Girl / फ र / baalaa (Femenine / Case ब त / vibhakti
Plural फ न/
Singular ए न/
र
/ baalakaaH (the boys)
फर
न / baalakaan
(to the boys)
/ striiliN^ga)
Dual न/
Plural फ न/
ekavachana
dvivachana
bahuvachana
फ र / baalaa
फ र / baale
फ र / baalaaH
(the girl)
(two girls)
(the girls)
फ र भ / baalaam
फ र / balae
फ र / baalaaH
(to the girl)
(to two girls)
(to the girls)
Examples of noun form (
द ऩ / shabdarupa):
The boy
-> फ र
/ baalakaH
Many boys
-> फ र
/ baalakaaH
To the boy
-> फ र भ
/ baalakam
To the boys -> फ र
The girl
-> फ र
/ baalaa
Many girls
-> फ र
/ baalaaH
To the girl
-> फ र भ
To the girls -> फ र
न
/ baalakaan
/ baalaam / baalaaH
The complete noun form (
द ऩ / shabdarupa) for फ र
द (baalaka
shabda) will have 7 different forms for each number. The singular forms include "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/tothe boy", "from the boy", "of the boy", and "in the boy". Besides these 7 forms an additional vocative ("O! boy") case is also their. All these we will study in detail in coming chapters. The complete
द ऩ
(shabdarupa) is listed in Chapter 13. Followings are few more nouns (
द ऩ / shabdarupa). We will use these in
sentences later in this chapter. School / Case ब त/
म रम / vidyaalaya (Masculine / ऩ र Singular ए न/
vibhakti
Dual न/
ekavachana
Nominative थभ / prathamaa Accusative तम /
dvivachana
म रम /
म रम /
vidyaalayaH
vidyaalayau
म रमभ /
म रम /
vidyaalayam
dvitiiyaa
Book / ऩ त Case ब त / vibhakti Nominative थभ /
vidyaalayau
/ pustaka (Nuter / नऩ Singular ए न/
र
dvivachana
ऩ त भ / pustakam
ऩ त
/ pustake
ऩ त भ / pustakam
ऩ त
/ pustake
prathamaa Accusative तम / dvitiiyaa *** In
य त / akaaraanta nuter (नऩ
र
Plural फ न/ bahuvachana म रम / vidyaalayaaH म रम न / vidyaalayaan
/ napu.nsakaliN^ga)
Dual न/
ekavachana
/ pu.nliN^ga)
Plural फ न/ bahuvachana ऩ त
न/
pustakaani ऩ त
न/
pustakaani
/ napu.nsakaliN^ga), both
Nominative and Accusative cases have the same form.
भ / asmad (All Genders /
Me / Case ब त/
Singular ए न/
vibhakti
ekavachana
Nominative थभ /
र
/ triliN^gaka)
Dual न/
Plural फ न/
dvivachana
bahuvachana
भ / aham
भ / aavaam
मभ / vayam
भ भ / maam
भ / aavaam
भ न / asmaan
prathamaa Accusative तम /
भ / maa
dvitiiyaa
न / nau
You / म भ / yusmad (All Genders / Case ब त/
Singular ए न/
vibhakti
ekavachana
Nominative थभ /
र
न / naH
/ triliN^gaka)
Dual न/
Plural फ न/
dvivachana
bahuvachana
भ / tvam
म भ / yuvaam
ममभ / yuuyam
भ / tvaam
म भ / yuvaam
म भ न / yuShmaan
prathamaa Accusative तम /
/ tvaa
dvitiiyaa
भ / vaam
/ vaH
Words like he, she, this, that, these etc., are called pronoun. Pronouns in Sanskrit are called न भ ऩद (sarvanaama Pronouns (
/ sarvanaama pada):
pada). The rules for pronouns are exactly same as the nouns (
द / shabda).
Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence etc. Verb in Sanskrit is called ध त (dhaatu) or verb root. It is also known as Verb (
/ dhaatu):
म ऩद (kriyaapada). It can be classified into
त तऩद (tiN^atapada) and
द तऩद (kRRidantapada).
(tiN^atapada):
This classification is based on the tense and mood of the verb. The verb-forms are used as normal verbs to express some action or state etc. त तऩद or tiN^atapada meaning - words ending with तऩ (tip) suffix. In this classification: o
Each Verb can have any of the 10 tenses (र
य / lakaara).
Howver only 5 are enough to use Sanskrit in daily life. o
Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular (ए
न /
न / dviivachana) and Plural (फ
न /
ekavachana), Dual ( bahuvachana). o
Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third ( थभ / prathama), Second (भ मभ / madhyama) and First (
o
तभ / uttama).
Each verb can belong to categories ऩय भऩद (parasmaipadii), भनऩद
(aatmanepadii) or
बमऩद
(ubhayapadii). Verbs of
ऩय भऩद (parasmaipadii) category represent 'action whose result is for others'.
भनऩद (aatmanepadii) represents 'action whose
result is for self', and
बमऩद (ubhayapadii) represents 'action
whose result is both for others and self'. Just like noun (
द / shabda), each verb (ध त / dhaatu) also has
different derivations based on the "tense", "number' and "person". This is called "verb form" (ध त ऩ / dhaaturupa). The verb-forms differ based on this category. The "root" of a verb is called ध त (dhaatu). ध त (dhaatu) does not have any "gender".
(kRRidantapada):
In this classification special suffixes are added to the verb to get verb-forms used as - subject, pronoun, adjectives, indeclinable etc.
Followings are the त तऩद (tiN^atapada) verb-forms (ध त ऩ / dhaatutupa) of
READ (ऩ / paTH) ध त (dhaatu) and GO ( भ / gam) ध त (dhaatu) in present tense (र र
य / laTlakaara). Once we are acquainted with the verb usage in
a sentence, we will cover all other different forms. Read / ऩ / paTh Person / ऩ
/
Number /
puruSha Singular ए न/ Third थभ / prathama
न / vachana
Dual न/
ekavachana
dviivachana
ऩठ त / paThati
ऩठत / paThataH
(is reading)
(both are reading)
ऩठथ / paThathaH Second ऩठ / paThasi (you two are भ मभ / madhyama (you are reading) reading) First तभ / uttama
ऩठ भ / paThaami (i am reading)
Go / Person / ऩ
/ Singular ए न/ ekavachana
Second भ मभ / madhyama
त/ gachchhati (is going) / gachchhasi (you are going)
bahuvachana ऩठ त / paThanti (many are reading) ऩठथ / paThatha (you all reading) ऩठ भ /
/ paThaavaH (both of us reading)
paThaamaH (all of us reading)
भ / gam
Number /
puruSha
Third थभ / prathama
ऩठ
Plural फ न/
न / vachana
Dual न/ dviivachana त / gachchhataH (both are going) थ / gachchhathaH (you two are going)
Plural फ न/ bahuvachana त/ gachchhanti (many are going) थ/ gachchhatha (you all are going)
भ/
First तभ / uttama
भ /
/
gachchhaami (i am going)
gachchhaavaH (both of us going)
gachchhaamaH (all of us going)
Lets study a sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the above. These will help in learning the sentence formation rules. - फर
the boy is reading
ऩठ त / baalakaH paThati
the boys are reading - फ र
ऩठ त / baalakaaH paThanti
- फ र ऩठ त / baala paThati
the girl is reading
the girls are reading - फ र you are reading
-
ऩठ
ऩठ त / baalaaH paThanti / tvam
paThasi
you all are reading - मम ऩठथ / yuyam paThata i am reading
-
we are reading -
ऩठ भ / aham paThaami म ऩठ भ / vayam paThaamaH
All the sentences above have the "Subject" ( त / kartaa) and a "Verb" ( / kriyaa). In all the sentences, the number ( / puruSha) of the "Verb" ( person (ऩ
म
न / vachana) and person (ऩ
म / kriyaa) match number (
न / vachana) and
/ puruSha) of the "Subject" ( त / kartaa).
Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" (फ र the "boy" (फ र
ऩठ त / baalakaH paThati),
/ baalakaH) is in third person singular ( थऩऩ
prathamapuruSha ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" ( third person singular ( थऩऩ
ए
ए
न/
म / kriyaa) is also in
न / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject" change. This can be seen in the sentence "the girl is reading" (फ र ऩठ त / baalaa paThati). Rule 1: The verb (ध त / dhaatu) always follows number ( vachana) and person (ऩ
/ puruSha) of the noun (
न /
द / shabda).
Rule 2: The verb (ध त / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the gender ( र
/ liN^ga) of the "Subject" ( त / kartaa).
Rule 3: The verb form (ध त ऩ / dhaaturupa) is always in second
person (भ मभऩ
/ madhyamapuruSha), if the noun used is
भ
द
(asmad shabda). The verb form (ध त ऩ / dhaaturupa) is always in तभऩ
first person (
/ uttamapuruSha), if the noun used is म भ
द (yusmad shabda). All other nouns will always be in third person ( थभऩ
/ prathamapuruSha).
Indeclinable
/
(
avyayapada):
Indeclinable in Sanskrit is called
(avyayapada). Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa
ममऩद
ममऩद / avyayapada do
not change in its form. It remains same irrespective of gender, number, person and tense. Followings are few examples: kutra /
- where
atra /
- here
tatra / त
- there
ऩ
- too
api /
Few sample statements using indeclinable ( where is the boy going
- फर
the boy is going there
- फर
त / baalakaH kutra gachchhati त
where are the boys going - फ र the boys are going there - फ र
Note that the
ममऩद / avyayapada): त / baalakaH tatra gachchhati त / baalakaaH kutra gachchhanti
त
त / baalakaaH tatra gachchhanti
ममऩद (avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the
number, and person of the "Subject" ( त / kartaa). Rule 4: Indeclinables ( ममऩद / avyayapada) never change in form and remain same irrespective of the person and number of the "Subject" ( त /kartaa). Adjective is the word that expresses an attribute or property of something or someone. Only nouns can be used adjectives. In Sanskrit it is called ण (visheShaNa). Adjective always follows the gender Adjective (
(र
/ visheShaNa):
/ liN^ga) and number (
न / vachana) of the subject or the word for
which it is an adjective. Followings are few examples: blue sky
- नर
white cloud -
त भ
/ nilaH aakaashaH / svetaH meghaH
In above sentences the words blue and white represent an attribute of sky and cloud. So, these are adjectives for the words sky and cloud respectively.
In Sanskrit sentence can be in any of the following three voices. 'Impersonal Voice' is specific to Sanskrit language only and this sentence formation is normally not seen in other languages like English. Voice (
/ vaachya):
1. Active voice or 2. Passive voice or
त
भ
म (kartRRI vaachya). म
3. Impersonal voice or ब
(karma vaachya). म (bhava vaachya).
Now that we know the basics of Sanskrit sentence formation, their different elements, classification of alphabets and words, we will study the rules in detail in subsequent chapters. << Prev
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We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter with examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7 and 8 later. All subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7 and 8. Active Voice (
/ kartRRIvaachya):
Study the following statements. रब / English 1. The going
boy
त / Sanskrit is फ र त baalaH gachchhati भ aha.n gachchhami
2. I am going
3. The reading
boy
Subject ( त / kartaa)
is फ र ऩठ त baalaH pathati
4. I am reading
ऩठ भ aha.n pathaami फर
5. The boy is going to school
त baalaH vidyaalayam
म रमभ
Verb ( म / kriyaa)
Object ( भ / karma)
The boy going फर / त baalaH gachchhati
/ -
going भ gachchhami
/ -
I
am / aha.n
The boy reading फर / ऩठ त baalaH pathati I
am / aha.n
reading ऩठ भ pathaami
The boy going फर / त baalaH gachchhati
/ -
/ -
to /
school म रमभ / vidyaalayam
gachchhati म रभ भ I 6. I am going to aha.n vidyaalayam school gachchhami
am / aha.n
going भ gachchhami
to /
school
म रमभ vidyaalayam
/
boy reading फर ऩ त भ ऩठ त The 7. The boy is फ र / ऩठ त reading the book baalakaH pustakam paThati baalakaH pathati
the / ऩ त भ pustakam
book
ऩ त भ ऩठ भ I 8. I am reading aha.n pustakam the book paThaami
the / ऩ त भ pustakam
book
am / aha.n
These are all examples of Active Voice or
त
Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or are intransitive or Rule 5: In a
त
भ
त
reading ऩठ भ pathaami
/
/
म (kartRRivaachya). भ (karma) in them. So these
म (akarmaka kartRRivachya).
म (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or
(kartaa) is always in the "nominative case" or (prathamaa vibhakti). Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or
भ (karma) like
थभ
त
ब त
म रमभ (vidyaalayam),
ऩ त भ (pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or
भ
त
म
(sakarmaka kartRRivachya). Rule 6: In a
त
म (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or
is always in the "accusative case" or vibhakti).
तम
ब त (dvitiiyaa
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/ tiN^antapada):
भ (karma)
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In chapter 1 we were introduced with verb (
म
/ kriyaa) and its use. We learnt that in Sanskrit ध त (dhaatu) is the base or root of all verbs. Each verb is a derivative or ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) of it's root. We also learnt that in a sentence the verb (ध त / dhaatu) always follows the person (ऩ
/ puruSha) and number (
न / vachana) in which the Subject or
त (kartaa) is. Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence etc.
In this chapter we will study the 5 mostly used verb-forms or र
य (lakaara)
out of 10 verb-forms that a verb can have. The 5 verb-forms covered are enough for day-to-day use of Sanskrit. Verb or ध त (dhaatu) has 10 different त as र
य (lakaara) and they are listed below.
र र
य / laTlakaara
र र
य / lRRiTlakaara
र र
य / laN^lakaara
मर र
धर र
तऩद (tiN^antapada) forms known
र र
र र
य / vidhailiN^lakaara
य / liTlakaara
य / lRRiTlakaara र र
य / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
य / aashiiliN^lakaara
र र
य / luN^lakaara
र र
य / lRRiN^lakaara
We will study the first 5 verb-forms in detail, in coming chapters. Followings are some common features of different र य (lakaara) in Sanskrit. Each र
य (lakaara) has verb-forms for three persons (ऩ
three numbers (
न / vachana). So, in total each र
/ puruSha) and
य (lakaara) has 9
different verb-forms or ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) in it. The persons are third person ( थभऩ (भ मभऩ
/ prathamapuruSha), second person
/ madhyamapuruSha) and first person (
तभऩ
uttamapuruSha). ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) in first person ( uttamapuruSha) are always used with
भ (asmad)
/
तभऩ
/
द i.e., 'Me' as the
Subject in the sentence. ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) in second person (भ मभऩ
/
madhyamapuruSha) is always used with म भ (yusmad) Subject in the sentence. The third person ( थभऩ
द i.e., 'You' as
/ prathamapuruSha) is
used in all other cases. Similarly each person (ऩ
न / ekavachana), dual (
which are singlar (ए plural (फ
न / vachana),
न / dviivachana) and
न / bahuvachana).
The number ( number (
/ puruSha) has three numbers (
न / vachana) of the ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) always follows the
न / vachana) of the Subject or
sentence. The gender ( र
द ऩ (shabdarupa) in the
/ liN^ga) of the Subject does not affect the
ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa). In coming chapters we will study the different verb-forms (ध त ऩ / dhaaturupa) in detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the different verb-forms we have used ऩ / paTh (read) and भ / gam (go) ध त / dhaatu for sentence formation.
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
<< Prev
/ laTlakaara (Present Tense):
present tense ( तभ न
र र
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य (laTlakaara) represents verb-forms in
र / vartamaanakaala). So, while forming a sentence
which is in present tense, the verb (
म / kriaa) has to be in र र
य
(laTlakaara). The complete र र
य / laTlakaara of ऩ / paTh (read) and
भ / gam (go) ध त
/ dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in तभ न र (vartamaanakaala) or present tense. रब / English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Third Person Singular तभ न र थभऩ ए न / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana 1. The boy is reading.
फर ऩठ त baalakaH paThati
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
2. The girl is reading.
फ र ऩठ त baalikaa paThati
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
3. Rama is reading.
य भ ऩठ त raamaH paThati
यभ raama
ऩ paTh
-
4. Sita is reading.
त ऩठ त siitaa paThati
त siitaa
ऩ paTh
-
5. The boy is going.
फर त baalakaH gachchhati
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
6. The girl is going.
फ र त baalikaa gachchhati
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
Present Tense - Third Person Plural तभ न र थभऩ फ न / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana 7. The boys are reading.
फर ऩठ त baalakaaH paThanti
फ र ऩठ त 8. The girls are baalikaaH reading. paThati 9. Students are reading.
ऩठ त chchhaatraaH paThati
10. Clearks are reading.
र ऩ य ऩठ त lipikaaraaH paThanti
11. The boys are फ र going. baalakaaH
त
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
-
रऩ य lipikaara
ऩ paTh
-
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
gachchhanti 12. The girls are going.
फ र त baalikaaH gachchhanti
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular ( थभऩ
ए
न / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb (ऩठ त / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular
( थभऩ
ए
न
/
prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural ( थभऩ
फ
न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठ त
/ paThanti) is also in
थभऩ
फ
न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of ऩ
verb
(paTh).
One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verbform in use. Only the number and person are followed by verb. In case sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the Subject are in musculine (ऩ र / puN^linga) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the Subject are in feminine ( र / striiliN^ga). However in neither case the verb depends upon
the
gender.
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ
/ prathamapuruSha).
Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (भ मभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha). रब / English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Second Person Singular तभ न र भ मभऩ / ए न / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana 13. You are going.
tva.n gachchhasi
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
ऩठ tva.n paThasi
14. You are reading.
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
Present Tense - First Person Singular तभ न र तभऩ ए न / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana भ
15. I am going.
aha.n gachchhaami
16. I am reading.
ऩठ भ aha.n paThaami
भ asmad
भ gam
-
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
Present Tense - Second Person Plural तभ न र भ मभऩ फ न / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana 17. You all are going.
मम थ yua.n gachchhatha
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
18. You all are reading.
मम ऩठथ yua.n paThatha
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
Present Tense - First Person Plural तभ न र तभऩ फ न / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana 19. We all are going.
म भ vaya.n gachchhaamaH
भ asmad
भ gam
-
20. We all are reading.
म ऩठ भ vaya.n paThaamaH
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (भ मभऩ ए न / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (भ मभऩ
फ
न /
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa
is
always
म भ
(yusmad)
द
(shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (
तभऩ
ए
न / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in तभऩ
first person plural (
फ
न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all
these sentences the Subjects used is first
person
the
kartaa
is
भ (asmad)
always
भ
द (shabda). In case of द
(asmad)
(shabda).
As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has three different numbers viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is specific to Sanskrit and must be used accordingly. The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
रब
/ English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Dual तभ न र न / vartamaanakaala dvivachana 21. Two boys are reading.
