Resume Introduction to Physical Oceanography - A Voyage of Discovery

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OCEANOGRAPHY PHYSICS RESUME “INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY”

CHAPTER 1 AND 2

A Voyage Voyage of Discovery

Ocean environment i !ni"!e# $e o%ten &ear' o%  ocean an' it ro(e on )eat&er an' c(imate an'  *ein+ 'ic!e' in t&e ne)# Ocean ,(a- a *i+ ro(e to eart& an' &!man. (i%e )it&o!t ! *ein+ a)are o% it &!+e im,act# Ho)ever/ t&ere i ti(( m!c& )e 'on.t 0no) a*o!t t&e ocean# P!t P!t into into a (ar+ (ar+er er cont conte et/ t/ more more t&an t&an 1/34 1/344 4  ,eo,(e &ave c(im*e' 5o!nt Everet/ more t&an 644 &ave 7o!rne7o!rne-e' e' into into ,ace/ ,ace/ an' 12 &ave &ave )a(0e' on t&e moon/ *!t on(- 3 ,ercent o% t&e ocean ocean %(oor %(oor &a *een invet inveti+a i+ate' te' an' on(on(- 2  ,eo,(e &ave 'ecen'e' an' ret!rne' in a in+(e 'ive to t&e 'ee,et ,art o% t&e ocean# On t&e ot&e ot&err &an' &an'// no ,art ,art o% t&e t&e ocea ocean n rema remain in !na%%ecte' *- &!man activitie/ !c& a c(imate c&an c&an+e +e// e!tr e!tro, o,&i &ica cati tion on// %i& %i&in in+/ +/ &a*it a*itat at 'etr! 'etr!cti ction/ on/ &-,oi &-,oia/ a/ ,o((! ,o((!tio tion/ n/ an' ,ecie ,ecie intro'!ction# T&ere%ore/ t&e cienti%ic t!'- o%  t&e ocean &o!(' *e an internationa( ,riorit-# ,riorit-# 8 9a('e/ L#/ L# :oneca/ an' ;# Te'eco/ 2414# Loo0in+ into t&e %!t!re o% ocean cience< An IOC ,er, ,er,ect ective ive# # Oceanography/ Oceanography/ 26=6>< 1?4@  13# $&at i eact(- t&e ro(e o% t&e oceanB $&- 'o )e nee' to care a*o!t itB $&- t!'- t&e ,&-ic o% t&e oceanB :e) o% im,ortant *roa' t&eme o% t&e ocean t&at invo(ve eart& an' &!man. (i%e are< 1# $e +ot +ot %oo %oo' ' %rom %rom t&e t&e oce ocean an## 2# $e !e !e t&e t&e ocea ocean# n# 6# T&e ocean ocean in%( in%(!en !ence ce t&e t&e atmo, atmo,&er &eric ic )eat&er an' c(imate#

T&e to,ic 'etermine )&at )e mea!re/ &o) t&e mea!rement are ma'e/ an' t&e +eo+ra,&ic area o% interet# Some ,rocee are (oca(/ !c& a )ave on a *eac&/ ome are re+iona(/ !c& a t&e )eat )eat&e &er/ r/ an' an' ome ome are +(o* +(o*a( a(// !c& !c& a t&e t&e in%(!ence o% t&e ocean on c&an+in+ c(imate an' +(o*a( )armin+# T&i *oo0 aim to ma0e ! *ecome a)are o%  ome ome o% t&e t&e ma7o ma7orr t&eo t&eori rie e t&at t&at %orm %orm t&e t&e %o!n'a %o!n'atio tion n o% ,&-ic ,&-ica( a( oceano oceano+ra +ra,&,&- an' *e a*(e to 'ecri*e ,&-ica( ,rocee in%(!encin+ t&e ocean an' coata( re+ion# e%ore e%ore *e+innin *e+innin+ + a vo-a+e vo-a+e or a 7o!rne7o!rne-// )e !!a(( !!a((- tr- to (earn (earn a*o!t a*o!t t&e ,(ace ,(ace )e )i(( )i(( viit# Same (i0e t&i *oo0/ )e )i(( (earn te, *te, an' *e+in )it& a *rie% overvie) o% )&at i 0no)n a*o!t t&e ocean/ an' t&en t&e in%(!ence/ t&e ,&-ica( ,&-ica( ,roce/ ,roce/ t&eort&eor- an' o*ervati o*ervation/ on/ an' a(o t&e n!merica( mo'e( in 'ecri*in+ t&e ocean# T&e T&e ocea ocean n i one one ,art ,art o% t&e t&e eart eart& & -t -tem em## Henc Hence/ e/ an !n'e !n'er rta tan' n'in in+ + o% t&e t&e ocea ocean n i im,o im,ort rtan antt %or %or !n'e !n'er rta tan' n'in in+ + t&e t&e eart eart& & a a -tem/ -tem/ e,ecia((e,ecia((- %or !n'erta !n'ertan'in+ n'in+ im,ortant im,ortant  ,ro*(em !c& a +(o*a( c&an+e or +(o*a( )armin+# $e !e t&eort&eor-// o*erv o*ervati ation on// an' n!meri n!merica( ca( mo'e( to 'ecri*e ocean '-namic# 1# Ocean ,rocee are non(inear an' t!r*!( t!r*!(ent ent## T&eori T&eorie e !e' !e' to 'ecri 'ecri*e *e t&e ocean are m!c& im,(i%ie' a,,roimation to rea(it-# 2# O*erv O*ervati ation on are are ,ar ,aree in time time an' ,ac ,ace# e# 5an- ,rocee o% t&e timeavera+e' %(o) in man- re+ion are ,oor(- o*erve'# 6# N!mer !meric ica( a( mo'e( o'e( inc inc(!'e (!'e m!c& !c& more ore rea(i rea(itic tic t&eore t&eoretic tica( a( i'ea i'ea// t&et&e- can &e(, &e(,

