Physics14 Project Chapter2 (problem 1-8 and 19-26) Worked Worked by !ark "nthon Cabaobao (#$%& Partner 'oyce !aerick Cahtay is problem 9-18 and 2*-+4)
1.
%, type %,-%W %,-%W" "
Table Table 2-7. Defnitions Defnitions or Threshold Threshold Limit Values Values (TLVs) (TLVs) .e/inition .e/initio n %hreshold %hresho ld limit ale-time ale-t ime 0eihted 0eiht ed aerae aera e %he concentration /or a conentional 8-hor 0orkday and a 4-hor 0ork0eek to 0hich it is beliee that nearly all 0orkers may be repeatedly e3posed day a/ter day or a 0orkin li/etime 0ithot aderse e//ect5
%,-%&, %,-%&,
%hreshold %hresho ld limit ale-short ale- short term e3posre e3pos re limit " 17-minte %W" %W" e3posre that shold not be e3ceeded at any time drin a Work Work day een i/ the 8-hor 8-ho r %W" is 0ithin the %,-%W %,-%W"5 "5 %he %,-%&, %,-%&, is the concentration to 0hich it is belieed that 0orkers can be e3posed continosly /or a short period o/ time 0ithot s//erin (1) irritation (2) chronic or irreersible tisse damae (+) dose-rate-dependent to3ic e//ects or (4) narcosis o/ s//icient deree to increase the likelihood o/ accidental injry impaired sel/-resce or materially 'edced 'edc ed 0ork e//iciency5 e//icienc y5 &3posres &3pos res aboe the %,-%W %,-%W" " p to the %,-%&, %,-%&, shold be less than 17 mintes shold occr no more than /or times per day and there shold be at least 6 mintes bet0een sccessie e3posres in this rane5
%,-C %,-C
%hreshold %hresho ld limit ale-ceilin ale- ceilin %he concentration that shold not be e3ceeded drin any part o/ the 0orkin e3posre5
%he %,s %,s are intended /or se only onl y as idelines or recommendations to assist in the ealation and control o/ potential 0orkplace health ha:ards and /or no other se (e55 neither /or ealatin or controllin commnity air polltion; nor /or estimatin the to3ic p otential o/ continos ninterrpted e3posres or other e3tended 0ork periods; nor /or proin or disproin an e3istin disease or physical condition in an indiidal)<5 rther these ales are not /ine lines bet0een sa/e and daneros conditions5 $=" has de/ined its o0n threshold dose called a permissible e3posre leel (P&,)5 P&, ales /ollo0 the %,-%W" o/ the "C>?= closely5 =o0eer the P&, ales are not as nmeros and are not pdated as /re@ently5 %,s %,s are o/ten some0hat more conseratie5 or some to3icants (particlarly carcinoens) e3posres at any leel are not permitted5 %hese %o3icants %o3icants hae :ero thresholds5 "nother @antity /re@ently reported is the amont immediately daneros to li/e and health (?.,=)5 &3posres to this @antity and aboe shold be aoided nder any circmstances5
%,s %,s are reported sin ppm (parts per million by olme) mAm+ (millirams o/ apor per cbic meter o/ air) or /or dsts mAm+ or mpp c/ (millions o/ particles per cbic /oot o/ air)5 or apors mAm+ is conerted to ppm sin the e@ation
Where T is the temperatre in derees Belin P is the absolte pressre in atm and M is the moleclar 0eiht in mAm-mole5 %, and P&, ales /or a ariety o/ to3icants are proided in "ppendi3 >5 >5 Please note that een thoh the P&,s are leal limits and the %,s are idelines eery e//ort shold be made to redce the 0orkplace e3posre concentrations as mch as possible5 %o conert mAm+ ppm 3
m species 3 m total
( )( mg 3 m
(
mg 3 m total
1 1000 m
)(
gm 1000 mg
)( )( ) mole gm
3
m mole
)( ) 3
m mole
or an ideal as 3
(
m 22.4 = @STP mole mole
)( )( )( ) 1 m
1000
3
m species× 10 PPM = 3 m Total
¿
( )( mg 3
m 3
( )( m
¿
T
1
273
P
6
) ( )( )( )
1 ( 22.4 ) 1 1000 m 1000
m species× 10 PPM = 3 m Total
¿ mg3
3
T 1 1000 P
6
) ( )( )( )
1 ( 22.4 ) 1 1000 m 1000
( )( )( ) 22.4 T mg 273 PM m3
T 1 6 × 10 273 P
PPM = 0.0825
( )( ) T mg PM m3
25 inney reported the data o/ !artin inolin the to3icity o/ rotenone to the insect species containin 7D alcohol5 %he insects 0ere e3amined and classi/ied one day a/ter sprayin5 %he obtained data 0ere
.ose o/ 'otenone (mAl) 152 *5* 751 +58 256
#mber $/ ?nsects 7 49 46 48 7 49
#mber "//ected 44 42 24 16 6
rom the ien data plot the percentae o/ insects a//ected erss the natral loarithm o/ the dose5 b. Conert the data to a probit ariable and plot the probit erss the natral loarithm o/ the dose5 ?/ the reslt is linear determine a straiht line that /its the data5 Compare the probit and nmber o/ insects a//ected predicted by the straiht-line /it to the actal data5 a.