फर ऩठत baalakau paThataH
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
22. Two girls are reading.
फ र ऩठत baalike paThataH
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
23. Two boys are going.
फर त baalakau gachchhataH
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
24. Two girls are going.
फ र त baalike gachchhataH
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
25. Two students are reading.
ऩठत chchhatrau paThataH
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
-
26. Two clearks are reading.
र ऩ य ऩठत lipikaarau paThataH
रऩ य lipikaara
ऩ paTh
-
27. Both of you are going.
म थ yuvaa.n gachchhathaH
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
28. Both of you are reading. 29. Both of us are going. 30. Both of us are reading.
म ऩठथ yuvaa.n paThathaH aavaa.n gachchhaavaH ऩठ aavaa.n paThaavaH
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
भ asmad
भ gam
-
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using र र य / laTlakaara are given. You will know द / shabda) and verbs (ध त / dhaatu) in those.
about many more nouns (
In the next chapter we will study र र
Read /
/ paTh :
(Present tense / तभ न Person / ऩ
/ Singular ए न/
Second भ मभ / madhyama First तभ / uttama
/ laTlakaara
र / vartamaanakaala)
Number /
puruSha
Third थभ / prathama
य (lRRiTlakaara) or future tense.
न / vachana
Dual न/
Plural फ न/
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
ऩठ त / paThati
ऩठत / paThataH
ऩठ त / paThanti
ऩठथ / paThathaH
ऩठथ / paThatha
ऩठ
/ paThasi
ऩठ भ / paThaami
Go /
/ gam :
(Present tense / तभ न
ऩठ
ऩठ भ /
/
paThaavaH
paThaamaH
/ laTlakaara
र / vartamaanakaala)
Person / ऩ
/
Number /
puruSha Singular ए न/ ekavachana
Dual न/
gachchhati
Second भ मभ /
gachchhasi
gachchhaami
त/
gachchhataH
gachchhanti
थ /
थ/
gachchhathaH
भ/
First तभ / uttama
bahuvachana
त /
/
madhyama
Plural फ न/
dviivachana
त/
Third थभ / prathama
न / vachana
gachchhatha भ /
/ gachchhaavaH
gachchhaamaH
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In previous chapter we studied about present we will study about future tense. र र य
/ lRRiTlakaara (Future Tense):
tense.
In
this
chapter
(lRRiTlakaara) verb-forms represent the future tense in a sentence. So, while forming sentences in future tense we need to use verbd-forms from र र य (lRRiTlakaara). The complete र र
य / lRRiTlakaara of ऩ
/ paTh (read) and
भ / gam (go)
ध त / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in ब
मत
र (bhaviShyatakaala) or future
tense. रब / English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Third Person Singular तभ न र थभऩ ए न / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana 1. The boy will फ र ऩठ मत read. vaalakaH
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
paThiShyati 2. The girl will read.
फ र ऩठ मत baalikaa paThiShyati
3. Rama will read. 4. Sita will read.
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
यभ ऩठ मत raamaH paThiShyati
यभ raama
ऩ paTh
-
त ऩठ मत siitaa paThiShyati
त siitaa
ऩ paTh
-
फर भ मत 5. The boy will baalakaH go. gamiShyati
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
फ र भ मत baalikaa gamiShyati
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
6. The girl will go.
Future Tense - Third Person Plural ब मत र थभऩ फ न / bhaviShyatakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana 7. The boys will read.
फर ऩठ म त baalakaaH paThiShyanti
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
8. The girls will read.
फ र ऩठ म त baalikaaH paThiShyanti
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
9. Students will read.
ऩठ म त chchhaatraaH paThiShyanti
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
-
10. Clearks will read.
रऩ य ऩठ म त lipikaaraaH paThiShyanti
रऩ य lipikaara
ऩ paTh
-
11. The boys will go.
फर भ म त baalakaaH gamiShyanti
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
12. The girls will go.
फ र भ म त baalikaaH gamiShyanti
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular ( थभऩ
ए
न / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb (ऩठ त / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular
( थभऩ
ए
न
/
prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural ( थभऩ
फ
न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठ त
/ paThanti) is also in
थभऩ
फ
न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of ऩ
verb
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ
/ prathamapuruSha).
Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (भ मभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha). रब / English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Second Person Singular ब मत र भ मभऩ ए न / bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana 13. You will go.
भ म tva.n gamiShyasi
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
14. You will read.
ऩठ म tva.n paThiShyasi
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
Future Tense - First Person Singular ब मत र तभऩ ए न / bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana 15. I will go.
भ म भ aha.n gamiShyaami
ऩठ म भ 16. I will read. aha.n paThiShyaami Future Tense - Second Person Plural
भ asmad
भ gam
-
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
ब मत र भ मभऩ bahuvachana
फ
न / bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha
17. You all will मम भ मथ go. yua.n gamiShyatha
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
मम ऩ ठ मथ 18. You all will yua.n read. paThiShyatha
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
Future Tense - First Person Plural ब मत र तभऩ फ न / bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana 19. We all will go.
म भ मभ vaya.n gamiShyaamaH
भ asmad
भ gam
-
20. We all will read.
म ऩठ मभ vaya.n paThiShyaamaH
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (भ मभऩ ए न / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (भ मभऩ
फ
न /
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa
is
always
म भ
द
(yusmad)
(shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( ए
न / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in तभऩ
first person plural (
फ
न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all
these sentences the Subjects used is first
तभऩ
person
the
kartaa
is
भ (asmad) भ
always
द (shabda). In case of
(asmad)
द
(shabda).
You may have observed that the verb forms in future tense (र र lRRiTlakaara) are similar to present tense (र र deviation. In case of a ऩ derived from the र र end.
For
most
य / laTlakaara) with a minor
ध त (paTh dhaatu), the र र
य form by inserting verb
य /
य form can be
म (iShya) before the तऩ (tip)
forms
this
is
true.
Rule: For most verbs, the र र inserting
म
य form can be derived from the र र
(iShya)
before
the
तऩ
य form by
(tip)
end.
However some verbs take a slightly different form in their overall formation. In case of भ ध त (gam dhaatu) instead of त त / gachchhiShyati the correct form is kept in
भ म त / gamiShyati and so on. This deviations should be mind for such specific verbs.
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences. रब / English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Dual ब मत र न / bhaviShyatakaala dvivachana 21. Two boys will read.
फर ऩ ठ मत baalakau paThiShyataH
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
22. Two girls will read.
फ र ऩ ठ मत baalike paThiShyataH
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
23. Two boys will go.
फर भ मत baalakau gamiShyataH
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
24. Two girls will go.
फ र भ मत baalike gamiShyataH
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
-
रऩ य lipikaara
ऩ paTh
-
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
ऩ ठ मत 25. Two students chchhatrau will read. paThiShyataH 26. Two clearks will read.
र ऩ य ऩ ठ मत lipikaarau paThiShyataH
27. Both of you will go.
म भ मथ yuvaa.n
gamiShyathaH 28. Both of you will read.
म ऩ ठ मथ yuvaa.n paThiShyathaH
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
29. Both of us will go.
भ म aavaa.n gamiShyaavaH
भ asmad
भ gam
-
30. Both of us will read.
ऩठ म aavaa.n paThiShyaavaH
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using र र य / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (
द / shabda) and verbs (ध त / dhaatu) in
those. In the next chapter we will study र र
Read /
/ paTh :
(Future tense / ब Person / ऩ
/ Singular ए न/
Second भ मभ / madhyama First तभ / uttama
/ lRRiTlakaara
र / bhaviShyatakaala)
Number /
puruSha
Third थभ / prathama
मत
य (laN^lakaara) or past tense.
न / vachana
Dual न/
Plural फ न/
ekavachana
dviivachana
bahuvachana
ऩठ मत/
ऩ ठ मत /
ऩठ म त/
paThiShyati
paThiShyataH
paThiShyanti
ऩ ठ मथ /
ऩ ठ मथ /
paThiShyathaH
paThiShyatha
ऩठ म
/
paThiShyasi ऩठ म भ/ paThiShyaami
ऩठ म
/
paThiShyaabaH
ऩठ मभ / paThiShyaamaH
Go /
/ gam :
(Future tense / ब Person / ऩ
/
मत
/ lRRiTlakaara
र / bhaviShyatakaala)
Number /
puruSha Singular ए न/ ekavachana Third थभ / prathama Second भ मभ / madhyama First तभ / uttama
Dual न/
भ म
भ म त/
gamiShyataH
gamiShyanti
भ मथ /
भ मथ /
gamiShyathaH
भ म भ/ gamiShyaami
bahuvachana
भ मत /
/
gamiShyasi
Plural फ न/
dviivachana
भ मत/ gamiShyati
न / vachana
भ म
gamiShyatha भ मभ /
/
gamiShyaavaH
gamiShyaamaH
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In previous chapter we studied about future tense. In this chapter we will study about past tense. र र य (laN^lakaara) / laN^lakaara (Past Tense):
verb-forms represent the past tense in a sentence. So, while forming sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from र र य (laN^lakaara). The complete र र
य / laN^lakaara of ऩ
/ paTh (read) and
भ / gam (go)
ध त / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in बत रब / English
र (bhutakaala) or past tense.
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Past Tense - Third Person Singular बत र थभऩ ए न / bhutakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy was reading.
फर ऩठत baalakaH apaThat
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
2. The girl was reading.
फ र ऩठत baalikaa apaThat
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
3. Rama was reading.
यभ ऩठत raamaH apaThat
यभ raama
ऩ paTh
-
4. Sita was reading.
त ऩठत siitaa apaThat
त siitaa
ऩ paTh
-
5. The boy was going.
फर त baalakaH agachchhat
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
6. The girl was going.
फ र त baalikaa agachchhat
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
Past Tense - Third Person Plural बत र थभऩ फ न / bhutakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana) 7. The boys were reading.
फर ऩठन baalakaaH apaThan
फ र ऩठन 8. The girls were baalikaaH reading. apaThan 9. Students were reading.
ऩठन chchhaatraaH apaThan
10. Clearks were reading.
रऩ य ऩठन lipikaaraaH apaThan
फर न 11. The boys were baalakaaH going. agachchhan 12. The girls were going.
फ र न baalikaaH agachchhan
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
-
रऩ य lipikaara
ऩ paTh
-
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular ( थभऩ
ए
न / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb (ऩठ त / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular
( थभऩ
ए
न
/
prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural ( थभऩ
फ
न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठ त
/ paThanti) is also in
थभऩ
फ
न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of ऩ
verb
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ
/ prathamapuruSha).
Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (भ मभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha). रब / English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Past Tense - Second Person Singular बत र भ मभऩ ए न / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana 13. You were going. 14. You were reading.
tva.n agachchhaH
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
ऩठ tva.n apaThaH
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
Past Tense - First Person Singular बत र तभऩ ए न / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana 15. I was going.
भ aha.n agachchham
भ asmad
भ gam
-
16. I was reading.
ऩठभ aha.n apaTham
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
Past Tense - Second Person Plural बत र भ मभऩ फ न / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana) 17. You all were going.
मम
त
म भ
भ
-
18. You all were reading.
yua.n agachchhata
yusmad
gam
मम ऩठत yua.n apaThata
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
Past Tense - First Person Plural बत र तभऩ फ न / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana) 19. We all were going.
म भ vaya.n agachchhaama
भ asmad
भ gam
-
20. We all were reading.
म ऩठ भ vaya.n apaThaama
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (भ मभऩ ए न / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (भ मभऩ
फ
न /
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa
is
always
म भ
द
(yusmad)
(shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( ए
न / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in
first person plural (
तभऩ
फ
न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all
these sentences the Subjects used is first
तभऩ
person
the
kartaa
is
भ (asmad)
always
भ
द (shabda). In case of द
(asmad)
(shabda).
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences. रब / English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Past Tense - Dual बत र न / bhutakaala dvivachana) फर ऩठत भ 21. Two boys were baalakau reading. apaThataam
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
फ र ऩठत भ baalike apaThataam
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
फर ऩठत भ 23. Two boys were baalakau going. apaThataam
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
-
रऩ य lipikaara
ऩ paTh
-
22. Two girls were reading.
24. Two girls were going.
फ र तभ baalike agachchhataam
25. Two students were reading.
ऩठत भ chchhatrau apaThataam
26. Two clearks were reading.
रऩ य ऩठत भ lipikaarau apaThataam
27. Both of you were going.
म तभ yuvaa.n agachchhatam
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
28. Both of you were reading.
म ऩठतभ yuvaa.n apaThatam
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
भ asmad
भ gam
-
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
29. Both of us were going. 30. Both of us were reading.
aavaa.n agachchhaava ऩठ aavaa.n apaThaava
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using र र य / laN^lakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (
द / shabda) and verbs (ध त / dhaatu) in
those. In the next chapter we will study
मर र
य (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or
verb-forms representing commands and requests.
Read /
/ paTh :
(Past tense / बत Person / ऩ
/
/ laN^lakaara
र / bhutakaala)
Singular ए न/
Dual न/
ekavachana ऩठत / apaThat
Second भ मभ / madhyama
ऩठ / apaThaH ऩठभ / apaTham
Go /
/ gam :
(Past tense / बत Person / ऩ
/ Singular ए न/ ekavachana
Third थभ / prathama Second भ मभ / madhyama First तभ / uttama
ऩठत भ / apaThataam ऩठतभ / apaThatam ऩठ
त/ agachchhat / agachchhaH भ/ agachchham
bahuvachana ऩठन / apaThan ऩठत / apaThata ऩठ भ /
/
apaThaava
apaThaama
/ laN^lakaara
र / bhutakaala)
Number /
puruSha
Plural फ न/
dviivachana
Third थभ / prathama
First तभ / uttama
न / vachana
Number /
puruSha
न / vachana
Dual न / dviivachana तभ /
Plural फ न/ bahuvachana न/
agachchhataam तभ /
agachchhan त/
agachchhatam
agachchhata भ/
/ agachchhaava << Prev
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In previous three chapters we studied about tenses. In this chapter we will study about verb-forms used in imerative mood. These verb-forms are used while giving commands or requests. म र र य (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) verb-forms / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara (Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests):
represent The complete
these. मर र
य / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara of ऩ
/ paTh (read) and
भ / gam (go) ध त / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in imperative mood. रब / English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Imperative Mood - Third Person Singular म र र य थभऩ ए न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha ekavachana 1. Let the boy read.
फर ऩठत baalakaH paThatu
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
2. Let the girl read.
फ र ऩठत baalikaa paThatu
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
3. Let Rama read.
य भ ऩठत raamaH paThatu
यभ raama
ऩ paTh
-
4. Let Sita read.
त ऩठत siitaa paThatu
त siitaa
ऩ paTh
-
5. Let the boy go.
फर त baalakaH gachchhatu
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
6. Let the girl go.
फ र त baalikaa gachchhatu
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
Imperative Mood - Third Person Plural म र र य थभऩ फ न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha bahuvachana) 7. Let the boys read.
फर ऩठ त baalakaaH
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
paThantu फ र ऩठ त 8. Let the girls baalikaaH read. paThantu 9. Let the students read.
ऩठ त chchhaatraaH paThantu
10. Let the clearks read.
र ऩ य ऩठ त lipikaaraaH paThantu
फर त 11. Let the boys baalakaaH go. gachchhantu फ र त baalikaaH gachchhantu
12. Let the girls go.
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
-
रऩ य lipikaara
ऩ paTh
-
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular ( थभऩ
ए
न / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb (ऩठ त / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular
( थभऩ
ए
न
/
prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural ( थभऩ
फ
न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठ त
/ paThanti) is also in
थभऩ
फ
न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of ऩ
verb
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ
/ prathamapuruSha).
Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (भ मभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha). रब / English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Imperative Mood - Second Person Singular म र र य भ मभऩ ए न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara madhyamapuruSha ekavachana 13. You go. 14. You read.
tva.n gachchha
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
ऩठ tva.n paTha
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
Imperative Mood - First Person Singular मर र य तभऩ ए न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha ekavachana 15. Let me go.
16. Let me read.
न aha.n gachchhaani ऩठ न aha.n paThaani
भ asmad
भ gam
-
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
Imperative Mood - Second Person Plural म र र य भ मभऩ फ न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana) 17. You all go.
मम त yua.n gachchhata
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
18. You all read.
मम ऩठत yua.n paThata
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
Imperative Mood - First Person Plural मर र य तभऩ फ न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha bahuvachana) 19. Let us all go.
म भ vaya.n gachchhaama
भ asmad
भ gam
-
20. Let us all read.
म ऩठ भ vaya.n paThaama
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (भ मभऩ ए न / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (भ मभऩ
फ
न /
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa
is
म भ
always
द
(yusmad)
(shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( ए
न / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in तभऩ
first person plural (
फ
न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all भ (asmad)
these sentences the Subjects used is first
तभऩ
person
the
kartaa
is
always
भ
द (shabda). In case of द
(asmad)
(shabda).
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
रब
त / Sanskrit
/ English
Imperative Mood Dual ( dvivachana)
मर र
य
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
न / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
21. Let the two boys read.
फर ऩठत भ baalakau paThataam
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
22. Let the two girls read.
फ र ऩठत भ baalike paThataam
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
23. Let the two boys go.
फर तभ baalakau gachchhataam
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
24. Let the two girls go.
फ र तभ baalike gachchhataam
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
25. Let the two students read.
ऩठत भ chchhatrau paThataam
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
-
26. Let the two clearks read.
र ऩ य ऩठत भ lipikaarau paThataam
रऩ य lipikaara
ऩ paTh
-
27. Both of you go.
म तभ yuvaa.n gachchhatam
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
28. Both of you read.
म ऩठतभ yuvaa.n paThatam
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
भ asmad
भ gam
-
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
29. Let both of us go.
aavaa.n gachchhaava ऩठ aavaa.n paThaava
30. Let both of us read.
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using र र य / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (
द / shabda) and verbs (ध त / dhaatu) in
those. In the next chapter we will study mood.
Read /
धर र
/ paTh :
य (vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests) Person / ऩ
/
Number /
puruSha Singular ए न/ ekavachana Third थभ / prathama
ऩठत / paThatu
Second भ मभ / madhyama
ऩठ / paTha
First तभ / uttama
ऩठ न / paThaani
न / vachana
Dual न/ dviivachana ऩठत भ / paThataam ऩठतभ / paThatam ऩठ
/ paThaava
Plural फ न/ bahuvachana ऩठ त / paThantu ऩठत / paThata ऩठ भ / paThaama
Go /
/ gam :
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests) Person / ऩ
/
Number /
puruSha Singular ए न/ ekavachana Third थभ / prathama
Dual न/
Second भ मभ /
/ gachchha
madhyama gachchhaani
bahuvachana
तभ/
त/
gachchhataam
gachchhantu
तभ /
त/
gachchhatam
न/
First तभ / uttama
Plural फ न/
dviivachana
त/ gachchhatu
न / vachana
gachchhata भ/
/ gachchhaava
gachchhaama
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In previous chapter we studied about imperative mood. In this chapter we will study about optative mood. ध र र य (vidhailiN^lakaara) verb-forms represent sentences in / vidhailiN^lakaara (Optative Mood - Should or May):
optative mood. So, any sentence indicating possibility of something verbforms of धर र य (vidhailiN^lakaara) should be used. The complete
धर र
य / vidhailiN^lakaara of ऩ
/ paTh (read) and
भ /
gam (go) ध त / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in
धर र
य (vidhailiN^lakaara)
or optative mood. रब / English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Optative Mood - Third Person Singular ध र र य थभऩ ए न / vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha
ekavachana 1. The boy should read.
