Grigory Reinin Socionics: Typology. Small Groups. To my son Sasha The two people without whom this book could not have been written are my teachers, Aušra Augustinavičiūtė and Igor Kalinauskas. I have been admiring them for years. I am deeply grateful to the late Dr. Vladimir Ganzen, a remarkable psychologist, former professor of St.-Petersburg State University, for his live open discussions and for reviewing and critiquing one of my earlier works, “The Theoretical Analysis of Typological Descriptions in Psychology.” My sincere gratitude to my colleagues: psychologists Elena Petrova and Eugeny Lisak. Working together with them in Socionics workshops was for me personally, incredibly helpful and fruitful. I wouldUniversity, like to also Dr. interest Marina in Najanova, of the toSamara Najanova for thank her deep my workthe andchancellor the opportunity give a Municipal series of lectures on Socionics for the university faculty. Special thanks to Nina Volchek for the enormous responsibility of doing the work of transcribing countless audio- and videotapes, her indispensable help during manuscript preparation, and for her endless patience and readiness to work. To my daughter Katia, to Peter Perlin, Olga Solokhina, Svetlana Reinin, Irina Sukhorukova – my gratitude for their ready, reliable and timely help in preparing and editing texts. My deep appreciation to Alexander Romanenko, without whom the publishing of the book would have not been possible, and been postponed for an indefinite amount of time. Grigory Reinin
Introduction
Socionics is defined and taught in many different ways. To me, it is defined as the science of types of individuals and their relationships. I would not separate it from psychology. It is the part of personality psychology that deals with personality classification, the study of relationships and laws of forming of groups with a wide spectrum of personality characteristics. Psychologists practicing Socionics are often asked to analyze relationships in existing groups, to build teams for certain tasks, or to review conflicts. Socionics has a wide spectrum of application to different areas of psychology – from careerguidance to family counseling and personal advice. Socionics is one of the most effective tools of self-development useful for revealing personal problems, determining strong and weak traits of one's personality and correcting behavior. Socionics allows an individual to look at oneself from outside. I have a personal conviction that every psychologist before he/she begins helping people with their problems should acquire clear understanding him/herself have a professional attitude towards one's own Any expert'sofauthority in aand given sphere of knowledge depends on his/her skillpersonality. of discernment of objects in the given field of study. An experienced steel maker can tell the exact metal temperature by simple observation; likewise an optic lens polisher who is an expert in his field can discern the precision of polishing by touch, and etc. A psychologist's expertise is revealed primarily in discerning people's characters, their motives, problems, fears and behavioral reactions. I believe that Socionics helps its practitioners to considerably progress in this direction and widen the horizons of psychology as a science in general. On the other hand, Socionics – and here I absolutely agree with Igor Kalinauskas - is a science of banalities. But the knowledge of the banal, behavioral stereotypes, of standard reactions and standard scenarios in relationships, helps to sort through and set these things aside when dealing with people and their problems. What is Socionics? What are its srcins? The basic principles of Socionics were developed from K. G. Jung's notion of stable psychological types of personality. His book “Psychological Types” was published in 1921, and its Russian edition forwarded by professor Ivan Ermakov was published in 1924, the full Russian translation, being completed in 1929, in Zurich. Already the core principles of that early work allowed the distinction between 16 different types of personality, although Jung himself never went into great detail to describe each one of them. In the late 1930, this typology drew the attention of Isabelle Meyers and other American scientists. The Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) gives the ability to define all the 16 types of personalities . It was (and is still being) used for the purposes of career-guidance, crew building in the Navy, forming of classes, etc. During the mid-sixties in Lithuania, in the USSR, unaware of the fact that the works were published in the US at that time, Aušra Augustinavičiūtė pursued the samefield of research, which she called 'Socionics'. She worked as a counselor-psychologist, and during the course of her practice, she always came face to face with the same haunting question : “Why is it that between two seemingly good people often develop bad relationships?”Why should they be in conflict at all? What is the reason of their inability to live or work together? In the search for the answer to this 'resurfacing question', she then turned to Jung's works and his typology, and with time she came to the conclusion that certain types of relationships develop between certain types of personalities involved. Thus Aušra Augustinavičiūtė made astep from “personality psychology” to the typology of “relationships between the types” (the results of studies in this area conducted in America were not available for the soviet psychologists at that time). Working alone in spite of the absence of these other works published in the US, she developed and described the system of types, the socion , and outlined all possible intertype relationships. This undoubtedly was a completely new approach within the USSR: neither Jung nor anybody else for that matter in psychology had previously studied relationships between the types before she did. Aušra Augustinavičiūtė saw the socion as a structural unity of human society containing within itself all possible kinds of human personality qualities and relationships. For some time this research was known only to a small group of enthusiast who supported Aušra Augustinavičiūtė's ideas, later the Institute of Socionics was founded in Kiev. Today Socionics research groups exist in Moscow, St.-Petersburg, Vorkuta, and Dnepropetrovsk where psychologists work on the application and development of Socionics’ principles. Several colleges offer courses in Socionics: the Barnaul Medical College, the St.-Petersburg Human Biology and Psychology Institute. Scientists at the St.Petersburg Military Medical Academy studied the predisposition of types to certain diseases in the context of the known personality types. As a result, a highly accurate method of predicting potential disorders was developed.
The socion is a complete model of society in socionics. The socion consists of four quadras that include all the 16 types.
The Kiev Socionics Research Institute is the largest Socionics research center on the territory of the former USSR. In the USA the largest typology-oriented organization is The Association for Psychological Type (APT) (*an international educational membership and organization certifying professionals who use typology in their occupations and professional practices*) whose membership of 6000 from 30 different countries are engaged in the further development and application of Jung's typology. Every year about 4 million people are tested according to the typology methods in the USA alone. In the West such methods are widely used for career-guidance and family counseling. Many statistical studies were conducted aimed at the correlation between person's psychological type and occupation. The difference between the approach in the former USSR and its American counterpart is in the Russian researchers focus more on giving precise definitions to the types and the models detailing the characteristics of types, rather than on the practical use of the theory of types. In the of social psychology, use of typology for practical purposes was made by the creation the MBTI (Myersthe Briggs Type Indicator) developed by Isabel Myers possible and Katharine Briggs in the 1930 (first edition published in 1942, with further development for several decades following, culminated at the publication of the Form G in 1977). Widespread research started in America after the Center for Applications of Psychological Type (CAPT), under the direction of Mary McCauley, was founded in Florida in 1975. In the MBTI, person's type is defined with the use of 4 orthogonal scales, each representing a dichotomy: 1) Extroversion – Introversion 2) Thinking – Feeling 3) Sensoring – Intuition 4) Rationalizing/Judging – Irrationally/Perceiving (understood as opposition to a planned disposition vs. the impulsiveness which is somewhat different from Jung's definition of the criterion - srcinally he used the terms rationality/rationalizing – irrationality/irrationalizing) The main spheres of the MBTI application are education, business and occupational counseling. A discipline only becomes a science with the development of a sound classification, as stated by many outstanding scientists. Psychologists and psychiatrists, at different times and from different countries, have offered several different types of classifications, so it is safe to conclude that the existence of psychological types is a proven fact. Socionics operates with 16 types of human personality. These types are the result of the combination of four independent criteria, defined by K.G. Jung, and represented as the following dichotomies: 1) Extroversion – Introversion (extroverts are facing the object, introverts are facing the subject) 2) Logic – Emotions (inclination to logical analysis/decisions or emotional reactions) 3) Sensoring – Intuition ('intuitive' know more of the potential of an object and live in the past or the future, they are less interested in the now; 'sensing types' are more present in the 'here and now', in current situations and prefer to be guided by facts) 4) Rationality – Irrationality (rational types are more stable and consistent, irrational tend to be more labile, unstable/flexible and changeable) According to Jung, psychological types become apparent in early childhood, influencing different aspects of the individual's activities and forming the personality's peculiarities. Aušra Augustinavičiūtė's structural model of types became the key to the comprehensive descriptions of each type, the modeling of relationships between the types, as well as to the ability to predict the specifics of small groups with a certain spectrum of relationships between the types. According to Socionics, the psychological type of a person does not change during their life, as a rule. The type defines the person's emotional life, appearance and behavior under stress, professional preferences and a number of other traits. At the same time, due to the uniqueness of each person's individual personality, we find a wide variety of behaviors within the limits of that type. Along with the type, other factors play a role – social/psychological environment during one’s childhood, profession, age, circumstances, health condition, personal history, variety of social roles – have their impact on the forming of a personality. As it has been mentioned, Socionics is a science of mundane and banal traits in man, of stereotypical patterns in people's behavior and perception. Usually people interact within the limits of the 'mechanic' parts of their types, so the understanding of these mechanisms is very important for those whose main field of interests or work is in the realm of human relationships. On the other hand, types are tools given to us by
nature itself. One can learn to use this tool, understand its weak and strong points. It is possible to notice pressure on one's weak traits and cope with it without negative emotions running wild. Socionics is a science of human psychological types. Typological approach to the investigation of human nature is ages old. But it is Socionics, which consistently develops the typological instruments of psychology, giving new birth to the ideas of Hyppocratus, Galen, Avicenna and also Jung of our modern times. I believe that likened to the role of mathematics as the main instrument of physics, Socionics will take the place it deserves among the instruments of modern psychology.
Lecture I 1. 2. 3. 4.
Types of Informational Metabolism. Models and Methods of Socionics. The Qualitative Structures Method. Kalinauskas' Steering Wheel
1. Descriptions of the Types of Informational Metabolism. (IM) Aušra Augustinavičiūtė called psychological types the types of informational metabolism. The term informational metabolism(IM) introduced by A. Kempinsky [9] denotes the process of intake and processing of information by a person. Socionics offers different ways of representing IM types. The first way, used by Aušra Augustinavičiūtė, consists in picturing the characteristic features of types in vivid descriptions without any uniform structure. This approach was chosen, for example, in E. Filatova's “Socionics For All”, as well as in the works of B. Ovchinnikov, A. Bukalov, V. Gulenko, V. Stratievskaja, G. Shulman and others. Another option is figurative. Each type is represented by a set of photographs of different people, men and women consisting of the same type, belonging to different social strata, in different emotional states. This method is often used in training: examining these portraits, one subconsciously picks out features andofdevelops mental picture the type image.which After that one becomes able to blaring recognize the type person , adepending on theofmental pictures, are developed during training. Still another way of type description consists of arranging lists of well-known persons and fictional characters belonging to the same type. Many celebrities, for example: well-known actors, political figures, scientists; were assigned types by experts. It is rather easy to form clear images of IM types on this basis. It is a tradition in Socionics that each type is associated with a prominent person's or a fictional character's name. It has proved to be a very useful and compact method of designations to types. On the other hand, within the realm of literature, not all authors are able to create characters of psychological types, which are vivid and easy to recognize. The only known novel where all 16 types are represented is Tolstoy's War and Peace, although not all of the types are equally portrayed in detail. Some classical authors used to typically portray only two types; for example: in Dreiser's novel, we find his own personal type and his counterpart (the dual). Russian author Anton Chekhov also typically used to create characters of two counter types and Jack London usually created two or three. But in Dostoyevsky's novels, up to eight types could be found. Nevertheless, in classic novels the characters created by author's imagination resemble real people to a great extent. That is why it is no surprise that Dostoyevsky once wrote to his wife, that when all is going well with the new novel, the work progresses fast, but often the characters act on their own will. In the same way Pushkin wrote to Vjasemsky with amusement, " What a trick my Tatiana played on me! She got married!" in reference to one of his poem's characters. Great authors allowed their heroes to follow circumstances of their own 'life' instead of creating artificial circumstances. Some contemporary authors, however, sometimes force their characters to act unnaturally. So even with a thrilling plot, such novels cannot catch the reader's attention completely: when, for example characters do not act, feel and look naturally, or do not resemble live persons. Their character traits could not be found in real life. That is what separates the contemporary author from the great, classical writers… One more way to categorize is by structural description based on a model of deducing characteristics of a character type from a respective functional structure.
Models and Methods of Socionics The first model – "A Model" – was created by Aušra Augustinavičiūtė in the early 1970 s and outlined in detail in two works on interpersonal relationships and psychology of personality, which were published in the late 1970s – The Theory of Interpersonal Relationships[1] and About the Dual Nature of Man (srcinal ly titled The Nature of Erotic Feelings) [2]. These books provide srcinal interpretation of Jung’s theory of psychological types . As it was mentioned above, Aušra Augustinavičiūtė combined the concept of human psychological types with A. Kempinsky's theory of intake, processing and sharing of information [9]. Aušra Augustinavičiūtė’s research was independent of the US socioanalysts’ work, which became available in the former USSR only in the early 1980s. Aušra Augustinavičiūtė created special graphic symbols to illustrate the IM types. Each type is marked by two symbols, which correlate with first two leading functions. Today there are over a dozen of different models used to illustrate the functioning of IM types . We will use a simple and, in my opinion, very effective functional model based on the qualitative structures method developed by Igor Kalinauskas.
The Qualit ative Struc tures Method (QSM) and the IM Functional Model,
Kalinauskas'
Steering Wheel Igor Kalinauskas developed a method of analysis of int egral objects, which he called “the qualitative structures method" (QSM) [7, 8]. The description of IM type below includes: 1. Description of semantic fields of IM basic elements. 2. Description of IM type functional model structured according to QSM, the Kalinauskas' Steering Wheel. 3. Summary description ofthe features in the structure of IM type. 4. Description of the key to actual arrangement of theelements in the functional modelof any type.
Basic Eleme nts of Informational Metabolism To describe the IM process Aušra Augustinavičiūtė divided it into eight elements, together they reflect the variety of ways a human being communicates with the world.The number of elements does not contradict the general scientific informational concept of all communication types studied in terms of information, energy, space and time. Now let us examine the elements of informational metabolism; we will be using symbols developed by Aušra Augustinavičiūtė. These symbols proved to be rather convenient and are widely used by socionists. The semantic fields of IM elements could be described as follows: - Subjective logic . It is my own logic, my understanding, explanation, description, concept, and theory of things. It is my hierarchy of notions of the things that are closer or farther, higher or lower. It is what I was taught, my view of this world, my world outlook. It includes my education, i.e. the system of my ideas and my schooling . - Objective logic . Logic of the objective world - objective circumstances, facts. Example: the day began and it started raining. Systems, statistics. Event queue. Example: “I am late for work because the bridge collapsed". Laws, political policies of the government, stamps in the passport, traffic laws, prices, private summerhouse property, my territory, and design drawing of a unit.Thinking objectively people usually ask: “I want to know the reality of the matter.” - Subjective intuition . The inner harmony. A state, a mood, and a sense of time. Personal evaluation of events, of people's actions and morals. - Objective intuition . The order of events from the beginning to the end, i.e. the sets of events known beforehand, the schedule. Potential opportunities. Behavior program, the way of life, the rhythm of life. Scenario of any action, acting in accordance to predetermined scenario. - Subjective sensoring. My inner feelings: gustatorysense, tactile sensoring, and sexual sensoring. State of health. Ability to discern between the pleasant and the unpleasant. - Objective sensoring . It is the form, the action, the motion, the act, the appearance, the gestures and the mimics. It is the person’s will. - Subjective ethics . It is my attitude to people. It is the liking/disliking of people/things. It is the emotions I experience.
- Objective ethics . It is the external relationship, the relationships between other people and their attitude towards me. It is the emotions of other people. These are the semantics of the eight basic elements ofinformational metabolism. And now let us turn to Table 1. Table 1
Pseudonyms and Corresponding Comprehensive Names of IM Types
Pseudonyms
Labeling by leading function
Don Quixote
Intuiti ve - logi cal extrovert
Dumas
Sensory -ethical i ntrovert
Hugo
Ethical- sensory extrovert
Robespierre
Logical -intuitive introvert
Maxim
Logical - sensory introvert
Hamlet
Ethical -intuitive extrovert
Tutankhamon
Intuitive - ethical introvert
Zhukov (Makedonski)
Sensory - logical extrovert
Napoleon
Sensory -ethical extrovert
Balzac
Intuitive - logical introvert
Jack London
Logical -intuitive extrovert
Dreiser
Ethical - sensory introvert
Dostoevsky
Ethical -intuitive introvert
Shtirlitz
Logical - sensory extrovert
Gaben
Sensory - log ical introvert
Huxley
Intuitive - ethical extrovert
Symbols
Psychological functions are the particular abilities of a person to understand certain aspects of the world. The specific character of each type is defined by the arrangement of the abilities (functions), by their hierarchy in the informational metabolism of the person. The specific manifestation of the function depends on its "material" which is the elements of IM described above.
Labeling of types was done according to first two leading functions. The first symbol describes the first function – the principle of existence. The second symbol - the second (creative) function. Detailed descriptions of all 8 functions see below.
The Functional Model of
IM Type – K alinauskas' Stee ring Wheel
The model, named after its author, The Kalinauskas' Steering Wheel helps to easily visualize and analyze the qualities of each IM type. The Steering Wheel proved to be extremely useful in revealing conflict-generating areas in relationships between different types of people and also it proved to be helpful in mending of those relationships.The qualitative structures method (QSM) used in the model is a heuristic principle of examining any integral object, it studies the four basic aspects of any whole:structure, functioning, coordination and communication. In Socionics human psyche is traditionally described with the useof an eight-function structure based on the model suggested by K. G. Jung in his Psychological Types. Each function has a specific role in the IM type structure.When describing the structure of a specific IM type each function is correlated to different elements of IM.
Here below is the graphic representation of functions (resembling an eight-spoked steering wheel of a boat): !!! PICTURE!!! Fig. 1. The functio nal model of IM type
Each function has a comprehensive description. In general the psychological description of a type is determined by the placement of the IM elements on the spokes of the steering wheel (i.e. each element corresponds to a psychological function of the type). The key explained below rules the allocation of elements in this chart. First of all let us do a detailed study of the spokes (functions) on the Steering Wheel.
General C haracteristic of Functio ns in t he Structure of IM Type Function number one. The le vel of persona lity organiza tion, or the principl e of existence. "Good"
This area of psyche is rather conservative and could hardly be changed.In the area of the first function lies person’s self-confidence. Here the question 'Do I exist or do I not exist?” is answered. The first function covers everything that I am confident about, everything I know about myself. This sphere is very important, deliberate and guarded. Actually it is the system of values. We label it with the word "good". Cartesian principle, Cogito ergo sum (“I think, therefore I exist”) is actually valid perhaps for only two types whose subjective logic corresponds to the first function (i.e.,Maxim and Robespierre). For other types different principles of existence can be valid: “I am loved, therefore I exist”, “I am healthy, therefore I exist”, “I feel, therefore I exist”, “The world is in order, therefore I exist”, “I act, therefore I exist”. Usually in the area of the first function a person demonstratesgood grasp and management of the situation. Here people rely on their own authority and have deep subconscious confidence that they are right: “I have a good grasp of this area of life” If this function is "under attack" (for example, someone declares doubts in one's basic values), the person demonstrates aggression because the area of his life has been invaded where lies the criterion which determines whether he/she exists or not. As a rule the person ignores the feedback in the area of the first function. Therefore, facing a situation requiring to change something pertaining to the first function an individual tries to change as little as possible or not to do it at all. Any attempt to influence the level of personality organization is perceived as an attack on the principle of existence, an attempt to destroy ME. Everyone needs positive feedback on the first function. It helps a person to think that everything is all right. It is not difficult to do a competent infusion through the fourth function if you do a simultaneous positive feedback on the first function.
Function number minus-one
.
Area of ignoring. Minus values. "Bad"
The area of ignoring. Here an individual demonstrates uncertainty. This part of reality a person does not recognize, he ignores it; therefore his psychological space is limited.If elements of this area become apparent in person’s life they are perceived as objective evil. Each type ignores a certain part of reality, it bars it from consciousness. Usually it does not see it. Function number two. Creative function. The leve l of functio ning. " Necessary "
It is the area where an individual acts as a functional system. The second function is also labeled as the risk zone because in this area a person may take a risk, i.e. has a lot of freedom for self-realization. Here it is possible to take physical or intellectual risk, or risk in the internal state. Each IM type has its own risk zone. The second function could be labeled "it is necessary", or "I need to", because it consists of means and conditions helpful in self-expression, demonstration of one’s potential & creativity. There is place for both creation and destruction.A lot of internal freedom to chose strategy leads to making very “radical” decisions. Specific character of verbal behavior is in many ways connected with the second function. The second function means creativity, demonstration of opportunities and things 'that I can do' , and at the same time it is the most easily rationalized sphere. Function number minus-two. Ar ea of behavior al nor ms, st andards, ster eotyp es. " Unnec ess ary"
Here a person demonstrates conservatism, in this area he is not creative, here the 'selfevident norms' and most rigid patterns exist. Maintaining of these patterns takes efforts, and behavior of other people who break these norms irritates him. Function number t hree. Principle of self-a ppraisal. Are a of least resis tance. "Problems"
This is the function by which a person estimates him/herself. Psychology has a concept of a reference group - a group of significant people in one's life (first of all parents, then – other respected people) who evaluate him: “you are good” or “you are bad”. Thus he receives energy from the society. Gradually interiorization takes place, i.e. a kind of virtual 'transfer' of the reference group into the psyche. Psychologically this group of important adults turns into one of the blocks of one's evaluation thinking, the self-estimation block. When it becomes a part of our consciousness, there is no place to hide any more. People subconsciously organizeis their behavior in order source to secure feedback on this function. Positive self-appraisal an enormous energy for positive a person. When an individual perceives himself as “good”, he or she gets enough enthusiasm, inspiration, and energy for further performance. Function number three provides reasons for good or bad attitude to oneself; therefore it can become a source of various neuroses and psychosomatic disorders (self-justification neuroses in particular). In short, it is a double-edged social weapon. This area can be labeled 'the zone of problems'.It is of great significance to a person and therefore it is a problem.Here people do not understand humor, they are simply not ready to joke about these issues. As a rule, these jokes cause somatic reflex of autonomic nervous system, frustration, and stress. People tend to simplify and clarify to the maximum a situation when possible. There is no place for taking risks. Usually situation is made clear through simplification: better “in a minus” but clear. Simplification of situation according to function number three is a psychological shield, which compensates lack of discernment in this sphere. Here people are very attentive, they demonstrate increased uneasiness. In this sphere conflicts are not infrequent; petulance is oftendemonstrated because according tothe third function people need freedom and assurance of psychological safety.Impacting a person through the third function as a rule causes inadequate (in others' opinion) behavior. People constantly protect their third function; each person has his own strategy. There are two kinds of protective devices: "in plus” and “in minus”. Thus, answering a question regarding one's health someone can say: “I am absolutely healthy” or, on the contrary: “I am so unwell, it is a surprise I can still walk”. If external relations prevail on the third function, the negative defense may look as follows: “Yes, I am bad, I am even worse thanyou think”. It is at least clear: “I am the worst”. Positive defense is displayed when a person basically could not stand any exacerbation and tries to sort out attitudes: “Do you love me?” or, “Did I offend you? I did not mean to. Let's sort it out. I am a good personworthy of your love”. People put a lot of effort in putting up a defense around vulnerable areas.If the logic of the objective world prevails here then I should know precisely whether this territory is mine or not, whether this job is mine or not, i.e. to know definitely where the borders of the social structure are.
As it has already been said, the third function is a place in the structure of personality type through which the individual gets energy from the society.The constant negative self-appraisal is unbearable for anyone. People go to extreme measures to deny the bad traits in himself/herself. It is interesting to examine the development of neuroses from the point of view of putting up a defense according to the third function when self-justification leads to an “escape to illness”. Trying to avoid the judgment of his/her consciousness: “there is nothing good in me”, a person begins to justify him/ herself: “There is nothing wrong with me, I am just ill”. Then the block of self-estimation starts to work in not-so-strict mode making allowance for the illness, and in order to validate the allowance the person 'supports' the illness. The analysis of the third function helps to better understand the neurotic mechanismsof escaping from reality. The more we protect the third function the more we detach ourselves from the world and the more 'reasons' we have for various disorders. Any defense in this area leads to fixing boundaries, to dividing, splitting the whole world into parts and areas. Any splitting causes inner contradictions and eventually results in the inability to adapt, loneliness and illness. The result is not always dramatic, but this mechanism works, and such scenario can be observed quite often. If a person is successful in the sphere of the third function he or she may flaunt and seek for approval of close ones, because success is a reason for good self-esteem. According to the third function people are in need of clear confirmation that “they are all right”. “People really admire me, they need me” (Don Quixote and Zhukov). “This is in fact my territory, and my soldiers are loyal to me” (Napoleon). “I truly understand this all, and my understanding is confirmed by experts and authorities in the area”(Dumas). If suddenly something goes wrong, efforts are made to clarify the situation. For an onlooker these actions seem superfluous, not adequate at all to the situation. Uncertainty, ambiguity in issues pertaining to the third function is subjectively experienced as a loss of energy, that is why this area takes person's close attention and becomes a favoritetopic for discussions. If only people realized how much time they spend supporting psychological comfort according to the third function! Function number minus-three . Zone of problem solving.
This function suggests ways to solve problems of a particular IM type.
Function number four. Sugge stive funct ion. The principle of " place a ssessment". Motives. "I want to
"
This is a function through which a suggestion might be done most easily. In the fourth function area an individual is open for external influences. Depending on which type the person belongs to; different outer signals have more or less impact on him or her.It is often thought (often confirmed at public hypnosis sessions) that 7 to 10 % of people yield to hypnosis while others do not. I believe that it is just not so. Each person is subject to suggestive psychotherapy. The problem is that the techniques of trance induction used at public sessions work effectively only with one or two out of sixteen types, the rest of the audience does not respond. While the first function is about t"hings I have sufficient knowledge about", the fourth function is about "what other people know". Here a person is prone to be guided by others, to lean on external authority. In practice ofsuggestive psychotherapy and hypnosis a concept of rapport is used: the concept of connection between the hypnotist andthe object of hypnosis. Each type has a 'built-in' rapport with the external world.This is the core of the fourth function. Here the person is most gullible and open for external information,he takes it in without discernment. Each IM type has an area open for suggestion, so everyone has this breach for gullibility. And I believe it would be good for people who are, so to speak, interested in inner their mechanics, to know about this feature of their type. It is useful to know what happens when the external world somehow manipulates you. It is good to be on guard be able to detect, recognize and correct such influences, it does not mean you are on defense (in my opinion, it
is not good to be on defense from the external world); it means that your behavior is conscious. Good knowledge of one's fourth function is very important from the point of view of increase of one's level of awareness. As a rule, in this area people are hypochondriacal. Strange things happen here. For example, other people know whether I am ill or healthy. Others tell me whether I am in love or not.In this sphere a person is not discerning. A s a rule he/she simply does not pay attention to a suggestion. It might be recognizedlater, when experiencing a new quality of state.Usually it is not recognized at all. However, when I know this trait of my personality, I have a chance to discern an attempt to manipulate me at an earlier stage. And as soon as the attempt is discerned, it is not unconscious any more . Then I am in control, allowing or blocking certain influences.It is a very interesting research– learning about the areas where I am open, hypochondriacal or unprotected. To begin with when exposed to certain influences pay attention to your automatisms. Usually people are unaware of the fourth function, and are prone to createsituations where 'programming' occurs. Often such behavior appears to be a process of collecting of strategies, estimations, and information processing techniques. And in the same area uneasiness and anxiety are frequent. Even gross flattery and obvious disinformation presented through the channels of the fourth function have good chances to pass without criticism. If the active set of stereotypes and habitual reactions in this sphere is extensive enough, the person may look rather effective in corresponding area. Unlike the situation with the second function, this efficiency is discrete– when facing unusual, non-standard environment all efficiency may disappear. The subject matter of the fourth function is often used as the criteria for assessing a place, for example: “I am loved here, so the place is good ”(Maxim). Here person's motivation ("I want to") is detected: “I want to be loved”. The third and fourth functions affect the choice of the social niche. As a rule, we look for a place in a society where these functions would be protected in one way or another. It happens instinctively. Why do I need to know the fourth function of the type? The better I know the programming the less I amexposed to external influences. It is a challenge for everyone with channels, any IM type.
Function number minus-four. Ar ea of fears . " I do no t want to "
The opposition to "I want to …" is "I do not want to …" ("I am scared"). This is the zone of fears. As a rule, people tend to avoid these disturbing and strange issues. Although there is nothing that a human cannot know or understand. It is interesting to examine career orientation from the point of view of this function. For many occupations there are lists of desirable personal qualities. It is important that important qualities do not fall in the zone of fearsor in the zone of negative values. Of course,people are more than an IM type, they can master any trade. (In Soviet Russia slogans like “No one is irreplaceable”, “If you do not know how –we will teach you, if you do not want - we will force you” were very popular.) But people of different types pay a different psychological price: for some an occupation may be a source of enormous energy, for others – a cause of a heart attack! People subconsciously seek for an occupation, which can satisfy the needs of their type so that the second function is fulfilled, the third function is protected as much as possible and the fourth function is satisfied. There is no exact conformity, we cannot say: this job is for that type, and that profession – for another one. Nevertheless, type analysis provides an interesting perspective for a research in this area.
Today the subject of work classifies occupations. For example, person - person, person nature, person – sign occupations. Into the last category fall both a typist and a mathematician. In my opinion, occupations should be classifiedaccording to types and psychological traits of character best suited for the job. Motives and aspirations, strong and weak traits of character
of certain type should be examined with the reference to professionally important and professionally unwanted qualities. Of course, the same occupation could be quite suitable for people of different types. Currently a study of occupationswith reference to types is conducted. Knowing their type people can make better decisions when choosing a trade or a profession. Certainly, any person can be engaged in any activity, but as we have already said the psychological price of the activity would be different.Napoleon, for example, is well suited for the role of a leader, he constantly gets additional energy, psychological rewards from the job, and he is the right man in the right place. For Don Quixote, on the contrary, the psychological price of the job would be devastating simply because of the manipulationsimplied in area of his third function and the zone of fears. Therefore, as a rule,Don Quixote tries to avoid leading positions; he looks for a place of a consulting expert or something of the kind.
The ke y to th e function al model of IM type Here is the key to building Kalinauskas' steering wheel for each IM type. The system of sixteen functional models represents a well-structured description of all types of socion . Having learned all the signs and semantics of eight elements of informational metabolism and semantics of eight functions we can easily put together the steering wheel itself. Consider now the so-called Socionics cube in detail(Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. The evolvi ng of lateral surfaces of t he Socionics c ube
This cube contains everything: Kalinauskas' steering wheel in all variants, hyperstructure of a socion, the whole table of relationships between the types, and all the small groups. This model is all that one should memorize for practical work. As Montaigne once said, “Well structured brains are much more valuable than wellfilled ones”. The table of type relationships is a 16X16 matrix, i.e. it consists of 256 elements. Is it possible to remember? Of course! (*!!!* пояснения к картинке!!!*) How do we use it? Take the type of a Napoleon(sensory-ethical extrovert, ) for example. On each side of the cube (a square) the functions of all 4 types of one quadra (there are four quadras: alpha, beta, gamma and delta) are located in the square corners. The type alias is put close to the type's first function sign (
); the other three functions of the type are determined by the
succession shown by the arrow ( , , ). All minus-functions are found on the big diagonals of the cube in the positions opposite to the corresponding functions. Having set up a correspondence of IM elements and functions, it is possible to draw the functional model of a type, and analyze the IM type and relationships between all types involved. This will be all we need for a project. Let's take another type, Maxim. First function here is subjective logic ( ). It is impossible to make this type change their opinion: “The world is,as I understand it”. This mentality ignores objective logic: “If the world is not the way I understand it, too bad for the world”. The second creative function is objective sensing ( ). This means physical action, working with a physical form or an object. A lot of people of this type are good craftsmen; it is also typical for them to collect various items as a hobby.
see note on the page … quadra - a group of 4 personality types sharing one system of values. Within the quadra the intertype relationships are those of duality , activation, and mirror (see Lecture …). The "correspondence of an IM element to a function" means that the definite manifestation of the function depends on its "material", or the field of its "application" which is defined by the IM element. In short, we say something like "the first function is subjective logic", or, "the third cofunction is objective sensoring", etc.
The third function deals with the integrity of internalstate(subjective intuition, ). To reach self-realization “I need integrity”, therefore people search for a social niche, which guarantees that integrity. For example, some need a position that does not require decisionmaking. They often search for self-fulfillment in a rigidly structured organization (army, religious organization, mafia, etc.) or – on the contrary – in a place completely detached from the real life of society. The fourth function - objective ethics ( ). “I want to be loved; I want to be treated well”. If I am loved here it means the place is good. This person will do his/her best to keep peace at all costs with people who love him/her is loved and will be rather guarded in the company of strangers. The fourth co-function, the zone of fear, subjective ethics (
) – this is my attitude to
other people. For example, fear of offending another person, or fear of sharing my feeling of love with another person. It is a big issue for Maxim. It is hard forMaxim to express his feelings. This type will try to avoid a situation; he would rather do something to prove his love than talk about it. The second co-function – subjective sensing ( ). We can say that people of this type are masochists in a sense, i.e. they can carry out physical actions even through pain and care less. The sphere of feelings is rather normative. The cube gives you an idea (a good detailed and structured description) of the IM type if you are familiar with the semantics of the elements of the informational metabolism and functions of the steering wheel. Let us examine one more type, Huxley. The first function is the integrity of the external situation ( ). The second creative function is the subjective ethics ( ) – my attitude to the objective reality: "I like it - I do not like it, it is pleasant - it is not pleasant "). The third function is the logic of the objective world (
). And the fourth function is the subjective sensoring (
)–
my feelings. The co functions are located on the big diagonals, on the oppositeedge of the cube. The first co function is the integrity of the internal situation ( ). It is person’s unwillingness to search himself, do a self-analysis.It is rather difficult for people of this type to analyze their psychological state. For Hamlet, for example, it is easy to search himself, but Huxley does not know how to search or does not even see a reason for that. In the area of the first co function there is no confidence: “Let things be as they are”. Any phenomenon of this area perceived as objective evil. It is hard for a person to understand or change anything. Let us go back to the second function: these people have a way with words. Caustic sarcasm and paradoxical thinking are distinguishing traits of the personality. Is not Oscar Wild like that? And the second co function is the zone of standards and relationships ( ). In their relationships people of this type are often rather formal, except in their attitude to their close friends. The third function: logic of the external world ( ). It is the search for ideal objects, for the ideal picture of the world. For example Huxley expects his close friend to fit into a certain frame, which, by the way, almost never happens.Therefore his life is full of major lingering conflicts. The fourth function - subjective sensoring ( ). Huxley (like Don Quixote, who shares the same fourth function) is veryhypochondriacal about his/her health condition. This type is not good at discerning his /her feelings and symptoms . Here this type is most vulnerable to suggestion.
And, at last, the fourth co function, the area of fears: activity, motion, deed. There we have ultimate fear, fear of conduct. This type finds it difficult to bring anything to completion: remodeling, writing a thesis, etc. Let us study the cube again. Do you remember how we use it?If the type is the intuitive logical extrovert, then turning the cube around step by step we find the first, the second, the third and the fourth functions.On the big diagonals we findthe counterparts for each function. This approach works best if you are able to instantly visualize the entire cube at any given moment of time. The model is simple and well structured; it is easy to remember. It has the key to the description of a type as well as the table of relationships between the types . Later when we get to it you will easily find needed information on the face of the cube. In the following lectures we will examine each of the sixteen IM types with the help of Kalinauskas' steering wheel.
Lecture 2 Descriptions of α- (alpha) and β- (beta) Quadra Types
The α- quadra: Don Quixote, Dumas, Hugo, Robespierre
The intuitiv e - logical extrovert - D on Quixot e Celebrities: these are mostly people witha scientific turn of mind, border-lining theory and practice. Miguel Cervantes's fictional character Don Quixote, Louis XIII, Peter the Great, Carl Marx, Frederic Joliot-Curie, Charles Darwin, Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher, Dmitry Mendeleyev, Albert Einstein, Alexander Suvorov, Constantine Tsiolkovsky, Sigmund Freud, George Plehanov, Michael Lermontov, Michael Saltykov-Schedrin, Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Emille Zolya, Andre Mauro, Erve Bazen, Albert Schweitzer, Peter Tchajkovsky, Mark Shagal, Janosh Korchak, Louis De Funes, Indira Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi, Edith Piaf, John Lennon, Mirelle Matie, Aušra Augustinavichiute, Igor Kalinauskas. Function #1 – ob ject iv e in tuit io n ( ): integrity of the external situation. The world should be always harmonious and complete– this is the principle of existence of this type. A wide spectrum of variants may exist according to the first function, though Don Quixote considers the world to be in order and harmony which are manifested in different ways. People of this type often create illusions for themselves that “everything will always be as it is now, that they will never die or be sick”: "Nothing will ever happen to me”. A Don Quixote’s first function might be one of the possible reasons for aggression . People of this type do not plan ahead (unlike, for example, Holmes), but are acutely aware of the beginning of one period and the ending of another . Don Quixote is governed by this feeling. Think of a Don Quixote leaving for work in the morning. He is late, but he is planning on cutting a corner to be on time. He knows he will be five minutes late, but the boss will be five minutes late also. Anyway he will make it! At this momenthis wife (Dreiser) says: “Listen, you are late anyway, take out the garbage on your way out”.This statement may provoke aggression, which Dreiser does not expect. But the boss’ reprimand “Why are you late?” will not cause aggression. Well, I am late, but I have had objective reasonsto be late. It is normal. But this type will not tolerate when someone attempts to destroy the integrity of the external situation . Function #-1 – su bject iv e in tuit io n ( ): ignoring the integrity of internal situation.This is the lack of ability to plunge in thought. ADon Quixote finds it hard to plunge deep into him/herself and search the inner mechanisms of the soul."What do you mean, 'analyze the internal situation'?" Hamlet enjoys this creative area of self, but a D on Quixote runs from it. He knows nothing about it.
This is a potential area for problems. When a Don Quixote is asked to look inside of him/herself, he is lost because he/she does not think this way.They do not understand what is required of them because their IM structure ignores this area completely.Relationships with other people come easy for them.It is easy for them to deal with other people’s problems.But their inner world is beyond their understanding. Function #2, creative function – s ubj ect ive lo gi c ( ): explanation, understanding. A Don Quixote produces srcinal understanding and explanation of things. A Don Quixote feels that everything can be explained in a number of ways.Representatives of other types are amazed at the ease with which a Don Quixote is able to explain anything. For example, a Holmes is surprised and irritated: “What are you teaching me?! I am interested in the reality and the actual mechanics of things. Do you have experimental data, a method? Where did you study?” The excitement of a research is more important for aDon Quixote; he invents his own methods of research if needed. This IM type excels independently of their education and training. They have a strong research reflex.The sphere of risk is the intellect.They are busy creating new techniques and approaches,solving the unsolved, drawing ideas and concepts from other areas. As a result they can offer an explanation of external relationships, i.e. their “second function is about the third”. Anyone is capable of changing their own worldview, but a Don Quixote will pay a lower psychological price for the change than a Robespierre, a Maxim or a Holmes, they are not creative in this area. Don Quixote is not conservative here, he/she needs unexplained, tasks unfulfilled, problems that have not been solved or even put into words. Why quite a few of the Don Quixotes become scientists? In the sphere of science this type is realized as a functional system. Many Don Quixotes look a bit paranoid: at the extreme it is a scientistwho lays his life down for his ideas, neglects his family and physical health. By the way, running a step forward, have a look at aDon Quixote's third function. We have a plus in the area of the third function.Public recognition is a source of energy for aDon Quixote. When he denies himself for the sake of his work and achieves success he often gets public recognition, people’s attention is centered on him, he thinks he is useful and needed in the society. There are two types – a Don Quixote and a Zhukov - whose public interests often coincide with their individual interests. Function #-2 – ob jecti ve logic ( ): the zone of norms and standards, of law and order. “I don’t think a whole lot about the order, but since I live here, I naturally obey it ”. The logic of the external world, laws, indisputable circumstances - in short, everything that does not require interpretation, falls in the category of standards. Traffic rules, criminal code, other social conventions go without saying fora Don Quixote. This area is not creative. For example, his wife says that it is time to remodel the apartment. A Don Quixote does not see this as something absolutely necessary, but complies anyway.“Just thinking of all the work that needs to be done makes me sick… We should wait another year to remodel. Why should we do it now? Why should I change my plans? How irritating! It messes up the integrity of my situation. I was going to channel my energy into something more important than remodeling for example I was going to try and explain some external relationships ". Working in an office is hard for a Don Quixote because of a need to complying with an externally set schedule. He always struggles with social requirements, especially if they don’t make any sense. However, he understands that it is necessary to go through the basic training, so to speak, to get a permission to do the “free program”. So he has to waste time and energyon writing a thesis before he gets to do the real thing. A Don Quixote type is least adapted to social competition. Function #3 – ob ject iv e eth ic s ( ): a Don Quixote's self-worth is based on other people’s attitude and their relationships. Perhaps for this very reason Aušra Augustinavičiūtė (a Don Quixote) developed socionics as a precise tool for the analysis of intertype relationships. Why did they give that look to me? What did they say? Did I hurt somebody’s feelings? How can I say “no”? This sort of questions constantly disturbs a Don Quixote.For this reason he is a bad leader. His third function is constantly suffering in a position of power. The psychological price ofthe job for a Don Quixote often seems to be too high. As a rule, he does
not seek to be a leader; he thinks it is a burden (a Napoleon does not think so, for him it is a place of ideal realization). The principle of Don Quixote's self-assessment is this: “If they love me, appreciate me, then I am a good person”. Positive feedback is a source of considerable increase of energy (may lead to euphoria). But when something goes wrong,relationships turn sour then his spirits are lower, the energy evaporates, everything looksterrible, and joy of life is quenched. If the negative outlook on life is lingering, low self-esteem leads to an illness (a neurosis). In the basis of this neurosis lies the mechanism of subconscious selfjustification: “I am good in general, it is just now I am ill”. It is a way to avoid negative feedback from one’s reference group. Protecting the third function aDon Quixote tends to reason (“you misunderstood me") and mend broken relationships. He does not seek to change partners.People of this type tend to blend into the background of their social group;they do not like to impose their will on others. However, sometimes they chose to rely on the “minus -defense”: “I am so bad, worse than you can imagine, no one can approach me or talk to me. Accept me just as I am". Then it is easier to deal with this type. Function #-3 – su bjectiv e eth ic s ( ): problem solving. It is typical of a Don Quixote to fall in love with someone. He/she is inclined to idealize the object of the affection, admiring his/her merits or skills. However, when itseems impossible to protect the third function and a problem in the sphere of relationships arises anyway, and then aDon Quixote begins to diligently search him/herself. The closer the person is the more painful the changes are in this area. When another type would typically cut you off a Don Quixote often forgives, especially if it is a close friends. Function #4 – subjective sensoring ( ): my feelings. "A good place is a place where I feel good". Suggestion through subjective sensoring is possible through the use of a Don Quixote's hypochondria. When a Don Quixote’s health is mentioned, he begins to think about it a lot and seems to find various new disorders in his body.Correctly approached these people are the easiest to treat because they trust other peopl e’s opinion in the issues of health. The fourth function isthe knowledge of other people . And a Don Quixote relies on other people’s knowledge in the area of health. People of this type have wild imagination and often imagine they have an illness which in reality they do not have , then we have a key to treating the imaginary disease. This is widely used by shamans, extrasensory individuals, hypnotists. The effect depends upon downloading correct information in the client’s system of beliefs. Function #-4 – ob ject iv e sens or in g ( ): A Don Quixote's zone of fears covers activity, deed, perfection. This type finds it difficult to finish a task. A lot of his projects remain unfinished. Only when pressed for time a Don Quixote is able to obtain a result. Aware of the trait a Don Quixote may want to set a dead line for his project to avoid procrastination . Usually a Don Quixote needs a major external power pulse to finish a task. There is always room for improvement! For example, a factory design office has taask to design an engine. Two teams get an assignment: a Don Quixote is a leader of one of the groups, and a Jack London is leading the other group. The Don Quixote's group develops a marvelous draft, a lot of innovations are introduced,constantly new improvements are made. Soon their engine has more functions thanexpected in the customer order, and they continue to invent more new functions. The deadline is approaching, funds are spent but the project is still not ready. Their manager should keep in mind that this type gets carried away and procrastinates, they need to be reminded about the dead lines otherwise the task will never be finished, the project will freeze while interesting ideas, friendships and creativity flourish in their design office.) The leader of the second team,a Jack London, asks his engineers: “We have a month to work on the project: I will see all the improvements you have to offer and after one month we will begin design drawing. Best is the enemy of Good. We have done a good enough job if we spend more time working on improvements we will not finish the task in time”.And they meet the deadline, although their machine performance characteristics areworse than the
unfinished project offered by theDon Quixote's team. But their prototype is on display while the other one is still in drawing. A Don Quixote might write and rewrite a book or a dissertation several times;it takes him several years to remodel a house.At times they seem indecisive and struggle even with small things. They struggle over a pair of shoes at the store,or f example. However, in an emergency situation a Don Quixote steps in and begins leading and making decisions, he keeps cool under pressure.He enjoys this particular quality, first of all, due to his strong first function ( ), it 'slows down the time for him', and second of all he receives a powerful surge of energy through the third function.
