FM Broadcasting Station Proposal (Name of the Station)
by
Randy J. Alarcon Keith Green F. Cabrera Hanna Mae D. Cambronero Charlz F. Fontamillas Erickson D. Malate Jett-Rett S. Santos Antipas T. Teologo Jr. Aaron M. Tiro Kristine Jean Diane A. Virtudez Jay Lyn A. Yao
Electronics and Communications Engineering TIP, 2007
A Proposal Report Submitted to the Electronics and Communications Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course Subject Broadcasting Engineering and Acoustics
Technological Institute of the Philippines
September, 2007
APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that we have read and examined the paper prepared by RANDY J. ALARCON, KEITH GREEN F. CABRERA, HANNA MAE D. CAMBRONERO, CHARLZ F. FONTAMILLAS, ERICKSON D. MALATE, JETT – RETT S. SANTOS, ANTIPAS T. TEOLOGO Jr, AARON M. TIRO, KRISTINE JD A. VIRTUDEZ, JAY LYN A. YAO entitled “FM Broadcasting Station Proposal” and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment of the practicum requirement for the Course Subject BROADCASTING ENGINEERING AND ACOUSTICS.
Panel Member 1
Panel Member 2
Committee Chair
This paper is hereby approved and accepted as a fulfillment of the requirement for the Course Subject BROADCASTING ENGINEERING AND ACOUSTICS.
Engr. Antipas T. Teologo Jr. Instructor, Broadcasting Engineering and Acoustics
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval sheet
22222222222222222.. 2
Table of contents
22222222222222222.. 3
Abstract
............................................................... 4
Chapter I: Introduction
22222222222222222.. 5
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature A. Broadcast Bands
22222222222222222.. 6
B. Broadcast Bands around the World
22222222.. 7
C. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
22222222.. 7
D. FM Stereo
22222222222222222.. 8
E. Dolby FM
22222222222222222.. 9
F. Adoption of FM broadcasting worldwide 22222222.. 9 G. Microbroadcasting
22222222222222222..11
FM Broadcast Standards
22222222..12
Classes of Stations
22222222..12
FM Broadcast Frequency Allocation 22222222..13 Radio – Frequency Protection Ratio (dB)
……………..14
FM Transmitter Considerations
22222222..14
FM Stereo Broadcasting
22222222..16
Broadcast Transmission Services
22222222..16
Chapter II: Methodology
22222222222222222..17
Chapter IV: Result and Discussion
22222222..19
Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation
22222222..22
Chapter VI: Appendices a. FM KBP Manual
22222222222222222..23
b. FM Studio Layout
22222222222222222..77
c. Block Diagram for FM Radio
22222222..78
d. Glossary
22222222222222222..79
e. References
22222222222222222..82
f. Curriculum vitae
22222222222222222..85
3
22222222222222222..93
g. Pictures
ABSTRACT DZLA (DZ Logos Arithma) is an FM radio station operating at a frequency of 104.5 MHz. The location of it’s transmitter is at Tabuk, Kalinga with polar coordinates of 17˚24’ (Latitude) 121˚42’ (Longitude). Tabuk came from the word "Tobog", a living stream that runs from the upper part of the municipality that flows down to the lower part of the town which waters the wide fields of the residents of the place. Its land area accounts to 741.70 hectares
with
a
total
population
of
76,788
as
of
2005
NSO
census.
It has 42 barangays with only 8 urban barangays. The main source of living is farming due mainly to its wide tract of lands for agricultural production specially on palay. In fact, Tabuk is dubbed as the rice granary or the bread basket of the Cordillera.It has been also a consistent hybrid producer for the past two years. Tabuk is a component city and capital of the province of Kalinga. According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 78,633 people in 13,985 households. Tabuk became the Cordillera’s second city after Baguio and surpassed Bangued, the capital of Abra province on June 23, 2007, when 17,060 voters ratified Republic Act No. 9404, An Act Converting the Municipality of Tabuk into a Component City of the Province of Kalinga to be Known as the City of Tabuk. DZLA transmits a 5kW power with an ERP of 10kW. It has an Antenna Height Above Average Terrain (HAAT) of 200 ft. with an antenna gain of 3.01dB.
4
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION In 1933, FM radio was patented by inventor Edwin H. Armstrong. FM uses frequency modulation of the radio wave to minimize static and interference from electrical equipment and the atmosphere, in the audio program. In 1937, W1XOJ, the first experimental FM radio station, was granted a construction permit by the FCC. The first FM broadcasting stations were in the United States, but initially they were primarily used to broadcast classical music to an upmarket listenership in urban areas and for educational programming. By the late 1960s FM had been adopted by fans of "alternative rock" music, but it wasn't until 1978 (the first year that listenership to FM stations exceeded that of AM stations) that FM became mainstream. During the 1980s and 1990s, Top 40 music stations and later even country music stations largely abandoned AM for FM. Today AM is mainly the preserve of talk radio, religious programming, ethnic (minority language) broadcasting and some types of minority interest music. Ironically, this shift has transformed AM into the "alternative band" that FM once was. After World War II, the FM radio broadcast was introduced in Germany. In 1948, a new wavelength plan was set up for Europe at a meeting in Copenhagen. Because of the recent war, Germany (which did not exist as a state and so was not invited) was only given a small number of medium-wave frequencies, which are not very good for broadcasting. For this reason Germany began broadcasting on UKW ("Ultrakurzwelle", i.e. ultra short wave, nowadays called VHF) which was not covered by the Copenhagen plan. After some amplitude modulation experience with VHF, it was realized that FM radio was a much better alternative for VHF radio than AM. Because of this history FM Radio is still referred to as "UKW Radio" in Germany. Other European nations followed a bit later, when the superior sound quality of FM and the ability to run many more local stations because of the more limited range of VHF broadcasts were realized.
5
The radio frequency spectrum used for FM is from 88 MHz to 108 MHz and is divided into 100 channels. Each channel has a band of frequency 200 kHz wide. The channels for FM broadcast station starts at 88.1 MHz and ends at 107.9 MHz. The FM broadcast station employs frequency modulation. Frequency modulation is a system of modulation where the instantaneous frequency varies in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, and the instantaneous radio frequency is independent of the frequency of the modulating signal. Broadcast stations in the Philippines are divided into classes. Class-A station transmitter power must not exceed 25kW and an ERP not exceeding 125kW and limited in HAAT of 2,000 ft. The minimum transmitter power shall be 10kW. Class-A stations are only allowed in Metro-Manila and Metro-Cebu. Class-B station transmitter power must not exceed 10kW and an ERP not exceeding 30kW with HAAT of 500 ft. The minimum transmitter power shall be 1kW. A Class-C station is a non-commercial, community station having an authorized ERP of 1,000 watts. A Class-D station transmitter power must not exceed 10 watts. Educational stations are under this class.
Chapter II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Broadcast Bands The original FM broadcast band in the United States until 1946 was on 42 to 50 MHz with 0.2 MHz channel spacing. This band was abandoned after World War II and is now allocated to fixed, mobile, and land mobile radio services. The term "FM band" can upset purists, because it conflates a modulation scheme with a range of frequencies. It is effectively shorthand for 'frequency band in which FM is used for broadcasting'. The exact range of frequencies used varies around the world, but always falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. The term "VHF" was previously in common use for "FM" within the EU. ("UKW," which stands for "Ultrakurzwellen" in German, meaning "ultra short wave", is still widely used in Germany.).
6
B. Broadcast Bands around the World Throughout the world, the broadcast band is 87.5 to 108.0 MHz, or some portion thereof. In the U.S. it is 87.8 to 108.0 MHz. Japan is the only exception, using the 76 to 90 MHz band with 0.1 MHz channel spacing. In the former Soviet republics, and some Eastern Bloc nations, an additional older band from 65.9 to 74 MHz is also used. Assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries. The frequency of an FM broadcast station (more strictly its assigned nominal centre frequency) is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of the Americas and the Caribbean, only odd multiples are used. In some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In Italy, "half-channel" multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete standards in some countries, including 0.001, 0.01, 0.03, 0.074, and 0.3 MHz. C. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Random noise has a 'triangular' spectral distribution in an FM system, with the effect that noise occurs predominantly at the highest frequencies within the baseband. This can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, respectively. The amount of preemphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used. In North America, 75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions and to baseband audio (not the subcarriers). The amount of pre-emphasis that can be applied is limited by the fact that many forms of contemporary music contain more high-frequency energy than the musical styles which prevailed at the birth of FM broadcasting. They cannot be pre-
7
emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier. (Systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programmedependent variable pre-emphasis, e.g., dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all.). The problems with pre-emphasis due to the high frequency energy in modern music can be greatly attenuated using psychoacoustics principles, as Oscar Bonello demonstrates in his March 2007 AES paper. A new device, the IM cancelled high frequency clipper, is able to produce heavy audio clipping at high audio frequencies, with low listener fatigue. D. FM Stereo In the early 1960s, several systems to add stereo to FM radio were considered by the FCC, including one submitted by E. H. Armstrong, the inventor of FM, which avoided many of the problems with the Zenith-GE pilot tone multiplex system. The Armstrong system was rejected by the FCC because it did not allow sub-carrier services, and the Zenith system has become the standard method in most countries. It is important that stereo broadcasts should be compatible with mono receivers. For this reason, the left (L) and right (R) channels are matrixed into sum (M) and difference (S) signals, i.e. M = (L+R)/2 and S = (L−R)/2. A mono receiver will use just the M signal. A stereo receiver will matrix the M and S signals to recover L and R: L = M+S and R = M−S. The M signal is transmitted as baseband audio in the range 30 Hz to 15 kHz. The S signal is amplitude-modulated onto a 38 kHz suppressed carrier to produce a double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) signal in the range 23 to 53 kHz. A 19 kHz pilot tone, at exactly half the 38 kHz subcarrier frequency and with a precisely defined phase relationship to it, is also generated. This is transmitted at 810% of overall modulation level and used by the receiver to regenerate the 38 kHz subcarrier with the correct phase. The final multiplex signal from the stereo generator is the sum of the baseband mono audio (M), the pilot tone, and the DSBSC subcarrier. This multiplex, along with any other subcarriers, modulates the FM transmitter.
8
Converting the multiplex signal back to left and right is performed by a stereo decoder, which is built into stereo receivers. In order to preserve stereo separation, it is normal practice to apply preemphasis to the left and right channels before matrixing, and to apply de-emphasis at the receiver after matrixing. Stereo FM signals are far more susceptible to noise and multipath distortion than mono FM signals. This is due to several factors, including the following: •
the addition of the two sidebands of the difference subcarrier to the baseband signal increases the noise bandwidth of the signal by a factor of three (9.5 dB) as compared with a mono signal.
•
as mentioned above, the pre-emphasis is applied to the audio signals before encoding. This results in the pre-emphasis acting in the wrong direction on the lower sideband of the difference subcarrier, i.e. decreasing the level as the frequency rises, which will have a further deleterious effect on the S/N of the difference signal.