फर ऩठत baalakaH paThet
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
2. The girl should read.
फ र ऩठत baalikaa paThet
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
3. Rama should read.
य भ ऩठत raamaH paThet
यभ raama
ऩ paTh
-
4. Sita should read.
त ऩठत siitaa paThet
त siitaa
ऩ paTh
-
5. The boy should go.
फर त baalakaH gachchhet
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
6. The girl should go.
फ र त baalikaa gachchhet
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
Optative Mood - Third Person Plural ध र र य थभऩ फ न / vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha bahuvachana) 7. The boys should read.
फर ऩठम baalakaaH paTheyaH
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
8. The girls should read.
फ र ऩठम baalikaaH paTheyaH
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
9. Students should read.
ऩठम chchhaatraaH paTheyaH
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
-
10. Clearks should read.
र ऩ य ऩठम lipikaaraaH paTheyaH
रऩ य lipikaara
ऩ paTh
-
11. The boys should go.
फर म baalakaaH gachchheyuH
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
12. The girls
फ र
भ
-
म
फ र
should go.
baalikaaH gachchheyuH
baalikaa
gam
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular ( थभऩ
ए
न / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb (ऩठ त / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular
( थभऩ
ए
न
/
prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( त / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural ( थभऩ
फ
न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (ऩठ त
/ paThanti) is also in
थभऩ
फ
न / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of ऩ
verb
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( थभऩ
/ prathamapuruSha).
Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (भ मभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( तभऩ / uttamapuruSha).
रब
/ English
त / Sanskrit
Subject द / shabda
Verb धत / dhaatu
Comments
Optative Mood - Second Person Singular ध र र य भ मभऩ ए न / vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha ekavachana 13. You should go. tva.n gachchheH 14. You should read.
ऩठ tva.n paTheH
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
Optative Mood - First Person Singular धर र य तभऩ ए न / vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha ekavachana 15. I should go.
मभ aha.n gachchheyam
भ asmad
भ gam
-
16. I should read.
ऩठमभ aha.n paTheyam
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
Optative Mood - Second Person Plural ध र र य भ मभऩ फ न / vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana) त 17. You all should मम go. yua.n ऩठमभ
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
18. You all should मम ऩठत read. yua.n paTheta
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
Optative Mood - First Person Plural धर र य तभऩ फ न / vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha bahuvachana) 19. We all should go.
म भ vaya.n gachchhema
भ asmad
भ gam
-
20. We all should read.
म ऩठभ vaya.n paThema
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (भ मभऩ ए न / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (भ मभऩ
फ
न /
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is म भ (yusmad) द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa
is
always
म भ
द
(yusmad)
(shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( ए
न / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in
first person plural (
तभऩ
फ
न / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all
these sentences the Subjects used is first
तभऩ
person
the
kartaa
is
भ (asmad)
always
भ
द (shabda). In case of फद
(asmad)
(shabda).
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences. रब
/
त / Sanskrit
Subject
Verb
Comments
द / shabda
English
Optative Mood Dual ( dvivachana)
धर र
य
धत / dhaatu
न / vidhailiN^lakaara
21. Two boys should read.
फर ऩठत भ baalakau paThetaam
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
22. Two girls should read.
फ र ऩठत भ baalike paThetaam
फ र baalikaa
ऩ paTh
-
23. Two boys should go.
फर तभ baalakau gachchhetaam
फर baalaka
भ gam
-
24. Two girls should go.
फ र तभ baalike gachchhetaam
फ र baalikaa
भ gam
-
25. Two students should read.
ऩठत भ chchhatrau paThetaam
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
-
26. Two clearks should read.
र ऩ य ऩठत भ lipikaarau paThetaam
रऩ य lipikaara
ऩ paTh
-
27. Both of you should go.
म तभ yuvaa.n gachchhatam
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
28. Both of you should read.
म ऩठतभ yuvaa.n paThetam
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
भ asmad
भ gam
-
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
29. Both of us should go. 30. Both of us should read.
aavaa.n gachchheva ऩठ aavaa.n paTheva
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using ध र र य / vidhailiN^lakaara are given.
द / shabda) and verbs (ध त /
You will know about many more nouns ( dhaatu) in those.
Read /
/ paTh :
/ vidhailiN^lakaara
(Optative Mood - Should or May) Person / ऩ
/
Number /
puruSha Singular ए न/
Dual न/
ekavachana ऩठत / paThet
Second भ मभ / madhyama
ऩठ / paTheH ऩठमभ / paTheyam
Go /
Plural फ न/
dviivachana
Third थभ / prathama
First तभ / uttama
न / vachana
/ gam :
ऩठत भ / paThetaam
bahuvachana ऩठम / paTheyaH
ऩठतभ / paThetam
ऩठत / paTheta
ऩठ / paTheva
ऩठभ / paThema
/ vidhailiN^lakaara
(Optative Mood - Should or May) Person / ऩ
/
Number /
puruSha Singular ए न/ ekavachana Third थभ / prathama Second भ मभ /
त / gachchhet
/ gachchheH
madhyama First तभ / uttama
मभ / gachchheyam
न / vachana Dual न/
dviivachana तभ/ gachchhetaam तभ / gachchhatam / gachchheva
Plural फ न/ bahuvachana म / gachchheyuH त / gachchhet भ/ gachchhema
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In the last five chapters we covered five different verb-forms, using ऩ / paTh (read) and भ / gam (go) ध त / dhaatu. For better vocabulary the following is a list of different sentences using many more verbs and nouns for your reference. The sentences cover all the five verb-forms we have covered so far. Verb Forms - Practice Sentences:
Present Tense -
रब / English
त / Sanskrit
/ laTlakaara
द Noun
धत Verb
The boy reads/is reading.
फर ऩठ त baalakaH paThati
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
The pupil is saluting.
म नभ त shiShyaH namati
म shiShya
नभ nam
The elder brother speaks.
दत agrajaH vadati
agraja
vad
The father looks.
न ऩ मत janakaH pashyati ऩ
The son is going to school.
न janaka
dRRish
ऩ putra
भ gam
ashva
ध dhaav
vRRiksha
पर phal
sevaka
थ sthaa
म रम
त putraH vidyaalaya.n gachchhati
The horse runs.
ध त ashvaH dhaavati
The tree bears fruit.
पर त vRRikshaH phalati
The servant त ठत is sevakaH standing. tiShThati
Notes र र य or laTlakaara is the only verb-form to represent present tense. Unlike English where simple present (verb + s, verb + es) and present-continous (verb + ing) forms are possible, in Sanskrit laTlakaara represents both. So, "the boy reads" and "the boy is reading" will have sameverb-forms.
The beggar wanders.
ब टत bhikshukaH aTati
ब bhikshuka
aT
He is laughing.
त saH hasati
त (ऩ) tad (pu.n)
has
The mother cooks.
फ ऩ त ambaa pachati
फ ambaa
ऩ pach
The son is laughing.
त त sutaH hasati
त suta
has
फर baalaa
र likh
त ( ) tad (strii)
ऩ paa
म sandhyaa
ब bhuu
aja
य char न nii
फर ऩ म न The girl writes poems.
र त baalaa padyaani likhati
She is drinking milk.
द ध ऩ त saa dugdha.n pivati
It is evening.
म ब त sandhyaa bhavati
The goat grazes.
यत ajaH charati
She is leading.
नम त saa nayati
त ( ) tad (strii)
The flower blooms.
ऩ ऩ त puShpa.n vikasati
ऩ ऩ puShpa
+ vi + kas
The fruit falls.
परभ ऩत त phalam patati
पर phala
ऩत pat
Friend is giving.
भ म त mitra.n yachchhati
भ mitra
म yachchh
य
Artists are sketching.
य र त chitrakaara chitrakaaraaH likhanti
बय त Porters are बय bhaaravaahaaH carrying. bhaaravaaha vahanti
र likh
vah
य ध त Theives are choraaH running. dhaavanti Washermen are washing.
य रम त rajakaaH kshaalayanti
Carpenters do carpentry.
त त त takshakaaH takshanti
म म त Singers are gaayakaaH singing. gaayanti नट न म त Dancers are naaTaaH dancing. nRRityanti Cooks are cooking.
ऩ ऩ त paachakaaH pachanti
Devotees ब त म त are bhaktaaH meditating. dhyaanti त ऩ ऩ ण
य chora
ध dhaav
य rajaka
र kshaal
त takshaka
त taksh
म gaayaka
gai
नट naTa
नत nRRit
ऩ paachaka
ऩ pach
ब त bhakta
म dhyai
They smell flowers.
त te puShpaaNi jighranti
त (ऩ) tad (pu.n)
ghraa
They remember.
त भय त te smaranti
त (ऩ) tad (pu.n)
भ smRRi
न ऩत naapita
भ muND
त त म tantuvaaya
-
न ऩत Barbers shave.
भ डम त naapitaaH muNDayanti
Weavers weave.
त त म म त tantuvaayaaH vayanti
Goats graze.
य त ajaaH charanti
Fruits shake.
पर न पय त phaalaani sphuranti
You are
ऩ त
ऩठ
aja
य char
पर phala म भ
ऩ
reading the tva.n book. pustaka.n paThasi
yusmad
paTh
You are saluting.
नभ tva.n namasi
म भ yusmad
नभ nam
You are speaking.
द tva.n vadasi
म भ yusmad
vad
You see.
ऩ म tva.n pashyasi
म भ yusmad
dRRish
All of you fall.
मम ऩतथ yuuya.n patatha
म भ yusmad
ऩत pat
All of you are leading.
मम नमथ yuuya.n nayatha
म भ yusmad
न nii
All of you rebuke.
मम न दथ yuuya.n nindatha
म भ yusmad
न nind
I wish.
भ भ aham ichchhaami
भ asmad
iSh
I am dancing.
भ न म भ aham nRRityaami
भ asmad
नत nRRit
I remember.
भ भय भ aham smaraami
भ asmad
भ smRRi
I reside.
भ भ aham vasaami
भ asmad
vas
भ asmad
prachchh
भ
न
भ I am asking ऩ a question. aham prashna.n pRRichchhaami We play.
म डभ vaya.n kriiDaamaH
भ asmad
krriD
We are writing.
म र भ vaya.n likhaamaH
भ asmad
र likh
We are drinking.
म ऩफ भ vaya.n pibaamaH
भ asmad
Future Tense -
रब
/ English
The boy will read.
ऩ paa
/ lRRiTlakaara
त / Sanskrit फर ऩठ मत baalakaH paThiShyati
म रम भ मत The student will go to chchhaatraH vidyaalaya.n school. gamiShyati They will speak.
त द म त te vadiShyanti
य र मत Artist will sketch the chitrakaaraH chitra.n picture. likhiShyati It will be evening.
म ब मत sandhyaa bhaviShyati
Teacher will teach.
ऩठम मत guruH paaThayiShyati
The flowers will bloom.
ऩ ऩ ण म त puShpaaNi vikasiShyanti
Barber will shave.
न ऩत भ ड म म त naapitaH muNDayiShyati
You will read.
द Noun
धत Verb
Notes
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
chchhaatra
भ gam
-
त (ऩ) tad (pu.n)
vad
य chitrakaara
र likh
-
म sandhyaa
ब bhuu
-
guru
ऩ / paaTh
-
ऩ ऩ puShpa
-
+ vi + kas
न ऩत naapita
भ muND
-
ऩठ म tva.n paThiShyasi
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
-
You all will play.
मम ड मथ vaya.n kriiDiShyatha
म भ yusmad
kriiD
I will go.
भ म भ aha.n gamiShyaami
भ asmad
भ gam
-
I will write letter.
ऩ भ र म भ aha.n patram likhiShyaami
भ asmad
र likh
-
We will play.
म ड मभ vaya.n kriiDiShyaamaH
भ asmad
kriiD
-
-
Past Tense -
रब / English
त / Sanskrit
द Noun
धत Verb
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
त (ऩ) tad (pu.n)
kriiD
The boy read/was reading.
फर ऩठत baalakaH apaThat
He played.
डत saH akriiDat
She stood.
त ठत त ( ) saa atiShThat tad (strii) भ
य ऩ दय
/ laN^lakaara
थ sthaa
भ
Notes र र य or laN^lakaara is the only verb-form to represent past tense. Unlike English where simple past and past-continous (verb + ing) forms are possible, in Sanskrit laN^lakaara represents both. So, "the boy went" and "the boy was going" will have same verbforms.
म त भ य म charmakaarah charmakaara yachchh paadarakshaam Past tense can also be ayachchhat represented using त त (tavat) prefix with the verbs. This has भ भ been covered in a different The lion भ यमत भ chapter. killed the si.nhaH si.nha mRRi deer. mRRigam amaarayat Cobbler gave the sandal.
म
भ
भ
दत The tiger ate flesh. vyaaghraH maa.nsam akhaadat भ The cat saw the rat.
य भ
ऩ मत maarjaaram muuShakam apashyat
They laughed.
ए
भभ
त ekaH graamam agachchhat त न te ahasan
khaad
भ य maarjaara
dRrish
म vayasa
र likh
ए eka
भ gam
त (ऩ) tad (pu.n)
has
भ
म ऩ भ The friend र त wrote a vayasaH letter. patram alikhat One went to village.
म vyaaghra
Students played.
डन chchhaatraaH akriiDan य
Thieves stole the box.
ऩट
chchhaatra
kriiD
य chora
य har
भ
यन choraaH peTikaam aharan नभ
Students asked question.
ऩ न chchhaatraaH prashnam apRRichchhan भ
Bisons grazed grass.
chchhaatra prachchh
तण न
यन mahiShaaH tRiNaani acharan
भ mahiSha
य char
भ र mahilaa
gai
ऩ sarpa
र gil
बय bharavaaha
vah
नमन dhivaraaH miinam anayan
ध य dhivara
न nii
You ran.
भ ध tvam adhaavaH
म भ yusmad
ध dhaav
You danced.
भ न म tvam anRRityaH
म भ yusmad
नत nRRit
You read.
भ ऩठ tvam apaThaH
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
Women sang.
भ र मन mahilaaH agaayan ऩ
Snakes swallowed frogs.
Fishermen took away the fish.
न
रन sarpaaH maNDuukaan agilan बय
Porters bore the burden.
भ ड
ब यभ
न bhaaravaahaaH bhaaram avahan ध य
भ नभ
मम ऩ त भ All of you ऩ मत saw the yuuya.n book. pustakam apashyat मम दत All of you yuuya.n ate. akhaadataH I saluted the teacher.
भ नभभ aha.n guruum anamam
मभ I भयभ remembered aha.n the viShayam matter. asmaram I smelt the flower.
ऩ ऩभ भ aha.n puShpam ajighram भ
I saw the picture.
ऩ मभ aha.n chitram apashyam ऩ भ
I wrote a letter.
र भ aha.n patram alikham
म भ yusmad
dRRish
म भ yusmad
khaad
भ asmad
नभ nam
भ asmad
भ smRRi
भ asmad
ghraa
भ asmad
dRRish
भ asmad
र likh
We spoke.
मभ दभ vayam avadaama
भ asmad
vad
We ate.
मभ दभ vayam akhaadaama
भ asmad
khaad
मभ डभ We played. vayam akriiDaama
भ asmad
kriiD
Imperative Mood -
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
रब
त / Sanskrit
/ English
द Noun
धत Verb
Notes
Let the boy read.
फर ऩठत baalakaH paThatu
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
Let the boy write.
फर र त baalakaH likhatu
फर baalaka
र likh
-
Let him carry.
त saH vahatu
त (ऩ) tad (pu.n)
vah
Let the singer sing.
म मत gaayakaH gaayatu
म gaayaka
gai
Let her run.
ध त saa dhaavatu
Let the servant wash.
रमत sevakaH prakshaalayatu
sevaka
Let the girl read.
फ र ऩठत baalaa paThatu
फर baalaa
ऩ paTh
Let the student ask question.
न ऩ त chchhaatra prashna.n pRRichchhatu
chchhaatra
prachchh
Let the dancers dance.
नट न म त naTaaH nRRityantu
नट naTa
नत nRRit
Let them reside.
त त te vasantu
त (ऩ) tad (pu.n)
vas
Let the beggars wander.
ब ट त bhikshukaaH aTantu
ब bhikshuka
aT
Let the women see.
भ र ऩ म त mahilaaH pashyantu
भ र
त
( ) tad (strii)
ध dhaav
-
-
+ र prakshaal
dRRish
-
-
-
tva.n gachchha
म भ yusmad
भ gam
-
You stand up.
त ठ tva.n uttiShTha
म भ yusmad
थ sthaa
-
You drink.
ऩफ tva.n piba
म भ yusmad
ऩ paa
-
All of you speak.
मम दत yuuya.n vadata
म भ yusmad
vad
All of you go.
मम
म भ
You go.
त
भ
-
yuuya.n gachchhata
yusmad
gam
All of you see.
मम ऩ मत yuuya.n pashyata
म भ yusmad
dRRish
Let me go.
न aha.n gachchhaani
भ asmad
भ gam
-
Let me write.
र न aha.n likhaani
भ asmad
र likh
-
Let me read.
ऩठ न aha.n paThaani
भ asmad
ऩ paTh
-
Let us drink.
म ऩ भ vaya.n pivaama
भ asmad
ऩ paa
-
Let us ask.
म ऩ भ vaya.n pRRichchhaama
भ asmad
prachchh
Let us sing.
म मभ vaya.n gaayaama
भ asmad
gai
Optative Mood -
रब / English
त / Sanskrit
The boy should/may read.
फर ऩठत baalakaH paThet
It may rain today.
म ट ब त adya vRRiShTi.n bhavet
ऩठत Students chchhaatraaH should study. paThet Dancers may dance.
नट न मम naTaaH nRRityeyuH
Mother may cook.
फ ऩ त ambaa pachet
ण Servant रमत should wash the cloathes. sevakaH vaastraaNi
-
-
/ vidhailiN^lakaara
द Noun
धत Verb
फर baalaka
ऩ paTh
-
ब bhuu
chchhaatra
ऩ paTh
नट naTa
नत nRRit
फ ambaa
ऩ pach
sevaka
र kshaal
Notes धर र य or vidhailiN^lakaararepresents both should (should + verb)and may (may + verb) in the sentence. So, "the boy should go" and "the boy may go" will have the same verb-forms.
kshaalayet They may stay.
त त ठमभ te tiShTheyam म रम
त She may go to saa school. vidyaalaya.n gachchhet फर Boys may eat the fruits.
त (ऩ) tad (pu.n) त
( ) tad (strii)
थ sthaa
भ gam
पर न
दम baalaaH phalaani khaadeyuH
फर baala
khaad
Women may sing.
भ र मम mahilaaH gaayeyuH
भ र mahilaa
gai
You should salute the teacher.
भ नभ tvam gurum name
म भ yusmad
नभ nam
You should read.
भ ऩठ tvam paThe
म भ yusmad
ऩ paTh
म भ yusmad
भ gam
भ द रम You should go tvam to temple. devaalaya.n gachchhe All of you should remember the matter.
मम म भयत yuya.n viShya.n smareta
म भ yusmad
भ smRRi
All of you should see the picture.