.ose (mA,) 152 *5* 751 +58 256
,o(.ose) 151 5886 5*8 578 5417 -
#o5 o/ ?nsects 7 49 46 48 7 49
#o5 "//ected 44 42 24 16 6
D 88 875* 7252 ++5+ 12
Probit 6518 65* 756 457* +582 -
%he probit ariables 0ere read /rom table 2-+ plots are ien on the ne3t pae5 %he straiht line on the probit plot 0as E
lope at the probit cre is
0.30
=4.0
%hen y4 lo (dose) F intercept G y752 lo (dose) 5*7 so ?ntercept 752 −4 ( 0.75 ) 252
( )+
& mg 1.74ln H L
2.2
&
or
(since ,n 25+ lo)
100% $0% #0% 70% "0% 50% !0% 0% 20% 10% 0% 0.25
0.5
"5 ,o (dose) I5
0.75
1
7 ".5 " 5.5 5 !.5 ! .5 0.5
0.75
Comparison .ose (mA,) 152 *5* 751 +58 256
1
Predicted Probit 6518 65* 756 457* +582
#o5 "//ected 44 42 24 16 6
Probit 652+ 75*4 75+ 4572 +586
D 89 ** 71 ++57 1258
#o5 "//ected 4457 +*5* 2+57 1751 654
+5 " blast prodces a peak oerpressre o/ 4* #Am25 What /raction o/ strctres 0ill be damaed by e3posre to this oerpressreJ What /raction o/ people e3posed 0ill die as a reslt o/ ln hemorrhaeJ What /raction 0ill hae eardrms rptredJ What conclsions abot the e//ects o/ this blast can be dra0nJ 'erressure &!7* 000 +, m
2
rom Table 2-! Table 2-!. Transormation rom er/entaes to robits % 0
0 -
1 2."7
2 2.$5
.12
! .25
5 ."
" .!5
7 .52
# .5$
$ 2.""
10 20
.72 !.1"
.77 !.1$
.#2 !.2
.#7 !.2"
.$2 !.2$
.$" !.
!.01 !."
!.05 !.$
!.0# !.!2
!.12 !.!5
0 !0
!.!# !.75
!.50 !.77
!.5 !.#0
!.5" !.#2
!.5$ !.#5
!."1 !.#7
!."! !.$0
!."7 !.$2
!."$ !.$5
!.72 !.$7
50 "0
5.00 5.25
5.0 5.2#
5.05 5.1
5.0# 5.
5.10 5."
5.1 5.$
5.15 5.!1
5.1# 5.!!
5.20 5.!7
5.2 5.50
70
5.52
5.55
5.5#
5."1
5."!
5."7
5.71
5.7!
5.77
5.#1
#0
5.#!
5.##
5.$2
5.$5
5.$$
".0!
".0#
".1
".1#
".2
$0
".2#
".!
".!1
".!#
".55
"."!
".75
".##
7.05
7.
%
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.
0.!
0.5
0."
0.7
0.#
0.$
$$
7.