For this reason many FM stereo receivers include a stereo/mono switch to allow listening in mono when reception conditions are less than ideal, and most car radios are arranged to reduce the separation as the S/N ratio worsens, eventually going to mono while still indicating a stereo signal is being received. In addition, the reception of vertically and horizontally polarised signals at different phase relationships from the same transmitter site will further corrupt stereo reception and invoke an earlier resolution within the receiver to mono presentation. A short lived quadraphonic version of the Zenith-GE system used an additional subcarrier at 76 kHz. E. Dolby FM A commercially unsuccessful noise reduction system used with FM radio in some countries during the late 1970s, Dolby FM used a modified 25 µs preemphasis time constant and a frequency selective companding arrangement to reduce noise. See: Dolby noise reduction system. F. Adoption of FM broadcasting worldwide
9
Despite having been developed in the 1940s, FM broadcasting took a long time to be adopted by the majority of radio listeners. The first FM broadcasting stations were in the United States, but initially they were primarily used to broadcast classical music to an upmarket listenership in urban areas and for educational programming. By the late 1960s FM had been adopted by fans of "alternative rock" music, but it wasn't until 1978 (the first year that listenership to FM stations exceeded that of AM stations) that FM became mainstream. During the 1980s and 1990s, Top 40 music stations and later even country music stations largely abandoned AM for FM. Today AM is mainly the preserve of talk radio, religious programming, ethnic (minority language) broadcasting and some types of minority interest music. Ironically, this shift has transformed AM into the "alternative band" that FM once was. Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and particularly West Germany were among the first countries to adopt FM on a widespread scale. Among the reasons for this were: 1. The medium wave band in Western Europe is heavily overcrowded, leading to severe interference problems and, as a result, most MW frequencies are suitable only for speech broadcasting. 2. Particularly in Germany after World War II, the best available medium wave frequencies were used by the Allied occupation forces both for broadcasting entertainment to their troops and for broadcasting cold war propaganda across the Iron curtain The regional structure of German broadcasting meant that the few remaining AM frequencies available for civilian domestic broadcasting fell far short of the number required and the broadcasters looked to FM as an alternative Public service broadcasters in Ireland and Australia were far slower at adopting FM radio than those in either North America or continental Europe. However, in Ireland several unlicenced commercial FM stations were on air by the mid-1980s. These generally simulcast on AM and FM. In the United Kingdom, the BBC began FM broadcasting in 1955, with three national networks carrying the Light Programme, Third Programme and Home
10
Service (renamed Radio 2, Radio 3 and Radio 4 respectively in 1967). These three networks used the sub-band 88.0 - 94.6 MHz. The sub-band 94.6 to 97.6 MHz was later used for BBC and local commercial services. Only when commercial broadcasting was introduced to the UK in 1973 did the use of FM pick up in Britain. With the gradual clearance of other users (notably Public Services such as police, fire and ambulance) and the extension of the FM band to 108.0 MHz between 1980 and 1995, FM expanded rapidly throughout the British Isles and effectively took over from LW and MW as the delivery platform of choice for fixed and portable domestic and vehicle-based receivers. In addition, Ofcom (previously the Radio Authority) in the UK issues on demand Restrictive Service Licences on FM and also on AM (MW) for short-term local-coverage broadcasting which is open to anyone who does not carry a prohibition and can put up the appropriate licensing and royalty fees. In 2006 almost 500 such licenses were issued. FM started in Australia in 1947 but did not catch on and was shut down in 1961 to expand the television band. It was not reopened until 1975. Subsequently, it developed steadily until in the 1980s many AM stations transferred to FM because of its superior sound quality. Today, as elsewhere in the developed world, most Australian broadcasting is on FM - although AM talk stations are still very popular.
Most other countries expanded their use of FM through the 1990s. Because it takes a large number of FM transmitting stations to cover a geographically large country, particularly where there are terrain difficulties, FM is more suited to local broadcasting than national networks. In such countries, particularly where there are economic or infrastructural problems, "rolling out" a national FM broadcast network to reach the majority of the population can be a slow and expensive process. G. Microbroadcasting Low-power transmitters such as those mentioned above are also sometimes used for neighborhood or campus radio stations, though campus radio stations are often run over carrier current. This is generally considered a form of microbroadcasting. As a general rule, enforcement towards low-power FM stations is
11
stricter than AM stations due to issues such as the capture effect, and as a result, FM microbroadcasters generally do not reach as far as their AM competitors
A. FM Broadcast Standards Parameters
Philippine Standards
Frequency Band
88 -108 MHz
No. of Channels
25
Bandwidth per Channel
200 kHz
Permitted Bandwidth
240 kHz (monophone)
Channel Spacing
800 kHz
Center Frequency Stability
± 2 kHz
Baseband Frequency
50 - 15000 Hz
Type of Modulation
FM
Type of Emission
F3E
Guardband
25 kHz above Upper Side Band 25 kHz below Lower Side Band
Frequency Deviation
± 75 kHz (for 100% modulation)
Pre-Emphasis
75us time constant
Pilot Subcarrier
19 kHz
Antenna Polarization
Horizontal or circularly-polarized
Type of Receiver
Superheterodyne
Intermediate Frequency
10.7 MHz
B. Classes of Stations Stations
Authorized Power
Class A
Not exceeding 15 kW
Class B
Not exceeding 10 kW
Class C
Not exceeding 1 kW
Class D
Not exceeding 10 W
12
C. FM Broadcast Frequency Allocation FMn = FM1 + (n – 1)BW (MHZ) Where: FM = Chanel Frequency in MHz FM1= Frequency in the 1st FM Channel (88.1MHz) n =Channel number BW = Channel Bandwidth (200kHz) Philippine Major Cities Frequency Assignments
Channel No.
Frequency (MHz)
FM2
88.3
FM6
89.1
FM10
89.9
FM14
90.7
FM18
91.5
FM22
92.3
FM26
93.1
FM30
93.9
FM34
94.7
FM38
95.5
FM42
96.3
FM46
97.1
FM50
97.9
FM54
98.7
FM58
99.5
FM62
100.3
FM66
101.1
13
FM70
101.9
FM74
102.7
FM78
103.5
FM82
104.3
FM86
105.1
FM90
105.9
FM94
106.7
FM98
107.5
D. Radio – Frequency Protection Ratio (dB)
Freq
Monophonic
Stereophonic
Spacing
Steady
Tropospheric
Steady
Tropospheric
(kHz)
Interference
Interference
Interference
Interference
0
36
8
45
37
25
31
12
51
43
50
24
16
51
43
75
16
22
45
37
100
12
27
33
25
150
8
28
18
14
200
6
6
7
7
250
2
2
2
2
300
-7
-7
-7
-7
350
-15
-15
-15
-15
400
-12
-20
-20
-20
E. FM Transmitter Considerations 1. Construction
14
The transmitter shall be constructed either on racks and panels or in totally enclosed frames protected as required by the Philippine Electronics Code and the Philippines Electrical Code. 2. Enclosure The transmitter shall be enclosed in the metal frame or grille separated from the operating space by a barrier or other equivalent means. 3. Grounding of Controls All external metallic handles and controls accessible to the operating personnel shall be effectively grounded. No circuit in excess of 150 V shall have any part exposed to direct contact. 4. Interlocks All access doors shall be provided with interlocks which will disconnect all voltage sin excess of 350 V when any access door is opened. 5. Bleeder Resistor Proper bleeder resistor or other automatic means shall be installed across all capacitor banks to lower any voltage which may remain accessible with access door open, to less than 350 V within 2 seconds after the access door is opened.
6. Wiring and Shielding Wiring between units of the transmitter, with the exception of circuits carrying radio frequency energy, shall be installed in conduits of fiber or metal raceways for protection from mechanical injury.
15
All instruments having one more than 1,000 v potential to ground shall be protected by a cage or cover.
F. FM Stereo Broadcasting
Two audio channels (L and R) are mixed to provide two new signals. The first is the sum of the two input channels (L+R), and the second is the difference of the two (L-R). The sum channel (L+R) is modulated directly n the baseband assignment between 50 and 15 kHz. The difference signal (L-R) is DSBSC modulated in the 23 to 53 kHz slot about a stereophonic Subarrier of 38 kHz. Some FM stations are frequency division multiplexing an additional channel on their carrier for the purpose of providing background music for public buildings, a system licensed as
Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA) Parameters
Philippine Standards
Pilot Subcarrier
19 kHz ± 2Hz
Stereophonic Subcarrier
38 kHz (2nd harmonic of Pilot Subcarrier)
Stereophonic Subcarrier suppression
< 1% modulation of the main carrier
level
G. Broadcast Transmission Services 1. Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL) – stations in this service are to be used for relay of aural programming materials from studio to transmitter and between fixed facilities in other locations. STL Frequency Band Allocation Band Frequency (MHz)
16
Band A
310 – 315
Band B
734 – 752 860 – 880 942 - 953
2. Remote Pickup Broadcast Stations – stations in this service are to be used for the transmission of aural programming materials and associated cues and data. Remote Pickup Band Allocation Band Frequency (MHz) Band A
305 – 310
Band B
450 – 451
Band C
455 - 456
3. Communications, Coordination, and Control Links Band Allocation Band Frequency (MHz) Band A
4 -12
Band B
26.10 – 26.48
Band C
162.235 – 162.615 166.250 170.150
Band D
880 - 890
Chapter III. METHODOLOGY
In designing a broadcasting station, these procedures must be followed:
1. Assign a frequency ranging from 88.3 MHz to 107.9 MHz to be used by your broadcasting station.
17
2. Specify the antenna height above average terrain (HAAT), the effective radiated power (ERP), the transmitted power and the location of the station (choose a province with no station above or below 800kHz of your channel frequency). 3. List all the Co-channels, 1st Adjacency channels and 2nd Adjacency channels with their corresponding ERP and locations.
4. Using the FM Contour Chart and a slider (used when the ERP is more than 1kW), locate the ERP of the each channels in the slider and place it on the center line (or on the 40dB field strength line) parallel to the HAAT of your station.
5. Draw a horizontal line corresponding to this dBu field strength (for cochannels use 60 dBu and 15 dBu, for 1st adjacency channels use 60 dBu and 53 dBu and for 2nd adjacency use 60 dBu and 80 dBu).
6. From the intersection of the two straight lines, determine which distance curve the intersection coincides with. Since the distance is in miles, convert it to kilometers. 7. Get the scale of your map (in this project, the scale is 0.058 cm for every kilometer) and convert your distances to cm. The distance of the stations is their corresponding radius in the map.
8. Locate each station in the map and plot their corresponding field strength in dBu (15, 53, 60 and 80) according to the computed radius.
9. Compute for the Aggregate and distance of the stations to your station location.
18
Chapter IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PREDICTION OF SERVICE AREA AND OF INTERFERENCE FM RADIO BROADCAST STATION (CALL SIGN): DZLA LOCATION OF TRANSMITTER: TABUK, KALINGA
TRANSMITTER POWER: 5kW
80 dBu
FREQUENCY: 104.5 MHz POLAR COORDINATES: 17˚24’ (Latitude) 121˚42’ (Longitude)
ERP: 10kW ANTENNA HEIGHT: 200 ft. EXTENT OF FIELDS IN KILOMETERS 60 dBu 53 dBu
ANTENNA GAIN: 3.01 dB
15 dBu
10 mV/m
1 mV/m
446 uV/m
5.62 uV/m
8.53
25.75
37.01
214.04
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Application for FM BROADCAST AUTHORIZATION must show two field strength contours, these are the 48 dBu (251 uV/m) and the 60 dBu (1 mV/m) contours.
19
2. THE ALLOCATION PROTECTION RATIOS FOR FM BROADCAST ARE AS FOLLOWS: FREQUENCY ADJUSTMENT CO – CHANNEL
FREQUENCY SEPARATION 0
FIRST ADJACENCY (LOWER OR UPPER) SECOND ADJACENCY (LOWER OR UPPER)
200kHz 400kHz
RF SIGNAL RATIO 6O dBu : 53 dbu 1mV / m : 0.45.62 uV / m 6O dBu : 15 dbu 1mV / m : 0.466 mV / m 6O dBu : 80 dbu
RF PROTECTION RATIO (dB) 45 7 -20
1mV / m : 10 mV / m
3. In predicting the distance to the field strength contours (EXTENT OF FIELDS) F (50,50) FM CHANNELS FIELD INTENSITY CHART (FCC) maybe used. The chart is based on an ERP of 1 kW. For other values of ERP, the accompanying sliders shall be used. The distance in miles obtained from use of the chart is converted to kilometers.
4. INTERFERENCE IS IMMINENT, when the aggregates sum of the “EXTENT OF FIELDS” of two stations (based on their frequency separation and RF protection ratio is greater than the physical distance between these two stations.
20
21
Chapter V. Conclusion and Recommendation
As a class B station operating at 10 kW ERP, DZLA has a high potential of becoming a prominent FM station at Tabuk Kalinga. Aside the from the proper selection of its frequency that enables the station to avoid interference with other stations it is located in a place wherein it can have a full capacity of transmitting the signal to various places since the place is actually feasible. Only few will be wasted since the location of the station’s transmitter is located in the middle of Luzon and compared with other nearby stations, it has higher ERP which gives an advantage over its competitors. The station, following all the standards set by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) and KBP, could be somehow seen as a giant FM station after five years and we, the Logos Arithma Inc., as the proponent of this design, strongly recommend our proposed FM radio station.
22
Chapter VI. Appendices a. FM KBP Manual FM BROADCASTING STANDARDS 1. INTRODUCTION The increasing importance of the role of FM broadcasting in the Philippines has encouraged broadcast engineers and the National Telecommunications Commission to pool their resources together and come up with technical standards and rules and regulations relating to FM broadcast. These
technical
standards
and
regulations
were
derived
from
CCIR
recommendations, relevant engineering data and rules and regulations of the Federal Communication Commission, and other data supplied by manufacturers of radio equipment and by licensees of FM broadcast stations. These standards and regulations shall be revised from time to time to be effective and compatible with technical progress.