मम ऩ मत yuya.n chitra.n pashyeta
म भ yusmad
dRRish
भ asmad
ऩ paTh-
भ asmad
kriiD
ऩ त ऩठमभ I should read aha.n the book. pustaka.n paTheyam I may play. I should
डमभ aha.n kriiDeyam ऩ
र मभ
भ
र
write the letter.
aha.n patra.n likheyam
asmad
likh
We should drink milk.
म द ध ऩ भ vaya.n digdha.n pivema
भ asmad
ऩ paa
We may go to village.
म भ भ vaya.n graama.n gachchhema
भ asmad
भ gam
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Noun
Forms
with noun (
Or
In chapter 1 we were introduced द / shabda), noun-form ( द ऩ / shabdarupa), verb ( म / Cases
(
kriyaa)
/
shabdarupa):
and
To summarise - noun or shabda (
their
use.
द) is the word that represents someone
or something in a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as the subject or object for a verb. In Sanskrit shabda (
द) is the base or root of all noun-forms (
Each noun-form is a derivative or shabdarupa (
द ऩ).
द ऩ) of it's root. For
example "boy" as a root can have different singular forms representing "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/to the boy", "from the boy", "of the boy" and "in the boy". We will study noun-forms in detail. Followings are few features of nounforms.
In a sentence the verb always follows the number and case of the subject ( त / kartaa). The subject's gender has no effect on the verb-form.
न / vachana) and 7 cases ( ब त /
Each noun can have 3 numbers ( vibhakti).
So,
a noun can
have
21
different
forms
(
द ऩ
/
shabdarupa) each associating a specific meaning to thenoun. Besides the cases a vocative case is also added to the 7 different cases. This makes a noun to have 24 different forms.
The
3 numbers in
a noun are singular (ए
न
ekavachana), dual (
/
dvivachana),
न
and plural (फ
/ न
/
bahuvachana). The dual form is specific to Sanskrit language and is not seen in any other language.
The followings are the 7 different cases of a noun.
Case 1 - Nominative -> थभ / prathamaa
Case 2 - Accusative ->
Case 3 - Instrumental -> तत म / tRRitiiya
Case 4 - Dative ->
Case 5 - Ablative -> ऩञ भ / paJNamii
Case 6 - Genitive ->
ठ / ShaShThii
Case 7 - Locative ->
तभ / saptamii
Vocative ->
त म / dvitiiyaa
तथ / chaturthii
फ धन / sambodhana
In coming chapters we will learn the noun cases or
ब त (vibhakti) in
detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the different nounforms we have used commonly used nouns for sentence composition. The complete noun-forms of these nouns are listed at the end of each chapter for easy reference. At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
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(prathamaa vibhakti):
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Nominative Case or
थभ
ब त
(prathamaa vibhakti) represents the noun-form to represent the "who" or "what" on the verb in the sentence. In other words nominative case represents the subject or त (kartaa) of the sentence. Study the following sentences. These are in nominative case. In the previous chapters we have already come across these sentence formations. These are mentioned again for completness. रब
/ English
त / Sanskrit
Notes
1. The boy is going.
फर त baalaH gachchhati
-
2. Poet is writing.
र त kaviH likhati
-
3. Teachers are speaking.
य द त guravaH vadanti
-
4. Girl is reading.
फ र ऩठ त baalaa paThati
-
5. River is flowing.
नद त nadii vahati
-
6. I am asking.
ऩ भ aha.n pRRichchhaami
-
7. Sita is singing.
त मत siitaa gaayati
-
8. Fruit is falling.
पर ऩत त phala.n patati
9. Vehicle is moving.
मन रत yaana.n chalati
10. The book is there.
ऩ त भ त pustakam asti
11. There is no water.
र न त jala.n naasti
Words like fruit (पर / phala), vehicle (म न / yaana), book (ऩ त / pustaka), water ( र / jala) and flower (ऩ ऩ /
12. Flower is blooming.
ऩ ऩ त puShpa.n vikasati
puShpa) etc., are of neuter gender. They have the same noun-form or shabdarupa as boy (फ र / baala) except the nominative and accusative cases which have slightly different forms. Refer पर (phala) shabda below for thenominative case forms of these.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "who is going?", the answer that comes is "boy". So, boy is the subject in the sentence and the noun-form is in nominative case or prathamaa vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 8, if we ask the question "what is falling?", the answer that comes is "fruit". In this fruit is the subject. So, answer to the question "who" or "what" is the subject of the sentence and is always in nominative case. The verb form follows the number or न (vachana) of the noun. The followings are few rules where the nominative case must be used as the noun-form. Grammatical Rule: In active voice statements the subject in the sentence is always in nominative case. Grammatical nominative
Rule: In passive voice statements the object follows the case. The subject follows the instrumental case.
Nominative Case ( थभ Word
Gender
ब त / prathamaa vibhakti)
Singular
Dual
Plural
Similar Words
द
र
Boy फ र / baala
ए
M - ऩ
न
न
फ
न
फर baalah
फर baalau
फर baalaaH
-
Creeper रत / lataa
F -
रत lataa
रत late
रत lataaH
-
River नद / nadii
F -
नद nadii
न म nadau
न म nadyaH
-
N - नऩ
परभ phalam
पर phale
पर न phalaani
-
Fruit परभ / phalam
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Accusative Case /
(dvitiiyaa vibhakti):
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Accusative Case or
तम
ब त
(dvitiiyaa vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "to what" or "to whom" of the sentence. In other wordsaccusative case represents the object or भ (karmaa)
in
the
sentence.
Study the following sentences. These are in accusative case. रब
/ English
त / Sanskrit
1. The painter is painting a portrait.
य र त chitrakaaraH chitra.n likhati
2. The carpenter is chopping wood.
त ठ त त takshakaH kaaShTha.n takshati
3. Poets are writing songs.
म ऩ म न र त kavayaH padyaani likhanti
4. Enemies are attacking the city.
न यभ भ त shatravaH nagariim aakraamanti
5. Studetns are singing the stanzas.
र न म त chchhaatraaH shlokaan
Notes In these sentences portrait ( / chitra), wood ( ठ / kaaShTha), songs (ऩ म / padya), city (न य / nagarii), stanza ( र / shloka), permission ( नभ त / anumati),
gaayanti 6. Commette gave the permission.
भ त नभ तभ म samiti anumatim ayachchhat
त
7. Boy is going to school.
फर म रभ त baalaH vidyaalayam gachchhati
8. Girl is reading the book.
फ र ऩ त भ ऩठ त baalaa pustakam paThati
school ( म रम / vidyaalaya) and book (ऩ त / pustaka) are objects.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the painter painting?", the answer that comes is "the portrait". So, "portrait" is the object in the sentence and the noun-form is in accusative case or dvitiiyaa vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 6, if we ask the question "what did the commette gave?", the answer that comes is "permission". In case of sentence 7, if we ask the question "where is the boy going to?", the answer that comes is "school". So, answer to the question "to what", "to whom" or "to where" etc., is the object in the sentence and is always in accusative case. The verb form is independent of the number or न (vachana) of the object. Grammatical Rule: In active voice sentences the object always inaccusative case.
Besides the above rule there are few special rules where accusative case is used. Followings are examples of these. रब
त / Sanskrit
/ English म
9. Tigress lives in the forest.
10. Parvati lives in the Himalays.
नभ
धत ठत /
Notes
ध त vyaaghrii vanam adhitiShThati / adhivasati
Verbs त ठ त (tiShThati) and त (vasati) prefixed with prepositions ( ऩ
ऩ त
/ upasarga)
र
यभ
ध
ध त paarvatii kailaasagiriim adhivasati यभ 11. Rama lives in village.
12. Around the Himalayas there are forests.
(adhi) or
भ
ऩ त/ ध त raamaH graama.n upavasati / adhivasati भ रमभ
बत
य म न
त himaalayam abhitaH araNyaani santi
13. Inside the pond there is a temple.
य य तय भ दय त sarovara.n antaraa mandira.n asti
14. Around the house there is a wall.
ऩ यत य त gRRiha.n paritaH praachiira.n asti म रम न
15. Near the school there is a garden.
त vidyaalaya.n nikaShaa udyaana.n asti
य य
19. Solders went on
त
तय न र ऩर न
त sarovara.n antaraa niilotpalaani santi म रम
18. Near the school there are shops.
Use of indeclinable बत (abhitaH),
मन
नद बमत ऩन न 16. Both side of river nadii.n ubhayataH there are hills. sopaanaani santi 17. Inside the pond there are blue lotuses.
ऩ (upa).
भम
ऩण
त vidyaalaya.n samayaa aapaNaaH santi न
भ भ
बमत
बमत (ubhayataH), भम (samayaa), न
(nikaShaa), तय (antaraa) and
ऩ यत (paritaH) to represent location.
both sides of the road.
20. Behind father son is going.
त sainikaaH maargam ubhayataH agachchhat ऩतय न ऩ त pitara.n anu putraH gachchhati
Use of indeclinable न (anu), ऩमऩ य (upayupari),
मध
21. There are many fruits above (on top of) the tree.
(adhyaaghi), ध ध (adhodhaH) representing त before, after, vRRiksha.n upayupari vahuni phalaani santi above, towards top location.
22. The girl is singing beautifully.
फ र भधय मत baalikaa madhura.n gaayati
ऩमऩ य
न पर न
फर मभ ऩ म त 23. The boy is looking baalaH saashcharyam with surprise. pashyati 24. It is raining everywhere in the country.
द त ब त desha.n sarvataH varShaa bhavanti भध भ
म
यण
25. Madhu read grammar ऩ ठत न madhuH maasa.n for a month. vyaakaraNa.n paThitavaan 26. The mountain spreads two yojanas.
Expressing spread of time or space.
य म न तत giriH dviyojana.n varttate
न म न त 27. Without teacher there is no knowledge. guru.n vinaa vidyaa naasti 28. Go upto home. 29. Tiger is running
Use of verbal adjective or म ण (kriyaavisheShaNa).
म त gRRiha.n yaavat gachchha म
त ध
Use of indeclinable न (vinaa), ऋत (RRite) etc. Use of words
त
(prati), म त (yaavat) etc.
त
towards the goat.
vyaagraH chhaaga.n prati dhaavati भ ध murkha.n dhik
30. Fie on fool.
Grammatical Rule: If the verbs
Use of word ध dhik.
त ठ त (tiShThati) and
lives or stays are prefixed with the preposition ( ऩ
त (vasati) meaning / upasarga)
ध (adhi)
or ऩ (upa), then the word expressing the location will follow accusative case instade of locative case.
In sentence 9 above the answer to question "where does tigress live?" should be "in the forest". The noun-form should be in locative case i.e., न त (vasati) is prefixed with preposition
(vane). However since the verb
ध
(adhi) the accusative case नभ (vanam) is used instade of locative case. Sentence
10
and
11
follow
Grammatical Rule: If the indeclinables
बत
the
(abhitaH),
same
बमत
rule.
(ubhayataH),
भम (samayaa), न (nikaShaa), तय (antaraa) and ऩ यत (paritaH) etc., are in use then the word expressing location will be in accusative case.
In sentence 12 above the answer to question "where are the forests?" should be "around Himalayas". Similarly in sentence 13 if we ask the question "where is the temple?", the answer will be "inside the pond". However in these case indeclinables बत (abhitaH) and ऩ यत (paritaH) are used to express the location. Hence the words expressing the location (Himalayas and pond) are inaccusative case. Sentences 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18 and 19 follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When indeclinables न (anu), ऩमऩ य (upayupari), मध (adhyaadhi) etc., are used, words governed by these will be in accusative case.
Sentences
20
and
Grammatical Rule: Verbal Adjective (
21
म
follow
this
rule.
ण / kriyaavisheShaNa) expressing
the characteristic accusative
or
attribute
of
the
verb
in
the
sentence
will
be in case.
In sentence 22 above if the question is asked "how is the girl singing?" the answer that comes is "beautifully". Here beautifully is an attribute or verbal adjective for the verb "singing". Since the word beautifully is a verbal adjective or म ण (kriyaavisheShaNa) it is in accusative case. Sentence 23
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When a word represents a spread of time or space then it takes the accusative form.
In sentence 24 above the word "everywhere" expresses a spread of space. So, the word country has taken the accusative case द (desha.n) instead of locative case द
(deshe). Similarly in sentence 25 "for a month" expresses
a span of time. So, the word month has taken the accusative case भ (maasa.n). Sentence 26 follow this rule as it expresses a span of space.
Grammatical Rule: When words न (vinaa) or ऋत (RRite) meaning "without" is used, words governed by it will be in accusative case.
In sentence 27 the word न
(guru) is in accusative case as the indeclinable
(vinaa)
is
in
use.
Grammatical Rule: If the words त (prati) and म त (yaavat) are in use then the words governed by these will be in accusative case. Sentences
28
and
Grammatical Rule: When word in
ध
29
follow
this
rule.
(dhik) is used, words governed by it will be accusative case.
In sentence 30 the word भ (murkha) is in accusative case as the word ध (dhik) is in use.
Accusative Case ( Word द Boy फ र / baala
तम
ब त / dvitiiyaa vibhakti)
Gender र
Singular ए न
M - ऩ
फ रभ baalam
Dual
Plural फ न
Similar Words
फर baalau
फरन baalaan
-
न
Creeper रत / lataa
F -
रत भ lataam
रत late
रत lataaH
-
River नद / nadii
F -
नद भ nadiim
न म nadau
नद nadiiH
-
N - नऩ
परभ phalam
पर phale
पर न phalaani
-
Fruit परभ / phalam
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Instrumental Case /
(tRRitiiya vibhakti):
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Instrumental Case or तत म
ब त
(tRRitiiya vibhakti) of noun-form represents the instrumental form in a sentence. The answer that comes from the question "by what" or "with what" is the instrument in the sentense. The instrument is with what the subject or त (kartaa) is doing something. The instrument is independent of thenumber and gender of the subject or object. Study the following sentences. These are in instrumental case. रब
त / Sanskrit
/ English
1. Farmer is ploughing with plough.
र रन त kRRiShivalaH halena karShati
2. I am cutting with axe.
ऩय न डम भ aha.n parashunaa khaNDayaami
3. Teacher wrote using pen.
य र म र न guravaH lekhanyaa alikhan
4. You are touching with
यण
ऩ
Notes Here plough ( र / hala), axe (ऩय / parashu), pen (र न / lekhanii), hand ( य / kara), teeth (द त / danta) and food (ब न /
hand.
tva.n kareNa spRRishasi
bhojana), flower (ऩ ऩ / puShpa), knowledge ( म / vidyaa), garland (भ र / maalaa) are the instruments for the respective verbs and are in instrumental case.
5. Snakes bites with teeth.
ऩ द त द त sarpaH dantaiH dashati
6. Guest is happy with food.
तथम ब नन भ द त atithayaH bhojanena modanti
7. Garland is made using flower.
भर ऩ ऩ ब त maalaa puShpaiH bhavati
8. You live with knowledge.
मम tva.n vidyayaa jivasi
9. (I) will decorate God with garland.
भर ब द भ र य भ maalaabhiH devam alaN^karomi
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the farmer is ploughing with?", the answer that comes is "with the plough". So, "plough" is the instrument in the sentence and the noun-form is in instrumentsl case or tRRitiiya vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question "what are you touching with?", the answer that comes is "with hand". In case of sentence 6, if we ask the question "what is the guest happy with?", the answer that comes is "with food". So, hand and food are in instrunmental case. Grammatical Rule: The word expressing "by what" or "with what" pertaining to the verb will be in instrumental case.
Sentences
1
and
9
also
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are some special rules where insrtumental case is used. Followings are the examples of these. रब / English 10. Women
त / Sanskrit म
ब
डन
Notes Use of words
played with striyaH shishubhiH saha akriDan the children. 11. Teacher भ त went with the guruH chchhaatraiH saakam students. agachchhat 12. Sita roams with Rama.
(saha),
भ
(saakam), (saarddha.n) and भ (sama.n)
त य भण ध यत siitaa raameNa saardha.n viharati
ण भम भ त न 13. Krishna came with me. kRRiShNaH mayaa saakam aagatavaan 14. Gopal went with him.
तन ऩर त tena saaka.n gopaalaH gataH
15. द नन भ न त म Friendship with evil not durjanena sa maitrii na karttavyaa worth. 16. You will go with me.
भम / / / भ म tva.n mayaa saha/saaka.n/samsa.n/saardsha.n gamiShyasi
17. Without effort knowledge is not achievable.
भण न म न र मत shrameNa vinaa vidyaa na labhyate
18. Without रन तयण नभ ब भ water life is jalena antareNa jiivanam impossible. asambhavam 19. What is life without knowledge.
म न नन भ vidyaa.n vinaa jiivanam kim
20. He is blind with eyes.
ण ण saH akshNaa kaaNaH
21. What shall mirror do to one
र न म न म दऩण य मत lochanabhyaa vihinasya darpaNaH
Use of words तयण (antareNa) and
न (vinaa).
The words - eyes (र न / lochana), ears ( ण / karNa) and foot (ऩ द / paada) are
without eyes. ki.n kariShyati 22. He is deaf with ears.
ण म धय saH karNaabhyaa.n vadhiraH
23. He is lame with foot.
ऩ दन saH paadena khaJNjaH
24. Rama is naughty by nature.
यभ म / ब न ऩर raamaH prakRRityaa / svaabhavena chapalaH
25. He is running speedily.
न ध त saH vegena dhaavati
26. Rama is living happily.
यभ न त ठत raamaH sukhena tiShThati
27. Named Rama
न न यभ naamnaa raamaH
28. The girl is beautiful by face.
फ र म baalikaa akRRityaa chaaruH
29. Simple by ब न यर nature. svaabhaavena saralaH 30. Haunters are normally poor.
य मण द य shavaraaH praayeNa daridraaH
31. Let the boy go quickly.
फ र र रम / न / यम त baalaH liilayaa / vegena / tvarayaa gachchhatu
32. They came ए न भण त in one queue. ekena krameNa aagachchhata 33. I am kshatriya (warrior) by caste.
म म aha.n jaatyaa kshatriya
34. Boys are roaming by their wish.
फर म भ त baalakaaH svechchhayaa bhramanti
expressing lameness of organ or body part.
The words nature ( त / prakRRiti), nature ( ब / svaabhava), speedily ( / vega), happily ( / sukha), face ( त / aakRRiti), normally ( म / praaya), quickly (र रम / liilayaa), quickly ( यम / tvarayaa), queue ( भ / krama), caste ( त / jaati) and wish ( / svechchhaa) are expressing nature or characteristics.
35. Rama is younger to you by one year.
यभ त ण फय raamaH tvat varSheNa abaraH
Use of words elder (ऩ / puurvaH), younger ( य / avaraH)
36. Gopala is younger to ऩ र म भ त भ न ऩय Shyama by a gopaalaH shyaamaat maasena paraH and younger (ऩय month. / paraH) to 37. He is compare age. भत भ न ऩ elder to me saH mat maasena puurvaH by a month. 38. Sage by matted lock.