7.7
7.!1
7.!"
7.51
7.5#
7."5
7.75
7.##
#.0$
0
trctral damae H-2+58 F 2592 ln p
0
.eaths /rom ln hemorrae H -**51 F 6591 ln p 0
&ardrms H -1756 F 159+ ln p
or p
0
= 47,000 N / m2
trctral damae H *561 .eaths (ln hem) H -25*6 &ardrms H 7516+
rom table 2-4
Percent "//ected
trctral damae .eaths (ln hem) &ardrms
9956 (H is neatie) 76
%he blast is not serios is not enoh to e3pect /atalities bt is serios enoh to case e3tensie damae to srrondin strctres and to rptre the eardrms o/ more than hal/ o/ the people e3posed5 "dditional injries /rom debris miht be e 3pected5
45 %he peak oerpressre e3pected as a reslt o/ the e3plosion o/ a tank in a plant /acility is appro3imated by the e@ation lo P 452 K 158 lo r 0here P is the oerpressre in psi and r is the distance /rom the blast in /eet5 %he plant employs 7 people 0ho 0ork in an area /rom 1 to 7 /t /rom the potential blast site5 &stimate the nmber o/ /atalities e3pected as a reslt o/ ln hemorrhae and the nmber o/ eardrms rptred as a reslt o/ this blast5 Ie sre to state an y additional assmptions5
'
7
&3plosion at center 7 people in area /rom 1 to 7 /eet a0ay5 &3plosion oer pressre ien by lo P 452 K 158 lo r P psia ' /eet "ssme 7 people are eenly distribted throhot the area5 Compte poplation density 500
¿ ¿
%otal area
10
¿ ¿ ¿ π ¿ 500 people
Poplation density
5
−4
2
7.85 × 10 ft
2
65+* × 10 people / ft
Procedre .iide area into shells5 .etermine oer pressre at each shell nmber o/ people in each shell and nmber o/ people a//ected5 %he smaller the si:e o/ the shell the more ac crate the reslt5 .etermine ma3imm distances 0here people are a//ected5 rom table 2-4
.eaths de to ln hemorrhae H -**51 F 6591 ln P &ardrm rptre H -1756 F 159+ ln P 2 Where P is in N / m %he probability is :ero 0hen H so
.eaths (,5=5) P e3p
[ ] 77.1 6.91
4
2
3
2
*51 × 10 N / m
151* psia
&ardrm rptre P e3p
[ ]= 15.6 1.93
3.24 × 10 N / m
54* psia
%his 0ill occr at the /ollo0in distances
.eaths (,5=5) lo r
[
4.2 −log P 1.8
]
=
4.2− log ( 10.17 ) 7954 /t5 1.8
4.2− log ( 0.470 ) =328 ft . &ardrm rptre lo r 1.8 %he death calclation can be per/ormed sin a sinle shell 7954 /t5 in radis5 2
"
10 ¿ 2 59.4 ¿ −¿
¿ π ¿
1 **1 /t52
%otal people in shell − 4 people
(1**1)(65+*
× 10
6586 people "erae radis
10 + 59.4 =34.7 ft . 2
"erae oer pressre 2851 psia 5 2 1594 × 10 N / m 5
Probit ariable H -**51 F 6591 ln (1594 × 10 N / m *5++
2
)
2
ft
)
Which is a 9*D reslt5 ?t looks like 6 people 0ill be killed by ln hemorrhae5 'eslts sho0 that people shold not be allo0ed 0ithin atleast 7 /eet o/ the sorce instead o/ 1 /eet5 %he eardm rptre is a bit more complicated %otal people in +28 /t5 radis 328
"
2
2
¿ −(10 ) 5
2
¿= 3.37 × 10 ft π ¿
5
2
× 10 ft ¿
People (+5+*
(
−4 people 6.37 × 10 2
ft
)=
215
D a//ected radis is too /ar ot5 Compte 1D a//ected radis G 1D H256* 256* -1756 F 159+ ln P ,n P 954* 4
2
× 10 N / m ¿ P(15292
( ) 1 psia
6890
N
m
=1.87 psia
2
,o (158*)452 K 158 lo r ,o r 2518 '172 /t5 %otal area 10
2
¿
2
"
4
2
(1522 ¿ −¿=7.24 × 10 ft ) π ¿