2. DEFINITION OF TERMS
2.1 FM broadcast band That portion of radio frequency spectrum from 88MHz to 108 MHz. The band is divided into 100 channels.
2.2 FM broadcast channel A band of frequencies 200 kilohertz wide and I designated by its center frequency. Channels of FM broadcast stations begin at 88.1 megahertz and continue in successive steps of 200 kilohertz to and including 107.9 megahertz.
2.3 FM broadcast station A station employing frequency modulation in the FM broadcast band and intended to be received by the general public.
2.4 Frequency modulation 23
A system of modulation where the instantaneous frequency varies in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, and the instantaneous radio frequency is independent of the frequency of the modulating signal. 2.5 Center frequency The carrier frequency allocated by the Authority.
2.6 Frequency Swing The instantaneous departure of the frequency of the emitted wave from the center frequency resulting from modulation.
2.7 Antenna height above average terrain (HAAT) means a. The height of the radiation center of the antenna above the terrain 3 to 16
kilometers from the antenna. (Generally, a different antenna height will
be determined for each radial direction from the antenna. The average of these various heights is considered as the antenna height above average terrain). b. Where circular or elliptical polarization is employed the antenna height above the average terrain shall be based upon the height of the radiation center of the antenna which transmits the horizontal components of radiation.
2.8 Antenna field gain The ratio of the effective free space field intensity produced at 1.6 kilometers in the horizontal plane expressed in millivolts per meter for one (1) kilowatt antenna input power, to 137.6 millivolts per meter.
2.9 Antenna power gain The square of the ratio of the root mean-square free space field strength produced at 1.6 kilometers in the horizontal plane, in milivolts per meter for one (1) kilowatt antenna power, to 137.6 milivolts per meter. This ratioshould be expressed in decibels (dB). (If specified for a particular direction, antenna power
24
gain is based on the field strength in that direction only).
2.10 Effective radiated power (ERP) The product of the transmitted power ( transmitter output power les transmission line loss) multiplied by (a) the antenna power gain or (b) the antenna field gain squared. Where circular or elliptical polarization is employed , the term “effective radiated power” is applied separately to the horizontal and vertical components of radiation. 2.11 Field intensity “Field intensity” as used in these standards shall mean the electric field intensity in the horizontal direction.
2.12 Free space field intensity The field intensity that would exist at a point in the absence of waves reflected from the earth or other reflecting objects.
2.13 Service area As applied to FM broadcasting, means the service resulting from an assigned effective radiated power and antenna height above average terrain.
2.14 Radio-frequency (RF) Protection Ratio The value of the radio-frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratio that enables, under specified conditions, the radio-frequency protection ratio to be obtained at the output of a receiver.
2.15 Percentage modulation The ratio of the actual frequency swing to the frequency swing defined as 100 percent modulation, expressed in percentage. For FM broadcasting stations, a frequency swing +75 kilohertz is defined as 100 percent modulation.
25
2.16 Multiplexing In its simplest sense, multiplexing implies that two or more independent sources of information are combined for carriage over a single medium, namely, the radio frequency “carrier”, and then are separated at the receiving end. In stereophonic broadcasting , for example, program information consisting of left and right audio signal are multiplexed onto an FM carrier for transmission to receivers which subsequently recover the original audio signals.
2.17 FM Stereophonic Broadcast The transmission of a stereophonic program by a single FM broadcast station utilizing the main channel and a stereophonic sub-channel.
2.18 Channel A transmission path. The distinction between the concept of a “Channel” and a “signal” are not always clear. The usage herein distinguishes between transmission channels; e.g., main channel, stereophonic subchannel, etc., and left and right audio “signal”.
2.19 Composite Baseband signal A signal which is the sum of all signals which frequency-modulates the main carrier. The signal can be represented by a formula which includes all signal components: the main channel signal, the modulated stereophonic subchannel, the pilot subcarrier and the SCA subcarrier(s). 2.20 FM Baseband The frequency band from 0 Hertz (Hz) to a specified upper frequency which contains the composite baseband signal.
2.21 Main Channel The band frequencies from 50 (or less) Hz to 15,000 Hz on the FM baseband
26
which contains the main channel signal.
2.22 Main Channel Signal A specified combination of the monophonic or left and right audio signals which frequency-modulates the main carrier.
2.23 Stereophonic Sound The audio information carried by plurality of channel arranged to afford the listener a sense of spatial distribution of sound sources. Stereophonic sound includes, but is not limited to, biphonic (two channel), triphonic (three channel) and quadraphonic (four channel) services.
2.24 Stereophonic Sound Subcarrier A subcarrier within the FM broadcast baseband used for transmitting signals for stereophonic sound reception of the main broadcast program service.
2.25 Stereophonic sound Subcarrier The band of frequencies from 23 KHz to 99 KHz containing sound subcarriers and their associated sidebands.
2.26 Subchannel A transmission path specified by a subchannel signal occupying a specified band of frequencies. 2.27 Subchannel Signal Subcarrier(s) and associated sideband(s) which frequency-modulate the main carrier. It is synonymous with “subcarrier”, as in the stereophonic subcarrier or SCA subcarrier.
27
2.28 Pilot Sub-carrier A pilot sub-carrier serving as a control signal for use in the reception of FM stereophonic broadcast. 2.29 Left (or Right) signal The electrical output of a microphone or a combination of microphones placed so as to convey the intensity, time, and location of sounds originating predominantly to the listener’s left (or right) of the center of the performing area. 2.30 Left (or Right) stereophonic channel The left (or right) signal as electrically reproduced in the reception of an stereophonic broadcast.
2.31 Stereophonic separation The ratio of the electrical signal caused in the right (or left) stereophonic channel, to the electrical signal caused in the left (or right) stereophonic channel, by the transmission of only a right (or left) signal.
2.32 Frequency Deviation The peak difference between the instantaneous frequency of the modulated wave and the carrier frequency.
2.33 Injection Ratio The ratio of the frequency swing of the FM carrier by a subchannel signal to the frequency swing defined as 100 percent modulation, expressed in percentage. The total injection of more than one subchannel signal is the arithmetic sum of each subchannel.
28
2.34 Cross-talk An undesired signal occurring in one channel caused by an electrical signal in another signal. 2.35 Linear Crosstalk A form of “crosstalk” in which the undesired signal(s) is created by phase or gain inequalities in another channel or channels. Such crosstalk may be due to causes external to the stereophonic generator; consequently it is sometimes referred to as “system crosstalk”.
2.36 Nonlinear Crosstalk A form of crosstalk in which the undesired signal(s) is created by harmonic distortion or intermodulation of electrical signal(s) in another channel or channels. Such crosstalk may be due to distribution within the stereophonic generator or FM transmitter; consequently it is sometimes referred to as “transmitter crosstalk”.
2.37 SCA The term SCA is an acronym for a “subsidiary Communication Authority.”
2.38 Index of Cooperation As applied to facsimile broadcasting, is the product of the number of lines per inch, the available length in inches, and the reciprocal of the line use ratio (e.g. 105 x 8.2 x 8/7 = 984).
2.39 Line-use ratio As applied to facsimile broadcasting is the ratio of available line to the total length of scanning line. 2.40 Available line
29
Means the portion of the total length of scanning line that can be used specially for picture signals.
2.41 Rectilinear scanning The process of scanning an area in a predetermined sequence of narrow straight parallel strips.
2.42 Optical density The logarithm (to the base 10) of the ratio of incident to transmitter or reflected light.
2.43 Experimental period The period between 12 midnight to 5:00 a.m. local standard time (16002100 GMT). This period may be used for experimental purposes in testing and maintaining apparatus by the licensee of any FM broadcast station on its assigned frequency and not in excess of its authorized power, provide no interference is caused to other station maintaining a regular operating schedule within such period. 2.44 Operating Power This is the product of the plate voltage (Ep) and the plate current ( Ip) of the last ratio stage and efficiency factor, F, expressed: Operating power =Ep x Ipx F. FM
This is the indirect method of determining the operating power of each
station for the purpose of specifying the operating power range of FM
transmitters. The factor F shall be established by the transmitted manufacturer for each type of transmitter and shall be specified in the instruction book (s) supplied to each customer with each transmitter.
2.45 Last radio stage The oscillator of radio-frequency-power amplifier stage which supplies
30
power to the antenna.
2.46 Qualified technician As applied to FM broadcasting means a person who is a holder of any class of radio Telephone Operator’s License or its equivalent except those mention in Section 7.4 as issued by the existing regulatory body.
3. ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCY FOR FM BROADCAST STATION (See Table 1.) 4. CLASSES OF FM BROADCAST STATIONS.
4.1 Class-A Stations A class-A station shall have an authorized transmitter power not exceeding 25 kilowatts and an Effective Radiated Power (ERP) not exceeding 125 kilowatts and limited in antenna height of 2,000 feet above average terrain. The minimum transmitter Power shall be 10 KW. Class-A station shall only be allowed in Metro-Manila and Metro-Cebu.
4.2 Class-B station A Class-B station shall have an authorized transmitter power not exceeding 10 kilowatts and an Effective Radiated Power not exceeding 30 kilowatts, and limited in antenna height of 500 feet above average terrain. The minimum transmitter power shall be 1 KW. 4.3 Class-C station A Class-C station is a non-commercial, community station having an authorized radiated power not exceeding 1,000 watts (ERP).
4.4 Class-D station A class-D station shall an authorized transmitter power not exceeding 10
31
watts. Educational station shall be allowed to operate with Class-D transmitter power.
4.5 All classes of FM station shall be protected to the 1 mV/m cotour or 60 dBU contour.
4.6 Table of Assignments The frequency assignment for the cities of Manila, Laoag, Legaspi, Cebu, Davao and Zamboanga shall be selected from table 2.
Table 2 Channel No.
Frequency (mHz)
202
88.3
206
89.1
210
89.9
214
90.7
218
91.5
222
92.3
226
93.1
230
93.9
234
94.7
238
95.5
242
96.3
246
97.1
250
97.9
254
98.7
258
99.5
262
100.3
266
101.1
270
101.9
32
4.7
274
102.7
278
103.5
282
104.3
286
105.1
290
105.9
294
106.7
298
107.5
Radio frequency Protection Ratios
4.7.1 The following radio frequency protection ratios (Table 3) provide for the minimum physical separation between stations and protection of stations from Interference.
RADIO-FREQUENCY PROTECTION RATIOS (dB) (based on the horizontal component of radiation)
____________________________________________ Frequency Spacing
R.F. Signal Ratio
(kHz) ____________________________________________
4.7.2
0
60 dBu : 15 dBu
200
60 dBu : 53 dBu
400
60 dBu : 80 dBu
Intermediate frequency amplifiers of most FM broadcast receivers
are design to operate on 10.7 megaHertz. For this reason the assignment of two
33
stations in the same area, one with a frequency 10.6 or 10.8 megaHertz removed from that of the other, should be avoided if possible.
4.7.3 FM Broadcast Stations, shall not be authorized to operate in the same city or in nearby cities with a frequency separation of less than 800 kHz.
4.7.4 The nature and extent of the protection from interference accorded the FM stations is limited solely to that which results from the application of the radio frequency protection ratio.
4.7.5
A commercial broadcast entity may establish only one primary FM radio
station within the geographical boundaries of any province.
5
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Safety Requirements 5.1.1
Conformity with Electrical Wiring Rules All equipment using electrical power shall conform with the
provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code and the Philippines Electronics Code so as to ensure the safety of property, equipment, and personnel and the public in general. 5.1.2 All component parts shall be in accordance with generally accepted standards or those of the International Standards.
5.2
Transmitting Facilities
5.2.1
Location and Layout
a. Any site particularly suitable for FM broadcasting in an area, in
34
the absence of other comparable sites, may be shared by and be made available to as many applicants as possible. b.
The transmitting site should be selected consistent with
purpose of the station, i.e., whether it is intended to serve a small city, a metropolitan area, or a large region. The location should be so chosen that line-of-sight can be obtained from the antenna over the principal city or cities to be served.
5.2.2
Antenna System
a.
It shall be standard to employ horizontal polarization. However
circular or elliptical polarization of the clockwise or counterclockwise rotation may be employed, if so desired. b.