The sensory -ethical intr overt – a Dumas Celebrities of this type: Alexander Dumas-father, Porthos, a character from Dumas' Three Musketeers, Peter-Paul Rubens, Pierre, Augusts Renoir, Martin due Guard, O'Henry, Ivan Ivazovsky, Alexander Hamilton, Grigory Kotovsky, Nikita Khrushchev, Michael Sholokhov, Charlie Chaplin, Oleg Tabakov, Eugeny Leonov, Alexander Kalyagin, Leonid Kuravlyov, Natalia Gundareva, Leonid Bronevoj, Jury Nikulin, Eldar Ryazanov, Alexander Shirvindt. (*Drew BARRYMORE (actress, US), Claudia CARDINALE (actress, Italy), Ornella MUTI (actress, Italy), Elvis PRESLEY (singer, US), Britney SPEARS (singer, US), Mena SUVARI (actress, US), Elisabeth TAYLOR (actress, US), Sherilyn FENN (actress, US), Goldie HAWN (actress, US), Silvio BERLUSCONI (politician, Italy), Lech WALESA (politician, Poland), Mikhail GORBACHEV (politician, Russia), Lyndon JOHNSON (politician, US), Catherine II (monarch, Russia), Ernst ROEHM (politician, Germany, 3rd Reich), Dmitry ROGOZIN (politician, Russia), Mikhail SAAKASHVILI (politician, Georgia), Mikhail TUKHACHEVSKY (army commander, Russia), Gaius Julius CAESAR (monarch, ancient Rome), Jacques CHIRAC (politician, France), Gerhard SCHROEDER (politician, Germany).*)
The first function ): the area of confidence. A Dumas – subjective sensoring ( knows his feelings well and is aware of his weaknesses . A Dumas knows well what is wrong with his/her body and does not need other's opinion. I“ don’t need to hear about my health, I can tell you about your health,even though I am not a doctor”. He tells the doctor what to prescribe and how to treat the sickness. A Dumas craves sensations: gustatory, tactile, etc. “My feelings are my life. If I don’t feel anything then I am dead. I feel, therefore I exist”. Feelings boost his energy. An abundance of different sensations confirms aDumas' existence. A Dumas is a cheerful person; his motto is: “Got to live!” Function #-1 — objective sensoring ( ): deeds and appearance are in the area of ignoring. A Dumas sometimes simply ignores external forms: fashion; image. This type may refrain from taking steps or doing something even though the moment requires . The necessity to be active is sometimes perceived as objective evil. This type frequently embellishes his/her deeds because they want to look and feel like a hero. What can we do here? First of all if we are aware of the trait then we can look for it and examine its manifestations. In particular activity it may take specific odd forms. It is not always easy to articulate the trait; it may take some extra conscious effort to figure out the unproductive trait of the personality. Function #2 — objecti ve eth ic s ( ): a Dumas' creative function deals with relationships – relationships of people close to him, their attitudes to each other and to him/her. This is also the area of taking risks. A Dumas loves risk in relationships. A Dumas is sociable and well informed. People of this type easily manipulate information in the sphere of relationships. Their “article of sale” is manipulations in the area of relationships. They always know everything about who, what, where, etc. They know exactly what is going onin people’s
relationships and at the right moment can impact the attitudes keeping neutrality.He is the master of intonation and pauses in speech, nobody even realizes what it happens. There is a way to communicate ideas to peoplewithout actually saying anything, people understand them without words and do what is expected of them. A Dumas does not misrepresent facts, but he is a master of omission and biased comments. So they “sell” intrigue, relationships management. In general, ability to maintain relationshipsis a Dumas' strong trait of character. They are brilliant at talking, disputing, have good contact with audience and a gift for foreign languages. Different ways of thinking, various systems of understanding and explaining fascinate them. Function #-2 — su bject iv e eth ic s ( ): the zone of "do not need to", the zone of standards. A Dumas do not talk about their attitudes. Life reveals truth anyway. They would rather talk about objective circumstances than their feelings. Often aDumas uses a definite formal criteria to form an attitude to another person . He is a democrat, therefore he is a socially and status-oriented person. Extreme case of this type is a certified snob. Function #3 — subjectiv e lo gic ( ): the problem here lies in the sphere of understanding, explaining, competence.Their books are supplied with anenormous number of references. A Dumas is always on defense (he quotes Dr. So-and-so, etc.), he gives references to published sources and other authorities. It makes him feel safe.A Dumas approaches intellectual issues with great care as a rule. A referenceto an opinion of a recognized authority seems to aDumas weightier than his/her own arguments.He never trusts his own reasoning. Often their system of evidence is basedon external authorities alone. When during a lecture a Dumas is asked whether hehas read a certain article or book, he instantly feels under attack according to the third function, he thinks he is being accused of incompetence or misunderstanding.He gets defensive: a Dumas, the master of manipulation in the area of relationships, quickly responds: “Sure I have read it, but it does not make any sense”, or: “Yes, I have read it, but it has nothing to do with the subject we are discussing right now.” – even though he/she has never heard of it. Sometimes they put artificial limits to their own competency themselves:I “understand everything in my field, the rest does not concern me”. Or the protection of the third function may take most humble form: “Yes, I am a fool, I basically do not understand anything. It is all very interesting, but it is completely out of my competence ”. Or: “It does not exist. Only things that I understand really do exist, everything else simply does not exist”. She puts boundaries on the field of perception. This is a "minus defense" - a common way to simplify a situation according to the third function. A Dumas’s feelings get hurt when people try to explicitly or implicitly expose their incompetence. Things and ideas that disagree with their point of view either prick their interest and they study them in secret, or they are completely ignored.When on defense in this area a Dumas often develops a “superiority complex”:I “am OK!" So, when a Dumas feels competent his self-esteem soars and supplies him with a lot of energy, this is called positive reinforcement. When disputing this type is logical, pushing, imposing, emphasizes his competence, enjoys stressing the opponents’ incompetence. The society energizes people. Any society puts people into a strict sociocultural mechanism. To be confirmed in a society one has to fit a certain image of a good person (decent neighbor, nice guy). Society may consist of neighbors, office co-workers, and colleagues – any important group. People put a lot effort into trying to fit a mold for the sake of being approved and “charged” by their social group . People are drawn into this power exchange even when little. Take it away and people get out of control, become asocial, and there is almost no gap between asocial and antisocial.
Function #-3 — o bjecti ve lo gic ( ): the main problem is that of understanding; the solution is to know. If he does not know something, he needs to find out, do a research, read a book, and consult an expert. A Dumas' Adress Book is full of phone numbers of the best
About group attributes see Lecture …
experts in various fields;he is friends with most of them. Nevertheless he does not mind fixing his own vehicle. Function #4 — ob jectiv e in tu it io n ( ): integrity of external situation. Ideas may be suggested through this area in the structure of the type.“I want the world to be in harmony, I want everything from beginning to end to be known and predictable; I wanteverything to be on schedule and never off track, moving steadily from one goal to another”. This desire may lead a person away from satisfying the deeper needs of his soul and leave him with asuperficial but steady life of the planned and the discovered. A Dumas could be easily programmedwith an agenda, a schedule.In his mind he makes a lay out of thesequence of events;he knows what to expect and in what order. For example, a Dumas would usually take a course at the Medical Academy or any other nominal professional training. A breach in the integrity of the external situation may stress a Dumas out or put him in a stupor. A Don Quixote and a Huxley take it easy when facing the unexpected or the unscheduled. Unexpected events arouse their interest.While a Dumas lapses into a stupor in a similar situation.They turn into a stone detachedfrom the external world. They need time to process new information and restore the integrity. A Dumas, however, is on guard. They easily cope with 95 % of emergencies; they havea plan and a set of standard responses to certain things. But anything totally unexpectedbrings him to a complete stop... Several years ago we studied behavior of civil aircraft pilots in emergency situations. We had a chance to observe a clear demonstration of that trait. Skillful experienced pilots did great in any of the anticipated situations. But facing the unforeseen circumstances he was helpless, unable to cope. He can’t fathom spontaneity. Meditation broadens the spectrum of expected situations, but unexpected things do happen sooner or later. This type needs to remember that if he chooses to follow a schedule at one point of his life he might find it difficult to break away from it. “I would like to study in a good school, to be taught everything step by step”. A good place is the place where integrity of the external situation is secured. Function #-4— su bject iv e in tu iti on ( ): The integrity of internal situation is the fabric" " of this function; it is the fear of searching one’s heart, digging in one’s mind.Introspection does not go well with a Dumas. Some other types eagerly engage in introspection, but neither a Dumas nor a Gaben enjoy it. If this type chooses to take a look at their psyche then things may go in three different ways: a) he scratches the surface of his inner self, but he has an impression he reached the bottom; b) he studied only ideas about oneself; c) this is not a Dumas. Here the infallibility complex comes into action again: a Dumas escapes internal problems by ignoring them: “I am OK". This should not be confused with megalomania. Why psychological literature does not give sufficient information about this complex ? Nobody seeks a therapist to get help in this area.People come for therapy if they have a problem,but in this case there is "no problem", everything is just fine. The inner world is always integral:Do “ not touch there, I'm fine”. Thus a person separates oneself frommost of the world, a place where he might find out that he is not OK. The “not OK” part of his [inner] world does not existin his opinion, a Dumas stubbornly ignores it. But this can notgo on forever, after a while he runs into things that are “not OK”. It is impossible to classify people into bad and good, and live with the latter, and send the former to guillotine. After a while the search forthe bad people resumes. Similarly, the person’s living spaceis reduces and he feelslonely.
The Ethical- sensory extrovert –a Hugo Celebrities of this type: Victor Hugo, Charles Dickens, Jules Verne, Prosper Merimee, George Washington, Michael Bakunin, Che Guevara, Valentine Gaft, Andrey Bitov, Gerard Phillip, Michael Kazakov. (*Juliet BINOCHE (actress, France), Sandra BULLOCK (actress, US), Lolita DAVIDOVICH (actress, US), George CLOONEY (actor, US), Emir KUSTURICA (movie director and actor, Serbia), Courtney LOVE (actress, US), Liza MINNELLI (actress, US),
Natalie OREIRO (actress and singer, Argentina), Miranda RICHARDSON (actress, US), Friedrich ENGELS (politician, Germany, XIX century), Graham GREENE (writer, UK), Yasser ARAFAT (politician, Palestine), Fidel CASTRO RUZ (politician, Cuba)*)
Function #1 — obj ecti ve ethic s ( ): “Man is a realm of relationships. If I have relationships with other people, then I exist”. This type is in its element when in a relationship. A Hugo would never put a strain on a relationship no matter what he thinks about other people's attitudes to himself and each other. Hedoes not need to inquire of anybody’s attitude because he knows what it is. He is confident in this area. Stability of his personal relationships combined with stability of other people’s relationships support stability of a Hugo’s personality. A change in existing relationships may emotionally disturb a Hugo. A Hugo may be a closer friend than a Hamlet. These “horizontal" relationships have no boundaries. The more the better! He does not care about the social status of the people involved. It is a personal "world wide web"! Just tryputting a Hugo in a room with a disconnected phone line! Itmay cause anxiety or aggression. Eventhinking that his phone may be disconnected because he has not paid the bills stresses him out.A Hugo knows how to smooth things out, ease the tension. He always has a lot of friends. He likes to party and hang out; there he is in his element. "If I do not have relationships, then I do not exist. If I am not needed, I am no more,if I have relationships, then I exist." Function #-1 — s ubject iv e eth ic s ( ): a Hugo ignores his attitude to people.First of all there should be external relationships, and my attitudes are secondary. My feelings and me are real and can be described. But a Hugo finds it difficult to talk about his/her attitude. He/she may not even answer a direct question about his/her attitude.This is irrelevant. Other things are more important to a Hugo. Relationships of the current external world are important. A Hugo tends to go with the flow and does not want to change circumstances or reveal his/her attitude. A Hugo's attitude is an intimate thing; there is no need toshare. It does not need an explanation; my behavior speaks of my attitude. Othersmay interpret my actions and know what my attitude is. But putting itinto words is hard and not necessary. A Robespierre, who compliments a Hugo's, does not expect to hear about his attitude. In this area a Robespierre is full of fears, therefore they communicate in another psychological plane. Function #2 — subjective sensoring ( ): various feelings. Here is a broad spectrum of choices. A Hugo has to experiment with sensations: taste new foods and alcohol drinks (a Hugo will not drink to get drunk, but will have to have a taste). He has tosmell new smells, listen to a new sound, etc. This type likes to experiment with food, to relish and“share” new tastes and various sensations: “Haveyou tried this? And that? Have you ever triedalternating hot and cold showers? It feels great! You should try!” A Hugo is a lover of delicatessens and cuisine expert. They are experts in medicine: they know what the illness is and how it should be treated. The art of sexual intercourse is by no means a sin; it is aresponsibility and a purpose.Art is a source of joy and for this reasona Hugo worships it. Even science in his/her interpretation may be a source of refined pleasure. His creative work is focused on building a world of harmony. Function #-2 — o bj ecti ve sensor in g ( ): appearance, activity, deed, and form. As far as I know, these people pay attentionto how they look, though for them it is not important. Extravagance is in the area of "should not".A Hugo wares what’s normal and accepted in his/her social environment. Their house interioris a standard symbol of time.A Hugo does not impose his/her will onpeople and does not tell them how to do things. Function #3 — ob jectiv e in tuit io n ( ): integrity and harmony of the external world. Time management is in this area. This is a painful issue ; a Hugo is on defense here, constantly apologizing for being late.They are often late, even though they try.
About relationships between the types see Lecture …
The third function covers self-esteem. Through this channel in the structure ofthe type a person receives energy from the society therefore it should be protected. It is protected when clarity is guaranteed and potential situation is known from beginning to end. Then a Hugo understands and feels the sequence of a process: the first step, the second, etc. Then he is at peace, he thinks he is movingand his life is progressing. There are two measures of defense: positive and negative. Some are never late. This type assesses him/herself: “If I am on time, then I am a good person; if I am late– I am bad”. Others are not aware of time. This type dives deep into a meditative processand loses a sense of time; there he dwells in peace and harmony.A Hugo is conservative and does not change the present order of things, at least,not on his own initiative. Even if he does not like how things are, the stability in and of itselfis a strong positive feedback. Func tion #-3 - sub jectiv e intu itio n ( ): changing on the inside solves problems.This is possible in a number of ways: the change of image, meditation, and alcohol. More often a Hugo chooses to escape from problems instead of solving them. Theymay radically change their image in an attempt to run from reality, imagining they are somebody else free from the existing problem. Functi on # 4 - subj ecti ve lo gi c ( ): “I want to understand everything! Explain things to me. Please do explain! I am not interested if I do not understand. A good place is where understand everything". Perhaps the two types – a Hugo and a Hamlet – are the most frequent attendants of all kinds of lectures, meetings, conferences, discussions and debates. It is important for them that that the event is well structured, the lecturer explains and clarifies everything carefully. Sometimes in a large audience one can see people in a sort of light trance (euphoria) – just because they feel they understand everything perfectly. The fact that someone explains 'how it should be' is comforting! I feel good in a place where thingshave an explanation, and I get help with understanding things. A collision of concepts is a problem, though. Once aHugo gets a clear picture of something it would be hard to apprehend a conflicting concept. However, this collision is not so terriblebecause people of this type do not pay attention to thebasis of their understanding as a rule.Their logic of reasoning is aesthetic rather than scientific. In the area of the fourth function quickly nothing may be altered too soon. This area is not creative. Programs run it, our own programs as well as other people's programs – our parents', our teachers'. These programs may conflict with one other. Sometimes we don’t see any logic in our own thoughts and deeds, let alone other's! People usually do not agree with the logic of another type.
A Hugo and a Hamlet have random logic. They chose random starting points for their reasoning. A Hugo does it quite often. A Hugo may receive an infusion because the formal logic of an explanation seems reasonable, he may accept things, which he does not agreewith normally. This type should be aware of the trait and be discerning when things are explained to them. Functi on # -4- obj ecti ve lo gi c ( ): the zone of fears. In the area of the fourth co function a Hugo has to work hard on himself. Construction or plain house cleaning terrifies her. Just thinking about it she gets restless and irritated, her fear grows the longer she procrastinates, simple projects demandgreat efforts from a Hugo. We met a person of this type who lived in a room with piles of books maintaining up to the high ceilings . He dreamed of bookshelves and order.It was hard to walk or find anything in the room. There was a wealth of books but they were not accessible. This isa Hugo. They suffer from fear of making a step, fear of facing reality. Women of this type are often lonely; they never try to keep a man. There is an anecdote: “Mary, will you marry me? We’ve been together for seventeen years …”“Come on, Victor, don't be silly, who would want us now…” A Hugo is often terrified by the prospect of fulfilling an idea. For example, you know that it is necessary to remodel a place or just organize belongings , straighten out books on the shelf, but somehow it just does not work out. Laziness? What is laziness? It is a lack of energy to do
something. Why there is no energy orwill power to do exactly what needs to be done? A Hugo does not want to face the logic of the objective world: he does not want to do the objective things – for example, to hire workers to paint the walls. “Why do it now? Maybe later, we’ll do it next year … it actually still looks OK.” A Hugo never knows when the moneywill come. They are frugal, they making scrupulous calculations. However, theymay spontaneously spend everything on a project. This type may have different attitudes to money: it might be the fear of being out of money, or the fear of money.
The logical - intuitiv e introvert –a Robespierre Celebrities of this type: Maximilian Robespierre, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Caesar Bordzhia Dante Algieri, Rene Descartes, Karl Gustav Jung, George Wilhelm Fredrik Hegel, Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Nietzsche, Arthur Shopengauer, Johann Fredrik Schiller, Bertold Brecht, Nikolai Roerich, Thomas Moor, Felix Dzerzhinsky, Sergey Rakhmaninov, Nicolo Paganini, Francisco De Goya, Paul Gauguin, Claude Monet, Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka (*Sandrine BONNAIRE (actress, France), Patricia KAAS (singer, France), Kevin COSTNER (actor, US), Demie MOORE (actress, US), Isabelle HUPPERT (actress, France), Paul A. M. DIRAC (physicist, UK), Marie SKLODOWSKA-CURIE and Pierre CURIE (spouses, physicists, Poland - France), Andrei SAKHAROV (physicist and politician, Soviet Union), Erwin SCHROEDINGER (physicist, Germany), Albert GORE (politician, US), Thomas JEFFERSON (politician, US, XVIII century), Sergei IVANOV (politician, Russia), Francois MITTERAND (politician, France), Vladimir PUTIN (politician, Russia), Maximilien de ROBESPIERRE (politician, France, XVIII century).*) Function #1 - subjec tive logic ( ): my understanding, my worldview, and my school. “My logic is the best logic in the world”. It is difficult to convince aRobespierre of anything that contradicts her system of beliefs. She usually hasdifficulty explaining her own system. Only serious circumstances may change anything in the area of the first function. She does not accept anything by faith in this area. At times there are objective circumstances that are difficult to ignore but at the same time they contradict a Robespierre’s system of beliefs, her idea of the world . Then she needs time to work on a new description of the world. A Robespierre may go on with life only after the worldview is integral once again. A Robespierre just does not instantly accept anything new: she will listen to your arguments, but she needs time toevaluate, review new data, process it and either accept or reject it. She would not agree with you on the spot.The first function is conservative, it serves as a base, and the base should be firm and strong. Our limited individual consciousness needs a base. A person needs to know beyond any shadow of a doubt that he exists. This type thinks: “I cannot think if my thinking is not based on a definite world view”.
People with their relationships are in the areaof the fourth function. He is not a people person. A Robespierre has a primitive idea of humanity: people are divided into those whoare bad, and those who are good. He sees the world in black and white without shadows. (There are types who do not divide people into two categories: “In fact, the world is too complex to limit it by two categories”.) “People will act according to their nature ”, - this is a common opinion but a Robespierre does not follow it. Functi on # -1 - object iv e logic ( ): the zone of ignoring. “The world is the way I see it. If you have evidence that it’s not the way I see ,it too bad for the world. Anyway it is not my business; just keep your opinion to yourself. I think the world should be exactly how I see it”. Often these people live inthe world of their imagination.
The laws of a society put their own value on people and their actions. They set measures and standards for people to follow. Any society has a gap of some sort. People evaluate you according to certain standards. At one extreme if you do not meet the standards you are isolated. At the other extreme you get paid for not meeting the standards because you are useful for the same society. By the way, in this gap various spiritual teachings flourish. But this is another story.
Func tion #2 - objectiv e intu itio n ( ): the area of creativity. The external world has to be complete. We will build the City of the Sun and inhabit it with beautiful, happy people . The world lacks integrity andpeople work hard to bring it to harmony. “The world should live in harmony, people deserve to be happy", says a Robespierre, "so let's take a guillotine and chop off heads of all bad people who hamper our creation so that only good ones remain and everyone will be happy. Let's build a societyfree of the bad people, oppression, violence, injustice … But this purpose is achieved by means of a guillotine”. This is how this type expresses his creativity. Ideals of the Sun City are very typical of the Robespierrean utopianism of Thomas Moore and Tommazo Campanella, Henri Saint-Simon, Charles Furrier, Robert Owen. Ideas of universal harmony are found in the works of many philosophers. But if the real world were in harmony, the Robespierres would have nothing to do. Theyfeel a need to improve the world even by means of decapitating those who are in the way of building a perfect society void of those who for whatever reasons do not fit in the harmony, who, for example, had the audacity to be born aristocrats.Take a look at the mess left by Maximillian Robespierre in France or Felix Dzerzhinsky in Russia?And these people were sincerely convinced that they were right, incorruptible and that they were not compromising. Now a Robespierre's creative gift is often channeled into reforming a society . When heading up a company this type may find him/herself being engaged in constructing a global structure, which will never encompass the whole world anyway. Someday it begins to fall apart and the person gets frustrated. Then illnesses and neurosis develop, and eventually he/she gives up. A Robespierre oftenwastes a lot of time on creating institutes, which are destined to be useless. A Robespierre in his search for harmony often turns to composing music. Many a musician belongs to this type: Rakhmaninov, Rimsky-Korsakov,etc. They may become good educators too, like Russianteachers Sukhomlinsky, Ushinsky, Makarenko. Sometimes their systems work, sometimes they do not. But when the author begins to implement a system he soon finds out that the system created for people does not take real people into consideration, if it does then it think of people as abstract and abnormal.Real people don’t fit intoa scheme, thus reality hitsa Robespierre hard. There are no bad people they are just different. It only seems to us that they do something wrong. They are different because they live in a different dimension and have a different system of values. We just do not realize the extent to which psychological planes of different types differ from each other. And it is impossible to comprehend another person’s system of values, because the practice of traveling into the psychological plane of another type is, perhaps, one of the most complex and rare psychological experiences.
Func tion #-2 - subj ecti ve intu itio n ( ): a Robespierre's zone of standards consists of a number of states and moods. My state is always adequate to the external world, and my inner person is standard. Why bother studying your inner self if building a world of harmony is so much more interesting and acute? A Robespierre typically chooses one of his standard states and dwells in it most of the time. This area of standards also includesethical norms and principles, which secure the integrity oftheir internal world. Function #3 – s ubject iv e sensorin g ( ): in the area of self-assessment, in the zone of problems there are health, sensations in general and sex in particular.A test question: “What do you say about the following statement:Sex is not only bad for you, but it is also good for you?” This question frustrates a Robespierre. They need 200% safety in the area of
sensations. They seek out and follow hard all kinds of health programs. They have to at least know the theory of bodily exercise because their self-assessment motto of this type is I am good if I am in perfect health condition. High sexual activity is a kind of self-affirmation, selfprotection in the area of the third function. The body should be reliable, it should beconstantly strengthened and tested, if it passes the test then “I am good”, this is positive defense. But negative defense is also possible: I“ am good, but I am very sick, I am sicker than you think.” Func tion #-3 - obj ectiv e senso ring ( ): problem-solving area. When health problems arise this type thinks, “We must do something!” He/she turns to cross -country skiing, karate, bathing in the ice-cold water, sauna, other physical exercises, diets, fasting, urine-therapy, routine schedule, workouts, etc. I need to fortify my sensory ability; I need to be armed and dangerous. Func tion #4 - obj ectiv e ethi cs ( ): (The principle of a place assessment, the area of suggestive influences; motives, desires, people's attitude tome. Things that other people teach me about.) This is a friend, that is a foe, and who is that one?I want to be loved. A good place is the place where I am loved. A Robespierre leaves because he/she feels the negative attitude, they are often unaware of the objective reasons why they left a place or a company : “I want to be loved, that's all!” So he is thinking what can be done in order to get people's love? It’s a good idea to create a team, become a leader, everyone will listen to me and nod: “Yes, you are right! It is a wonderful thought! There is logic in what you say !” Objective ethics in the area of the fourth function means thata person gathers people around him/herself to satisfy the needto experience other people’s good attitude to himself . The motive is subconscious and he/she may find him/herself surrounded by bootlickers some day. We have mentioned that in the area of the fourth function people tend to be hypochondriac. A Robespierre gets even suspicious: “I do not know what they really think about me. Other people know better what others think about me ”. A Robespierre may be easy manipulated if his/her suspiciousnessis encouraged it works because they are not masters of relationships. None of the IM types understand jokes in the area of the fourth function; when humored they become more suspicious and may react absolutely inadequately.
Func tion #-4 - subj ectiv e ethic s ( ): in a Robespierre's zone of fears is his/herown attitude. Why talk about it? What is there to say? They have a fear of expressing love, or their own attitude to a person/a thing/an event. “What is your opinion? What do you think about it? ” these questions frighten a Robespierre. And whenthey are faced with a necessity to speak directly about their attitude they may put up a huge fuss.In general a Robespierre is inclined to a detached, constrained manner of dialogue. He/she tries to express opinions implicitly, hinting or joking. Frequently they are not understood, because they assume that others think in the same way as they do.
β-quadra: Maxim, Hamlet, Tutankhamon, Zhukov
The Logical- sensory intro vert - Ma xim Celebrities of this type: Maxim Gorky, Charles Morris Talejran, Caligula, Jiddu Krishnamurti, Joseph Stalin, Martin Luther,Le Corbusier, Anatoly Karpov, Salvador Dali, Toulouse-Lotrac, Pablo Picasso, Andrey Tarkovsky,Goiko Mitich, Alain Delong. The most detailed description of this type– Klim Samgin, the main character in Life of Klim Samgin, by M. Gorky. (*Charles BRONSON (actor, US) Katherine ZETA-JONES (actress, US), Clint EASTWOOD (actor, US), Boris GRYZLOV (politician, Russia), Slobodan MILOSHEVICH (politician, Yugoslavia), Saparmurat TURKMENBASHI (politician, Turkmenistan), Madeleine Korbel ALBRIGHT (politician,
US), Donald RUMSFELD (politician, US), Joseph STALIN (politician, Soviet Union), Harry S. TRUMAN (politician, US), Saddam HUSSEIN (politician, Iraq).*)
Function #1 - subjec tive logic ( ): my understanding, my worldview, and my school.A Maxim's motto is: “I understand the world, therefore I exist”. It is impossible to make them change their mind. The world is the way I understand it. Their understanding is very conservative, crystallized. When attacked in the area of the first function,a Maxim becomes aggressive. In the area of the first function a person is confident of himself and leans on his own authority. In case of a Maxim this is their 'school', their view of the world, their ideas about the world. I“ know how the world was made, who will teach me about heights and the depths. What evidence do you have to show for? I will explain away all your evidence!” If a Maxim runs into undisputable evidence which he can neither explain nor ignore, he (similar to a Robespierre) needs time to fill up the gaps in their belief system, to improve their world view making it complete and consistent from their point of view. He likes to analyze new data and draw independent conclusions , accepting or rejecting certain things. It is easy to drive a Maxim to aggression, just tell them: “Your teacher has no idea what he is talking about!” Their reaction may be absolutely inadequate. And since their creative function is physical action, anything withintheir hand's reach may be hurled at you. I tried talking to a Maxim in the same manner and was nearly hit by a heavy object thrown at me. Functi on # -1- obj ect iv e logic ( ): the world is the way I s ee it, everything else I ignore. Real circumstances can be perceived simply as annoying obstacle s. If I study, I simply listen to what a teacher says, and my understandingdoes not differ from the teacher’s; this is my school. In any case it is a fixed set of ideas about the world, certain standard picture. Sometimes real-world notions like visas, traffic rules, criminal code and other social realities may fall in the zone of ignoring. This may cause 'unexpected' problems, even imprisonment. The society does not care take into considerationneither your unique interpretation of the established law nor your type of information metabolism. Func tion #2- objectiv e senso ring ( ) : the zone of risk; the risk might as well be purely physical. Get in his car and you will immediately feel the danger: He drives like a maniac sweeping by just within an inch from the other cars on the road– otherwise it is ' not interesting' enough. A Maxim likes to perform and be watched. As a rule, they are excellent drivers, they crave risk, and thus they get a taste of life. If the person of this type is a professional programmer, just look at his fingers fluttering above the keyboard– you cannot see separate movements – so fast they are. A virtuoso! Paganini! The zone of creativity is the risk zone: he wants to move and work with objects. A Maxim needs physical activity. Many of them became stuntmen, students of marshal art schools, mimes. They admire perfected forms of movement. They like to jump, shoot and drive. Quite often people of this type can be seen on a catwalk. Demonstration of clothes or themselves is their creative area. Sometimes these people master rather calligraphically elaborate handwriting, peculiar gait,and clothing style. Among actors we also find bright representatives of this type: Nikolay Karachentsev, Constantine Raikin, Talgat Nigmattulin. (*Charles BRONSON, Katherine ZETA-JONES, Clint EASTWOOD*) Another aspect of this creative function - manipulation with objects. A Maxim is an ardent collector. These people study the little nuances of form and function of various objects. Small objects fascinate them: stamps, butterflies, labels, netsuke, etc. Thanks to them ancient utensils are preserved, ancient arts are revived. They perfectly remember different nuances, smallest distinctions of form. A Maxim easily gets his/her bearings in any surroundings.Having visited a house just once they remember the layout, arrangement of furniture and appliances.They easily recall small details: features, clothes, etc... A Maxim does not like his/her belongingsbeing moved or used. Func tion #-2- subj ecti ve senso ring ( ): health is in the area standards.This type has unusually high pain threshold. At times they may be masochistic, exhausting themselves
physically for a long time in a gym orat the racetrack. A Maxim is able to perfecta difficult trick for hours despite of exhaustion, hunger, cold or heat.A Maxim is conservative in food and sex preferences, they do not seek variety. Func tion # 3- su bjectiv e intu itio n ( ): inte grit y of the inner world is in the problem area. This type escapes a situationthat threatens his/her internal integrity. AMaxim would take a job with a low pay, inconvenient in other ways too, if only he has a peace about working there. This type needs a well structured outside world to support the lack of integrity on the inside. Often rigid socialinstitutions, requiring some kind of service,soothe their aching desire to have peace with themselves and others– army, gangs, and religion.The internal world is in seeming peace because he has managed to explain away the external world how he likes. it“It is not me who is speaking, but a supreme force speaks through me, I am only its tool ", or "Soldiers do not create karma”. In their search for inner peace they adopt apoint of view: “I am good if it’s not me who lives”. In this case the person turns into an element of a rigid system, as though dissolving in it, turning into a function, living its motto I " am not [present]”. It is an exceptionally protected integral internal situation. Func tion #-3- obj ectiv e intu itio n ( ): this is a problem solving area. This type arranges the external situation to secure his/her inner peace. He works hard to set up a stable daily routine, hierarchy of relationships, way of life, work schedule, job functions. Functi on # 4- obj ecti ve ethi cs ( ): the attitude of people to me, people’s relationships. A Maxim is easily suggested in this sphere. “I want people to care about me. I want to be liked, appreciated and respected”. If people here like me, then this is a good place . A Maxim’s cunning friends often use this trait. When he/she thinks “I am appreciated, trusted, I am coping”, he/she is in danger of being used. In the best-case scenario he will be thanked for his work and dismissed. A Maxim often acts like an introvert. He/she does not speak much. Only a few representatives of this type like to talk. Their public speech is short, logical and well structured. People of all IM types are hypochondriacal in the area of the fourth function. There are rigid programs in the area of the fourth function; others or the person him/herself downloads them.
A Maxim is hypochondriacal, i.e. suspicious in his/her relationships . People can influence a Maxim rather effectively by exploiting this suspiciousness. Sometimes it is enough to tell a Maxim that Mr. So-and-so does not like him/her, then she/he begins to “pick up” the signs of insincerity in Mr. So-and-so … suspicion creeps in. It is easy to infuse doubts through the fourth function; here the person is alwayshypochondriacal. In this area he/she does not trust him/herself and becomes dependent on opinions of other people, oftensees the reality through the eyes of other people. Taken to the extreme this quality turns into maniacal suspiciousness . Joseph Stalin’s paranoid suspiciousness threw the whole country into the abyss of suspicion and fear. If this type fails to find a friendly company with agood guaranteed attitude, they often search for an individual way of realization where they do not depend on other people’s attitudes. Functi on # -4- s ubject e thi cs ( ): my attitude to people is the zone of fears. It is impossible to hear this type confessing their love or any other feeling.He will sooner do something than talk: he will take a girl out, give her flowers or jewellery, but he will not talk about his feelings. In situations when expression of feelings isnecessary, a Maxim is tense, it seems his mind is some place else.His opinion he expresses impersonally or indirectly, but clearly. Often he runs into communication problems because most types need verbal communication to understand another person, otherwise they just do not seewhat you see. The unsaid does not count.I appreciate the flowers you gave me and the romantic dinnersyou took me to! But I need to hear what you think and feel about me!
Why people of this type often join criminalagencies (mercenary units or other social clubs with rigid structure)? There might be two reasons for this: “Here I feel comfortable, I accept the hierarchy and the principles of the agency” and “I am valued and respected here, so this place is good” (positive feedback according to the fourth function). Besides,here he has an outlet for his love for manipulations with objects (realization of the creative function). The logic of the objective world is ignored (in this case it can be the law, the criminal code, or traffic rules). He is seeking for inner peace and consistency. Maxim's peculiar creativity combined with disobedience to the law and his desire to be in “good” company paves a way for his criminal future. Look, this type is easy to recognize, we all often run into them.
The Ethical-intuit ive extrovert – a Hamlet Celebrities of this type: William Shakespeare's Hamlet, Octavian August, Nero, Johan Wolfgang Goethe, Adolph Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Dolores Ibarruri, Fidel Castro, Raphael Santi, Michaelous Chourleonis, Ivan Pavlov, Sergey Vavilov, Jerome K Jerome, Vsevolod Meyerhold, Jean Mare, Lawrence Oliver, Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Paul Kadochnikov, Sergey Bondarchuk, Vladimir Zhirinovsky. (*Asia ARGENTO (actress, Italy), Annette BENING (actress, US), Melanie GRIFFITH (actress, US), Irene JACOB (actress, France), Nicole KIDMAN (actress, Australia - US), Anastasia KINSKY (actress, Germany - US), David COPPERFIELD (illusionist, US), Penelope CRUZ (actress, Spain US), George MICHAEL (singer, Greece - US), Julia ORMOND (actress, US), Mickey ROURKE (actor, US), Audrey TAUTOU (actress, France), Myelin FARMER (singer, Canada), Audrey HAPBURNE (actress, UK), Charles Spencer CHAPLIN (actor, UK - US - Switzerland), Friedrich NIETZSCHE (philosopher, Germany, XIX century), Friedrich HOELDERLIN (poet, Germany, XIX century), Johan Wolfgang GOETHE (poet and politician, Germany, XVIII century), Edward LIMONOFF (writer and anarchist politician, US - France - Russia), Thomas MANN (writer, Germany), Edgar Allan POE (writer, US, XIX century), Edward RADZINSKY (writer and historian, Russia), Marina TSVETAYEVA (poet, Russia), George BUSH Jr. (politician, US), Josef GOEBBELS (politician, Germany), Ernesto GUEVARA (politician, Cuba), Adolph HITLER (politician, Germany), Muamar GADHAFI (politician, Libya), Osama Bin LADEN (politician, Saudi Arabia), Ronald W. REAGAN (politician, US), Francisco FRANCO y BAHAMONDE (politician, Spain), Nicolai CEAUSHESCU (politician, Romania).*)
Func tion #1- objectiv e ethic s ( ): a Hamlet's zone of confidence is external relationships. This type does not have any problems in this sphere as a rule. Stability of relationships is important. If stability of current relationships is shaken it may cause a strong emotional reaction, even aggression. A Hamlet belongs to the aristocratic quadra, and in his/her life there are less confidents, than, for example, in aHugo's life. Their circle of close friends is very small. A Hamlet deprived of the opportunity to be on stage – in a broad meaning of this word not only as an actor, but alsoas a teacher or a leader; when he is deprived of the opportunity to be in public with people looking at him or up to him – he feels devastated. Then both the first and the second (creative) functions are ruined. If“ there are no relationships, thenI am not needed, I do not exist.” He needs relationships - whether they are good or bad – they need to be there. This craves relationships with and bosses, friendsAny and enemies, customers and type business partners; most of all employees in life he desires audience. relationships confirm to me that I exist in this world. Func tion #-1- sub jectiv e ethic s ( ): negative values, "bad things". AHamlet's attitude to people is not important in his/herown eyes; they put other people’s attitude higher than their own. Their relationships with other people always take the first place. 'My attitude to people' is somewhere in the background, often hidden even from myself. He is focused on his relationships more than on hisattitude, which basically has no value to himand so he keeps it to himself. He can talk about his feelings and emotions. A Hamlet can easily express his feelings and emotions through acting as if on stage , while hiding his attitude well – unlike, for
example, a Napoleon or a Huxley who express their attitudes through their creative second function. It is easier for a Hamlet to wear a mask. Func tion #2- sub jecti ve int uit ion ( ): people of this type are good actors. Their creative function allows them to easily manipulate in the area of the inner integrity . They easily change their images, one after another… Thus they discover the world through their creative function. Everyone subconsciously searches foran occupation satisfying the needs of the IM type to the maximum. When working in a theater college, I wandered what IM types prevailed among the actors. It turned out that the Maxims and the Hamlets constituted 40 % of all the students there. A Hamlet's creative function, the ability to play a vivid role of different characters, is an ideal skill for a professional actor. In the clinical psychology this type is known ashysteroid. When an actor goes into a controlled hysterics on stage it may look good. The actor is writhing in hysterics, but falls precisely in an armchair, fixing her blouse… The integrity of the inner world supports a Hamlet’s integrity of his/her self-image. In this area of his creativity he easily goes in and out of the certain image and moves on to another. When a Don Quixote says, “I understand”, a Hamlet says, “I am in.” A Hamlet has to live the character, he does it with ease.Things that are beyond the other types seem routine to a Hamlet with his peculiar behavior, psychological space, his creative function, and boundaries where this type exists. Many ardent tribunes were representatives of this type; they could speak for hours with feverish drive and fiery eloquence: Lev Trotsky, Adolph Hitler, Fidel Castro. Among modern politicians, perhaps, only Vladimir Zhirinovsky is a glaring example of this type. He is a remarkable actor, too! Remember some of his controlled hysterics on TV? He does it consciously, and the parliament is his stage.The main thing is the presence of audience. The actor calms down immediately after the performance, but people in the audience continue to shake and shiver for a long time. There are only a few actors who can play different character types. AHamlet easily turns into a Balzac or a Napoleon on stage, the actors of this type have unusually wide spectrum of roles. Many good actors belong to this type: Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Sergey Bondarchuk, Jean Mare. Speaking of theatre, it is easy to see that a good directorasks those actors to play on stage whose type coincides with the type of the character– that if the character has a type, there are plays with indefinite character types, and then it is an impersonal image that lacks life, absolutely not adequate to reality. Func tion #-2- objectiv e intu itio n ( ): the zone of standards, norms. There should be a schedule, a routine, a script. The gun shouldfire in the fifth act. The husband should come home on time; the whole family ought to go on a pick-nick on Sunday . A Hamlet accepts established routines and does not express creativity in this area. A Hamlet follows the schedule; maybe he does it without great enthusiasm, but still does. Sometimes people of this type live according to a schedule that does not suits themvery well, however, they do not question the norms established by society.Having gotten into a routine, they tend to stay in it even despite essential changesof circumstances. Func tion #3- obj ecti ve senso ring ( ): my appearance, my skill, my actions, power, influence, money, my image. As a rule,a Hamlet dresses a little bit extravagantly, as if fora show. This type loves bright colors, detail, unusual accessories, etc. They always havean individual style. “How do I look?" and "What am I able to do”- these are the principlestheir selfesteem is based on according to the third function. In a sense this is a simplification of the situation in favor of clarity:here I should have exact knowledge. Each representative of this type has a set of skills (remember, prince Hamlet was the best fencer in the Danish kingdom). A Hamlet enjoys demonstrating his skills, flaunting while getting a positive feedback and support. If remodeling is that type of a skill then A Hamlet will show that he can do it better than anyone. But if a particular skill is not intheir area of self-esteem then they would needto put extra efforts into a project, it is possible they might needsome supernatural power to do a project
In a position of a leader a Hamlet as a rule adheres to a rigid authoritative style of management, emphasizing social hierarchy ofrelationships. In case of a conflict he/she is not prone to flexibility and compromise.A Hamlet works hard on t he corporative image, sometimes the image considerably misrepresentsthe current company. A Hamlet's wants to be a part of a sound business with good income. This is one of the few types who are ableto make good money on image. It is important that a Hamlet has an opportunity to work with money or other material assets. Func tion #-3- sub jectiv e senso ring ( ) : problem-solving area. If I am not able to do something, then I need to work on my health to be able to do that.I need to work out, practice, and strengthen the body. A Hamlet pays close attention to health when problems arise. And the problems are of two kinds: eitherI am not able to do something, or the body does notmeet my standards and is inadequate to my image of "good" . However, a Hamlet does not limit his efforts to physical exercising. I know the Hamlets who use a lot of medication, incredible quantities of pills and so on. It is not necessarily true about all of them, but some of them do that. Function #4(sugge stible ) - subje ctive logic ( ): a good place is where I understand everything. A Hamlet may accept things because they sound logical. A Hamlet and a Hugo are the two types who enjoy the most attending lectures, meetings, discussions, etc. (see description of a Hugo). The key thing here is that they need a structure and they need to be able to understand what’s going on.They accept other people’s explanation of how everything works and what is right and wrong. A good place is the place where I understand everything, where things have been explained to me and I understood.A Hamlet is open for outside influences through explanations. Functi on # -4- obj ect iv e logic (
): the zone of fears. “To be or not to be?” – this is a
Hamlet’s classical question. Alas,knows, it is necessary a decision! What is going to happen after I make a decision? Nobody and thistoismake frightening ... When a choice is made there is freedom for creativity. It is a purely a hamletian problem – the fear of realization, of definiteness, irreversibility of a made decision. Even if it is clear that it is absolutely necessary to move (to put things in order; to make a legal implementation), but somehowthere is never enough time. A Hamlet has to make efforts to feel more or less confidently in the area where decisionmaking is a necessity. A Hamlet never puts other people's things in order and hardly ever organizes his/her own belongings. NB! People of this type are susceptible to illness in the upper air passages.
The intuitive - ethical introv
ert - T utankhamon
Celebrities of this type: Tutankhamon, Jean Jacques ROUSSEAU, Tiberius, Ivan Bunin, Jury Gagarin, Antoine de Saint-Exupéri, Federico Garcia Lorca, Marcello Mastroianni, Audrey Hepburn, Eugeny Matveev, Bulat Okudjava. Peculiar smile is characteristic of people of this type, the one you could see on the Tutankhamon mask. (*Hugh GRANT (actor, US), Liza KUDROW (actress, US), Edward NORTON (actor, US), Chulpan KHAMATOVA (actress, Russia), Jennifer ANISTON (actress, US), Frederic CHOPIN (composer, Poland - France, XIX century), Friedrich Wilhelm SCHELLING (philosopher, Germany, XIX century), Ray BRADBURY (writer, US), Romain HARY (writer, FRANCE, also known as Emile AJART), Nikolai GOGOL (writer and philosopher, Russia), Marceilles PROUST (writer, France), Paul CELAN (German poet, lived in Romania and France), Nikolai BUKHARIN (politician, Soviet Union), Laura BUSH (president's wife, US), Georgi MALENKOV (politician, Soviet Union), Nikolai RYZHKOV (politician, Soviet Union).*)
Function #1 - s ubj ect intu iti on ( ): integrity of inner world is in the zone of confidence. A Tutankhamon’s inner integrity is a constant and absolute lack of contradictions on the inside . It is frequently shown in their conversations. A Tutankhamon, the aristocrat, may behave differently with different people. A Tutankhamon's ideas of 'proper' relationships are conservative and often people do not understand his norms and approaches. This type always has well thought through principles of life. In a sense a Tutankhamon is a "conservative romantic". Unlike a Dumas, he is constantly in a state of introspective meditation. Just like a Balzac, more than other types, he is capable of introspection.When the world around him is pressing in, a Tutankhamon may withdraw from people for long periods of time, going deeper within himself, within hissoul, and does not want to think rationally. A person of this type stays in the background and feels the subtle rhythm of time. Imperturbability, the ability to be present without being noticed makes them good professional bodyguards. Hollywood actors Kevin Kostner, Pierce Brosnan, Steven Seagull are striking examples of this type. Func tion #-1- obj ecti ve intu itio n ( ): ignoring the integrity of the world. Quite often people of this type just drop out of the picture, take themselves out of the heat of the circumstances. At a party youmay hear somebody say: “Where is she? I just saw her a minute ago.” They talk about a Tutankhamon. She is phantom lost somewhere in the inner depths.On the contrary a Don Quixote may completely lose himself in the external circumstances:intense relationships help him to forget about his problems ! A Tutankhamon withdraws within herself and lets the world fade away. Function #2 – object iv e eth ic s ( ): this is the area of creativity – people's relationships, their attitude to me. Her creative function is manipulation with relationships but it does not mean that she is an intriguer. She easily figures out what’s up with these people. A Tutankhamon has a gift of influencing relationships and turning them for her own benefit through emotional attack. She does it from the outside of a situation . She lightly touches on certain issues,is makes you go! There is a supposition that in a Tutankhamon even a subtle subtlerstatements manipulatorand thanthere a Dumas. I failed to catch a Tutankhamon the act. More field observations need to be done in this area. On the other hand, I know that a Tutankhamon does not have problems with relationships; she is always ready to compromise, be flexible in order to get what she wants. She may provoke certain actions (I observed her doing that somany times) - but I have not been able to catch her in the act of doing it. A Tutankhamon can be the master organizer, creating and structuring large groups of people. She is able to adjust and maintainrelationships within a group and create productive atmosphere. As a leader she adheres to democratic style of management as a rule. Function #-2 – su bject iv e eth ic s ( ): the zone of standards. A Tutankhamon avoids situations where she needs to express her personal attitude, for example,talking about her feelings of love. She finds it easier talking aboutobjective circumstances and how things ought to be, but her own attitude is already the way it ought to be.She has conventional ways of expressing her sincere (even positive) feelings.Her rich inner life escapes words. Function #3 – subjecti ve lo gic ( ): the principle of self-esteem is based on the ability to understand. "If I understand correctly, then I am a good person". A person tries to simplify the situation according to this function. Simplification in this case is used as an effective means of protection. A Tutankhamon builds a negative defense by denying any uncertain facts. The fear of incompetence narrows down her opportunities to apply her knowledge. A Tutankhamon builds a positive defense through generalizing abstract theories;they are aimed at explaining to her all the phenomena in the society and nature. Function #-3 – objecti ve logic ( ): the problem here is 'to understand' things, it is possible to solve the problem by getting 'to know' things . The type wants to solve problems through collecting objective data, consulting experts, applying the latest research results,
getting new reliable information. A Tutankhamon tries to solve her problems by changing her external circumstances. Function #4 – objective sens oring ( ): suggestible function. Activity, motion. Others “ ought to tell me what I should do. A good place is the place where there is action, movement, where work gets done". There are times when she finds herself on her way some place or sitting by a campfire. It is as if she was "inserted" in unplanned circumstances. She could not resist the external influence. “They took me with them, so I wentalong. I have no will of my own.” This type should be attentive to their choices.Do these things correspond to the goals of my life? Will they take me there where I want to be? ATutankhamon may seek to escape later when she realizes that it is not where she wants to be.It is too late though; people reap what they sow. On the one hand she is in slavery to other people, and on the other hand she is a skilled manipulator of the external relationships.When a Tutankhamon realizes what she is reaping, instead of repenting she resorts to harassing the people who got her involved and looks for ways to get out of the mess, produced by her irresponsibility, using the strengths of her type. Function #-4 – subject iv e sensi ng ( ): Feelings and health are in the area. She has her sensory comfort in this area; she does not want to see doctors, she is in denial of her health condition (“I plough till I drop dead in my furrow”). She would rather endure unpleasant sensations, even strong pains, than seek help.Here a Tutankhamon seems to imitate his complementary type, a Zhukov, but he is too low on energy. This type runs the risk ofchronic subtle diseases.