4651 people eeral 0ays to diide total area 15 i3ed nmber o/ people per shell 25 i3ed e@al radis increments Procedre L1 is more accrate5
.iide into /ie shells 0ith 4
46.1 =9.22 people per shell5 &ach shell has an area o/ 5
2
7.24 × 10 ft =1.45 × 10 4 ft 2 5 %o compte radis 5
R
2=
√
a 2 +r =√ 4.62 × 103+ r21 π 1
hell nmber 1
R1
R2
´ R
´ ( psia) P
1
685*
+95+
2154
P(#A m
685*
9656
8256
7562
9656
11852
1*54
+57
11852
1+65+
12*5+
2578
1+65+
1725+
1445+
256
2
¿
P(#A m
1
1541 × 10
2
4
1542
× 10
hell nmber
4
15*8
× 10 7
4
2541
× 10 4
5
+58*
× 10 +
)
154*
× 10 2
2
4
H
D
#o5 people
5
*5+6
9951
951
+58* × 10
4
45*9
42
+59
+
2541 × 10
4
+58*
1+
152
4
15*8 × 10
4
+529
452
54
7
1542 × 10
4
2587
15*
52 1458
17 people Ietter estimate can be made 0ith more shells5
5. " certain olatile sbstance eaporates /rom an open container into a room o/ olme 1 /t+5 %he eaporation rate is determined to be 1 mAmin5 ?/ the air in the room is assmed to be 0ell mi3ed ho0 many /t+Amin o/ /resh air mst be spplied to ensre that the concentration o/ the olatile is maintained belo0 its %, o/ 1 ppmJ %he temperatre is ** M and the pressre is 1 atm5 "ssme a olatile species moleclar 0eiht o/ 15 Nnder most circmstances the air in a room cannot be assmed to be 0ell mi3ed5 =o0 0old poor mi3in a//ect the @antity o/ air re@iredJ
1atm O c/m ° F =537 ° R=298 ° K ,tlv − twa=100 ppm 3 1000 ft
"ssmin 0ell-mi3ed
( vc ) = !m−!v" t
"t steady state
( vc ) =0 t
Nnits Om mAmin O/tAmin C mA/t Nsin e@ation 2-6
( )
T mg Cppm5827 PM m3 mg m
3
="pmm
1 pm t 0.08205
(1 )( 100) (1)
( )(
mg mg = 3 3 ft m
398
)
3
1 = 409 mg3 0.08205 m
409 m mg = =11.6 3 3.28 ft . 35.3 ft
**
!m = O "
100 11.6
mg 3 mi# ft . =8.63 mg mi# ft .
3
?n &3ample 2-1 part c the data 0ere represented by the normal distribtion /nction f ( x) 51*8e K51( x K4571)25 65
Nse this distribtion /nction to determine the /raction o/ indiidals demonstratin a response in the rane o/ 257 to *575 2
×−4.51 ¿
−0.100 ¿ 0here /(3) is the /raction a//ected5 %hs ¿
.istribtion /(3) 51*8
e
7.5
raction a//ected
∫ f ( $ ) $
2.5 2
$ −4.51 ¿
¿
−0.100 ¿ 51*8
e
¿
7.5
∫¿ 2.5
$
Which can be appro3imated by
∑ = i
1
(
(3)
257 +57 457
56*6 59+ 15
f ( i )+ f ( i + 1 ) 2
)
%i
f ( i ) + f (i + 1) %i 2 5+97 54*6
∑ ¿ 2.01 251 × 0.178 =0.358 =fractio# affecte
*5 =o0 mch acetone li@id (in milliliters) is re@ired to prodce a apor concentration o/ 2 ppm in a room o/ dimension + Q 4 Q 1 mJ %he temperatre is 27MC and the pressre is 1 atm5 %he /ollo0in physical property data are /or acetone moleclar 0eiht 7851; and speci/ic raity 5*8995
4m
+m
22 ppm 1m
acetone
%he total olme o/ the room is l0h(+m)(4m)(1m)12 m
3
%he olme occpied by the acetone apor is 200 10
6
( 120 m )=0.024 m 3
rom the ideal as la0
3
( 101.3 'pa )( 0.024 m ) P& = 3 # R g T ( 8.314 'Pa m −mole K )( 298 K ) 5981 k-mole 'g 3
%he total mass is
(
(5981k-mol)
%he olme in mAs is
58.1
'g 'g −mol
)
57* k 7* m
57 g =72.2 ml . 0.7899 g / ml
85 ?/ 7 0orkers in a plant are e3posed to the /ollo0in concentrations o/ ammonia /or the ien nmber o/ hors ho0 many deaths 0ill be e3pectedJ a. 1 ppm /or 1 hr5 b. 2 ppm /or 2 hr5 c. + ppm /or + hr5 d.