The antenna must be constructed such that it is clear of
surrounding buildings or objects that would cause shadow problems. c.
In the event a common tower is issued by two or more
licensees for antenna and / or antenna supporting purposes, the licensee who owns the tower shall assume full responsibility for the maintenance of the tower structure, its painting and lighting requirements. In case of shared ownership, only one licensee shall assume such responsibility. For the protection of air navigation, the antenna and supporting structure
shall
be
painted
and illuminated
in
accordance with ATO regulations.
5.2.3
Transmitter and Association Equipment a. Electrical Performance Standards The general design of the FM broadcast transmitting system (from input terminal of the microphone preamplifier, through audio
35
facilities at the studio through lines or other circuits between studio and transmitter, through audio facilities at the transmitter, but excluding
equalizers
for
the
correlation
of
deficiencies
in
microphone response shall be in accordance with the following principles and specifications: 1)
The transmitter shall operate satisfactorily in the
operating power range with a frequency swing of + 75 kiloHertz, which is defined as 100 percent modulation. 2) The transmitting system shall be capable of transmitting a band of frequencies from 50 to 15,000 Hertz. Pre-emphasis shall employed
in
accordance
with
the
impedance-frequency
characteristics of a series inductance-resistance network havinga time constant of 75 microseconds (See Annex Fig. 2). The deviation of the system response from the standard pre-emphasis curve shall lie between two limits. The upper of these limits shall be uniform: (no deviation) from 50 to 15,000 Hertz. The lower the limit shall be uniform from 100 to 7,500 Hertz and 3 db the upper limit; from 50 to 100 Hertz and the lower limit shall fall from the 3 db limit at a uniform rate of 1 db per octave (4 db at 50 Hertz); from 7,500 to 15,000 Hertz, the lower limit shall fall from the 3 dB limit at a uniform rate of 2 dB per octave (5 dB at 15,000 Hertz). 3.) At any modulating frequency between 50 and 15,000 Hertz and at modulation percentages of 25, 50 and 100 percent combined audio frequency harmonics measured in the output of the system shall not exceed the root-mean-square values given in the following table:
Modulating Frequency
Distortion
50 to 100 Hz2222..3.5%
36
100 to 7,500Hz222...2.5% 7,500 to 15,000 Hz22.3.0%
4)
Measurements shall be made employing a 75
microsecond de-emphasis in the measuring equipment and 75 microsecond pre-emphasis in the transmitting equipment, and without compression, if a compression amplifier is employed. Harmonics shall be included to 30,000 Hertz. 5) It is recommended that none of the three main divisions of the system (transmitter, studio to transmitter circuit, and audio facilities) contribute over one-half of these percentage since at some frequencies the total distortion may be come the arithmetic sum of the distortion of the divisions. 6)
The transmitting system output noise level (frequency
modulation) in the band of 50 to 15,000 Hertz shall be at least 60decibels below 100 percent modulation (frequency swing + 75 kilohertz). The measurement shall be made using 400 Hertz modulation as a reference. The noise measuring equipment shall be provided with
standard
75
microsecond
de-emphasis;
the
ballistic
characteristic of the instrument shall be similar to those of the standard VU meter. 7)
The transmitting system output noise level (amplitude
modulation) in the band of 50 to 15,000 Hertz shall be least 50 decibels below the level representing 100 percent modulation. The noise-measuring equipment shall be provided with a standard 75 microsecond de-emphasis; and the ballistic characteristics of the instrument shall be similar to those of the standard VU meter. 8)
Automatic means shall be provided in the transmitter to
maintain the assigned center frequency within the allowable
37
tolerance of (+ 2000 Hertz). 9)
The transmitting shall be equipped with suitable
indicating instruments for the determination of operating power and with other instruments as are necessary for proper adjustment, operation, and maintenance of the equipment. 10)
Adequate provision shall be made for varying the
transmitter output power to compensate for excessive variation in the line voltage or for others factors affecting the output power. 11)
Allowances shall be provided in all component part to
avoid overheating at the rated maximum output power. 12)
If a limiting or compression amplifier is employed,
precaution should be maintained in its connection in the circuit due to the use of pre-emphasis in the transmitting system. 13)
Any emission appearing on a frequency removed from
the carrier by between 120 kHz, and 240 kHz, inclusive, shall be attenuated at least 25 decibels below the level of the un-modulated carrier. 14)
Any emission appearing on a frequency removed from
the carrier by more than 240 kHz and up to and including 600 kHz shall be attenuated at least 35 db below the level of the unmodulated carrier. 15)
Any emission appearing on a frequency removed from
the carrier by more than 600 kHz shall be attenuated at least 43 +10 Log10 ( Power, in watts ) decibels below the level of the unmodulated carrier, or 80 decibels, whichever is the lesser attenuation. b. Construction In general, the transmitter shall be constructed either on rocks and panels or in totally en-closed frames protected as required by the Philippine Electronics Code and the Philippine
38
Electrical Code and those set forth below: The transmitter shall comply with the following: 1) Enclosure. The transmitter shall be enclosed in a metal frame or separated from the operating space by a barrier or other equivalent means. All metallic parts shall be connected to ground. 2) Grounding of controls. All external metallic handles and controls accessibility to the operating personnel shall be effectively exposed to direct contact. A complete dead front type of switchboard is preferred. 3) Interlocks on doors. a) All access doors shall be provided with interlocks which will disconnect all voltages in excess of 350 volts when any access door is opened. b) Means shall be provided for making all tuning adjustment, requiring voltages in excess of 350 volts to be applied to the circuit, from the front of the panels with all access doors closed. c) Proper bleeder resistor or other automatic means shall be installed across all capacitor banks to lower any voltage which may remain accessible with access door open to less than 350 volts within 2 seconds after the access door is opened. d) All plate supply and other high voltage equipment, including transformer, filters, rectifiers and motor generator, shall be protected so as to prevent injury to operating personnel. e) Power equipment and control panel of the transmitter shall meet the above requirements exposed 220 volts AC switching equipment on the front of the power control panel is not recommended. c. Wiring and Shielding
39
1) The transmitter panels or units shall be wired in accordance with standard switchboard practice, either with insulated leads properly cabled and supported or with rigid bus bar properly insulated and protected. 2) Wiring between units of the transmitter, with the exception circuits carrying radio-frequency energy, shall be installed in conducts or approved fiber or metal raceways for protection from mechanical injury. 3) Circuits carrying radio-frequency energy between units shall be coaxial, or two-wire balanced lines, or properly shielded. 4) All stages or units shall be adequately shielded and filtered to prevent interaction and radiation.
d. Metering equipment 1) All instruments having more than 1,000 volts potential to ground on the movements shall be protected by a cage or cover. (some instruments are designed by the manufacturer to operate safely with voltages in excess of 1,000 volts on the movement). 2) In case the plate voltmeter is located on the low potential side of the multiplier resistor with the potential of the high potential terminal to the instrument at or less than 1,000 volts above ground, no protective case is required. However, it is good practice to protect voltmeters subject to more than 5,000 volts with suitable over-voltage protection device(s) across the instrument terminal in case the winding opens. 3) Transmission line meters and any other radio-frequency instrument which is necessary for the operator to read, shall be so installed as to be easily and accurately read without the operator risk contact with circuits carrying high potential radio-frequency energy.
40
e. Indicating Instruments 1)
Each FM broadcast station should be equipped with
indicating instrument for measuring the plate voltage and current of the last radio stage and the transmitting line radio frequency power. 2) In the event that the plate voltage or plate ampere in the last radio stage is defective, the operating power shall be maintained by means of the radio-frequency power meter. f. Installation 1) The installation shall be made in suitable quarters. 2) Since an operator must be on duty at the transmitter control during operation, suitable facilities for his welfare and comfort shall be provided at the control point.
g. Other technical data. An accurate circuit diagram, as furnished by the manufacturer of the equipment, shall be retained at the transmitter location.
5.2.4 Monitoring Equipment a. Frequency Monitor 1) The licenses of each station have in operation, either at the transmitter or at the place where the transmitter is controlled, a frequency monitored of a type approved by the Commission which shall be independent of the frequency control of the transmitter. 2) In the event that the frequency monitor becomes defective, the station may be operated without such equipment pendings its repair or replacement for a period not in excess of 60 days without further authority of the Commission: Provided, That:
41
a) Appropriate entries shall be made in the operation log of the station to show the date and the time the monitor was removed from and restored to service. b) The Engineer in Charge of the Region in which the station is located shall be notified both immediately after the monitor is found to be defective and immediately after the repaired or
replacement monitor has been
installed and is functioning properly. c) The frequency of the station shall be compared with an external frequency source of known accuracy at sufficiently frequent interval to insure that the frequency is maintained with the tolerance. An entry shall be made in the station log as to the method used and the result thereof.
3) If conditions beyond the control of the licensee or permittee prevent the restoration of the monitor to service within the above allowed period, informal request may be filed with the Engineer in Charge of the Region in which the station is located for such additional time as may be required to complete rep[airs of the defective instrument or equipment. Modulation Monitor The modulation monitor (deviation monitor) is an optional requirement for an FM station. The FM station may refer to the monitoring section of the Authority, to the Standard Authority of the KBP of to other FM station for modulation measurements.
5.3 Stereophonic Transmission Standards a. The modulating signal for the main channel shall consist of the sum of the left and right signals. b. A pilot subcarrier at 19,000 Hertz plus or minus 2 Hz, shall be transmitted that frequency-modulate the main carrier between the limits of 8 to 10 percent.
42
c. The stereophonic subcarrier shall be the second harmonic of the pilot subcarrier and shall cross the time axis with a positive slope simultaneously with each crossing of time axis by the pilot subcarrier. d. Amplitude modulation of the stereophonic subcarrier shall be used. e. The stereophonic subcarrier shall be suppressed to a level less than one percent modulation of the main carrier. f. The stereophonic subcarrier shall be capable of accepting audio frequency from 50 to 15,000 Hz. g. The modulation signal for the stereophonic subcarrier shall be equal to the difference of the left and right signals. h. The pre-emphasis characteristics of the stereophonic subchannel shall be identical with those of the main channel with respect to phase and amplitude at all frequencies. i. The sum of the side bands resulting from amplitude modulation of the stereophonic subcarrier shall not cause a peak deviation of the main carrier in excess of 45 percent of total modulation (excluding SCA subcarriers) when only a left (or right) signal exists; simultaneously in the main channel, the deviation when only a left (or right) signal exists shall not exceed 45 percent of total modulation (excluding SCA subcarriers). j. The maximum modulation of the main carrier by all SCA subcarrier be limited to 10 percent. k. At the instant when only a positive left signals applied, the main channel modulation shall cause an upward deviation of the main carrier frequency; and the stereophonic subcarrier and its sidebands signal shall cross the time axis simultaneously and in the same direction. l. The ratio of peak main channel deviation to peak stereophonic subchannel deviation, when only a steady state left (or right) signal exists, shall be within plus or minus 3.5 percent of unity for all levels of this signal and all frequency from 50 to 15,000 Hertz. m. The phase difference between the zero points of the main channel signal
43
and the stereophonic subcarrier sidebands envelope, when only steady state left (or right) signal exists, shall exceed plus or minus 3 degrees for audio modulating frequencies from 50 to 15,000 Hz. Note: If the stereophonic separation between left and right stereophonic channel is better than 29.7 decibels and audio modulating frequencies between 50 to 15,000 Hz it will be assumed that (l) and (m) of this section have been complied with. n. Cross-talk into the main channel caused by a signal in the main stereophonic subchannel shall be attenuated at least 40 decibels below 90 percent modulation. o. Cross-talk into the stereophonic subchannel caused by a signal in the main channel shall be attenuated at least 40 decibels below 90 percent modulation. p. For required transmitter performance the maximum modulation to be employed is 90 percent (excluding pilot subcarrier) rather than 100 percent. q. For electrical performance standard of the transmitter and associated equipment, 100 percent modulation is referred to include the pilot subcarrier.
5.4 Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA) 5.4.1 Permissible uses of the SCA must fall within one or both of the following Categories a. Transmission of programs which are of a broadcast nature, but which are of interest primarily to limited segments of the public wishing to subscribe thereto. Illustrative services include: background music stereocasting, detailed weather forecasting, special time signal; and other material of broadcast nature expressly designed and intended for business, professional, educational, religious, trade, labor, agriculture, or other groups engaged in any lawful activity.
