Saludo v. CA

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2

D!"on# R$%a&ado, '. I I .COMMONCARRI ERS

nd

D. Damages Recov erable from Common Carriers; (5 ) Nominal, Temperate and Liqidated aterp aterpro roof of herei herein n as as conta containe ined d the re%ai re%ains ns of Facts: Cr"na Ga&do Sa&do, *o+h$r o +h$ $++on$r", d$d n Chca%o, Crispina Galdo Saludo. -&&no". o*$r"/ and Son n$ra& o*$ o Chca%o, *ad$ +h$ n$c$""ar n +h$ "a*$ da+$, 26 c+o$r 1976, o*$r"/ ro%h+ +h$ iii. r$ara+ r$ ara+on" on" and arra arran%$* n%$*$n+" $n+" or +h$ "h "h*$n+ *$n+ o +h$ r$*a r$*an" n" ro* Chca%o +o +h$ h&n$". o*$r"/ ro%h+ +h$ r$*an" +o Con+n$n+a& r$*an" +o C.M.A.S. (Con+n$n+a& Mor+ar Ar S$r!c$") a+ +h$ Mor+ar Mor+ ar Ar S$r! S$r!c$" c$" (CMAS) a+ +h$ Chca%o Aror+ Aror+ hch *ad$ +h$ aror+ aror+ (Chca%o) (Chca%o) hch *ad$ +h$ n$c$""ar n$c$""ar arran%$*$n+" arran%$*$n+" n$c$""ar arran%$*$n+" "ch a" %h+", +ran"$r", $+c. CMAS oo/$d +h$ "ch a" %h+", +ran"$r", $+c.; C.M.A.S. " a na+ona& "$r!c$ "h*$n+ "h* $n+ +h A A  +hr +h$ carr carr$r" $r" a%$n+ Ar Car$ -n+$rna+on -n+$rna+ona&. a&. A "$d  nd$r+a/ nd$r+a/$r" $r" +hro%ho +hro%ho+ + +h$ na+on (.S.A.), (.S.A.), +h$ Ara && rdnar a" ""$d h$r$n +h$ r$:$"+$d ro+n% a" ro* rn"h +h$ ar och hch +h$ ca"/$+ " $nc&o"$d n, and +h$ Chca%o +o San ranc"co on oard ran" &$d a co*&an+ a%an"+ r +h$ *""h*$n+ and d$&a n +h$ d$&a o +h$ car%o con+ann% +h$ r$*an" o +h$ &a+$ Cr"na Sa&do. $++on$r" a&&$%$d +ha+ r!a+$ r$"ond$n+" r$c$!$d +h$ ca"/$+$d r$*an" o Cr"na on c+o$r 26, 1976, a" $!d$nc$d  +h$ ""anc$ o A Ara &&  Ar Car$ and ro* "ad da+$, r!a+$ r$"ond$n+" $r$ char%$d +h +h$ r$"on"&+ +o $=$rc"$ $=+raordnar d&%$nc$ "o *ch "o +ha+ +h$ a&&$%$d "+chn% o +h$ ca"/$+" on c+o$r 27, 1976, or on$ da a+$r +h$ r!a r!a+$ +$ r$" r$"ond$ ond$n+" n+" r$c$!$d +h$ car% car%o, o, +h$ &a++$r *"+ n$c$""ar& $ &a&$. ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????

*o+h$r $r o After After the death death of Crispi Crispina na Galdo Galdo Saludo Saludo , *o+h Anc$+o Anc$+o G. Sa&do Sa&do 'r., 'r., Mara Mara Sa&!acon Sa&!acon Sa&do, $oo&do $oo&do G. Sa&do, and Sa+rnno Sa+rnno G. Sa&do, in Chicago, Illinois, on 23 Octo Octobe berr !"# !"#,, $o%i $o%ier ers& s&ii and and Son Son Funer uneral al 'o%e 'o%e of Chic Chicag ago, o, %a %ade de the the nece necess ssar ar( ( prep prepar arat atio ions ns and and arrang arrange%e e%ents nts for the ship%e ship%ent nt of the re%ain re%ains s fro% fro% Chicago to the $hilippines. .

ii. ii.

)he )he funera funerall ho%e ho%e had the re%ain re%ains s e%bal% e%bal%ed ed and secured secured a per%it per%it for the dispositio disposition n of dead hu%an hu%an bod( on 25 c+o$r 1976. $hil $hilip ippi pine ne *ice *ice Consu Consull in Chic Chicag ago, o, Illin Illinoi ois, s, $n!$ndo M. &an$+a, a+ 3@00 .*. on 26 c+o$r 1976 at the $o%iers&i + Son Funeral 'o%e, sealed the shipping case containing a her% her%et etic ical all( l( seal sealed ed cas& cas&et et that that is airt airtig ight ht and and

♦

"a*$ da+$, and ro* Man&a +o C$ on oard A &%h+ 149 o 29 c+o$r 1976. Mara Sa&!acon Sa&!acon Sa&do Sa&do and Sa+rnn Sa+rnno o In the the %ean %eanti ti%e %e,, Mara Sa&do, +hr a +ra!$& a%$n+, $r$ oo/$d +h n+$d Ar&n$" ro* Chca%o Chca%o +o Ca&orn Ca&orna, a, and +h A A ro* ro* Ca&orn Ca&orna a +o Man&a. i.

ii.

iii.

iv. iv.

Sh$ +h$n $n+ +o +h$ n$ra& dr$c+or dr$c+or o o*$r"/ o*$r"/ n$ra n$ra&& o*$ ho had h$r *o+h$r" r$*an" and "h$ +o&d +h$ dr$c+or +ha+ +h$ $r$ oo/$d +h n+$d Ar&n$". ut the director

told her that the re%ains ere boo&ed ith )A 4ight to California. )his )his upset upset her her,, and she and her her brot brother her had had to chan change ge reserv reservati ation ons s fro% fro% 5A to the )A )A 4ight 4ight after after she she con6r%ed b( phone that her %other7s re%ains ould be on that )A 4ight. h$ $n+ +o +h$ aror+ and a+ch$d ro* +h$ &oo/#o+ ar$a. Sh$ "a no od od $n% ro%h+ ro%h+.. So, "h$ $n+ +o +h$ 
no con6r%ation fro% her cousin reached her that her %other as on the est Coast. v.

on arr!a& a+ San ranc"co a+ ao+ 5@00 .*., "h$ $n+ +o +h$ 
She as told the( did not &no an(thing about it.

Saludo v. CA vi.

vii.

viii. i8.

8.