17 ppm /or 2 hr5
%here are t0o 0ays to interpret this problem5 ?5 assme that the same 0orkers are e3posed to this ammnea concentration consectiely drin the same 8 hor shi/t5 %hen Conc (ppm) 1 !intes 2.0
"
2.0
"
2
6
12 6
4 × 10
10
%
60 × 10
6
6
480 × 10
+
17
18
12 9 × 10
6
16 × 10
4
6
4
2.2 × 10 6
2.6 × 10
ince the e3posres are consectie and the same 0orker 0e can sm the consectie ariables5
∑c
2.0
T =559 × 10
6
H-+759 F 1587 ln(779 × 10
6
)
/rom table 2-7
-+759 F +*5+ 15+6 rom table 2-4 this is less than 1D Nse e@ation 2-6 to et a more precise ale5
er/
(
14−51 √ 2
) ( =erf
(1.36 −5 ) 1.414
)=
erf ( 2.57 )
/rom e3cel er/( 257*) 15 %hen
P7
7
[
1
[
+
−5 (1.0 ) 1.36 −5 1.36
1+
−3.64 3.64
( 1.0 )
]
]
percentae o/ 0orkers a//ected #o 0orkers are a//ected5 ??5 %his approach assme that the e3posre are separate 0ith di//erent 0orkers5 ,ook at each case indiidally5 a5 H -+759 F 1587 ln(6 × 10
6
) -258
D 0orkers are a//ected b5 H -+759 F 1587 ln(48 × 10
6
) 158
D 0orkers are a//ected c5 H +759 F 1587 ln(1 × 10
6
) -7521
D 0orkers are a//ected d5 H +759 F 1587 ln(25 × 10
6
) -8571
D 0orkers are a//ected
?n both case no 0orkers are a//ected5 =o0eer all o/ the e3posres e3ceed $=" P&, /or ammonea o/ 7 ppm and the %,-%W" o/ 27 ppm5 &enthoh there 0ill be /atality the 0orkers 0ill be oer e3posed and 0ill hae health e//ects5
195 .etermine the dration times in mintes in 0hich a rop o/ 1 people can be e3posed to 17 ppm o/ carbon mono3ide to reslt in (a) D /atalities and (b) 7D /atalities5 Nse e@ation /or carbon mono3ide deaths /rom table 2-75
∑ "T
H -+*598 F +5* ln
rom table 2-4 at D /atalities H 25; at 7D /atalities H75 bstittin /or H2 25 -+*598 F +5* ln(17%) +9598 +5* ln(17%) ,n(17%) 158 17% 459+
× 10
4
% +258 min or less than D /atalities or 7D /atalities 75 -+*598 F +5* ln(17%) 42598 +5* ln(17%) ,n(17%) 11562 5
17% 1511
× 10
% *+59 min
25 Nse &@ation 2-* to conert the %, in ppm to the %, in mAm+ /or ben:ene carbon mono3ide and chlorine5 "ssme 27MC and 1 atm5
Nse e@ation (2-*) to conert the %, in ppm to mAm+5 "ssme 27 ° ∁ and 1 atm pressre5 %, ales are in "ppendi3 >5 rom e@ation (2-*)
"
ppm= 0.08205
+
!Am
(
( )(
T 3 mg / m ) PM
" ppm
)(
)
1 atm M 0.08205 298 K −2
459 × 10 " ppm M
Chemical
!