44
b. Transmission of signals which are directly related to the operation of FM broadcast station; for example: relaying of broadcast material to other FM and standard AM broadcast stations; remote cueing and other circuits; remote control telemetering functions associated with authorized STL operation, and similar uses. 5.4.2 An application for SCA shall specify the particular nature and purpose of the proposed use. If visual transmission of program material is contemplated, the application shall include certain technical information concerning the visuals system, on which the Authority shall rely in issuing an SCA. If any significant change is subsequently made in the system, revised information shall be submitted. The technical information to be submitted is as follows: a. A full description of the visual transmission system. b. A block diagram of the system, as installed in the station, with all components including filters, identified as to make and type. Response curves of all composite filters shall be furnished.
5.4.3 SCA operations may be conducted without restriction as to time, so long as the main channel is programmed simultaneously. 5.4.4 Nature of the SCA
a. The SCA is of a subsidiary or secondary nature shall not exist apart from FM license or permit. No transfer or assignment of it shall be made separate from the FM broadcast license and failure to transfer the SCA with the FM license renders the SCA void. Any assignment or transfer of an SCA shall, if desired,be requested as part of the main station’s transfer or assignment application. The licensee or permit must seek renewal of FM license or permit; failure to renew the latter automatically terminates the SCA. b. The grant or renewal of an FM license or permit shall not be furthered or promoted by the proposed or past operation under an SCA; the license must
45
establish that this broadcast operation is in the public interest wholly apart from the SCA activities.
5.4.5 Multiplex Operations Engineering Standards a. Frequency modulation of SCA subcarriers shall be used. b. The instantaneous frequency of SCA subcarriers shall at all times be within the range 20 to 75 kHz; Provided, however, that when the station is engaged in stereophonic broadcasting, the instantaneous frequency of SCA subcarrier shall at all times be within the range 53 to75 kHz. c. The arithmetic sum of the modulation of the main carrier by SCA subcarriers shall not exceed 30 percent: Provided, however, that when the station is engaged in stereophonic broadcasting, the arithmetic sum of the main carrier by the SCA subcarrier shall not exceed 10 percent. d. The total modulation of the main carrier, including SCA subcarriers, shall meet the requirements of 6.2.2. e. Frequency modulation of the main carrier caused by the SCA subcarrier operation shall, in the frequency range 90 to 15,000 Hz, be at least 60 dB below 100 percent modulation: Provided, however, that when thestation is engaged in stereophonic broadcasting, frequency modulation of the main carrier by the SCA subcarrier operation shall, in the frequency range 50 to 53,000 Hz, be at least 60 dB below 100 percent modulation. f. The center frequency of each SCA subcarrier shall be kept at all times within 500 hertz of the authorized frequency. 5.4.6 Facsimile engineering standards The following standards apply to facsimile broadcasting under SCA operations.
a. Rectilinear scanning shall be employed, with scanning spot progressing from left to right and scanned lines progressing from top to bottom of the subject copy.
46
b. The standard index of cooperation shall be 984. c. The number of scanning lines per minute shall be 360. d. The line-use ratio shall be 7/8, or 315 degrees of the full scanning cycle. e. The 1/8 cycle or 45 degrees not included in the available scanning line shall be divided into 3 equal parts, the first 15 degrees being used for transmission at approximately white level, the second 15 degrees for transmission at approximately black level, and the third 15 degrees for transmission at approximately white level. f. An interval of not more than12 seconds shall be available between two pages of subject copy, for the transmission of a page-separation signal and/or other services. g. Amplitude or (frequency-shift) modulation of the subcarrier shall be used. h. Subcarrier modulation shall normally vary approximately linearly with the optical density of the subject copy. i. Negative modulation shall be used, i.e., for amplitude modulation of subcarrier, maximum subcarrier amplitude and maximum radio frequency swing on black; for frequency modulation of subcarrier, highest instantaneous frequency of subcarrier on black. j. Subcarrier noise level shall be maintained at least 30 dB below maximum (black) picture modulation level, at the radio transmitter input. k. The facsimile subcarrier transmission shall be conducted in the frequency range between 22 and 28 kHz. Should amplitude modulation of the carrier be employed the subcarrrier frequency shall be 25 kHz with sidebands extending not more than 3 kHz in either direction from the subcarrier frequency. Should frequency modulation of the subcarrier be employed the total swing at the subcarrier shall be within
the range from 22 to 28 kHz, with 22 kHz
corresponding to white and 20 kHz corresponding to black on the transmitted copy. In multiplex operation, the modulation of the FM carrier by the modulated subcarrier shall not exceed 5 percent. In simplex operation , the modulation of the FM carrier by the modulated subcarrier shall not exceed 30 percent.
47
i. During periods of multiplex facsimile transmission, frequency modulation of the FM carrier cause by the aural signals shall, in the frequency range from 20 to 30 kHz, be at least 60 db below 100 percent modulation. Frequency modulation of the FM carrier caused by the facsimile shall, in the frequency range from 50 to 15,000 Hertz, be at least 60 dB below 100 percent modulation.
5.5 Studio, Equipment and Allied facilities 5.5.1 The studio being the recognized source of program materials and other forms of intelligence of various kinds and content, must be properly equipped to faithfully respond to these impressions and produce the same to the highest degree possible, up to the turnover point which is the transmitter input. 5.5.2 Studio location and Layout a. Each shall be associated with a control room for which the operational area of the studio may viewed with. However, when the studio and the control rooms are integrated into one, an announcer shall perform simple panel type functions like level adjustments and switching during his/her board hours. b. Studios and control rooms shall be constructed that they are adequately insulated from source of extraneous noise and vibration, and the acoustic treatment of such studio and control rooms shall be in accordance with good engineering practice.
5.6 Emergency Equipment & Facilities 5.6.1 Alternate Main Transmitter a. The regular and the optional main transmitter shall be located in a single place. b. The external effects from both regular and main transmitters shall substaintially be the same as to frequency and stability. 5.6.2 Auxiliary Transmitter a. An auxiliary transmitter shall be provided and may be installed in
48
the location as the regular main transmitter or in another location. b. Its operation power shall not be less than 10 % or never greater than the authorized operating power of the main transmitter. c. A licensed operator shall be on control whenever an auxiliary transmitter is placed in operation. d. When installed in a location different from that of the regular transmitter, a type-approved modulation monitor and frequency monitor are required to be installed with it. 5.7 Spare Component Parts In order to cut down-times during scheduled on-air operations, a reasonable variety and number of spare components appropriate to the equipment installed at the site, shall be kept on hand. 6. Broadcast Auxiliary Services 6.1 Broadcast auxiliary services fall under these three categories: a. Studio-to-Transmitter Links (STL) b. Remote Pick-up Broadcast Station c. Communication, Coordination, and Control Link. 6.2 The frequency bands and the transmitter power output authorized for the above services are as follows: a. Studio-to-Transmitter Link BAND A 300-315 MHz BAND B BAND C
734-752 MHz 942-952 MHz
The maximum power allowance for STL BANDS A, B, and C shall be 15 watts. b. Remote Pick-up Broadcast Station BAND A
315-325 MHz
BAND B
450-451 MHz
49
BAND C
455-456 MHz
The maximum power allowable for remote Pick-up BANDS A, B, and C shall be 35 watts. c. Communication, Coordination, and Control Link BAND A
4-12 MHz (non-exclusive)
BAND B
25.67-26.1 MHz
BAND C
162.235-162.615 MHz 166.250 and 170.150 MHz
BAND D
432.5-433 MHz 437.5-438 MHz
The maximum power allowable for Communication, Cooperation, and Control Link shall be: BAND A - 100 watts (SBS) BAND B - 160 watts (ERP) BAND C - 160 watts (ERP) BAND D - 200 watts (for repeater)
6.3 The National
Telecommunication Commission shall
authorized the
employment of any one or all this broadcast transmission services to a station depending on the necessity and availability of frequencies for the purpose. Any AM or FM station authorized to operate is entitled to used any broadcast transmission services relevant to the efficient operation of the station where the use of physical lines or cables are not feasible. 7. OPERATING REQUIREMENTS 7.1 Hours of Operation 7.1.1 Minimum Operating Schedule - The license of each FM station shall be maintain a minimum operating schedule of two-thirds of the total hours that is authorized to operate, except in emergencies when, due to causes beyond the control of the licensee, it becomes impossible to continue
50
operating. The station may cease operation for a period not exceeding 10 days. 7.1.2 Broadcast outside the authorized regular operating schedule (as before regular sign-on schedules and/or beyond the regular sign-off schedules may be aired without prior authorization from the appropriate regulatory body provided the program falls under emergency category or of very important relevance to the station existence. The information shall be entered in the program and operating logs at the time the broadcast was aired. 7.1.3 If a permanent discontinuance of operation is being contemplated, then the licensee shall not notify the appropriate regulatory body in writing, at least two (2) days before the actual discontinuance is affected.
7.2 Other operating Requirements 7.2.1 The center frequency of each FM broadcast station shall be maintained within 2000 Hertz of the assigned center frequency. 7.2.2
The percentage of modulation shall be maintained as high as
possible consistent with good quality transmission and good broadcast practice
and in no case less than 85 percent nor more than 100
percent on peaks of frequent recurrence during any selection which is normally transmitted at the highest level of the program under consideration. 7.2.3 The operating power of each station shall be maintained as near as practicable to the authorized operating power, and shall not be exceed the limits of 5 percent above and 10 percent below the authorized power, except that in an emergency when it becomes impossible to operate within the authorized power, the station may be operated with reduced power. The operating power of each station shall be determined by indirect method. This the product of the plate voltage (Ep) and the plate current (Ip) of the last radio stage, and an efficiency factor, F; that is, Operating
51
Power = Ep x Ip x F. The efficiency factor, F, shall be established by the transmitter manufacturer for each type of transmitter. 7.2.4 The station equipment shall be so operated, tuned and adjusted that emission outside of the authorized channel do not cause harmful interference to the reception of the other stations. FM broadcast station shall maintain the bandwidth occupied by their emissions in accordance with the specification set forth in this section. Station shall achieve the highest degree of compliance practicable with their existing equipment. In either case, should harmful interference to the reception of other radio stations occur, the licensee may be required to take such further steps as may be necessary to eliminate the interference. 7.3.5 If a limiting or compensating amplifier is employed, care should be maintained in its use due to pre-emphasis in the transmitting system.
7.3 Posting of Station and Operator Licenses 7.3.1 The station license and other instrument (s) of station authorization shall be posted in a conspicuous place and in such a manner that all terms are visible, at the place the licensee considers to be principal control point of the transmitter. At all other control point listed on the station authorization, a photocopy of the station license and other instrument(s) of station authorization shall be posted. 7.4 Operators Requirements 7.4.1 Radio operators holding a valid radiotelephone first class operator’s license, except as provided for in paragraph 7.4.2 of this section, shall be in actual charge of the transmitting apparatus and shall be on duty either at the transmitter location or remote control point. 7.4.2 A station which is authorized with a power of 10 kilowatts or less
52
may be operated by person holding commercial radio operator’s license
of any class except those with an aircraft radiotelephone
operator authorization or a temporary limited radiotelephone operator class license, when the equipment is so designed that the stability of the frequency is maintain by the transmitter itself within the limits of tolerance specified, and none of the operation, except those specified in subparagraphs (a) through (d) of this paragraph, necessary to be performed during the course of normal operation, may cause off-frequency operation or result in any unauthorized radiation. Adjustments of the transmitting equipment by such operators, except when under the immediate supervision of a radio-telephone first class operator, shall be limited to the following:
a. Those necessary to commerce or terminate transmitter emission as a routine matter.
b. Those external adjustments that may be required as a result of variations of primary power supply. c. Those external adjustments which may be necessary to insure modulation within the limit required.
d. Those adjustment necessary to effect any change in operating power which may be required by the station’s instrument(s) of authorization. Should the transmitting apparatus be observed to the operating in a manner inconsistent with the station instrument of authorization and none of the above are effective in bringing it to the proper operation, a person holding other than ratio telephone first class operator’s license and not acting under the immediate supervision of a radio-telephone first class operators, shall be required to terminate the
53
station’s emissions.
7.4.3 A station shall employ at least one full-time first class radiotelephone operators whose primary duty shall be to effect and ensure the proper functioning and transmitting equipment.