The Sensory-logical extr overt - Zhukov Celebrities of this type: George Zhukov, Sergey Korolev, Sergey Kirov, Valery Chkalov, Oliver Cromwell, Boris Yeltsin, Alexander Lebed, Leon Gumilev, Richard Wagner, Cyril Lavrov, George Sand, Anna Ahmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Alexandra Kollontay, Isidora Duncan, Alisa Friendlich, Jane Fonda. (*Richard BURTON (actor, US), Marlon BRANDO (actor, US), Michael DOUGLAS (actor, US), Takeshi KITANO (actor, Japan), Russell CROWE (actor, US), MADONNA (singer, US), Al PACINO (actor, US), Sharon STONE (actress, US), Rutger HAUER (actor, US), Anthony HOPKINS (actor, US), Richard WAGNER (composer, Germany, XIX century), Galina VISHNEVSKAYA (opera singer, Russia - US), Martin LUTHER (church reformer, Germany, XVI century), Lavrenty BERIA (politician, Soviet Union), Napoleon BUONAPARTE (monarch, France, XIX century), Hermann GOERING (politician, Germany, 3rd Reich), Hillary R. CLINTON (politician, US), Vladimir LENIN (politician, Soviet Union), Peter I (monarch, Russia), Winston CHURCHILL (politician, UK).*)
Function #1- objective sensoring ( ): the principle of existence: “I am active, therefore I exist”. His life’s principles are constancy of the external form, confidence in his appearance and actions. Those who criticize a Zhukov's actions may experience his aggression. They are workaholics in the full sense of the word.A Zhukov just can’t sit still. They are active even when they should be still in the givencircumstances. Socionists have a joke: "can a Zhukov be quiet for 10 minutes in a company of friends? If he is quiet then he is either mute, or sick, or dead…" A working Zhukov gives all of himself to a business never sparing his energy. It is an authoritative, strong-willed type, able to make others submit; also he can obey when working in rigid structures (army service, etc.). The habit of taking responsibility upon themselves makes them irreplaceable middle-level managers — they rarely make it to the top due to their excessive straightforwardness. But notice, that just like aDon Quixote, they (Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher) step forward during the periods of real danger in the history of humankind.
A Zhukov is reliable. If there is no movement, no activity going on, they will find it or create it; he is a magnet for situations where he is needed . These people constitute a rather strong social type. Two people of this type (just like two Napoleons) hardly ever get along when life brings them together. It is normal because they are both leaders. Only relationships within the boundaries of a strictly defined hierarchy (army, etc.) or in a master - disciple type of relationship they may get along a little better for a period of time. Function #-1 – subjective sensoring ( ): health is in the area of ignoring. A Zhukov has a "farmer's attitude" in health issues: I" shall plough untilI drop dead in my furrow." When he does get sick having spent all hisstrength in feverish activity) he allows others to take care of them. Only when they are burnt out they might agree to take some time off at a resort or a hospital. People of this type should remember thisbecause people are not indestructible; they are not sources of endless energy. However, they should not stay away from work completely. A Zhukov needs to learn to control this area of life. Not all of them are capable of doing that. A Zhukov is not a picky eater: he expects food to be plentiful and filling, it should not be some choice food, but it should be esthetically pleasing. Functi on # 2- subjecti ve lo gic ( ): his since for dialectics is in the creative area, he is able to consider an object, a situation, an event from several points of view, he can explain any phenomenon in several different ways. AZhukov is not conservative here. A Don Quixote having generated an idea hardly ever implements it in real life.A Zhukov, having the same creative function, comes up with an idea and then brings it about, i.e. a Zhukov gives it a chance to live. For example, Sergei Korolev(a Zhukov) and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (a Don Quixote) – they both dreamed to see man in space. Korolev dared to finish the project in completely fantastic, inhuman conditions; and he became in his own way happy. Functi on # -2 - object ive lo gi c ( ): the logic of the external world is in the zone of standards. This type picks out the laws that they follow automatically, without a hint of creativity. In this area a Zhukov does not like to waste time on decision-making. Func tion #3- obj ecti ve ethic s ( ): a Zhukov’s principle of self-esteme is as follows: “People need me, therefore I am good”. Other people’s assessment of him is the basis of his good or bad attitude to himself.It is very important: when, in what situations the person gets positive feedback through the third function.If a Zhukov is needed, he gets constant 'refills' of energy. In his relationships he is focused on himself: “I the hub of the universe.”Incidentally these two types (a Don Quixote and a Zhukov) have personal and public interests in consent. A Zhukov's cunning "friends" frequently use this traitfor their purposes. A Zhukov has to be needed ("important"); otherwise he gets sick and spends all of his colossal energy on medical treatment, seriously aggravating the situation. Func tion #-3- sub jectiv e ethic s ( ): the problem is solved when he changes his attitude to an object or a person. It is important to have clarity and definiteness. When a Don Quixote faces a conflict in a relationship; he tries to smooth it out.A Zhukov in similar circumstances is more determined. It is easier for him to avoid the difficult person than to live with the tension of the uncertainty. Both kinds ofbehavior are inadequate, however,he gets the result, which comforts him: the situation becomes simpler in both cases; he pushes the problem out of his life. A Zhukov has a radical approach to the problem: if there is no relationship then there isno problem. Function #4- subjective intuition ( ): “I want the world to be in harmony and beautiful. I want to feel good so do something”. A Zhukov’s thirst for inner peace is the biggest than any others’. He does not know how to manage his own feelings. Heneeds external influence to have a change of mood. Therefore he resorts tocommon means of changing the mood: alcohol, drugs. Some of them get into verbal fights. This is a very interesting channel of suggestion because this type is usually at the top and we run into them in burocratic structures. They are difficult to be around because they have hard time managing their moods and emotions, they are unpredictable.
Functi on # -4 - objecti ve in tui tio n ( ) : here he has the fear of integrity of external situation. Integrity of circumstances is subconsciously rejected. He detests situations when everything is known from beginning to end. AZhukov has a peculiar vision of time. W “ hat do you mean I have to follow a schedule? What if I feel like working around the clock? Why are you putting me in the rigid frames of a schedule? I do not care about your office hours. If I feel like working, I will keep work”. It is not a surprise that the military talent of marshal Zhukov revealed itself to its fullestin circumstances where the course of events changedabruptly, in situations of a break-through, or an attack, where emergencydecisions, deviance from the ordinary schedule, abrupt changes in tactics were necessary. A Zhukov can simultaneously supervise (and be involved in) several situations at the same time, switching from one to another at a snap.
Lecture 3 Descriptions of γ- and δ-quadras types Gamma - quadr a: a Napoleon, a Balzac, a Jack London, a Dreiser
The se nsory ethical extrovert
– a Napoleon
Celebrities of this type: Napoleon Bonaparte, Gaius Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great, Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Catherine II, George Byron, Gustave Flaubert and the character of one of his novel, Madame Bovary, Stendhal, Alexander Pushkin, Leo Tolstoi and the main character of one of his novels - Anna Karenina, Rajiv Ghandi, Michael Gorbatchev, Harry Kasparov, Alla Pugatcheva. (*Drew BARRYMORE (actress, US), Claudia CARDINALE (actress, Italy), Ornella MUTI (actress, Italy), Elvis PRESLEY (singer, US), Britney SPEARS (singer, US), Mena SUVARI (actress, US), Elisabeth TAYLOR (actress, US), Sherilyn FENN (actress, US), Goldie HAWN (actress, US), Silvio BERLUSCONI (politician, Italy), Lech WALESA (politician, Poland), Mikhail GORBACHEV (politician, Russia), Lyndon JOHNSON (politician, US), Catherine II (monarch, Russia), Ernst ROEHM (politician, Germany, 3rd Reich), Dmitry ROGOZIN (politician, Russia), Mikhail SAAKASHVILI (politician, Georgia), Mikhail TUKHACHEVSKY (army commander, Russia), Jacques CHIRAC (politician, France), Gerhard SCHROEDER (politician, Germany).*)
Function #1- objective sensoring ( ): action, deed, appearance are in his zone of confidence. A Napoleon is a man of actions. He has the followingprinciples of existence: “I am active, therefore I exist” and “I do not need anyone to teach me, I know what I am supposed to do”. Often this type does something before he thinks.Military proverbs like "First engage the enemy, then see what happens" and “The war reveals the plan” are very characteristic of a Napoleon's approach to the dichotomyplanning vs. action. Their hands move faster than their heads think: they are people of actionwho accept responsibility for the consequences. This is an important professional quality of leaders of any rank. ANapoleon is an authoritative and even autocrative leader: “We discussed it and I have decided…” In spite of his democratic friendships joint leadership is obviouslynot his style. Remember how quickly the Directory was done away with whenBonaparte came to power? This type is confident in the stability of their external form, their appearance and their own actions. They do not have any problems in this area: How “ do I look today? I look good! I look the way I want to look.” A Napoleon walks unremarkably, conservatively; he does not care about appearances. Everything concerningforms is in his zone of confidence.When criticized a Napoleon may get angry. He does not take into consideration other people’s advice in this area. A Napoleon is a man of action. He is weighed down when he cannot do anything.What is a Napoleon like when he is retired? He withers away, gets ill, he whines and feels miserable. They have to do something, anything; if nothing else they walk.
If your child is a Napoleon, do not put pressure on him/her in the area ofthe first and third functions, do not discipline them unless you have to, but best do not correct them at all just for the sake of your own comfort. Unlike a Zhukov’s, a Napoleon’s personal interests hardly evercoincide with the public ones. In anything he does a Napoleon puts his personal interests first, especially financial. They are rather thrifty; they use money well, though they are not as scrupulous asa Gaben. A Napoleon tries to spend money sparingly, believes that one good turn deserves another. In general restless activity and a craving for practice characterize a Napoleon . Func tion #-1- sub jectiv e senso ring ( ): his health is in the zone of ignoring. He often burns out at his place of work because they do not want to properly take care of their health in time. He does not like talking about health issues. Usually aNapoleon uses simple treatment, a quick fix like aspirin. I made a choice, I took it in, and it is enough. Often just like a Zhukov he uses a hill-belly’s approach to health: “I hope I’ll get away with it”, “I will plow till I drop dead.” Until he drops dead he works hard and often the reason of his death is an unexpected sickness, because due to his carelessness the sickness was neglected. A Napoleon does not like being touched, especially by strangers. This trait is so characteristic of them that may be used for diagnosing the type. Functi on # 2 - subj ect iv e ethi cs ( ): the area of creativity covers his attitude to the world, to people, to objects, his opinion on any subject. First of all here is his emotional risk. A Napoleon is a leader because he easily expresses his attitude to actions or people. He seeks a position of leadership because there his opinion will matter. Since this is the creative function, both negative and positive poles are easily accessible to him. A Napoleon can just look at his troops and say: S “ oldiers, I love you!” There are ten thousand people; does he love them all? The fact is they know he really does love them, and they trust him, and they follow him. Demonstration of his attitude is art; therefore it takes special circumstances that facilitate the maximum self-expression. Is there a better position for self-expression than a position of leadership? I“ am the boss, you are the fool. When you are the boss, I will be the fool.” Therefore it is natural for aNapoleon to aim at positions where his creative function may find its realization. If you are late for work, your boss– a Napoleon – may reprimand you harshly, even rudely. But in five minuteshe will come to you as a matter of factly to discuss business as if nothing had happened. He just vented his anger, no big deal. It was just a part of the routine! A Napoleon does not dwell on it, unlike a Don Quixote who is hurting over offending someone for several days. This type often uses words "shame", "disaster", "I hate it", "I like it", "fantastic", "great". ANapoleon may fruitfully work in the heat of the conflict. Often he intentionally creates a situation of a conflict to draw out reliable information, a plan of attack. A Napoleon is a good politician, in a dialogue he is able to easily find rapport and talk about the opponent’s problems, but he never forgets about his own goals. He produces an illusionary impression that he really cares about other people's problems.A Napoleon is loved despite of his boldness, people trust him, they vote for him hoping he will change things for the better. Func tion #-2 - obj ectiv e ethic s ( ): the zone of standards. A Napoleon maintains certain standards in externalrelationships, rarely becoming close with people. He prefersto keep people at a distance, he does not make friends in the office (command, platoon, etc.); there is a distance, a uniform, a business talk within the framework of the rules of rank. They often do not have close friendsin a large crowd of associates and acquaintances. Relationships fall in the sphere of "unnecessary".At times a Napoleon wanting to express his personal attitude does not take into consideration e nither circumstance, nor people’s personal or group space. A Napoleon easily becomes a part of a group and just as easily he pulls it apart. Some people of this type sincerely do not realize how tactless they are. Sometimes you can witness a situation: aNapoleon approaches a talking couple and as a matter of factly interrupts and addresses the person he needs to talk to;– the thing is, approaches them without second thought, says something, disrupting the space of the dialogue, takes care of his business, while the other partner takes off. A Napoleon may get in trouble for doing that especially if he is a child in school.
Functi on #3 - objective lo gi c ( ): the place of self-estimation is first of all personal territory. We know that each person tries to simplify the situationaccording to the third function. For example, “When I have conquered the world, thenit will be clear where is my territory and where is not”. Napoleon Bonaparte and Alexander the Great entertainedsimilar ideas. This is a simplification of a situation. This is an example of an extreme case, of course. But in any case the person of this typeneeds to know precisely the boundaries of his territory, where he is the emperor, the master and the owner. I have noticed once thatat the Aeroflot ticket booths half of the cashier ladiesbelonged to this type. Each hada tiny office with a ticket window, and that washer territory that gave her the freedom to vent her opinion to the people in line. Every cashier lady felt like she was the god of the air , and that showed. In general, the size of the territory does not make a difference; a Napoleon acts like a dictator whether he is a street sweeper or a president of a large country. For a Napoleon “my territory” does not only mean land or space, ti may also be social territory – “my people”. When a Napoleon comes to power, first of all he/she puts “his/her people” in key positions.Their professionalism is less important than theirloyalty. An employee of a Napoleon will sooner get in trouble for lack of loyalty than for his failures. For a Napoleon the external order is very important. He/she might reprimand an employee not for a mistake at work but for being late to the office– because it disrupts the order andmakes people doubt the boss' (a Napoleon) ability to control the situation. In this case being late becomes almost a treachery. A Napoleon's third function gets a major negative feedback when the order of his territory is disrupted. . On the other hand, a Napoleon takes good care of “his people”, remembers their problems, and forgives their weakness. I know a Napoleon who, being the director of a large garage personally has been congratulating each employee on his or her birthdays for many years. As a result workers never left the company, although the boss is very strict, demanding and authoritative. Not unlike Bonaparte himself who was said toknow all his old time soldiers by name – more than ten thousand! Starting a business, a Napoleon should have a precise definition ofhis/her functions: “I should do this and this only”. Otherwise the business will never run. If you have an employee of this type, you should give him a clear goal with well-defined functions and fixed responsibility, otherwise the job will never be done. Instead you will listenendless stories about the objective circumstances that were in the way. Even as a little boy a Napoleon should have his own space,his territory. He would rather have the confidence that the territory is his, than have it clean and tidy. When his mom makes him pick up his toys he might obey, but still feel like he is losing the territory and the next day there will be a mess again, and this will go on forever unless he is disciplined in love. The reproof gives wisdom: but a child left to himself brings his mother to shame. Naturally a Napoleon wants to be left to himself; naturally the mother falsely hopes that he will clean up his mess without being reminded. A Napoleon motivates his disobedience by the need to feel secure in knowing that this 1,5 square meter belongs to him. Two representatives of this type on one territory – is a sight to behold! There is only room for hierarchical relationships, otherwise there will be a conflict or one of them will drive out the other. A Napoleon is a born leader; however, if a territory does not interest him/her and he/she is not planning on conquering it, his/her behavior drastically changes.A Napoleon remains invisible, not talkative and still. Func tion #-3- sub jecti ve log ic ( ): problem-solving area. When faced with objective problems (financial, technical, technological, etc.), this type leans on the opinion of experts, statistics, authoritative sources, etc. A Napoleons pays attention to weighty opinions of those people whose intelligence they consider to be above their own. When in a leadership position a Napoleon always has clever, competent advisers (for example, Dr.Velikhov(a Balzac) for Gorbachev (a Napoleon)). Unique experts are treated with awe and respect; unpardonable things are often forgiven to the unique specialists. Function #4 - su bjecti ve in tu iti on ( ): suggestible function. A Napoleon’s integrity of internal situation is his mood. An example: you need your boss– a Napoleon – to sign some
papers. He has a choice to either sign it or not. What can you do to influence his choice? The best way to influence his mood, is to ask a person of his complementing type to take the papers to the boss, he/she would have more chances signing it for you. But if you don’t have a choice, then put on the air of good spirits and go ahead. Strange as it may seem, but in this particular area a Napoleon is easily suggested. It has been proven that aNapoleon has to be in a good mood to achieve results. If he is in a good mood he may sign the paper even without looking. A Napoleon makes decisions easily, but he has hard time changing his/her mood. He can only dream about a Hamlet’s talent of switching moods. This type is always looking for new ways to change a mood. When coping with negative feelings a Napoleon may choose to drink, while making excuses that others do that too. It is common for a man to judge others by his own measure. In 1980's in Russia a campaign against alcohol started. A lot of finest vineyards were cut down all through the country. Why was the president so zealous? Mikhail Gorbachev - a Napoleon – was aware of the fact that alcohol has the power to change people’s mood. He though the alcohol to be bad, therefore he fought it. Anyway, when a Napoleon is aware that he can easily be inspired by the mood of others he/she should not allow others to use this trait to their advantage. It is not an easy job, by the way, it takes patience and focusing on the area of mood. Function #4 is the channel of manipulative influences. A Napoleon's intuition is poorly differentiated. He has a hard time speaking about his feelings. He just has a 'gut feeling' about something and cannot explain. Function #-4 — ob ject iv e in tu iti on ( ): the zone of fears. If the external situation is entirely complete, then a Napoleon has nothing to do. There must be a gap, and a broken harmony. “Engage the enemy, and go with the flow”. What is there to think about? For a Napoleon circumstances that are completely known and clear do not give an opportunity to act, therefore he/she tries to create a bifurcation, a stress, a conflict, when it is necessary to make decision on which further succession of events depends, when there is nothing set and fixed and it is necessary to work in unknown circumstances.A Napoleon often acts intuitively, instinctively. The working principle is“divide and conquer”. In sports a Napoleon hardly ever reaches high results because he does not like systematic training. If he does achieve something it is only due to his natural potential. A Napoleon has the ability to do several things simultaneously; they say that Gaius Julius Caesar could do seven things at the same time. In that case his external world is not integral, he sees it as consisting of several parallel layers. This is one of the traits of this type that makes a Napoleon a good leader. A Napoleon treasures his ability to influence people, he is proud of the love and the respect the people give him, he loves to be popular and in the center of attention. A Napoleon likes to be a leader. This type is bold in sex. But aNapoleon is extremely cautious in the objective world. He lives one day at a time. This type is practical, fun to be around, unreliable.
The intuit ive - logic al introvert – a Balzac Celebrities of this type: Honore de Balzac, Socrates, Francisco Goya, Anatole France, Elena Blavatskaya, Michael Kutuzov, Ivan Krylov, Norbert Winer,Julietta Mazina, Nadezhda Krupskaja, Salome Neris, Raymond Pauls, Donates Banionis, Eugeny Velihov (*Woody ALLEN (writer and actor, US), John LENNON (singer, UK), Meg RYAN (actress, US), Ludwig BOLZMANN (physicist, Austria, XIX century), Isaac NEWTON (physicist, mathematician and financier, UK, XVII century), Blaze PASCAL (mathematician, France, XVII century), Wolfgang PAULI (physicist, Switzerland), Carl Gustav JUNG (psychiatrist, Switzerland), Boris AKUNIN (writer, Russia), Stanislav LEM (science fiction writer and futurist, Poland), Gabriel Garcia MARQUEZ (writer, Columbia), Haruki MURAKAMI (writer, Japan), Aesopes (writer, ancient Greece), Yuri ANDROPOV (politician, Soviet Union), Charles de GAULLE (politician, France), Raisa GORBACHEVA (president's wife, Russia), Eugeni PRIMAKOV (politician, Russia), Mikhail KHODORKOVSKY (businessman, Russia).*)
Func tion #1- sub jectiv e intui tion ( ): the integrity of the internal situation is the principle of existence of this type.If a Hamlet wears and frequently changes masks due to his creative function, a Balzac is able to really 'become' someone.When losing myself I remain myself. This trait becomes evident in aBalzac's relationships. This type has a natural gift of tuning in the mood of their vis-à-vis. A Balzac has the gift of being exactly what you want him/her to be. There is nothing he does not know about himself: “Don't teach me about myself”. People of this type often say: I“ do not need socionics. It is of no use to me. I know all this and can do it all. I do not need itto communicate with people and the society”. In a sense it is true: Balzac is more aware of his and his partner’s condition than any otherype. t The inward orientation is more pronounced in aBalzac than in any other introverted types. A Balzac has the greatest intuition; this type is so to say “comprehends the time in its fullness”. A person of sensoring type is focused mostly on the “here and now”. Intuitive type is all over the place, he lives both in past and in future, his mind considers both past experience and potential opportunities. The two types produce different impression even at a physical level when they enter a room. The sensoring type 'fills' the whole room as soon as he enters. You feel like 'there is a lot of him/her'. The intuitive type is ‘ hardly visible’. You can hardly feel his/her energy fluctuation.
Func tion #-1- obj ectiv e intuit ion ( ): ignoring of the integrity of the world. At times this type is paradoxically indifferent to the course of external events,they neglect circumstances, plans and schedules. Perceiving the predetermined character of circumstances as something inevitable, they sometimes completely ignore new information on adverse succession of events, especially when it concerns only them personally. Even when fully informedof the potentially bad outcome, a Balzac may make little or no effort to change anything.He makes an excuse that he does not have any energyto do that. He hands the responsibility over toa powerful influence from outsideto change the situation. Func tion #2- log ic o f the objectiv e wor ld ( ) . The area of creativity. A Balzac is familiar with current laws and customs. A Gaben works on things in the area of law and customs, while a Balzac criticizes 'the foolishness of the system'. A Balzac has little energy for practical achievements in this world (less than other types), but he has a good theoretical knowledge ofreal life. Since this is their creative function, they know all the undercurrents of the society, all the loop wholes in the country laws, where to use force it is not worth it, they are able to foresee the consequencesof certain actions, etc. They can be ideal advisers for a Napoleon. The excess of energy in a Napoleon results in the spreading too thin. So for best results he should be directed: better go breach this wall, not that one. When a Napoleon does not have a program of action hebecomes aggressive. He begins to attack his employees and relatives – he does that not because he is evil, but because of inability to decide what exactly to do next. He needs to get the program of action from a Balzac or someone with the same deductive synthetic thinking.A Balzac has a better understanding of laws and logic of the objective world,he knows how this was made and who rules it and how it should be run, due to the specifics of his type he can study the global things and ideas. What were Honore de Balzac’s ideas of life? He wrote 98 novels and short stories comprising a big series titled “The Human Comedy”. The author created aliterary world with more than two thousand characters. He had an idea of the society’s logic of his time. Description of various things takes a lot of place in his novels. Balzac does not explain things; he gives the reader a three-dimensional, complete picture of alllayers of he society in a single structure. Functi on # -2- s ubject ive lo gic ( ): the zone of standards. A Balzac does not like to explain things. He uses standard methods to explain things. However, when he does not understand the logic of a standard method, he may get into an intellectual stupor; this may happen at an exam. This happens when in their mind their standard method of explaining thing does not connect with the phenomenon they are trying to explain.
Func tion #3 - sub jectiv e ethic s ( ): the area of problems. My attitude to other people: "I like you - I do not like you", "pleasant - unpleasant". The principle of self-esteem: if I love somebody it is a good reason to have a good attitude to myself , i.e. if I love somebody, then I am a good person. A Balzac is distancing himself from the object, withdrawing into the realm of abstractions, when he needs to protect himself according to the third function . He would rather have his object of affection be some place far away, in an expedition, on a business trip abroad. It is always easier to love an ideal image in your mind than a real person with all their weaknesses. Real people are not perfect; they disappoint us.If I am disappointed, then I do not love. Therefore I am bad. Sometimes a Balzac chooses a cat or a dog (or some other pet) as the object of affection. A Balzac's third function does not suffer as much in his relationship with a pet. A Balzac is very cautious in relationships with people. If we assumethat Penelope belonged to this type, then while waiting for her beloved husband (Ulysses) to return froma distant land, she was constantly getting a powerful positive reinforcementaccording to the third function. Func tion #-3 - obj ecti ve ethic s ( ): it is possible to solve problems by taking care of external relationships. A Balzac needs a constant confirmation of other’s love for her; on the other hand she is testing whether others are worthy of her love?When a Balzac is checking and testing she come across to the other types as if she is looking for a fight, though in reality she dos not want to hear that she is loved she would rather see the other person do something for her. “If there is a problem with my attitude, first let us find out what is wrong with that person’s attitude to me.” While asking this question a Balzac distances herself from the 'object', keeping the relationship as simple as possible. Function #4 - objectiv e sensoring ( ): the zone of activity, movement. “Do something with me”. A Balzac easily puts on the mask that people around her want to see. Sometimes this type lives the role they play, and while frequently changing their masks they happen to lose themselves. People of this type can hardly resist persuasion:when pressed to do something, they are almostoften defenseless. Balzac may herself involved a strange They need an Aexternal push 'unexpectedly' in order to dofind something. On the inother hand, activity. they are unable to resist thepressure. A person of the opposite sex comes to a Balzac and says: “I am moving in, I will live with you”. – “Well, OK”. A Balzac has even weaker resistibility than a Tutankhamon. The latter at least pays attention to the aesthetics of the situation; the former does not manage to do even that. Probably women of this type always produce an impression of cold, aloof, difficult. his T is a way they subconsciously establish the maximum personal distance. Function #-4 - subjective s ensoring ( ): the zone of fear is my sensations, my health condition. Try talking to a Balzac about her health in more detail than it is commonly accepted or than she would prefer – and immediately you will beshut down. She would talk about other people, but never about herself! To do something about her health aBalzac needs to make gigantic efforts! At times somebody needs to make him or her take care of his or her health. I can judge from my experience: this type does not like visiting the sick at the hospital. A Balzac is afraid of picking up a virus. They can wash their hands twenty times a day, and even more. One day my friend– a Balzac and I were on an escalator down in the subway station; when I leaned on the handrail,she was terrified: “Don’t touch! A ton of people has touched it, billions of germs …” Things like that never come to my mind, but she thought it was a real danger! In general, each type has its own psychopathies, i.e. borderline states when the person is disadaptated. A Balzac, for example, entertains mystical notions regarding her health. At times they experience diseases and symptoms that nobody has experienced or come across with. Doctors have difficulties diagnosing their cases: their fevers unexpectedly come and then suddenly go, and no other symptoms are present.Their blood pressure changes without an obviousreason.
The logical - intui tive extrovert – a Jack London ( a Jack)
Celebrities of this type: Jack London, brothers John and Robert Kennedy, Robert Wood, Ernest Hemingway, Anastasia Philippovna (a character from Dostoyevsky’s Idiot), Sergey Eisenstein, Ernest Hemingway, Sophia Loren. It is a popular American type featured in the Marlboro ads. (*Jean Paul BELMONDO (actor, France), Tommy Lee JONES (actor, US), Matt DAMON (actor, US), Andrei KONCHALOVSKY (movie director, US), Brad PITT (actor, US), Julia ROBERTS (actress, US), Yuma THURMAN (actress, US), Tom HANKS (actor, US), Richard FEYNMAN (physicist, US), Enrique FERMI (physicist, Italy and US), Richard BACH (writer, US), Jack LONDON (writer, US), Robert Lewis STEVENSON (writer, UK, XIX century), Tony BLAIRE (politician, UK), Bill GATES III (businessman, US), Boris YELTSIN (politician, Russia), John F. KENNEDY (politician, US), Junichiro KOIZUMI (politician, Japan), Victor YUSHCHENKO (politician, Ukraine).*)
Functi on # 1 - obj ect ive lo gic ( ): a Jack is confident in her knowledge of the world of objects and social structures, she knows well all the traffic rules, legal codes, techniques, statistics, car mechanics. The stability of the surrounding world and the order of the world in general are important to her. “There is order in my world, therefore I exist ”. The order may be different depending on time and circumstances, but it should be stable. “My house is my fortress” –a Jack may say. Her home, her family takes a significant place in her system of values. A home is where I am always needed and useful. Never a person of this type says: “Explain these things to me”. They say: “Demonstrate these things to me, give me the facts”. A Jack needs objective data they can rely on– this is their level of organization of the personality type. Ifa searching Jack needs to change something in her world-view, she disappears for a couple of weeks, or even months and then comes back with a new outlook on life.They need this time of solitude. First you may observe aggression, rejection, and then …withdrawal. A Jack does it when something is going on in the area of the first function. A Jack with pleasure plunges in any good activity that is useful for his family, friends or people in general in the future.His criteria of any action are its practical value. Func tion #-1 - sub jectiv e log ic ( ): the zone of ignoring. A Jack is a born experimenter, businessman, and practical man. This type prefers to study the matter herself rather than listen to someone's explanations. AJack never trusts a theory until it is proved by practice. The attempts to comprehend her description of the world and alter it are a big challenge for aJack who never theorizes without proving the conceptsin life practice. Func tion #2 - sub jectiv e intu itio n ( ): creativity manifests itself in free manipulation of the internal situation. For example,on the surface a Jack is sitting around and obviously not doing anything, but in fact she is struggling with something on the inside. This type may enter the states of mind inaccessible for the majority of other types. The volume of psychological space in thearea of a Jack's creative function is larger than that of other types, who have this IM element in other functions. When a person of one IM type speaks about the nuances of her creative function, it might be interesting to some degree another type, but they are not able to completely comprehend and approve of these nuances. This causes misunderstanding: the same words mean different things to different types. This misunderstanding could go deep and be difficult to figure out. It is similar to a situation when a Philippino is attempting to explain something about rice to a person from Europe. In a khanonoo, Philippine language, there are more than 90 words that are used for different kinds and states of rice [20], and for an English speaker rice is rice, that is all. In the process of translation the nuances of meaning are lost, sometimes without being noticed by either party. The same thing happens with the creative function: it allows for many nuances in an IM element (in this case it is subjective intuition) unavailable for other types having the same element in a different function. Sometimes people do not understand each other not because of their stupidity or lack of positive attitude, but simply because of the poverty of their vocabulary, so to speak.
A Jack as a rule does not seek a career of an actor, his creativity manifests ina different way. A Jack may go hunting out in the wild for four months, it is natural for him(Jack London's novels depict that trait). They firmly endure difficult circumstances of the wild – thirst, hunger, and cold weather. They do not need company there. This type is more self-sufficient than any other (the more so since the relationships with other peopleare in the zone of fears). There are types who can’t handle things like that, but a Jack considers it to be absolutely normal. A Jack can be alone for a long time, living as a forest-guard;he is not bored or anxious. Vasily Maksimov, the first and, in my opinion, the best translator of Carlos Castaneda's works, about 20 years agowent to the woods to live there. Here is a good example of a Jack's creative function. It would be hard for a Napoleon to handle the lifestyle a Jack enjoys, aDon Quixote would not tolerate it either. How could a Hamlet survive there without a stage? Who would a Dumas talk to? To a moose? To tell the truth, Dumas the writer when creating his immortal novels would lock himself in the castle and even lift the bridge, but he was in the company of his characters, and that was quite a company! Func tion #-2 - obj ectiv e int uit ion ( ): the zone of standards is the integrity of the surroundings. A Jack wants his schedule to be standard. This is one of the few types whofeel comfortable working at an assembly line or doing some other routine, but useful job. On the other hand, it is the zone of "unnecessary"; thereforea Jack can easily shrug off any schedule and leave for the woods, for example. A Jack tries to arrange her life so that there is no necessity to follow any external schedule, or a way of doing things (free entrepreneur). In short: this functionhelps the person to obey, accept standards, though the person does it without much delight. Function #3 - objective sensing ( ): her self-esteem has form, activity, and ability to handmaid things as its source.My appearance, my skill, myactivity. A Jack is almost always a very skilled craftsman. In some sense this is also a simplification of the situation. Here she has the exact knowledge:I “can really do something” (it is very important to be sure in the area of the third function). For aJack it is not only a skill, but also an additional existential prize– a positive reinforcement on the third function, the energy from the society as a matter of fact. A Jack may wear a brightly colored jacket with checkered pants. This, however, is not necessary, the protection might be negative; then a Jack's clothes are a bit tattered, carelessness in appearance is accentuated. However, some style is there anyway. In any case, she does care about her looks. Often a Jack is athletic, loves sports. She looks fit and supple, may be a good swimmer, driver and shooter. One more detail: a Jack always has some money. And it is connected to a principle of self-esteem: I am good if I am strong; I am good if I am skilled; I am good if I have money . Function #-3 - subjective sensoring ( ): decisions. If I cannot do something, if my shape does not meet my standards, it is necessary to do something aboutmy health, to seek an expert's advice, to undergo some kind of treatment . But a Jack, unlike a Hamlet, will do it actively: she will use tempering, work out, etc. (“it is necessary to practice to be able to do something”). Sensory reliability is necessary. A Jack loves hiking (the more obstacles – mountains, swamps – the better). She begins to pay attention to her health condition only when there are problems in the area of the third function. In this case a Jack starts to seriously work on improving her health condition. Functi on # 4 - subjecti ve ethi cs ( ): here the person is open for suggestions: Other “ people should tell me about my attitude to something or to somebody. Do I like something or do I not – other people have a better idea what’s going on with me , and they should tell me about it. I do not know; I am not sure.” A Jack needs a firm foundation for the forming of her opinion. Therefore she needs objective data, reliable information and good sources of information outside of herself:“People know better”. Relatives may strongly influencea Jack's attitude; and they use it to rather successfully manipulate her. A Jack thinks a good place is a home full of close people, good old friends and nature all around.
As a rule rigid programs, automatisms, habitual patterns have absolute power over the fourth function; they may not change for years.
Func tion #-4 - obj ecti ve ethic s ( ): fear of external relationships. A Jack can be alone out in the wild for a long time. All these relationships … you know… they cause nothing but troubles. Of course, we all live in the society, and we all haverelationships, at least at a conventional level. A Jack has a subconscious desireto keep a big distance between her other people: “I don’t need any attitudes. If I am the boss, just do what I say, no need to have an attitude toward me”. When someone says to her: "I love you", it frightens her. Things " like that are not just blatantly discussed; it is better to joke and laugh and make it light, give a gift, flowers." In short, any plain gesture is better than a statement. AJack usually has close relationships only with a narrow circle of friends– it may include the family members and a couple of close friends.
The Ethical-sensory int rovert – a Dreiser Celebrities of this type: Theodore Dreiser, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Alexander Dumas, Ivan Turgenev, Nicola Machiavelli, Richard Nixon, Benazir Bhutto, Nancy Reagan, Brigitte Bardot. (*Lara Flynn BOYLE (actress, US), Leonardo DI CAPRIO (actor, US), Tom CRUSE (actor, US), Michele PLACIDO (actor, Italy), Michelle PFEIFFER (actress, US), Susan SARANDON (actress, US), John TRAVOLTA (actor, US), Sybille SHEPHERD (actress, US), Alexander DOVZHENKO (writer and movie director, Ukraine), Jerome D. SALINGER (writer, US), Stefan ZWEIG (writer, Austria), Leonid BREZHNEV (politician, Soviet Union), Elisabeth II (monarch, UK), Jacqueline KENNEDY ONASSIS (president's wife, US), Richard NIXON (politician, US).*)
Function #1- su bject iv e eth ic s ( ): the person’s attitude to something or somebody is in the area of confidence. In this area person’s relationships are of the least importance, often they do not concern him at all. His attitude is much more important here, and he would rather have it permanently fixed. Ifa Dreiser has formed a good opinion of someone, it would take some major factors to make it change. Even more so his bad attitude or opinion is hard to change. Other types may easily change their attitudes: I love it today; I hate it tomorrow. A Dreiser's first function can hardly be described with words. Essentially it is the need for being able to have a conscious attitude. The attitude itself may change, but its realm is so deep, that can hardly be described with words. This realm of personal attitudes to other people and the external world is strongly felt but poorly verbalized. There is constant activity in this realm. Func tion #-1 - obj ecti ve ethic s ( ): ignoring of the relationships. A Dreiser is an observer. At a party she is mostly quiet and observant. But she would dance with pleasure – he/she moves with ease, likes to dance: there is no fellowship or relationship in a dance as she thinks. A Dreiser may fail to discern other people's feelings or attitudes. Her inadvertent stepping on toes may result in a sudden barrage of complaints.A Dreiser really does not fathom since the external relationships are in her zone of ignoring. And this is hard to explain to another type because they also have their own realms, and they may interpret a Dreiser’s ignoring in their own way. The zone of ignoring is a place where the 'unexpected' conflicts arise. Due to the peculiarity of this psychological sphere the person may face sudden adverse reaction from someone close who has been putting up with things, but at a certain point of time his/her cup overflows with anger and bitterness, and the person explodes over an innocent minor thing.
Func tion #2 - obj ecti ve senso ring ( ): a form, an action, a movement. The essence of this type is a woman who dresses exquisitely and daintily.Earlier the name of Brigitte Bardo was used as a common label for this type.For some reason I have met more women of this
type than men. It would be fair to say that a Dreiser is to a greater degree a female type; though in socionics there are no purely 'male' or 'female' types. A Dreiser always has a style in clothes; it not have to coincide with the current fashion; it is something very unusual. For example, a woman of this type would never wear a hat – even an expensive one bought from a popular hat maker– unless she has altered it in one way or another. She has to change the lining or curl up the rim before she decides that she can wear it. A Dreiser pays a great deal of attention to the nuances in her costume. The external form, appearance, deeds and motion, dancing - all this is in this area. How do I look, how I move?! A Dreiser’s artistic desire is satisfied by making handmaid srcinal projects, things that other people cannot make. This creativity, naturally, is marked by the specifics of the social stratum where the person was formed. ADreiser always to observes the decencies; she is a conformist; this type does not challenge the society neither does it break any laws. A Dreiser is good with finances. Remember the novels– ‘The Financier’, ‘The Titan’, ‘The Stoic’? A Dreiser may not worry at all when without money. It is the zone of risk, too. Life is hard without money but some people are ok without it and others freak out. A Maxim and a Dreiser belong to the former part of humanity. Function #-2 - subjective se nsoring ( ): this is the zone of standards. She has a normative attitude to health.When a Dreiser gets sick she does not panic: I should go see a doctor, do what he says. She follows the doctor's advice. If people do not turn to doctors for help that is their problem.A Dreiser is conservative in food preferences and sex. Func tion #3 - sub jecti ve intu itio n ( ): the integrity of the internal situation is in the area of problems. “My internal situation should always be complete, stable and protected”. It is important this type to have inner peace. In the society they look for a social niche where the stability of the internal situation isguaranteed even if it provides less money and prestige. A Maxim is drawn to the rigid social structures: the stability of the internal situation is supported by the stability of the external situation. In the case ofa Dreiser the situation is more complex because the latter feels the harmony of the external world through the inner repercussions in a more subtle way. This inner world shouldbe in tune with what is going onoutside. Therefore a Dreiser has to work harder to harmonize his inner world with the world around him. He has to look for or transfer in to a state, which allows for accepting the world the way it is. Naturally it does not take long before the world disturbs the Dreiser’s inner harmony again, it is constantly invading his inner psychological realm.A Dreiser, a Dostoevsky and a Hamlet are the most anxious types of all. Func tion #-3 - obj ectiv e intui tion ( ): problem solving. If there is a problem with the integrity of the internal situation then the external situation needs to be adjusted so that the inner balance may be restored. Acceptance of current circumstances does not always bring the inner peace. Sometimes it is necessary to create new conditions, i.e. instead of accepting the circumstances it is necessary to work with the external situation. If problems persist then a Dreiser begins to reluctantly work with the circumstances, she even makes attempts to change the course of events. A Dreiser does it slowly, irresolutely, gradually, but nevertheless she does it. Function #4 - o bjecti ve lo gic ( ): a person is suggested not by explanations but by facts. “Give me the facts.” A Dreiser does not need "explanations": “Do not explain, just give me the facts, I am not interested in your interpretation !” A Dreiser considers only real events and proven facts. Suggestion here is possible by means of objective data or something tangible. For example, someone says to a Dreiser: “Tomorrow we are going to the theatre, here are the tickets!” — “Ok, we are going then.” There is no need to tell her about the play, how good the actors are, etc. A Dreiser expects people to have conventional behavior; she is irritated when people break rules by using any personalrelationships or connections. A good place is the place where it is possible to be sure aboutthe authenticity of what is going on.
Function #-4 — su bjecti ve lo gic ( ): m y understanding. Here is the fear to understand everything. Therefore sometimes a Dreiser's explanations seem short and vague to other people. This type would rather talk about facts than explain things. She tends to avoid situations when it is necessary to explain things. Why “ explain things that exist and I can see them with my own eyes. I want to know, it is not necessary to explain anything ”. A Dreiser often runs into explanations, which he does not see as true . Never mind explanations being absolutely logical– it is just not so. A Dreiser clearly perceives the actual state of affairs irrespective of the fact how and who interprets them. They do not like to talk through the issues and work on relationships.
Delta - quadr a: a Dostoevsky, a Holmes, a Gaben, a Huxley
The ethical-intuitive intro vert – a Dostoevsky Celebrities of this type: Fyodor Dostoyevsky (writer, Russia, XIX century) and prince Myshkin from the novel "Idiot", Vincent Van Gogh, Konstantin Paustovsky, Alexander Solzhenitsyn (writer, Russia), Alexander Sokurov, Marilyn Monroe, Vivien Leigh,Catherine Deneuve, Elizabeth Taylor. (*Jeremy IRONS (actor, US), Julianne MOORE (actress, US), Gwyneth PALTROW (actress, UK), Sissy SPACEK (actress, US), Ralph FIENNES (actor, UK), Carrie FISHER (actress, US), Vincent Van Gogh (artist, The Netherlands), (writer, Russia), Nicholas II (monarch, Russia), Friedrich von PAULUS (army commander, Germany, 3rd Reich), Albert SPEER (politician, Germany, 3rd Reich). *)
Function #1 — su bjecti ve ethic s ( ): the zone of confidence is my attitude to others . The spectrum of emotional reactions of this type is peculiarly large.A Dostoevsky is more confident in the sphere of emotions than other types. People of this type feel and discern shades and nuances of emotions unthinkable for representatives ofthe other types. What could, say, a Zhukov understand in a Dostoyevsky’s emotional world when even the notion of such details is absent in the psyche of the former? People often live in parallel worlds that have nothing in common except for rather narrow area of conventional (formal) contacts. Function #-1 — o bjecti ve ethic s ( ): ignoring relationships. A Dostoevsky has this trait in common with a Dreiser. If a person pays special attention to the relationships of close people for some reason, then she can see them clearly; but this is not the case with the majority ofthe Dostoevskys who are prone to ignore this aspect of life (sometimes they do it intentionally,choosing to wear the mask of a misanthrope). This may cause "unexpected" problems. The inner worldmay draw all of a Dostoyevsky’s attention, while a dense veil of imagination may cover the outside world. Function #2 — ob ject iv e in tuit io n (
): integrity of theoutside world, external harmony.
How did F.M.Dostoyevsky write his novels? Firstof all he would create the structure of his future novel, write a very detailed plan. This would take a lot of time, months sometimes. And after that the novel could be written in a coup le of weeks. The novel’s characters would come to life and even beak out of the mold! Here the creative function of this type (objective intuition) is seen: Dostoevsky gave his characters freedomto live and to act, due to that fact they acted like real people, not like puppets. Perhaps this is what marks a realclassical author: a "gut feeling" of what is naturalof the person described. Fyodor Dostoevsky in his novelsdissects and analyzes this world, trying to understand why it is so disharmonious.The ancient saying, ‘The beauty will save the world’, became popular in Soviet Russia due to Dostoyevsky’s novels.
It is quite natural that people with the creative function aimed at the external harmony often become authors, musicians and artists. Function #-2 — s ubject iv e in tu it io n ( ): the zone of standards: integrity of the internal world. Two or three habitual states are more than enough fora Dostoevsky; there is no need for variety here. Even the state ofthe downward spiral of depression is very common with them. During that time they are practically disconnected from the environment, hardly perceiving the surroundings. Function #3 — subjective sensoring ( ): her self-esteem is based on her experience of sexual intimacy, and her health condition, etc. People of this type often make careers as physicians or therapists, psychiatrists. They payworking a greatwith dealother of attention their health, it is very important to them. And, most likely, when people’stoproblems, helping them, they also solve problems of their own.A Dostoevsky frequently looks sick since they usually defend their third function in the negative mode. Sometimes a person of this type produces the impression of being seriously, even terminally ill, but nevertheless she is actively taking care of her health. Active sexual life is also a reason for high self-esteem in a Dostoevsky. Function #-3 — objective sensoring ( ): problems are solved in the sphere of external forms, actions. If there arehealth problems, certain steps should be made; when a Dostoevsky catches a cold she makes a cup of hot herbal tea, mixes an antiseptic gargle, starts doing exercises... Even if their main interests lie in a sphere remote from medicine, they are often well versed in this area. Function #4 - obj ectiv e lo gic ( ): information presented as a so-called well established fact t o a Dostoevsky may be used to manipulate her because she is the type that can be suggested by facts. “Give me the facts. Give me the numbers/” Other people easily manipulate a Dostoyevsky’s opinion by presenting 'objective' data. On the other hand, when a Dostoyevsky’s explanation of things is not easyto understand sometimes. This is an activity in the zone of fears (the fourth co function - subjective logic, understanding); this zone is luring, but it is hard to get good results in the activity in this sphere. People of this type often have their own interpretation oflife; their interpretation may considerably differ from that of others.This type usually has a bent onmysticism, numerology and other similar explanatory models. Function #-4 - su bject iv e lo gic ( ): my understanding. Fear to understand all and everything. Therefore a Dostoyevsky’s explanations sometimes seemvague, confusing to the representatives of the other types. A Dostoevsky may go to one of the two extremes here: on the one hand there is a propensity to mysticism, on the otherhand there is an unusual trust in statistics and evidences. Because of the subconscious fear to understand everything, this type often tries to explain the unknown by the obscure . People of this type are very practical people, but they are not very good at explaining things, obviously it is nottheir strongest side.
The logical-se nsory extrovert – a Holmes Celebrities of this type: Richelieu, Thomas Alva Edison, Sherlock Holmes fictional ( character, by Arthur Conan Doyle), Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Greta Garbo, Charles de Gaulle, Francois Mitterrand, Ronald Reagan, John Galsworthy, Erich Maria Remarque, Arkady Raikin, George Tovstonogov, Oleg Efremov, Richard Sorge (soviet spy, pre-WWII times), Alesha Karamazov (Dostoyevsky's character, The Karamazov Brothers), Karenin (Tolstoy's character, Anna Karenina). The best representation of this type in literature is Soms Forsythe, a characterin John Galsworthy's novel,The Forsythes Saga.