%,(ppm)
!Am+
Ien:ene
*8511
57
156
Carbon !ono3ide Chlorine
2851
27
2956
*591
57
1547
215 Nse a spreadsheet proram (sch as OattroPro ,ots &3cel) to sole Problem 2-45 Ireak the distance /rom 1 /t to 7 /t into seeral interals5 Nse a small enoh distance increment so that the reslts are essentially independent o/ the increment si:e5 Hor spreadsheet otpt shold hae desinated colmns /or the distance pressre probit ales percentaes and the n mber o/ indiidals a//ected /or each increment5 Ho shold also hae t0o spreadsheet cells that proide the total nmber o/ indiidals 0ith eardrm rptres and ln hemorrhae deaths5 or conertin /rom probits to percentaes se a lookp /nction or an e@ialent /nction5 %he procedre is to diide the distance bet0een 1 and 7 /t5 into shell o/ e@al thickness
5
)5)5)5)555 ) 1 /t5
7 /t5
"ssme that the 7 people are e@ally dispersed throhot the area5 2
2
2
2
( Total = π R 2− π R 1=3.14 ( 500 −10 ) *84 68* /t2
people %he distribtion o/ people
2
ft
=
500 784,687
−14
Pa=6.37 × 10
peopleA /t2
Process /or each shell 15 Compte the radis a center o/ each shell5
25 Compte the pressre at the center o/ each shell log 10 P =4.21 −1.8log 10 R +5 Compte probits /or eardrm rptres and ln haemorrhae sin e@ation /rom table 2-75 45 Conert probits to percentaes sin /nction G,$$BNP and ales /rom table 2-4 2 2 75 Calclate the total area o/ shell " π ( R2− R1 ) 65 .etermine the total people in shell P Pa ( *5 !ltiply by percentaes e//ected (ia probit e@ation) to a c@ire the total e//ected in each shell5 %he ans0er shold be independent o/ spatial moement si:e5 %hat is the shell thickness shold be small enoh5 %his mst be checked sin yor spreadsheet printot5 We /ond that a moement o/ 7 to 1 /eet is /ine5 ,arer nmber o/ moements ie essentially the same reslts5 inal ans0er People 0ith eardrm rptres 1+5* People killed by ln hem +5 %his does not inclde the dead people de eardrm rptres5 %he probit D is determined sin a lookp table G,$$BNP /nction5 #o 1 , -9 !
2 256* 1
+ 2597 2
111 -7 1
?/ the probit is P1+ G,$$BNP (P1+,1R!111 1) %he /irst sheet o/ the spreadsheet is on the ne 3t pae5
Problem 2-21 &3plosion problem
%otal people in area ?nner radis $ter radis %otal "rea PeopleA/tSS2 .istance ?ncrement %otal ?ncrements
7 1 /t5 7 /t5 *84686 /tSS2 56+* 7 /t5 98
.istanc e /t5
Pressre psi
1257
16859* 11786*+ 8 915*+42 6+2+15 7 4 785+7411 422265 1 4566+1 282875 6 1 +51+ 2*4975 1 7 2+526*1 16+**5 8 2 1857*+* 128265 6 2 1752+* 14*9*5 8 4 12569*+ 8*7259 7 6 15**94 *4+15+ 8 7 952**18 6+94652 1 85**7 776*+59 8 7 *5121* 4897452 9 7 65298*8 4+41656 * 75628+* +8*9757 + + 7562*+ +48965*
1*57 2257 2*57 +257 +*57 4257 4*57 7257 7*57 6257 6*57 *257 **57 8257 8*57
Pressre #AmSS2
Probit &ardrm
Probit ,n
115+4818
195+828 7 17519*8 1 125*19 6 957*61 * *549819 8 75*18+1