♦

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd

D. Damages Recov erable from Common Carriers; (5 ) Nominal, Temperate and Liqidated Sh$ +h$n ca&&$d o*$r"/ +ha+ h$r *o+h$r" r$*an" $r$ no+ r$*an" o +h$ &a+$ Cr"na Sa&do, and o +h$ d"cor+$" o +" a+ +h$ <$"+ Coa"+ +$r*na&, and o*$r"/ **$da+$& ca&&$d $*&o$$" +o Mara Sa&!acon Sa&do and Sa+rnno Sa&do. C.M.A.S., hch n a *a++$r o 10 *n+$" nor*$d h* +ha+ In a separate letter on / 9une !"" addressed to +h$ r$*an" $r$ on a &ac$ +o M$=co C+, +ha+ +h$r$ $r$ $hilippine Airlines $A-;, the Saludos stated that the( +o od$" a+ +h$ +$r*na&, and "o*$ho +h$ $r$ "+ch$d; ere holding $A- liable for said dela( in deliver( and h$ r$&a$d +h" nor*a+on +o M"" Sa&do n Ca&orna; &a+$r ould co%%ence &$d  +h$ Sa&do" $or$ +h$ +h$n Cor+ o ♦ o Cr"na Sa&do arr!$d n San ranc"co ro* M$=co on oard A*$rcan Ar&n$". r"+ -n"+anc$, ranch ---, So+h$rn $+$, ran% or +h$ aard h" "h*$n+ a" +ran"$rr$d +o or r$c$!$d  A a+ 7@45 o ac+a& da*a%$" o 50,000.00, *ora& da*a%$" o .*. 1,000,000.00, $=$*&ar da*a%$", a++orn$" $$" and co"+" h" ca"/$+ $arn% +h$ r$*an" o Cr"na Sa&do, hch a" o "+. *"+a/$n& "$n+ +o M$=co and a" o$n$d (+h$r$), a" )he trial court absolved the to airline co%panies of r$"$a&$d  Cr"n . ada%a" or "h*$n+ +o +h$ h&n$". h$ "h*$n+ a" **$da+$& &oad$d on A %h+ or Man&a liabilit(. +ha+ "a*$ $!$nn% and arr!$d n Man&a on 30 c+o$r 1976, a ♦ h$ Cor+ o A$a&" aBr*$d +h$ d$c"on o +h$ &o$r cor+ n da a+$r +" $=$c+$d arr!a& on 29 c+o$r 1976. +o+o, and n a ""$:$n+ r$"o&+on, d$n$d +h$ Sa&do"

-n a &$++$r da+$d 15 D$c$*$r 1976, +h$ con"$& o +h$ Sa&do" nor*$d ran"
♦

*o+on or r$con"d$ra+on or &ac/ o *$r+. $nc$, +h$ $++on or r$!$ on c$r+orar.

======================================================================================================================= =====================================================================================

Issue: ; O> 'eld: h$ Sr$*$ Cor+ a?r%ed the appealed decision , ith the %odi6cation that an aard or 40,000.00 a" and  a o no*na& da*a%$" " %ran+$d n a!or o +h$ Sa&do" +o $ ad  
. Factual 6ndings of the Court of Appeals binding upon the Supre%e Court@ 8ceptions •

•

•

n& :$"+on" o &a *a $ ra"$d n a $++on >&$d n +h$ Sr$*$ Cor+ +o r$!$ on c$r+orar +h$ d$c"on o +h$ Cor+ o A$a&". h" $n% "o, +h$ ac+a& >ndn%" o +h$ Cor+ o A$a&" ar$ >na& and conc&"!$ and canno+ $ r$!$$d  +h$ Sr$*$ Cor+. h$ r&$, ho$!$r, ad*+" o $"+a&"h$d $=c$+on", +o +@ (a) h$r$ +h$r$ " %ra!$ a"$

o d"cr$+on; () h$n +h$ >ndn% " %rond$d $n+r$& on "$c&a+on", "r*"$" or con$c+r$"; (c) h$n +h$ n$r$nc$ *ad$ " *an$"+& *"+a/$n, a"rd or *o""&$; (d) h$n +h$ d%*$n+ o +h$ Cor+ o A$a&" a" a"$d on a *"ar$h$n"on o ac+"; ($) h$n +h$ ac+a& >ndn%" ar$ conc+n%; () h$n +h$ Cor+ o A$a&", n *a/n% +" >ndn%", $n+ $ond +h$ ""$" o +h$ ca"$ and +h$ "a*$ ar$ con+rar +o +h$ ad*""on" o o+h a$&&an+ and a$&&$$; (%)

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd

D. Damages Recov erable from Common Carriers; (5 ) Nominal, Temperate and Liqidated

h$n +h$ Cor+ o A$a&" *an$"+& o!$r&oo/$d c$r+an r$&$!an+ ac+" no+ d"+$d  +h$ ar+$" and hch,  ro$r& con"d$r$d, o&d "+ a d$r$n+ conc&"on; and (h) h$r$ +h$ >ndn%" o ac+ o +h$ Cor+ o A$a&" ar$ con+rar +o +ho"$ o +h$ +ra& cor+, or ar$ *$r$ conc&"on" +ho+ c+a+on o "$c>c $!d$nc$, or h$r$ +h$ ac+" "$+ or+h  +h$ $++on$r ar$ no+ d"+$d  +h$ r$"ond$n+, or h$r$ +h$ >ndn%" o ac+ o +h$ Cor+ o A$a&" ar$ r$*"$d on +h$ a"$nc$ o $!d$nc$ and ar$ con+radc+$d  +h$ $!d$nc$ on r$cord.

2. Bistinction beteen uestion of la uestion of fact@ )est to deter%ine

and

A uestion of la is one hich involves a doubt or controvers( on hat the la is on a certain state of facts@ and, a uestion of fact, contraril(, is one in hich there is a doubt or diDerence as to the truth or falsehood of the alleged facts. n$ +$"+, + ha" $$n h$&d, " h$+h$r +h$ a$&&a+$ cor+ can d$+$r*n$ +h$ ""$ ra"$d +ho+ r$!$n% or $!a&a+n% +h$ $!d$nc$, n hch ca"$ + " a :$"+on o &a, o+h$r"$ + && $ a :$"+on o ac+. 3. Issues arrant second loo& at facts •

Snc$ + " +h$ "ondn$"" o +h$ n$r$nc$" or conc&"on" +ha+ *a $ dran ro* +h$ ac+a& ""$" hch ar$ $n% a""a$d, +h$ Cor+ >nd" +ha+ +h$ ""$" ra"$d n +h$ r$"$n+ $++on nd$$d arran+ a "$cond &oo/  +h" &+%a+on " +o co*$ +o a r$a"ona&$ d$no$*$n+.