ट ब तऩ jaTaabhiH taapasaH
39. Brahmin by sacredthread?
ऩ तन भण upavitena vraahmaNa.n
40. Body shivers due to cold.
तन य यभ ऩत shiitena shariiram kampate
41. He is heart broken due to sadness.
द न ब न दम duHkhena saH bhagnahRRidiyaH
42. Hari is seen through merit.
ऩ मन ट य puNyena dRRiShTaH hariH
43. He is यण ऩ डत suffering due saH jvareNa piiDitaH to fever. 44. He is धम दत crying due to saH kshudhayaa krandati hunger. 45. I have need of study.
भभ ऩ ठन म नभ mama paaThena prayojanam
46. What is the need of quarreling?
र न भ? kalahena kim?
Use of words matted-lock ( ट / jaTaa), sacredthread ( ऩ त / upavita) as mark of identification.
The words - cold ( त / shiita), sadness (द / duHkha), merit (ऩ म / puNya), fever ( य / jvara) and hunger ( ध / kshudhaa) are expressing the cause or reason of something.
Use of words म नभ (prayojanam), भ (kim) and रभ (alam) to
47. Quarrelling is waste.
दन रभ vivaadena alam
48. Do not have need in wealth?
धनन म न न त? dhanena prayojana.n naasti?
49. Less by knowledge.
नन न dnyaanena hiinaH
50. Less by wealth.
धनन म dhanena shuunyaH
51. He is less by wealth.
धनन ऊन / म / न saH dhanena uunaH / shuunyaH / hiinaH
52. The temple was built in a year.
भ दय ण न भत ब त mandira.n varSheNa nirmita.n abhavat
53. Rama read य भ भ न तभ ऩठत Sanskrit in a raamaH maasena sa.nskRRitam month. apaThat
express the need or necessity of something.
Use of words न (hiinaH), म (shuunyaH) and ऊन (uunaH) to express lack of something. The words - year ( / varSha) and month (भ / maasa) represent the time taken to achieve some result.
The words - five 54. I bought ऩ भ ब ऩ त भ त न the book with aha.n paJNchamudraabhiH pustakam coins (ऩ भ / five coins. kriitavaan paJNchamudraa)and ten coins (द भ 55. He bought / dashamudraa) द भ ब डन त न the toy with saH dashamudraabhiH kriiDanaka.n are representing the value or cost ten coins. kriitavaan of something.
56. The lustful person is giving money to the maid.
भ द म म त kaamukaH daasyaa sa.nyachchhate
Giving something to perform some imoral or indecent act. In this caseinstrumental case will be used and notdative case.
57. Rama is going on a
यभ नन भ ण त raamaH anenna maargeNa
The word - path (भ / maarga) is
different rout. Grammatical
gachchhati
Rule:
If
the
representing the path followed.
indeclinables
(saha),
भ
(saakam),
(saarddha.n), भ (sama.n) etc., meaning with or along with, are used then the words governed by these will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 7 - the word
(saha) is used to express that the women
played with the children. So, the word "children" is in instrumental case. Sentences 10 and 16 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the words तयण (antareNa) or न (vinaa) meaning without are used the words governed by it will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 17 - the word "effort" or the word
भ (shrama) is in instrumental case as
तयण (antareNa) is used to express that without effort knowledge
can not be achieved. Sentences 18 and 19 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If any word expressing lameness in any organ or body part is used then the word representing the organ or body part will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 20 - the word "eyes" or
ण (akshNaa) is in instrumental
case as this is the organ that has the lameness. Sentences 21, 22 and 23 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word someone or something
expressing the will be
nature in
or characteristics of instrumental case.
In sentence 24 the word "nature" represents a characteristics of Rama. So, the word "nature" or ब (svaabhava) is in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 25 the word "speedily" is an attribute or characteristics of him running. Hence the word speedily or (vega) is in instrumental case. In sentence 33 also the word caste or
त (jaati) represents an attribute about
me. So this word is in instrumental case. Sentences 24 to 34 follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like ऩ (puurvaH), ऩय (paraH), य (avaraH) etc., are used to express a comparision in time then the word expressing the sense of time will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 35 the word "younger" or ऩय (paraH) is used to compare time or age, and "year" or
(varsHa) is the word expressing the sense of time. So,
the word "year" is in instrumental case. Sentences 36 and 37 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing any mark of identification of a person will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 38 - sage is identified by "matted lock" or
ट (jaTaa). In other
words "matted lock" is the identification symbol to identify a sage. So, the word "matted lock" is in instrumental case. Sentences 39 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the cause of something will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 40 "cold" is the reason for which body shivers. So, the word "cold" or त (shiita) is in instrumental case. Similarly, in sentence 41 "sadness" is the reason for his broken heart. Hence the word द
(duHkha)
is in instrumental case. Sentences 42, 43 and 44 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like रभ (alam), (ki.n), म नभ (prayojanam) etc., are used to express a "sense of need or necessity" then the word representing the thing which is needed will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 45 "study is what I have need for". So, the word study or ऩ ठ (paaTha) is in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 47 - "quarrelling is waste" also means there is no need or necessity of quarrelling. Hence the word quarrelling or द (vivaada) is in instrumental case. Sentences 46 and 48
also
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like न (hiina), म (shuunya), ऊन etc., are used to mean lack of something of something, then the words governed by these will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 49 - there is a lack of "knowledge" or
न (dnyaana). Similarly
in sentence 50 there is a lack of "wealth" or धन (dhana). So, thes words are in instrumental
case.
Sentence
51
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the sentencec means achievement of some result after some time then the word expressing the time will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 52 the temple was built in a year. In other words the result was achieved in a year. The word "year" is expressing the time after which the result was achieved. So, the word "year" or (varSha) is in instrumental case.
Sentence
53
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the value or cost of something will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 54 "five coins" express the cost or value of the book. So, it is in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 55 "ten coins" is the cost of the toy. So, "ten coins" is in instrumental case.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is given to perform some imoral or indecent act will be in instrumental case and not in dative case.
In sentence 56 the lust person is giving money to the maid in return of an immoral. So, the word "maid" is in instrumental case instead of dative case.
Grammatical Rule: instrumental
Word
expressing
the
In sentence 57 the word "rout" or भ
path
that
is
followed
will
be in case.
(maarga) is in instrumental case as it
represents
the
path
that
is
Instrumental Case (तत म Word द Boy फ र / baala
being
followed
or
taken.
ब त / tRRitiiyaa vibhakti)
Gender र
Singular ए न
Dual
M - ऩ
फ रन baalena
फर मभ baalaabhyaam
न
Plural फ न
Similar Words
फर baalaiH
-
Creeper रत / lataa
F -
रतम latayaa
रत म भ रत ब lataabhyaam lataabhiH
-
River नद / nadii
F -
न म nadyaa
नद म भ नद ब nadiibhyaam nadiibhiH
-
N - नऩ
परन phalena
Fruit परभ / phalam
पर म भ phalaabhyaam
पर phalaiH << Prev
Dative Case /
(chaturthii vibhakti):
Dative Case or
तथ
-
- Index - Next >>
ब त (chaturthii
vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "to whom" or "for whom" of the sentence. In other words dative caserepresents the dative in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in dative case. रब
/ English
त / Sanskrit
1. Give rice to the beggar.
ब म त डर द bhikshukaayaH taNDuula.n dehi
2. I am giving prize to him.
त भ ऩय य दद भ aha.n tasmai puraskaara.n dadaami
3. Doctor is giving medicine to the
म णम औ ध म vaidyaH rugNaaya
त
Notes The words ब (bhikshuka), म भ (yusmad), ण (rugNa) and नधन (nirdhana) represent the person to whom something is
patient.
auShadha.n yachchhati
4. Let the rich give money to poor.
धन नधन म धन म त dhanikaH nirdhanaaya dhana.n yachhatu
5. The lustful person is giving money to the maid.
given.
Giving something to perform some imoral or indecent act. In this caseinstrumental case will be used and notdative case.
भ द म म त kaamukaH daasyaa sa.nyachchhate
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "give rice to whom?", the answer that comes is "the beggar". So, "beggar" is the dative in the sentence and the noun-form is in dative case orchaturthii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 3, if we ask the question "doctor gave medicine to whom?", the answer that comes is "patient". So, answers to the question "to whom" or "for whom" etc., is the dative in the sentence and is always in dative case. The verb form is independent of the number or न (vachana) of thesubject or object. Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is given will be in dative case.
Sentence
1,
2,
3
and
4
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is given to perform some imoral or indecent act will be in instrumental case and not in dative case.
In sentence 5 the lust person is giving money to the maid in return of an immoral. So, the word "maid" is in instrumental case instead of dative case.
Besides the above rules there are few special rules where dative case is used. Followings are examples of these.
रब
/ English
त / Sanskrit
6. Let the author write for the paper.
र ऩ म र र त lekhakaH patrikaayai lekha.n likhatu
7. Gold is for necklace.
ण यम ट भ suvarNahaaraaya haaTakam
8. Wife should be accepted for merit/dharma.
धभ म ऩ न णम dharmaaya patnii grahaNiiyaa
9. Wealth becomes egoism.
ऐ मभ यम ब त eishcharyam ahaN^kaaraaya bhavati
10. Power is to torment others. 11. Let power be for others' good.
The words ऩ (patrikaa), ण य (suvarNahaara) and धभ (dharma) represent the things for which something is needed.
The words य (ahaN^kaara), ऩय ऩडन (parapiDana) and त ऩय ऩडन म ब त ऩय ऩ य shaktiH parapiDanaaya (paropakaara) bhavati represent the त ऩय ऩ य म ब त thing into which shaktiH paropakaaraaya something else bhavatu transforms.
12. Lakshmi hates the knowledgable.
र भ ऩ डत म मत lakshmiiH paNDitaaya asuuyati
13. He hates the clever.
तय म मत saH chaturaaya asuuyati
14. King is angry on the enemies.
य मत raajaa shatruve kRRidhayati
ऩर यभम मत 15. Gopala is angry on gopaalaH raamaaya Rama. dRRihyati 16. Do you like sweets?
Notes
भद त म य त ? modaka.n tubhya.n rochate vaa?
Use of words मत (kRRidhyati), म त (dRRihyati), ई म त (iirShyati), म त (asuuyati) etc., expressing hate or dislike.
Use of words like य त (rochate) etc., expressing
17. Girls like flowers.
फ र ऩ ऩ म ऩ म त baalikaaH puShpebhyaH spRRihayanti
18. Let everyone like knowledge.
नम ऩ म त sarve dnyaaya spRRihayantu
19. Ladies like flowers.
ऩ ऩ ण त ण म य त puShpaaNi taruNibhyaH rochante
20. I like milk.
भ म द ध य त mahyaa.n dugdha.n rochate
21. Child likes to play.
ड य त shishave kriDaa rochate
22. Who does not like sweets.
भ भद न दत? kasmai modaka.n na svadate?
23. Salute to teacher.
य नभ gurave namaH
Use of words like नभ (namaH), त
24. Salute to Narayana.
न य मण म नभ naaraayaNaaya namaH
(svasti),
25. Offered to Indra.
म indraaya svaaha
26. Offered to fire.
नम फ agneya baShaT
27. Let good happen to म त all. sarvebhyaH svasti तथम
म/
भ
त 28. Let the guest come atithayaH home. gRRihaaya/gRRiham aagachchhantu
fondness or liking for something.
(svaaha),
र
(ala.n), फ (baShaT) etc. Word Meanings: namaH - salute, svaaha - offered, baShaT - offered, svasti - let good happen. Word expressing the target destination for actions like going or coming can be
29. I will go to village.
भम / भभ aga.n graamaaya / graamam gachhaami
30. Shyama is borrowing one hundred from Rama.
म भ य भ म त ध यम त shyaamaH raamaaya shata.n dhaarayati भ
31. I do not owe anything to anyone.
भ
त न
ध यम भ aha.n kasmai kiJNchit na dhaarayaami
in accusative case or dative case.
Word expressing the person from whom something is borrowed.
32. (Lord Vishnu) Hari य ब तम भ ध यम त owes liberation to hariH bhaktaaya worshippers. moksha.n dhaarayati 33. Mother is showing moon to son.
भत ऩ म द मत maataa puutraaya chandra.n darshayati
34. Tell Gangadatta about me.
द त म भत द थम gaN^gadattaaya mat sandesha.n kathaya
The person with whom the subjectrelates something through his/her action.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressiong the purpose for which certain action is taken or something is needed will be in dative case.
Sentence 6 above means the author should write for the paper. In words the writing action is for the "paper". So, paper takes the dative Similarly in sentence 7 gold is needed for neckless. So, neckless the dative case. Sentence 8 also follows the same
other case. is in rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the object into which another object transforms will be in dative case.
In sentence 9 above - wealth turns or transforms into egoism. So, "egoism" is in dative case the object into which wealth transforms. Sentence 10 and 11 also follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person (or thing) against whom (or which) anger or hatered is shown will be in dative case.
In sentence 12 above - Laxmi shows hatered towards the "knowledgable". So, the word knowledgable is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 14 the King shows anger towards enemies. So, the word enemy is in dative case. Sentence 13 and 15 also follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning "liking" are used, the word expressing the person to whom it is a matter of liking will be in dative case.
In sentence 17 above - girls like flowers or in other words flowers are a metter of liking to the girls. So, "girl" is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 21 play is a matter of liking to "child". So, the child is in dative case. Sentence 16, 18, 19, 20, and 22 also follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When the words नभ र (ala.n) and फ reference
(namaH),
त (svasti),
(svaahaa),
(baShaT) are used the words expressing the object of their will be in dative case.
In sentence 23 above "teacher" is the object of reference of the word नभ (namaH) or salute. So, the word teacher or Sentence
24,
25,
26
and
27
also
(guru) is in dative case. follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning going or coming are used the words expressing the destination will be either in accusative case or dative case.
In sentence 28 above "home" is in dative case (or accusative case) as home is the destination. Sentence 29 also follows the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When something is borrowed from others the person from whom the thing is borrowed will be in dative case.
In sentence 30 above Shyam has borrowed money from Rama. So, "Rama" is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 32 Hari (Lord Vishnu) borrows liberation or भ (moksha) from the worshipper. So, the word ब त (bhakta) or worshipper is in dative case. Sentence 31 also follows the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: The person with whom the subject relates something through his or her action will be in dative case.
In sentence 33 above mother is showing the moon to son. In other words mother the subject in the sentence with her action of showing is relating son with the moon. So, the word son or ऩ (putra) is in dative case.
Dative Case ( तथ Word द
Gender र
ब त / chaturthii vibhakti)
Singular ए न
Dual न
Plural फ न
Similar Words
फरम फर मभ फर म baalaaya baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
-
Creeper F रत / lataa
रत म lataayai
रत म भ रत म lataabhyaam lataabhyaH
-
River F नद / nadii
न म nadyai
नद म भ नद म nadiibhyaam nadiibhyaH
-
पर म पर म भ पर म phalaaya phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
-
Boy फ र / baala
Fruit परभ / phalam
M - ऩ
N - नऩ
<< Prev Ablative
Case
/
(paJNchamii
vibhakti):
- Index - Next >>
Ablative Case or ऩ
भ
ब त
(paJNchamii vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "from whom/what" of the sentence. In other words ablative case represents the ablative in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in ablative case. रब
/ English
1. Leaf fell from the tree.
त / Sanskrit त ऩण/ऩ ऩतत vRRikshaat parNa.n / patra.m apatat
Notes The words tree ( / vRRiksha), tree
2. Fruits are falling from the trees.
पर न त म ऩत त phalaani tarubhyaH patanti
3. He fall from the running horse.
ध त त ऩ तत saH dhaavataH ashvaat patitaH
म रम त भ 4. I am coming from the aha.n vidyaalayaat school. aagachchhaami द त त त devataaH svargaat aagachchhanti
5. Gods come from heaven.
(त
/ taru) and
horse ( / ashva) represent the source of separation. The words school ( म रम / vidyaalaya) and heaven ( / svarga) represent the source of coming or going.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "leaf fell from what?", the answer that comes is "the tree". So, "tree" is the ablative in the sentence and the noun-form is in ablative case orpaJNchamii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question "where am I coming from?", the answer that comes is "school". So, answer to the question "from whom/what/where" is the ablative in the sentence and is always in ablative case. The verb-form is independent of the number or न (vachana) of the subjector object. Followings are the rules
where ablative
case is
used.
Grammatical Rule: When an object is separated from another the word expressing the object from which the separation happened will be in ablative case.
Sentence
1,
2
and
3
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When someone or something is coming from a place the word expressing the source will be in ablative case.
Sentence
4
and
5
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where ablative case is used. Followings are the examples of these.
रब
त / Sanskrit
/ English
Notes
6. Waterfall is flowing from the mountain.
न य य त nirjharaH gireH sravati
7. (River) Ganges flows from Himalayas.
भ त ब त himavataH gaN^gaat prabhahati
8. Animal fears tiger.
भ म त बत mRRigaH byaaghraat vibheti
12. Police protects from thief.
य य त मत / य त aarakshakaH chauraat traayate / rakshate
The words mountain ( य / giri) and Himalayas ( भ त / himavata) represent the origin or source.
The words tiger ( म / यण म त मत byaaghraat), 9. Deer fears tiger. hariNaH vyaaghraat trasyati lion ( / si.nha) and 10. Elephants fear त म त lion. police ( य / gajaaH si.nhaat trasyanti aarakshaka) are य य त बत the sources of 11. Thief fears chauraH aarakshakaat fear. police. vibheti The words thief ( य / chaura), hell (नय बम / narakabhaya) and enemy ( / shatruu) represent things from which protected.
13. Good work protects from fear of hell.
धत त धभ म मत नय बम त saadhita.n tu dharmakaarya.n traayate narakabhayaat.
14. Solders protect citizens from enemies.
न म न य न य sainikaaH shatrubhyaH naagarikaan rakshante
15. He accepts defeat from study.
ममन त ऩय मत Use of word ऩय saH adhyanaaat paraajayate. + मत (paraa + ध भ ऩऩ त ऩय मत jayate) to dhaarmikaH paapaat express defeat. paraajayate
16. Good people accept defeat from sin. 17. He is baring the
धन म
यम त
त
The words paddy
cows from paddy.
18. Bars from sin and employs in merit.
saH dhaanebhyaH gaa.n vaarayati ऩ ऩ न यम त म मत त म paapannivaarayaati
(ध न / dhaana) and sin (ऩ ऩ / paapa) are things from which restrained.
19. Krishna is hiding from mother.
ण भ त नर मत kRRiShNaH maatuH niliiyate
21. Gauri does not read due to lazyness.
The word lazyness or य र म त न ऩठ त र म (aalasya) gaurii aalasyaat n apaThati represents the cause of something.
The words mother (भ त / maatRRi) and teacher ( / 20. Student is नर मत guru) represent hiding from teacher. chchhaatraH guruH niliiyate someone from whom hiding.
The words 22. Fruit is created ऩ ऩ त पर मत from flower. pueHpaat phalam parajaayate flower (ऩ ऩ / pueHpa) and lotus (ऩ / 23. Honey is created ऩ त भध मत padma) are from lotus. padmaat madhu prajaayate sources of creation. Use of verbs 24. Good people hate ध भ ऩऩत त like hate sin. dhaarmikaH papaat jugupsate ( त / jugupsate), escapes ( यभ त 25. He escapes from ऩठन त यभ त / viramati) reading. saH paThanaat viramati. etc., expressing hate or dislike. 26. Mango is better than Guava.