(*Gillian ANDERSON (actress, US), Carole BOUQUER (actress, France), Greta GARBO (actress, Sweden and US), Marlene DIETRICH (actress, Germany and US), Mila JOVOVICH (actress, France), Sean CONNERY (actor, Scotland), Bruce WILLIS (actor, US), Helen HANT (actress, US), Helmut KOHL (politician, Germany), Margaret THATCHER (politician, UK), Mary POPPINS fictional ( character, by Pamela Travers)*) Function #1 — ob jectiv e logic ( ): order is in the zone of confidence. Due to the combination with the third function (integrity of the outer world)a Holmes may look a bit pedantic, somewhatpriggish. A Holmes displays emotions much more sparingly thana Hamlet or a Dostoevsky. Sometimes people of this type seemto have a static character; though in movies when both the type of the character and the type of the actor is aHolmes, the effect is amazing. It seems as if the actor does not have to pretend but lives in front of the camera his own life, filling his own realm. And good directors find actors of the same type as their characters. A Holmes is a good leader, director, and manager. A Holmes is easily distinguishedby his military-like posture, though he has never been in the military service. A Holmes, as a rule, dresses formally, although if in jeans and sweater he still appears neat and tidy. The objective logic also includes ‘my territory'. A Holmes rarely meddles with the life of family members, but it is necessary for him to know where they are and what they are doing. By clinical classification it is an anancastic type . A Holmes wants to have a good grasp of the circumstances, thus when new facts occur he needs time and full information to reflect upon it. This type will first say 'no', and then he will look for the objective data. Having accepted certain order, Holmes would follow it rigorously. If someone offersto take another road, a Holmes needs not just a route on a map to agreewith, but some authentic facts to support the decision. The first function is conservative, and it means that “ my world is stable”, “my territory is stable”. “I have to know that the world is in order, and this order should never change.” The person of this type would never say, “Please explain”, but he will demand: “Demonstrate it to me”. Besides a Holmes will inquire: “What methods did you use? What are the statistics to support what you are demonstrating? Who told you of this fact? Who are you? Who gave you the authority to talk about psychology? Are you a psychologist ?” People of this type need exact and reliable data, which they couldrely upon in the future – this is the structure-forming base, the level of organization of their personalities. Everything pertaining to it must be reliable: “Who told you that this is correct?” - “Dr.N did”. - “Well, then it is all right”. A Holmes wants to be convinced that the informationhe uses is not something thought up by some lunatic. He is the type who trusts anything printed; he considers any printed material to be a reliable source of information because it seems to berecognized by the society so he approves of it too. Function #-1 — su bjecti ve lo gic ( ): the zone of ignoring. Mistrust to hypotheses and concepts: “What are you explaining to me?! Give me the data, showme the diagrams, certificates and do not explain anything”. And also: “I am not interested in opinions, tell me what really happened, I need facts, not your ideas ”. It was not by chance thatSherlock Holmes (a Holmes, by the way) used the deductive method ofcriminal investigation so brilliantly; it was the method of analysis and comparison of facts. Function #2 — subjective sensoring ( ): the place of creativity. Here are my feelings, my health condition and sexual activity.A Holmes likes a constant change of sensations.He eagerly and delightfully tastes different foods and drinks. He knows the cure for many illnesses. Creativity of any type is usually realized “by the second function with the use of the material of the third function.”
People of this type are acutely aware of time and have a lot of rather peculiar abilities in this sphere. For example, Dr.Kozyrev (Russian physicist,a Holmes) introduced the notion of physical properties of time into the science. What other type iscapable of perceiving the world
in this way? The majority of the scientific community rejected this theory; did it not fit with the usual physicists' concepts of time. Function #-2 — objective sensoring ( ): the zone of standards. Here are the appearance and the form. As far as I know, this type does care about appearance, but it is not a priority. A Holmes dresses neatly and according to the standard of the circle of his friends or society. At his workplace he wears the required kind of uniform. If at his work place a Versace suite is required then he will wear a Versace suite, if it is the overalls then he will wear the overalls in a workshop. Extravagance is in the area of the “unwanted”. A Holmes's deeds and behavior, as a rule,are in harmony with the customary norm of the milieu.A Holmes's prefers to take the same road to work, he enjoys when events and actions have a usualsequence. A Holmes is very conservative and tries to adhere to habitual routes. That, however, does not prevent people of this type from beingvery dynamic and active in the financial sphere. Money in a Holmes’ system of values falls into the two categories of the objective sensoring and the objective logic.A Holmes always has the exact sum of money he needs. He plans his budget well taking into consideration everything, making scrupulous calculations. When out of money a Holmes does not fidget; he knows when and how much to expect.A Hugo is very different in this sense, for example, he may be afraid of having the money in his pocket. A Holmes plans and schedules everything in advance. Function #3 — ob ject iv e intu it io n ( ): time. People of this type count every second. The third function is the principleused to estimate oneself: “I am good” or “I am bad”. Jokes are not permissible in this sphere, this is wherethe person has his energy source: here he gets his positive or negative reinforcement. People of this typenever become bureaucrats; they do not know how to procrastinate. If they are capable of solving the problem, then they do it at once. If you tell a Holmes something like: “We are wasting time” it will be as if you have told him that he is a bad person. A Holmes can tell other people that they are wasting time, but when people tell him this he takes as an insult . A Holmes does quality work, each step he makes wisely. There must be order andrule in everything. A Holmes unlike, say, a Napoleon needs the integrity of the external situation; it is difficult for them to do several things simultaneously, so subconsciously they try to line up all their pursuits in a sequence by distributing priorities. However, the ideal plan does not always work out in the real world of stress and hectic. . The world does not line up with the ideal sequential lay out . The real world consists of anumber of dimensions with their own speed of time. Therefore there is tension, and the person pays for it from the pocket of his time and effort. Function #-3 — su bj ect iv e in tu iti on ( ): the solution of problems is possible through the change of the inner state, the change of mood. However,a Holmes does it reluctantly, and outwardly the struggle to change his mood or state manifests itself in blunt manners. Function #4 — su bj ect iv e eth ic s ( ): suggestible function – my attitude to something or somebody. Whether I like something or somebody orI do not, if something is pleasing to me or not –other people know. A Holmes has a hard time forming a personal opinion or attitude. He needs objective data, newspaper article to help him form a pseudo-independent opinion. A Holmes looks for things to lean on to help him in his relationships. Often a director (a Holmes) has a secretary (a Napoleon) who forms opinions for the boss. Then there comes a time when it is hard to tell who is the boss. A Holmes needs time to make up his mind and determine what is his actual attitude to something or somebody. Therefore when inquiring about his feelings of love for you, you will be much better off if you make a statement,I “know you love me!” The same is with his attitude to a phenomenon, an event, and a professional person.Is“ he a PhD or not? What is his field of knowledge? Does he have publications?! Oh, he had a book published, well, that's a different story!” Objective evidence, information from reliable sources helps a Holmes to form his opinion. A good place is the place with good reputation, if other people, the majority decided it is good then it is good. This narrow-minded mentality makes aHolmes very conservative.
Function #-4 — o bject iv e eth ic s ( ): fear of r elationships. Solitude does not frightena Holmes. To be alone is normal. In a company of friends or among office workers a Holmes often plays a role of an observer, at times indifferent, at times involved. When somebody showers him with attention and emotions, he is frightened and may withdraw.
The Sensing-logical int rovert — a Gaben Celebrities of this type: Jean Gaben, Guy De Maupassant , Albert Camus, Agatha Christie and her fictional character Hercules Poirot, Georges Simenon and hisfictional character commissioner Maigret, Miguel de Cervantes and hisfictional character Sancho Pansa, Jean-Paul Sartre, Françoise Sagan (writer, France) , Somerset Maugham, Monica Vitti, Vladimir Vysotsky, Andrei Mironov. (*Lino VENTURA (actor, Italy), Mel GIBSON (actor, US), Catherine DENEUVE (actress, France), Gerard DEPARDIEU (actor, France), Angelina JOLIE (actress, US), Renee SELLWEGER (actress, US), Harvey KEITEL (actor, US), Robert DE NIRO (actor, US), Maryl STREEP (actress, US), Harrison FORD (actor, US), Woody HARRELSON (actor, US), Adriano CELENTANO (actor, Italy), William Somerset MAUGHAM (writer, UK), George SAND (writer, France), George SIMENON (writer, Belgium), Roman ABRAMOVICH (businessman, Russia), Alexander KWASNIEWSKI (politician, Poland), Aslan MASKHADOV (terrorist, Russia).*)
Function #1 — subj ect iv e sensor in g ( ): the zone of confidence is the health condition. Here lies confidence about his feelings, he usually knows exactly if he is sick or not, he has an excellent ability to explain sensations. No external influences have any effect here. A Gaben knows well what treatment is best for a particular illness. “Ifeel, therefore I exist.” Sensations of people of this type may vary over a wide range. They easier adapt to new foods than any other types.In sex a Gaben is rather conservative.
Function #-1 — oown bj ect iv e sensor intog the ( interior ): the zone of ignoring. of this type may be inattentive to their appearance, of their house, toPeople other people’s behavior even if their actions influence them directly. They are not fit for any monotonous work, for example, for work at the conveyor assembly line. They need to pay special attention and make extra efforts to keep up their appearance. They do not have a natural feeling for style in clothes. They often ignore parents or peer pressure. Children of this type may seem to be very stubborn. Function #2 — objective lo gic ( ): the area of creativity.A Gaben is a practical person, a smart innovator, i.e. they know well how to cut a corner, how to save money and even find loop wholes in the law and stay out of trouble at the same time. It is the zone of risk. They realize their creativity in their interaction with the material world. They count money well and know how and when to save. People of this type are interested in the world's mechanics and aspire to put it in order. In the world around them there is always something that needs to be fixed and put in order. If everything is in order, then I am not needed. A Gaben, as a rule, does not engage in global projects, but makes practical improvements– he wants to make life easier, more convenient, and less expensive. A Gaben’s obsession with innovations at times goes beyond the reasonable and the logical. But this is the area where he is creative. This type physically feels the real world; he has its qualities and laws at his fingertips. Unlike a Don Quixote with his fantasies, they have exact knowledge of laws and their current application. A Gaben is a practical person; he is a fine clerk, bookkeeper and lawyer. Function #-2 — subjecti ve logic ( ): the zone of standards. As a rule, a Gaben is satisfied with standard explanations; the reality is much more important: the exact knowledge of facts, an objective representation of the surroundings. Theories are necessary, yes, but it is not a Gaben's strong side. Theoretical, abstract problems are solved by standard methods. A Gaben would never argue, explain or prove anything– it is just not interesting. For a Gaben knowing the world is its practical mastering.
Function #3 — su bject iv e ethic s ( ): the place of problems. This means: my attitude to other people. If I love someone, then I am a good person; if I do not like somebody (anybody) – then I am bad. Good attitude to other people is a reason for a good attitude to oneself. A Gabens try to protect their emotional sphere from the intruding outsiders in every possible way. They usually make the impression of integral souls, a bit abstracted. Idealizing people, the Gabens persistently move away from them setting a distance where the ideal would have no chance to get in conflict with the disappointing reality. The aspiration to an ideal love in the course of time makes moralists of them. Function #-3 — ob ject iv e eth ic s (
): this is a problem solving area. If there is a
problem my problems attitude toby somebody, it is necessary to alter the relationships. As aaround rule, a Gabenwith solves means of then regulation of the personal distance. All people are assigned specific coordinates in aGaben’s personal space; it consists of a rather small 'inner circle' of several close friends and a rather wide outside circle of acquaintances. Usually other people see this type of people as aloof and out of touch with reality.A Gaben respects the traditional social standards of communication, the norms of politeness, and the etiquette. This type usually has a problem of loosing touch with their growing children. Function #4 — ob ject iv e intu iti on ( ): here are the area of "I want to" and the principle of assessment of a place, and the integrity of the world. “I want the situation to be transparent, known from beginning to end.” His yearning for external harmony may lead a Gaben to choose a monotonous lifestyle with more or less predictable events. A Gaben likes to just get on a bus or a train and rideall day long without any purpose or destination in mind. He is experiencing something new, he has new impressions, he observes changing scenery – and at the same time the bus (train) route is known from beginning to end. This kind of behavior does not seem ridiculous to a person of this type.A good place is the place with stable schedule. Suggestion is effective when certain sequence of actions is offered toa Gaben. A Huxley easily influences aGaben by t ransmitting through the subconscioussome kind of a 'life scenario' to him.
Function #-4 — s ubjectiv e in tuit io n ( ): the integrity of the inner world is in the zone of fears. Using the terms of a meditative process, we can say that he has a fear of going within himself, and study the inner self. His fear may grow when he meditates. He is able to think about his inner state only in medical terms of health condition. AGaben hardly differentiates the inner states and moods. This is why people of this type often seem to be even-tempered, as if they are always living in just one and the same state.A Gaben avoids the states he cannot control.
The intuitiv e - ethical extrov ert – a Huxley Celebrities of this type: Lord Thomas Henry Huxley (biologist, UK), Don Juan, Denis Diderot, Theodore Roosevelt, Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire, Genrich Haines, Frederick Chopin, Giuseppe Verdi, Gabriel GarciaVronsky Marquez, Bertramcharacter, Russell, Michael Alexander Blok, Anthony Van Dike, (fictional Tolstoy'sBulgakov, Anna Karenina), Jonathan Swift, Oscar Wild and Lord Henry fictional ( character, Wild's The Portrait of Dorian Gray), Mark Twain and Tom Sawyer (fictional character, Twain'sThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer), Bernard Shaw. (*Fanny ARDANT (actress, France), Jane BIRKIN (actress, UK), Pierre RICHARD (actor, France), CHER (actress and singer, US), Tim ROTH (actor, US), Tom HULCE (actor, US)*)
Function #1 — ob ject iv e intu iti on ( ): the zone of confidence is the integrity of the external world. Feeling of harmony and integrity of the world prevails here. A wide variety of events may be perceived as normal: even very toughlife’s circumstances could be perceived
as some kind of working environment, he takes it easy, does not panic. The principle of existence: “The world around me is in harmony, therefore I exist. ” Function #-1 — subject iv e in tu it io n ( ): a Huxley often ignores the integrity of the inner world. A Hamlet enjoys being active in this sphere, this is his hobby and the area of creativity, but a Huxley ignores his inner world, it is an unknown territory for him.A Huxley is likely to imitate states and feelings that should be there as far as he knows; he will make attempts to analyze his state and mood.If a Huxley cannot manage his mood, he puts up with it as with an inevitable evil which cannot be fought. Function #2 — su bject iv e ethic s ( ): the place of creativity is my attitude to others. If“ I feel like it – then I will fall in love, if I don't feel like it– then I will fall out of love, and later I will love some more.” This is not the stable kind of relationships he prefers . His feelings of love are never sure and stable. Today a Huxley loves you; tomorrowwill speak for itself. People of this type have no idea about commitment as far as their feelings and emotions are concerned , they sway in their emotions between love and hate, they see a wide spectrum of shades inbetween. At the same time if they hate you it is not final, as it is with some other types who make up their mind once and for good.“Nothing is eternal under the moon: today I love, leave tomorrow for tomorrow”. A Huxley is also careless in demonstrating his attitude. Hey, " man, are you stupid or what!” he says by the way. He is joking, teasing. From the point of view of the alpha -quadra those jokes are completely inappropriate. I have a friend,a Huxley. I twitch every time he jokes and every time I am amazed: my inner being invariably reacts. What could be done? Essentially nothing can be done here. A Huxley expresses his attitude very creatively. Consequently he is looking for positions and opportunities to express his attitude. People of this type are often found in leading positions in the society where their creative function is well realized: they are heading the departments at the Universities, leading people in other ways. Function #-2 — o bject iv e eth ic s ( ): here is the zone of relationships depends on whether the person belongs to 'my bondings are formal and standard. When out in the society approach. The dialogue happens on the formal basis: aHuxley social role-playing considering positions of both sides. Even people a Huxley often keeps a distance.
standards – the quality of the circle' or does not.His social aHuxley uses the "uniform" talks to people in the key of in his relationship with close
Function #3 — ob jectiv e logic ( ): his self-esteem depends on the stability of the external world order. “If my world is in order, then I am a good person”. These people look good on a stage playing a guitar or something like that. As a rule, they live to become their ideal.People of this type perceive the logic of the objective circumstances through the third function; therefore they simplify the logic of the real world and idealize it. Quite often they expect their partners to comply with their abstract ideal. A Huxley has a hard time finding a spouse because real partners do not meet their ideal standards. The person close by cannot be ideal by definition.Why is this type also labeled as a Don Juan? It is because he is on the quest for his ideal object of love, unless he chooses toidealize the existing person. A very intelligent woman of this type once told me how shehad broken this particular cycle: “At one point of my life after a series of unsuccessful relationships Iset my mind on loving only one man, my son. Andever since I never looked at another man from that point of view.” Anyway, she found the one and only and solved the problem of the ideal man for herself. One of the acquaintances of Alexander Block, the Russian poet, narrated the following story. Once in 1918 he came to the poet'sapartment and was amazed at the ideal order on his desk. When the visitor asked why he keeps his desk in perfect order , Block replied that he found it to be the only way to resist the chaos around him. This is a way of self-defense according to the third f unction: There is an ideal order on my territory. Even though the positive reinforcement was artificially organized, it worked anyway.
As to the surrounding world, a Huxley has an excellent ability to understand and calculate the circumstances. A Huxley has a computer in his head; he processes a multitude ofaspects and dimensions. As we know, people pay close attention to everything pertaining to the third function; they work on clarifying and understandingthings in this area. A Huxley is always ready to argue, assertinghis ideals, his worldview until they prove to everyone that they are right. These people often adhere to a school or a doctrine. Having accepted a picture of the world, they advocate and actively popularize the adopted doctrine. A characteristic example of a teacher-disciple relationship is the story of Charles Darwin (the author of the theory of the srcin of species) and Lord Thomas Huxley, the chairman of the Royal Scientific Society. Actually due to Huxley this theory waspopularized and was placed in the key position of the modern scientific world.It is quite possible that nobody wouldhave known about the early Darwin’s evolutionary ideas, he was a theorist, while Huxley wa s a skilful practician anda brilliant popularizer. Andhe brilliantly popularized the theory. Function #-3 — su bjecti ve lo gic ( ): this is the area of problem solving.People of this type try to structure and line upthe information of the objective worldas much as possible. That is an attempt to build an ideal description of the world, which does not leave any place for transcendental notions, i.e. something inexpressible in terms oftheir worldview. They allow for the unknown, but the unsearchable has no right to exist Function #4 — subjective sensoring ( ): a good place is the place where I have good sensations, where I feel good.A pat on the shoulder, a good meal – and he is all yours, this is his idea of a perfect world, he feels great where these conditions are met, he is in trance. Give him some more of the same treatment – and he falls asleep, goes into a deeper trance. People of this type are especially suggestible through sensations. It is enough to say a word about somebody’s health, and he gets self-conscious, thinking about his health he may get carried away. They tend to apply everything they hear to themselves, information may not even be related to them but they immediately think about their own center of the universe. People of this type are rather hypochondriac. On the other hand, these peopleare the easiest to treat. They trust the doctor. What do the extrasensory healers do? They ask their patient, “Do you feel the warmth in the knee area?” - "Yes." - “ Does the knee hurt?” - “Yeah, it does.” - “Well … now you feel the warmth intensifying, it is getting warmer. And now I am pulling it out… do you feel it?” - “Yes, it goes away…” - “OK, I throw it away completely … feel better?” - "It is better". - “Does it hurt now?”“It does not!” People of this type may be effectively treatedby means of mild suggestion. Here the mechanism of psychosomatics works in both ways. A person of this type may think up an illness, and to treat it is necessary to think up a way to "unthink" it, the approach should be based on the person's sensations. The main thing here is that the person should feel something. Everything depends on the system of beliefs that he accepts. Well, what system of beliefs do we have here? A biological power myth? Very well! Function #-4 — o bj ecti ve sens or in g ( ): the fear of a complete form, fear of anaction. A fence he is building has been under construction for ten years, but the last nail may never be hammered in; he has been writing his thesis for fifteen years , but it is still unfinished because it is 'imperfect' – still more studying needs to be done, some cross-checking is needed… etc. A Huxley frequently lives in the world of the unfinished forms, imperfect objects; and he is constantly struggling (unlike a Don Quixote) with this imperfection. To get a result from a Huxley it is necessary to put strict deadline. Otherwise the work will beprocrastinated indefinitely, he will continue to alter, add, and improve things…But there is no limit to perfection! This trait should be taken into account in a working environment. Knowing this trait a Huxley often seeks a job where work deadlines are stipulated 'by default'. This could be, for example, teaching.
Lecture 4 Relationships between the types
Descrip tion of t he rela tions hips between th e types The founder of socionics, Aušra Augustinavičiūtė dedicated at least 25 years of her life to this research. Having described the 16 types (on the basis of Jung's typology) she made the next step: for the first time in the science of psychology Aušra Augustinavičiūtė began to consider their relationships as a separate field of study . With the structural model of a type at the base of her research she was able to single out and give a definition to each of the14 types of relationships between the types;12 of those relationships are symmetric, and only 2of them are asymmetric:
*ID* - identical *D* - supplemental (dual, completely complementary) *A* - stirring (activator) *M* - mirror *B* - business *m* - mirage *SV*; *SE* (supervisor andsubordinate) - supervision (asymmetrical) *RE*; *SR* (Requestor and Server) - request (asymmetrical) *N* - neutralizing (complete opposition) *S* - super-ego *qID* - quasi-identical *C* - conflicting *K* - kinship *sD* - semi-dual
Aušra Augustinavičiūtė together with her colleague, V.Leshkiavichus, charted the table of all relationships between the types of the socion (table 2). The modeling of the relationships between the types is based on the structural description of a personality. The same IM elements in different types may correspond to different functions (levels of the structure); consequently, for example,things that fall in the area of fears of one person may fall inthe sphere of creative activity of another type. All this may become the source of tension inrelationships between the types. Socionics goes beyond the declaration that people are different. It demonstrates: why, in what areas and to what extent we are different; how differently we perceive the same events and react to the same phenomena; what different systems of reasoning and assessment criteria we use. In spite of the fact that we speak one language, each one of us has different connotations connected with the same word. Research shows the difference in the languages of types and quadras: some use a lot of adjectives, some hardly use them at all, different types use verbs differently, etc. Each type lives in its own psychologicalrealm. These realms are so different from each other that in our relationships with other people we can be pushing another person’s buttons without even knowing it. Then after a long while we getting a strong 'inadequate' emotional feedback from the person, we are in shock: "I have not done anything to cause this, have not I? What is wrong with you?" The other person has been suffering for a long time, and now the proverbial last straw fell. Typologyexplains that our relationships with a particular person are conditioned (among other factors) by the type differences. Here I study relationships between the types from the point of view of their potential ability to generate a conflict. Why is it so important? Sometimes we have todecide if the team is capable to work together or assess its ability to work ona certain kind of project. Alternatively, a need may arise to form a team able to solvethese particular problems,and achieve positive results. Third case where the study may be applied is when you needto analyze the conflicts
inside a team (workgroup) and recommend how to neutralize these conflicts. These are purely practical challenges. Socionics allows us toforesee conflicts: it predicts not only the issue a potential conflict, but also the time and the conditions for it.This tool allows us to create a matrix of relationships between the types for a particular group of people; for a group of five people it will consist of 5 rows and 5 columns (25 cells), for twenty– 20X20 (400 cells), etc. We fill each cell with the type ofrelationships between the types of particularpeople. This matrix sheds light on the potential problems that may arise when working on a particular project. Many managers are already actively using this method. We speak here about the conflicts caused bythe peculiar differences of the types. But this is not the only kind of conflicts between people. Conflicts might be caused bythe differences of the sociocultural worldsas well as other things, for example, collision of group interests or socioeconomic factors. It would be a grave mistake to claim that the type differences are the one and only source of conflicts. Instead relationships between the types serve as a background for all communication processes . Let's take a quadra, for example. It is assumed that quadra is a very comfortable group and the conflicts are impossible there. This is not quite right; conflicts inside a quadra are possible, the difference is that in aquadra people speakthe same language, they already have ways of settling these conflicts. They all can understand the reason of the conflict and speak the same language to find an agreeable solution.Often other groups do not have the same language. We will talk about the quadra language later, in our study of the smaller groups. So let us examine therelationships between the types in more details.
Identical Re lationships Strictly speaking, this type of relationships cannot be labeled as relationships between the types since these are relationships between people of the same type . Identical relationships work best for knowledge or skill exchange. A person of the same IM type is the best teacher! People of the same type speak one language; therefore they understand things that other type does not catch.They live in one world, in one psychological realm; they use the language of this world to communicate with one another. hey T need less words and gestures to understand each other. Sometimes they do not need words at all. There is a negative side to the identical relationships. Imagine I have something bad in me and I try to fight it. I know this trait to be bad, and when I see it in someone else it annoys me. “Why would not he (she) get rid of that trait? I fought & I won, now I am free! ” The trait in question could become a big issue. When people live together it could cause chronic conflicts. Sometimes I see in another person qualities, which others do not see, andthis other person sees qualities in me that he detests. On the other hand, if I do not havethe energy to do something about it, then my partner does not have it either. This is a problem of working or/and living with the partner of the same type. Identical relationships are supposed to be free of the communication problems. Partners adequately understand each other’s motives. Possible conflict agenda:Who “ do you want to deceive? I can see right through you.” Supplemental Relationships In this t ype of rela tions hips t he weak function s of t he type a re in the zone of strong functions of the other type (dual, completely complementary type) . A person of the complementary type is the best teacher. The dual type is able to teach me what to do in a difficult (for me) social environment. The dual type protects my weak functions, at the same time providing a behavioral program for me to reach success even in the area of my weak functions. This type of relationships is comfortable in a family setting. Often people grow so close that cannot live with each other and cannot live without each other. Then couples begin to share responsibilities: I trust my dual partner to control the area of my weakest functions, and he/she trusts me to take care of the aspect of our life where he/she has weak functions. There are families of dual partners who speak one language and even may understand each other without words. Strange as it may seem, conflicts may arise in supplemental relationships also. As we have already said, in supplemental relationships the weak functions of one partner are in the
zones of strong functions of the other, i.e. these people have more opportunities to influence each other. My suggestible function is my supplementing partner’s zone of confidence. His/her whole being has an impact on me; he/she does not even have to try hard to influence me, he/she is just being him/herself. Some executives are already using this information to manipulate people in negotiations and signing contracts. There are enormous opportunities for mutual manipulation hidden in supplemental relationships. Here unlike in any other relationship the dichotomy of ‘friend -or-foe’ is revealed. If a person is a ‘friend’, his/her worldview and system of values are the same as mine, and then I might allow this person to be active in the area of my weaker functions. We share mutual trust. And, consequently, if the person is ‘a foe’, a conflict may arise: Why “ are you manipulating me?” The person did not mean to manipulate, he/she did it naturally, he/she was not even aware of doing it, but the other person having realized what’s going on may blow up with anger and frustration. In supplemental relationships the area of creativity of one person may correspond to the zone of problems of the other person (i.e. it is the area where a person avoids taking risks and always seeks to clarify the situation as much as possible). However, if people do not trust each other absolutely they mayreproach each other: “Why do you have to make things difficult?” Here are some examples of supplemental relationships fromhistory: Russian military genius Kutuzov (a Balzac) and his opponent Napoleon (a Napoleon), Adolph Hitler (a Hamlet) and Joseph Stalin (a Maxim), first space ship designer Korolev (a Zhukov) and the first astronaut Jury Gagarin (a Tutankhamon). Many historical mysteries could besolved with the help of typology but, certainly, not all of them. (See table 3.) Table 3
Formula of the supplemental relationships
I
good
bad
need
no need
You
desire
fear
problems
soluti ons
potential conflict
I do not want to be manipulated; I am not a puppet. I can do it myself
If there is no complete trust, partners reproach each other: “Why
"There is no need to rack your brain trying to solve your problems, better stick to the norms and customs of the society!"
do you have to make things difficult?”
Mirror relationships The creative function of t he type corresponds to the zone of the fir st fun ction of th e other type. There are no obvious zones of the conflicthere. The only drawback of the mirror relationships is that partners may consider each other boring. One partner says: “We need to … and it would be good to … ”; the other says: “ It would be good to … and we need to …”, and both feel like their partner is talking about obvious things that should not even be mentioned. “Why talk so much?!” It is possible that the partner has not even said a word, butis simply working on improving something in the area ofmy first function. And what is there to do? What needs improving? What for? Everything is just fine! These accusations are absolutely mutual. “He is a good guy, but really boring! What is there to discuss, everything is plain and clear! ”
Stirring Relationships (activator) This is a very interesting type of relationships. Why activation? If we were using the commercial lingo we would have said that each type produces something, consumes
something, sells and buys something. In case of stirring relationships the things I sell my activator buys , and vice versa . We usually sell things pertaining to our second function. For example, a Don Quixote and a Hugo have stirring relationships. They usually 'sell' what the second function can offer regarding the third function, and they usually 'buy' what the first function can offer regarding the fourthfunction. This needs some clarifying. What doesa Don Quixote sell? This type usually sells the way of understanding, the explanation ofpeople’s relationships (this is exactly what I am doing now:I am, a Don Quixote, teaching you the way of socionics - a science which explainsrelationships between people). And what does a Don Quixote buy? This type is buying complete sensory feelings , experiences. This is what I need, what I want; I crave for integrity andsensory pleasure. What does a Hugo sell? This type sells integral sensations, and buysthe stuff that a Don Quixote sells. You have what I need, and I have what you need.These types stir and activate each other. These relationships run a risk of exchanging some negative energy . Both partners may experience a constantly increasing euphoria,they get a positive feedback on every word they say, in response he shares positive energy also … and this goes on and on… Their mutual interest, intoxicating dialogue, euphoria may lead to losing touch with reality. Is there an area in this kind of relationship whereconflicts may potentially arise? Perhaps the only potential area of conflicts is the time when I need to solve personal problems, but the partner does not want to support me in that. Then my partner is not an activator here; he/she may even choose to ignore the zone where I solve my problems.In theory here conflicts are possible, though I personally have never had a chance to observe them. Certainly, in each of the 8 activator pairs relationships develop differently, but the general structure of communication stays the same.
Conflict relationships Let us take a look at a sample of conflict relationships with the help of Kalinauskas' Steering Wheel (fig. 3). a Don Quixote
a Dreiser Fig. 3. Conflict relationships: a Don Quixote – a Dreiser
Let us begin our study withthe creative function. Things that are a Don Quixote’s creative function, an important issue of his realization,fall into a Dreiser’s zone of fears. “The things you do frighten me.” A Dreiser-father would be constantly asking his son, a Don Quixote, to stop doing what he is doing: “Don't do this, don’t do that either.” Whatever a Don Quixote does, a Dreiser will instinctively stop him or try to tie up his hands.This is the type of a conflict when one of the partners does not feel free to fly, he/she feels that he/she is not developing, is not achieving anything in life. At the same time a Dreiser is experiencing real pangs of fear, it seems to him (her) that a Don Quixote is heading for trouble and will end up in a mess . And vice versa: a Dreiser frightens a Don Quixote with his/her creative function. Let us take a look at the third function.These things are in the focus ofmy attention. A Don Quixote’s objective ethics: “I am good when others have a good attitude to me. ” A Dreiser ignores these things. Thus there is some ground for aconflict: “you ignore my problems.” It is very difficult to come to an agreement in the area of the third function, huge conflicts may be expected in this area. Thethus conflicting cannot see the reason the where upheaval it is the zone of ignoring, it is not partner important to him/her. This is thefor area the because chances of ‘stepping on toes' without even noticing it are very high. Imagine, two people are in a conflict relationship:a husband – a Don Quixote and a wife – a Dreiser. The husband has his relationships with other people on the third function, in the zone of higher attention, emotionally very significant. Heis on defense here, he is trying to get a 'feather in the cap' and avoid 'black eyes'.This area of life is known, observed and draws a lot of a Don Quixote’s attention. But when a Dreiser enters this particular realm of life, when being close to a Don Quixote, he/she simply ignores it as a whole.When friends come to visit the two people see it in two different ways as if they were experiencing to different events: one receives a positive reinforcement through the third function,while the other sees a mess left by
the guests, dirty dishes, dirty footprints on the carpet… A potential conflict here is as follows: “you ignore my problems.” This is a rather serious conflict, which could not be solved without the knowledge of typology. This conflict is symmetrical; a Don Quixote similarly ignores a Dreiser's inner state. He/she unintentionally destroys the other person on the inside . A Dreiser has the integrity of his/her inner world in the area of the third function – she lives as if constantly listening to an internal melody, a complex and integral rhythm. It is good when this internal melodyis in resonance with the outside world, but this does not happenoften... Once I watched a friend of mine, a Dreiser, he is an ex-world champion in high jumping, he was getting ready to jump: focused, braced himself up, took off running… and bam, there was a signal shot for another sportsman at a close running-track! And that was it! He got distracted, lost his composure. He did not jump very high, and did take any of the first places . Integrity of his inner world was disturbed. Similarly, a Don Quixote always upsets the inner balance ofa Dreiser. The third area of a potential conflict situation: a Don Quixote's fourth function requires pleasant sensory stimuli (yummy tasting stuff, physical comfort). For a Dreiser all this is in the area of "the unnecessary", so he says: You “ are too wishy-washy, I do not need any of that stuff, I can live without it.” It could be fertile soil for mutual complaints, too. A Don Quixote's first function is the integrity of the outside world, but a Dreiser’s first function is the zone of problem solving. If a Dreiser has a problem, he/she tries to solve it by making changes in the surrounding outside world. In the schedule and hisway of life… thus he/she disturbs the area of a Don Quixote's first function. This is a reason for a conflict; this may lead to aggression. “You solve your problems at my expense.” The third function is connected to self-esteem; the first function is the level of existence.A Don Quixote ‘exists’ when the surrounding world is in harmony,if it is not then he is questioning his own existence . If someone close to me suddenly destroys the harmony of my situation it causes aconflict, and may result in an uncontrollable burst of aggression. This group of potential conflict areas generates the background for the conflict relationships. Even with the good knowledge of socionics it is difficult to trace the tension spots. Though when you are aware of the fact that the other person lives in acompletely different psychologicalrealm, the situation most of the time.you adjust your own attitude in a given situation, and even avoid Here is another example of conflict relationships: a Dumas and a Jack (fig. 4). A Dumas
a Jack London Fig. 4. Conflict relationships: a Dumas – a Jack London
Let us take a look at how these relationships work.The first function is the area of my confidence in things I know & can do well. My partner has his area of solving problems there. On the other hand my partneris able to show me different ways of solving my problems.This is the positive side of the conflict relationships and the types might be interested in spending time with each other because of that. The creative function: what for me is "necessary" is the other's zone of fears. A Jack London can easily live aloneout in the wild for long periods of time. People of this type do not need large companies; on the contrary, they feel uncomfortable in a crowd.A Dumas is afraid of the things thata Jack needs, enjoys, craves, and cannot live without. As soon asone begins to actively demonstrate his/her creative function, the other is experiencing pangs offear: “Do not do that, it scares me!” There is noroom for self-expression. Tough situation. The third function: the area of self-esteem, "I am good" or "I am bad". The point of conflict: “you ignore me, you ignore my problems”. A Dumas wants to understand everything, but a Jack says, “I do not need an explanation of things, I need the facts! The fourth function: "I want to". The response of the conflicting type:I “do not need the things you want”. This is a big problem for people who live together. One person's area of the problem solving corresponds tothe basic level of personality structure (the first function) of the other. The potential conflict may be as follows: “You solve your problems at my expense”. So we have singled outfour potential areas of conflict, their combinations make up unique background for relationships in each particular situation. Typology allows (to some degree)
foreseeing and taking into consideration the potential controversies. All the subjects are revealed and now people may be informed and asked to be on guard. Expect the previously unexpected. Sometimes this knowledge helps, although, as a rule, most unpleasant conflicts happen 'unconsciously'. At least it is possible to analyze a conflict afterwards and be more attentive in the future, to think over how to 'switch' the brewing conflict into another frequency (table 4). Here we offer a formula for conflict solving in problem relationships:
I
good
bad
need
no need
You
solutio n
problem
fear
desire
potential conflict
Problem solving at the partner’s personality structure level. “You solve your problems at my expense”. Result: the aggression that seems odd to the partner.
Mutual ignoring of problems. The source of inadequate reactions and spontaneous conflicts. The area of irritation and aggressiveness.
Creative function of one type is in the area of fears of another. One partner's activity is not supported by the other partner, stresses him out.
The other sees wishes of one as whims. “I do not need the things you want”.
Business relationships In business relationships people freely exchange information in the area of the creative function (the share the same function in this area). People may have different purposes and thus while they successfully communicate at work, they can not get along during the free time when they need to decide what they are going to do to relax and enjoy themselves. Aušra Augustinavičiūtė gave a precise definition to this kind of relationships - 'business relationships'. Take a look at how business relationships are reflected on the cube model: all the business relationships always have the same geometry, be ita Napoleon and a Huxley, or a Hamlet and a Jack, or a Holmes and a Hugo, or a Dreiser and a Maxim. Here is the potential area for a conflict iswhere the values of the one partner are in the zone of fears of the other. "You think it is good, but things like that scare me!" Even if the creative functions are identical, the purposes and goals are completely different. Therefore with those business partners it is necessary to beon guard. The things I desire, you ignore. Here is the ground for a potentialconflict. At the same time the second and third functions in business relationships are identical, though problems are being solved in different ways because people solve their problems throughtheir first f unction (see table 5). Tab. 5 Formula for business relationships
I
good
no desire
need
do not need
You
fear
desire
need
do not need
potential conflict
"You are “You scare me. I do not want your inconsiderate.
See Lecture …
-
-
values”.
You ignore the things I desire."
Neutralizing Relationships All the functions of one partner are the minus-functions of the other partner . Everything is upside down: what is a positive reinforcement for one is a negative stimulus for the other (complete opposition).Things that I desire scare away my partner.Things I consider to be good are bad from my partner’s point of view.What is necessary for me is not necessary for him/her, etc. These are relationships with the opposite quadra, i.e. with the quadra on the opposite side of the model cube. For example, alpha quadra has this kind of relationships with gamma A Don Quixote’s neutralizer is aTake Balzac, a at Dumas’ – a these Napoleon, a Jack London’squadra. – a Robespierre, a Dreiser’s – a Hugo. a look the cube: relationships also have precise geometry. Relationships of complete opposition are at the same time relationships of highest possible attraction. People are drawn to each othersimilar to the opposite poles of magnets because they are complete antithesises. A person might reason in his mind: “This person is living in a realm that I have not discovered or experienced before . His/her thoughts are so deep and intelligent, he/she understands things I know absolutely nothing about! Though I am not a fool … but I wish I could understand the things he/she knows. ” This attraction sometimes results in a family unity or a working team.Later personalities clash,and it appears that at a deeper personal level relationships are a full disaster: what is necessary for me is not necessary for you; my positive valuesyou consider to be negative, both partners ignore each other’s values. We step on each other's toes without noticing it. And the resultis predictable. As we have mentioned, at the level of interaction of types socionics is an exact science . "The things I desire scare you." This is why it is interesting to talk toa person of a neutralizing type, but is very difficult to live witha person of that type. I would not say that it is 'impossible', but it could be a challenge that takes a lot of workand demands a lot of attention. These partners may discuss an issue from differentpoints of view, enriching each other and suggesting interesting approaches and useful, unexpected ideas, but in no waythey can work together. This is a serious problem,when groups of peopleare being formed, especially if the group will be working in a bounded space for a long period of time.The background of relationships between the types here plays the key role and may become an essential obstacle. I discussed this problem with psychologists doing supportive work for the Russian astronaut team. According to their reports, there have beenastronauts who did not talk to each other for weeks while on the space. This is the situation when you cannot push a button and holler out: “stop the vehicle, this is my stop.” They are good people, qualified specialist but they do not have the wisdom in their relationships with other people. All this is useful knowledge, it gives you an opportunity to exclude the subconscious destructive tendencies in our personal relationships, and take them to a level where the relationships between the typesmay be productive.
Superego Relations hips The superego relationships configuration is shown on the fig. 5. A Dreiser …….
a Robespierre
Fig.5 Superego Relatio nships : a Dreiser – a Robespierre
A Dreiser's creative function, objective sensoring is in a Robespierre's zone of problem solving. It means that a Dreiser can show a Robespierre ways to solve his problems. In this sense the relationships may turn out to bevery useful. But let us look at the first function.Things of a Robespierre’s base level of personalityare in a Dreiser’s zone of fears and vice versa. I“ am afraid of you, I am afraid of your values. Your
goals are so alien to me, I wish you did not have them!” Here may arise a rather sharp controversy. Another potential conflict area: “I do not need your problems”. “That is your problem, I do not need it, and I am not interested in this.” The third function is a hypersensitive spot.So when my third function is rejected,I feel like my opportunity to become a good person in my own eyes is being taken away. This is my source of energy. “You deprive me of my energy source!” This is also an important area of life prone to hypertension. A potential conflict in the area of the first function: “You ignore the things I desire.” This conflict is similar to the previous one. The placethat I consider to be good as if does not even exist for you. These three points are enough for a tension betweenpeople to arise. One more example: a Napoleon and a Don Quixote. The first function of the former is in the zone of fears of the latter. Things essential to a Don Quixote, namely, integrity of the external situation, simply kill a Napoleon; there is nothing for him to do. If the situation is clear and known from beginning to end, what is there fora Napoleon to do? If everything is known,a Napoleon feels like people do not need him. A Don Quixote is scared by a Napoleon's irresponsibility because a Don Quixote fears activity and completed form. Besides the number of things a Napoleon does frightens a Don Quixote. Of course, other types will have other issues, same structure of conflicting zones but different content. And the meaning of it will be the same: your values are a threat to me. The other person may show me the way to solve my problems, buthis/her way frightens me. A Napoleon may respect a Don Quixote for his/her ability to understand and explain things, for the former it is the zone of problem solving. In this area two types may communicate rather fruitfully. These people may need each other, butlong-term interaction may result in multiple conflicts. Now let us take a look at the third function. The third function ofa Don Quixote is a Napoleon's zone of standards: “I do not need your problems”. In this case it is the objective ethics, relationships with people. People are satisfied with a formal relationship . "Why do you need to be friends with them?It is enough that they know and respect you for who you are, you should not be buddies with everyone.” This is also a potential area for conflicts. Another area of a potential conflict in these relationships: "Things that I desire are your negative values. You are constantly ignoring my desires." – "But how can I not ignore them if I do not see what you want?!" This is another tense area.
Relationships of parallel intelligence, or quasi-identity These are relationships of t ypes of the opposit e quadra s , for example, a relationship of a Don Quixote and a Jack London. These relationships are a bit strange. The other person seems to be very interesting but he/she is really hard to approach. It seems I will never understand what is his/her purpose of life, what is it that makes her tick . This happens because the creative function of one person (the result product of his/her life ) is not visible to the other . "I do not understand the things you do." And the things I do, you do not understand either. Here, when working with either team members or partners in business, misunderstanding may arise.It is especially hard when it is needed to come to an agreement about some particular business activity that is done together(see tab. 6). As to the third function, conflicts possible there, too, because the third function of one person is in the zone of fears of the other: “I am afraid of your problems”. Since a person does a lot trying to solve his/herproblems, here too a dispute or misunderstanding is possible. Tab.6 Formula of the quasi-identity relations hips
I
good
no desire
problems
soluti ons
You
no need
need
fear
desire
Potential conflict
Rejection of the other’s system of values. “I do not understand what makes you tick.”
Mutual ignoring of each other's creative functions. Things that are a part of creative function of one person, seem to be the objective evil to the other, he has to put up with it.
"I do not want your problems." The other carefully ignores things that are acute to one person.
-
Mirage relations hips These are probably most mysteriousrelationships between the types. For example: a Don Quixote and a Tutankhamon, a Zhukov and a Dumas, a Hamlet and a Dreiser, a Maxim and a Jack, a Huxley and a Balzac, a Dostoevsky and a Hugo. Strange as it may seem, we have never observed any serious conflicts in theserelationships. The dialogue of two people in mirage relationships might be described as follows: my idea of myself communicates with my idea of the counterpart and, accordingly, the counterpart's idea of him/herself communicates with his/her idea of me.Communication is going on, a dialogue takes place, everything seems to be all right; I assume that we have understood each other. Then we realize that we have been talking about absolutely different things. Have you had an experience like that? You had a productive conversation, enjoyed talking to your partner, seemed to have understood each other, satisfied you said good bye to each other … only to find out later that he/shedid not understand any of what you were trying to get across , moreover, it turns out that you did not hear most of whathe/she told you. This kind of relationships is labeled as ‘mirage relationships’ because you observe a mirage. When you are getting ready to carry on negotiations with our partners in mirage relationships, you what to make sure that they understand you exactly in every single detail of your talk, it does not hurt to talk things over several times, even better put it all on paper. These usually. are mostly in a family relationship people do not thingstype on paper At abusiness businessrelationships; meeting it is good to clarify or have an assistant of aput suitable who speaks the same language as your business partners. In these relationships the first function of onetype corresponds to the minus-first function of the other: “I often do not notice you, and you do not notice me ”. This is mutual ignoring. Accordingly, you are afraid of the things I desire, and vice versa. As for the creative function, “The way you do things interests me because it is in the zone of my problems.” The partners in mirage relationships do not judge each other motives correctly. Nevertheless one partner’s behavior fits perfectly in the other’s illusionary image of him/her . For a long time the partners may assume that theirrelationships are objectively successful and obvious. However, at some point they find out that both sides didn't hear each other and nothing was understood correctly. Often partners agree with each other, but each has a different understanding. When agreeing about something with an illusionary partner, try to put it in writing, it will be some guarantee of mutual understanding. Otherwise some essential points might be lost. In case of such misunderstanding people may suspect each otherof deceit just because of they are convinced that others see the world and understand words in exactly the same way as they do. People tend to think that there is nothing else in the world besides what they see with their own eyes. Besides, they believe that others see the world exactly the same way as they do. Unfortunately due to this illusion we often get trapped and provide the ground for a conflict, the reason being we do not realize that other people live in different psychological realms than ours. Strictly speaking, everyone lives in his or her own realm, and whether he or she interfaces with each other is still a big question. Socionics allows to have a better understanding of the psychological worlds of other people. However, some of these worlds may appear inaccessible to us at all – it is not because we are not clever enough – but
because some of the things do not exist in our understanding of the world around us . It is sad, but true! And we have to learn to accept this.
Relationships of semi-duality Look at the model cube. The following types have relationships of semi-duality: a Don Quixote and a Gaben, a Huxley and a Dumas, a Zhukov and a Balzac, a Dostoevsky and a Jack, a Napoleon and a Tutankhamon. The geometry is the same.The cube is infallible, entire table of relationships between the types is there in a condensed form. A Don Quixote and a Gaben, a Huxley and a Dumas. Their relationships are basically good, but one is an aristocrat, and the other is a democrat, i.e. their principles of communication are different. The aristocratic manner of communication considers vertical hierarchy: there are people above and belowme, there are people of my circle, and there are people who are outside of it. The democratic way of communication disregards hierarchy, everybody are brothers and friends, without age limits and the social status boundaries, everyone may speak simultaneously. At times in the semi-dual relationships mutual accusations arise: “You are a good person, but too egoistic. Somehow you only think about yourself.” The creative function of one person is in the zone of standa rds of the other. They both unconsciously set boundaries on each other’s self-expression, because they both have a set number of norms, which do not change. This is the only zone where conflicts are possible.Both partners have certain communication stereotypes. In and of itselves the relationships are good and may be comfortable enough (tab. 7). Tab.7 Formula of the relationships of semi-duality
I
need
problems
You
do not need
solutio ns
Potential conflict
“You don't need to do what you're doing. There are certain norms, and you should follow them.”
"You're an egoist and you solve your problems at my expense."
Kinship rela tions hips Here a partner is a respected 'relative' - a person whom I watch closely, listen to attentively because his/her creative function is in my zone of problem solving , and we share the same first function – something very akin and interesting.If it is better to do business with the 'business' partners, and spend vacation away from them, then'relatives' are nice to be around when you want torelax and have some time off, but it is very hard to do business with them, because creative functions are different.Are there positive sides to this relationship? Their first functions coincide. Their second functions: your creativity is in the zone of my problem solving. It means that you show me ways to solve my problems; begin I to see possibilities, which I would never think of myself, I could learn something here. And this makes me feel more secure. As to the fourth function, they are identical: the things you desire I want also, bingo! And the zones of fears are identical.Those things you do not want, I do not want either, the things you ignore, I ignore also. We have a lot in common, but at the same time it is obvious that we are different. 'Relatives' are very different in the way theycommunicate, so sometimes it is hard to communicate with them. We will look at this later, when we discuss the attributes of different types. And in kinship relationships there is always a tension. It might be because my third function is in his/her zone of standards.