•

•

A d"c""on "$ra+* o "ad ""$" && r+h$r r$!$a& +ha+ +h$ "$:$nc$ o +h$ $!$n+" n!o&!$d " n $$c+ d"+$d. /$"$ +o $ "$++&$d " h$+h$r or no+ +h$ conc&"on" o +h$ Cor+ o A$a&" "$c+ o +h$ r$!$ nd$$d >nd $!d$n+ar and &$%a& "or+.

1. >ature of bill of lading •

•

A && o &adn% " a r++$n ac/no&$d%*$n+ o +h$ r$c$+ o +h$ %ood" and an a%r$$*$n+ +o +ran"or+ and d$&!$r +h$* a+ a "$c>$d &ac$ +o a $r"on na*$d or on h" ord$r. )he toEfold character of a bill of lading is all too fa%iliar: + " a r$c$+ a" +o +h$ :an++ and d$"cr+on o +h$ %ood" "h$d and a con+rac+ +o +ran"or+ +h$ %ood" +o +h$ con"%n$$ or o+h$r $r"on +h$r$n d$"%na+$d, on +h$ +$r*" "$c>$d n "ch n"+r*$n+.

. Besignation of bill of lading i%%aterial •

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h$ d$"%na+on " **a+$ra&. Sch n"+r*$n+ *a $ ca&&$d a "hn% r$c$+, orard$r" r$c$+ and r$c$+ or +ran"or+a+on. r$%h+ +c/$+" or " co*an$" a" $&& a" r$c$+" or car%o +ran"or+$d  a&& or*" o +ran"or+a+on, h$+h$r  "$a or &and, a&& +hn +h$ d$>n+on. nd$r +h$ ar and C"+o*" Cod$, a && o &adn% nc&d$" ara &&" o &adn%.

#. hen bill of lading issued@ Inverse order not prohibited b( la

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd

D. Damages Recov erable from Common Carriers; (5 ) Nominal, Temperate and Liqidated •

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Snc$ a && o &adn% ac/no&$d%$" r$c$+ o %ood" +o $ +ran"or+$d, d$&!$r o +h$ %ood" +o +h$ carr$r nor*a&& r$c$d$" +h$ ""anc$ o +h$ &&; or, +o "o*$ $=+$n+, d$&!$r o +h$ %ood" and ""anc$ o +h$ && ar$ r$%ard$d n co**$rca& rac+c$ a" "*&+an$o" ac+". 'oever, e8cept as %a( be prohibited b( la, +h$r$ " no+hn% +o r$!$n+ an n!$r"$ ord$r o $!$n+", +ha+ ", +h$ $=$c+on o +h$ &&, o &adn% $!$n ror +o ac+a& o""$""on and con+ro&  +h$ carr$r o +h$ car%o +o $ +ran"or+$d.  h$r$ " no &a hch r$:r$" +ha+ +h$ d$&!$r o +h$ %ood" or carra%$ and +h$ ""anc$ o +h$ co!$rn% && o &adn% *"+ concd$ n on+ o +*$ or, or +ha+ *a++$r, +ha+ +h$ or*$r "ho&d r$c$d$ +h$ &a++$r.

". eceipt a pri%a facie evidence of deliver( to carrier •

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rdnar&, a r$c$+ " no+ $""$n+a& +o a co*&$+$ d$&!$r o %ood" +o +h$ carr$r or +ran"or+a+on +, h$n ""$d, " co*$+$n+ and r*a ac$, + no+ conc&"!$, $!d$nc$ o d$&!$r +o +h$ carr$r. A && o &adn%, h$n ro$r& $=$c+$d and d$&!$r$d +o a "h$r, " $!d$nc$ +ha+ +h$ carr$r ha" r$c$!$d +h$ %ood" d$"cr$d +h$r$n or "h*$n+. 8cept as %odi6ed b( statute , + " a %$n$ra& r&$ a" +o +h$ ar+$" +o a con+rac+ o carra%$ o %ood" n conn$c+on +h hch a && o &adn% " ""$d r$c+n% +ha+ %ood" ha!$ $$n r$c$!$d or +ran"or+a+on, +ha+ +h$ r$c+a& $n% n $""$nc$ a

r$c$+ a&on$, " no+ conc&"!$, + *a $ $=&an$d, !ar$d or con+radc+$d  aro& or o+h$r $!d$nc$.

0. ill of lading visEEvis estoppel •

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An ara && $"+o" +h$ carr$r ro* d$nn% r$c$+ o %ood" o +h$ :an++ and :a&+ d$"cr$d n +h$ &&. o$!$r, a && o &adn% *a con+an con"++$n+ $&$*$n+" o $"+o$& and +h" $co*$ "o*$+hn% *or$ +han a con+rac+ $+$$n +h$ "h$r and +h$ carr$r. o$!$r, a" $+$$n +h$ "h$r and +h$ carr$r, h$n no %ood" ha!$ $$n d$&!$r$d or "h*$n+ no r$c+a&" n +h$ && can $"+o +h$ carr$r ro* "hon% +h$ +r$ ac+". $+$$n +h$ con"%nor o %ood" and a r$c$!n% carr$r, r$c+a&" n a && o &adn% a" +o +h$ %ood" "h$d ra"$ on& a r$++a&$ r$"*+on +ha+ "ch %ood" $r$ d$&!$r$d or "h*$n+. A" $+$$n +h$ con"%nor and a r$c$!n% carr$r, +h$ ac+ *"+ o+$%h +h$ r$c+a&.

!. 8planation overco%ing presu%ption that re%ains ere delivered and received b( )A and $A•

$r$n, h&n$ Ec$ Con"& n Chca%o, -&&no", $n!$ndo M. &an$+a, a+ 3@00 .*. on 26 c+o$r 1976 a+ +h$ o*$r"/ F Son n$ra& o*$, "$a&$d +h$ "hn% ca"$ con+ann% a h$r*$+ca&& "$a&$d ca"/$+ +ha+ " ar+%h+ and a+$rroo h$r$n a" con+an$d +h$ r$*an" o Cr"na Ga&do Sa&do.

