Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK © 2010 ELSEVIER Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ahmed, Tarek H., 1946– Reservoir engineering handbook / Tarek Ahmed.—4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-85617-803-7 (alk. paper) 1. Oil reservoir engineering. 2. Oil fields. 3. Gas reservoirs. I. Title. TN871.A337 2010 622′.3382—dc22 2009039148 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. For information on all Gulf Professional Publishing publications visit our Web site at www.elsevierdirect.com 10
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This book is dedicated to my children, Jennifer, Justin, Brittany, and Carsen Ahmed. The book is also dedicated to a very special person, “Wendy.”
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Much of the material on which this book is based was drawn from the publications of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE). Tribute is due to the SPE and the petroleum engineers, scientists, and authors who have made numerous and significant contributions to the field of reservoir engineering. This book reflects my style of teaching during my tenure at Montana Tech of the University of Montana and my understanding of the subject of reservoir engineering. I would like to thank all my former students at Montana Tech for putting up with me and my Egyptian temper. I hope that my friends and colleagues in academia will enjoy this edition of the book. Special thanks to Dr. Bob Chase, Dr. Tom Blasingame, Dr. J. Tiab, Dr. F. Civan, and Dr. Nathan Meehan for their constructive (I think) criticisms and discussions. I would like also to thank the Petroleum faculty and their students at Cairo University and Suez Canal University for their suggestions for updating and improving the book. It was my pleasure to spend the past 7 years with Anadarko Petroleum and work with an outstanding group of professionals. Special thanks to Kevin Corrigan, Brian Roux, Diana McCranie, and Aydin Centilmen. I would like to thank the editorial and production staff of Elsevier for their work and professionalism, particularly Ken McCombs and Sarah Binns.
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PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION
To make the fourth edition of this textbook as complete as possible, I have added Chapter 17 that deals with the topics of Fracture Reservoirs and Hydraulically Fracture Wells. The book documents the technical materials that have published and addressed this subject over the last 20 years, particularly the research work that has been authored by Dr. H. Kazemi and Dr. Steve Holditch.
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
To make the third edition of this textbook as complete as possible, I have included the following: a new chapter on decline curve and type curve analysis, a section on tight and shallow gas reservoirs, and waterflood surveillance techniques. Many of my colleagues have provided me with valuable recommendations and suggestions that I have included through the textbook to make it more comprehensive in treating the subject of reservoir engineering.
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
I have attempted to construct the chapters following a sequence that I have used for several years in teaching three undergraduate courses in reservoir engineering. Two new chapters have been included in this second edition; Chapters 14 and 15. Chapter 14 reviews principles of waterflooding with emphasis on the design of a waterflooding project. Chapter 15 is intended to introduce and document the practical applications of equations of state in the area of vapor-liquid phase equilibria. A comprehensive review of different equations of state is presented with an emphasis on the Peng-Robinson equation of state.
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
This book explains the fundamentals of reservoir engineering and their practical application in conducting a comprehensive field study. Chapter 1 reviews fundamentals of reservoir fluid behavior with an emphasis on the classification of reservoir and reservoir fluids. Chapter 2 documents reservoir-fluid properties, while Chapter 3 presents a comprehensive treatment and description of the routine and specialized PVT laboratory tests. The fundamentals of rock properties are discussed in Chapter 4 and numerous methodologies for generating those properties are reviewed. Chapter 5 focuses on presenting the concept of relative permeability and its applications in fluid flow calculations. The fundamental mathematical expressions that are used to describe the reservoir fluid flow behavior in porous media are discussed in Chapter 6, while Chapters 7 and 8 describe the principle of oil and gas well performance calculations, respectively. Chapter 9 provides the theoretical analysis of coning and outlines many of the practical solutions for calculating water and gas coning behavior. Various water influx calculation models are shown in Chapter 10, along with detailed descriptions of the computational steps involved in applying these models. The objective of Chapter 11 is to introduce the basic principle of oil recovery mechanisms and to present the generalized form of the material balance equation. Chapters 12 and 13 focus on illustrating the practical applications of the material balance equation in oil and gas reservoirs.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Tarek Ahmed, Ph.D., P.E. is a Senior Reservoir Engineering Advisor with Baker Hughes International at the Reservoir Engineering Technology Center. Before joining BHI, Dr. Ahmed was a professor and the head of the Petroleum Engineering Department at Montana Tech of University of Montana. Until recently he was a Reservoir Engineering Advisor with Anadarko Petroleum. He holds a Ph.D. from Oklahoma University, an M.S. from the University of Missouri-Rolla, and a B.S. from the Faculty of Petroleum (Egypt)—all degrees in Petroleum Engineering. Dr. Ahmed is also the author of other textbooks including Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (Gulf Publishing Company, 1989), Advanced Reservoir Engineering (Elsevier, 2005), and Equations of State and PVT Analysis (Gulf Publishing, 2007).
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