Relations hips of request These relationships are asymmetrical. One of the two types in these relationships is labeled 'a requestor', the other type – 'a server'. The relationships are asymmetrical in the following sense: the server receives an impulse from the requestor and ‘amplifies’ it. The requestor, on the contrary, hardly notices impulses coming from the server orelse it considerably reduces it. For example, a Don Quixote is the requestor in his relationship with a Hamlet. Those things that the server does are in the requestor's zone of ignoring. The former does not understand what the latter does in his/her inner world, moreover, does not want to know anything about it. On the other hand, the creative function of the requestor is in the server’s zone of the fourth function , i.e. the requestor influences the server through the most suggestible function, the influence is direct because the person is open here for external influences. At the same time the impulse (information) from the server does not get through, the requestor is blind to the needs of the server. Sometimes though the server cansay or demonstrate to the requestor what to do with the latter's problems because for the former it is the zone of confidence. The requestor's zone of confidence does not correspond tothe server's functions, i.e. the things that are "unnecessary" for the latter, are in the area ofthe former's first function. What kind of potential conflict can we expect here ? "I do not need you." Often the server tries to be as far as possible from the requestor (this is an instinctive action), but there are circumstances when it is impossible. It is rather easy to distance yourself from the family members: find a hobby or plunge into the work to establish aconsiderable distance; but it is hard to distance yourself from the business partners, co-workers or colleagues. Therefore the psychological price of these relationships at work may bevery high. If this type of relationships is present in a plane crew it could be dangerous: psychological fatigue of one of the members of the crewmay cause mistakes. In these relationships one person (server) considers the other (requestor) to be 'more important'. The server feels the constant urge to report back about what has been done and justify important his/her own mistakes. Theofrequestor's appreciation more thanthe opinion other people (tab. 8). is very important to the server,it is
Tab. 8 Formula of the request relationships
I – requestor (RE)
good
bad
need
no need
problem s
solutions
desire
fear
You server (SR)
no need
need
desire
fear
good
no need
solutio ns
problem s
RE: "You are stuck in a rut? Get on with life already, do somethi ng of value!"
RE: "You're a good guy… a bit stupid though; what a pity…"" SR: "You always
"I cannot solve my proble ms the way you want me to."
"Why are you constantl y fidgeting ? Your problem s are ridiculou s.”
potential conflict
–
"Do not impose your values on me".
-
“Don’t try to change me, I will always be the way I am now”. (RE tries to simplify the
-
SR: "You do not hear me. Your hard heart is numb to my sufferin g."
harass me. I don't underst and what you want from me."
situation in the area of SR's conserva tive function.)
Relations hips of supervision Relationships between 'a Supervisor' and 'a subordinate ' are also asymmetrical. The subordinate has a feeling as if he/she is constantly doingsomething wrong. Eachone of us at least once in our lifetime has had that feeling: when a particular person enters the room things begin to fall out of my hands, I am stressed, something is wrong … "I am doing something wrong… he/she did not look at me… did not say a word…" The uneasiness follows the supervisor everywhere he/she goes. If the supervisor and subordinate are in one room together, it is impossible to expect the subordinate to do any productive work. The relationships of supervision may lead to conflicts in a working team, in a crew or a unit where the members see each other a lot or have to work together for long periods of timein a confined space. The supervisor is, strictly speaking, a person to whom we reportabout what has been done even though he/she does not expect any reports from us. The subordinate is constantly looking up to the supervisor: “How am I doing? Am I doing OK?” What happens with the supervisor?The subordinate 's creative function is in the zone of th e supervisor's fears. "The things you do scare me." So the supervisor gives to the subordinate an impression that he/she is not pleased with him/her . The initial reaction to the subordinate 's actions is always negative, though it may change later. The subordinate 's third function is in the supervisor’s zone of ignoring. The same happens in conflict relationships: “You ignore me, you ignore my problems, youdo not see them.” In this area the types often accuse each otherof egotism, lack of attention. On the other hand, the supervisor's third function is in the subordinate 's zone "I desire." "I (the subordinate) do not ignore your problems, but youdo ignore mine." Now, let us turn to a very unpleasant area of personality. The creative function of the supervisor is in the zone of the first function of the subordinate, i.e. if the former frightens the latter with his/her creative function, the latter simply destroys the former with the same function trying to change the very basis ofthe supervisor's existence. This unpleasant pressure at the level of personality organization is impossible to get rid of without the knowledge of the relationships between the types. The subordinate 's fourth function is in the zone of the supe rvisor's third function ; the conflicts do not arise here. The su pervisor’s first function is in the subordinate’s zone of problem solving : he/she is able to teach the other interesting ways of solving problems. In general, the supervisor seems to be more important, a person to whom one want to report. Relationships of control or conflict are the r elationships, which make a person say, “I am sick of his/her company! He/she is a difficult person! It is so hard to be together! ” We automatically transfer the quality of a relationship unto the person’s character, though in reality our relationship is the background, the climate, and the environment of our interaction. If the 'environment is bad, it does not mean that the person is bad. Yes, he/she is different; right, he/she lives in another realm; yes, it is a complex relationship of types, but you need to remember that both the types have their input in the relationship .
The socionics will become a very useful tool only if you learn to discernbetween the following things: relationships between the types and your personal opinion of the other person. This is a very important point,when you differentiate between these things you learn to overcome the conflicts in difficult relationships, such as the relationshipsof superego, request and supervision. So we have examined the 14 types ofrelationships between the types, two of the types of relationships (supervision and request) are subdivided into two asymmetric types: the supervisor and the subordinate, the requestor and the server. So there are 16 types total. The information metabolism is the base tool ofa personality. Each IM type has both strong and weak sides and it would be very useful to learn how to use them;so that we do not waste our energy where it is not necessary,but learn to effectively use strong traits of the type. It is important togive room to other people to be different, to understand the difference of their information structure, to know the rules of communication between different psychological realms. Often reasoning does not help. One may understand all things in the world, but be overcome by emotions in a stressful situation. “How can he/she do this to me! He/she has done it on purpose!" It is not so. Maybe this person just does not see the situation from your point of view. The fact that you allowanother person to be different somewhat reducesthe heat of the conflict; as soon as youbegin to hurl accusations at the other person , you hear in response, “You take a closer look at yourself!” No man ever thinks he/she is bad; we give credit for any success in life to ourselves; we blame our failures and sins on the circumstances. The double standards system of thinking provokes the waterfallmutual accusations inthe heat a conflict.
Questions and Answers You may have gotten an impression that conflicts are the basic aspect of relationships between the types. But in those relationships there are a few interesting things besides conflicts. We simply began our study from the description of relationships from the point of view of conflictology. In fact, we described the field of typological conflictology; therefore the zones of conflict were in the main focus. We may choose different approaches to the study of relationships between the types, for example, how to seduce people of different types? There are a few social situations, which should be considered from the point of view of typology: education, child raising, etc. Let us say that my third function is elationships r (a Don Quixote). What types can teach me something in this area? First of all, a Hamlet and a Hugo, because it is their first function. Then, a Dumas and a Tutankhamon – this is their second (creative) function. ADostoevsky, a Dreiser, a Napoleon and a Huxley know how to solve my problems. These four types know a lot of interesting things in this area that I do not know . My creative function: the zone of my realization, the zone of risk. Three other types share this zone with me: a Robespierre, a Zhukov and a Maxim. They can be a good aid to me in my creativity in spite of all the potential conflict areas that we share. A Dreiser can tell me extremely interesting things concerning those things that I fear, because my fear of completed form is in the area ofa Dreiser's and a Maxim's creative function. This is a Napoleon’s and a Zhukov’s strongest function, and they provide me with information on how to behave in a situation connected to my zone of fears. - How do I avoid conflicts
with people of my 'confl icti ng' typ es? I ha ve a friend, a nd
we do not fight, it happened only once … - You see, you do not live with your friend. You go fishing together. Youget along in circumstances, which are pleasant for both of you, which do not generate conflicts. Conflicts arise in close relationships. - What kind of relationships do a Don Quixote and a Dostoevsky have? - A Dostoevsky is the 'supervisor'. A Dostoyevsky’s creative function is ina Don Quixote’s zone of the first function. A Don Quixote's attitude is as follows: he (a Dostoevsky) seems to be a good person, but a bit too petty. - What is the difference between the mirage and t he quasi-ide ntical relationships?
- Relationships of quasi-identity are alsolabeled as 'relationships of parallel intelligence.' It is possible to put it this way: those things thatone has in his consciousness the other hasit in his subconsciousness. In theserelationships people hardly understand motives and values of each other, and they do not understand each other's creativity at all. Creative function of the one is in the zone of ignoring of the other.There is no ground for a potential conflict . One partner does not see the other; the two people operate in completely different,parallel realms. As to the mirage relationships, the situation is similar. In quasi-identicalrelationships there is a feeling of misunderstanding, but inmirage relationships there is an illusion of understanding. You think that you understandyour partner very well, but later things happen and you realize you did not understand anything. It is like a screw with a left-hand thread: you think that you screw in, but suddenly – oops! – the nut falls off…Mirage relationships might be very pleasant, warm, but at some pointthey may blow up with a totally unexpected conflict. - So the relationships are different, but the result is t he same ? - It is not quite so. The relationships with parallel intelligence are less complicated: there is no illusion of understanding; people do notbecome as close as in another relationship.But in the mirage relationships there is a dangerof becoming too close, when people begin to think they can actually live or work together. And only later people realize they do not know how to listen to each other or talk to one another.It happens. - It happens if people are not trained . - Even if people have been educated in this areait still may happen. It is just like thinking that doctors do not get sick. They are trained to diagnose but nevertheless they do get sick also. Here we have a similar situation. Even the most remarkable psychologists have psychological problems because they are people, and they communicate with other people within the framework of their types. This is why psychologists offer practical professional support to their colleagues. I do not have illusions regarding trained people. They simply know more and see better. - Training expands the spectrum of relationships , therefore it seems that the number of conflic ts shoul d decrease ? - There are no 'objective conflicts' in this world: all of them are subjective. The more rigidly someone identifies oneself with any form, the morehe/she is connected to t he existence of this form. Since this form is rigid, it collides hard withall other forms, and a conflict arises. Actually it is just the interaction of forms, but people fill these forms with energy, and serious problems arise, and then sciencesare birthed, for example, such as conflictology. Sometimes a constant stressful condition in either the conflict relationship or the supervision relationship makes a person think that their life is being studied as if under a microscope. A person lives with a feeling that he is constantly being examined andcontrolled at the same time. It is possible to lead a person outof this condition by teaching him/her some psychotherapy techniques, or else this person can be advised to change a job or career. Socionics is alive and breathing, there are experts whorecommend what place to chose, where a person would feel comfortable,they warn against occupations,and predict problems, etc. But anyway it is possible to learn to cooperate witha person of any type.
Lecture 5 Spatial Models. Socion Hyper structure Spatia l Models of Socion Spatial models proved to be a rather vivid and effective way to illustrate the fourdimensional structure of socion and its properties. We have already described one of them (the cube model) at the end of Lecture 1. Now we proceed to the socion hyper structure, a concept introduced by I.N.Kalinauskas.
We have a cube. But it is better to study the hyper structure of socionwith the help of an octahedron. Take a look at an octahedron sweep on the fig. 6.The cube has eight points.The octahedron (it might be represented as two tetrahedralpyramids conjugated at their bases) has eight planes; each of them corresponds to one element of the information metabolism. Here we can find all the functions and the minus-functions of each type. The quadral functions are grouped around each of the octahedron's four 'base' vertices: alpha (α) quadra – a Don Quixote, a Robespierre, a Dumas and a Hugo; beta (β) quadra – a Zhukov, a Maxim, a Tutankhamon and a Hamlet; gamma (γ) quadra – a Napoleon, a Dreiser, a Jack and a Balzac; delta (δ) quadra – a Dostoevsky, a Holmes, a Huxley and a Gaben. The corresponding minusfunctions we find on the opposite sides of the octahedron . … Fig.6The Octahedron Sweep. Socion Hyper Struct ure.
On the sides of the octahedron we can immediately find, for example, the types with the objective sensoring as one of the leading functions. These area Zhukov (s ensory-logical type), a Napoleon (sensory-ethical type), a Maxim (logical-sensory type) and a Dreiser (ethicalsensory type). The subjective logical types are logical-intuitive (a Robespierre), logical-sensory (a Maxim), intuitive-logical (a Don Quixote) and sensory-logical (a Zhukov). Further, objective intuitive types are intuitive-ethical extrovert (Huxley) and the intuitive-logical extrovert a ( Don Quixote), and also ethical-intuitive introvert (a Dostoevsky) and logical-intuitive introvert (a Robespierre)… and so on. This is the sweep of the so-called hyper structure of socion. And now if you need to draw the Kalinauskas Steering Wheel for anyof the types (for example, for a Zhukov) you can easily find its elements on the sides of the octahedron. The first function - objectivesensoring the second - subjective logic
; the third - objective ethics
;
; the fourth - subjective intuition
. The minus-functions are on the opposite sides. As I.N.Kalinauskas observed, the typological environment of a person may change depending on the function, whichis mostly used during thegiven period of life. us begin with the first function.and In thearea of aEach Zhukov's first function there are moreLet types: a Napoleon, a Dreiser, a Maxim. of these three types can three offer something new toa Zhukov, some important informationneeded for his/her first function. In the area of the second (creative) function (the area of realization) there are three more types –a Don Quixote, a Robespierre, a Maxim. As a rule, if a Zhukov is mostly engaged in an activity where he/she is using his/her second function, people of these types tend to gather around him (her). Alternatively, when the person is mostly busy solving his (her) personal problems, the company differs: in a Zhukov's case the following four types – a Tutankhamon, his dual who can tell a lot about a Zhukov's problems from an unusual point of view;a Hamlet - the activator; a Dumas (sensory-ethical type) with the creative function corresponding toa Zhukov's problem zone; and a Hugo (ethical-sensory type). These four types helpa Zhukov gather knowledge concerning the area of problems. Ifthe number of people of the typesdrawn to a Zhukov increases, it is a signof the upcoming problems. And, at last, the fourth function - the zone of motives, "I desire", area of comfort zone. Here the principle of a good place works: a person is looking for a good and comfortable place to be. The following four typesreveal to a Zhukov his/her true desires and help him/her define "a good place”: a Hamlet, a Tutankhamon, a Jack London and a Balzac. In the course of popularization of the ideas about compatibility of types a phenomenon appeared, it could be described as some kind of “typological chauvinism”. We hope thatour simple description of the socion hyper structure will helpour students to realize that there is no need to push those people away who seem to belong to “a wrong type' or “another quadra”. Every person transmits certain information and usually it is the information thatyou need at that very moment when you communicate with this person.It is necessary to learn how to receive. So it is possible to draw 16 Steering Wheels for 16 types, or make one octahedron and simply turn it to find a personality structure. This is the most compact model representing information on socionics. By the way, on the same octahedron it is easy to find another model of personality suggested by A. Augustinavičiūtė (the so -called " model A") which we do not refer to in this work.
The cube and the octahedron are equally effective models containing the same information. Both of them can be an effective toolfor learning socionics. Socionics have practical value only if you master basic structures; otherwise it will remain an abstract knowledge. Let us get back to the octahedron. On the fig. 7 the base supporting the octahedron is given. It is a cube with the top removed. Thisbase shows all the relationships between the types. Turning the octahedron with regard to the base it is possible to easily find the relationships between all the 16 types. side
side
1st
nd
2
side
*ID* - identity
*K* - kinship
*SV* - Supervisor
*C* - conflict
*D* - duality
*sD* - semi-dual
*RE* - Requestor
*qID* - quasi-identical
3rd
*S* - super-ego
4
th
*B* - business
side
*UC* - subordinate, UNDER
*M* - mirror
CONTROL *N* - n eutralizing
*m* - mirage
*RER*- Server, request receiver
*A* - activation
Fig.7 Cube base sweep. … Fig.8 The spatial socion model.
All the 16 types of relationships are present here. For example, when I need to find out what kind of relationships has a Maxim and a Huxley, I turn the octahedron to match'a Maxim' with the 'Identity' on the cube base. Then I look at 'a Huxley' on the octahedron, and get a 'Conflict' on the cube. It means thata Maxim and a Huxley have conflict relationships. To determine the kind of relationships a type has with other types inthe same part of the octahedron (top or bottom) we look at the top rowof the base cube (where 'Identity' is located). To determine the kind of relationships a type has with the types located in other parts of the octahedron look at the bottom row of the cube.If the type would not match with 'Identity',flip the octahedron over (fig. 8).
Lecture 6 The Attributes of the Socion Dichotomy
K.G.Jung in his work [19] offers a description ofthe realm of a personality based on four independent (orthogonal) criteria: extraversion - introversion, intuition sensorial, intellect – emotion, and rationality - irrationality. These criteria divide therealm of a personality into 16 sectors that correspond to the 16 types [1, 21]. Let us examine a multitude S comprised of the 16 types. As it was mentioned, this multitude is called a socion. We will label an ordered pair ofmultitudes as “the multitude S cut" where multitudes and m// supplement other to S, at the same time they dointo nottwo haveparts any common elements.mNotice, each of Jung'seach criteria is up a multitude S cut, it breaks it up consisting of eight types each. Thus any pair of attributes divides the socion into four equal parts with four types in each. Let's choose at random any pair from 4 Jungian criteria: X= and Y= (1) Here x, x//; y,y// aremultitudes, each is a half of the socion, i.e.each consists of eight types. Two attributes, X and Y, divide the multitude S into four partswith four types in each (fig. 9). Fig.9 Two orthogonal sections divide the socion
As could be easily observed, there is one more attribute …….. (2) it also divides the multitude S into two equal parts (here and further the symbol of intersection operation is omitted: xy stands for theintersection ofthe multitudes x and y). All of the three attributes X, Y and Z are the sections of the multitude S, and any pair of these attributes divides S into four multitudes that consist of four types each. Let us label these sections as interdependent sections (see paragraph 2.5, Part II). The mathematical reflection of this interdependence is a binary operation ofproduct of sections. Let us write it down as follows: ….. (3) Let us consider the characteristics of bipolar attributes. With the help of the expression (3) it is easy to prove that for the introduced operation ofproduct of sections the followingratios are true:
X Z = Y, Y Z = X, X X = Y Y = Z Z = E, X E = X; Y E = Y; Z E = Z,
(4)
where Е is the identical section (Е = ; ￆ – the empty set). Here are some of them: 1. 2. Analogously to the expression (5) it is easy to obtain the followingratio: X ￅ Y ￅ Z = E.
(6)
Hereafter the sections satisfying toratio (6) will be called linearly dependent. Thus to the four subsets allocated on themultitude S correspond three linearly dependent axes. These three attributes possess certain characteristics. What are these characteristics? Any pair of attributes divides the socion into 4 equal partswith four types in each of them. The two attributes (X, Y) produced a third attribute (Z); it was not there earlier. It appears now, but from the mathematical point of view it is absolutely equivalent to the srcinal two, i.e. all threeattributes are mathematically equivalent. What are the characteristics of the multitude of attributes {X, Y, Z , E }? It is easy to prove that this set (later denoted as Q4) is an Abelian group regarding the operation of multiplication introduced on it (tab. 9). Table 9
The multiplication table for the Q
X
Y
Z
E
X
E
Z
Y
X
Y
Z
E
X
Y
Z
Y
X
E
Z
E
X
Y
Z
E
4 group
In mathematics this group is known as the quaternarygroup [6], or Kell's group andit is rather popular in different applications. In physics it is the group of double antisymmetry СРТ = { I, P , T, C} that has fundamental value in the quantum field theory [18].Jean Piaget applied this group in psychology. The group of propositional operationsIRNC [10] received by himduring the research of the process of intellectual structures formation is isomorphic to the Q4 group.
Let us return to the four attributes introduced by K.G.Jung: Х1, Х2, Х3 and Х 4. There are no interdependent attributes among them, hence these fourattributes are sufficient for defining all of the 16 types of the socion.This set of attributes we acknowledge as the BASIS OF TYPOLOGY. Let us try to make all possible products of attributes for the given basis according to the expression (3): Х5 = Х1 ￅ Х2, Х6 = Х1 ￅ Х3, Х7 = Х1 ￅ Х4, Х8 = Х2 ￅ Х3, Х9 = Х2 ￅ Х4, Х10 =Х3 ￅ Х4
Х11 = Х1 ￅ Х12 = Х1 ￅ X13 = X1 ￅ X14 = Х2 ￅ Х15 = Х1 ￅ ,
Х8 = Х1 ￅ Х2 ￅ Х3, Х9 = Х1 ￅ Х2 ￅ X4, X10 = X1 ￅ X3 ￅ X4, Х10 = X2 ￅ Х3 ￅ Х4, Х14 = Х1 ￅ Х2 ￅ Х3 ￅ Х4. (7)
Obtained sections together with the four initialattributes of the Jungian basis constitute 15 ways of splitting the socioninto equal parts. By the way of simple enumeration it is easy to show that these 15 sections are pair wise orthogonal. It is also obvious that any of those combinations does not generate any new sections. Let us now consider the set Q16 = {Х1, Х2..., Х 15, Е}.
(8)
Table 11 provides descriptions of allthe types according to the Q16 attributes. Similarly to the Q4 multitude, the multitude of sections Q16 is also an Abelian groupas far as the operation of multiplicationis concerned. Table 10 is the multiplication table for this group. Let us look now at some interestingcharacteristics of the Q16 multitude: 1. Any two attributes are orthogonal on the set of types (tab. 11). 2. The product of sections can be obtained directly from table 11 bymeans of traditional arithmetic multiplication of corresponding elementsin rows and columns. 3. Each row in table 11 is a standard description ofa type with its 15 attributes. Each column can be considered as a description of some bipolar attribute by means of a multitude of types. 4. Any pair of types has 7agreeing and 8 disagreeing attributes of Q16 (see tab. 11). 5. Each element of the Q 16 group can be presented as a product of multiplication of 2 other elements in 7 different ways (tab. 10). Let us take a look at how many independent fours (bases) can be obtained from these 15attributes of the socion dichotomy. Let us consider the procedure of constructing a basis: 1. Possible beginnings– all pairs (ХiXj), where i, j = 1 … 15; iﾹ j. (9) All pairs are permitted. 2. Let us consider the triples: XiXjXn. For the pairs XiXj are not permitted Хn1 = Xi
Xn2 = Xj
Xn3 = XiXj, where i ﾹ j.
(10) For Х n3 the following ratios are true: Хn3 Xi = Xj
Xn3 Xj = Xi.
(11) 3. Thus the following number of elements isallowed for gluing with each of the pairs: 15 - 3 = 12 elements. 4. In the full set of triples there isa triplesuperfluity, i.e. the following is present
(12)
(Хi Хj) Хn = Хi (Хj Хn) = (Хi . Хj) Хn 5. Total of triple bases: 12): (1053х= 420.
(13)
(14)
6. The quadruple (Хi Хj Хn) Хk, where k = 1 … 15. Interdictions on gluingto triples: 1) Хk1 = Хi 2)Xk4 = Xi Xj
Хk2 = Хj
Xk5 = Xi Xn
Хk3 = Хn;
Xk6 = Xj Xn.
3) Xk7 = Xi Xj Xn.
(15)
7. The full set of quadruples also has somesuperfluity:
(Xi Xj Xn) Xk = (Xj Xn Xk) Xi = (Xn Xk Xi) Xj = (Xk Xi Xj) Xn. Total number of the quadruples: [420х (15 - 7)]: 4 = 840. Consequently, it is possible to form 840 equal bases from the elements of the 16 Q group. It means that when testing by 15 pair wise orthogonal scales there are 840 various ways to define a type. The traditional Jungian basis is only one of 840 possible variants. Since the characteristics are equal, in theory we obtained a group of 15 pair wise orthogonal sections of socion, including the four Jung's basic dichotomies.When testing it makes sense to usethe interdependent scaleswith group structure because they allow to check results over and over again and provide a reliable definition of a type. From the mathematical point of view all elements of themultitude Q16 are absolutely equitable and have no advantage one over another.However the issue of their informal interpretation is more difficult. Thus there was an idea to find out what personal qualities correspond to these new characteristics of the socion’s dichotomy. Experiments were carried out, and A.Augustinavičiūtė published a new work, The Theory of Reinin Criteria [4]. How were the semantics of these attributes obtained? On the one hand A.Augustinavičiūtė obtained them in theory by studying the A model, on the other hand – she did experiments. To define the psychological content of the new 11attributes an inverse problem method was used, i.e. she was testing people whose type had been already known. For this purpose a socion was gatheredtogether, then it was split into groupsaccording to their attribute. Experts worked with each group tofind out the properties of the poles in a dichotomy attribute. The groups were given simple tasks revealing the semanticsand the specifics of these attributes. Both verbal and non-verbal manifestations of those attributes wererecorded. The experts were not informed about the principles of splittings. As a result of those and other experiments, as well asa result of A.Augustinavičiūtė'stheoretical calculations [4] 15 semantic axes corresponding to the 15 socion dichotomies (tab. 12) were defined. They are listed below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
extroverts - introverts. statics - dynamics. inquiring - asserting (questim - declat im). positivists - negativists. intuitive - sensing . logicians - ethicals. tacticians - strategists. constructive - emotional. irrational - rational. compliant - stubborn. careless - farsighted .
12. leftists - rightists (individualist s - coll ectivists). 13. subjectivists - objectivists (cheerful - s erious). 14. reasonable - resolute. 15. democrats - aristocrats. Each pole of any of these dichotomous attributes is a general characteristic of those pe op le wh o be lo ng to a gi ven gr ou p of ty pes . Ea ch of th e [1 6] typ es ca n be di vi de d in to two equal groups according to the domineering attribute, and any pair of those dichotomous attributes divides the 16 types into four equal groups. Thus, as is shown in table 12, for any pair of types seven attributes coincide and eight attributes are different. According to A.Augustinavičiūtė, the specifics of th e attributes (according to the A model) are determined by a combination of ' ps yc hic el e me nt s ( or ' aspects)' . These attributes are described in socionics with different degree of detailing and can be us ed bo th fo r diagnosing and describing a type . The number of terms used for designating of the attributes does not correspond to the psychological content of the attributes , which includes not only the human be ha vi or , bu t als o the deep psychological mechanisms of the psyche .
Brief characteristics of the attributes of dichotomy Ex tr ove rsi on - int ro ve rsi on. There are a number of definitions of these poles. From our point of view, the most accurate is the following definition : an extrovert is a pe rs on inwardly directed at external objects; an introvert is a person inwardly directed at the subject. It is possible to say that this pa rti cu la r divi sio n of a socion is done according to a pe rs on s' in ne r di rec ti on to wa rd a wh ole : in one case the whole is on the inside, in the other case it is on the out side. This attribute divides a socion into two groups differing in the direction of Don Quixote , Hugo , Huxley , Holmes , Napoleon , Jack consciousness: extroverts Lo nd on , Zhukov , Hamlet; introverts Balzac , Tutankhamon , Dreiser , Dostoevsky , Dum as , Gaben , Robespierre , Maxim . The st atic s – the dy na mi c s. According to A.Augustinavičiūtė, statics pay more attention to the constant characteristics of objects; when they need to adjust they ar e more flexible and active. The dynamic people pay more attention to th e changing characteristics of objects, they are less mobile and are inclined to observing. This attribute divides a socion into two parts according to a degree of psychological mobility: eight static types, eight dynamic ones. During the experiments a group of the statics has a united structure, they are monolithic; a group of the dynamics is similar to a glass of bubbling champagne. The questims – the dec la tim s. They are characterized by a constant pronounced interrogative or affirmativetone of speech. According to A.Augustinavičiūtė, "in the eyes ofa questim there isalways a question mark; in the eyes ofa declatim there is always an exclamation mark..." The questims would rather ask questions, and the declatims would rather give orders, accordingly they speak: onespeaks with an interrogative intonation, the other - with an affirmative intonation. If you pay attention to this in a conversation with close people you caneasily spot this feature. You will see that this isa rather obvious division of people.The questim, for example, gives lectures or reports using an interrogative
intonation. The declatim, on the other hand,speaks with assurance even about things he/she doubts or is not confident about. This attribute divides people according to the way people represent information to others. During an experiment in one of the groups questions were dominating, in the other group affirmative intonation prevailed. The p osi ti vi st s – the ne ga tiv ist s. This is a division of types according to their reaction to new information. The n egativist's first reaction is usually negative: "No". Later he/she can accept, agree to something, but the very first reaction is always aversion. Positivists' first reaction is acceptance. You can try to observe people yourself from this point of view. How do you receive new information even before you know
whether it corresponds to your description of the world or not? Imagine something completely new presents itself to you. In one case it is a tendency to protect the description of the world, in the other – a tendency to change and expand . This could remain unnoticed if not observed specially. But simple observation reveals this attribute. The poles questim – declatim and negativism – positivism are observed during an experiment in a socion much better than extroversion – introversion or rationality – irrationality . Even in everyday life they are more noticeable.
Int ui tio n - se ns or ing . This attribute is one of the Jungian basic attributes; it characterizes orientation either on the sphere of sensations, the form and physical characteristics of objects (sensoring) or the rhythmic characteristics and processes,
po te nti al of a siWhat tu ati are on or ob je ct (i nt uit io ?n).Basically A socionthey has eight intuitive andineight sensing types. theirancharacteristics are relationships time and space . The sensoring type is a type that likes activity; this type is pre se nt 'h er e an d now' more than the intuitive type who seems to be stretched along the time axis. Let us imagine the four-dimensional space-time continuum: the intuitive type are pe rc eive d to be co mp re ss ed in sp ac e, bu t so to say stretched in time, and the sensoring type, on the contrary, are compressed in time, but is more vivid in pr es en t. The s ensory types occupy much more space. All four types have the same four-dimensional size of space-time. The four-dimensional space-time continuum here is more of a metaphor than a physical reality. The sensoring type is here and no w, the person’s energy is "more present." And an intuitive person might be of a large complexion , bu t he /s he is ha rd ly not ic ea bl e . The i ntuitive pe op le occupy less space than the sensoring ones and they are not as efficient in exploring space. During an experiment this attribute is rather vivid : the eight intuitive people in a room can hardly be noticed, but the eight sensing people fill the whole room and overwhelm others. The logicians – the ethicals. This attribute is also one of the Jungian basic attributes (thinking – feeling). A socion has eight logical types and eight ethical types. The logicians are the pe op le who rely on understanding, explanations, whereas the ethicals are the pe op le who trust in relationships and emotions to guide them in their lives, their lives are ruled by emotions . This attribute characterizes a person’s orientation either toward the sphere of human relationships and emotions (ethicals), or toward the world of objective facts and laws (logicians). It is possible to say that this is a distinction of pe op le by the wa y they solve their problem of choice. Some make choices based on their emotions; the choices of others are ba se d on kn ow le dge an d lo gi c. The ta cti ci ans – the st ra te gists. This attribute be co me s evi de nt in people's relationships . Th e tacticians are capable of pro vi di ng immediate support, they can advise on tactics and give short-term financial support. They can give advice on practical be ha vi or in specific situations. They never check up on you to see if you have used their advice . Th e strategists are inclined to give strategic advice; they offer their energy and time . They are not as flexible in the area of compromise . They can grasp a situation as a whole at th e first glance. This attribute is poorly studied. I think that this division is made on the basis of the type’s attitude to material objects. The tacticians are characterized by manipulation with objects; the strategists – by foresight, care, accumulation of experience, desire to pr ovi de for everything . This, by the way, corresponds to th e semantics of the terms " the strategist" and " the tactician" quite well. Constructive - emotional . This division is made on the basis of different ways of establishing a relationship . 'The constructive' people be gi n a “business” conversation with ease , and devote a significant part of the dialogue to business (even if there is no bu sin es s at all , he /s he wo uld th in k it up to have a reason to stay in touch ). For 'the emotional' people the emotional aspect of a dialogue is very important and it is sufficient enough for them to initiate a relationship . The c onstructive person would
approach someone for a business reason only; the emotional pe rs on th in ks th at an emotion is a good enoug h reason to approach a person. We have studiedthe so-called individual attributes. The following attributes are dyadic, i.e. these are the attributes common for two dual types. In socionics a pair of types ina dual relationship is termed 'a dyad'. Irra ti ona lit y - ra tio na lit y. This pair is also one of Jung's basic pa ir s; it corresponds to Krechmer's cy c lo thy mi c - schizothymic pair. There are eight rational and eight irrational types in a socion. The r ational types are characterized by a subtle change in sensitivity, whereas th e irrational types – by fluctuations of mood. The r ational types are more focused and stable . The i rrational types are characterized by a roller coaster o f emotions varying from elation to depression, abundance of energy to exhaustion . The extreme
stage of the irrationality is known as the manic depressive syndrome. Here we do not touch upon any of the aspects of the 'big psychiatry', as we consider only people with ba sic all y wh ole so me me nta li ty, wh o ar e integrated in the society: here we stay within the 'psycholog ical norm'. I believe that the irrationality – rationality attribute is inborn. Some scientists suppose that it corresponds to a dominant side of cerebral hemisphere . In the rational types the left hemisphere (verbal – logic) is dominant, in the irrational – the right one is responsible for creative thinking. During the experiments be ha vi or in th e ir rat io na l typ es ’ gr ou p wa s characterized by great amplitude of emotional fluctuations. The group seemed to rock and sway . The other group ( th e rational types), on the contrary, as though finds a common frequency, reducing the amplitude of fluctuations. Other attributes are studied less thoroughly . The Compliant – the st ub bor n (the terms offered by A.Augustinavičiūtė). The compliant types are inclined to a void conflicts, they are hardworking, and they strive for good relationships. The stubborn ones' have a motto “ attack is the best defense. ” they
wouldRegarding not concede Re i ni n’ s thiseasily. scale more studies should be done; in A.Augustinavičiūtė's Theory of At trib ut e s it is discussed briefly , though all the data there is preliminary. The ca re le ss – the pr ud ent . The attribute corresponds to the orientation either to one's own ideas and estimation of situation or to some objective methods, laws, ways of pr ac ti ca l re ali za ti on . Th e ca re le ss typ es pa y their attention to the available resources and po te nti al op po rt un iti es to do so me th in g. The prudent types rely on the ability to plan. This attribute is also poorly studied. In socionics there are more of the unknown issues than of the known ones . For example, the typology of small groups is virtually a virgin land waiting to be research ed . I believe it will be ploughed in the future. The theory exists , now pr act ic al re se ar ch is needed . The following three attributes are quadral . They are the basis of the "quadral language". The Le ft – th e rig ht . The attribute reflects the fact that a type belongs to one of the two “rings of social progress.” The left "ring" is focused on t he future and the potential opportunities of a situation; the right "ring" is focused on the past and on "summarizing of the results ." It has been also noticed that the division into eight 'left' and eight 'right' types corresponds to the lifestyles. In one case ('right' types) it is collectivism, communalism, in the other ('left' types) - individualism and, in extreme cases, asceticism. During the history of mankind there have been an equal number of a ll of these styles of life . Recently I read a book by the remarkable Serbian writer, Milorad Pavic, L ands ca pe Pa inted wi th Tea . It narrates about the monks of the Athon monastery. It turns out there is a clear distinction (among the congregation) between the so-called communals and he r mits (or cenobites and idiorythmics as the author calls them). Each
of the hermits had a cell and even a small hermitage; others lived together and had everything in common. These two tendencies have been parallel in history; ju st at t im es one or the other prevailed . The author of the novel speaks about this par t ic ula r attribute , about the differences of the communal and the hermit styles of life.
These are definitely two different ways of life: there are people who can work only in a team, but others, on the contrary, work alone and alone only in the calm of an office . During the experiments the collectivists are quick to hear and understand the other members of the group. The Subjectivists – the obj ec tiv ists. Distinction was made according to the attitude to the reality. The subjectivists lean more on understanding, explanations, descriptions,
and concepts. a new task they as try thtoe extend their knowledge and determine theirWhen position. Theypresents may be itself labeled c heerful bunch . The objectivists are more focused on the objective world, facts, authorities, reliable data. The alternative name for them i s serious .
and
The reasonable – the resolute. The reasonable ones consider the potential opportunities, intheir relationships they are giving, they want to please and be interesting(sexually also). The resolute are mostly focused on the immediateexperience of a relationship, and the pleasure that he/she is getting. This distinction is true in the intimate sphere also . The two types may also be named the givers and the takers. It is also possible to say that the attribute divides the types according to their understanding of the integrity of situation. In one case it isthe integrity of the external situation (to give pleasure to the partner), in the other case it is the integrity of the internal situation (to get pleasure in the process). The alpha quadra and delta quadra (reasonable) are on the first pole (integrity of external situation – objective intuition). Beta quadra and gamma quadra (resolute) are on the second pole (integrity of internal situation – subjective intuition). The De mo cr ats – the ar ist oc ra ts. The attribute manifests itself as a universal characteristic of fellowship . The democrats find it easy to establish horizontal relationships, get on friendly terms, become friends and partners. The aristocrats are more aware of the hierarchies; they keep people at a distance, more prone to establishing vertical re lationshi ps. There are two democratic quadras: the alpha-quadra and the gamma-quadra. There are two aristocratic quadras – the beta-quadra and the delta-quadra . The difference be twe en the two democratic quadras may be summed up as follows: alpha-quadra is characterized by democracy in relationships . These people are obviously inclined to democratic style of speech, clothes. " I hat e we ar in g a su it , it is uncomfortable, I will if I have to wear it ”, - might a Do n Qu ixo te say. When for a Ho lme s , for example, formal clothes are not an inconvenience. I know some people of this type who wear a tie and a suit even at home. The gamma-quadra are the 'democrats of the idea', their ideas are democratic but in their relationships they are somewhat distanced and 'buttoned up'. The beta-quadra are the 'formal aristocrats', they are the aristocrats of position and interaction. Delta-quadra is the 'aristocrats of spirit'. This attribute is revealed in betaquadra in a more formal, external way whereas in delta -quadra – more internally, deeply and ideologically. But they both share distanced and vertical re lationships. During the experiments these groups are easy to distinguish. The aristocrats try to distance themselves from others as much as possible, they never interrupt anybody; democrats speak all at once, frequently neglecting the common norms of politeness.
We have described allthe 15 considered sections of a socion. Identification of all these sections with certain personality traits not only opens ample opportunities to create essentially new tests (with higher reliability), but also allows reconsidering some of the accepted names and descriptions of types, whichhave been rigidly conformed tothe traditional Jungian basis for too long.
Jung chose the four attributesrandomly: it was a result of his way of thinking, the way he saw things. Had he used a different approach he could have discovered some other attributes and the types would have had other names today.
Lecture 7 The Analysis of the Relationships between the Types from the Point of View of the Group of Bipolar Attributes Let us choose a spectrum of concurrent attributes as a characteristic of relationships between a pair ofthe IM types. The analysis of table 12 from this point of viewproves that there are only 16 types of binary relationships between the 16 types in a socion (including the relationship of identity). Therefore there are 16 variants of spectrums of concurrent attributes between the two types represented in the rows of this table. The results of this analysis aregiven in table 13. This table clearly revealsthat: 1. Relationships within a quadra and relationships with the members of the opposite quadra unequivocally correspond to certain spectra. 2. Two different spectra correspond to the relationship of request. If the requester is a rational type then one spectrum is present, in case ofthe irrational requester - another spectrum is present. Similarthings happen in the relationship of c ontrol (see tab. 14). 3. Two kinds of relationships correspond ot each of the spectra designated by Greek letters μ, ζ, τ, and ω (see tab. 15). 4. Different spectra of attributes correspond to the relationships m, K, sD, B depending on the X10 attribute of the types included in it (see tab. 15). Thus, the available table of relationships between the types does not have afull conformity between designations of therelationships and their spectral characteristics. Let us consider this in more detail.
No.
Spectrum of concurrent attributes
Designation
Relationship
ID D
Identity Duality
A M
Activation Mirror Irrational request Irrational supervision
1 2 3 4 5 6
IRE ISV
7
μ
8
ζ
9
S
10
N
11 12 13 14
qID C RRE RSV
15
τ
16
ω
Notes
Asymmetrical irrational relationships (irrational rational)
Business cyclothyme + allied schizothyme Mirage cyclothyme + m - mirage quasi-dual schizothyme Super-ego SV; SE (Supervisor and Subordinate) supervision (asymmetrical) Neutralizing (complete opposition) Quasi-identical Conflicting Rational request Asymmetrical rational Rational supervision relationships (rational
Allied cyclothyme + business schizothyme Semi-dual cyclothyme +
irrational)
mirage schizothyme
Splitting of Asymmetric
al Relations hips
Table 14 demonstrates two obvious types of asymmetrical relationships: 1. Rational: rational type irrational type. 2. Irrational: irrational type rational type. In rational relationships (tab. 14) a rational type is the requestor or the supervisor, in irrational relationships – an irrational type. We do not know yet whether the types of relationships of supervision and request substantiallydiffer from the one another and, if they do, then how; though some data lend empirical support to it.When these divisions replace the srcinal ones (requestor server and supervisor subordinate), first of all, we have a bisection of spectrums of relationships and their designations, and second of all, we may study asymmetric relationships in mathematical uniformity with the symmetric relationships without their meanings being distorted. This uniformity essentially facilitates the analysis of relationships in small groups.
Splitting of Relations hips: Mirage , Business, Kins hip and Semi- duality In this case the situation is moredifficult, than that with the asymmetricrelationships. On the one hand, in [1] the four symmetricrelationships are described which do not have an unequivocal conformityto any spectrum of attributes (see tab. 15), on the other hand, there are four spectra that do not have unequivocal conformityto any of the relationships. In tab. 15 spectra of examinedrelationships are If we accept that spectra μ and ω are the characteristics of certain , presented ζ, τ, separately. relationships between the types, as it happens in all other cases, then additional analysis of these types of relationships and respective amendments in the theory ofrelationships between the types is required. If it is not so, then we haverelationships of some special sort which have one spectral characteristic forthe Irrational types, and another one forthe Rational types. In case of full conformity ofrelationships to their spectral characteristics a new table of relationships between the types will be different (tab. 16), it will be more symmetric than the srcinal variant offered by A.Augustinavičiūtė and V.Leshkjavichjus (see tab. 2). The new table considers the 16 types of relationships, 8 of them have not been described yet, and 4 of them do not have names yet. The new table of relationships between the typesallows us to proceed to the analysis of psychological forms that are more complex than a pair, i.e.we may begin to study thetypology of small groups. Tab.14 Asymmetric Relationships
Relationships
Pair Samples
RRE -Rational request
A Ho lm es – a Do n Quixote a Ma xi m - a Bal zac A Ja ck Lo ndo n-a Zh uk ov A Rob es pi e rr e - a Gaben A Do n Qu ix ot e – a
IRE - Irrational request
Spectrum of Concurrent Attributes
Ham le t A Bal za c – a Dos to ev sky A Na po le on – a Ho lm es A Du ma s – a Ma x im Rational
A Do sto ev sk y – a Do n Quixote A Ha ml et – a Ba lz ac A Ho lm es – a Du ma s A Ja ck Lo nd on – a Tutankhamon
ISV - Irrational supervision
A Do n Qu ix ote - a Ma xi m A Ba lza c – a Ho lm es A Tutankhamon – a Hug o A Gaben – a Ja ck Lo nd on
RSV supervision
Tab. 15 Spectra of Relationships B Business τ
K Kinship μ
m Mirage ω
sD Semi-duality ζ
ζ
ω
Schizothyme
μ
τ
Cyclothyme
Note: μ, ζ, τ, and ω are spectra designations
Lecture 8 Small Groups
Morphology o f Small Groups Man is a social being. When people join a group some of the aspects of their mentality change, essentially changes the speed, the force and the character of their reactions to the environment. When relationships in a group change then manifestations of personality traits change also. A person's behavior in certain circumstances cannot be correctly understood out of context of the parameters of the group to which the person currently belongs. The idea of creating of a group with predetermined properties is not new. Properties of a group, an integral psychosocial object, are determined, on the one hand, by psycho physiological properties of its separate members, on the other hand– by the structure of personal connections within the group. Let us try to approach the problem of group formation from thepoint of view of the relationships between the types’ structure. We are able to do that due to the typological approach to interpersonal relationships developed by A .Augustinavičiūtė [1, 2, 3]. We will examine small groups, whichdiffer in their spectra of relationships between the types.
Theoretical Analysis
A detailed description of the typology of various pairs isgiven in A.Augustinavičiūtė's work [1]. Table 12 presents the attributes of a socion’s dichotomy. Classification of pairs is given elsewhere, here we note that in any of the 15 possible pairs, as illustrated in tab. 12, seven attributes coincide and eight do not. It is possible to say that in a pair eight polarattributes become neutralized. It takes four orthogonal attributes to identify a type, i.e. the space of a type is fourdimensional. There are only tree dimensions in the space of a pair, i.e. only three orthogonal attributes are needed to identify a pair. We now proceed to examine groups whose spaces are two-dimensional, namely quadruples; they are a product of splitting the socion by two bipolarattributes. The total number of the splittings is equal to the number of combinations of fifteen by two: (1) However, for the triples of the interdependent attributes, for example 13 X , X14, X15, the results of the splitting of the socion into pairs X 13X14, X 14X15, X 13X 15 will be the same. Thus the number of these splittings of the set of 16 typesproduced by the given 15 attributes into four groups consisting of four types each will be: (2) Three attributes correspond to each splitting: (3) for which the following multiplication table (tab. 17) is fair. Tab.17 Multiplic ation Table for Three Interdependent Criteria
From the mathematical point of view criteria Xi, Xj , Xk together with the individual criteria E 16 group examined in form an 6. Abelian of the order which is a subgroup of quadras the Q Lecture As it isgroup illustrated in fourth tab. 12, when the socion is split into three criteria X13, X14, X15 in a quadra should coincide, and the other 12 criteriabecome uniformly neutralized, i.e. by these criteria the types of the quadra have two 'pluses' and two 'minuses'. Similar things will happen to the other 34 splittings. Tab.18 illustrates all 35 possible splittings of the socion by the pairs of orthogonal criteria into quadruples.