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


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n +h$ "a*$ da+$, o*$r"/ ro%h+ +h$ r$*an" +o C.M.A.S. (Con+n$n+a& Mor+ar Ar S$r!c$") a+ +h$ aror+ (Chca%o) hch *ad$ +h$ n$c$""ar arran%$*$n+" "ch a" %h+", +ran"$r", $+c; C.M.A.S. " a na+ona& "$r!c$ "$d  nd$r+a/$r" +hro%ho+ +h$ na+on (.S.A.), +h$ rn"h +h$ ar och hch +h$ ca"/$+ " $nc&o"$d n, and +h$ "$$ +ha+ +h$ r$*an" ar$ +a/$n +o +h$ ro$r ar r$%h+ +$r*na&. C.M.A.S. oo/$d +h$ "h*$n+ +h A +hr +h$ carr$r" a%$n+ Ar Car$ -n+$rna+ona&, +h o*$r"/ .. a" +h$ "h$r and Maro (Mara) Sa&do a" +h$ con"%n$$. A Ara && 079# 01180454 rdnar a" ""$d h$r$n +h$ r$:$"+$d ro+n% a" ro* Chca%o +o San ranc"co on oard 
/. $A-7s e8planation

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Ac+a&&, + a" no+ n+& 28 c+o$r 1976 +ha+ A r$c$!$d h"ca& d$&!$r o +h$ od a+ San ranc"co, a" d& $!d$nc$d  +h$ -n+$r&n$ r$%h+ ran"$r Man$"+ o +h$ A*$rcan Ar&n$ r$%h+ S"+$* and "%n$d or  Er%&o Ro"a&$" a+ 7@45 .*. on "ad da+$. 11.

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Ar+c&$ 1736 NCC; $eriod here e8traordinar( responsibilit( observed b( co%%on carrier@


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n 26 c+o$r 1976 +h$ car%o con+ann% +h$ ca"/$+$d r$*an" o Cr"na Sa&do a" oo/$d or A &%h+ R#107 &$a!n% San ranc"co or Man&a on 27 c+o$r 1976. A Ara && 079 01180454 a" ""$d, no+ a" $!d$nc$ o r$c$+ o d$&!$r o +h$ Car%o on 26 c+o$r 1976, + *$r$& a" a con>r*a+on o +h$ oo/n% +h" *ad$ or +h$ San ranc"co#Man&a %h+ "ch$d&$d on 27 c+o$r 1976.

2. $A- and )A not liable for sitching of cas&ets prior to their receipt of agreed cargo

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


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3. )A ithout authorit(, even prohibited, to verif( contents of cas&et •

Ec$#Con"& n Chca%o and n an ar och o C.M.A.S., +o +h$ $$c+ +ha+ Ar Car$ -n+$rna+ona& andHor ca+on, "nc$ +h$ $r$ no+ on& +ho+ a+hor+ +o do "o, + $!$n roh+$d. 

1. $o%iers&i + Son delivered cas&et to CHAS, and not to )A •

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-+ a" no+ +o 
Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


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"h*$n+ co!$r$d  or nd$r A Ara && 079# RD#01180454, +h$ ara && or +h$ "h*$n+ o +h$ ca"/$+$d r$*an" o Cr"na Sa&do. n&, + +rn$d o+ &a+$r, h&$ +h$ ca"/$+ a" a&r$ad +h A, +ha+ ha+ a" n"d$ +h$ ca"/$+ a" no+ +h$ od o Cr"na Sa&do "o *ch "o +ha+ + had +o $ +hdran  C.M.A.S. ro* A. h$ od o Cr"na Sa&do had $$n "h$d +o M$=co. h$ ca"/$+ con+ann% +h$ r$*an" o Cr"na Sa&do a" +ran""h$d ro* M$=co and arr!$d n San ranc"co +h$ o&&on% da on oard A*$rcan Ar&n$". -+ a" **$da+$& &oad$d  A on +" %h+ or Man&a. )he foregoing points at C.H.A.S. as the one responsible for the sitching or %i8Eup of the to bodies at the Chicago Airport ter%inal, and started a chain reaction of the %isship%ent of the bod( of Crispina Saludo and a oneEda( dela( in the deliver( thereof to its destination.

. ight of carrier to reuire good faith on part of persons delivering goods@ ight of carrier to &no contents hen it has reasonable ground to suspect goods are dangerous or of illegal character •

-+ " +h$ r%h+ o +h$ carr$r +o r$:r$ %ood a+h on +h$ ar+ o +ho"$ $r"on" ho d$&!$r %ood" +o $ carr$d, and $n+$r n+o con+rac+" +h +, and na"*ch a" +h$ r$%h+ *a d$$nd on +h$ !a&$ o +h$ ar+c&$ +o $ carr$d, +h$ carr$r ordnar& ha" +h$ r%h+ +o n:r$ a" +o +" !a&$.

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rdnar&, +oo, + " +h$ d+ o +h$ carr$r +o *a/$ n:r a" +o +h$ %$n$ra& na+r$ o +h$ ar+c&$" "h$d and o +h$r !a&$ $or$ + con"$n+" +o carr +h$*; and its failure to do so cannot defeat the shipper7s right to recover( of the full value of the pac&age if lost, in the absence of shoing of fraud or deceit on the part of the shipper. -n +h$ a"$nc$ o *or$ d$>n+$ nor*a+on, +h$ carr$r ha" +h$ r%h+ +o acc$+ "h$r" *ar/" a" +o +h$ con+$n+" o +h$ ac/a%$ o$r$d or +ran"or+a+on and " no+ ond +o n:r$ ar+c&ar& ao+ +h$* n ord$r +o +a/$ ad!an+a%$ o a a&"$ c&a"">ca+on and h$r$ a "h$r $=r$""& r$r$"$n+" +h$ con+$n+" o a ac/a%$ +o $ o a d$"%na+$d charac+$r, + " no+ +h$ d+ o +h$ carr$r +o a"/ or a r$$++on o +h$ "+a+$*$n+ nor d"$&$!$ + and o$n +h$ o= and "$$ or +"$&. 'oever , h$r$ a co**on carr$r ha" r$a"ona&$ %rond +o ""$c+ +ha+ +h$ o$r$d %ood" ar$ o a dan%$ro" or &&$%a& charac+$r, +h$ carr$r ha" +h$ r%h+ +o /no +h$ charac+$r o "ch %ood" and +o n""+ on an n"$c+on,  r$a"ona&$ and rac+ca& nd$r +h$ crc*"+anc$", a" a cond+on o r$c$!n% and +ran"or+n% "ch %ood".