7.5 Log Requirement The licensee or permittee of each FM broadcast station shall maintain separate program and operating logs and shall require entriesto be made as follows:
7.5.1 In the program log a. An entry of the time each station identification announcement (call letters, frequency and location) is made. b. An entry briefly describing each program broadcast such as “music”, “drama”, ”speech”, etc. together with the name at the beginning and opening of the complete program. If the mechanical record is used, the entry shall show the exact
nature thereof , such as “record”,
“transcription” etc. and the time is it announced as a mechanical record. If a speech is made by the political candidate, the name and political affiliation of such a speakers shall be entered. c. An entry showing that each sponsored program broadcast has been announced as sponsored, paid for, or furnished by the sponsored. d. An entry showing, each program of network origin, the name of the network originating the program.
7.5.2 In the operating log a. An entry of the time the station begins to supply power to the antenna and the time it stops. b. An entry of the time the programs begins and ends.
54
c. An entry of each interruption to the carrier wave, its cause, and duration; or an interruption of program transmission. d. An entry of the following every 30 minutes: 1) Operating constants of the last radio frequency stage ( total plate current and plate voltage)
2) Any other entry required by the Instrument of Authorization. 7.5.3 If a maintenance log is keep aside from the operating log, the following entries are recommended: a. An entry of the time and result of the test of auxillary transmitter.
b. A notation of all frequency checks and measurements made Independently of the frequency monitor and of the correlation of these measurements with frequency monitor Indications.
c. A notation of the calibration check of automation recording devices. An entry of the data and time of removal to the restoration to service of any of the following equipment in the event it becomes defective: 1) Final R.F. stage plate volt meter readings. 2) Final R.F. stage plate volt-meter readings. 3) Transmission line radio frequency voltage current, or power meter readings. 4) The entries required concerning quarterly inspection of the condition of the tower lights and associated control equipment and an entry when towers are cleaned and/ or repainted. 5) Entries which described fully any experimental operation of transmitter.
55
6) Any other entries required by the current Instrument of Authorization of the station and the provision of this subpart.
7.5.4 A log must kept of all operations during the experimental period. If t he entries required above are not application thereto then the entries shall be made so as to fully describe the operation.
7.5.5 Logs of FM broadcast stations shall be retained by the licensee or permittee for a period of two (2) years: Provided, however, that logs involving communications incident to a disaster or which include communications incident to or involved in an Investigation by the appropriate regulatory body and concerning which licensee or permittee has been notified, shall be retained by the licensee or permittee until he is specifically authorized in writing by the appropriate regulatory body to destroy the: Provided further, that logs incident to or involved in any claim or complaints of the licensee or permittee has notice, shall be retained by the licensee or permittee until such claim and complaint has been fully satisfied or until the same has been barred by the statue limiting the time for the filling of suits upon such claims.
7.5.6 Each log shall be kept by the person or persons competent to do so, having actual knowledge of the fact required, who shall sign to log when starting duty and again when going off duty. The log shall be made available upon request by an authorized representative(s) of the appropriate regulatory body during the reasonable hour of the day.
7.5.7 A log shall be kept in orderly manner in suitable form, and in such detail that the detail required for the particular class of station concerned are readily available. Key letters or abbreviations may be used if proper meaning or explanation
56
Is contained elsewhere in the log.
7.5.8 No log or portion thereof shall be erased, obligated, or willfully destroyed within the period of retention provided by the rules. Any necessary correction may be made only by the person originating the entry who shall strike out the erroneous portion, initial the correction made, and indicate the date of correction. Rough log(s) may be transcribed into condensed form but in such cases the original rough or memoranda and all portion(s) thereof shall be preserved and made part of the log.
7.6.1
Operation
conducted
under
a
Subsidiary
Communication
Authorization (SCA) shall conform to the uses and purposes authorized by the Authority in granting the SCA application. Prior permission to engage in any new or additional activity must be obtained from the Authority pursuant to application therefore.
7.6.2 Superaudible and subaudible tones and pulses may, when authorized by the Authority, be employed by the SCA holders to activate the deactivatesubscribers multiplex receivers.
The use of these or any othercontrol techniques to delete main channel material is specifically forbidden. 7.6.3 In all arrangement entered in to with outside parties affecting SCA operation, the licensee or permittee must retain control over the station’s facilities, with the right to reject any material which it deems inappropriate or undesirable. Subchannel leasing agreement shall be reduced to writing, kept at the station, and made available for inspection upon request.
57
7.6.4 The logging announcements and other requirements imposed on logs and station identification are not applicable to material transmitted on authorized subcarrier frequencies. 7.6.5 To the extent that SCA circuits are used for transmission of program material, each licensee or permittee shall maintain a daily program log in which a general description of the material transmitted shall be entered once during each broadcast day; Provided, however, that in the event of a change in the general description of the material
transmitted, an entry
shall be made in the SCA program log indicating the time of each such change and a description thereof.
7.6.6 Each licensee or permitee shall maintain a daily operating log of SCA operation in which the following entries shall be made (excluding subcarrier interruptions of five minutes or less): a. Time subcarrier generator is turned on. b. Time modulation is applied to subcarrier. c. Time modulation is removed from subcarrier. d. Time subcarrier generator is turned off.
7.6.7 The frequency of each SCA subcarrier shall be measured as often as necessary to ensure that it is kept at all times within 500 Hz of the authorized frequency. However, in any event, the measure shall be made at least once each calendar month with not more than 40 days expiring between successive measurements.
7.6.8 Program and operating logs for SCA operation may be kept on special columns provided on the station’s regular program and operating log sheets.
58
7.6.9 Technical standards governing the SCA operation shall be observed by all FM broadcast stations engaging in such operation.
7.7 Operation During Emergency When necessary to the safety of life and property and in response to dangerous conditions of a general nature, FM broadcast stations may, at the discretion of the licensee and without further Commission authority, transmit emergency weather warnings and other emergency information. Examples of emergency situations which may warrant either an immediate or delayed response by the license are: Tornadoes, typhoons, floods, tidal waves, earthquakes, extra-heavy rains, widespread fires, discharge of toxic gases, widespread power failures, industrial explosions, and civil disorders. Transmission of information concerning school closings and transportation problems, is appropriate. In addition, and if requested by responsible pubic official, emergency point-to-point messages may e transmitted for the purpose of requesting or dispatching aid and assisting in rescue operations.
8. FM BROADCAST TRANSLATORS AND SIGNAL BOOSTERS
8.1 Definition of Terms 8.1.1 FM Broadcast Translator. A station in the broadcasting service operated for the purpose of retransmitting the signal of an FM radio broadcast station without significantly altering any characteristic of the incoming signal other than its frequency and power output, In order to provide FM broadcast service to the general public. 8.1.2 Commercial FM translator station. An FM broadcast translator station which rebroadcasts the signals of a commercial FM radio broadcast station. 8.1.3 Non-commercial FM translator station. An FM broadcast translator station which rebroadcasts the signals of a non-commercial FM radio broadcast station. 8.1.4 Primary FM station. The FM radio broadcast station radiating the signals which are retransmitted by an FM broadcast translator station or by an FM booster
59
station. 8.1.5 FM broadcast booster station. A station in the broadcasting service utilizing a signal booster that operates on the same frequency as the primary FM station. 8.1.6 Rebroadcast. Means reception by radio of the program of a radio station, and the simultaneous or subsequent retransmission of such program by a broadcast station. 8.2 Licensing Policies 8.2.1 Purpose and Permissable Service - FM Translators provide a means whereby the signals of FM broadcast stations may be retransmitted to areas within the province in which direct reception of such FM broadcast stations is unsatisfactory due to distance or intervening terrain barriers. The FM translator shall be located within the province in which its primary station is located. The maximum translator power allowable is 100 watts. A maximum of 2 translator stations may be licensed for each primary station. 8.2.2 An FM translator may be used only for the purpose of retransmitting the signals of an FM broadcast station which is received directly through space, converted, and suitably amplified. 8.2.3 The transmissions of each FM translator shall be intended for direct reception by the general public and any other use shall be incidental thereto. 8.2.4 The technical characteristics of the retransmitted signals shall not be deliberately altered so as to hinder reception on conventional FM broadcast receivers. 8.2.5 An FM translator shall not deliberately retransmit the signals of any station other than the station it is authorized by license to retransmit. Precautions shall be taken to avoid unintentional retransmission of such other signals. 8.2.6 FM broadcast booster stations provide a means whereby an FM radio broadcast station may provide service to areas of low signal intensity in any region within the province. An FM broadcast booster station shall be located within the 1 millivolt per meter predicted flat terrain contour and within the
60
province in which its primary station is located. An FM broadcast booster station is authorized to retransmit the signals of the primary station only. It shall not retransmit the signals of any other station nor make independent transmission, provided, however, that locally generated signals may be used to excite the booster apparatus for the purpose of conducting tests and measurements essential to the proper installation and maintenance of the apparatus. The maximum allowable power of a booster station is 100 watts. A maximum of 2 booster stations may be licensed for each primary station. 8.2.7 The transmission of an FM broadcast booster station shall be intended for direct reception by the general public. Such stations will not be authorized to establish a point-to-point FM radio relay syatem. 8.2.8 An FM broadcast translator station or an FM booster station with a power of 100 watts or less may be operated by a person designated by and under the control of the licensee and not be a licensed operator. 8.2.9 An authorization for a commercial FM translator station or booster station shall not be granted if its signal shall interfere with any existing principal station, FM booster station or FM translator station as provided for in the FM radio frequency protection ratio. 8.2.10 An authorization for FM translator station or booster station shall not be granted should the predicted 1 milivolt per meter field strength contour extend into the boundary of another province. 8.2.11 Each application for an FM broadcast booster station shall include a statement concerning the steps which have been taken in the design and location of the equipment to insure that the areas of service from the primary FM station will not be degraded by operation of FM booster station.
8.3 Operational Requirements 8.3.1 Unattended Operation A station authorized under this subpart may be operated without a licensed radio operator in attendance if the following requirements are met:
61
a. The translator shall be equipped with suitable automatic circuits which will place it in a non-radiating condition in the absence of a signal on the input channel. b. The on-and-off control (if at a location other than the transmitter site) and the transmitting apparatus shall be adequately protected against tampering by unauthorized persons. c. The authority shall be supplied with the name, address and telephone number of a person or persons who may be contacted to secure suspension of operation of the translator promptly, should such action be deemed necessary by the Authority. Such information shall be kept by the licensee. d. An application for authority to construct a new station pursuant to this subpart or to make changes in the facilities of such a station, which proposes unattended operation shall be include an adequate showing as to the manner of compliance with this section. 8.3.2 Power Limitations a. The power output of the final radio frequency amplifier of a station authorized under this subpart shall not exceed 100 watts. 1.) Stations employing multiple radio frequency amplifiers will be licensed as a single station provided that the total power output shall not exceed 100 watts. 2.) No limit is placed upon the effective radiate power which may be obtained by the use of horizontally polarized directive transmitting antennas.
8.3.2 Emissions and Bandwidth a. The license of an FM translator or FM booster station authorizes the transmission of either F3 or F9 emission (frequency modulation). b. Standard width FM channels will be assigned and the transmitting apparatus shall be operated so as to limit spurious emissions to the lowest
62
practicable value. Any emission including intermodulation products and radio frequency harmonics which are not essential for the transmission of the desired aural information shall be considered to be spurious emissions. c. The power of emissions appearing outside the assigned channel shall be attenuated below the total power of the emission as follows:
Distance of emission from center frequency
Minimum Attenuation below unmodulated carrier
120 to 240 kHz
25 dB
Over 240 and up to 600 kHz
35 dB
Over 600 kHz
60 dB
d. Greater attenuation than that specified in paragraph c) of this subsection may be required if interferences result outside the assigned channel.
8.3.4 Consideration should be given to accessibility of the site at all times of the year and to the availability of facilities for the maintenance and operation of the FM translator.