Tab.18 Variants of Splitting of the Socion
N o. 1* 2* 3* 4* 5*
6* 7* 8 9 10 11 12 13* 14 15
into Quadruples
Name of the Four
Conjunction Attr ib utes
Quadra
X15, X14, X13 X15, X12, X11 X15, X10, X9 X15, X8, X7 X15, X6, X5
D, M, A D, qID, C D, S, N A, N, C qID, M, N
X15, X4, X1 X15, X3, X2 X14, X8, X1 X14, X6, X2 X14, X5, X3 X14, X7, X4 X14, X12, X9 X14, X11, X10 X13, X7, X1 X13, X5, X2
A, M, qID S, M, C A, ISV, μ¹ M, ISV, μ M, IRE, ζ A, ISV, ζ D, IRE, ISV D, μ, ζ A, RRE, τ M, RSV, τ
Blocking Club
of
Group Formula
Notes Described in detail in [1, 2, 3] Two conflicting dyads Group of suppression The most interesting sharing of personal opinions, discussion
16 17 18 19* Square 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
X13, X6, X3 X13, X6, X4 X13, X11, X9 X13, X12, X10 X12, X5, X1 X12, X1, X2 X12, X8, X3 X12, X6, X4 X11, X6, X1 X11, X8, X2 X11, X7, X3
M, RRE, ω A, RSV, ω D, RRE, RSV D, ω , τ IRE, qID, τ ISV, qID, τ IRE, RSV, ω ISV, qID, ω μ, qID, RRE μ, C, RSV Ζ, C, RRE
27 28* Bouquet
X11, X5, X4 X10, X2, X1
Ζ, qID, RSV μ, S, τ
29* 30* Health Group I 31* Health Group II 32* Request Ring 33* Control Ring 34 35
X10, X4, X3 X10, X7, X5 X10, X8, X6 X9, X3, X1 X9, X4, X2 X9, X8, X5 X9, X7, X6
ζ, S, ω ζ, N , τ μ, N, ω RRE, S, IRE RSV, S, ISV N, RSV, IRE N, RRE, C
Relaxation group
Accentuation of type, risk of aggravation of members' health condition
Increase of energy Destruction
* - Homogeneous groups 1
Description of IRE, ISV, RRE, RSV, μ, ζ, τ, and ω relationships see in Lecture 7
Notes: *ID* - identity *D* - duality *A* - activation *M* - mirror
*N* - neutralizing *S* - super-ego *qID*-quasi-identical
*RRE* -Rational request *RSV* - Rational supervision *IRE* - Irrational request
*C* - conflicting
*ISV* - Irrational supervision
μ ,ζ, τ, ω – symmetrical relationships
Let us picture a quadruple of types as a tetrahedron (fig. 10). Here 1Р, P2, P3 is the spectrum of relationships in the quadruple. The drawing clearly illustrates that each type is involved in all three relationships between the typesof t he spectrum. Fig. 10 T he tetrahedron of r elations hips in small groups
…
Apparently, the obtained class of small groups breaks up into two subclasses, which essentially differ one from another: 1. Groups with all their elements in identical relationship between the types: a set of three symmetrical relationships. This subclass consists of fifteen splittings. These groups will be labeled as homogeneous. 2. Splittings into heterogeneous groups. There are also three kinds of relationships. However, one pair of types having symmetricalrelationships is in more favorable intertype situation in relation to the other pair. There are 20 heterogeneous groups. Most of these groups have not been examined yet;and they seem to be very interesting from the point of view of extending our knowledge of small groups’ types and their properties. If we attach to a relationship symbol the value of an operator, which transforms one type into another, then all 16 relationships in a socion willform an Abelian (commutative) group of the 16th order. The group operationhere is the transition of one type into another, and the unit here is the relationship of identity, i.e. identical transition. Ina general form the multiplication table of relationships for the obtained 35 types of small groups isgiven in tab. 19. Tab. 19
Table of relationships multiplication in a complete group
R1
R2
R3
ID
R1
ID
R3
R2
R1
R2
R3
ID
R1
R2
R3
R2
R1
R3
ID
R1
R2
ID R3
ID
Notes: relationship of identity: ID: relationships in a group: R1, R2 and R3 Relationships in a quadruple together with therelationship of identity form a c ommutative group of the fourth order; this association of types is isolatedfrom the relationships between the types and possesses properties of the whole. This quadruple, being a projection of a socion, acts in it as a whole inside of the whole, therefore the homogeneous and heterogeneous groups obtained hereafter will receive a name : complete. These quadruples of types (by the analogy to the science of chemistry) can be considered as social molecules possessing various properties. In closing compare the table of small groups made with the use of habitual designations of relationships between the types according to the table of relationships offered by Augustinavičiūtė - Leshkiavitchus (see tab. 2). In tab. 20 it can be observed that from the point of view of relationships between the types’ system accepted now in socionics, five kinds of relationships are present in heterogeneous groups, whereas in homogeneousgroups only three are present. Table 20. S mall Groups
N o. 1 2 3 4 5
Name of the Four
Conjunction Attr ib utes
Quadra
X15, X14, X13
D, M, A
Described in detail in [1, 2, 3]
Blocking
X15, X15,
Two conflicting dyads Group of suppression
Club
X15, X8, X7 X15, X6, X5
D, qID, C D, S, N A, N, C qID, M, N
X12, X10,
X11 X9
6 7 8 9 10
X15, X4, X1 X15, X3, X2 X14, X8, X1 X14, X6, X2 X14, X5, X3
11 12
X14, X7, X4 X14, X12, X9
13 14 15 16
X14, X11, X10 X13, X7, X1 X13, X5, X2 X13, X6, X3
17
X13, X6, X4
18
X13, X11, X9
19 20 21
Square
X13, X12, X10 X12, X5, X1 X12, X1, X2
of
Group Formula
Notes
The most interesting sharing of personal opinions, discussion
A, S, qID M, S, C A, RER, B, K, RET M, UC, B, K, Cn M, RER, m, sID, RET A, UC, m, sID, Cn ID, RER, Uc, RET, Cn D, B, m A, RET, K, B, RER M, Cn, K, UC, B M, RET, SID, RER, m A, Cn, SID, UC, m D, RET, Cn, RER, UC Relaxation group D, SID, K RER, qID, K, B, RET UC, C, K, B, Cn
22
X12, X8, X3
23
X12, X6, X4
24
X11, X6, X1
25 26
X11, X8, X2 X11, X7, X3
27
X11, X5, X4
RER, Cn, sID, m, RET UC, qID, sID, m, Cn B, qID, RET, RER, K B, C, Cn, K, UC m, C, RET, sID, RER m, qID, Cn, sID, UC
28
Bouquet
X10, X2, X1
B, S, K
29 30 31 32 33 34
Health Group I Health Group II Request Ring Control Ring
X10, X4, X3 X10, X7, X5 X10, X8, X6 X9, X3, X1 X9, X4, X2 X9, X8, X5
m, S, sID m, N , k B, N, sID RET, S, RER Cn, S, UC N, RET, RER, Cn, UC N, RET, RER, Cn, UC
35
X9, X7, X6
Accentuation of type, risk of aggravation of members' health condition
Increase of energy Destruction
Notes: D - duality, M – mirror, A – activation, qID – quasi-identity, C – conflict, S – su per-ego, N – neutralizing, K – kinship, B – business, m – mirage, sID – semi-identity, RET – request transmitter (requestor), RER –request receiver, Cn – contr oller, UC – under contro l, servant.
Some D ata on Small Groups in a Socion A person’s behavior in a certain situation may depend on several factors: individual traits of character, the type of informational metabolism, certain specific factors of the situation; but to a great extent it depends on the intertype characteristics of the micro group where the person is currently located. Socionics helps to foresee the conflict-generating areas of a group as well as the conflicts. It is possible to construct the matrix of relationships in any given group and look at the potentially dangerous relationships. The value of any science consists in its predictive capacity. If a system is capable of predicting things, then it is living and working organism. In this sense socionics is a working prophetic system of knowledge. It allows minimizing the psychological price of our activity. Psychological cost should be taken into consideration when forming a group of co-workers. Thus in theory we obtained 35 types of small groups (quadruples), whichdiffer in spectra of intertype relationships (see tab. 18). 15 of them are symmetric groups with only symmetric relationships, and 20 groups are asymmetric (with asymmetricrelationships). We have made a lot of observations, and thus we may confidently a sy that a group acquires certain properties depending on the spectrum of the intertyperelationships in it. So far we have been able to investigate only a small number of these groups. The majority of them are not investigated yet, but research in this area is very important, itwould provide ample opportunitiesto form smaller groups with predetermined characteristics.
"Quadra" This group is described in detail in A. Augustinavičiūtė's works [1, 2, 3].Quadras are obtained by splittingof a socion according to two criteria (for examplesplit it into “aristocrats – democrats” and “objective people –subjective people”, and obtain four quadras). Every type in a "Quadra" will have a certain spectrum of relationships between the types inside the smaller
group. Each type has the same unchangeable spectrum . It is possible to saythat the spectrum of relationships in a "Quadra " constitutes the formula of this group. The formula ofa "Quadra" is activation, mirror, duality and identity. There are no other relationships in a "Quadra " . Every member has a dual, an activator and a mirror. In this sense the group is absolutely symmetric. The "Quadra" group has the following properties. In this group3 of the 15 criteria coincide: all other are as though mutually annihilated. All types in a"Quadra" are characterized by the same means of communication:all of them are either democrats or aristocrats. They share the same worldview: all of them are either subjective or objective in their judgments. In one case people are focused on the subjective reality, ontheir description of the world, in the other - on the objective reality,facts, reliable data. This scale is also termed “cheerful – serious.” Subjective people are cheerful, objective people are serious.And the third criterion differentiates types by the attitude to the integrity of a situation, or, as it was discovered, by their 'sexual program.' Two different sexual programs can be discerned: there are eight types who try to get pleasurefrom the process of intercourse (completeness of the internal situation), and there are also eight types who are focused on giving pleasure to the partner (completeness of the external situation). Ina "Quadra" this criterion is identical for all member types. The fact that these three criteria coincide generates a certain synergism, a common language, some initial mutual understanding. These are the people who can both work together and have fun together. Although there might be a tendency for the group interests to prevail over everything else, which is not good. This group is charged with energy, people in this group possess different abilities, and they support and compliment each other. A "Quadra" provides a perfect a tmosp here for bo th work and rela xation; in b oth cases it is a pleasa nt experience . There is a definite difference between a common company and a "Quadra". I do not think that there are conflict-free groups out there somewhere: conflicts may arise anywhere, duals are prone to it and so is a"Quadra" . Unlike most of the existing groups a "Quadra" has a common language, which allows its members to come to an agreement: they understand where the other is coming from. If a group does not have a similar language,inevitable. then it is They hard to come to an agreement on any given therefore conflicts become arise unexpectedly, and sometimes it issubject; completely impossible to determine where it will lead. If we choose another scale we will get another splitting of a socion, consequently other groups of types, other spectra of relationships inside of a group. Take, for example, the scales “logical - ethical” and “sensoring- intuitive”: as a result we will get the four very well known and described quadruples. These quadruples have been labeled "clubs". If we change the group formula then we obtain a new object with different qualities and properties. Here we have not quite touched Physics, but have already approached Chemistry: with the help of a formula we are able to design a social object with predetermined properties. And we can already identify the purpose and use of the group.
"Club" The formula of a "Club" is as follows: N, M, qID (neutralizing, mirror, quasi-identity). . A : the types are so different, they live in absolutely " Club" is a good place to discuss things different dimensions, and so that when they come together they can capture the whole picture. This group is good at brainstorming. Everyone sees a problem in his/her own way; therefore discussion may be fruitful and lead to success. However, this group is not fit for communal physical labor, attempts to make them work together in this area a prone to failure: one has one approach, the other another approach and so on. One is impulsive, another functions only according to a strict schedule; still another one works “from dusk till dawn”, the fourth –“from dawn till dusk", and etc. They will never agree, this group has no energy to work together, but there is a lot of energy for conversation. Four "Club" groups may be identified: 1. Intuitive-logical "Club". It is the t heorists' club. Jack London, a Balzac form it.
A Don Quixote, a Robespierre, a
2. Art "Club" . A Huxley, a Hamlet, a Dostoevsky and a Tutankhamon. Intuitive - ethical club. 3. Business "Club" . A Napoleon, a Dumas, a Hugo and a Dreiser. Sensing - ethical club. 4. Technocratic "Club" . A Zhukov, a Holmes, a Maxim and a Gaben. Logical - sensing club. All "Clubs" have the same formula of relationships: neutralization, quasi-identity and mirror. But the character of each group is different. It essentially differs from the character of quadras; for "Clubs" example, are it differs its level of energy as well as other parameters. These well inresearched. Each "Club" hasmany its specific properties; each "Club" (unlike quadras) has all the IM elements. Let's go back to the beginning for a moment: divide the socion into"Clubs" and look at the criteria X and Y; what kind of Z criterion will we get? To semantics of which criterion does it correspond? On one of the poles there are sensory ethics and intuitive logicians, and on the other pole - intuitive ethics and sensory logicians. To which criterion corresponds this division? The third criterion obtained by this observation is the “aristocrats- democrats” scale. We can also say: “Let's take two scales – “aristocrats - democrats” and “sensoring - intuitive” and receive the same kind of "Clubs" , i.e. the same division of a socion.” Those who are interested in those kinds of mind games may play away! It is interesting that chronologically the “aristocrats - democrats” scale appeared long before the work on the criteria of a socion’s dichotomy was published (1986). It was described in detail in A.Augustinavičiūtė's work “The Dual Human Nature” (1983), i.e. first of all the criterion itself was discovered, and only later the theoretical base was given to it.
" Square " , or the 'Re laxation Group' It is enough for the members of this group to simply get together sit down and they are immediately relaxed and happy. There is no need for introductions, suggestions, or relaxing music. Relaxation happens spontaneously and naturally. This type of a group works well for sessions of stress relief, autogenic training, meditation, etc. The "Square" help s its members to glide into trance much faster and smoother. 1. A Don Quixote, a Dumas, a Gaben, a Huxley. 2. A Holmes, a Dostoevsky, a Hugo, a Robespierre. 3. A Jack London, a Dreiser, a Maxim, a Hamlet. 4. A Zhukov, a Tutankhamon, a Balzac, a Napoleon. The formula for this group is B, sID, K (see tab. 20). Nobody knows why thisformula produces such result. It is a fact: when these people get together, the result is relaxation, period. It is possible that these groups have some other remarkable properties – we have not had an opportunity to investigate them yet.
"Blocking", or the ‘Suppression Group’ Here we have another set of relationships: S, N, D. Judging by the superficial manifestations the effect of this gathering on its members looks similar to the one of the "Square"; however, they do not go into a trance. When given a task they do not do anything. "It’s been some time. Any results?" –"Oh, everything's fine without any tasks…" They do not have a motive to fellowship with one another. When they are together they become irresponsible. The group is suitable for spending time on a vacation only. Significant decrease of physical, mental and emotional activity can be observed here. 1. A Don Quixote, a Balzac, a Napoleon, a Dumas. 2. A Holmes, a Maxim, a Hamlet, a Dostoevsky. 3. A Jack London, a Robespierre, a Dreiser, a Hugo. 4. A Zhukov, a Tutankhamon, a Gaben, a Huxley.
"Bouquet" This is a very interesting group especially from the point of view of its effect on the health of its members. People of certain types are prone to certain illnesses. Here we have four groups of types, each has a peculiar “bouquet of ailments.” 1. A Don Quixote, a Huxley, a Zhukov, a Napoleon. 2. A Dreiser, a Dostoevsky, a Robespierre, a Maxim. 3. A Holmes, a Jack London, a Hugo, a Hamlet. 5. A Balzac, a Gaben, a Dumas, a Tutankhamon. When we discovered these groups we came to the conclusion that contemporary hospitals are poorly managed. In fact, a hospital carries out two functions – that of a medical establishment and a hotel, i.e. people are treated and they live there for certain periods of time. It makes more sense to put people of the same quadra in a room together. Quadra would generate additional energy and support its members. In reality, patients are placed in wards according to the diagnosis, i.e. basically they are placed in "Bouquets.” This encourages further aggravation of their condition: their weaknesses come into a resonance with each other. We carried out a field research in a Rehabilitation Center in Sestroretsk, Russia. Patients are usually prescribed a one-month treatment. When during the experiment the patients were placed in wards according to their quadras, they recovered quicker and were ready to leave the hospital in less than a month in objectively better health condition. Unfortunately, we were not able to extend this experiment to any other hospitals in Russia, even though the beneficial effect of the experiment was obvious. Similar interesting discoveries are common in socionics.
" Health Group" Members of this group provide each other with additional energy. In 1,5-2 hours of being together all members of the group experience improvement in health condition, normalization of objective parameters such as blood pressure, pulse. 1. A Don Quixote, a Huxley, a Tutankhamon, a Balzac. 2. A Napoleon, a Zhukov, a Dumas, a Gaben. 3. A Dostoevsky, a Dreiser, a Hamlet, a Hugo. 4. A Holmes, a Jack London, a Robespierre and a Maxim.
"Social Control Ring” In this group three types of relationships are present: Controller, Servant andSuperego. All three kinds of relationships are difficult. Every member has his\her Controller and Servant. Atmosphere in this group is rather tense; people cannot do anything together. Even a simple thing like having a cup of tea becomes unbearable: people get headaches, tension grows, and everyone wishes they’d be somewhere else. It is interesting to note that all these things happen only when the ring is completed. When it is not, the environment for the [three] members of the group is more or less tolerable.But as soon as the fourth member steps into the room and the ring is completed things begin to fall apart. After spending about 15 minutes together the members of this group grow increasingly anxious and nervous. Take for example a group of a Don Quixote, a Maxim, a Napoleon and a Dostoevsky – each one of them has a Controller and a Servant and a Superego partner. There are no other relationships in this group. Not only they cannot work on a project together, but also they cannot even be in the same room for more than 10 minutes. They can talk one on one with each other, but it is a scary thing when they all get together… It is hard to tell what exactly happens, but there is a deep and very unpleasant premonition of disintegration. Once we were offered a problem for analysis: during negotiations in a company office one of the participants got up suddenly, stormed out of the room and ran outside, took his shoes off and trotted the snow for quite a while before he was brought back to senses. It turned out that
accidentally a social control ring had been formed in the negotiations room. Coupled together with serious emotional tension because of a work situation it lead to a nervous breakdown in one of the workers. When working with a "Social Control Ring” group it is important to remember that people are not the problem it is the negative relationship between the types that causes trouble; and most important here isthat there is a way to avoid trouble: the group may be moved to a different setting, or some of the types may be removed or replaced to change the relationship between the types. The small groups issue needs further research. We have some knowledge of several types of groups. In the prospect of the research there are group properties that could be extremely useful. For example, the most simple and most effective use of the group of health consists in bringing its members together to spend some time and reap the benefits. The health parameters of the participants begin to normalize when they are together. And this nontrivial property of the group obviously does not follow from our informational models.
Lecture 9 On Definition of the IM Type: Questions and Answers What is the meaning of the typological approach as a method of study? I would like to say a few words about professionalism. I think that this issue is directly connected to our course on typology. What is professionalism and what are its components? Who do we consider to be a "professional" in his/her field? If we turn to different areas of science, art, crafts, etc. we will see that a "professional" is a person who is able to discern things (parameters, attributes) in his/her field of knowledge/work better than others. Therefore it seems to me that the basic, intrinsic quality of "professionalism" is first of all the ability to discern. A professional musician distinguishes sounds better than any other person; a professional weaver discerns about forty shades of black color; a skilled steel maker can precisely tell the temperature of liquid metal by its color. A professional psychologist should be able to discern people and distinguish one personality type from another. The majority of people can tell with confidence only men from women, further differentiation is difficult. A person whose profession is human psyche needs a finer tool of recognition. The degree of specification and definiteness of different concepts in the consciousness of different ethnoses differs essentially. If we take the word "snow" we will see that the Eskimo language has about three hundred words describing different properties of snow. Languages of those nations who live in areas with temperate climate have only a few words for snow, and on the equator the word "snow" does not exist. From this point of view (in regard to snow) Eskimo people are more professional than the inhabitants of Africa. On the other hand, in the Bedouin language there are 99 words for camel [in different states or of different sex/age] whereas in Russian - only one word. We did a research on how detailed is the concept of "personality" in the consciousness of different nations. It turned out that in English dictionaries there are about 17000 words, which describe properties, qualities and states of personality. In German we have found only 4500 of those words. The Thesaurus of Personal Properties published by the Moscow University contains 2500 Russian words pertaining to person/personality. Maybe there is a nation where this concept is defined to an even lesser degree. We did not have the opportunity to analyze Chinese or Korean. I would like to approach the concept of "type" from a different angle, namely, that of the qualitative distinctness. When, for example, human consciousness conjures up an idea of something, then a set of certain attributes (properties) corresponds to this notion. If this is a notion of "personality" it means there are some attributes of personality. For example, we know that there are extroverts and introverts, emotional and rational, sensory and intuitive, etc. How a type is defined? It is easy to imagine the following procedure: take a set of known personality traits; take also a number of research objects – people in this case; then begin to
formally divide the multitude of research objects by each property from a set of properties – in succession. On one pole of the scale we have the extroverts, on the other pole we have the introverts; then one pole we have the sensory, on the other pole we have the intuitive, etc. this is how we begin to discern who these people are. Having applied a criterion to a group of people once we do not use it again to divide people within this group, say, "extroverts – introverts", within the group of introverts we do not apply it again because it is homogeneous, though they might be introverted to a different degree. We make further distinction with the help of another criterion (say, "sensory – intuitive") and receive another set of homogeneous multitudes (they are homogeneous by two attributes). Then we proceed to divide with the help of the remaining criteria important for the definition of the notion or quality in question. Finally we receive a number of homogeneous subsets or subclasses, which are not subdivided any further, since we have exhausted the list of important criteria. This is perhaps the most accurate definition of a type. That is, a type is a specific, logically consistent realization of the given criterion. When we determine a number of essential criteria, or qualities in an object, then we can discern its type. Where there are types, there are criteria of these types. These concepts are connected. There are formulas expressing the dependence between the number of possible types and the number of attributes. By the way, those connections were determined quite recently [12, 16]. Previously a lot of illusions existed in this area. Thus we can define typology as a description of a quality (property) by means of a finite set of its logically consistent realizations. In that case the detailing (the degree of differentiation) of a given quality in the consciousness of a nation could be measured by the capacity of the typology (the number of defined types). This statement has many interesting consequences testifying to the fact that typology is a complex and very interesting mathematical object. It cannot be represented spatially or as a scheme, but it has certain patterns and rules. So the 16 types, discerned by the most advanced typologies, have more than 30 thousand criteria, which exceeds the volume of spoken vocabulary of any language. That is, knowing the type of a person we can tell about him/her not only that he/she is an extrovert or an introvert, or sensory or intuitive person, but also we can define 30 thousand other properties. Therefore typology is the most effective, capacious and evident convolution of knowledge of anything, in this case – the knowledge of personality.
How do we define the IM type? New psychometric tools are created on the basis of the discovered rules. Soon, I hope, newer and more reliable tests will be created (so far we have only had available to us the tests authored by Keirsey, Temperament Sorter, and Myers-Briggs, Type Indicator.) All of the latter are built on the Jungian personality type criteria, i.e. on the four classifying attributes. It is possible to break a multitude into 16 parts (types in our case)with the use of four dichotomous scales, but it is difficult to describe these parts by means of the four bipolar attributes. According to the theory, to make a full description the minimum of 15 attributes is necessary. The full description ofn types is possible by means ofn-1 criteria. Both theory and practice prove that. The most effective personal questionnaires used all over the world such as Kettel's or Smishek's questionnaires have 15-16 scales. Usually in personality questionnaires they use 15±3 scales to determine all kinds of different characteristics of a personality. For example, the well-known Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) offers a selfreport instrument with about 500 different scales, which allow describing various characteristics of a person in fine detail. In fact, the only methods used to create tests nowadays are the methods of mathematical statistics. These methods are not aimed at the internal structure of the object researched; their purpose is to describe manifestations only. From my personal experience and the experience of a great number of psychologists who had a chance to work with those tests, I can tell that if a test is used on a large group of people and then the average parameters of this group are deduced, these parameters would not fit any real person in this group. "An average person" does not exist! Statistical methods used for the analysis of a total, as a rule, assume normal distribution of all attributes. Tests are made standard on the basis of some
general average of a total. However, this average of a total has no psychological meaning and is not applicable to any real person. From the point of view of a typological approach, two kinds of differences exist: differences between homogeneous classes or types, which have a systematic character, and differences inside of a type that have stochastic character. Unfortunately, the psychological toolkit is poorly structured. In theory, before we get down to the actual testing, we first of all apply the general psychological test to define the type of the tested person, and only then if needed the specialized tests should be put together. For the purpose of analyzing the talents and gifts of a person there should be a range of 16 tests, each standardized on a sample of the given type. That is, each test should pass standardization on a sample of each type. So far it is not so because on the one hand there has not been a satisfactory theory supporting the nature of the essential differences, on the other hand there has been a lack of technical support. Today we have all the computer help available but it is used inefficiently. Usually computers are considered to be a simple 'amplifier' of human intellectual skills: man calculates slowly, computers help him do it faster. But the speed of calculations allows us to aspire to new goals. For example, a test with fifteen correlated scales could be processed on a computer only; it just could not be done without it! Practically all socionics tests are built upon the same principle; it is usually a questionnaire of a forced-choice format, items dealing with four 'preferences': intuition sensoring, logic - ethics, extroversion - introversion and rationality - irrationality. Depending on answers a type is 'assigned' to the person. Wheneven on one of the scales a person gives a wrong answer (for whatever reason – a mistake, insincerity, slyness, a wish to look better, etc.) the result will be incorrect. Unfortunately, most of the questions make a person assess oneself; this only hinders the process of testing even more.People answer neutral questions (for example: "What do you think people think ab out …?") spontaneously, but an evaluative question ("Do you prefer this or that?" or "Do you think of yourself as of … or …?") causes an unconscious tension. I believe that existing tests allow for maximum of 40 % accuracy. The four classifying scales used to discern a personality type, cannot describe the type. The problem of classifying and descriptive attributes exists in many sciences and for a long time it has had the scientists' attention. An approach to the solution of this problem is offered in Part II of this book. The use of correlated scales increases the reliability of the tests as the information regarding the type is checked and re-checked. Besides, new tests can be built in such a manner that questions will vary each time the person is being tested. That is, the test will be "disposable." I would like to tell you more about the ways the new test should be made , and the things that secure its reliability. In Tab. 12 the 15 criteria are listed. Take any pair of types, any two rows. Eight criteria will always coincide, and seven criteria will differ, i.e. any two types always have some similarities and some differences. Second, if you take two criteria, two columns of the table, they will always divide the set of types into four equal parts, i.e. they are always orthogonal. And the idea of the test is that instead of using only four scales for testing (as in Keirsey Temperament Sorter, for example) we use all 15 scales. This will only slightly increase the number of questions (about 100 instead of 70 in the previous one) andextend the time needed for scoring. A certain spectrum of criteria corresponds to each type, but there are no two identical spectrums, they all differ from each other. Nobody could coherently give false answers to questions on all the 15 scales, no matter how much they are bent on pretending they are somebody else. This secures reliability. Besides, even if a person makes a mistake on two or three scales, it is no big deal (all other tests will fail in this case). 15 scales make 840 different bases similar to the Jungian ones(see Lecture 6). Imagine 16 boxes (types) and 840 balls (different ways to discern a type). If we find 500 balls in one box, and the others are scattered among the rest of the boxes, then we canmake definite conclusions about the person's type. When a doubtful result (50:50) is obtained regarding a scale, the computer will offer some more qualifying questions pertaining to the same scale. It is like 15 drums with 20-30 questions about the scale. The test throws at you five or six questions; if you answer definitely then the computer gets an authentic result at once. If regarding any of the scales results are
doubtful, more questions are offered and the reliable result is obtained. Next time you approach the computer to test your type you will find a different set of questions.
Are there less formal non-computer ways to define a type? Today experts often turn to the functional testing. Experience tells us that people usually give inadequate answers to the questions concerning the third function. Their answers become either too short, terse or, on the contrary, very lengthy. Touching upon this subject may cause frustration accompanied by a vegetovascular reaction. Questions regarding the first function may cause aggressive reaction. People protect their principle of existence. It could also help with defining a type. You can look at the priorities in the individual's everyday activity and try to define the second function: some people like to draw, some people like to theorizes, some enjoy driving, etc. When people say "maybe" it may mean different things, different types may imply something totally different when saying one and the same word or phrase . If a Zhukov says "yes" or "no", it is unequivocal. If a Zhukov says "maybe" then he/she is not a Zhukov. If a Don Quixote says "maybe" it means "no". If he/she says "yes"then more likely it means "maybe". To be able to say "no" a Don Quixote needs to pluck up all of his/her courage. If a Dreiser says "no" it means at least "maybe" or possibly "yes". For different types the semantic fields of words in the minds of different types may differ to a great extent. When experts do their testing it is always a process of verifying of their hypotheses. Descriptions of types also allow us to find out what type we belong to.It is an interesting, but rather tedious task. There is a photo gallery of the IM types; it is very informative. Appearance, behavior, clothes, speech may give useful hints at a person's type. Besides this each type has its own characteristic attributes; for example, a Napoleon does not tolerate excessive bodily contacts. Every quadra has a peculiar kind of humor. They have their own peculiar jokes and they laugh on different occasions. The humor of gamma quadra seems rude, obscene and vulgar to the people of the alpha quadra. On the other hand, the alpha quadra humor may seem too vapid, abstract to the gamma quadra members. This also may be an effective diagnostic tool. Type definition can be a source of useful insights into the individual's weak and strong aspects of character. What questions can be used to define a type in everyday life? In everyday life we sometimes have neither time nor chance for proper testing,there might be a chance to ask a couple of questions. All the same there should be some preliminary hypothesis for us to prove or disprove: "Let's see if a Robespierre would fit Michael…” Then we are ready to ask questions. A joke touching upon the third function (tella Holmes something about time, for example, say that the train is coming late) will draw visible vegetative reactions. A Holmes though could be seen without any questions, people of this type have obvious bodily dominant at the chest level. The type of a personality will be expressed in every aspect of its activity, it is projected on everything he/she does: their dress, haircut, gestures and speech, even the books they read will tell you what their personality type is. Each type has its peculiar posture. A Huxley's head is usually thrown back a little. A Dumas is overweight and has a waddling gait. A Balzac moves cautiously, as if having the tail between his/her legs, as ifthe ground is dangerous. The lower part of the body is very mobile, while the upper part of the body is tense. A Balzac has great plasticity; his/her movements are few. A Dostoevsky is always a bit stooped, moves slowly. The Gabens usually have a hollow chest with shoulders thrust forward. He has a posture of a man who is always alert and on guard , as though a Gaben suspects everyone around. A Robespierre tends to walk with his back straight, his/her entire body is tense. A Dreiser has a “supple” back. A Hamlet has constant fear in his/her eyes; the gait as a rule is free, relaxed. A Zhukov always tries to move a little bit in a military way, but without success. It seems that a Zhukov and a Dumas both are characterized by parallel feet with toes turned a little inside; a Don Quixote's toes are turned out. A Napoleon, a Huxley, a Dumas, a Dostoevsky could be
more easily discerned by their gaits. If you are in the habit of paying attention to people’s bodily reactions then you will soon discern all of these personality marks. Sometimes you have to define the type quickly. I had been doing hard physical jobs, but the hardest of all for me was the job as a psychotherapeutic consultant. There the type should be defined while the person was walking from door to chair. By the time I began counseling I should have already figured out which type of personality was in front of me. In a matter of seconds I had to analyze a whole number of attributes: appearance, gait, gestures, mimicry… Words can’t describe how difficult it is to take in all the parameters at once and at the first glance process them and make an assumption to be checked and re-checked later on. Then it is possible to ask some qualifying questions. It is hard to define a type from a common conversation. Reliable tests should be applied for sure answers; on the other hand, when the typology ideas will become a part of our culture, people will automatically know their type. But it is impossible to define the type by means of one single question. We could say that type definition is a science, butit is also a kind of art. Each expert has peculiar experience and unique style of work. How is the type of informational metabolism formed? There is no definite answer to this question. There is some data saying for the inherent character of some parameters, for example cerebral hemisphere prevalence. This determines whether the person will be one of the 8 rational or 8 irrational types. It is possible that the rest depends on the intertype environment where the child develops. Depending on circumstances the child would choose a comfortable niche, i.e. would 'acquire' a type. Further, a unique personality is formed within the parameters of the type. In this sense the IM type is an "informational skeleton" of a person. Something similar happens in various areas. For example, there are 16 isomers of lime-tree leaf, but every leaf is not an exact copy of another. Even if they appear similar by structure, they will be of different color, size and have other unique features. How is the creative functionbeing formed? The type traits reveal themselves from the earliest childhood. A Napoleon, for example, stands out right in the sandbox. When parents have some definite ideas (acquired during the childhood from the sociopsychological environment anyway) regarding creativity and what the child should be, they sometimes try to fit the kid into this frame, to develop the kind of creative abilities in this child which he/she does not have. But the child might have some other abilities which the parent does not see or fathom, it does not happen because parents are not attentive , but simply because those things are absent from their description of the world. Socionics, from my point of view, expounds our knowledge of the humancreative abilities. When the knowledge of psychological qualities of different types is introduced into the culture, people receive the freedom to be what they are meant to be and develop the strong sides of their type. Parents do not always provide for this.In school things look really grave: the system of education attempts to make everyone uniform. Things get really tough when a teacher and a student make an'unfortunate' combination of types. They get into an endless range of conflicts. In this case it would cost less to transfer the child to another school. Here I talk about the psychological price of this situation, of course. What if during the school years a child didn't happen tomeet a knowledgeable person who would explain to him what his creative function is. Would it remain 'undeveloped'? We can say that a person of the identical type is the best teacher, and the dual is the best tutor who is training us to better adapt to the society. The dual introduces us to the behaviors that correspond to our weak functions,thus he fortifies us. As a rule, everyone meets a dual in his/her life. However, we are going through a learning process when reading or experiencing nature, using our imagination to identify with a character or a fantasy. The world is full of all kinds of things, but it turns its unique side to each and every person.
At what age the type is finally formed? I believe that the IM type is an inborn mechanism. But we do not have any data proving that it is inherent in the same way as it was proved that the nervous system is inherent. So far we can confidently say only that the type becomes fixed between the age of six and seven, it is formed under the influence of both innate characteristics and external conditions. Further during the interactions with the world the 'filling' by the concrete contents of elements and functions happen, as well as development of different ways of self-realization. Once, a vocational technical school invited me to work on distributing students in groups by professions. When I walked into the assembly hall, I could not define a type of any one of them! They all looked alike to me. It was quite a shocking experience; I could not read them. There is an age, I guess, a stage of development of the 'collective part of personality' when externally all teenagers are identical, and only later all get on their own way of development. During the childhood years differentiation is more prominent. I think that by the time when a child is seven years old each child develops a certain type of personality, then they go into a phase of primary school when they are molded into one mold. You and your children may have experienced this and may know what happens during those years and how the kids suffer. Some people need to be taught "from part to whole"; other people need to be taught – "from whole to part." I think that we need to differentiate the education process according to personality types. It would be best to form classes by the quadral principleand have a teacher of the same quadra teach them. It is difficult, but it is possible. Once we carried out an experiment: on the basis of this principle a group was formed in one of the St.-Petersburg Chemical-Pharmaceutical Colleges. The advancement index was unequivocally higher than that in the other groups. They studied for five years, and through out all five years they showed high results. On the average they got sick less often. They would have probably become geniuses if their teachers were of the same quadra. Why quadra? What advantages does it have over other small groups? Let's start with the formal characteristics. In any quadra all four types have three identical criteria, and all the other criteria are equally neutralized, i.e. they have two criteria from one pole and two – from another (see tab. 12). What differs quadra from other small groups? First of all, this is a group of people who speak one language. The three coinciding quadral criteria determine the quadral language. The first criterion, the means of communication: all of them are either aristocrats or democrats. There are two "aristocratic" and two "democratic" quadras. The second criterion, by the way of perception of reality: the cheerful and the serious (subjectivists and objectivists). Eight types (objectivists) are guided by the logic of the objective world, the other eight types (subjectivists) – are lead by the subjective logic. Subjective people are cheerful, objective people are serious. As far as philosophical categories are concerned the former are more focused on the description of the world, the latter - on the picture of the world. Objective people belong to gamma and delta quadras; subjective people belong to alpha and beta quadras. The third criterion: reasonable vs. resolute people. It is an especially interesting splitting. Today many criticize Freud for making an absolute out of the sexual issue. The division into reasonable and resolute is a rather deep division by sexual programs also. This division influences many spheres of human activity, naturally including sexual behavior. According to one program a person seeks "to give pleasure to the partner", according to the other program a person is looking "to get pleasure in the process." The former is characteristicof the reasonable people (alpha and delta quadras); the latter is peculiarto the resolute people (beta and gamma quadras). If all three attributes coincide, people find themselves in a very comfortable situation when they understand each other. They share the same attitude to the world around them and they have the same way of communication with others. We carried out an experiment: we gathered people and broke them up into groups by different attributes. Auto-reports of the quadra members demonstrated that it was the most comfortable group to be in: "I just feel good in this group ".
Do the relationships between the types substitute the live, natural relationships? The relationships between the types serve as a background for the real, live relationships of particular people. These relationships are always unique just like each one of our personalities is unique. However, they develop on the background of a banal, rather simple structure, which could be easily figured out. The substitution in question is a common mistake of novice socionists. When meeting another person they may say something like "Hi, I'ma Napoleon" – "Howdy, a Robespierre"; or, "You can't be a Don Quixote, a Don Quixote would never say anything like that." Or else people may make excuses: "It's not my fault, this is all because I am this type, you know." The type is only a tool, the informational mechanism of a personality. It is possible to say that the type is a shell, and the relationships between the types are the interaction of informational shells. Are there mixed types? I find my own traits in the descriptions of several types. Disputes regarding pure and mixed types started at the dawn of psychological science and they are not closed even today. Let us try to consider the issue in the methodological aspect. Unfortunately, describing the types the majority of authors in aspiration for pure types make an accent on their distinctions. Similarities of the types, as a rule, are disregarded. G. Ekman's work [20] is rather characteristic in this respect. The type here is represented as a pole of a scale, a "pure type". The author suggests describing concrete objects (persons) by means of superposition of pure types, the mixture of their traits that is shown by the example of Kretchmer's pure types (picnic, athletic, leptosome). Thus the system of types is considered to be constant, and the system of properties is always open and it is possible to add or take away any number of parameters. In my opinion, ignoring the similarity is not an idealization of types; it results only in incompleteness of their description. Naturally, in studying real subjects the researchers should face the necessity to use mixed descriptions. This generates unusually motley spectrum of representations of "mixed types." Let's consider this problem from the point of view of the bipolar criteria group. In Table 11 ("Description of Typology by Means of 15 Bipolar Criteria", see Lecture 6) this group of criteria is represented in general, for at the moment we need its structure only. Table 11 in this case serves as a generalized standard description of the 16 types by 15 criteria. It is easy to see that any two types in the tablehave similarities in 7 criteria but only 8 of 15 [criteria] differ. When this method of description is used alongside with the distinction regarding the criteria, a certain "properties corridor" cannot be ignored, this is the area of similarity, i.e. the area where two types may be similar. Thus, pure (i.e. completely distinguished from each other) types are non-existent and, as the theory shows, are impossible. An incomplete, onesided description of a type results in the necessity to use the notions of mixed and pure types. In this case the rule of disjointness of classes is broken which makes discussion of classification meaningless. Table 11 does is not claimed to be complete and is shown here only as an example, but even so it shows that there are neither "close" nor "distant", neither "bordering" nor "completely opposite" types. Certainly, they may seem to us to be as such because our human perception is always subjective, i.e. it is mediated by our worldview. They may also seem as such according to the results of the tests sincethose tests are only a formalization of our perception. Typology, however, is an object with enormous amount of various communications, and only some of them are investigated, less than half have names, and the rest are generally unknown. To reduce typology to a set of pure types is, in our opinion,is to make a serious methodological mistake which may generate a number of artificial problems. Descriptions available in literature are not structured, and it seems that one type is described from the point of view of some of its attributes, and another is described from the
point of view of some other attributes. And since all the descriptions are incomplete, descriptions of other types may offer more information than the description of the type in question. Each type has a unique spectrum of attributes, and all these spectrums are different. But all types have similarities as well as distinctions. Thus because of the incompleteness of the descriptions available there can be illusions of the "intermediate" or "mixed" types. Part II The Theoretical Analysis of Typological Descriptions in Psychology . Foreword … 1. Typological and factor descripti
ons of persona lity
1.1. Comparison of factor descriptions
of personality
Psychology uses different kinds of personal questionnaires, IQ tests, tests of abilities are used for various practical purposes. They help to determine different parameters of temperament, character, abilities profile, orientation of the individual. Detailed reviews of the most common psychometric tools were made in [4, 21, 30, 42, 47, 64]. By 1935 more than 15 thousand methods of testing existed, and now their number could hardly be counted. There are, however, several dozens of most frequently used tests. This extensive though poorly structured and rather uncoordinated psychological toolkit allows us to successfully tackle a wide spectrum of practical tasks in various spheres of human activity. Let us consider some of the most common techniques of analysis and description of personality from the point of view of their formal characteristics. We will mainly focus on the number and structure of the chosen factors. R. Kettle and his colleagues when working on factorizing the matrices of correlations of personal assessments of a person by other people distinguished 15 factors of individual/typological distinctions [4]. One of the most compact personality models is the model offered by Izenk [76]. He distinguishes only two mutually orthogonal factors: “e xtravert - introvert” and "neurotic (high- low)” as well as “psychotonic" as a degree of deviation from norm. Other personality properties Izenk considers to be hierarchically subordinate. R. Kettle’s questionnaire, the 16 PF, consist of 16 correlating scales that measure various personality traits [4, 30]. The Californian Personal Questionnaire (CPI) is rather widespread. It consists of 18 scales measuring dominance, sociability, emotional maturity, intellectual efficiency, etc. The CPI is intended for normal (without mental deviations)people of 13 y.o. and older; it has 15 basic scales with behavior parameters. When interpreted the scales of the questionnaire are grouped together in 4 groups. The factorization reveals 5 factors where contents do not coincide with the 4 groups specified by the author. There is a high correlation between the 18 scales; this indicates considerable superfluity [4, 30, 41]. Minnesota Multipersonal Personality Inquirer (MMPI) – was designed for clinical diagnostics. It is based on E. Kraepelin's psychopathy typology and contains 10 basic scales - 8 clinical scales and biosocial scales (“masculinity feminity ” and “extroversion - introversion”), 3 auxiliary and 2 about 400 additional scales for -estimation of different personal features. As A. Anastasiscales says, “high intercorrelation of the MMPI scales makes their value for adifferentiated diagnosis rather problematic” [4, 7, 15, 30]. T. Leari's technique studies the sphere of interpersonal relationships. It offers two basic scales: “domination - submission” and “amicability - aggression”. On these axes a discogram of eight octants is drawn which corresponds to the eight scales of MMPI [42]. Gilford-Cimmerman's questionnaire is widely used for career guidance. It includes 10 scales corresponding to various personality traits: activity, impulsiveness, dominancy, sociability, etc. [30]. A. Anastasi notes that some correlations between these 10 scales are still significant, though attempts have been made to create independent non-correlating category of properties [4].
The Freiburg personal questionnaire FPI-R distinguishes 12 traits, which basically characterize the level of social adaptation of the person. As to the motivation sphere of personality: McDaugoll considers 18 basic driving forces, G. Murray considers 20 needs. Anry Pierron examines 20 needs but gives them slightly different names. J. Gilford discerns 19 motivating factors; R. Kettle discerns 12 motivating feelings. L. Szondi examines 16 impulsive tendencies [84]. R. Meiley makes a comparison of all the "motivating factors" described by different personality researchers known to him [20]. According to some sources [42] the questionnaires focused on the sphere of motivation are most popular in the West. A. Edwards' “list of personal preferences” (EPPS) - contains 15 scales measuring the power of the needs listed by G. Murray. D. Jackson's “Personality Research Form”PRF - contains 20 motivation variables, 12 of them are similar to the "needs" of EPPS. The “personal humor test” (IPAT) reveals the motivational variables. It discerns 13 personal factors [4.] The “Motivational Analysis Test” (МАТ ) allows to estimate 12 factors (10 factors are "needs" and 2 factors are "attitudes") [30]. In the sphere of temperament S. Bert discerns 3 orthogonal factors of temperament on the basis of McDaugoll’s set of 11 emotions [54]. J. Gilford offered the 13-factor theory of temperament that allowed L. Terston to single out 7 factors of the second order while K. Lowell singled out 4 independent factors. The “individual style of activity”, or “cognitive style” (CS) also reflects peculiar features of personality. S. Messick discerns 19 bipolar parameters of CS [78]. At least some kind of correlation can be found between most of the parameters. In the work [84] 4 general independent CS factors are represented: the type of thinking - “ divergent - convergent”; the type of perception - “field of dependence- field of independence”; the type of reaction - “impulsiveness - reflectivity”; the type of training - “seriality - integrity”. In the field of vocational counseling the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) is very popular. It consists of 12 subtests developed for 9 abilities. Subtests have been obtained by the analysis of 50 tests for different occupations [42]. By the results of the factorial analysis of 6 thousand examinees H. Schmidtke and H. Shmale allocated 4 independent factors of abilities [80, 81]: general intellectual mobility, motor dexterity, spatial vision, perceptional accuracy. On a Russian version of the sample 4 interpretable orthogonal factors were also obtained. The sphere of system of values is also a reflection of personality traits. In the Western occupational psychology D. Super's occupations value questionnaire [4] is rather popular. It contains 15 parameters of values such as intellectual activity, creativity, interaction, confidence, prestige, and altruism. M. Zuckerman has developed a questionnaire for estimation of an individual's drive for stimulation - SSS (Sensation Seeking Scale) [30]. The factor analysis of statements in the questionnaire singled out 4 independent factors: experience seeking - ES, thrill and adventure seeking - TAS, disinhibition - DIS and boredom susceptibility - BS. It is necessary to mention such techniques as the Standard Multifactor Personality Analysis Method (SMPAM, 13 basic and about 200 additional scales) and the Complex Personality Analysis Method (CPAM, 13 basic scales). The factor analysis gives 4 independent factors; the PDT (L. T. Yampolsky's "Psychodiagnostic Test ” [37]) contains 10 scales of the first level and 4 independent scales of the second level. Standard multifactor method of personality testing (SMPT), complete version. This list of popular personality testing techniques is far from being complete, of course. Let us consider the data in Table 21 in the context of those characteristics that are of special interest to us. It could be understood from the table that the number of primary factors is in the range of 155, and in this case essential correlation between them could be revealed. A large number of publications on orthogonalization of various techniques' factors come to the same conclusion: they single out four orthogonal factors 1. It seems pertinent to note the existence of an intermediate level with the number of factors 8 2 with smaller correlation. Factors of the second order pertain to this level (6- and the 8-factorial resolution) as well as T. Leari's 8 psychological tendencies [42] [37], L. Szondi's [84] 8 impulsive
1
See, for example, [37]
factors, L. Terston's 7 factors of temperament [56]. Apparently, GABT 9 factors of abilities pertain to the same level. # Method The number of The presence of The number of the primary intercorrelation of independent factors factors factors 1 H. Izenk no 3 2 16 PF 16 YES 4 3 CPI 18=15+3 YES 4;5 4 MMPI 13 YES 5 Gilford-Zimmerman 10 6 FPI-R 12 7 L.Sondy 16 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
EPPS PPF IPAT MAT GATB D.Super SSS SMPT MMPT PDT T.Leery W.MacDougoll (driving forces) G.Murray G.Gilford (motivation factors) R.Kettle (motivation feelings) W.MacDougoll (emotions)
15 20 13 12 9 15 13 13 10 8 18 20 19 12 11
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
4 4 4 4 2 3
24 25
G.Gilford S.Messic (temperament factors)
13 19
Yes Yes
4 4
1.2. Comparison of t ypological descripti ons of personality Psychological dictionaries [25, 49] do not have the concepts of "a type" and “a type of personality”, however, as it was already mentioned, the typological approach, alongside with the dimensional2 [57] approach, is still one of the most important directions of research in the sphere of personality. There are a number of typological descriptions covering all basic sides of personality: temperament, abilities and orientation. The typological approach allows examining the type of a person as an integral unit, which could not be reduced to a mere sum of separate personal factors. Any typology uses a set of ideal images (archetypes) on the basis of which the grouping of examinees is done. The meaning of this grouping is to put together the research objects in classes according to their similarity to an archetype. Similar procedure is performed during diagnosing and assessment the accentuation or pathology of individual. The means to define similarity may be different; they may range from the method of expert estimation to the use of various nonverbal tests [84] and personal psychodiagnostic questionnaires [6, 9, 21, 55, 77, 81]. In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia the word "type" (Greek typos – "print, form, sample") is given the following interpretation: 1. The form, appearance of something possessing essential attributes. 2. A sample, a model of something. 3. Units of division of the examined reality in typology. 4. Taxonomic category or units of classification in the sciences studying separate components of natural environment: landscape, relief, climate, ground, flora, etc.