#. Co%%on carrier entitled to fair representation of nature and value of goods to be carried@ ight of carrier to conduct an inspection

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


•

•

A co**on carr$r " $n++&$d +o ar r$r$"$n+a+on o +h$ na+r$ and !a&$ o +h$ %ood" +o $ carr$d, +h +h$ conco*+an+ r%h+ +o r$& +h$r$on, and r+h$r no+n% a+ +h" nc+r$ +ha+ a carr$r ha" no o&%a+on +o n:r$ n+o +h$ corr$c+n$"" or "Bc$nc o "ch nor*a+on. h$ con"$:$n+ d+ +o condc+ an n"$c+on +h$r$o ar"$" n +h$ $!$n+ +ha+ +h$r$ "ho&d $ r$a"on +o do+ +h$ !$rac+ o "ch r$r$"$n+a+on". h$r$or$, +o $ "$c+$d +o n"a& "$arch, o+h$r +han +h$ ro+nar n"$c+on roc$dr$ c"+o*ar& nd$r+a/$n, +h$r$ *"+ $="+ roo +ha+ o&d "+ ca"$ or ar$h$n"on +ha+ +h$ a%%a%$ " dan%$ro" a" +o arran+ $=ha"+!$ n"$c+on, or $!$n r$"a& +o acc$+ carra%$ o +h$ "a*$; and + " +h$ a&r$ o +h$ carr$r +o ac+ accordn%& n +h$ ac$ o "ch roo +ha+ con"+++$" +h$ a"" o +h$ co**on carr$r" &a&+.

". CHAS classi6ed as forarder, is an agent of the shipper and not of the carrier
+ran"or+a+on o +h$ h*an r$*an" o Cr"na Sa&do +o Man&a. $nc$, + a" +o CMAS +ha+ +h$ o*$r"/ F Son n$ra& o*$, a" "h$r, ro%h+ +h$ r$*an" o Sa&do or "h*$n+, +h Mara Sa&do a" con"%n$$. h$r$a+$r, CMAS oo/$d +h$ "h*$n+ +h A +hro%h +h$ carr$r" a%$n+, Ar Car$ -n+$rna+ona&. 

<+h +" nc+on", CMAS *a accordn%& $ c&a"">$d a" a orard$r hch,  acc$+$d co**$rca& rac+c$, " r$%ard$d a" an a%$n+ o +h$ "h$r and no+ o +h$ carr$r. 

A" "ch, + *$r$& con+rac+" or +h$ +ran"or+a+on o %ood"  carr$r", and ha" no n+$r$"+ n +h$ r$%h+ + r$c$!$" co*$n"a+on ro* +h$ "h$r a" h" a%$n+. 

0. CHAS is actual culprit •

•

h$ ac+" o +h$ ca"$ o&d on+ +o CMAS a" +h$ c&r+. :a&& +$&&n% o +h$ *or$ &/$& o""&+ o CMAS &a&+ " +h$ Sa&do" &$++$r +o and d$*andn% an $=&ana+on ro* CMAS, r$%ardn% +h$ "+a+$*$n+ o 
Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


.

a+ +h$ !$r &$a"+ ndca+!$ o +h$ ac+ +ha+ +h$ Sa&do" $n+$r+an$d "$ro" do+" a" +o h$+h$r 
.

!. Court cannot grant da%ages at e8pense of )A and $A-@ $ossible liabilit( of CHAS best deferred to another ti%e and addressed to another foru% •

•

•

h$ Sa&do" %r$ o!$r +h$ d$a+h o +h$r *o+h$r a" a%%ra!a+$d  +h$ nn$c$""ar ncon!$n$nc$ and an=$+ +ha+ a++$nd$d +h$r $or+" +o rn% h$r od ho*$ or a d$c$n+ ra&. +, a" *ch a" +h$ Cor+ o&d &/$ +o %!$ +h$* con"o&a+on or +h$r nd$"$r!$d d"+r$"", +h$ Cor+ " arr$d  +h$ n$:+ o a&&on% r$co!$r o +h$ da*a%$" ra$d or  +h$* a+ +h$ $=$n"$ o n+!$& r&$ on, +h$ o""&$ &a&+ o CMAS a" +h$ $!a&a+on and addca+on o +h$ "a*$ " no+ ha+ " r$"$n+& a+ ""$ and " $"+ d$$rr$d +o ano+h$r +*$ and addr$""$d +o ano+h$r or*.

2/. Carrier did not underta&e to carr( cargo aboard an( speci6ed aircraft •

h$ carr$r dd no+ nd$r+a/$ +o carr +h$ car%o aoard an "$c>$d arcra+, n !$ o +h$ cond+on on +h$ ac/ o +h$ ara && hch ro!d$" +ha+@

.

•

J-+ " a%r$$d +ha+ no +*$ " >=$d or +h$ co*&$+on o carra%$ h$r$nd$r and +ha+ Carr$r *a +ho+ no+c$ ""+++$ a&+$rna+$ carr$r" or arcra+. Carr$r a""*$" no o&%a+on +o carr +h$ %ood"  an "$c>$d arcra+ or o!$r an ar+c&ar ro+$ or ro+$" or +o *a/$ conn$c+on a+ an on+ accordn% +o an ar+c&ar "ch$d&$, and Carr$r " h$r$ a+horI$d +o "$&$c+, or d$!a+$ ro* +h$ ro+$ or ro+$" o "h*$n+, no++h"+andn% +ha+ +h$ "a*$ *a $ "+a+$d on +h$ ac$ h$r$o. h$ "h$r %aran+$$" a*$n+ o a&& char%$" and ad!anc$".K

$nc$, h$n $d arcra+ " c&$ar& "anc+on$d  +h$ con+rac+ o carra%$ a" "$c>ca&& ro!d$d or nd$r +h$ cond+on" +h$r$o.

2. )er%s clear, no interpretation needed •

•

h$ +$r*" ar$ c&$ar $no%h a" +o r$c&d$ +h$ n$c$""+ +o ro$ $ond +h$ aar$n+ n+$nd*$n+ o +h$ con+rac+a& ro!"on". h$r$ " no a*%+ n +h$ +$r*" o +h$ ara && +o arran+ +h$ a&ca+on o +h$ r&$" on n+$rr$+a+on o con+rac+" and doc*$n+".