8.3.5 Equipment and Installation a. Applications for new station or for changes in the facilities of existing stations will not be accepted for filing unless the transmitting apparatus to be employed is type-accepted. b. Transmitting antennas, antennas used to receive signals to be rebroadcast, and transmission lines are not subject to the requirement for typeacceptance. c. The following requirements must be met before the translator or booster equipment will be type-accepted by the authority. 1.) The frequency converter and associated amplifiers of an FM
63
translator shall be so designed that the electrical characteristics of a standard FM signal, including stereophonic subchannel, introduced into the input terminals will not be significantly altered by passage through the apparatus except as to frequency and amplitude. The overall frequency response of the apparatus within its assigned channel when operating at its rated power output and measured at the output terminals, shall provide a smooth curve, varying within limits separated by no more than 3 decibels. 2.) Radio frequency harmonics at the output terminals of the transmitter, shall be attenuated at least 60 decibels below the fundamental output carrier level. All other emissions appearing outside the assigned channel shall conform with the specifications set forth in paragraph (3) below. 3.) The local oscillator oscillators employed in the translator equipment shall, when subjected to variations in ambient temperature between minus 30 degrees and plus 50 degrees centigrade and in primary supply voltage between 85 percent and 115 percent of the rated value, be sufficiently stable to maintain the output carrier frequency of translator within plus or minus 0.005 percent of its assigned frequency, assuming zero variation of the received primary station signal from its assigned frequency. 4.) The apparatus shall contain automatic circuits which will maintain the power output constant within 2 decibels when the level of the signal at the input terminals is v
aried over a range of 40 decibels and
which will not permit power output to exceed the maximum rated power output to exceed the maximum rated power output under any condition. If a manual adjustment is provided to compensate for different average signals levels, provision shall be made for determining the proper setting for thecontrol and if improper adjustment of the control could result in improper operations, a label shall be affixed at the adjustment control
64
bearing a suitable warning. 5) The apparatus shall be equipped with automatic controls which will place it in nonradiating condition when no signal is being received on the input channel, either due to absence of a transmitter signal or failure of the receiving portion of the transistor or booster. The automatic control may include a time - delay feature to prevent interruption in the operation of the station caused by the fading or other momentary failures of the incoming signal. 6) The amplifying devices employed in the final radio frequency amplifier shall be of the appropriate power rating to provide the rated power output of the transistor or booster. The normal operating constant s for operation at the rated power output shall be specified. The apparatus shall be equipped with suitable meters or meter jacks so that appropriate voltage and current measurements may be made while the apparatus is in operation. 7) Wiring, shielding, and construction shall be in accordance with accepted principles of good engineering practice.
d. The exciter employed to provide a locally generated or modulated input signal to the transistor shall be type-accepted and shall meet the following specifications for type-acceptance by the authority.
1) The local oscillator or oscillators employed in the exciter, when subjected to variations in ambient temperature between minus 30 degrees and plus 50 degrees centigrade, and in primary supply voltage between 85 percent and 115 percent of the rated value, shall be sufficiently stable to maintain the output center frequency of the exciter within plus or minus 0.005 percent of the frequency assigned to the primary station. 2) Automatic means shall be provided for limiting the level of audio frequency voltage applied to the modulation to the modulator to insure that
65
the frequency swing in excess in 75 kHz will not occur under any condition of modulation. 3) Wiring, shielding, and construction shall be in accordance with accepted principles of good engineering practice. e. Type-acceptance will be granted only upon satisfactory showing that the apparatus is capable of meeting the requirements of paragraphs c) and d) of this sub-section. The following procedures shall apply: 1) Any manufacturer of apparatus intended for use by a station authorized under this subpart may be request type-acceptance by following the procedures set forth by the Authority. 2) Apparatus for used by stations authorized under this subpart which has been type-accepted by the Commission will normally be authorized with-out additional measurements by the applicant. 3) Other rules concerning type-acceptance, including information regarding withdrawal of type-acceptance, modification of type-accepted equipment and limitations on the findings upon which type-acceptance is based, are set forth by the Authority.
f. The installation of anFM translator or booster station employing the type - accepted apparatus may be made by a license technician or licensed engineer.
g. Simple repairs, such as the replacement of tubes, fuses or other plug-in components and the adjustments of non-critical circuits which require no particular technical skill may be made by a qualified person. Repairs which require the replacement of attached component adjustment of critical circuits, or technical measurements, shall be made only by a licensed technician or licensed engineer.
h. Any test or adjustment which requires the radiation of signals for their completion and which could result in improper operation of the apparatus
66
shall be made by or under the immediate supervision of a licensed firstclass radio-telephone operator or licensed engineer.
i. The transmitting antenna may be designed to produce either horizontal or vertical polarization, or combination of horizontal and vertical polarization. Separate transmitting antennas are permitted if both horizontal and vertical polarization is not to be provided.
8.3.7 Equipment Changes
a. No change, either mechanical or electrical, may be madein the FM translator or booster apparatus which has been type-accepted. b. Formal application is re any quired for any of the following changes to be made on NTC Form in the case of FM broadcast translator station and FM broadcasts booster stations: 1) Replacement of the translator or booster as a whole. 2) A change in the transmitting antenna system including the direction of radiation or directive antenna pattern. 3) Any change in the overall hieght fo the antenna structure. 4) Any chane in the location of the translator or booster except the move within the same building or upon the same pole or tower. 5) Any horizontal change in the location of the antenna structure which would (i) be in excess of 500 ft or (ii) would require notice to the Air Transportation Office (ATO). 6) Any change of input or output frequency of a translator. 7) Any change of primary station of translator. 8) Any changed of authorized transmitter operating output. 9) Any changed in any authorized principal community or area being served. 10) other equipment changes not specifically reffered to above.
67
8.4 Technical Operation and Operators
8.4.1. Frequency tolerance The licensee of an FM translator station shall maintain the center frequency at the output of the translator within 0.01 percent of its assigned frequency. The output frequency of an FM booster station shall be the exact frequency of its primary station.
8.4.2. Frequency monitors and measurements
a. The licensee of a station authorized under this subpart is not required to provide means for measuring the operating frequency of the transmitter. However, only equipment having the required stability will be approved for use by an FM translator or booster. b. In the event that a station under this subpart is found to be operating beyond the frequency tolerance prescribed in Subsection 8.4.1. the licensee shall promptly suspend operation of the station and shall not resume operation until the station has been restored to its assigned frequency. Adjustment of the frequency determining circuits of an FM translator or booster shall be made by a licensed technician or licensed engineer in accordance with Subsection 7.3.5.C
8.4.3. Time of operation a. An FM translator is not required to adhere to any regular schedule of operation. However, the licensee of an FM translator is expected to provide a dependable service to the extent that such is within its control and to avoid unwarranted interruptions to the service provided. b. If an FM translator station is Inoperative for 10 days or more, the licensee shall promptly notify the Authority in writing where the station is
68
located, promptly describing the cause of the Inoperation and the steps being taken to place the translator in operation again and the licensee shall promptly when operation is resumed. c. Failure of an FM translator station to operate for a period of 30 days or more, except for causes beyond the control of the licensee, shall be deemed evidence of discontinuance of operation and the license of the station may be cancelled at the discretion of the Authority. d. An FM translator shall not be permitted to radiate during extended periods when signals of the primary station are not being retransmitted.
8.4.4. Station inspection The licensee of a station authorized under this subpart shall make the station and the records required to be kept by the rules in this subpart available for inspection by representatives of the Authority.
8.4.5. Posting of station license
a. The station license and any other instrument of authorization or individual order concerning the construction of the station or the manner of operation shall be kept in the station records file maintained by the licensee so as to be available for inspection upon request, to any authorized representative of the Authority. b. The call sign of the translator or booster together with the name, address, and telephone number of the licensee or local representative of the licensee, if the licensee does not reside in the community served by the translator or booster, and the name and address of a person and place where station records are maintained, shall be displayed at the translator or booster site on the structure supporting the transmitting antenna, so as to be visible to a person standing on the ground at the transmitter site. The display shall be maintained in a legible condition by the licensee.
69
8.4.6. Operator requirements a. An operator holding a valid restricted radio telephone operator permit shall observe the operation of a station authorized under this subpart by obtaining reception of its transmissions. b. In the event of malfunction, or upon notice by the authority, the operation shnall immediately cause the operaton of the station to cease untill the malfunction is corrected or untill the conditions requiring suspension of operation are corrected.
8.4.7 Additional Orders In cases where the rules contained in this part do not cover all phases of operation or experimentation with respect to external effects, the Authority may make supplemental or additinal orders in each case as may be deemed necessary.
8.5 Other Operating Requirements 8.5.1 Station Records a. The licensee of a station authorized under this subpart shall maintain adequate station records. Including the current of authorization, official correspondence with the authority, maintenance records, contracts, permissions for rebroadcast, and other pertinent documents. b. The records to be maintained where an antenna structure is required to be marked or lighted shall be governed by the provisions of the Air Transporttaion Office (ATO) c. Station records shall be retained for a period of 2 years.
8.5.2 The licensee of an FM translator shall not broadcast the programs of any FM broadcast station without obtaning prior consent of the primary station whose programs are proposed to be retransmitted. The authority
70
shall be notified by the call letters of each stations rebroadcasts and the licensee of the FM translator shall certify that written consent has been received from the licensee of the station whose programs are retransmitted.
8.5.3 An FM translator is ot authorized to rebroadcast the transmissions of any class of station other than a primary FM broadcast station.
9.6 PUBLIC INFORMATION FILE An updated Public Information File shall made available at all times to the NTC inspector or to any interested party. the Public Information File shall be kept on file at each broadcats station and shall contain the following: a. A copy of the station license. b. Documents as to mode of ownership whether partnership, corporation or single proprietorship including trade name as registered in the Department of Trade. c. Documents on all changes of transmitter equipment, including the incorporated changes in the license and the corresponding of construction permits. d. Copies of the program standards, the Technician Standards, the NTC compilation of laws, regulations, circulars and memoranda. e. Evidence of membership in the KBP, or any other broadcaters organization.
10. ANNEXES A. Prediction of Coverage Figure 1. F(50,50) Field Strength Chart for FM Channels and Sliding scale for use with Figure 1. Figure 2. Standard Pre-Emphasis Curve Figure 3. Simple Form For Prediction of Service Area and Interference Studies.
71
ANNEX A 1. Prediction of coverage A.1.1. All predictions of coverage made pursuant to this section shall be made without regard to interferences and shall be made only on the basis of estimated field strengths.
A.1.2. In predicting the distance to the field stregth contours, the F(50,50) field intensity chart (figure 1), shall be used. If the 50 percent field intensity is defined as that value exceeded for 50 percent of the time, this F(50,50) chart gives the estimated 50 percent field intensities exceeded at 50 percent of the locations in decibels above 1-microvolt per meter. The chart is based on an effective power of 1-kilowatt radiated from a halfwave dipole in free space which produces an unattenuated field strength at 1.6 kilometers of about 103 dB above 1-microvolt per meter (137.6 millivolts per meter).
A.1.3. To use the chart for other powers, the sliding scale associated with the chart should be trimmed and used as the ordinate scale. The sliding scale is placed on the chart with the appropriate graduation for power in line with the horizontal 40 dB line on the chart. The right edge of the scale is placed in line with the appropriate antenna height graduations, and the chart then becomes direct reading (in microvolt per meter and dB above 1 microvolt per meter for this power and antenna height.) Where the antenna height is not provided, the signal strength or distance is determined by the interpolation between the curves connecting the equidistant scale. Dividers may be used in lieu of the sliding scale. In predicting the distance to the field strength contours, the effective radiated power to be used is that in the horizontal plane in the pertinent direction. In predicting other field strengths over areas not in the horizontal plane., the effective radiated power to be used is the power in the direction of such areas; the appropriate vertical plane radiation pattern must, of course, be considered in determining this power.
72
A.1.4. The antenna height to be used with this chart is the height of the radiation center of the antenna above the average terrain along the radial in question. In determining the average elevation of the terrain, the elevations between 3 and 16 kilometers from the antenna site are employed. Profile graphs shall be drawn for eight radials beginning at the antenna site and extending 16-kilometers therefrom. The radials should be drawn for each 45 degrees of azimuth starting with True North. At least one radial must include the principal community to be served even though such a community may be more than 16-kilometers from the antenna site. However, in the event none of the evenly spaced radials include the principal community to be served, then one or more such radials are drawn in addition to the eight evenly spaced radials, such additional radials shall not be employed in computing the antenna height above average terrain. The profile graph should indicate the topography accurately for each radial, and the graphs should be plotted with the distance in kilometers as the abscissa and the elevation in meters above mean sea level as the ordinate. it is not necessary to take the curvature of the earth into consideration in this procedure as this factor is taken care of in the charts showing signal strength. The average elevation of the 13-kilometer distance between 3 and 16 kilometers from the antenna site should then be determined from the profile graph, for each radial. This may be obtained by averaging a large number of equally spaced points, by using a planimeter, or obtaining the median elevation (that exceeded for 50 percent of the distance) in sectors and averaging these values.