पर द डभ त ठभ aamraphala.n daaNDimaat shreShTham
Use of superlative or comparative
27. Kalidasa is better than Bhabhuti.
रद ब बत ठ kaalidaasaH bhavabhuuteH shreShThaH
28. Lakshamana is elder to Satrughna.
र भण नत ऩ lakshamaNaH shatrughnaat puurvaH
ब भ म ध ठ य त ऩय 29. Bhima is younger bhiimaH yudhiShThiiraat to Yudhisthira. paraH
adjectives like better ( ठ / shreShTha) earlier (ऩ / purvaH), later (ऩय / paraH) etc., to compare.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the origin or source of something will be in ablative case.
In Sentence 6 - the waterfall flows from the mountain. In other words the mountain is the source of the waterfall. So, the word "mountain" is in ablative case. Sentence 7 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of fear will be in ablative case.
In sentence 9 - deer fears the tiger. In other words tiger is the source of fear. So, the word "tiger" is in ablative case. Sentence 10 and 11 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word something or someone is
expressing protected
something or someone from which will be in ablative case.
In sentence 12 - police protects from thief. That means thief is the thing from which the police protects. So, the word "thief" is in ablative case. Sentence 13 and 14 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the thing from which defeat is accepted, unable to tolerate or face it, with the use of preposition or ऩ (upasarga) ऩय before the verb मत (paraajayate) will be in ablative case. Note: If defeat is accepted after facing it bravely, then the word will
be
in
In sentence 15 - word ऩय
accusative
case.
मत (paraajayate) is used to express "his defeat
from study". In other words it also means - "he is not able to study" or "he is afraid of studies". So, the word "study" is in ablative case. Sentence 16 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word something is opposed or
expressing something from restrained will be in
which someone or ablative case.
In sentence 17 - the cows are being restrained from paddy. So, the word "paddy" is in ablative case. Sentence 18 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing someone or something from which one is hiding from will be in ablative case.
In sentence 19 - Krishna is hiding from mother. So, the word "mother" is in ablative case. Sentence 20 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the cause of something will be in ablative case. Note: If the subject is in feminine gender, then it can also be in instrumental case.
In sentence 21 - lazyness or
र म (aalasya) is the reason of Gauri not
reading. In other words lazyness is the reason of "not reading". So, it is in ablative case.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of creation will be in ablative case.
In sentence 22 - fruit is created from flower or in other words "flower is the source of creation" of fruit. So, the word "flower" is in ablative case. Sentence 23 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something to which hate or dislike is expressed will be in ablative case.
Sentence
24
and
25
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When superlative or comparative adjectives such like
ठ
(shreShThaH), ऩ (purvaH), ऩय (paraH) etc., are used the word expressing the thing to which the comparision is being made will be in ablative case.
In sentence 26 - mango is better than guava. So, guava is the thing from which mango is better. Hence the word "guava" is in ablative case. Similarly in sentence 28 - word "earlier" or ऩ (purvaH) is used to mean that Lakshamana is earlier to Satrughna. So, the word "Satrughna" is in ablative case. Sentence 27 and 29 also follow this rule.
Ablative Case (ऩ Word द Boy फ र / baala
Gender र
Singular ए न
M - ऩ
फरत baalaat
Creeper F रत / lataa
ब त / paJNchamii vibhakti) Dual न
N - नऩ
Plural फ न
-
रत म रत म भ रत म lataayaaH lataabhyaam lataabhyaH
-
पर त phalaat
नद म भ nadiinaam
नद म nadiibhyaH
-
पर म भ पर म phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
-
<< Prev
Genitive Case /
Similar Words
फर मभ फर म baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
न म nadyaaH
River F नद / nadii Fruit परभ / phalam
भ
(ShaShThii vibhakti):
Genitive Case or
ठ
- Index - Next >>
ब त (ShaShThii
vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "whose" of the sentence. In other words genitive case represents thegenitive in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in genitive case.
रब
/ English
त / Sanskrit
1. Son of Dasaratha.
द यथ म ऩ dasharathasya putraH
2. Krishna's friend.
ण म kRRiShNasya sakhaa
3. Rise of sun.
म म दम suuryasya udayaH
4. Water of river.
न म रभ nadyaaH jalam
5. Whiteness of moon.
म ध रत chandrikaayaa dhavalataa
6. Heat of fire.
न र agneH jvaalaa
7. Vrihaspati is the teacher of Gods.
द न फ ऩत devaanaa.n guruH bRRihaspatiH
8. Demons are the desciples of Sukracharya.
म म म य shukraachaaryasya shiShyaaH asuraaH
9. Women's jewellary.
नयणभ बयणभ naariiNaam aabharaNam
10. This is my opinion.
एतत भभ भतभ etat mama matam
11. Ganapati has four hands.
णऩत य त gaNapateH chatvaaraH hastaaH
Notes
Peron or thing whose relationship with another is being expressed.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "whose son?", the answer that comes is "Dasaratha". So, "Dasaratha" is the genitive in the sentence and the noun-form is in genitive case orShaShThi vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question "whose water?", the answer that comes is "river". So, answer that comes from the question "whose" is the genitive in the sentense and is always in genitive case.Followings are the rules
where genitive
case is
used.
Grammatical Rule: The word denoting a peron or thing whose relationship with another is being expressed will be in genitive case.
In sentence 1 to 11 the words expressing relationship to someone or something are in genitive case.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where genitive case is used. Followings are the examples of these. रब
/ English
त / Sanskrit
Notes
12. Among Pandavas Dharmaraja (Yudhisthira) is best.
ऩ ड न धभय म ठ paaNDavaanaa.n dharmaraajaH jyeShThaH
13. Among trees coconut is the best.
ण न र य ठ vRRikshaaNaa.n naarikeraH shreShThaH
14. There is no comparision of Arjuna.
न म तर न त arjunasya tulaa naasti
Use of words तर (tulaa),
15. Beauty of Rama.
य भ म ऩभ raamasya upamaa
ऩभ (upamaa) etc., for comparision.
म रम म द
णत ए
Comparision in group.
Expressins direction or location in relation to another using words ऩय
16. To the south of the school huge banayan tree is there.
भ न ट vidyaalayasya dakshiNaat ekaH mahaan vaTavRRikshaH
17. In front of the teacher students are standing.
म ऩय त ठ त (puraH), ऩय त त shikshakasya puraH (purastaat), chchhaatraaH tiShThanti ऩयत (purataH), भ त ऩय त त डत त (agrataH), maatuH purastaat ऩ ठत shishuH kriiiDati (pRRiShThataH), बभ ध त त/ ध र फ तत ध (adhaH), bhuumeH adhastaat/adhaH
18. Child is playing behind mother. 19. Water flows below ground.
jala.n barttate 20.To the north of the village hospital is there.
भ म
तय त
रम
त graamasya uttaraat chikitsaalayaH asti
ध तत (adhastaat) etc.
Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the word expressing the group will be in genitive case (or alternatively in locative case).
In sentence 13 above the sentence means - coconut tree is best "among the trees". So, the word trees is in genetive case (or alternatively locative case) as it represents the group in which coconut tree is best. Similarly in sentence 12 the word "pandavas" is in genetive case.
Grammatical Rule: If words तर (tulaa), ऩभ (upamaa) etc., expressing comparision are used then word expressing the person or thing being compared will be in genitive case.
In sentence 14 the word "Arjuna" is in genitive case as this is being compared with the use of word तर or tulaa. Sentence 15 also follows the same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the words ऩय (puraH), ऩय त त (purastaat), ऩयत (purataH), त (agrataH), ऩ ठत (pRRiShThataH), ध (adhaH), ध त त (adhastaat) etc., are used to express direction or location of an object in relation to another, the word expressing the object will be in genitive case.
In sentence 16 the word south or द
ण त (dakshiNaat) is used to express
location of the banayan tree in relation to the school. So, the word school is in genitive case. Similarly in sentence 18 the word behind or ऩय त त (purastaat) expresses the location of the child in relation to mother. So, the word mother is in genitive case. Sentences 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 follow this rule.
Genitive Case ( Word द Boy फ र / baala
ठ
Gender र
Singular ए न
Dual
M - ऩ
फर म baalasya
Creeper रत / lataa
F -
रत म lataayaaH
River नद / nadii
F -
न म nadyaaH
N - नऩ
पर म phalasya
Fruit परभ / phalam
Locative Case /
ब त / ShaShThii vibhakti) Plural फ न
Similar Words
फ रम baalayoH
फरनभ baalaanaam
-
रतम latayoH
रत न भ lataanaam
-
नद म भ नद न भ nadiibhyaam nadiinaam
-
न
(saptamii vibhakti):
परम phalayoH
पर न भ phalaanaam
-
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तभ
ब त (saptamii
Locative Case or
vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "where" of the sentence. In other words locative case represents the locative in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in locative case. रब
/ English
त / Sanskrit
1. Lotuses are in the lake.
भर न य त kamalaani kaasare santi
2. Flowers bloom in the creeper.
ऩ ऩ ण रत म त puShpaaNi lataayaa.n vikasanti
3. Elephants roam in the forest.
य म य त gajaaH araNye saJNcharanti
4. Offices are in the city.
म रम न य ब त kaaryaalayaaH nagariishu bhavanti
Notes The words lake ( य / kaasara), creeper (रत / lataa), forest ( य म / araNya), city (न य / nagarii), bed ( म / shajyaa), land (ब भ / bhuumi),
5. Child is sleeping on the bed.
मम त shishuH shajyaayaa.n shete
6. Leaves fall on the ground.
ऩण न ब म ऩत त parNaani bhuumyaa.n patanti
7. There are many stories in Mahabharata.
भ ब यत न थ म त mahaabhaarate anekakathaaH vidyante
8. Atma is in everybody.
भन भ मत sarvasmin aatmaa vidyate
Mahabharata (भ ब यत / mahaabhaarata) and all ( / sarva) are expressing location of something or someone.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "where are the lotuses?", the answer that comes is "lake". So, "lake" is the locative in the sentence and the noun-form is in locative case or saptamii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 3, if we ask the question "elephants roam where?", the answer that comes is "forest". So, answer that comes from the question "where" is the locative in the sentense and is always in locative case. Followings are the rules where locative case is used. Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the location of something or someone will be in locative case.
Sentence
1
to
8
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where loctive case is used. Followings are the examples of these. रब
/ English
त / Sanskrit
9. He is sitting on the seat.
द ऩ त saH aasande upavishati
10. Students are running on the road.
भ ध त chchhaatraaH maargeshu dhaavanti
Notes Expressing the thing on which one sits or stands etc.
11. Peackoks are dancing on the mountain.
भमय य न म त mayuuraaH girishu nRRityanti
12. Young boys are त ण न म तय त swiming in the river. taruNaaH nadyaa.n taranti फ र ड ण ड त 13. Girls are playing baalikaaH kriiDaaN^gaNe in the play ground. kriDanti 14. I will go in the evening.
म र भ aha.n saaya.nkaale gachchhaami
Expressing the time of action.
15. Holiday is on Sunday.
यभ बन य ब त viraamaH bhaanuvaasare bhavati
16. When sun rises, lotus blooms.
म दत ऩ त suurye udite padma.n vikasati
17. When moon rises, lillies bloom.
दत भद न त chandre udite kumudaani vikasanti
18. Among animals human beings are the best.
णन / ण नय ठ praaNinaa.n / praaNiShu naraaH shreShThaaH
19. Do good as if death is holding by hair.
त ए भ मन धभभ यत gRRihita eva kesheShu mRRityunaa dharmamaacharet Expressing part of body held separately. भ य ध ऩ मत sakhaa maa.n kare dhRRitvaa upaveshayat
20. Friend made me sit by holding my hands. 21. Father loves son.
ऩत ऩ न मत pitaa putre snihyati
22. You trust me.
भम tva.n mayi vishvasihi
23. Respect father.
ऩत य ब त
Expressing the action of one resulting in the action of another.
Comparision in group.
Expressing trust, fondness, love, anger, worship etc., in someone.
pitari bhakti.n kuru Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something on which someone or something sits or stands will be in locative case.
In sentence 9 if we ask the question "where is he seating?" or "on what is he seating?", the answer that comes is on the seat. So, the word "seat" or द (aasand) is in locative case as it is expressing the thing on which someone
is
seating.
Sentence
10
to
13
also
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the time of action in response to the question on verb as "when" will be in locative case.
In sentence 14 answer to the question "when shall I go?" is "in the evening" or "evening". So, the word "evening" or म र (saaya.nkaala) is in locative case.
Sentence
15
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When the action of one results in action of another, the thing whose action occurs first will be in locative case.
In sentence 16 - lotus blooms when sun rises. In other words the action of sun's rising results in the action of the lotus blooming. So, the word "sun" or म (suurya) is in locative case. Sentence 17 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the word expressing the group will be in locative case or in genitive case.
In sentence 18 the word "animal" or
ण (praaNi) is in locative case (or
alternatively genitive case), as it represents the group in which human beings are the best.
Grammatical expressing
Rule: If the
a part part
of body will
is held separately then be in locative
the word case.
In sentence 20 - my friend is holding my hand (separately) to make me seat. So, the word "hand" or य (kara) is in locative case as this is the part
of body which is being held separately. Sentence 19 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If verbs meaning trust, fondness, love, anger, worship etc., are used, the person in whom such trust or fondness is shown will be in locative case.
In sentence 21 the verb
न म त (snihyati) is used to express father's love in
his son. So, the word "son" or ऩ (putra) is in locative case. Sentence 22 and 23
also
follow
Locative Case ( Word द Boy फ र / baala
Gender र M - ऩ
तभ
Singular ए न
this
rule.
ब त / saptamii vibhakti) Dual न
Plural फ न
Similar Words
फर baale
फ रम baalayoH
फर baaleShu
-
Creeper रत / lataa
F -
रत म भ lataayaam
रतम latayoH
रत lataasu
-
River नद / nadii
F -
न मभ nadyaam
न म nadyoH
नद nadiiShu
-
पर phale
परम phalayoH
पर phaleShu
-
Fruit परभ / phalam
N - नऩ
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Vocative Case /
(sambodhana vibhakti):
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Vocative Case or
फ धन
ब त
(sambodhana vibhakti) of noun-form represents the word used to address or call someone or something. Study the following sentences. These are in vocative case.
O! Boy O! Creeper O! God
फर he baala
Here boy (फ र / baala),
रत he late
God (द
द he deva
ब त (sambodhana vibhakti)
creeper (रत / lataa) and / deva) are in फ धन
vocative case or
All the above sentences address or call someone. So, the person or thing being addressed is in vocative case. Note: I ( case.
भ
/ asmad) and You (म भ
Vocative Case ( Word द
Gender र
Boy फ र / baala
फ धन
/ yusmad) words do not have any vocative
ब त / sambodhana vibhakti)
Singular ए न
M - ऩ
Dual न
Plural फ न
Similar Words
फर baala
फर baalau
फर baalaaH
-
Creeper रत / lataa
F -
रत late
रत late
रत lataaH
-
River नद / nadii
F -
नद nadii
न म nadyau
न म nadyaH
-
N - नऩ
परभ phalam
पर phale
पर न phalaani
-
Fruit परभ / phalam
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Verb Forms (
/ kRRidantapada):
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In chapter 3 we studied त तऩद (tiN^atapada).
We learnt that by adding तऩ (tip) suffix to the verb root we get ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa) known as त तऩद or tiN^atapada. The verb forms representing
the tenses and moods of verbs are त तऩद or tiN^atapada. In this chapter we will study
द तऩद (kRRidantapada) meaning words ending with
(kRRit)
त
suffix.
In the following chapters we will study the following verb forms or ध त ऩ (dhaaturupa).
तभन
मम (tumun pratyaya) मम (ktvaach pratyaya)
मऩ
मम (lyap pratyaya)
म
मम (lyuT pratyaya)
त त
त
न मय
त मत
मत
त
मम (ktavatu pratyaya) मम (kta pratyaya) मम (aniiyar pratyaya) मम (tavyat pratyaya) मम (yat pratyaya) मम (shatRRi pratyaya)
न
मम (shaanach pratyaya)
तन
मम (ktin pratyaya) मम (ghJNj pratyaya)
र
मम (khal pratyaya)
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
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/ tumun pratyaya (Sense Of Wish):
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In this chapter we will study the तभन
मम
(tumun pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to express - the sense of wish or the intention to do something. In this the verb root gets तभन (tumun) suffix. Study the following sentences. These are using तभन
मम (tumun pratyaya).
रब English
त Sanskrit फर
ऩ ठतभ
म रम
1. The boy goes to school to read.
त baalakaH paThitum vidyaalaya.n gachchhati
2. Father wants to go to village.
ऩत भ तभ त pitaa graama.n gantum ichchhati
3. The girl went to school to study.
फ र ऩ ठत
म रमभ
त baalaa paThitu.n vidyaalam agachchhat
4. Mother wants to cook.
भ त तभ त maataa paktum ichchhati
5. He goes to city to work.
म त न य त saH kaarya.n kartu.n nagara.n gachchhati
Verb + tumun ध त + तभन dhaatu + tumun
Comments
ऩ
+ तभन paTh + tumun
भ + तभन gam + tumun ऩ
+ तभन paTh + tumun
ऩ
+ तभन pach + tumun + तभन kRRi + tumun ऩ
6. The teacher wants to teach.
ऩ ठ मतभ त shikshakaH paaThayitum ichchhati
ऩ
+ तभन paaTh + tumun
= ऩ
+
ण (paaTh = paTh + Nij). It means "to make others read". ण मम (Nij pratyaya) will be covered in later chapters. It expresses the action being
initiated by someone. द ध ऩत 7. I went to hotel to drink milk.
8. You go to market to buy the book.
ऩ
यभ दयभ
त aha.n dugdha.n paatu.n upaahaaramandiram agachchhata ऩ त भ
तभ
ऩ + तभन paa tumun
ऩण
+ तभन krii + tumun
tva.n pustaka.n kretum vipaNi.n gachchha
9. Both the boys want to play.
फर डतभ त baalakau kriiDitum ichchhataH
10. Both the girls want to dance.
फ र न ततभ त baalike nartum ichchhataH
11. Both of us went to school to ask questions.
-
न
टभ
+ तभन kriiD + tumun नत + तभन nRRit + tumun
म रमभ
ऩ
+
aavaa.n prashna.n praShTum agachchhaava
तभन pRRichchh + tumun
12. Both of you want to go to school.
म म रम तभ थ yuvaa.n vidyaalaya.n gantum ichchhathaH
भ + तभन gam + tumun
13. The girls want to sing.
फर तभ त baalaaH gaatum ichchhanti
14. Farmers went to plaugh.
फर टभ भ kRRiShibalaaH karShTum agachchham
15. Worshippers will come to pray tomorrow. 16. Workers will
ब त
ऩ
मत
भ म त bhaktaaH puujayitu.n shvaH aagamiShyanti भ
य
म
तभ
+ तभन gaay + tumun + तभन kraSh tumun ऩ
+ तभन puuj + tumun + तभन
come to work tomorrow.