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


22. Interpretation of contracts •

)he hornboo& rule on n+$rr$+a+on o con+rac+" con"$cra+$" +h$ r*ac o +h$ n+$n+on o +h$ ar+$", +h$ "a*$ ha!n% +h$ orc$ o &a $+$$n +h$*. . hen the ter%s of the agree%ent are clear and e8plicit, that the( do not
23. Interpretative rule in ules of Court applies onl( if there is inconsistenc( beteen ritten and printed ords )he interpretative rule n +h$ R&$" o Cor+ +ha+ r++$n ord" con+ro& rn+$d ord" n doc*$n+" *a $ con"d$r$d on& h$n +h$r$ " ncon""+$nc $+$$n +h$ r++$n and rn+$d ord" o +h$ con+rac+. . A" r$!o"& "+a+$d, +h$r$ a" no a*%+ n +h$ con+rac+ "$c+ o +h" ca"$ +ha+ o&d ca&& or +h$ a&ca+on o "ad r&$. . -n an $!$n+, +h$ con+rac+ ha" ro!d$d or "ch a "+a+on  $=&c+& "+a+n% +ha+ +h$ cond+on r$*an" $$c+!$ Jno++h"+andn% +ha+ +h$ "a*$ (>=$d +*$ or co*&$+on o carra%$, "$c>$d arcra+, or an ar+c&ar ro+$ or "ch$d&$) *a $ "+a+$d on +h$ ac$ h$r$o.K . $r$n, +h$ +$r++$n "$c>ca+on" o +h$ %h+, ro+$" and da+$" o d$ar+r$" and arr!a&" on +h$ ac$ o +h$ ara && do$" no+ con"+++$ a "$ca& con+rac+ hch *od>$" +h$ rn+$d cond+on" a+ +h$ ac/ +h$r$o.

•

)he t(peritten provisions of the contract are to be read and understood sub$" %ood" d$"cr$d

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


$&o $r$ r$c$!$d or carra%$ "$c+ +o +h$ Cond+on" on +h$ r$!$r"$ h$r$o +h$ %ood" +h$n $n% n aar$n+ %ood ord$r and cond+on $=c$+ a" no+$d h$r$on.K

2. Carrier not an insurer against dela( in transportation of goods in absence of a special contract

•

2#. Hendoa vs. $A-@ Bela(ed deliver( of air cargo •

•

•

)he oftErepeated rule regarding a carrier7s liabilit( for dela( " +ha+ n +h$ a"$nc$ o a "$ca& con+rac+, a carr$r " no+ an n"r$r a%an"+ d$&a n +ran"or+a+on o %ood". $d +*$, + " ond +o &>&& +" con+rac+ and " &a&$ or an d$&a, no *a++$r ro* ha+ ca"$ + *a ha!$ ar"$n. h" r$"&+ &o%ca&& o&&o" ro* +h$ $&&#"$++&$d r&$ +ha+ h$r$ +h$ &a cr$a+$" a d+ or char%$, and +h$ ar+ " d"a&$d ro* $ror*n% + +ho+ an d$a&+ n h*"$&, and ha" no r$*$d o!$r, +h$n +h$ &a && $=c"$ h*, + h$r$ +h$ ar+  h" on con+rac+ cr$a+$" a d+ or char%$ on h*"$&, h$ " ond +o *a/$ + %ood no++h"+andn% an accd$n+ or d$&a  n$!+a&$ n$c$""+ $ca"$ h$ *%h+ ha!$ ro!d$d a%an"+ +  con+rac+.

-n a "*&ar ca"$ o d$&a$d d$&!$r o ar car%o nd$r a !$r "*&ar "+&a+on con+an$d n +h$ ara && hch r$ad"@ Jh$ carr$r do$" no+ o&%a+$ +"$& +o carr +h$ %ood"  an "$c>$d arcra+ or on a "$c>$d +*$. Sad carr$r $n% h$r$ a+horI$d +o d$!a+$ ro* +h$ ro+$ o +h$ "h*$n+ +ho+ an &a&+ +h$r$or$,K the Supre%e Court r&$d +ha+ co**on carr$r" ar$ no+ o&%a+$d  &a +o carr and +o d$&!$r *$rchand"$, and $r"on" ar$ no+ !$"+$d +h +h$ r%h+ +o ro*+ d$&!$r, n&$"" "ch co**on carr$r" r$!o"& a""*$ +h$ o&%a+on. Sad r%h+" and o&%a+on" ar$ cr$a+$d  a "$c>c con+rac+ $n+$r$d n+o  +h$ ar+$" (M$ndoIa !". A, 90 h&. 836). 



•

2". Speci6cation of 4ights does not constitute a special contract •

o con+$nanc$ a o"+&a+$ +ha+ +h$ "$c>ca+on o +h$ %h+" and da+$" o d$ar+r$" and arr!a&"

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


con"+++$ a "$ca& con+rac+ (+ha+ o&d r$!a& o!$r +h$ rn+$d "+&a+on" a+ +h$ ac/ o +h$ ara &&) o&d nd& rd$n +h$ co**on carr$r or +ha+ o&d ha!$ +h$ $$c+ o n&a+$ra&& +ran"or*n% $!$r "n%&$ && o &adn% or +r +c/$+ n+o a "$ca& con+rac+  +h$ "*&$ $=$d$n+ o >&&n% +  +h +h$ ar+c&ar" o +h$ %h+, +r or !oa%$, and +h$r$ *o"n% on +h$ carr$r d+$" andHor o&%a+on" hch + *a no+ ha!$ $$n r$ad or &&n% +o a""*$ had + $$n +*$& ad!"$d +h$r$o. 

20. Ordinar( prudence entering in contract •

•

reuired

of

•

person

h$ ac+ +ha+ +h$ cha&&$n%$d cond+on 5 a" rn+$d a+ +h$ ac/ o +h$ ara && *&+a+$ a%an"+ +" ndn% $$c+ on +h$ Sa&do" a" ar+$" +o +h$ con+rac+, or +h$r$ $r$ "Bc$n+ ndca+on" on +h$ ac$ o "ad && +ha+ o&d a&$r+ +h$* +o +h$ r$"$nc$ o "ch add+ona& cond+on +o + +h$* on +h$r %ard. rdnar rd$nc$ on +h$ ar+ o an $r"on $n+$rn% or con+$*&a+n% +o $n+$r n+o a con+rac+ o&d ro*+ $!$n a cr"or $=a*na+on o an "ch cond+on", +$r*" andHor "+&a+on".