2
I.e. based o n "features", or "dimensions".
5. A person possessing characteristic properties, an outstanding representative of a group of people, in particular of a class, a nation, an epoch. 6. In art and literature: a typical character. Further it is underlined that a typology built on theoretical premises gives an important advantage allowing not only to comprehend all known forms, but also to reveal some "free cells" where newly found forms 3 could be placed later. A soviet philosopher A. V. Gulyga [17] who considered typological models to be “the school of thought”, discerns three scientific meanings of the w ord type: 1. A sample; a standard without deviations (the adjective "standard"). 2. The most typical individual phenomenon, fully expressing the essence of a similar phenomena (the adjective "typical"). 3. A prototype, basic form allowing some deviations (the adjective "typological"). A typological model in art is some kind of an outline picture. It is more schematic than a typical character, but also it is more capacious. A typical character is closer to the perceptible concreteness, and a typological characteris closer to the conceptual concreteness. In accordance to these notions it is possible to discern two kinds of typologies: Theoretical typologies built on a conceptual personality models; The typologies built on the basis of empirical summary of clinical data. The theoretical typologies are usually well structured and meet the qualifying standards of classifying procedures; however, the description by means of classifying attributes only lacks detaling. Therefore such typologies often use bipolar constructs, and the number of types, as a rule, is divisible by two (2, 4, 8 and 16). Such are, for example, K. Jung's typology [16] and typologies based on it (16 personality types) [79, 66], T. Evald's typology (16 types of characters) [84], G. Hejmans and E. Virsmy typology of temperament (8 types of temperament) [56], L.Szondi's typology (16 kinds of impulsive tendencies) [82] and, at last, Avicenna's typology of temperament which defines 4, 16 and 48 types of temperament [1]. Besides the classification descriptions the majority of authors of theoretical typologies offer typical descriptions, which are not based on classification, thus being to a great extent arbitrary. The empirical typologies often use striking typical characteristics convenient for practice; however, theybasis are far fromofbeing exhaustive, they allow ”crossing" of types and do not defineasthe classification most the time. The number of thefortypes discerned in these typologies, a rule, is rather arbitrary and is determined by the needs of practice (for example, the typology of teenagers' character accentuation by A. E. Lichko [34]). Available data in [37] and [33] provide for the opportunity to compare the three typologies popular in clinical practice: K. Leongard's [32], A.E. Lichko's [33] and E. Kraepelin's 4 [7, 75]. As Tab. 22 clearly demonstrates, the typologies in question have a number of intersections and only three types are discerned only once. Thus all three typologies single out 17 types total. Here, however, we cannot agree with the authors [37] because they consider the poles of the general psychological scales "introversion" and "feminity" to be types. These types are not equal with the rest of the types; this is confirmed by their absence in the two other typologies. So 15 different types of character accentuation should be considered in the future. To illustrate the existing polymorphism we adduce very brief clinical characteristics of these types. Table 22 Comparative Table of Typologies
Author
A. E. Lichko
K. Leongard
S. Hatway,
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hyperthymic Circular Labile Asthenoneurotic Sensitive Psychasthenic Schizoid
Hyperthymical Affective-labile Affective - ecstatic Labile Anxious (timid) Pedantic Introverted
(MMPI) Hypomania Hypochondria Psychasthenia Schizoid
3 4
Just like it happened with the Mendeleev's periodic table of chemical elements The basis of MMPI
J. McKinley
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Epileptoid Hysteroid Unstable Conformal Conformal-hyperthymic -
Excitable Demonstrative Extroverted Clamping Dysthymic -
Hysteria Psychopathy Paranoidity Depression Feminity Introversion
1. Hyperthymic type. Their mood is always good irrespective of circumstances. They are active, vigorous, cheerful, have a high need in contacts with people. The persons of this type possess various abilities, their interests are superficial, and they do not have enough persistence and endurance. They do not tolerate constraint of freedom; neither do they tolerate criticism of them. 2. Circular, or affective-labile type. Constant interchange of hyperthymic and dysthymic phases is characteristic of these people. During the former phases they show hyperactivity, vivacity, levity, bent for pleasures; in the latter phases slackness, depression, increased irritability prevail. 3. Labile, or affective - ecstatic type. These people’s reaction to the events of life is more violent and loud than that of others’. They are equally quick to delight in joyful events or despair when something sad happens. Extreme sensitiveness, impracticality in life, artistic skills, and propensity to excessive alarm are characteristic of them. 4. Labile, or emoti ve 5 type. People of this type do not fall in the extreme, affective- ecstatic realms of emotional sphere. They are kind; they are more compassionate than other types. Expressive mimicry and especially tearfulness is characteristic of them. Any event of life they take more seriously than other people. Strong fear of punishment. 5. Asthenoneurotic type. The main features of this type are increased fatigability, irritability and propensity to morbid depression. Irritability causes sudden affective outbursts, often
6.
7.
8.
9.
without any serious reason. Serious illness of a friend or a relative deepens the depression. Low endurance, asthenia. Sensitive, or anxious 6, type. The basic features of these people are increased impressionability, sensitiveness and the feeling of their own inferiority. Propensity to fears. They are afraid of all kinds of inspections, check ups, examinations. Excessive moral requirements to themselves and those around them. Shyness. Psychasth enic, or pedantic type. Anancastic psychopathy corresponds to this type at the level of obvious pathology. It is an anxious/hypochondriac type of character. The basic features are high level of anxiety, suspiciousness, and propensity to doubts. People of this type carefully think over their behavior, repeatedly recheck and alter already finished work. Psychasthenics are not capable of suppressing doubts, which impedes their actions. Schizoid, or introverted type. Most common feature of these people is the absence of integrity and coordination of mental processes. Persistence and quick wit in realization of their own strategic goals is combined with the indifference and passivity in solution of everyday problems. They are capable of subtle sensitivity and emotional reactions to imagined events, abstract ideas. Epileptoid, or excitable type. It is a passionate type. People of this type are prone to
spells of angry/melancholic moods. The satisfaction of their strong appetence is accompanied by numerous conflicts. In a group they try to establish orders to their likes, but can well adapt in an environment with strict discipline. Aspiring to power, propensity to gambling. 10. Hysteroid , or demonst rative type. The main features of this type are strong egocentrism, craving for attention and sympathy, need to amaze, to be admired. All other characteristics are determined by these traits. They incessantly play, invent, fantasize easily getting used to the role and misleading credulous people. They like to be externally outstanding; at the same time they often overestimate their own abilities. 5 6
According to K. Leongard Also known as 'timid'
11. Unstable type 7. Persons of this type are weak-willed, easily suggestible; they easily come under other's influence. Circumstances often dictate their actions. 12. Conformal type. The main feature of this type is unwavering orientation to norms and values of the closest milieu. People of this type accept everything new, unusual with difficulty; they negatively take any changes in life. Aspiring to fit in, they cannot resist the environment at all. It is hard for them to get adjusted to a new and unusual environment. 13. Conformal-hyperthymic type. Besides of the expressed conformity people of this type have inflated esteem of their own vitality. They are somewhat euphoric, emphasize their health and vivacity. They are also prone to excessively optimistic estimation of their future; pliable to discipline and regulated environment. They show neither activity nor leadership skills. 14. Clampi ng, or paranoid type. The most characteristic feature of people of this type is the propensity to fixed ideas. Expressed egotism, complacency, excessive self-conceit. They attach great importance to insignificant failures; success is also overestimated. Affect is extremely stable with these people; sthenicity in realization of plans, vindictiveness, and ruthlessness could also be mentioned as characteristic features of this type. 15. Dysthymic type. People of this type are characterized by habitually lowered mood as a background, pessimism, and fixation on the darker side of life, lethargy. Propensity to depression (similar to the hyperthymic type), diligence, conscientiousness, high morality. They are not capable of the acts of will and fall into despair after facing slightest difficulties. They are characterized by increased sensitivity, anxiety, dissatisfaction with themselves and their own abilities. From our point of view, it is necessary to add to the list the demonstrative - clamping type examined in detail by K. Leongard [32]. It might be defined as a combination of demonstrative (hysteroid) and paranoid character traits. Such combination often causes ambitious aspirations, especially in the prime of life. Later in life an abrupt turn to increased sensitivity and accusation of the external world is observed. Desire to draw attention, ambitions, and mendacity. It is to rather hard atoconcurrence draw a conclusion regarding the completeness of this united typology. possible ascertain in the number of types with that in some theoretical models. It is The same number of types is defined in A. Augustinavichjute's typology [5]. This typology (just as I. Myers - Briggs typology [79]) is based on four orthogonal criteria defined by K. Jung [66]. L. Szondi singled out the same number of types when applied three consecutive divisions: 4 hereditary circles, 8 impulsive factors and, finally, 16 impulsive tendencies. The same number is described by N. A. Belov8 [6] whose typology, however, has not been applied. The theoretical and empirical typologies discerning about 8 types could be considered to be the next quantitative level of typologies. R. Chernavsky [65] outlines 8 reflexological types: static, substatic, unstable, plastic, excited, subexcited, inert and torpid. T. Leari [42] describes 8 octants (psychological tendencies) corresponding to E. Kraepelin's types: 1. The tendency to leadership - authoritativeness, despotism. 2. Self-reliance - self-confidence, vainglory. 3. Exactingness - irreconcilability, cruelty. 4. Skepticism - obstinacy, negativism. 5. Compliance - mildness, passive submission. 6. Trustfulness - docileness, dependence. 7. Goodheartedness - dependence, excessive conformism. 8. Responsiveness - unselfishness, sacrifice. G. Heimans and E. Virsma [56] examine 8 types of temperament: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, enthusiastic, amorphous, indifferent, nervous and sentimental formed by three orthogonal factors. Among the same group, in our opinion, the 8 types of activation discerned by means of the factorial analysis Q-techniques [30] should be considered. The intermediate step of L. Szondi’s typology - 8 impulsive factors – also belongs here.
7 8
Psychopathy according to the MMHI scale. 16 personality types discerned by the development of endocrine glands
A wide practical use was made of the values examination technique offered by E. Shprangler in his work “Types of People”. It defines 6 basic types of interests, namely: theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political and religious. In the sphere of temperament (to a larger extent determined by the constitutional characteristics) the majority of authors discerns no more than 3 or 4 types. Let us consider as an example the comparison of some typologies by J. Streliau [56] (Tab. 23). Tab. 23 Comparison of Temperament Typologies
No. 1
Author Hyppocratus - Galen
2 3 4 5
E. Kretchmer W. Sheldon K. Konrad I. Pavlov
sanguine cyclothymic viscerotonic cyclothymic strong balanced labile
Temperament Type phlegmatic choleric ixothymic viscose type strong balanced inert
somatonic spiritistic type strong unbalanced
melancholic schyzotimic cerebrotonic schyzotimic weak
Some authors discern a larger number of types of temperament. It is determined, in our opinion, by the interpretation of the concept. However, the analysis of this situation is out side of the present work's scope. Let us point out here two more typologies of personality, which single out 4 types. 1. A working group at the Social Studies Institute of Scientific Information of the Academy of Sciences in the former USSR considered the following “types of mind”: conceptual, social,aesthetic and industrial (technological) [54]. 2. R. Akoff and F. Emeri [2] offer a theoretical typology of personality characterized by three pairwise orthogonal attributes (Tab. 24). Tab. 24 Personality typology according to R. Akoff and F. Emeri
No.
Name
1 2 3 4
Subjective internalist Subjective externalist Objective internalist Objective externalist
Subject version object version + + -
Internalization externalization + + -
Centro version + +
It is easy to see that the three factors are pairwise orthogonal. Thus any pair of attributes can be used to define a type. In clinical types descriptions, as a rule, the attributes specific to the type, singling it out of many others are accentuated. Each type is described as an individual phenomenon. Descriptions thus almost do not overlap. The attributes covering the whole set of researched objects are used for theoretical descriptions. These attributes draw borders, breaking the set of researched objects into classes. The description of classes made by means of borders is less striking than the typical one, it appeals to conceptual concreteness using the same attributes for differentiation of all classes. Thus, winning in completeness and conceptual presentation the typology loses in perceptual clearness. However, as it was noted, the authors of theoretical typologies besides the classifying descriptions determining the borders of types offer bright typical descriptions and discerned unique features peculiar only to this type. At the moment the number of the attributes used for the description of an archetype is chosen at random, as needed; connections between the attributes are not examined. Not having an opportunity to review here all known personality typologies, we shall only note that such outstanding Russian scientists as P. B. Gannushkin [15], A. F. Lazursky [31],
A. G. Kovalyov, V. N. Miasishchev [24], V. S. Marylin [38], B. M. Teplov [57] and many others have worked on solving this problem. 1.3. Comme nts on the psychological descriptions of personality A detailed review of the basic personality concepts in psychology is offered in [68, 18]. The primary goal of further research, according to E. V. Shorohova [67, 68] will be the “completionof the list of personality traits and determination of the character of their relationship.” Now it is difficult to prefer any of the offered concepts to others, but the fruitfulness of structuring of properties, qualities, features of personality cannot be doubted. The majority of authors discussing the situation in contemporary psychology in general, and in the personality researches in particular, agree to some extent with this statement. R. Meili point out the fact that each experiment in the sphere of personality “concerns only the individual fact which is absolutely incommensurable by its complexity with the object itself. It is necessary and useful to make attempts from time to time to synthesize all the accumulated facts” [64]. Let us try to summarize our review of the factor and typological methods of description of personality: 1. There are two poorly connected systems of description of personality: the description by means of features, attributes, factors and the description by means of typology. 2. A lot of different ways of describing a personality exist today. Classifications based on different attributes (criteria) sometimes coincide, sometimes differ. 3. The total number of features used for the factor description of personality is usually within the limits of 15 ± 5. At the same time many factors significantly correlate. 4. The number of discerned orthogonal characteristics is no more than four. However, in different researches these characteristics are different. This result is, from our point of view, completely authentic as it is received in different countries, on different samples, with the use of most different personality testing techniques. 5. Many authors of both theoretical and experimental works discern no more than 16 types of personality in its different spheres. 1.4. A hypothesis of mutual conf
ormity of the two kinds of descript ions
On the basis of the results of a number of researches carried out by representatives of various schools in the field of personality we may point out the following patterns: - the maximum number of discerned orthogonal factors is 4; - the maximum number of discerned types in different spheres of personality is 16; - There are data on a great number of correlations of factors pertaining to various aspects of personality. Generalization of these observations allows for formulating of the following hypothesis: There is a limit ed set of types, i.e. a uniform typo logy of personality, which defines the interconnected chara cter of manifesta tion o f personality t raits in different sphere s. In experimental researches this set of types appears either as some typical profiles of personality traits, or as a number of private (focused on concrete spheres) typologies, or as a basis of orthogonal factors. The fact that the number of discerned orthogonal factors does not exceed 4, and the number of types found empirically is no more than 16, gives grounds for the assumption that the number of types in this typology makes: = 16,
24
(1)
this also corresponds to the number of types discerned in different theoretical typologies. Conclusions 1. Comparison of the most widespread factor techniques of personality research shows that the personality testing techniques use basically 15 ± 5 factors which when orthogonalized give four independent factors.
2. The comparison of three clinical typologies allows discerning 16 types of personality. The same number of types is discerned by the most advanced theoretical typologies. 3. A hypothesis of a uniform 16-element typology of personality is formulated on the basis of a systematic analysis of the published data; in it the idea of coherence and complementarity of the typological and factorial approaches is realized. 2. Typology as a mathematical object 2.1. Defining the concepts "t ype" and "typology" Psychologists always face the problem of description of different phenomena such as "personality", "mental process", "state of consciousness" and many others, as well as the problem of structuring multiple objects connected to these phenomena. At the initial stage of the system analysis of those objects they apply different kinds of grouping, or splitting of sets into subsets. This procedure is usually termed "typology" ( T) and "classification" (C). However, there are some distinctions in interpretation of these two terms by psychologists, sociologists and representatives of other areas of knowledge. Let us examine some of the interpretations: Classification - a special case of applying of the logic operation of a concept object division. Classification based on essential attributes is called typology [63]. Classification - a way of organized representation of a phenomenological field (motivating factors, personality traits, properties of the examined objects) [19]. Classif ication by types – the discovering of the combinations of attributes [82]. Typology – the splitting of a studied whole into groups of objects of the same kind. "Objects of the same kind" are those that differ in accidental factors in relation to the examined phenomenon and the mechanisms determining its character [59, P. 9]. In the same publication classification is defined as “a splitting of the initial whole into classes of objects done by means of a formal method” [59, P. 11]. In [41] the following definitions of T and C are offered: “The splitting where classes are described means of the used for its is formation is called typology , or typological grouping . by If in addition theattributes typological grouping described in terms of another system of attributes pertaining to the phenomenon, i.e. it obviously establishes theoretical connections between different aspects of the system examined, it is called classification. ” Different definitions of the concepts of "typology" and "classification" are also available in [61]. M. S. Kagan defines typing as splitting of a whole into static homogeneous sets of objects; each of the latter is a modification of the same quality , i.e. of some "archetype". Typing according to M. S. Kagan is a direct continuation of classification since the latter divides groups of different objects right down to the level of their qualitative uniformity [22]. The study of a great number of formulas in different fields of knowledge points to the fact that some authors consider the concepts of T and C to be almost synonymic, others think that they are mutually inclusive, it is either T includes C [2], or C includes T [41]. Besides, in many works T and C are not defined at all or used as synonyms [37, P. 7]. Such inconsistency in formulations leads to terminological mess and methodological mistakes. From our point of view, the essential attributes of the concept of type are provided in M. M. Kabanov's definition [21] and definition similar to it in [59]. We make an attempt to analyze the concept of type in detail on the basis of these definitions. Let's consider the semantic field of some phenomenon (for example, "man", "tree", "snow") represented by a multitude of its essential attributes: A = {A1, A2, …, Am},
(2)
where m is the number of the essential attributes available for the description of the phenomenon. Any attribute A allocates in a set of objects S (which we think are connected to the phenomenon) a number of nonempty homogeneous subsets. Homogeneity in this case means impossibility to differentiate objects by means of this attribute. Further we shall imply that attribute is a bipolar construct (a, ā). Classification of S elements S by means of the A attributes generates splitting into two homogeneous subsets, Sa and Sā. Such splitting can be written down as an ordered pair:
>.
X =
(3)
Continue splitting until none of the subsets remains heterogeneous regarding any of the attributes. As a result of this procedure you will obtain a number of disjoint subsets homogeneous regarding the set of attributes A, and a number of sections: R = {X1, X2, …, Xq},
(4)
where q is the number of sections. Since the same section from R may correspond to several attributes from A, the R set in general case is a homomorphic image of the A set. The classes thus obtained, unlike heterogeneous groupings, will be considered types. Thus, the type is a set of research objects; it is homogeneous regarding the specified set of attributes. It is obvious that the type here is a relative concept since the homogeneity of the set is also relative. The typology then is a set of all types discerned on the set of researched objects by means of a set of attributes. From these definitions it is seen that the concept of typology is connected to some set of attributes. Type manifests one of the possible logical realizations of the feature set corresponding to the researched phenomena, and typology is the totality of all possible manifestations. With relation to the classification procedure, reaching the level of homogeneity means that no more elements inside classes could be distinguished. If that is so then all attributes that distinguish elements of the researched set of objects one from another become by definition the attributes of intertype distinctions. Thus real differences between two objects have two basic components: 1. Intertype differences that have a systematic, complex, qualitative character [59, P. 9]. 2. Differences within a type (similar to the intraspecific ones) of incidental, quantitative character [59, P. 9]. Let's notetothat of differences are measured with a help of a system of attributes corresponding the both givenkinds typology. Further the set of all intertype distinctions will be labeled as the contents of typology, and the number of the constituent types will be labeled as the volume of typology. The contents of typology is comprised by all the attributes essential for the distinction of researched objects or, in other words, the attributes that split a set of types in any way. Here it is necessary to note that this definition of typology meets all formal requirements for classification, namely: the typology is exhaustive, the classes obtained are exclusive, and the requirement of unity of the basis is fulfilled automatically for each attribute Аi of A. So typology is a set of concrete manifestations of a phenomenon. Or, in other words, typology is a method of describing a phenomenon by means of a final number of its realizations. Typology appears as soon as we begin to use a multitude of the object’s essential attributes for the description of some of its phenomena . When we have the attributes, then we can begin to sort the objects, thus typology is born. Typology by virtue of its construction holds the condensed variant of all the information available about a phenomenon or a concept in question; it is the description that is very adequate to the factor description. These are two complementary ways to describe a semantic field.
2.2. The analysis of the contents of typologi cal description Let's a closer look at the contents of typology. What is the number of attributes that make up the contents of typology? What does this number depend on? Is there a correlation between the number of types and the number of attributes? The existing publications do not give answers to these questions. However, a number of research papers are devoted to some aspects of relationships between the typological descriptions and dimensional descriptions. Detailed reviews of research on the classification problem are available in publications [11, 52, 59]. The methodology of the system approach in classification
research is described in [69]. The question of the ratio of the number of types and the number of properties has been raised in [57, 74]. G. Eckmann in his work On Typological and Dimensional Systems of Reference in Describing Personality[74] defines type as a pole of a measuring axis, i.e. "the pure type", and the specific objects he describes by means of super positioning of "pure" types and mixing of their characteristics. In the context of this interpretation the description by means of n pure types is equivalent to the description by means of (n - 1) properties. This law at work is demonstrated by the example of Kretchmer's pure types (picnic, athletic, leptosome). The author believes that the system of types is constant, whereas the system of properties is always open and it is possible to add to it or take away from it any number of dimensions. A. Anastasi [73] formulates Eckman's position as follows: “Any data set which can be adequately described by means of n types can be as well described by means of (n - 1) properties” ([57, vol 2, P. 257]). As it will be demonstrated below, this thesis (proved only for a special case) is also valid for accepted here notions of typology, its volume and contents. Let's consider the contents of typology according to its definition. The problem of defining a number of attributes corresponding to a given typology boils down to the problem of defining the capacity of the set of intertype distinctions. What is the capacity of this set? Let us consider the problem in general. Let there be a typology which on the set of researched objects allocates n types: Т1, Т2, …, Тn. Thus, naturally, the requirement of completeness is met: (5) and the requirement of mutual disjointness of types is also met: (6)
Let Jn be a set of types: Jn = {T1, T2, …, Tn}.
(7)
Then to any attribute (a, ā) from A there corresponds a splitting of the Jn set into two subsets, which can be written down X =as: ,
(8) where x is the set of types belonging to one pole of the attribute - a; x' is the set of types belonging to the other pole - ā. The number of variants of allocation on the Jn set of a subset of possible combinations by i from n will be: . (9) The values – binomial coefficients – could conveniently be represented as Pascal pyramid (Fig. 11). In line n there are the following quantities: . (10) Since one section allocates two sets from k and (n - k) elements at once, then taking into account that , (11) it is easy to determine the number L of possible sections set: of the
. Jn
(12)
Let's note here that an identical section corresponds to the combinations ……: (13) Fig. 11 The Pa scal pyr amid
It can be considered to be the extreme case of splitting of the set of types (see also § 2.4), i.e. an identical operation. Thus the maximum possible number of intertype distinctions (N) for a set of n types will be:
(14) The record (8) can be considered both as a section of a set of types, and as a description of an attribute by means of a set of n types. In the latter case the obtained result can be formulated as follows: n-1 With the help of n types it is possible to describe no more than 2 – 1 different attributes. So, the two values: the number of types and the maximum number of intertype distinctions strictly correlate with each other by the proportion (14). The set of classifying attributes A may not include all intertype distinctions. The number of attributes in it may be more or less close to the maximum. For example, to obtain 16 types 4 independent attributes are enough, and the number of possible distinctions between these 16 types will make almost 33 thousand. We introduce designation R n for the set containing all variants of intertype distinctions for the typology of n types: (15) Rn is the set of all intertype distinctions, which by definition is the contents of the typology of n types. The correlation of the volume and content of typology is provided in Tab. 25. Table 25 The correlation of the volume and content of typology
Typology Volume
n
Typology N Content
2n-1 - 1
Typology Volume
n
Typology N Content
2n-1 - 1
1
2 0
9
10
255
3 1
11
511
4 3
12
1023
5 7
13
2047
6 15
14
4095
7 31
15
8191
8 63
128
16
16383
32767
Table 25 demonstrates that the ability of typology to estimate the properties of objects measured by the number of intertype distinctions, at n ≤ 4 is insignificant; however, when n > 10 the number exceeds one thousand, at n = 16 it exceeds the average volume of written speech vocabulary (20 000 words) [13, P. 117]. In 1914, when dealing with a classification problem, G. S. Mille wrote: “...properties which we put in the basis of our classes, sometimes exhaust all general attributes of a class or in some form or another imply them; in other cases, on the contrary, we select a few properties from a greater, even inexhaustible number; and since we do not know the limits of this number we may consider it infinite” [40, P. 109]. Theanalysis of publications reveals that today neither a solution of the problem of correlation between the number of properties and the number of classes, nor even a clear definition exists. In 1986 S. S. Rozova wrote [52, P. 20]: “The basis of classification is some kind of a 'technical device' needed to amplify the effect of the process of classification. The amplification effect here consists identity of objects in a small – inThis oneeffect property), which turns out of to the be their identity in a multitude ofnumber (almost of in properties all others) (ideally properties. is possible due to the presence of different sorts of correlations, in particular, the laws connecting different properties of objects. Once such law is found it is possible to "fish out" a huge, literally inexhaustible stock of different correlations.” This figurative and nevertheless precise description of the process, unfortunately, does not bring us really closer to the essence of the phenomenon. Let's go back to the typological descriptions. If each attribute А i of A is considered as some logic condition which determines whether the object belongs to the Sa set, or to the S ā set, then the typology corresponding to the set of attributes is, as it has already been said, a set of their logically consistent realizations.
If all attributes Х 1, Х2, Х3..., XN were independent from each other, then the number of types would be equal to 2 raised to the power N: 2N. However, since at n> 3 the value 2 N is much greater than n, it is clear that we deal with a system of attributes with a complex structure of internal connections. Considering the complexity of the object of our analysis, we shall consider the structure of the Rn set in the following aspects: 1. The depth of its in the context of "essence - phenomenon.” 2. The structure of the set of attributes. 3. The structure of connections. 4. Observability.
2.3. Analysis of the contents of t ypology in the "essence – phenomenon” context. Let's consider the R n constituent sections from the point of view of their corresponding attributes. Generally each splitting Х i from Rn implies a set of attributes from A. This set is an equivalence class, which contains all attributes generating one and the same splitting of the S set. To this class may belong: 1. The attributes from the "essence - phenomenon" context. For example: the atomic weight is a phenomenon, the number of nucleons in the nucleus is the essence. Some authors pursuing this aspect introduce the division of attributes into "attributes - causes" and "attributes - manifestations" [60, P. 25]. 2. Projections to different areas of manifestation of the same property without any direct causal connection. The same property may be manifested in absolutely different spheres of human life. As a rule, it is not the intrinsic attributes, but the observable ones (i.e. attributes that are below a certain level in the "essence - phenomenon" context (Fig. 12)) that are distinguished.
Fig. 12 The "essence - phenomenon" context
Essence
The area of the manifested properties
Phenomenon
3. Different causes may also generate identical effects. The "essence - phenomenon" aspect requires, however, some special, more philosophical analysis which is beyond the scope of our study. Here it is e ssential to make a statement that there is an intrinsic dimension on a set of attributes, namely, depth. From this position it could be interesting to examine the meaning of a single section (E). There we find: 1. The attributes generic for the set of examined objects. In other words, general attributes of the typology substratum, i.e. those concerning the whole set of examined objects.
2. All the attributes that do not pertain to the contents of the typology. For example, the attribute of sexual dimorphism is not essential for the typology of temperaments. In the most general case Е means all attributes supplementing the set {X 1, X 2..., Xn} up to the universe of constructs. Thus, the condensed Rn set reflects the whole universe of all possible constructs of the language. At the same time the semantic part of the set – the attributes X 1, X2..., Xn – as if highlights the area of the examined phenomena. So some kind of homomorphy is established A Rn which "assembles" all the attributes, which generate identical splittings of the set of types n,J in one construct from the set R n. 2.4. Structure analysis of the set of attributes. The general – the individual – the specific K. Kalakhon and G. Murrey wrote that each person has something in common with every person in the world; each person has something in common withsome people, and at the same time each person has something absolutely unique(cit. by [42, P. 228]). Same is true about a type: it has something in common with all other types, it has some things in common with some types, and some things that are absolutely unique. So there are attributes common for all. These are obviously generic attributes; they are the characteristics of the substratum of the set of researched objects. Species of common correspond to them. There are attributes, which divide the set of types into approximately equal parts; each part is comprised of similar elements. Species of particular correspond to them. And, at last, the third group of attributes, these distinguish only one type; the attribute is the individual property of a type and it constitutes its uniqueness. Let's look at a line in the Pascal pyramid (see Fig. 11) corresponding, for example, to the typology of 4 types. The first element C ₀⁴=1 pertains, as it was already noted, to the species of common and corresponds to section Е (see § 2.2 and 2.3). The second element C ₁⁴=4 is the number of attributes, each discerning one element of the typology; for example, the attribute "power - weakness" of the nervous system discerns one type out of four. The number of these attributes equals to the number of types, and in the Pascal pyramid they are located on periphery - we shall name them peripheral attributes. And, at last, C ₂⁴=6 – combinations of 2 types. 6: 2 = 3 attributes correspond to it and split the set J4 in half (see, for example, Tab. 22). The central axis of the Pascal pyramid corresponds to them. We shall name them central attributes. Thus, we discern two kinds of attributes (peripheral and central) on the R n set. Along the line in the direction from the side to the center the attributes lose the individual features and "acquire" particular features, the number of attributes grows. According to the information theory, the closer to the maximum of the logical opportunities of attributes combination a statement cuts off, the more the statement is informative. From this point of view for n=16 the central attribute cuts off 8 opportunities, the peripheral attribute cuts off 15. In case when 0 opportunities cut off, the information value of the statement equals zero. Peripheral attributes give us maximum information about one type and are used for the description of types, whereas central attributes tell us little about a type, but give us a good idea about the typology and they are used as classifying attributes. A typical example is the MMPI technique [79] where in order to reach the level of the type of a person four independent constructs are used, but for its description – capacious, vivid individual characteristics discerning each type are used [66, Chap. 3.6]. It is difficult put together a system ontypologies the basis use of the peripheral attributes reflecting individual traits ofto a type, therefore empirical simple unstructured list of types. single Comparison of the two kinds of attributes is shown in Tab. 26. Table 26 Comparison characteristics of central and peripheral attributes
Central Attributes Tend to the conceptual concreteness Used for building concise classification
Periphera l Attribut es Tend to graphic concreteness Used for concise description of the typical and the isolated
Split the set of the examined objects into two generalized types, for example: extraverts and introverts Both poles are equally informative The sampling regarding these attributes could be regarded as more homogeneous
Highlight features of one type, for example, schizoid or epileptic Only one pole is informative The sampling is heterogeneous to the maximum regarding peripheral attributes
All other attributes located between the center and periphery, are not too generalized on the one hand, and not too specific on the other. Distribution of attributes for the typology of 16 types is shown in the Tab. 27 (see also Fig. 11). Table 27 Distribution of attributes from the pe riphery to the center for Attr ib ute Numbe r of attributes The sum from the periphery to the center
Х₁/15
Х ²/14
Х³/13
Х4/12
Х5/11
n = 16
Х6/10
Х7/9
Х8/8
16
120
560
1820
4368
8008
11440
6435
16
136
696
2516
6884
14892
26332
32767
By Gilford's definition, a property is a quality revealed by any method, which distinguishes one individual from another [47]. The movement from periphery to the center is ascension from the concrete, individual to the general, specific. It is natural to assume that concrete features, most strongly pronounced properties of personality are represented in a language in greater degree, whereas the central generalizing properties pertain more to the special, professional terminology and are represented in smaller numbers. Then the area of the central attributes and those clo se to them (Х8/8 - Х6/10) could have Alport poorerand representation in aabout language than the area of the peripheral attributes. Odbert found 17000 words for personality description, 4505 of them were character traits [73] in the English language. Clages discerned about 4000 such words [64, P. 216] in German. The data permits to estimate the number of discerned features only approximately. Here it is necessary to take into consideration both the incompleteness of dictionaries and the polysemantic nature of different terms. As it has already been said, when a description reaches the level of typology the individual distinctions turn into the intertype ones. The capacity of the set of intertype distinctions for n = 16 is almost twice as big than the number of conceptions providing the basic needs of a language (see tab. 27). If we accept, after R. Kettle [64, P. 229], that in an ordinary language all aspects of personality are reflected accurately enough then the typology of personality is an adequate representation of this concept. By means of comparing the capacities of typologies it is possible to compare the volumes of the same concepts in the collective consciousness of different nations. The existence of such difference, in our opinion, is one of the basic difficulties in translation of psychological texts into foreign languages.
2.5. Structure a nalysis of a set of intertype distinct Group properties of attributes
ions.
Considering the Rn set we study a system with a highly developed structure of inner connections. Let's begin analyzing the structure of the R n set of attributes with the simplest two-dimensional example. Consider two bipolar attributes: X = and Y = .
(16)
These attributes divide the set of researched objects S into 4 types: Т 1, Т2, Т3, Т4 (Fig. 13).
Each of the attributes divides the set of types J4 = { Т1, Т2, Т3, Т4 }
(17)
into two parts with two types in each. Thus the attributes X and Y can be written down as: X = <{ Т1, Т3}, { Т2, Т4 }> = , Y = <{ Т1, Т2}, { Т3, Т4 }> = .
(18)
Henceforth the intersection of sets procedure (xy = x ∩ y) is omitted. Fig. 14 demonstrates that there is one more attribute Z, which also divides J4 into two parts with two types in each: Z = <{ Т1, Т4}, { Т2, Т3 }> = .
(19)
All three attributes X, Y, Z belong to R 4 because they are the sections of the J4 set. However, as the construction demonstrates, the splitting of the set of researched objects by these three attributes does not produce new types. Those attributes we shall call interdependent attributes (see, for example, Tab. 24). The mathematical reflection of this dependence is a binary operation of composition of sections - . We shall write it down as follows: Z=XY== <{ Т1, Т4}{ Т2, Т3 }>=. (20) The result of the composition of sections is shown on Fig. 14. From the mathematical point of view all three sections (as will be shown below) are identical. This fact indicates that the third bipolar axis might have a content reading. Then, since this exhausts all possible splittings of a set of 4 types into two equal parts, the description of type can be obtained by means of the central attributes (Tab. 28). Table 28
The description of 4 types by three ce ntral attributes X
Y
Z
T1+
+
+
T2+
-
-
T3-
+
-
T4-
-
+
Note: the "+" sign corresponds to the positive pole, "-"sign - to the negative pole of the attribute.
Tab. 28 demonstrates that this description does not allow for diametrically opposite types. Any two types have two different attributes and one attribute in common. Thus, there is always a point of view from which these two are one. For example, both Т 1 and Т3 have property x in common, though allhowever, their othera attributes are different. It is, general description of 4 types. Let us look at some examples. 1. The description of typology of personality by R.Akoff and F.Emeri [2, p. 128] (see Tab. 24). 2. As applied to the description of types of temperament Tab. 28 will look as follows: Table 29 Types of t emperame nt
Sangui ne Phlegmatic
Stabilit y + +
Speed + -
? + -
Choleric Melancholia
-
+ -
+
How could the content of the third column be interpreted? What unites the sanguine and the melancholic on the one hand, and the phlegmatic and the choleric on the other? There is an obvious section here; but what does it mean? The question remains without an answer. Tab. 28 can be used for building a typology on any two independent axes, for example: Table 30 Corre lation of potentials and tendencies
+ + -
T1 T2 T3 T4
The level of expectations ( potentials ) + + -
The level +of claims (tendencies) +
?
In this case the third attribute will most likely be the adequacy of claims and expectations. Let's return to Tab. 28. On the one hand, each line of this table represents a description of one type by means of three bipolar attributes. On the other, each column of the table can be considered as a description of some bipolar attribute by means of two pairs of types, each belonging to one of the poles. Thus two problems could be set: the direct problem, the problem of definition of types through attributes, and the counter problem, the definition of attributes through the known types (identification of a section with a property of the type). Let's consider now the properties of bipolar attributes. Using the expression (18) it is easy to show that for the combination of sections we introduced the following equations are true: XZ=Y YZ=X XX=E YY=E XE=X YE=Y ZE=Z (21) Where Е is the identical section (see (13)). Let us solve some of the problems: XY== = ==E (22) (23) It is easy to get the following equation also: (24) Henceforth the sections satisfying equation (24) will be called linearly dependent. Thus to the four types allocated on the S set correspond three linearly dependent axes any pair of which can be chosen as the orthogonal basis for the definition of a type. What are the properties of the set of the central attributes derived by us (let us designate it L 4 = {X, Y, Z, E}) with the operation of multiplication introduced on it? 1. On this set the binary operation is set, so that for any Xi, Xj є L4 the following is true: Xi Xj є L4.
(25)
2. The operation (20) is associative and commutative by virtue of associativity and commutative property of the U and ∩ operations, i.e. for any Xi, X j, X k from L4 the following is true:
(Хi Xj) Xk = Xi (Xj Xk) - associativity, Xi Xj = Xj Xi – commutative property.
(26)
3. There is an element Е є R4, that for any X є L4 the following is true: X E = X. (27) 4. For any X є L4 there is an element X - 1 є L4 for which: X X - 1 = E.
(28)
So the set L4 is an Abelian group regarding the introduced operation of multiplication (Tab. 31). Table 31
The mu ltipl ication table for group L X E Z Y X
X Y Z E
Y Z E X Y
Z Y X E Z
4
E X Y Z E
In mathematics this group is known as quadrantal [16, p. 97], or Kelli's group, it is rather popular in different applications. This group is isomorphic to the group of M substitutions {m1, m2, m3, m4} (see Tab. 32): …………………. (29) Table 32
The multiplication table for
M group
m1
m2
m3
m4
m1
m1
m2
m3
m4
m2
m2
m1
m4
m3
m3
m3
m4
m1
m2
m4
m4
m3
m2
m1
In crystallography the crystallographic group of symmetry 2/m=1,2,1’,m [70, p. 201-202] is isomorphic to this group. In physics it is the group of double antisymmetry СРТ = {I, P, T, C} which has fundamental value in the quantum theory of field [70, p. 288]. In psychology application of this group is associated with J. Piaget. The group of propositional operations IRNC [45] derived by him in the research of intellectual structures is isomorphic to the examined group L4. Here, in our opinion, besides the formal isomorphism of structures some substantial analogy is possible. The development of invariant personality structures in the process of person's socialization can be considered analogous to the making of the intellectual structures.
Until now we have been examining the central attributes (L4 set) for typology J 4 = {Т1, Т2, Т 3, Т4}. Let us now find its full set of sections, R4. According to (14) at n = 4 the capacity of R4 set is: N=2 1 = 4-1 7. –
(30)
From the 4-th line of Pascal pyramid (see Fig. 11) it can be seen that for n = 4 there are 3 central and 4 peripheral attributes. If we consider the elements of R4 from the point of view of the introduced operation of multiplication, it is easy to show that any result of multiplication of R4 elements is some section J4 and belongs to R4. Here three variants of combination of the attributes are possible: - central and central - central and peripheral - peripheral and peripheral
-> -> ->
central; peripheral; central.
These 7 attributes together with Е form a group of the 8-th order. The full description of all J4 types according to the attributes from R4 and the multiplication table of attributes are given in Tab. 33. The rearrangement of poles, which sometimes happens as a result of multiplication, is neither important nor reflected in the table. Similar groups of attributes and tables of their multiplication can be derived in the same way for any n. Table 33
Full description of J
4
according to the R
Attr ib ute
4 attributes
an d the multipl ication table for R
Central Attr ib utes
4 group
Perip heral Attr ib utes
Type T1 T2 T3 T4 X Y Z P1 P2 P3 P4
X + + E Z Y P2 P1 P4 P3
Y + + Z E X P3 P4 P1 P2
Z + + Y X E P4 P3 P2 P1
P1 + P2 P3 P4 E X Y Z
P2 + P1 P4 P3 X E Z Y
P3 + P4 P1 P2 Y Z E X
P4 + P3 P2 P1 Z Y X E
E + + + + X Y Z P1 P2 P3 P4
In the system of the R4 attributes we can easily calculate the number of P connections of the X Y Z = E kind. Such connection can be identically written down as three expressions: XY = Z; YZ = X; XZ = Y.
(31)
Hence, Р could be written down as: ………….
(32)
The number of connections depending on n is shown in Tab. 34. Table 34 The numbe r of connections between a ttributes fo r diff erent typ ologies
Numbe r of types, n Numbe r of attributes, N Numbe r of c onnections, P
3 3 1
4 7 7
5 15 35
6 31 155
7 63 651
8 127 2667
From Tab. 34 it is seen that at n> 5 the number of connections in the Rn system rapidly grows. The description thus appears redundant. Attributes, which can be derived by means of combination of other attributes, do not make the description any more informative, but they do increase its reliability.
2.6. Conditions of adequa cy of typologic al and factor d escriptions Different procedures of factorization are actually used in search of some optimum in order to reduce the number of the factors employed without taking away from the description comprehension. As it was demonstrated above, the results of such development are in the range of 15 ± 5 factors. It is an empirically found optimum. Let's try to derive this optimum theoretically. For this purpose we shall introduce two concepts: The basis of ty pology – a set of attributes, which allows discerning all types. The basis of description – a set of attributes, which allows deriving all elements of the Rn set. The minimum set of features, which allows discerning all types, is usually used as the basis of typology. The number of those attributes is equal to the number of the binary digits necessary for listing of all the types in typology. For example, for 14 types 4 digits are enough, and for 17 types 5 are necessary. The basis of typology is convenient for classification, but it is too poor for the description of types. Let's look now at the basis of description from the point of view of the group structure of the set of attributes. B is the generating set: 1
2
k
B= {Х , Х ..., Х }.
(33)
B is a set of attributes comprising the R n group then all possible combinations of attributes from B generate all other elements of R n that do not belong to B. At the same time for any combination of the elements of B set the requirement of their linear independence is fulfilled: ,
(34)
where a1, a2, …, aw is any combination of indexes from {1, 2, …, k}. If k is the number of elements of the generating B set, then the number of the D elements generated by it will be: , (35) where: Ck2 is the number of paired; Ck3 - triple;... – CKX-(k - х) combinations of the B elements. Then for N we can write: N=D+k
(36)
or ………………………. After substituting in (37) the values Ck1 = k and CK0 = 1, we get:
(37)
…………………………………… (38) ………………… - 1.
k=n
(40)
(39)
So the number of the factors forming all the attributes of intertype distinctions is equal to the number of types minus one. The correlation (40) establishes a strict numerical dependence between the two complementary descriptions – the factor description and the typological one. Thus, the following general statement can be formulated: For any typological description ofn types there is anadequate description of n - 1 factors. In [74] this pattern was considered in case of 3 types only. Here the validity of this statement for the most general case is proved. Let us consider simple examples. There will be one new element for the two forming elements Х 1, Х2: X1 X2= X3, R3 = {E, X1, X2, X3}.
(41)
The number of types n = 3. For the three forming elements ( , X 1, X 2, X 3) there are four new elements X1X2, X1X3, X2X3 and X1X2X3. At the same time: R4 = {Е, , X1, X2, X3X1X2, X1X3, X2X3, X1X2X3} = = {Е, Х1, Х2, Х3, Х4, Х5, Х6, Х7}.
(42)
The number of types is n = 4. For the four forming elements Х1,Х2, Х3, Х4: ……………………………………………..
(43)
This is the full description of the five types. The description by means of a generating set is equivalent to the full description since any attribute can be derived by means of some combination of generating elements. If one element is excluded from the description basis then it is not possible to derive some of the R n elements – the description thus becomes less informative. If just one element is added to the description basis it does not make it more informative. The description basis can be made up of peripheral, or central or any other attributes. Any pair of the forming B elements X and Y generates the third element, Z; the latter is not a part of the generating set. If Z replaces any element of this pair, a new generating set B will appear. Repeating such procedure we can derive all generating sets for the R n group. Without elaborating on the calculations we shall only note that the number of generating sets when n increases grows faster than the number of sections N. Thus, when n is big enough, a huge number of description bases will be possible. Hence, a final number of adequate factor descriptions may correspond to one typology. So, there are three levels of descriptions characterizing a typology: 1. The level of classifying attributes. It is a so-called basis of typology. A minimal number of attributes corresponds to the number of binary digits which are used to number types. Central orthogonal attributes are usually used for classification. 2. The level of description basis is a description, which consists of the elements of a generating set. The number of factors is n - 1. 3. The level of full description - the greatest number of intertype distinctions possible for this typology. At n> 5 it is immense. These three description levels are shown on the nomogram (Fig. 15). From the nomogram it can be seen that to the typological description made up of 16 types corresponds an informatively equal description made up of 15 factors, this absolutely coincides with the number of the empirically found average optimum volume of factor descriptions of personality (used in the majority of popular questionnaires). Fig.15 Connection between factor descriptions and typol
Number of types, n
ogical descriptions
Max number of attributes power of the classifying basis min power of the adequate typological description complete number
number of factors in description
of attributes …
2.7. Comparison of theoretical results with experimental data The task of the present paragraph is to compare the results of the research of the mathematical properties of typological description with the available experimental data. The experimental material for comparison in this case are the experimental and theoretical typologies described in published thesis as well as information about the popular factor techniques and the connections between factors. Practically all the necessary data is contained in section 1 of this part. For clearness we present the result of this comparison in the form of a table, having in the left column the data on how the set of 16 different types of personality should (in theory) look like to an external observer, and in the right one – the data on how that what the psychological science deals in practice with really looks like (Tab. 35). The resulted comparison shows that the hypothesis of the presence of 16 basic types in the sphere of personality is not only in contradiction with the experimental data, but confirmed by them to a considerable degree. It is necessary to separately examine the problem of the causes of correlations between factors: 1. From the position of the typological approach a set of the researched objects possessing the researched quality is a heterogeneous set which can be considered as an association of homogeneous subsets (types). Each type on the Rn set has a unique spectral characteristic consisting of poles of attributes Х 1, Х2..., ХN. Between these values there is a concrete systematic connection according to the multiplication table of attributes. 2. The degree of heterogeneity of the set of the researched objects will be different for the central and the peripheral attributes. The central attributes divide J n into two homogeneous classes regarding the attribute. The peripheral ones discern one class (type) on the J n set, the class is homogeneous according to all the other attributes 3. And, at last, in each concrete sample there is a certain distribution of the examinees according to their types. According to data in [21, 26], this distribution is not even; however, clinical data here cannot be used when dealing with "normal" contingent. In this connection many questions arise concerning the accuracy of application of different statistical methods in psychological researches, which require, however, separate detailed consideration. Таблица 35 Compa rison of theoretical results wit
Theory 1. 16 different types are discerned
2. Lesser number of types is allowed
h experimenta l data
Experiment 1. Clinical typologies discern no more than 16 types. Some practical typologies discerning 16 types really work 2. In practice there are typologies discerning 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 16 types in different spheres of human activity
3. The minimum base of classification for 16 types is 4 orthogonal attributes 4. It is possible to build different classification procedures for splitting of the J16 set but the resulted typology will be only one. Intermediate classes may substantially vary. In other words, different ways, the same result. 5. The number of possible intertype differences N = 32767. The most informative of them are: X1/15 – 16; X2/14 – 120; X3/13- 560; X4/12 1820 6. There is a great number (>10 000) of different factor descriptions which could be 15 factors long, these descriptions are adequate to the typological one 7. With the help of a 10 factor basis it is possible to describe N = 2 10-1 – 1 = 511 intertype differences 8. The correlation of attributes. If two factors are considered chance quantities on the set of types, all factors except for the orthogonal ones seem to an external observer to be correlated. The presence of multiple correlations is determined by the relations in the Rn structure the number of which is P = N(N-1)/6 9. Presence of the Rn set of types, the R 16 set of attributes and the P 16 set of connections allows building of different consistent models of personality properties, which are homomorphic images of the structure described by these three sets.