भ म त karmakaaraaH kaarya.n kartum shvaH aagamiShyanti
17. It is time to read.
म ऩ ठत भम । aya.n paThitu.n samayaH
18. It is time to eat.
म ब त र । iya.n bhoktu.n velaa
kRRi + tumun
ऩ
+ तभन puuj + tumun
ब
+ तभन kRRi + tumun
Use of words भम (samayaH) and र (velaa) to express the time when the actions "read" and "eat" are due to take place.
In setences 1 to 16, the verbs "read", "go", "study", "cook", "teach", "work", "drink", "buy", "play", "dance", "ask", "sing", "plaugh" and "pray" are suffixed with त भन मम (tumun pratyaya). The setences have multiple verbs besides the तभन suffixed ones. These verbs "went", "go", "want" and "come" are in their respective tenses and not in तभन मम (tumun pratyaya). Grammatical Rule: The verb expressing the wish or intention to do something will be suffixed with तभन मम (tumun pratyaya). Grammatical Rule: The verb with तभन (tumun) suffix is independent of number and gender of the subject (noun) and is used as indeclinable.
In the above sentences the तभन (tumun) suffixed verbs are independent of the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of the subjects. Grammatical Rule: If words expressing the time when certain action is due, are used in the sentence, then the verb representing such action will have तभन मम (tumun pratyaya) suffix.
In the sentences 17 and 18 the words
भम (samayaH) and
र (velaa) are
used to express the due time of reading and eating. So, the verbs "read" and "eat" are using तभन मम (tumun pratyaya).
Followings are the तभन
मम (tumun pratyaya) form of few commonly used
verbs. Commonly Used Verb
Verb tumun
dhaatu
speak थ kath sing
(tumun pratyaya) Forms
थ मत kathayitu.n त gaatu.n
gai kill न han cry
त hantu.n दत kranditu.n
krand know
त dnyaatu.n
dnyaa take न nii
नत netu.n
dhaatu
bow नभ nam give द daa accept grah measure भ maa worship ऩ puuj travel भ bhram
Verb tumun
dhaatu
न त nantu.n
abandon म tyaj listen
दत daatu.n
shru sleep
त grahiitu.n
shii go भ gam wear
भत maatu.n ऩ मत puujayitu.n
dhaatu stay थ sthaa
भत bhramitu.n
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tumun
म त tyaktu.n त shrotu.n मतभ shayitum त gantu.n तभ ktvaach थ तभ sthaatum
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In this chapter we will study the मम (ktvaach pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to
/ ktvaach pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):
express - an action which preceeds another action. In this the verb root gets the (ktvaach) suffix. Study the following sentences. These are using pratyaya).
मम (ktvaach
रब English
त Sanskrit फर
1. The boy wants to read after playing.
ड
ऩ ठतभ
त । baalaH kriiDitvaa paThitum ichchhati ऩत
2. Father went । to office after pitaa eating. khaaditvaa kaaryaalayam agachchhat भ
ड
=
+
kriiDitvaa = kriiD + ktvaach
य
त
द
=
+
khaaditvaa = khaad + ktvaach
म
त । karmakaaraH kaarya.n kRRitvaa shete भत
Comments
द
म रमभ
3. The worker sleeps after working.
Verb + ktvaach Suffix धत + (dhaatu + ktvaach)
न
ऩ तभ
4. Mother wants त । to cook after maataa snaatvaa taking bath. paktum ichchhati
= + kRRitvaa = kRRi ktvaach
न
=
न +
snaatvaa = snaa + ktvaach ऩ
ऩठम न ऩ न । 5. The teacher asked question shikahskaH after teaching. paaThayitvaa prashna.n apRRichchhan
ऩठम
= ऩ
+
paaThayitvaa = paaTh + ktvaachn
= ऩ
+
ण (paaTh = paTh + Nij). It means "to make others read". ण मम (Nij pratyaya) will be covered in
later chapters. It expresses the action being initiated by someone. मत त = + त (shaayitavati = shi + kta). त (kta) is an alternative ऩठ = ऩ + of past tense (र र य / paThitvaa = paTh + laN^lakaara), using which ktvaach past tense can be expressed easily. This will be covered in later chapters.
फर ऩठ 6. The girl slept after reading.
मत त । baalaa paThitvaa shaayitavati
द 7. I drink water after eating.
ऩ
भ
। aha.n khaaditvaa pivaami ऩ त
=
+
khaaditvaa = khaad + ktvaach
ऩठ
8. You give answer after reading the book.
तय द । tva.n pustaka.n paThitvaa uttara.n dehi
9. Both the girls dance after singing.
फर न मत । baale giitvaa nRRityataH
10. Both the फर boys play after
द
डत
ऩठ
= ऩ
+
paThitvaa = paTh + ktvaach = + giitvaa = gai + ktvaach =
भ +
-
going home.
। baalau gRRiha.n gatvaa kriiDataH भ ऩ
र
11. Both of us ऩठत । read the letter aavaam patra.n after writing. likhitvaa apaThat
gatvaa = gam + ktvaach
र
= र
+
likhitvaa = likh + ktvaach
म भ ऩ त 12. Both of you write the essay after referring the book.
य न र तभ । yuvaam pustaka.n dRRiShTvaa rachanaa.n likhatam
= + dRRiShTvaa = dRRish + ktvaach
बभ 13. Farmers water the land after plaughing.
फ र 14. The girls want to sing after worshiping.
=
र त । kRRiShakaaH bhuumi.n kRRiShTvaa siJNcjanti ऩ
kRRiShTvaa = kRRiSh + ktvaach
म
ऩ
तभ त । baalikaaH puujayitvaa gaatum ichchhanti भ
य
म
= ऩ
+
puujayitvaa = puuj + ktvaach
म
तन न म त । 15. Workers karmakaaraaH will take wages kaarya.n after working. kRRitvaa vetana.n neShyanti 16. Worshippers ब त न come to pray ऩ मतभ after taking
+
= + kRRitvaa = kRRi + ktvaach
न त
=
न +
bath.
17. The boy went to school without reading.
। bhaktaaH snaatvaa puujayitum aagachchhanti
snaatvaa = snaa + ktvaach
फर
Use of न to express ऩठ = न + ऩ + negative of an action. apaThitvaa = na + The न (na) paTh + ktvaach is replaced with (a).
ऩठ
म रमभ
त
। baalakaH apaThitvaa vidyaalayam agachchhat भ
य
म
भ त । 18. The worker karmakaaraH went without kaarya.n doing the work. akRRitvaa gRRiham agachchhat र य 19. The jackal fall in the water tank after entering the washerman's house.
20. You give the book after bringing from home.
म
= न +
+
akRRitvaa = na + kRRi + ktvaach
म रब ड
ऩतत । shRRigaalaH rajakasya gRRihe pravishya jalabhaaNDe apatat त ऩ त नम द । tva.n gRRihaat pustaka.n aaniiya dehi
म =
+
+
मऩ pravishya = pra + vish + lyap
नम =
Verbs prefixed with preposition ( ऩ / upasarga).
+ न +
मऩ aaniiya = aa + nii + lyap
In setences 1 to 16 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs "play", "eat", "teach", "read", "work", "bath", "sing", "go", "write", "refer", "plaugh" and "worship" represent the action preceeding another action. So, these are suffixed with मम (ktvaach pratyaya).
In setences 3 and 14 the verbs "read", "sing" express the intent to do something. So, these are in तभन (tumun) form. In all other setences the verb representing the proceeding action are in their respective tenses or moods. Grammatical Rule: If a setence has two verbs then the verb expressing the earlier action will be suffixed with मम (ktvaach pratyaya). Grammatical Rule: The number and gender
verb with (ktvaach) suffix is of the subject and is used as
In the above sentences the of the subjects. the subjects.
They
(ktvaach) suffixed verbs are independent
are not following
replaced
the
number
and
(naJnj) to express negative of an action then the न with
(a)
gender
of
मम (ktvaach pratyaya) is preceeded
Grammatical Rule: If the verb with with न
independent of indeclinable.
and
is
prefixed
(naJnj) can be
to
the
verb.
In the sentences 17 and 18 the verbs "read" and "do" are used with the न (न
/ naJNj) to express the action not being done. So,
prefixed
to
the
the
(tvaach)
form
of
(a) has been these
Grammatical Rule: If the verb is preixed with preposition ( ऩ then the verb will follow (ktvaach).
मऩ
verbs.
/ upasarga)
मम (lyap pratyaya) instead of the
In the sentences 19 and 20 the verbs "bring" and "enter" have the prepositions ( ऩ / upasarga) (aa) and (pra) prefixed. So, instead of (ktvaach) the मऩ
मम (lyap pratyaya) has been used. मम (tvaach pratyaya) form of few commonly used
Followings are the verbs.
Commonly Used Verb dhaatu
(ktvaach pratyaya) Forms Verb
ktvaach
dhaatu
Verb ktvaach
dhaatu
ktvaach
laugh
serve hasitvaa
has salute नभ nam free भ much remember भ smRRi steal य chur
य rakshitvaa
protect य sevitvaa raksh worship ब ऩ bhakshitvaa puuj beg ऩत म pativtaa yaach compose भ य kshamitvaa rach
sev eat न ब natvaa bhaksh fall भ ऩत muktvaa pat forgive भ भ smRRitvaa ksham go यम भ chaurayitvaa gam
ऩ म puujayitvaa म yaachitvaa य म rachayitvaa
gatvaa
<< Prev
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In this chapter we will study the मम (lyap pratyaya). This verb form is used for the same purpose as / lyap pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):
मऩ
मम (ktvaach pratyaya). In other words this represents the verb form to express - an action which preceeds another action. However, it is used only if the verb is prefixed with any preposition or ऩ (upasarga) like (pra), (niH),
(aa), (vi),
the verb
ऩ (upa), ऩय (paraa),
ध (adhi), नय (nir), root gets
भ (sam), न (ni),
त (ut), ऩ य (pari),
the
मऩ
Study the following sentences. These are using मऩ
रब English 1. The boy slept फर after coming from
त Sanskrit म रम त
ब (abhi), न
न (anu) etc. In this (lyap)
suffix.
मम (lyap pratyaya).
Verb + lyap Suffix ध त + मऩ (dhaatu + lyap) म =
+
भ
Comments
-
school.
म त । baalakaH vidyaalayaat aagamya shete ऩ त भ
2. The teacher धम ऩ ठमत । taught after shikshakaH reading the book. pustakam adhiya apaaThayat फर
ऩ म
डतभ
त । 3. The girl wants baalaa to play after sa.npuujaya worshiping. kriiDitum ichchhati ऩ त भ
ध म
नम
5. You write the ऩ र । letter after tva.n likhaniim bringing the pen. aaniiya patra.n likha फर
भ
म
6. Both the boys डत । play after coming baalau gRRiham home. aagamya kriiDataH फ र
ऩ त भ
ध म =
ध +
+ मऩ adhitya = adhi + i + lyap ऩ म =
भ + ऩ म
+ मऩ sa.npuujya = sam + puuj + lyap
न ऩ ट । 4. I asked the aha.n pustakam question after reading the book. adhitya prashna.n apRRiShTaH र नभ
+ मऩ aagamya = aa + gam + lyap
ध म =
ध +
+ मऩ adhitya = adhi + i + lyap नम =
+ न +
मऩ aaniiya = aa + nii + lyap म =
+
भ
+ मऩ aagamya = aa + gam + lyap
न म = न + 7. Both the girls न म मत । + मऩ sing referring baalike pustakam anukRRitya = anu the book. anukRRitya + kRRI + lyap gaayataH
द रम 8. Both of us worshipped after entering the temple.
म
ऩ त न । aavaa.n devaalaya.n pravishya puujitavaan म
म =
+
+
मऩ pravishya = pra + vish + lyap
ऩ त भ
धम
फर ऩ ऩ ण
म
ध म = ध + 9. Both of you ध र तभ । write the essay + मऩ yuvaa.n pustakam after reading the adhiya adhitya = adhi + book. pravandha.n i + lyap likhatam 10. The girls stitched the garland after collecting flowers.
म =
भरभ त न । baalaa puShpaaNi.n sa.ngRRihya maalaam sitavaan भ
ऩ
+ मऩ sa.ngRRihya = sam + grah + lyap
म
11. Students द । spoak after going chchhaatraaH near the teacher. durum upagamya avadaH
भ +
ऩ
म =
ऩ +
भ
+ मऩ upagamya = upa + gam + lyap
In setences 1 to 11 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs "come", "read", "refer", "enter", "collect", and "go near" are suffixed with मऩ मम (lyap pratyaya), as these represent the action preceeding the other action, and are prefixed with prepositions ( ऩ
/ upasarga).
Grammatical Rule: If the verb expressing the action preceeding another action, is prefixed with preposition or ऩ (upasarga) like (pra), (aa),
ऩ (upa), ऩय (paraa),
ध (adhi), with
नय (nir), मऩ
भ (sam), न (ni),
त (ut), ऩ य (pari), मम
ब (abhi), न (niH),
(vi),
न (anu) etc., will be suffixed (lyap
pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb prefixed with preposition ( ऩ / upasarga) can have a different meaning, than the original verb.
In the sentences 1, 5, 7 and 11 the prefixed verbs have a different meaning
than
the
original
verbs.
Grammatical Rule: The verb with मऩ (lyap) suffix is independent of number and gender of the subject (noun) and is used as indeclinable.
मऩ (lyap) suffixed verbs are independent of
In the above sentences the
the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of the subjects. Followings are the
मऩ
मम (lyap pratyaya) form of few commonly used
verbs. Commonly Used Verb dhaatu
get ऩ aap save chi bring न nii go भ gam
(lyap pratyaya) Forms
Verb lyap
Verb lyap
dhaatu
म praapya
थम prasthaaya
go थ sthaa read
म saJNchitya नम aaniiya
defeat ji enter
ध म adhitya
i collect, accept
lyap
dhaatu
म sa.ngRRihya
grah
vish salute नभ nam
ऩय म paraajitya म pravishya ण म praNamya
ऩ म upagamya
<< Prev
/ lyuT pratyaya (Verb As Object):
/
karma)
In this chapter we will study the
म
मम
मम (pratyaya) the verb can be expressed as
(lyuT pratyaya). Using this an object ( भ
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in
the
sentence.
This
helps
substituting
complex verb forms with simpler alternatives. The verb "do" (
/ kRRi) is
used
sentence.
to
express
the
action
in
the
In other words - the subject, object and verb of a sentence undergoes the following transformation, when म (lyuT) is applied to the verb. Sentence Elements
Normal Form
Form With म (lyuT)
Subject त
Nominative Case थभ त
Nominative Case थभ त
kartaa
prathamaavibhakti
prathamaavibhakti
Object भ
Accusative Case तम ब त
Genitive Case ठ ब त
karma
dvitiiyaavibhakti
ShaShThiivibhakti
Verb म
तऩ तऩद
Applied
म
tipN^tapada
kriyaa
lyuT pratya
Study the following sentences. These are using म रब English
त Sanskrit फर
1. The boy will go.
2. She will sleep.
भनभ
य मत । baalakaH gamanam kariShyati मनभ
य मत
। saa shayanam kariShyati
त ध नभ य मत 3. Both । of them will run. tau dhaavanam kariShyataH 4. They
त त डर म द नभ
मम
Verb + lyuT Suffix धत + म (dhaatu + lyuT)
मम (lyuT pratyaya).
Comments
If the sentences were not in म मम म (lyuT pratyaya) form gamanam = gam the verb forms would + lyuT have been भ मत भनभ =
भ +
मनभ =
+
म shayanam = shii + lyuT ध नभ = ध
+
म dhaavanam = dhaav + lyuT द नभ = द +
म
(gamiShyati),
मत
(shayaate) ध
मत
(dhaaviShyataH), द म त (daasyanti), ऩ ठ म भ (paThiShyaami), (smatiShyaamaH),
भय मभ भ म
(gamiShyasi), ऩ ठ मथ (paThiShyathaH) and (drakshatha).
थ
will donate rice.
य म त । te taNDulasya daanam kariShyanti ऩ त
म
य म भ । 5. I will ऩठनभ read the aha.n pustakasya book. paThanam kariShyaami 6. Both of us will listen.
णभ य म । aavaa.n shravaNam kariShyaavaH म
7. We will remember the subject.
9. Both of you will read.
भयणभ
य मभ
। vaya.n viShayasya smaraNam kariShyaamaH
10. All of you will see the temple.
भनभ य म । tva.n kaaryaalayasya gamanam kariShyasi म
ऩठनभ = ऩ
+
म paThanam = paTh + lyuT णभ =
+
म shravaNam = shru + lyuT
म म
म रम म 8. You will go to office.
daanam = daa + lyuT
ऩठनभ
य मथ । yuvaa.n paThanam kariShyathaH मम द रम म द नभ य मथ । yuya.n devaalayasya
भयणभ =
भ +
म smaraNaani = smRRi + lyuT
भनभ = +
भ +
म gamanam = gam + lyuT ऩठनभ = ऩ
+
म paThanam = paTh + lyuT द नभ =
+
म darshanam = dRRish + lyuT
darshanam kariShyatha 11. You त थन न should तभ । not speak tava kathana.n like na uchitam this. 12. Roaming in the evening is good.
म
भण
त यभ
। saaya.n bhramaNa.n hitakaram
थन =
थ +
भण =
भ +
-
म kathana.n = kath + lyuT
म bhramaNa.n = bhram + lyuT
In setences 1 to 12 the verbs "go", "sleep", "run", "donate", "read", "listen", "remember", "see", "speak" and "roam" have been substituted with their म (lyuT) form, converting them into object or represent the action or धत
(kRRi
भ (karma) of the setence. To
म (kriyaa) the appropriate verb form of "do" or dhaatu)
has
been
used.
Grammatical Rule: The verb form is used as the object or भ (karma) in the setence, and has the same form as the accusative case singular of word "fruit" (पर द तम ब त ए न / phalashabda dvitiiyaavibhakti ekavachana). Grammatical Rule: If the sentence has case is replaced with the genitive case.
a
भ (object) then the accusative
In setences 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10 the words "rice", "book", "subject", "office" and "temple" are the objects. Since, the म (lyuT) form of the verbs are used in the setences, the objects are in genitive case form instade of accusative case form. म
Grammatical Rule: The
मम (lyuT pratyaya) can also be used as subject.
In setences 11 and 12 the म (lyuT) form of the words "speak" and "roam" are used as subjects. Followings are the verbs.