2!. Acceptance of bill of lading ithout dissent raises presu%ption that all ter%s brought to &noledge of shipper and agreed to b( hi% •

•

h$ acc$+anc$ o a && o &adn% +ho+ d""$n+ ra"$" a r$"*+on +ha+ a&& +$r*" +h$r$n $r$

•

•

ro%h+ +o +h$ /no&$d%$ o +h$ "h$r and a%r$$d +o  h*, and n +h$ a"$nc$ o rad or *"+a/$, h$ " $"+o$d ro* +h$r$a+$r d$nn% +ha+ h$ a""$n+$d +o "ch +$r*". h" r&$ a&$" +h ar+c&ar orc$ h$r$ a "h$r acc$+" a && o &adn% +h && /no&$d%$ o +" con+$n+", and acc$+anc$, nd$r "ch crc*"+anc$" *a/$" + a ndn% con+rac+. -n ord$r +ha+ an r$"*+on o a""$n+ +o a "+&a+on n a && o &adn% &*+n% +h$ &a&+ o a carr$r *a ar"$, + *"+ a$ar +ha+ +h$ c&a"$ con+ann% +h" $=$*+on ro* &a&+ &an& or*$d a ar+ o +h$ con+rac+ con+an$d n +h$ && o &adn%. A "+&a+on rn+$d on +h$ ac/ o a r$c$+ or && o &adn% or on a$r" a++ach$d +o "ch r$c$+ && $ :+$ a" $$c+!$ a"  rn+$d on +" ac$,  + " "hon +ha+ +h$ con"%nor /n$ o +" +$r*". h", h$r$ a "h$r acc$+" a r$c$+ hch "+a+$" +ha+ +" cond+on" ar$ +o $ ond on +h$ ac/, "ch r$c$+ co*$" +hn +h$ %$n$ra& r&$, and +h$ "h$r " h$&d +o ha!$ acc$+$d and +o $ ond  +h$ cond+on" +h$r$ +o $ ond.

3/. hen contract unenforceable •

of

adhesion

void

and

A con+rac+ o adh$"on *a $ "+rc/ don a" !od and n$norc$a&$, or $n% "!$r"!$ o &c o&c, on& h$n +h$ $a/$r ar+ " *o"$d on n d$a&n% +h +h$ do*nan+ ar%ann% ar+ and " r$dc$d +o +h$ a&+$rna+!$ o +a/n% + or &$a!n% +, co*&$+$& d$r!$d o +h$ oor+n+ +o ar%an on $:a& oo+n%.

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


ro* &a&+ n +h$ $=c&a+or "anc+ar o Cond+on 5 or ar+rar& !ar ro+$", %h+" and "ch$d&$" +o +h$ r$dc$ o +h$r c"+o*$r". •

3. Ong Jiu vs. CA@ Contracts of adhesion not entirel( prohibited •

•

•

)he case of Ong Jiu vs. Court of Appeals, $+ a&. n"+rc+" +ha+ con+rac+" o adh$"on ar$ no+ $n+r$& roh+$d. h$ on$ ho adh$r$" +o +h$ con+rac+ " n r$a&+ r$$ +o r$$c+ + $n+r$&;  h$ adh$r$", h$ %!$" h" con"$n+. $r$n, +h$ Sa&do", ar ro* $n% +h$ $a/$r ar+ n +h$ "+a+on, d& "%n>$d +h$r r$"*$d a""$n+ +o a&& +$r*" o +h$ con+rac+ +hro%h +h$r acc$+anc$ o +h$ ara && and ar$ con"$:$n+& ond +h$r$. -+ canno+ $ %an"ad +ha+ +h$ Sa&do" $r$ no+ +ho+ "$!$ra& choc$" a" +o carr$r" n Chca%o +h +" n*$ro" ara" and ar&n$" "$r!cn% +h$ "a*$.

•



32. Condition serves as insulation to liabilit( hen 4ight routes and schedules change@ Changes should be
A&+ho%h Cond+on 5 o +h$ ara && " ndn% on +h$ ar+$" +o and && o$ra+!$ n +h$ r$"$n+ +ran"ac+on, + do$" no+ *$an, +ha+ +h$ carr$r" can a+ a&& +*$" h*"ca&& "$$/ r$%$

h" cond+on on& "$r!$" +o n"&a+$ +h$ carr$r ro* &a&+ n +ho"$ n"+anc$" h$n chan%$" n ro+$", %h+" and "ch$d&$" ar$ c&$ar& "+>$d  +h$ $c&ar crc*"+anc$" o a ar+c&ar ca"$, or  %$n$ra& +ran"or+a+on rac+c$", c"+o*" and "a%$", or  con+n%$nc$" or $*$r%$nc$" n a!a+on "ch a" $a+h$r +r&$nc$, *$chanca& a&r$, r$:r$*$n+" o na+ona& "$cr+ and +h$ &/$. And $!$n a" + " conc$d$d +ha+ "$c>c ro+n% and o+h$r na!%a+ona& arran%$*$n+" or a +r, %h+ or !oa%$, or !ara+on" +h$r$n, %$n$ra&& &$ +hn +h$ d"cr$+on o +h$ carr$r n +h$ a"$nc$ o "$c>c ro+n% n"+rc+on" or dr$c+on"  +h$ "h$r, + " &an& nc*$n+ on +h$ carr$r +o $=$rc"$ +" r%h+" +h d$ d$$r$nc$ +o +h$ r%h+", n+$r$"+" and con!$n$nc$ o +" c"+o*$r".

33. Co%%on carrier has i%plicit dut( to carr( propert( ithin reasonable ti%e and guard against dela(@ -iabilit( of carrier for unreasonable dela( •

A co**on carr$r nd$r+a/n% +o +ran"or+ ro$r+ ha" +h$ *&c+ d+ +o carr and d$&!$r + +hn a r$a"ona&$ +*$, a"$n+ an ar+c&ar "+&a+on r$%ardn% +*$ o d$&!$r, and +o %ard a%an"+ d$&a.

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


In case of an( unreasonable dela(, +h$ carr$r "ha&& $ &a&$ or da*a%$" **$da+$& and ro=*a+$& r$"&+n% ro* "ch n$%&$c+ o d+. 

3. >o shoing that personnel treated the Saludos in hu%iliating or arrogant %anner@ hat constitutes rude or discourteous conduct •

•

$r$n, +h$ d$&a n +h$ d$&!$r o +h$ r$*an" o Cr"na Sa&do, nd$na&$ and r$%r$++a&$ a" + a", canno+ $ a++r+$d +o +h$ a&+, n$%&%$nc$ or *a&c$ o A and 
•

•

31. )A &ne urgenc( of ship%ent and actuall( carried the re%ains on earlier 4ight •

•

$r$n, $d. *an r$*an" o Cr"+na ("c) Sa&do. &$a"$ r$+rn a% >r"+ a!a&a&$ %h+ +o S.K Accordn%&, 
•

h$r$ a" no "hon% o an h*&a+n% or arro%an+ *ann$r +h hch +h$ $r"onn$& o o+h 
3#. Although not in bad faith, actuations of )A7s e%plo(ees leave %ust to be desired •

h$ *ann$r n hch 
Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


on+$d o+ +ha+ +h$ &a*$n+a&$ ac+a+on" o 
3". Airline co%panies ad%onished to reuire personnel to be %ore acco%%odating toards custo%ers and general public@ Contract of carriage diDerent fro% other contractual relations, and is not a %ere contract for transportation but also treat%ent ith courtes( and consideration •