3. In the majority of factor researches of different areas no more than 4 orthogonal attributes are discerned 4. There are a big variety of classification procedures. For typologies with n<16 classes may either differ or coincide. (For example, 4 types of mind [41] and 4 types of temperament [57].) The research of clinical typologies resulted in 16 types (see p.1). 5. The number of characteristics of personality discerned in different languages may be as large as 17 000. 6. There is a great number (>10 000) of different factor descriptions used in different spheres of personality; the number of factors used is in the range of 15 5. 7. For MMPI with its 10 main scales there are more than 400 additional scales describing various traits of personality [30, p.181] 8. In all models, except for orthogonal two-, three-, and four-factor ones there is a considerable correlation of factors
9. There are a lot of theoretical concepts of personality characteristics. The central attributes are often used for building different classifications – both hierarchical and nonhierarchical [2, 9, 66, 84, 74, 77]. "Presently there are more and more factor personality theories appear based on the use of different tests and establishing correlation between derived factors" [47, p.99].
2.8. Typologic al approach to th e measurement of di fferentiatio n degree in any subject field Let's get back to the definition of concepts "type" and "typology" (see paragraph 2.1). Strictly speaking, type is one of possible logically consistent realizations of a set of attributes characterizing the phenomenon in a concise form; and typology is the totality of these realizations, being at the same time the full and consistent description of the semantic field. For description of the semantic field of a phenomenon a set of essential attributes is used: A = {A1, A2..., Am}.
(2)
Any attribute from A allocates in some subject field (which our thinking connects to this phenomenon) a number of nonempty homogeneous subsets. Homogeneity in this case means impossibility of distinction of objects by means of this attribute. It was shown (see paragraph 2.2) that the maximum number of intertype distinctions for a typology of n types is determined by the formula (14): N = 2n-1 - 1.
That is, there is a precise quantitative dependence between the volume of semantic field and the number of discerned types. Analyzing the process of differentiation in the given object sphere we can introduce the concept of the degre e of di ffere ntiation as a number of logically consistent realizations of a set of essential attributes. The degree of differentiation thus determined turns from an indistinct notion into a concrete value, which can be subjected to exact quantitative estimation. For example, the typology of personality is a set of concrete realizations of the concept of "personality". The number of types discerned is a quantitative characteristic of the degree of diff erentiation in the given subject field . This approach allows to make comparative estimations of the degree of detaling of concepts in different social - psychological strata, professional groups, nations [50, 51]. 2.9. Available resul ts As a result of the analysis of typological description a theoretical model of the structure of personality traits is obtained which allows us to bring typological and factorial descriptions of personality together as one. The analysis has demonstrated: ● There are two levels of individual distinctions: 1. Systematic level determined by the spectrum of intertype distinctions. 2. Stochastic level where individual distinctions are characterized by accidental, nonsystematic deviations from an average representative of a type along the axes of intertype distinctions. The presence of the two levels allows to draw the conclusion on the necessity of two steps of testing: 1. Definition of type. 2. Definition of introtype deviations (distinctions within the type). ● The number of possible intertype distinctions N depends on the number of types n according to the rule N = 2 n - 1 - 1 which determines the volume of the factor contents of typology. ● There are two dimensions on the set of essential attributes: 1. Along the "essence - phenomenon" line grouping together the attributes corresponding to one section of the sets of types. 2. Along the "general – individual – specific" line distributing the attributes according to the degree of the data-traffic on poles. ● A set of intertype distinctions Rn is an Abelian group regarding the binary operation introduced on it (see 2.5). The fundamental subgroup of this group is the “group of four” isomorphic to the IRNC group used by J.Piaget in his research of intelligence. ● For any typological description of n types there is a description adequate to it comprised of n - 1 factors. The number of attributes in the factor description (which is adequate to n
the typological one) is equal to the capacity of the generating set for the
R group.
● Comparison of the obtained results with the published data on the factor and typological descriptions allows to consider the hypothesis of the existence of a uniform typology of personality consisting of 16 types to be fair. So far not only the solution of the problem of correlation of the number of properties and the number of homogeneous classes, but even its distinct formulation has been absent. The present work fills in this blank in the theory, developing the theoretical notions of the properties of a personality attributes set.
A complex object like a set of psychological properties of personality is essentially impossible to describe completely neither by means of a hierarchical structure of properties, nor by means of a Cartesian space even of a very large dimension, nor to present by means of a graph. Typology seems to be the most full and evident "convolution" of knowledge in this area. Actually this approach offers a change of the reference frame in psychological description of personality. As a reference point, instead of some universal-set-average vector of psychological properties, a typology, i.e. some nominative scale, a set of types each element of which has both mathematical and deep psychological meaning, is offered. The typological approach in psychology developing concepts on the general psychological norm, allows comprehending and synthesizing the enormous volume of data accumulated in different psychological researches of personality.
Part III Types and Situations Types of i nformation metaboli sm and situations An attempt to analyze behavior of people of different types of information metabolism in some typical situations might be presented as some kind ofuniquely structured description of types, the latter being examined through the prism of interactions with the environment. To begin with, let us examine a spectrum of situations theoretically, taking into account the eight elements of information metabolism (IM): Positive subject intuition (+ ). Integrity of the inner situation: good, pleasant mood, harmony with the external world; fun, happiness;plunging in thought. Inverse subject intuition (discomfort; internal contradictions.
). Infringement of the inner peace: irritation, moral
Positive objective intuition (+ ). Integrity of the environment: everything is known from beginning to end; the world as if rolls on straight tracks; there is a schedule; the world is predictable, people are predictable, too. Inverse objective intuition (- ). Infringement of the integrity of environment: unexpectedness, breach of schedule; the result of events is unpredictable, or an unexpected event. Positive subjective sensing (+ ). Various bodily sensations: that of being strong and healthy, taste, color, smells. The practice of cleansing and healing techniques and diets; attention to health. Following fashions in the area of health. Inverse subjective sensing sensations of other srcin.
(-
). Indisposition, pain, hunger, fatigue, unpleasant
Positive objective activity. Skills. Will.
sensing (+
). Form, fashion, appearance. Movement, action,
Inverse objective danger.
sensing (-
). Beautiful/ugly (judgment). Physical violence,
Positive objective logic (+ ). External circumstances, events, facts. Personal space. Technology of arrangement. Statistics. The external worldis the objective reality. Matter. Documents. Rules, laws. Materialvalues. External social norms. Inverse objective logic (- ). Loss of values, money. Infringement of the order. Natural disasters. Traffic jams. “Facts are the objective reality.” Numbers, statistics. Loss of territory. Car breakage; TV, home appliance breakage. Dirtin the hall on the carpet. Positive subject logic
(+
Inverse subject logic (figure out and understand.
). Understanding, hierarchy, structure. ). Difficult task; a challenge to the intellect. Necessity to
Positive objective ethics (+ ). External relations hips. Relationships with people. People’s attitude to me. Negotiations. Meetings with friends.Fellowship with close ones. Inverse objective ethics dear ones. Conflicts at work.
(-
). Conflicts. Intrigues. Slander. Quarrel with near and
Positive subject ethics (+ ). My attitude to people. Necessity to express my attitude, opinion, feelings of love. Pleasant/unpleasant. My evaluation of a thing, an object, a person. Inverse subject ethics ( -
).I abhor, reject, detest.
Formally, this list can be regarded as an exhaustive one; however, at the same time it is rather abstract, remote from real life. Let us pick an example from the abundance of daily situationsand examine the `0:00 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Active interactions inthe social sphere, both successful and unsuccessful. Intemperance; quarrels. Relationships with the opposite sex. Impossibility of definite actions; wavering and procrastination. Impossibility to assert one's own interests, to pursue the set goals. Extreme situations, natural disasters; dealing with masses in these conditions. Difficulties in communication. Impossibility of compromise. Personal conflicts. Bad health condition. Situation when a person is open to external influences. Deceit and intimidation. Behavior not usual to the person. Change of the image. Unexpected event. Frustration of the schedule.
Though incomplete, this set is not random. Our purpose now is to vividly demonstrate the socionic instrument at work. We shall address each type individually. Here we consciously will not adhere to an austere style, but shall try to model the "client - consultant" situation. Besides, here we will not consider all types in allpossible situations. So, we have a client who may end up in one of the twelve situations listed above.
Ac ti ve social cooperation (success, failure) A Don Quixote Social cooperation is not your strongest side. You arerunning the risk of excessive emotional overreactionand doing something stupid.Make a correct estimate of your time and energy to be realized in the social sphere.In moments like this it is good to have a practically minded friend who can see and plan ahead. A Dumas You will hardly have any problemsin the area of relationships. Everything will be fine. You, however, should not relax duringsigning of a contract or important papers: in fact, you will have to pay through the nose for your own mistakes. Invite an expert; do not rely on yourself only. A Hugo Try not to confuse business and human relationships . Do not neglect advice of competent people; do not rely on your communication skills only. A Robespierre Things might happen that you have not been able to discern ahead of time.You probably will not be able to ignore them. People, unfortunately, do not alwaysdo the things they should do or the way they should. You cannot change that; they have a different view of life . Do not take it too close to heart. If you want to be a success, remember that any social activity is limited in time. If something does not satisfy you, youattempt to do or make something better,
and even the best. But the best is the worst enemy of good; you might simply exceed the time permitted for a move and not realize what is already in your hands.An advice: timing is important. A Hamlet The situation is similar to that of a Hugo. Besides, in your interactions with social structures there might be a necessity of some paperwork. Then remember, there are lawyers and economists! Go for consultation! A Maxim The situation is similar to that ofa Robespierre. Besides: if there is a person you trust 100 %, take him/her with you. Alone you can miss something important. Some people are good at putting on the looks ofsolid and respectablepeople, you might be deceived. A Zhukov Many envy your business acumen and energy. People often agree with you, trust you. Try, however, to take into account other people's opinions. It might happen that their concession is not sincere and later you will not be able to rely on them.Advice: Take into consideration opinions and the real mood ofyour partners. A Tutankhamon You are able to communicate with different people, and this is your trump card. However, when the business gets into a formal phase, do not do it all yourself. Get yourassistants involved, they can do the paperwork quickly and competently.Advice: Beware least you get involved in activity you do not need to be involved in. A Napoleon You are a born leader. You are not afraid of responsibility, and it is very important in any social activity. Try, however, to be more diplomatic. People like your openness and frankness; they know that it is better than vague hints and roundabout insinuation. Just do not put too much pressure on people, and many will follow you. Social interactions are your strong side. The only recommendation: try to define your goals and your territory (social 'territory' as well) as precisely as possible; that will allow you to foresee the consequences of your actions and control the situation. Your energy allows breaching any wall, to solve any problem. Carefully choose the area where you will invest your time and energy . Do not give in to your mood, it can destroy everything. A Balzac Your social activity may sometimes lack energy. You perfectly see the course, the development of the situation, the hidden dangers and the latent opportunities. However, a good energetic team is necessary for realization of your ideas, it is not necessary to rush into the journey alone. Active interactions require support. Be attentive to what is going on, otherwise you might find yourself in a situation you neither want nor need. Your ability to change your image is very useful in different interactions. However, do not lose yourself; people get quickly used to what suits them, and after a whilethey expect you to behave in a certain way. Advice: energetic assistants and partners are necessaryto bring about your risky plans in the social field. Do not lose control; otherwisethey will be in charge very soon. A Jack London What can be recommended to a pro? We would like to learn fromyou the skill to survive and win in the society. Your knowledge of the real situation, the ability to take into account the time factor and the objective laws ofthe society cause envy in others. You can be successful in ventures others consider impossible. Think, however, are you not too carried away in this sphere? Do not forget about the family. Your own home requires not only the financial support and ideas, but also your personal presence. A Dreiser
Your nature is not that well adapted tothe demanding social interactions. Watch yourself. Quite often you are in the position of an observer, not making any active moves. The society is not too attentive, therefore your may not be appreciated oryou may simply remain unnoticed. Other people, unfortunately, could not hear your inner tune . The world is inharmonious and in order to be heard it is necessary to make considerable efforts. People are what they are; you cannot change them. To expect people or the world to act in certain ways is not always the best strategy. They probably live by their own rules.Advice: do not let the emotions rule you; they can sometimes overpower you. Do not give in to the hypnosis of the circumstances. A Holmes In this sphere you will not have problems unless you get stuck on trifles. Remember the main thing, and some details can be specified later. Do not be afraid of the new. Some things might be rather effective in spite of the fact that nobody has tried them before. A Dostoevsky You can excel in this area. Just get to work. People may consider you a formalist; however, a decent amount of formalism would not hurt in business. Anyway, you will make things clear for you and your partners. A Huxley Be attentive when working with papers: contracts, instructions, agreements, etc. Try to see the core of things, get down to the root of problems ; people are always looking to their own interests. Do not let other people to hypnotize you with facts. A Gaben You know perfectly how to arrange everything in the most rational way:it will be simple, beautiful, inexpensive and convenient. Youwill always have your own perfect way, the main thing – do not argue with fools.
Intemperance. Quarrels. A Don Quixote Any situation has several stages. No quarrel arises instantly. Try to recognize the first stage, catch it in the very beginning. You always have a span of time when emotionsget stirred but are still under control. Take care: if an emotional explosion might be goodfor people of other types, for you it is a stress, and it will take a long time foryou to recover. A situation of emotional tension will probably hunt your thoughts for several days. Do youhave to pay the high price of your carelessness? A Dumas If you suddenly understand that you have missed the beginning of a quarrel, you should have enough skill to suspend the unnecessary conflict, you do not let it develop into something huge. People of your type, as a rule, are rather skilful in the sphere of emotional interactions. A Hugo You understand relationships well enough torecognize a conflict long before emotions splash out. And in case you do not need it at the moment, you will manage to smoothly change the subject. You have a remarkable skill to createa cozy emotional atmosphere. Use it! A Robespierre You should be especially attentive to those near and dear. Miss a moment– and emotions may blaze up, relationships may be spoiled for a long time. A Hamlet You will do your best for sure. Your skill to control your emotions can be only envied. We hope, however, that this will not causea real fight. A Maxim
It is possible eventually to quarrel, however, you must pay for the assault and battery. Advice: do not yield to emotions. You will not find the truth in a quarrel anyway, but the consequences might be sad. Rememberthis – and you will cope with the situation much easier. A Zhukov You know yourself. At times it is difficult to cope with a bad mood. Be ready for this, especially in a situation ofa conflict. A Napoleon Well, you cannot deny it: it is easier for you to express your feelings than to conceal them. Sometimes it might hurt the situation, but even knowing that, you can do little about it. Strangely peopleinto do friends not have thisfoes, problem at some all. Whenenough,other you divide people and it has deep meaning for you. Your attitude to someone can abruptly change andmove a friend into the “foe category” or a foe into the “friend category.” You do not want to be liked by everyone, and it is a precondition of your success in social life. As a rule, people of your type do not fear conflicts. Nevertheless, be attentive and do not gooverboard when your are in a bad mood. A Balzac You will rather avoid a quarrel thanbe a part of it. Why waste energy on nonsense? At times you blow up too. In moments like that it is better to stay away from you. Be especially attentive in those cases, in fact these fits hurt you more than anyone else. A Jack London As a rule, you do not like conflicts, but nevertheless such situation may arise. Usually you try to avoid it. Is it always the best strategy? Do not you pay too much for it? Donot run from all conflicts; and observe yourself. You may probably find new strategies of dealing with people and situations. A Dreiser You may fly into a rage, sometimes your statementsare harsh, but you will never prolong conflicts and just cannot be angry for a long time. You have a good memory, but nevertheless are easily appeased. Advice: If you are ready for the conflict beforehand, it will most likely never happen. You will simply not let it break out. The position of the observer often helps you in difficult situations, especially in the company of strangers. Anyway you do not like quarrels and will try to avoid them.
Relations hips with th e opposite sex. A Don Quixote You are amorous. First of all you see in other person a representative of the opposite sex , and only later – a person. It is easy to infatuate you; you easily fall in love.Even one touch can sometimes drive you very far. You like to be liked, but consider this: it is a weakness! A Dumas Strangely people of your Do typenot sometimes failsome in relationships the opposite sex due to an enough, excessive rationalism. forget that things are with not designed for understanding at all; the logic of life sometimes requires acts beyond human logic. Advice: a little recklessness would do you no harm. A Hugo People of your type show certain contradiction between outward openness, communicative skills and internal indecisiveness, even shynessin relationships with the opposite sex. You feel perfectly well in a company, you can be the life and soul of the party. However, in a one-on-one situation you often seem to be too irresolute, expecting initiative
from your partner. You understand relationships well. Sometimes people may take your indecision for coldness. A Robespierre It is hard for you to talk about your feelings. It is easy to demonstrate what you feel in a practical way, but to put it in words is another story. However, some people just need to hear about your feelings, otherwise they cannotfeel secure. If the object of your sympathy is insecure you should gather your courage, maybe evenwrite down what you are going to sayin advance and read it. A Hamlet Remember: your emotional sphere is much deeper thanthe one of the majority of people. Your normal Advice: way ofwatch expressing of emotions may seem to another person strong or extravagant. the partner's reaction. If your vis-à-vis became quiet,too he or she has probably been frightened. A Maxim People of your type havea problem expressing their feelings, their attitude to things and people. It is a hundred times easier for you todo something to demonstrate your feelings than put it in words. Great, if your partner does not needwords, but what if at least some talkingor explaining is necessary? Then make an effort and get ready ahead of time, otherwise you might frighten your partner or get across as a rude and careless person . A Zhukov Some people expect subtle expression of feelings. And for you it is a hard task. You have a gentle soul, but externally may seem rude.Advice: pay attention to your emotional sphere, but do not fantasize, be yourself. Your energy will probably makeup for some involuntary roughness in the expression of feelings. A Napoleon When young people of your type have especially tense relations hips with the opposite sex. Not only sweet romances are possible in this period, but also affairs that could hurt. Later these problems smooth out. As a rule, in these situations you are the active party. Be, however, attentive: your energy can break barriers, but something subtle in the relations hips can be destroyed in the process. A Balzac At times your relationships with the opposite sex you are not activeenough and you let your partner take the initiative. If you agree with this statement, observe:at times do you find yourself involved in relationships against your own will?If you do not agree - well, you do not need our recommendations. A Jack London In relationships with the opposite sex people of your type are rather conservative. Watch for artificial restrictions in this area, which you do not need. A Dreiser (female) Looking active and labile, you are people nevertheless rather in this You area. However, yourvery coquettish attitude mightmake think that you conservative are easy to seduce. may agree that in your life such misunderstanding happened more than once. But in general you do not need many recommendations in this area since you are able to keep the distance like nobody else. Advice: remember that not everybody understands hints. A Dreiser (male) Your conservatism in this issue protects you well from difficult and ambiguous situations. You are capable of flirtation, but your home, family and its interests is your basic value. In this sphere you are perfectly competent and do not needany advice.
Impossibility of
definite a ctions; wavering and procrastination
A Don Quixote For you it is a grave situation. See if your own wavering is the reason (or one of the reasons) for the impossibility of definite actions. Try to step aside, have a detached view of the situation, as though seeing it on a silver screen; soberly, unbiasedly estimate the actions of the "characters" (including yourself). It could probably appear that you should be more resolute. An unresolved situation of this sort may seriously damage your health. A Dumas Same case as a Don Quixote’s. It is better to make your own choice; otherwise someone else will make it for you. Remember:80% of the cause of wavering and procrastination is you; the impossibility of resolute is the own You can never know everything from beginning to actions end. There willresult neverofbeyour a 150 % indecision. guarantee of success. A Hugo The most difficult thing for you is to see the borderline of the situation . You may not notice the moment when the time of wavering and procrastination ends andbegins the time of resolute actions. Look out for this transition and do not miss it. A Robespierre Remember: nerve cells do not restore, or, more accurately, they restore much more slowly than other cells of the body. There is no need tostress out over objective circumstances. No matter how hard you try you cannot foresee everything. Induced delays are inevitable even with most flexible planning. Take a contrast shower or read your favorite book if you get a chance. A Hamlet Relax! This situation does not need any activity on your part. Try not to miss the moment when it is time to makedecisions. Advice: Be alert! A Maxim This situation will demand self-control from you. Actions during these moments can be not only ineffective, but also even counterproductive. However,because you know when this interval will end, little effort will be required from you to endure it. A Zhukov Wavering and procrastinations are not in your book, but when all you could do has been done, let the situation ripen. Not always a mistake can be corrected by means of punishment of those at fault. It is needed and even necessary toput demands on people, however, there are also objective reasons. Advice: take it easy. A Tutankhamon You may simply not notice this situation. Be attentive to join in activity at the moment when resolute actions do not meet resistance any more.The motto: “Be ready!” A Napoleon Unfortunately, not everything on resolute us, sometimes external circumstances overpower us. Be patient, try to relax.depends At this time actions are impossible anyway. Switch to another activity, engage in something pleasant. Some problemstake more time to be solved than we would prefer. A Balzac It is important for you not to miss the moment when the situation of induced procrastination may turn into a chronic one. See who benefits from it and do not let the things stagnate. Analyze all the reasons for the delay; you will probably see not only the objective circumstances, but also the interests of certain people. If itis so, do not be afraid to involve vigorous assistants: it will take more thanyour own energy to put things in motion.
A Jack London Psychologists believe that people of your type are not confused by any delays and procrastination caused by objective circumstances. You have enough patience, and you will not go into extremes, worryor fret. If a delay has objective character, you will continueon with your activity, with the only difference: your actions will become internal, you will turn to developing your inner resources and searching for new options. The only thing that would be necessary is a precise self-positioning in the situation. A Dreiser Much like a Maxim. Plus: if you learn how to smoothly pass through the situations of delay it will save a lot of nervous energy in the future. A Holmes For you, just like for a Robespierre, various delays are the time of processing additional data, time for analysis. Probably this period would prove beneficial for you. Analyze the situation once more, look through the papers again, and make correction of plans for the nearest future if necessary. A Dostoevsky You should not worry too much. In the world thereare a lot of things and situations completely independent of our plans. Try not to miss, however, the end of this stage and be ready for definite actions. All your energy and concentration could be requiredthen. A Huxley Take the advantage of the momentto estimate the situation, make a detailed analysis of data and make a decision. It will make for your success, and when the adverse period ends, you will be ready for resolute actions again. A Gaben Much like a Huxley. A plus here is that you have the time to think! Maybe you can finda more rational wayto bring your plans about.
Impossib ility to assert one's own interests, to pursue
the set goals
A Don Quixote Since your activity in these periods will be inhibited, try to put it at rest. However, if there is the need to assert your purposes, you will certainly rush to fight despite of the forecasts even if it will be the struggle against windmills. A Dumas People of your type find it difficult to assert their goals . In such situation it will be even more difficult since your activity is inhibited. Think beforehand, whose help you could use at this time. A Hugo If you precisely know when it will be necessary to fight for your goals, call for somebody to whom down. the stars are more favorable at this period.A warning: standard ways could let you A Robespierre Unfortunately, in this situation it might not be enoughto just rely on your own strength. Habitual behavior might "not work". It is best to secure someone's support. Why risk in a disadvantageous position? Thefact of the matter is, you might not be able to ignore reality. A Hamlet
People of your type are characterized by some indecisiveness. In these circumstances this feature may amplify. Be attentive:during those periods of time decision-making requires even more energy thanit usually does. A Maxim Try to relax. It is best to plan for yourself something pleasant, a holiday or an entertainment, otherwise you could waste too much energy for upholding your goals, it may unsettle you for a long time. Advice: take this situation for granted, just like rainy day or bad weather. A Zhukov You are used to relying on your own resources. As a rule it is enough, so the situation of compelled inactivity,right impossibility of action you your is especially unpleasant. you cannot do anything now. Relax, do notfor waste energy, you will needUnfortunately, it soon. A Tutankhamon If you are going to assert your goals during this period, get someone else's support. You will not make it alone. Even yourcommunicative skill may not work. A Napoleon The situation may seem especially difficult since you are a person of action. The compelled inactivity may seriously upset you. However, when you know precisely the time when the spell ends, it is not necessary to worryas much. You can wait till this period is over. Caution: Alcohol is not the best remedyfor bad mood. A Balzac This situation is not too dangerous for you for your goals might be of a deep internal character. A Jack London Usually you do not depend on external circumstances,you move towards your goals no matter what. However, be ready for delays you will not be able to overcome. In that case do not waste your energy; it is better to temporarily switch your attention to something else. A Dreiser For you this situation should pass easily enough: you know about it already, and it will not fall out of the general harmony of daily events.
Extreme situatio ns, natural disasters ; dealing wit h masses in these condit ions A Don Quixote People of your type show their maximum potential under extreme pressure. During those moments you may demonstrate the character qualities you did not know you had, so there is no point to prepare for this beforehand. A Dumas You probably noticed that in unexpected, extreme situation your body and mindeither freeze or continue working automatically. Expect this reaction and acknowledge the problem as soon as possible. The quicker you come out of this state the easier you will be able to overcome the danger. A Hugo You are subconsciously ready for this situation. You have enough energy for both resolute actions and control of people in extreme situations. A Robespierre
If something of this kind really happens, try to not lose sight of the integrity of the situation. Otherwise rash decision may lead to unreasonable and excessive waste of energy. Try to catch the whole pictureof what is happening. A Napoleon In an unexpected extreme situation you can lead people like nobody else. You are able to take fast and drastic measures. People of your type are as though prepared by the nature for extreme situations and do not need further recommendations. A Balzac In an extreme situation you are capable of resolute selfless actions; however, you are not fit for the role of a leader. You mayget stuck, or stop if it seems to you that someone else should take the responsibility. A Jack London In an extreme situation you will act confidently enough.The maximum of your abilities will be revealed here. Anyway, it is better that you would not have to use them. A Dreiser An extreme situation may unsettle you for a moment. However, you are capable of quickly bracing yourself andworking energetically. A Gaben People of your type in an extreme situation can behave energetically and rather rationally. However, during the first moments of the situation you may stop, get stuck, or go into a stupor . Be ready and try to make this period of time as short as possible .
Difficultie s in communication . Impossibility of a compromise. A Don Quixote Usually you manage to find common language with people. However, failures are possible: when people are not constructive, you are in a difficult situation. Advice: do not be too self-confident, your communicative skills may fail. A Dumas You successfully communicate with almost everyone. This is your strong side. Probably in these circumstances you will have to invest more energy and attention. However, if the situation demands serious compromises, it is better to look for other time andother circumstances. A Hugo Do not be too self-confident. It is quite possible that it is not the best situation for a dialogue. Negotiations requiring serious compromisesshould be postponed. Advice: it is better to wait than get involved in anythingat times like this. A Hamlet You are perfectly able to control your emotions. However, other people may misunderstand you and misinterpret your words or acts. During the periods of distorted perception it is better to refrain from any actions and decisions. A Zhukov In a situation when understanding between people is difficult some oftheir statements may seem insulting to you. Stop, do notdraw any conclusions. Most likely it isa simple misunderstanding. He or she meant something absolutely different and simply failed to convey their thought. Be attentive, otherwise relationships may go sour and stay like that for lengthy periods of time.
A Tutankhamon Similar to a Dumas. The following situation is possible:you have come to an agreement with your partners but it turns out that you misunderstood each other . Clarify whether you have really come to an agreement or it is a mutual illusion.Advice: Be especially attentive. A Napoleon If you manage to adhere to a 'dry' official style, everything should turn out OK. For compromises, however, it is better to choose another time, and if possible, another place, otherwise your business may suffer. A Balzac In this situation you should avoidprickly statements. Your conclusions might prove to be correct... And nevertheless better to leave them for of tomorrow. You will still understand people well (which could not itbeissaid about representatives other types). A Jack London If it is impossible to postpone a serious meeting, try to be especially attentive and check how other people understand what you said. Especially if they agree with you! It is quite possible that each party understood the state of things in their own way. A Dreiser Psychologists say that people of your type generally do notseek depth in relationships, and are content basically with superficial dialogue in which are not inclined to compromises. But there is a small circle of people (as a rule limited to the family circle) with whom you are very close and there is a number of already settled compromises. In this light the situation is not too disturbing for you - you are attentive enough in the sphere of interpersonal relationships. However, be ready that partners would show more misunderstanding and obstinacy than usually. But an emotional move can always help you. A Holmes In this situation it is better not to plan any personal meetings. There might be misunderstanding you would regret later.Should you stay away from the difficult people for a while? By the way, there is always some unfinished paperwork. A Dostoevsky You have probably been in a situation when people do not understand too well what you are telling them, but pretend that they do. Pay special attention to this: people may agree with you probably having in mind their own goals. If in your relations hips with someone serious adjustments and compromises are required, it is better to devote this time to other things. A Huxley As a rule, you judge people characters rather accurately and talk to people in their language. On the one hand, it facilitates contacts, but on the other makes them more so to say 'artificial'. Slips are possible here. Try to defineyour assessments more accurately. The initial opinion may prove to be not absolutely true. As to the 'near and dear' ones, here the contacts already exist and are finely tuned. Beware, however, of losing your temper, it may put you to a disadvantage. A Gaben Do not make appointments with new people: the probability is great that the dialogue will fail. Your professionalism and knowledge may certainly help, but most likely you will misunderstand each other. Even if someone in this situation agrees with you, be not delusioned, there might be no understanding at all.
Interpersonal conflicts A Don Quixote
Any conflict between people (even if it does not concern you directly)bothers you. The more you are involved in a conflict, the higher the psychological costfor you will be. Remember that you may lose much more energy than other participants of the conflict. You know the famous formula of a failure: “Be good to everyone, please everyone.” Check yourself and see if you follow the formula? A Dumas As a rule you successfully avoid these problems. You are able to help a person calm down or at least switch the focus of attention to another topic or person . Advice: practice selfcontrol. Even if your opponent gets personal, do not retaliate. It does not help resolve the conflict at all. This situation may be creative for you, however, tryto stay away from the front lines. Direct conflicts are not recommended for you. A Hugo Generally, fighting and conflict is not your part in life. There are people who geta kick out of fighting, they even get charged in a conflict ; you instinctively try to avoid conflicts. And remember nevertheless: sometimes it is better to call a spade a spade, and an open and direct talk is much more effective than hints and equivoques. A Robespierre Of course, you want justice and you strive for it. Pay closer attention to the means you use. Are they too radical in this situation? Is your approach too harsh and serious? Stand back and look at the situation from outside . It is a good quality to have – to be able to laugh at yourself. A Hamlet People of your type are good actors. It is easier for you than for other types to put on a face and live with it for some time and then discard it. You are better than many others able to control your emotions and inner states. Since you havethis remarkable gift, you do not need to fight with anybody. Advice: Choose a suitable role for yourself and change the script. Or, to put it more accurately, the script will change itself according to the logic of life of the image chosen. A Maxim The ability to work under the pressure of conflict is not your strongest side. To act, to risk is another story, you are good at it, but the sphere of emotions... In this place you are unprotected, open for influence of other people and, unfortunately, might find yourself involved in a conflict against your will. It is very important to know this zone. The situation of interpersonal conflict provides a fine opportunity to observe your own behavior. This observation will help you to learn something new about yourself, get more protected. A Zhukov You are a rather rational person and absolutely not inclined to personal conflicts. However, if this happens, you have a problem coping with the subsequent stress. Youare ready to cut off relationships with people after a minor conflict. Advice: Remember that people are what they are.Does it really make sense to takeoffence? You willget hurt, but they will not change. A Tutankhamon People of your type are good diplomats. Even in a difficult situation of interpersonal conflict you will manage to find the necessary course and prevent emotional explosion. A Napoleon Emotionally intense conflict is a habitual working situationfor you, you do not take things personally, it is a stimulus to action, and it doesnot disturb you emotionally. Youdo not cling to
negative emotions; youget rid of them soon. And often people are grateful to you: it is pleasant to deal with a person who does notkeep a grudge. A Balzac Quarrels and conflicts are not your element. You adhere to a constructive rather than an emotional manner ofdealing with problems. It may happen, however, that youget involved in a conflict. Advice: Be ready and try to use the situation for introspection.Be diligent and you will get a lot of invaluable information about yourself. A Jack London As a rule, you do not initiate conflicts. Nevertheless, this may happen to you. Usually you try to avoid it. Is it always the best strategy? Is the price you pay for it too high? Do not run from a conflict and observe yourself. Youmight discover a new strategy of interaction with people. A Dreiser You may blow up, and be harsh in your statements. But you will not prolong conflicts and be angry for a long time. You have a good memory, but nevertheless you are easily appeased. Advice: If you are ready for a conflict, it will most likely not happen. You simply will not let it develop. The position of an observer quite often helps you in difficult situations, especially in an unfamiliar company. A Gaben You do not like disputes and conflicts. People of your type prefer to escape from conflicts; they do not support disputes. Youare not excited about convincinganybody of anything. The sphere of conflicts is not your strong side.If you had a choice, you would avoid them altogether. Advice: If a conflict occurs do not blame yourself too much. Usually everybody’s guilty.
Bad health condition A Don Quixote If you feel sick and it is nothing extraordinary, just wait through this period of time. Besides, it is better to refrain whenever possible from food, especially avoid tasting new foods and unfamiliar kitchen. A Hamlet Do not be afraid. If you can make it withouttaking medicine, try to just wait through this period while doing something pleasant. A Maxim You are certainly a patient person and can endurea lot of pain. Nevertheless, sometimes it is necessary to go and see a doctor, at least for consultation. It is simply dangerous to ignore certain things. A Zhukov It is often said about people of your type that theyhave a peasant's attitude to health: “He ploughs until lies in the furrow”.Advice: Find time in you schedule to take care of your health , then problems will not build up. A Tutankhamon You do not enjoy talking about these issues ; conversations about illnesses have little attraction from your point of view. However, sometimes it is necessary to make an effort and see a doctor. People of your typeshould schedule regular physical check ups. A Napoleon
At times people of your typetend to ignore sickness, turning their attention to other things. However, it is necessary to take time to take care of your health. Your body, just like any mechanism, requires not only repairs, but also preventive maintenance. A Balzac You, just like a Tutankhamon and a Dreiser, pay enough attention to your health and try not to neglect minor sickness. You are patient and try to enduresickness. You do not like to visit doctors. You worry about your relatives' health much more thanthey do. Observe yourself. Probably somewhere in the body there is a misbalance, and at this point simple measures are required. A Gaben You are very rational in health issues. You know precisely what is the problem and how it should be treated. You are always ready to face health problems. You can help yourself and other people.
Vulnerability to external influ ences. D eceit and intimid ation. A Don Quixote and a Huxley Be attentive to health issues. You have probably noticed your suspiciousness in this sphere. Do not take too serious what others may say about your health. It is better to trust the experts. A Dumas and a Gaben Circumstances, schedule, plan, and timetable force you to live rigid life. Take part in planning and scheduling, otherwise you will have to do unnecessary things and take care of somebody else’s business. A Hugo and a Hamlet Can you think of a time in your life when somebody explained something to you so logically and rationally that it took a while to figure out that you have been deceived. Does this happen to you too often? Pay attention, do not take in a beautiful and logical reasoning, and look for the motives and premises. Advice: Get at the root! Remember that facts are stubborn things; do not despise them. Works speak louder than words. A Robespierre and a Maxim If people compliment to you, idolize you, admire you, you cannot resist.Discern flattery and2 hypocrisy from sincere attitude, otherwise those who need something from you will quickly learn to use this 'button'. A Zhukov and a Napoleon Strangely enough, your most unprotected spot is your mood. Remember that in a bad mood it is possible to do a lot of things in a short timebut you will be sorry later. In a good mood pay attention to what you sign. And, at last: no businesswhen even slightly intoxicated! A Tutankhamon and a Balzac When people expect you to do certain things, see if you need .itIt might be that they want to accomplish things at your expense, to take advantage of your good attitude. Be attentive. A Jack London and a Holmes A certificate is not always the true proof of professionalism. A book with a nice cover does not always contain truth. Do not let yourself be hypnotized by the quality of print! Considering modern technical equipment it is not hard to arrange. Observe how your opinion is being formed. Do you prefer to turn to "objective" and "competent" sources, other people? If yes, here you are not protected, more open for external influences, your opinion might be controlled from outside. Look at the situation it might prompt a correct decision.
A Dreiser and a Dostoevsky Facts are a stubborn thing; that is true. And nevertheless do not jump to conclusions. Watch attentively: facts might be represented in different ways, or simply juggled. Look who and how interprets these facts and whatare their motives. Maybe the solution of the problemis not as simple as it seems to be.
Extraordinary behavior . Change of image A Don Quixote Youfor canchange, catch yourself doing for you. there is an impulse expansion of something abilities. Anunnatural, unusual unusual situationgives youObserve: an opportunity to look at yourself as if in a mirror. Advice: Be attentive, and you will learn something new about yourself. A Dumas Extraordinary behavior - excellent! This is a good opportunityfor you to look at yourself as if from outside and go beyond the limits of the habitual image. Be not afraid of yielding to this temptation, and you will learnsomething new about yourself. This experience might prove to be extremely useful. A Hugo Be attentive in this situation, especially if you have essential problems at the moment. Maybe an unusual image will help you to find a non-standard way of solving your problems. A Robespierre There is something of an artist in you. An unusual situation,a change of image is an opportunity to expand the “bouquet” of your roles, to experience and master a new behavior pattern, a new view of the world, to become someone or something new. New states of mind will help you to go beyond some routine limits and norms. Advice: Be daring, and understanding will come. A Hamlet With your artistic turn and ability to control different moods and states some new, unusual images are a wonderful boon.Be attentive, though: a new role may lead you too far.Advice: Remain alert and take it easy keeping everything under control . A Maxim Pay attention to new patterns of behavior, expression of emotions. You have an opportunity to enjoy them to the fullest. It will probably be an unusual state or movement. Observe the form, it might be a wonderful adventure. A Zhukov Generally people of your type do not fancy change of the habitual image. As a rule, they are set in their judgments, appearance andbehavior. These are vigorous, active, at times even too straightforward people. And nevertheless they might sometimes display a completely unusual behavior. Do not be afraid to discover new sides of your personality. It will not harm you at all. Certainly, people around you will be surprised, but this is not your problem. A Tutankhamon You have an artistic bent, your are capable of changing your image easily. You do not bother with technique; it comes naturally. In different psychological spaces, with different people you can be a different person. But even you have an area of extraordinaryimages and deeds. Catch the moment, investigate this area, and it might become an interesting journey towards yourself. It is always good for you to test the limits of yourhabitual behavior.
A Napoleon It is not easy to perplex the people of your type. You are not afraid of extravagance neither in clothes, nor in behavior. You have enough willpower to defend your own image even if some people do not like it. Sowhy not try something new, unusual? Have you been too predictable lately? Let it be astonishing. Sometimes it is good for people to be surprised. A Balzac You as nobody else are able to fit in any concrete situation, concrete psychological space. Sometimes you even experience difficultlyseparating yourself from the common image in which you spend most of your time; but even for you, certainly, there are unusual or impossible roles. Extraordinary situations allow you to take a look at yourself, and it gives you a good stimulus to self-development. man is sofor constrained circumstances and overloaded with stereotypes that thereModern is almost noroom live, naturalbymanifestation. A Jack London You have two completely different personalities– one on the inside, another on the outside. Your external image is quite stable, even conservative. But in the inside a constant change of states and images is going on… Now you have an opportunity to work on your external image, to leave the habitual behind and dare into the unknown.Be daring, this may become an unusual fascinating research and finally could help removerestrictions, maybe even psychological suppressions. A Dreiser People of your type are notvery predictable. At times people can hardly grasp the logic of things you do. Although you know the reason why you do certain things, it is hard for you to explain it to others, and you detest doing that.But all the same some of your actions may seem extraordinary to you first of all and they will not seem so unusual to others . Anyway, there is no need for you to analyze your new behavior . Simply enjoy a new experience, a new aspect of your nature. A Holmes Usually people of your type are rather conservative in their habits,their choice of clothes and manners of behavior. You do not favor extravagantdeeds or powerful emotional outbursts. It is possible that one day you will surprise yourself by a new or unknown trait or behavior , this will give you a new vision of self. Do not be afraid; let it be. Those experiences may be fascinating. Advice: Relax and look at it from the outside A Dostoevsky At times it seems to you that people should be more understanding, they should appreciate your feelings, and see your virtues. Alas, it is a grave mistake. People just do not have time to seethe subtleties. Advice: assert yourself with more confidence. A Huxley As a rule, people of your type are well aware of their own behavior, though they are not always able to cope with emotions. Probably an unusual image andextraordinary behavior could be a great tool in your study of self.You will be able to understand some things you did not understand before. A Gaben You are rather conservative. You are not fond of changing images. Then this situation may serve you well. If you approach this experiment unbiasedly, you might receive a new stimulus for creativity.
Unexpected event. Frustra tion of the schedule A Don Quixote
When an unexpected event occurs you stay cool. You do everything right. You realize that it is impossible to foresee everything. The best thing to do is to have a relaxed control of the situation. A Dumas Try to get ready for an unexpected event, or frustration of schedule by developing an automatic program of behavior in case of emergency. You have a quick mind and can foresee most of possible ways of further development of events. You successfully cope with 95 % of situations. What if a quick reaction is necessary, but you do not have a prepared program of actions? Then it is your weak spot, you may end up in a very unpleasant state, even in a stupor. Here you will need some other patterns of behavior, some emergency strategy. Think back, probably something of this kind has already happened in your life. Options: 1. Get your focus off yourself, try to be adequate to the situation as much as possible. 2. Take time to analyze similar cases in your life.Remember that you are not perfect. Now all that has happened is history, you have learnt your lessons and it will be easier in the future. Consider the things you lacked earlier, and take them into account in the future. 3. Make a list of all similar cases, then imaginethat you are in a movie hall watching a movie about a gentleman (or a lady) and when the story comes to the critical scene, let go of the control button. Let thescript develop by itself, but do not forget that you are an onlooker. It is possible that the ending will be different from what has really happened. Do that with episodes of your life. If youcaught the idea you will probably enjoy the experience. Rely on this aloofness of a spectator in any similar situation. There is one problem though: you may not havethe time to recognize the situation. As soon as you feel that you are "not OK",switch to the state of an onlooker. A Hugo Will an unexpected situationinterfere with your meditation or your fellowship with people? If it won’t, fine. But nevertheless be prepared. Be attentive, and your reaction will be adequate. You might experience unpleasant feelings, you might waste a lot of time, but correct understanding of the problem will secure the sympathies of people around you. A Robespierre The world is not very harmonious. The unexpectedis waiting for you just around the corner. This energizes you. You might have to experience sickness and injuries . But your correct understanding of the situation, the love of your close ones, the respect of your associates will restore you and help you to cope with any surprises in any extreme circumstances. There is one thing here that is dangerous for you. In your yearning for the optimal and the maximum effective you may cause misbalance andgo overboard. Remember: The best is the enemy of the good.You need to catch the moment when you need to stop and make a decision. A Hamlet The situation catches you off guard! Wrong actors came on the stage and they are playing the wrong play.This is the perfect timing to use your amazing flexibility . You can play any role still being yourself, having your ideas and principles intact. Never mind the change of the scenery and plot; if your intention remains firm, external forms will not matter. You can do wonders! A Maxim You have a good reaction, and the unexpectedphysical events tone you up. However, there are surprises ofa different sort, they are harder to cope with.Those surprises happen in the area of relationships with other people . You expect certain things from certain people, expect certain results by a certain time, you trust other people... and suddenly... Treachery, you are deceivedby your business partners; they have been telling you half-truths, etc. All this, unfortunately, are modern realities of life. Relax, and remember the Buddha saying: “People are people, they cannot be different.” Do not jump to conclusions. Angels, after all,live in
heaven; here on earthyou are more likely to meetsinners. Look for the “goldenmiddle”, it will be helpful: a lot of your difficulties in relationships will be dissolved . You have a strong personality and you can do it. A Zhukov An unexpected event is just another working situation! You will certainly find a way out at once, and maybe there will be more thanone way out. There is just one request, please, take into consideration what price other people will have to pay for it.Some people may find it too high, and you will make enemies. You certainly have a strong personality, but do not turn down other people's help. Even when they do not want to work as hard as you do. You should estimate other people's resources more accurately.Then they will be more helpful. A Tutankhamon Try to stay in control of the situation; observe. Do not let others get you involved in anything against your own will. A Napoleon An unexpected event?! Do not worry, life is full of the unexpected. Every moment of life brings something new.What’s there in life if everything is known from beginning to end? Your desire to get involved in a situation is honorable and often bears its fruit. It is a winner's strategy. And nevertheless, ifyou have a sober-minded partner, get together with him/her and brainstorm the possible hidden dangers. Do not rely on the intuition only. Certainly, it is good to have the gut feeling, however, even your energy is not infinite. Probably it is necessary to spend a little more time to make an accurate choice of the directionyou will be working in. Details are not very important. People trust you, but do not forgetthat you need a strategy. A Balzac Something unexpected, disruption of a schedule– it is certainly an unpleasant situation, but try to understand the reasonsfor this disruption. Think where the harmony of the situation was broken? When doing the analysis you may discover the weak spots of the structureyou are working with. When you get on this way of thinking you will findsurprising discoveries, the benefit of which will make up for any minor disadvantages. Consider this a working situation, and you will reap the benefits soon.A hard-to-endure, tense situation can turn into a creative one, and you will know it when people will give thanks. A Jack London As a rule, you are ready for the unexpected. You can quickly find your bearings in a new, even absolutely strange situation. The world is what it is, and you accept it. Whatever surprises and difficulties you face on your way, whatever cataclysms andnatural disasters may happen, you will have enough strength and patience. A Dreiser Unfortunately, unexpected situations happen more often than you wouldwant them to! The world turned out to be not as harmonious as it promised to be in the beginning. And the less we expect from it, the less we are disappointed later. You needthicker walls to protect your inner tune and make it less dependent on external circumstances, and then the world will cause you less grief and disappointment. Advice: build up an immune system to the unexpected. A Holmes Frustrated schedule, disharmony is something you do not plan for. Ifall things depended on you, nothing like that would ever happen. But some people, unfortunately,do not have respect for time whether it is their time or somebody else’s ; some people do not pay attention to this at all. Expect this, and you will save yourself a lot of trouble. Make your schedule more flexible and have plan B,C, etc.. Alas, the punctuality is kings' courtesy, not everyone practices this virtue. A Dostoevsky
The world around you will be less aggressive if you lighten up, and ease the inner tension . A Huxley The situation may force you to do something against your will. Try to resist the external pressure. Observe. Try to stand your own ground. A Gaben An unexpected situation?! Great! Let us consider the objective aspect of things. People always complicate simple things. Ittakes just a little observation, and a simple way out always presents itself. It is absolutely unnecessary to use standard patterns. Why pay so much for useless garbage? It is necessary to look atthings from a different point of view, and then you will move on. Do not forget about your ability tofind simple solutions. There is no need to argue with fools! Let them scratch the right earwith the left hand.
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