151*92 * 95+62 6 8569* 6 8528*+ *57+179 * *596*8 1 65*1+8 + 65+6269 + 654667 * 75*7698 9 7548962 * 75241+* 8 75969 2 45*9249 * 457888
Percent &ardr m 1
Percen t ,n
"rea tSS2
People &ardrm
People ,n
1
+2956991
1
1
7495**8*
1
1
*65878+
1
1
86+59+8
9958
995+
121518
9954
*6
11*859*
451617+ 1 25**81 6 157++26 8 541*6 1 -56+7+4
98
2
1++751**
97
1
1492527*
91
16495++6
52722 * 5+7+1 8 5474 8 57749 9 5646+ 6 57*71 * 51*17 4 597 9
87
1865416
**
196+5497
-1579278
68
21257*7
-25481+9
79
22**5677
-+5+189
7
24+45*+4
-458872
41
27915814
52722 * 5+7+1 8 5474 8 57749 9 564928 9 5*461* * 58++*7 6 59++1 9 5976+6 * 59*8+8 * 596++* 4 59188+ + 58762* 6 5**7* + 56**114
-4582+8
+2
2*485894
5767
9257 9*57 5 5
9 45788+ * 4516669 7 5 5
7 45+97+ 7 4521217 1 5 5
+17*75 + 28*254 5 5
-7571176
2*
29759*+
-65166+4
21
+56+57 + 5 5
5 5
5 5
5 5
8 549997 + 5498* 2 5 5
225 Nse the reslts o/ Problem 2-21 to establish the recommended distance bet0een the control room and the tank i/ the control room is desined to 0ithstand oerpressres o/ (a) 1 psi and (b) + psi5 or + psi the control room 0old need to be 118 /t5 /rom the essel5 or 1 psi the control room 0old need to be 212 /t5 /rom the essel5
2+5 Nse &@ation 2-6 to conert probits o/ +5*2 75 and 6528 to percentae a//ected and compare 0ith the ales sho0n in %able 2-45 oltion5 &@ation 2-6 is P7
[
1
+
) −5 erf ) −5
(
(
1 )
−51
√ 2
)]
)
1.28 P3.72=50 1 −erf =50 ( 1 −erf 0.905 ) 1.414 157D
P5 7(1) 7D
( ( ))=
P6.28=50 1+ erf
1.28 1.414
50 ( 1 + erf 0.905 )
8959D &r/(597) 5*99 (ia !ath Cod)
H +5*2 75
C",CN,"%&. D 157 7
%"I,&D 1 7
5 5
6528
89597
9
245 &stimate the e3posre concentration in pp m that 0ill reslt in /atalities /or 8D o/ the e3posed indiidals i/ they are e3posed to phosene /or 4 min5 Nse e@ation /or phosene deaths in %able 2-75 H -1952* F +56 ln
∑ "T
rom %able 2-4 /or 8D deaths H7584 bstittin 7584 -1952* F +569 ln (C)(4 min5) 27511 +569 ln(4C) 658 ln (4C) 6.80
e
4
="
C 227 ppm
275 &stimate the e3posre concentration in pp m that 0ill reslt in /atalities /or 8D o/ the e3posed indiidals i/ they are e3posed to chlorine /or 4 min5
Nse the e@ation /or chlorine deaths in table 2-75 2.0
H -8529 F 592 ln ( " T ) "t 8D /atalities H 7584 /rom %able 2-45
bstittin 2.0
7584 -8529 F 592ln ( " T )
[ "
2.0
ln
( 4 mi#) ] =14.13
14.13
2.0
" =
C
e
4
=3.42 × 105
√ 3.42 × 10 5=585 ppm
265 .etermine the potential deaths resltin /rom the /ollo0in e3posre to chlorine a5 2 ppm /or 17 min5 b5 1 ppm /or 7 min5 c5 7 ppm /or 2 min5 Nse the e@ation /or chlorine deaths in table 2-75 2.0
H -8529 F 592 ln ( " T )
2.0
C (ppm)
5
17
4
7
5.00 × 10
3
2
5.00 × 10
4.00 × 10
1
1.00 × 10 2.50 × 10
" T
4
2
7
2.0
%
"
6.00 × 10
4
3
∑ ¿ 6.55 × 10
5
∑ "
2.0
5
T = 6.55 × 10
5
H -8529 F 592ln ( 6.55 × 10
)
H 45+ rom the table 2-4 the percentae is 75*D /atalities5