inter,o(ate oceanic o*ervation in time an' ,ace/ an' t&e- are !e' to %orecat c(imate c&an+e/ c!rrent/ an' )ave# T&e !(timate +oa( i to 0no) t&e ocean )e(( eno!+& to ,re'ict t&e %!t!re c&an+e in t&e environment/ inc(!'in+ c(imate c&an+e or t&e re,one o% %i&erie to over %i&in+# In t&e ,at/ an oceano+ra,&er )o!(' 'evie a t&eor-/ co((ect 'ata to tet t&e t&eor-/ an' ,!*(i& t&e re!(t# No)/ t&e ta0 &ave *ecome o ,ecia(iFe' t&at %e) can 'o it a((# The Historica Setti!g

O!r 0no)(e'+e o% oceanic c!rrent/ )in'/ )ave/ an' ti'e +oe *ac0 t&o!an' o% -ear# Po(-neian navi+ator/ P-t&ea/ Ara*ic tra'e/ Samave'a o% T&e In'ian 9e'ic/ an' man- more &ave tarte' t&e e,(oration o% t&e ocean a t&e oceano+ra,&er# T&e 0no)(e'+e o% ocean *e+an )it& vo-a+e o%  'icover- *- art&o(ome) Dia =11>/ C&rito,&er Co(!m*! =121>/ 9aco 'a Gama =11>/ an' man- more# E,(orer )ere oon %o((o)e' *- cienti%ic vo-a+e o%  'icover- (e' *- ame Coo0 =121>/ C&ar(e Dar)in =1412>/ en7amin :ran0(in/ an' o on# In t&e 1t&  an' 24t&  cent!r-/ ate((ite/ 'ri%ter/ an' a!tonomo! intr!ment a,,eare' an' too0  ro(e in t&e o*ervation o% t&e ocean/ air/ an' (an'# Data %rom t&ee -tem/ )&en %e' into n!merica( mo'e( a((o) t&e t!'- o% eart& a a -tem# :or t&e %irt time/ )e can t!'- &o)  *io(o+ica(/ c&emica(/ an' ,&-ica( -tem interact to in%(!ence o!r environment# T&e (on+ &itor- o% t&e t!'- o% t&e ocean &a (e' to t&e 'eve(o,ment o% vario!/ ,ecia(iFe' 'ici,(ine eac& )it& it o)n interet an' voca*!(ar-# T&e more im,ortant 'ici,(ine inc(!'e< oceanography, geophysics, physical  oceanography, geophysical fluid dynamics, hydrography, and earth-system science #

Oceanography  i t&e t!'- o% t&e ocean/ )it& em,&ai on it c&aracter a an environment# $&i(e/  Physical Oceanography i t&e t!'- o%   ,&-ica( ,ro,ertie an' '-namic o% t&e ocean# Era o% Oceano+ra,&ic E,(oration T&e e,(oration o% t&e ea can *e 'ivi'e' into vario! era# 1# Era o% S!r%ace Oceano+ra,&-< Ear(iet time to 16# 2# Era o% Dee,Sea E,(oration< 1611# 6# Era o% Nationa( S-tematic S!rve-< 123 14# # Era o% Ne) 5et&o'< 113?# 3# Era o% Internationa( Coo,eration< 13 1# ?# Era o% Sate((ite< 113# # Era o% Eart& S-tem Science< 13 @ T&e Ro(e o% O*ervation in Oceano+ra,&At %irt +(ance/ )e mi+&t t&in0 t&at t&e n!mero! e,e'ition mo!nte' ince 16 )o!(' +ive a +oo' 'ecri,tion o% t&e ocean# T&e re!(t are in'ee' im,reive# H!n're' o%  e,e'ition &ave eten'e' into a(( ocean# Yet/ m!c& o% t&e ocean i ,oor(- e,(ore'# O!r  !n'ertan'in+ o% t&e ocean i o%ten too im,(e to  *e ri+&t#    

Se(ectin+ Oceanic Data Set Dei+nin+ Oceanic E,eriment Acc!rac-/ Preciion/ an' LinearitSenitivit- to ot&er varia*(e o% interet

Im,ortant Conce,t T&e ocean i not )e(( 0no)n# T&e *aic 'ecri,tion o% t&e ocean i !%%icient %or  'ecri*in+ t&e time avera+e' mean circ!(ation o%  t&e ocean/ an' recent )or0 i *e+innin+ to 'ecri*e t&e varia*i(it-# O*ervation are eentia( %or !n'ertan'in+ t&e ocean# Lac0 o% o*ervation &a (e' to conce,t!a( ,ict!re o% oceanic ,rocee t&at are too im,(i%ie' an' o%ten mi(ea'in+#

Oceano+ra,&er re(- more an' more on (ar+e 'ata et ,ro'!ce *- ot&er# Sam,(in+ error are t&e (ar+et o!rce o% error in oceano+ra,&-#

A(mot a(( o!r o*ervation o% t&e ocean no) come %rom ate((ite/ 'ri%ter/ an' a!tonomo! intr!ment# :e)er an' %e)er o*ervation come %rom &i, at ea#