म
मम (lyuT pratyaya) form of few commonly used
Commonly Used Verb
(lyuT pratyaya) Forms
Verb
dhaatu
read ऩ paTh sleep shii run ध dhaav take न nii go भ gam remember भ smRRi
lyuT
ध नभ dhaavanam नमनभ nayanam भनभ gamanam भयणभ smaraNam
lyuT
dhaatu
ऩठनभ paThanam मनभ shayanam
Verb
यणभ karaNam
do kRRi roam भ bhram listen shru give द daa speak vach be ब bhuu
भणभ bhramaNam णभ shravaNam द नभ daanam नभ vachanam ब नभ bhavanam
ऩ नभ paanam
drink ऩ paa speak ब bhaaSh see
ब णभ bhaaShaNam द नभ darshanam
dRRish accept
णभ grahaNam
grah serve
नभ sevanam
sev come + भ aa + gam << Prev
/ ktavatu pratyaya (Past Tense):
lyuT
dhaatu
भनभ aagamanam
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In this chapter we will study the
त त
मम
(ktavatu pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in active voice ( त म / kartRRivaachya) sentences to express past tense. This is a simpler
alternative
to
र र
य
(laTlakaara)
Study the following sentences. These are using
त त
verb-form. मम (ktavatu
pratyaya). रब English
त Sanskrit
Verb + ktavatu Suffix (gender, number)
Comments
धत +
त त (र
,
न) dhaatu + ktavatu (liN^ga, vachana) त न = भ + त त The sentences द रम त न । are in active 1. I went to aha.n (ऩ, ए ) voice with temple. devaalaya.n gatavaan = gam + त त (ktavatu) gatavaan ktavatu (pu.n, eka) suffixed words expressing past म रम त न त न = भ + त त tense. The 2. You went । verb-forms are (ऩ, ए ) tva.n to school. same gatavaan = gam + vidyaalaya.n ktavatu (pu.n, eka) irrespective of gatavaan the person (ऩ / puruSha). म रम त न त न = भ + त त । 3. He went (ऩ, ए ) saH to office. gatavaan = gam + kaaryaalaya.n ktavatu (pu.n, eka) gatavaan 4. The boy went home.
5. Both of us went.
फर baalakaH gRRiha.n gatavaan
त न ।
त त । aavaa.n gatavantau
6. Both of you went.
म त त । yuvaa.n gatavantau
7. Both of them went.
त त त । tau gatavantau
त न =
भ +
त त
(ऩ, ए ) gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka) त
त =
भ +
त त
(ऩ, ) gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii) त
त =
भ +
त त
(ऩ, ) gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii) त
त =
भ +
त त
(ऩ, ) gatavantau = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, dvii) त
म त त । 8. All of us vaya.n went. gatavantaH
9. All of you went.
त
मम त त । yuuya.n gatavantaH
द रम
12. Both the त म । girls went baalike to school. vidyaalaya.n gatavatyau 13. All the girls went home.
14. The boy went to market.
त
। baalikaaH gRRiha.n gatavatyaH फर
ऩण
त न । baalakaH vipaNi.n
भ +
त त
त =
भ +
त त
त त =
भ +
त त
त
भ +
त त
The subject in each sentence ( , ए ) is in feminine gatavatii = gam + gender ( र ktavatu (strii, / striiliN^ga). eka) The verb-form त म = भ + त त has taken the form of the ( , ) word "river" gatavatyau = gam + (नद / nadii). ktavatu (strii, dvii)
म रम
फ र
त =
(ऩ, फ ) gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahu)
11. The girl त त । went to baalikaa temple. devaalaya.n gatavatii फ र
त त
(ऩ, फ ) gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu)
त त त । te gatavantaH
फ र
भ +
(ऩ, फ ) gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu)
त 10. All of them went.
त =
म
म =
( , फ ) gatavatyaH = gam + ktavatu (strii, bahu) त न =
भ +
त त
(ऩ, ए ) gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
The subject in each sentence is in masculine gender (ऩ र /
gatavaan फर
puliN^ga). The verb-form has त त = भ + त त taken the form of the word (ऩ, ) gatavantau = gam + "you" (ब त / ktavatu (pu.n, bhavat). dvii)
म रम
15. Both the त त । boys went to baalakau school. vidyaalaya.n gatavantau फर 16. All the boys went home.
17. The vehicle went.
त
त
। baalakaaH gRRiha.n gatavantaH
त =
म नभ त त । yaanam gatavat
मन न त त । yaanaani gatavanti
त त =
त त
भ +
त त
The subject in each sentence (न, ए ) is in neuter gatavat = gam + gender (नऩ र ktavatu (na, eka) / त त = भ + त त napu.nliN^ga). The verb-form (न, ) has taken the gatavatii = gam + form of the ktavatu (na, dvii) word "sir" त त = भ + त त ( भत / shriimat). (न, फ ) gatavanti = gam + ktavatu (na, bahu)
Grammatical Rule: In active voice ( त sentences the verb with
भ +
(ऩ, फ ) gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu)
18. Both the मन त त । vehicles yaane gatavatii went.
19. All the vehicles went.
त
म / kartRRivaachya)
त त (ktavatu) suffix is used to express
action in past tense; and it follows the number ( and gender ( र
न / vachana)
/ liN^ga) of the subject ( त / kartaa).
Grammatical Rule: The
त त (ktavatu) suffixed word does not
follow the person (ऩ
/ puruSha) of the subject, and has the
same verb-form for first person (
तभऩ
/ uttamapuruSha), second
person (भ मभऩ / madhyamapuruSha) and third person ( थभऩ prathamapuruSha). The sentences 1, 2, 3 and 4 have "I" (
भ / asmad), "you" (म भ /
/
yuShmad), "he" (त / tad) and "boy" (फ र / baala) as subjects in singular (ए all is
न / ekavachana) form. The verb-form used for
त न (gatavaan). Similarly, sentences 5 to 7 subjects ( त / kartaa)
are in dual (
न / dviivachana) form with
त
म (gatavantyau) as the
त त (ktavatu) verb-form. The sentences 8 to 10 subjects ( त / kartaa) are in plural (फ
न / bahuvachana) form with
त
(ktavatu) verb-form. In all the sentences the not affected by the persons or ऩ
त (gatavantaH) as the त त त त (ktavatu) verb-form is
(puruSha) of the subject ( त / kartaa).
This makes त त (ktavatu) suffix a simpler alternative to र र (laTlakaara) where each person or ऩ
य
(puruSha) follows a different verb-
form.
Grammatical Rule: The
त त (ktavatu) suffixed word follows the
noun-form of "you" (ब त / bhavat), "river" (नद / nadii) and "sir" ( भत / shriimat) words to express masculine (ऩ र
/
puliN^ga), feminine ( र / striiliN^ga) and neuter (नऩ र napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
/
The sentences 1 to 19 are expressing action in past tense. In sentences 1 to 10 and 14 to 16 the subjects are in masculine gender (ऩ र / puliN^ga) and the corresponding त त (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form of word "you" (ब त / bhavat). The subjects in sentences 11 to 13 are in feminine gender (
र
/ striiliN^ga), and the respective त त (ktavatu)
suffixed words are following the form of word "river" (नद / nadii). Similarly, in the sentences 17 to 19 the subjects are in neuter gender (नऩ र
/
napu.nliN^ga), and the त त (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form of word "sir" ( भत / shriimat).
Followings are the
त त
used verbs.
the nominative
Only
मम (ktavatu pratyaya) form of few commonly case singular ( थभ
ब त
ए
न
/
prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun-form of "you" (ब त / bhavat), "river" (नद / nadii) and "sir" ( भत / shriimat) words, for each gender. Commonly Used Verb dhaatu
eat khaad
(ktavatu pratyaya) Forms
Verb ktavatu
दत न, दत त , दत त khaaditavaan, khaaditavatii , khaaditavat
take न त न, न त त , न नत त nii niitavaan, niitavatii, niitavat
dhaatu
go भ gam
fall ऩत pat
Verb ktavatu
त न,
त त,
त त gatavaan, gatavatii, gatavat ऩ तत न, ऩ तत त , ऩ तत त patitavaan, patitavatii, patitavat
ट त , accep त न, t द त त त त, त त dRRis dRRiShTavaan, gRRihiitavaan, h grah dRRiShTavatii gRRihiitavatii , dRRiShTavat , gRRihiitavat see
know dnyaa
fear ब bhii
ट न,
त न, त त, त त dnyaatavaan, dnyaatavatii, dnyaatavat ब त न, बत त, बत त bhiitavaan,
do kRRi
-
त न,
त त,
त त kRRitavaan, kRRitavatii, kRRitavat -
ktavatu
dhaatu
sing gai
worship ऩ puuj
tell थ kath
ask
त न,
त त,
त त giitavaan, giitavatii, giitavat ऩ
त न,
ऩ
त त,
ऩ त त puujitavaan, puujitavatii, puujitavat थत न, थत त , थत त kathitavaan, kathitavatii, kathitavat ऩ ट न, ऩ ट त ,
ऩ ट त prachch pRRiShTavaan, h pRRiShTavatii , pRRiShTavat -
bhiitavatii, bhiitavat << Prev
/ kta pratyaya (Past Tense):
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In this chapter we will study the
त
मम (kta
pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in passive voice and impersonal voice sentences to expresspast tense. This is a simpler alternative to र र य (laTlakaara) verb-form. Study the following sentences. These are using त
रब English
1. The school was gone by Rama 2. The answers were written by the students.
त Sanskrit
य भण
म रम
त । raameNa vidyaalayaH gataH तय ण र त न । chchhaatraiH uttaraaNi likhitaani न फर ऩ ट
3. The girl । was asked shikshakena by the baalaa teacher. pRRiShTaa
Verb + kta Suffix (gender, number) धत + त
मम (kta pratyaya).
Comments
(र , न) dhaatu + kta (liN^ga, vachana) त =
भ +
त Sentences are in passive voice( भ
म (ऩ, ए ) gataH = gam + / karmavaachya). The त kta (pu.n, suffixed words are eka) following the number ( न / vachana) and र त न = र gender ( र / liN^ga) + त (न, फ ) likhitaani = of the objects ( भ / karma). likh + kta (na, bahu) ऩ ट = ऩ
+
त ( , ए ) pRRiShTaa = pRRichchh + kta (strii, eka)
4. The fruit was eaten by him.
5. The two books were read by you.
तन परभ
दतभ
। tena phalam khaaditam म ऩ त
ऩ ठत
। tvayaa pustake paThite
म मभ ऩ म भ 6. The book was read by ऩ ठतभ । yuvaabhyaam both of pustakam you. paThitam म भ ब पर न 7. The दत न । fruits were yusmaabhiH eaten by all of you. phalaani khaaditaani
11. Gone by य भण
तभ ।
त (न, ए ) khaaditam = khaad + kta (na, eka) ऩ ठत = ऩ
+
त (न, ) paThite = paTh + kta (na, dvii) ऩ ठतभ = ऩ
+
त (न, ए ) paThitam = paTh + kta (na, eka) + त (न, फ ) khaaditaani = khaad + kta (na, bahu)
मभ ड 9. The game डत । was played by both of aavaabhyaam kriiDaa us. kriDitaa 10. The ऩ ठत न । books were asmaabhiH read by us. pustakaani paThitaani
+
दत न =
8. The भम भ त । village was mayaa graamaH gone by me. gataH
भ ब ऩ त
दतभ =
त =
भ +
त
(ऩ, ए ) gataH = gam + kta (pu.n, eka) डत =
+
त ( , ए ) kriDitaa = kriD + kta (strii, eka) न
ऩ ठत न = ऩ
+
त (न, फ ) paThitaani = paTh + kta (na, bahu) तभ =
भ +
Sentences are
Rama.
raameNa gatam
फर ब तभ । 12. Laughed baalaabhiH by girls. hasitam
म र तभ । 13. Written tvayaa by you. likhitam
त (न, ए ) in impersonal voice or म / gatam = gam + (ब kta (na, eka) bhaavavaachya). The त तभ = + (kta) suffixed words are innominative त (न, ए ) case singular( थभ ब त hasitam = has ए न / + kta (na, prathamaavibhakti eka) ekavachana) of the र तभ = र neuter word "fruit" पर + त (न, ए ) (phala). likhitam = likh + kta (na, eka) तभ =
14. Done by भम तभ । me. mayaa kRRitam
भ ब 15. Played by us.
16. I took money.
डतभ
। asmaabhiH kriiDitam
धन न त । aha.n dhana.n niitaH
17. Both of त भ द त । us gave aavaa.n tasmai him. dattau म ऩ त 18. We read । the book. vaya.n
ऩ ठत
त
+
(न, ए ) kRRitam = kRRi + kta (na, eka) डतभ =
+
त (न, ए ) kriiDitam = kriiD + kta (na, eka) नत = न +
त Senences are in active voice( त म /
(ऩ, ए ) niitaH = nii + kta (pu.n, eka) द त = द +
त
(ऩ, ) dattau = daa + kta (pu.n, dvii) ऩ ठत
= ऩ
+
त (ऩ, फ ) paThitaaH =
kartRRivaachya). The (kta) suffixed words are following the gender ( र /
त
liN^ga), number ( न / vachana) and case ( ब त / vibhakti) of the subject ( त / kartaa).
pustakam paThitaaH 19. You took the book.
paTh + kta (pu.n, bahu)
ऩ त नत । tva.n pustaka.n niitaH
नत = न +
(ऩ, ए ) niitaH = nii + kta (pu.n, eka) ट =
म ट । 20. Both of you saw the yuvaa.n chandra.n moon. dRRiShTau
त
+
(ऩ, ) dRRiShTau = dRRish + kta (pu.n, dvii) ऩत
21. All of you drank water.
त
= ऩ +
त
मम र ऩ त । (ऩ, फ ) yuuya.n jala.n niitaaH = pii piitaaH + kta (pu.n, bahu) त =
त । 22. He went saH gRRIha.n home. gataH त
म रम
न +
त
(ऩ, ए ) gataH = gam + kta (pu.n, eka)
त
त =
23. Both of । them went tau to school. vidyaalaya.n gatau
भ +
त
(ऩ, ) gatau = gam + kta (pu.n, dvii)
24. They ate rice.
त न दत te anna.n khaaditaaH
।
25. Rama stayed in forest.
यभ न थत । raamaH vane sthitaH
दत
=
+
त (ऩ, फ ) khaaditaaH = khaad + kta (pu.n, bahu) थत =
थ +
त (ऩ, फ ) sthitaH = sthaa + kta
(pu.n, bahu) 26. The girl laughed loudly.
27. Both the girls sat on the seat.
28. The girls were watching movie.
फ र
त =
त । baalikaa uchchaiH hasitaa फ र
+
त ( , ए ) hasitaa = has + kta (strii, eka) न
त =
+
त ( , ) त । aaste = aas + baalike aasane kta (strii, aaste dvii) म
र
ट । kannyaaH chalachitra.n dRRiShTaaH
29. The vehicle went.
म न तभ । yaana.n gatam
30. Two fruits fall from the tree.
पर त ऩ तत । phale vRRikshaat patite ऩ त
न
ऩट
मभ
थत न
31. The books were । in the box. pustakaani peTikaayaam sthitaani
द त ऩ त भ । 32. The given book. datta.n pustakam
ट
=
+
त ( , फ ) dRRiShTaaH = dRRish + kta (strii, bahu) तभ =
भ +
त (न, ए ) gatam = gam + kta (na, eka) ऩ तत = ऩत + त (न, ) patitam = patite + kta (na, dvii) थत न =
थ +
त (न, फ ) sthitaani = sthaa + kta (na, bahu) द त = द +
त The त (kta) suffixed words have been used (न, ए ) ण / datta.n = daa as adjective( + kta (na, visheShaNa) while eka) expressing sense
33. The written poem.
34. The bought books.
र त तभ । likhita.n giitam
त न ऩ त kriitaani pustaka
र
त = र
+ of past tense.
त (न, ए ) likhita.n = likh + kta (na, eka) त न =
न ।
+
त (न, फ ) kriitaani = krii + kta (na, bahu) ऩ तत न = ऩत +
35. The fallen leaves.
ऩ तत न ऩ ण । patitaani patraani
त (न, फ ) pat = itrans_verb + kta (na, bahu)
दतभ मभ । 36. The eaten food. khaaditam khaadyam
दतभ =
+
त (न, ए ) khaaditam = khaad + kta (na, eka)
Grammatical Rule: The verb with
त (kta) suffix follows the
noun-form of "boy" (फ र / baala), "creeper" (रत /lataa) and "fruit" (पर / phala) words to expressmasculine (ऩ र
/
puliN^ga), feminine ( र / striiliN^ga) and neuter (नऩ र napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively. In the sentences above all the verbs with त (kta) suffix are following the noun-form of these words to express different genders.
Grammatical Rule: In passive voice ( भ
म / karmavaachya),
the subject ( त / kartaa) will be in instrumental case (तत म
ब त / tRRitiiyaavibhakti), the object( भ / karma)
will be in nominal case ( थभ
ब त / prathamaavibhakti) and
/
the verb with
त (kta) suffix will follow the number (
vachana) and gender ( र
न /
/ liN^ga) of the object ( भ / karma).
The sentences 1 to 10 are in passive voice, and are following this rule.
Grammatical Rule: In impersonal voice or ब the verb with
म (bhaavavaachya),
त (kta) suffix follows the nominative
case singular ( थभ ब त ए of the neuter form.
न / prathamaavibhakti ekavachana)
The sentences 11 to 15 are in impersonal voice, and are following this rule.
Grammatical Rule: In active voice ( त sentence the verb with tense (र र
म / kartRRivaachya)
त (kta) suffix expressing past
य / laN^lakaara), follows the gender( र
liN^ga), number (
/
न / vachana) and case ( ब त / vibhakti) of
the subject ( त / kartaa). The sentences 16 to 31 are in active voice, and the verb form in each follows the noun form of the subject ( त / kartaa).
Grammatical Rule: The
त (kta) suffixed word expressing past
tense can be used as adjective (
ण / visheShaNa).
The sentences 32 to 36 express sense of past tense using त (kta) suffix, and these words are used as adjective (
ण / visheShaNa).
Followings are the verbs.
Only
त
मम (kta pratyaya) form of few commonly used case singular ( थभ
the nominative
ब त
ए
न
/
prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun form of boy (फ र / baala), creeper (रत /lataa) and fruit (पर / phala) words, for each gender. Commonly Used Verb
Verb kta
dhaatu
do kRRI
write र likh
take न nii
see
(kta pratyaya) Forms
त,
dhaatu
त,
तभ kRRitaH, kRRitaa, kRRitam र
त,
र
त,
Verb kta
go भ gam
त,
speak
त,
dhaatu
त,
तभ gataH, gataa, gatam त,
तभ ukta, uktaa, uktam
र तभ likhitaH, likhitaa, likhitam
vad
नत, नत,
drink ऩ paa
ऩ त , ऩत ,
ask
ऩ ट, ऩ ट,
न तभ niitaH, niitaa, niitam
ट, द ट,
ऩ तभ piitaH, piitaa, piitam
द टभ ऩ टभ prachchh dRRiShTaH, pRRiShTaH, dRRIShTaa, pRRiShTaa, dRRiShTam pRRiShTam play stay डत , थत , थ डत , थत , kriiD sthaa डतभ थतभ kriiDitaH, sthitaH,
dRRish
kta
read ऩ paTh
ऩ ठत , ऩ ठत , ऩ ठतभ paThitaH, paThitaa, paThitam
tell थ kath
थत , थत , थतभ kathitaH,kathitaa, kathitam
accept grah
त, त, तभ gRRIhiitaH, gRRIhiitaa, gRRIhiitam
be, बत , बत , बतभ happen bhuutaH, bhuutaa, ब bhuutam bhuu give द daa
द त , द त , द तभ dattaH, dattaa, dattam
kriiDitaa, kriiDitam know dnyaa
त,
त,
तभ dnyaataH, dnyataa, dnyatam
sthitaa, sthitam listen shru
त,
त,
तभ shrutaH, shrutaa, shrutam
kill न han
त , त , तभ hataH, hataa, hatam
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