•

•

•

Ar&n$ co*an$" ar$ h$r$ "+$rn& ad*on"h$d +ha+ + " +h$r d+ no+ on& +o cr"or& n"+rc+ + +o "+rc+& r$:r$ +h$r $r"onn$& +o $ *or$ acco**oda+n% +oard" c"+o*$r", a""$n%$r" and +h$ %$n$ra& &c. A+$r a&&, co**on carr$r" "ch a" ar&n$ co*an$" ar$ n +h$ "n$"" o r$nd$rn% &c "$r!c$, hch " +h$ r*ar r$a"on or +h$r $nranch"$*$n+ and r$co%n+on n or &a. $ca"$ +h$ a""$n%$r" n a con+rac+ o carra%$ do no+ con+rac+ *$r$& or +ran"or+a+on, +h$ ha!$ a r%h+ +o $ +r$a+$d +h /ndn$"", r$"$c+, cor+$" and con"d$ra+on. A con+rac+ +o +ran"or+ a""$n%$r" " :+$ d$r$n+ n /nd and d$%r$$ ro* an o+h$r con+rac+a& r$&a+on, and %$n$ra+$" a r$&a+on a++$nd$d +h &c d+.

•

•

h$ o$ra+on o a co**on carr$r " a "n$"" a$c+$d +h &c n+$r$"+ and *"+ $ dr$c+$d +o "$r!$ +h$ co*or+ and con!$n$nc$ o a""$n%$r". a""$n%$r" ar$ h*an $n%" +h h*an $$&n%" and $*o+on"; +h$ "ho&d no+ $ +r$a+$d a" *$r$ n*$r" or "+a+"+c" or r$!$n$.

30. Apath( not legall( %orall( deplorable •

•

•

•

•

reprehensible

but

is

$r$n, +h$ Sa&do" $r$ no+ +o $ r$%a&$d +h $=+ra "$ca& a++$n+on. h$ $r$, ho$!$r, $n++&$d +o +h$ nd$r"+andn% and h*an$ con"d$ra+on ca&&$d or  and co**$n"ra+$ +h +h$ $=+raordnar d&%$nc$ r$:r$d o co**on carr$r", and no+ +h$ co&d n"$n"+!+ +o +h$r r$dca*$n+. h$ ar&n$" con+$r $r"onn$& $r$ +o+a&& h$&&$"" ao+ +h$ "+a+on. Co**on S$n"$ co&d and "ho&d ha!$ dc+a+$d +ha+ +h$ $=$r+ a &++&$ $=+ra $or+ n *a/n% a *or$ $=+$n"!$ n:r,  +h$*"$&!$" or +hro%h +h$r "$ror", ra+h$r +han "+ "hr% o +h$ ro&$* +h a ca&&o" and ncarn% r$*ar/ +ha+ +h$ had no /no&$d%$ ao+ +. <+h a&& +h$ *od$rn co**nca+on" $:*$n+ r$ad& a!a&a&$ +o +h$*, hch co&d ha!$ $a"& ac&+a+$d "ad n:r and hch ar$ "$d a" a *a++$r o cor"$  ar&n$ co*an$" n +h$r da& o$ra+on", +h$r aa+h$+c "+anc$ h&$ no+ &$%a&& r$r$h$n"&$ " *ora&& d$&ora&$.

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


3!. >o attribution of discourtes( or indiDerence against $A•

•

No a++r+on o d"cor+$" or nd$r$nc$ ha" $$n *ad$ a%an"+ A  +h$ Sa&do" and, n ac+, Mara Sa&do +$"+>$d +ha+ + a" +o A +ha+ +h$ r$ar$d a+$r a&n% +o r$c$!$ ro$r a++$n+on ro* r*a+on +ha+ +h$r *o+h$r" r$*an" o&d $ on +h$ "a*$ %h+ +o Man&a +h +h$*.

1/. hen %oral and e8e%plar( da%ages, or attorne(7s fees, aarded •

•

•

Mora& da*a%$" *a $ aard$d or &&& or rad&$n+ r$ach o con+rac+ or h$n "ch r$ach " a++$nd$d  *a&c$ or ad a+h. o$!$r, n +h$ a"$nc$ o "+ron% and o"+!$ $!d$nc$ o rad, *a&c$ or ad a+h, "ad da*a%$" canno+ $ aard$d. N$+h$r can, +h$r$ $ an aard o $=$*&ar da*a%$" nor o a++orn$" $$" a" an +$* o da*a%$" n +h$ a"$nc$ o roo +ha+ d$$ndan+ ac+$d +h *a&c$, rad or ad a+h.

1. Censurable conduct of )A e%plo(ees do not appro8i%ate di%ensions of fraud, %alice or good faith

•

•

h$ c$n"ra&$ condc+ o $" ha+ o&d ha!$ $$n +h$r acc"+o*$d h*an r$"on"$ +o a h*an n$$d nd$r a or*$r and d$r$n+ a*$nc$.

12. Aard of no%inal da%ages Articles 222 and 2222 >CC

arranted@

h$ ac+" "ho +ha+ +h$ Sa&do" r%h+ +o $ +r$a+$d +h d$ cor+$" n accordanc$ +h +h$ d$%r$$ o d&%$nc$ r$:r$d  &a +o $ $=$rc"$d  $!$r co**on carr$r a" !o&a+$d  ca+on o &o"" "$r$d + or +h$ !ndca+on or r$co%n+on o a r%h+ !o&a+$d or n!ad$d. • h$ ar$ r$co!$ra&$ h$r$ "o*$ nr ha" $$n don$ + +h$ a*on+ o hch +h$ $!d$nc$ a&" +o "ho, +h$ a""$""*$n+ o da*a%$" $n% &$+ +o +h$ d"cr$+on o +h$ cor+ accordn% +o +h$ crc*"+anc$" o +h$ ca"$. -n +h$ $=$rc"$ o +h$ Cor+" d"cr$+on, +h$ Cor+ >nd an aard o 40,000.00 a" no*na& da*a%$" n a!or o +h$ •

Saludo v. CA

GR No. 95536 (207 SCRA 498); March 23, 1992; 2


nd


Sa&o" +o $ a r$a"ona&$ a*on+ crc*"+anc$" o +h$ r$"$n+ ca"$.

nd$r

+h$

Saludo v. CA

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