A.1.5. In cases where the terrain in one or more directions from the antenna site departs widely from the average elevation of 3 to 16 kilometers sector, the predicted method may be indicate contour distances that are different from what may be expected in practice. For example, a mountain ridge may indicate the practical limit of service although the prediction method may indicate otherwise.
73
Table 1.
ALLOCATION
OF
FREQUENCIES
FOR
FM
BROADCAST
STATIONS Channel-designation of FM broadcast frequencies are shown in the table shown in the table below.
Channel No.
Frequency(MHz)
Channel No.
Frequency(MHz) 201
88.1
251
98.1
202
88.3
252
98.3
203
88.5
253
98.5
204
88.7
254
98.7
205
88.9
255
98.9
206
89.1
256
99.1
207
89.3
257
99.3
208
89.5
258
99.5
209
89.7
269
99.7
210
89.9
260
99.9
211
90.1
261
100.1
212
90.3
262
100.3
213
90.5
263
100.5
214
90.7
264
100.7
215
90.9
265
100.9
216
91.1
266
101.1
217
91.3
267
101.3
218
91.5
268
101.5
219
91.7
269
101.7
220
91.9
270
101.9
221
92.1
271
102.1
74
222
92.3
272
102.3
223
92.5
273
102.5
224
92.7
274
102.7
225
92.9
275
102.9
226
93.1
276
103.1
227
93.3
277
103.3
228
93.5
278
103.5
229
93.7
279
103.7
230
93.9
280
103.9
231
94.1
281
104.1
232
94.3
282
104.3
233
94.5
283
104.5
234
94.7
284
104.7
235
94.9
285
104.9
236
95.1
286
105.1
237
95.3
287
105.3
238
95.5
288
105.5
239
95.7
289
105.7
240
95.9
290
105.9
241
96.1
291
106.1
242
96.3
292
106.3
243
96.5
293
106.5
244
96.7
294
106.7
245
96.9
295
106.9
246
97.1
296
107.1
247
97.3
297
107.3
248
97.5
298
107.5
249
97.7
299
107.7
250
97.9
300
107.9
75
76
b. FM Studio Layout
77
c. Block Diagram for FM Radio
78
d. GLOSSARY FM Broadcast Terminology Antenna Height Above Average Terrain (HAAT) – It is the height of the radiation center of the antenna above the terrain 3 to 16 kilometers from the antenna. Antenna field gain – it is the ratio of the effective free space field intensity produced at 1.6 km in the horizontal plane expressed in mV/m for 1 kW antenna input power to 137.6 mV/m. Antenna power gain – it means the square of the ratio of the rms free space field strength produced at 1.6 km in the horizontal plane, in mV/m. Center frequency – it is the average frequency of the emitted wave when modulated by using a sinusoidal signal. Crosstalk – An undesired signal occurring in one channel caused by an electrical signal in another channel. Effective radiated power (ERP) – it is the product of the transmitter power and the antenna power gain or the antenna field gain square. Field intensity – it is the electric field intensity in the horizontal direction. FM stereophonic broadcast – the transmission of a stereophonic program by a single FM broadcast station utilizing the main channel and stereophonic subchannel. Free space field intensity – it is the field intensity that would exist the point, in the absence of waves reflected from the earth or other reflecting objects. Frequency swing – it means the instantaneous departure of the frequency of emitted wave from the center frequency resulting from the modulation. Main channel – the band of frequency from 50 to 15000 Hz which frequency modulate the main carrier. Multiplex transmission – it means the simultaneous transmission of two or more signals within a single channel. Pilot subcarrier – it serves as a control signal for use I reception of FM stereophonic broadcasts.
79
Service Area – it refers to the area bounded by a field intensity that is equal or greater than the minimum value necessary to permit a desired reception quality in the presence noise and interference, an from which the RF Protection Ratio is extended. Stereophonic Separation – it is the ratio of electrical signal caused in the right (or left) stereophonic channel, to the electrical signal caused in the right (or left) stereophonic channel, by the transmission of only a right (or left) signal. Stereophonic subcarrier – it is the second harmonic of the pilot subcarrier frequency in which is employed in FM stereophonic broadcasting. Stereophonic subchannel – the band of frequencies from 23 to 53 KHz containing the stereophonic subcarrier and its associated sidebands. Operating frequency – the carrier frequency at any particular time. Authorized frequency – the carrier frequency authorized by the authority. Operating power – “Operating power” is the transmitting output power. Maximum Rated Carrier Power – “Maximum Rated Power” Is the maximum power at which the transmitter can be operated satisfactorily and is determined by the design of the transmitter. Authorized Operating Power – “Authorized operating power” is the power authorize by the authority. Modulator stage – “modulator stage” means the last audio amplifier stage of the modulating wave which modulates a radio-frequency stage. Modulated Stage – “modulated stage” means the radio frequency stage to which the modulator is coupled and in which the continuous carrier wave is modulated in accordance with the system of modulation and the characteristic of the modulating wave. Daytime – “daytime” the term refers to the period of time between 2200 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) to 1000 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) or 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM local standard time.
80
Nighttime – the term “nighttime” refers to the period of time between 1000 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) to 2200 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) or 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM local standard time. Experimental Period – the term “Experimental Period” means that the time between 12 midnight to 5:00 AM local standard time or 1600 to 2100 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) Spurious Emission – the emission of any frequency outside of the assigned channel or authorized band of frequencies and tolerances allowed by these regulations. Emission outside the assigned channel, as a result of the modulating process, is not considered spurious, unless it is due to overmodulation. Authority – the National Telecommunications Commission.
81
e. REFERENCES Books Blake, Electronic Communication Systems (2nd Edition) C.J. Soon, Communications Engineering Black Book J. Ampoloquio, Electronic Communications Engineering (Superbook)
82
f. Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information Name:
RANDY J. ALARCON
Date of Birth:
13 June 1986
Place of Birth:
Palico II, Imus, Cavite
Age:
21
Sex:
Male
Religion:
Roman Catholic
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education Electronics and Communications Engineering
Date: June 2003 - Present
Technological Institute of the Philippines Date: June 1999 - March 2003
Imus Institute Secondary Education
Imus Pilot Elementary School
Date: June 1993 - March 1999
Primary Education
Affiliations ECE-DSG
5th Yr. Representative
July 2007 - Present
IECEP
Member
July 2006 - Present
ECE-Quizzards
Treasurer
Oct 2006 - Present
MAPS
P.R.O.
June 2005 - Present
83
Personal Information Name:
KEITH GREEN F. CABRERA
Date of Birth:
22 Febraury 1986
Place of Birth:
Odiongan, Romblon
Age:
21
Sex:
Male
Religion:
Aglipayan
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education Electronics and Communications Engineering
Date: June 2003 - Present
Technological Institute of the Philippines Date: June 1999 - March 2003
Romblon State College Secondary Education
Odiongan South Central Elementary School
Date: June 1993 - March 1999
Primary Education
Affiliations June 2003 - Present
Academic Scholar IECEP
Member
July 2006 - Present
ECE-Quizzards
Member
Oct 2006 - Present
MAPS
P.R.O.
June 2005 - Present
“
84
Personal Information Name:
HANNA MAE M. CAMBRONERO
Date of Birth:
22 May 1986
Place of Birth:
Talisay, Camarines Norte, Bicol
Age:
21
Sex:
Female
Religion:
Roman Catholic
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education Electronics and Communications Engineering
Date: June 2003 - Present
Technological Institute of the Philippines
San Francisco National High School
Date: June 1999 - March 2003
(former Vinzons Pilot High School-Annex) Secondary Education Date: June 1993 - March 1999
Zantua-Abordo Elem. School Primary Education
Affiliations TIP UASA
Treasurer
S.Y. 2006-2007
IECEP
Member
S. Y. 2006 - Present
UASA
Member
S.Y. 2006 - 2007
85
Personal Information Name :
CHARLZ F. FONTAMILLAS
Birthday :
27 Feb. 1986
Age
:
21
Address :
Tamarraw Hills, Valenzuela City
Religion :
Iglisia Filipina Independiente
Father’s Name :
Charlie F. Fontamillas
Mother’s Name:
Irma F. Fontamillas
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education PRIMARY
: Odiongan South Central Elementary School (1993 – 2000)
SECONDARY
: Rombon National High School (2000 – 2003)
TERTIARY
: Technological Institute of the Philippines (2003 – present)
Affiliations IECEP TIPMSC and EMMC Member Math and Physics Society Member
86
Personal Information Name:
ERICKSON D. MALATE
Birthday:
24 September 1986
Age:
20
Address:
419 Real St. Pulanlupa, Las Pinas City
Religion:
Christian
Father’s Name:
Malate, Francisco S.
Mother’s Name:
Malate, Josefina D.
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education PRIMARY
: Las Pinas Elementary School
SECONDARY
: Las Pinas National HighSchool
TERTIARY
: Technological Institute of the Philippines
Affiliations MEMBER, IECEP-EMMSC, IECEP-TIPMSC MEMBER, Robotics Society
87
Personal Information Name :
JETT – RETT S. SANTOS
Birthday :
September 16, 1986
Age:
21
Address:
Antipolo St. Sta. Cruz, Manila
Religion :
Roman Catholic
Father’s Name :
Ronald S. Santos
Mother’s Name:
Ma. Rosalinda S. Santos
Education PRIMARY
: Esperitu Santo Parochial School (1993 – 2000)
SECONDARY
: Manuel Luis Quezon High School (2000 – 2003)
TERTIARY
: Technological Institute of the Philippines (2003 – present)
Affiliations IECEP TIPMSC and EMMC Member Ministry of the Altar Servers (KOA/MOA)
88
Personal Information Name:
Antipas T. Teologo Jr.
Date of Birth:
14 December 1986
Place of Birth:
Barosong, Tigbauan, Iloilo
Age:
20
Sex:
Male
Religion:
Roman Catholic
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education Electronics and Communications Engineering
Date: June 2003 - Present
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Barosong National High School
Date: June 1999 - March 2003
Secondary Education Date: June 1993 - March 1999
Barosong Elem. School Primary Education
Affiliations TIP VOICE
Associate Editor
S.Y. 2007-2008
ECE-DSG
4th Yr. Representative
S.Y. 2006-2007
ECE QUIZZARDS
President
S.Y. 2007-2008
IECEP
Member
S. Y. 2006 - Present
MAPS
VP-External
S. Y. 2006-2007
DOST
scholar
S.Y. 2003 - Present
89
Personal Information Name :
AARON M. TIRO
Birthday :
October 02, 1986
Age:
20
Address:
Bunga Tanza Cavite
Religion:
ROMAN CATHOLIC
Father’s Name:
Rodello S. Tiro
Mother’s Name:
Celestina R. Monton
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education PRIMARY
: Santol Elementary School (1993 – 2000)
SECONDARY
: Lapaz National High School (2000 – 2003)
TERTIARY
: Technological Institute of the Philippines (2003 – present)
Affiliations IECEP TIPMSC and EMMC Member
90
Personal Information Name :
KRISTINE JD A. VIRTUDEZ
Birthday :
10 July 1985
Age:
20
Address:
4F Anita Bldg. Pandacan, Manila
Religion:
Roman Catholic
Father’s Name :
Maj. Juanito B. Virtudez
Mother’s Name:
Cheryll A. Virtudez
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education PRIMARY
: Corpus Christi School (1992 – 1999)
SECONDARY
: Pilgrim Christian College (1999 – 2003)
TERTIARY
: Technological Institute of the Philippines (2003 – present)
Affiliations IECEP Quizzards IECEP TIPMSC and EMMC Member Math and Physics Society Member
91
Personal Information Name:
JAY LYN A. YAO
Date of Birth:
14 July 1986
Place of Birth:
Balogo Sta. Cruz, Marinduque
Age:
21
Sex:
Female
Religion:
Roman Catholic
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education Electronics and Communications Engineering
Date: June 2003 - Present
Technological Institute of the Philippines Date: June 1999 - March 2003
Malindig Institute Secondary Education
Date: June 1993 - March 1999
Balogo Elementary School Primary Education
Affiliations IECEP
Member
S. Y. 2006 - Present
ECE-Quizzards
Member
S.Y. 2007 - 2008
92
g. Pictures
93
94
95
